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Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank CHAPTER 1—Introduction to Plants and Botany

Multiple Choice

1. Rose plants often get black spots on their leaves. This is an: A) observation. B) hypothesis. C) theory. D) law. E) explanation. <Answer: A> <A-head: Scientific Method> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

2. Scientists can use the scientific method to study all of the following except: A) how a plant produces sugars. B) the interpretation of a painting. C) the chemical composition of paint. D) how an ecosystem functions. E) what makes chili peppers hot. <Answer: B> <A-head: Areas Where the Scientific Method Is Inappropriate> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

3. Which of the following is not part of the scientific method? A) Explaining phenomena controlled by unknowable forces B) Testing of all proposed explanations

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank C) Controlled experiments D) Explaining observable phenomena E) Carefully documented observations <Answer: A> <A-head: Scientific Method> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

4. Which of the following is the probable sequence in which organisms evolved? A) Prokaryotic bacteria à eukaryotic algae à cyanobacteria à land plants B) Eukaryotic bacteria à cyanobacteria à eukaryotic algae à land plants C) Cyanobacteria à prokaryotic bacteria à eukaryotic algae à land plants D) Cyanobacteria à eukaryotic algae à prokaryotic bacteria à land plants E) Prokaryotic bacteria à cyanobacteria à eukaryotic algae à land plants <Answer: E> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

5. The first organisms to evolve have been dated at about: A) 3.5 billion years and were much like present-day bacteria. B) 2.8 billion years and were photosynthetic like present-day cyanobacteria. C) 3.5 billion years and had a nucleus. D) 1.5 billion years and were terrestrial. E) 3.5 billion years and possessed organelles which had specialized functions. <Answer: A> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank 6. All of the following contribute to carbon dioxide additions to the atmosphere except: A) animals, fungi, and bacteria, which produce carbon dioxide as a by-product of respiration. B) burning wood, coal, natural gas, and other fossil fuels. C) volcanic eruptions. D) formation of calcium carbonate algal shells. E) magma eruptions at mid-ocean ridges. <Answer: D> <A-head: Concepts> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

7. Which of the following adaptations enable evergreen species to survive the physiological drought that occurs during freezing winter months? A) The aboveground shoot system dies while maintaining a viable subterranean system. B) The leaves are shed. C) The leaves have extra thick cuticles. D) The subterranean root system goes dormant. E) The bark is shed. <Answer: C> <A-head: Diversity of Plant Adaptations> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

8. The population of grass plants growing in an open field: A) share identical genetic information. B) carry out a metabolism that is uniquely biological and unrelated to the laws of physics and chemistry. C) are adapted to grow and reproduce in the conditions of the open field. D) have well protected fibrous leaves that are no longer capable of photosynthesis. E) lack a means of storing and using information. <Answer: C> <A-head: Using Concepts to Understand Plants>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Complexity: Difficult> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

9. Which of the following is a logical question to ask concerning the biological phenomena that roots absorb water? A) Do plants have sources of energy other than sunlight? B) Do plants create carbohydrate reserves in their root systems? C) Do plants have alternative pathways by which water can be absorbed? D) Are roots fibrous and tough in order to be unpalatable to insects? E) Are some leaf modifications intended to trap insects as a source of nutrition? <Answer: C> <A-head: Plants versus the Study of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

10. All plants have a scientific name consisting of: A) a minimum of three descriptive adjectives. B) the family name and genus name. C) the phylum name and a specific epithet. D) the genus name and a specific epithet. E) the species name and subspecies name. <Answer: D> <A-head: Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

11. Derived features that have evolved more recently from ancestral features are known as: A) plesiomorphic B) apomorphic C) eukaryotic

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank D)prokaryotic <Answer: B> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

12. Which of the following phrases is the correct description of a scientific theory? A) A hypothesis that has been proven over and over again and becomes generally accepted as truth B) An educated statement that makes a prediction that can be tested C) logical explanations for simple observations without verification D) the principle of never being certain of a conclusion and always being willing to consider new evidence. E) assuming that processes or structures have a purpose <Answer: A> <A-head: Scientific Method> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

True/False

13. The scientific method can, ultimately, explain any concept. <Answer: False> <A-head: Areas Where the Scientific Method Is Inappropriate> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

14. At one time, fungi were classified as plants.

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Answer: True> <A-head: Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

15. The idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent, prokaryotic organisms is now a law. <Answer: False> <A-head: Scientific Method> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

16. Eukaryotes with mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved into algae and plants. <Answer: True> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

17. The principles of chemistry and physics apply only to nonliving things, not to plants. <Answer: False> <A-head: Using Concepts to Understand Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

Fill-in-the-Blank

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank 18. When new features arise through mutation, _____________________ is the process by which the new features are eliminated from the population or passed on to future generations. <Answer: natural selection> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

19. In contrast to most observations, which are reasonably accurate and trustworthy, _____________________ are human constructs based on observations, intuition, and expectations. <Answer: interpretations> <A-head: Plants versus the Study of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

20. Assuming that plants have human characters such as decision-making capabilities is called _____________________. <Answer: anthropomorphism> <A-head: Using Concepts to Understand Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

21. Numerous scientific studies have shown that all plants are composed of cells. This statement is an example of a well-supported _____________________. <Answer: theory> <A-head: Scientific Method> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank

22. A key evolutionary step in the history of life occurred when the DNA was packaged within its own nucleus, creating a group of organisms called _____________________. <Answer: eukaryotes> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Matching

23. Match the following terms with their examples. A) Logical extension of an observation without verification <Answer: Speculative philosophy> B) Creation of species by God <Answer: Religious system> C) Complex reactions of photosynthesis were developed by a wise creator <Answer: Intelligent design> D) Investigates a testable hypothesis <Answer: Scientific method> E) Willingness to consider new evidence that is not in support of an established theory <Answer: Skepticism> [F] Mountains erode over time but the law of gravity is invariable <Answer: Constancy and universality> <A-head: Scientific Method> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

24. Match the following terms with their definitions or examples. A) Three groups into which all organisms are classified. <Answer: Domains> B) Bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaeans <Answer: Prokaryotes>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank C) Cells with nuclei <Answer: Eukaryotes> D) Protozoans, fungi, and animals <Answer: Eukaryotic cells without chloroplasts> E) Protists <Answer: Eukaryotic cells with chloroplasts> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

Essay

25. Explain why many scientists oppose the addition of intelligent design to science curricula. <Answer: The fundamental premise of intelligent design is that only an intelligent being could create the elaborate structures and complex phenomena of life. This premise does not allow for the testing of alternate hypotheses, the planning of future experiments, and developing a more detailed understanding of the process to be studied. In contrast, the scientific method allows scientists to develop hypotheses that may be tested and then supported or not based on observations.> <A-head: Scientific Method> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

26. Microtubules are long, tubular structures found in virtually all eukaryotic cells. They are composed of a protein called tubulin, which is remarkably similar in all of the eukaryotic cells studied so far, whether they are fungal, plant, animal, or algal cells. Is tubulin an apomorphic or plesiomorphic feature? Explain your Answer. <Answer: Tubulin is likely a plesiomorphic feature, as it likely evolved before the fungal, plant, animal, and algal lineages diverged. Features that appear relatively unchanged over evolutionary time are plesiomorphic features. Apomorphic features evolved more recently and are less likely to have evolved independently among the four lineages described above.> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

27. Consider the statement “Leaves absorb sunlight.” Use the fundamental concepts related to the study of plants to explain how this relationship is based on the metabolic requirements of the plant and not a decision-making capacity of the plant. <Answer: Some of the information in the plant’s genes causes the plant to produce leaves. The structure and metabolism of leaves results in the absorption of carbon dioxide and sunlight to create organic compounds used by the plant. Plants have leaves because they inherited leaf genes from their ancestors, not in order to absorb carbon dioxide and sunlight.> <A-head: Using Concepts to Understand Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

28. Describe two human–plant interactions that cause global warming. Describe two human– plant interactions that could reverse global warming. <Answer: <Answers will vary but may include conserving existing trees, growing more trees, and engineering long-lived plants with superior carbon dioxide absorption properties.> <A-head: Concepts> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

29. Explain some of the evidence scientists use to show that not all organisms evolve at the same rate. <Answer: Relictual features are those that remain relatively unchanged over evolutionary history. In contrast, derived features are those that have evolved more recently. Some plants have more relictual features such as ferns, whereas others, like angiosperms, have more derived features. Angiosperms and ferns evolved at different rates.> <A-head: Origin and Evolution of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank

30. Consider the diversity of physical gradients presented by a mountain. Explain some of the stresses found at different elevations and how specific plant adaptions enable them to survive in different elevational zones. <Answer: The higher elevations are cold and windy; therefore, we would expect short-statured plants that can withstand extreme cold to be close to the boundary layer of the earth. The steep slopes tend to be dry, so we might expect conifers that are adapted to dry conditions. Water accumulates in the flat valley bottoms, so sedges and rushes could thrive, as these plants have special root systems that allow them to persist in water-logged environments.> <A-head: Diversity of Plant Adaptations> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

31. Which are more people likely to agree on, observations about a particular plant or explanations of the observations? <Answer: Observations are reasonably accurate and trustworthy if the observer was careful and reported truthfully. Interpretations are based on human constructs involving observations, intuition, previous experience, calculations, and expectations. Observations tend to be more objective and thus several people can make similar observations. Interpretations are <Subjective and can vary from one individual to the next.> <A-head: Plants Versus the Study of Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

32. Explain why there is difficulty in creating a singular definition of a plant. <Answer: Botany is the scientific study of plants, but plants have many types and variations. Most plants have leaves, stems, and roots but not all plants have flowers, although many do. A definition that is too inclusive is not useful but one that is too exclusive may be too complicated. Confusion exists within the scientific community, as scientists have not always agreed on whether fungi are plants and whether algae should be classified within the plant kingdom.> <A-head: Plants> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank

33. List the five absolute characteristics of life. Give an example of a non-living system that shares one of these characteristics. <Answer: 1. Metabolism involving the exchange of energy and matter with the environment. 2. Nonrandom organization. 3. Growth. 4. A system of heredity and reproduction. 5. A capacity to respond to the environment such that metabolism is not adversely affected. Examples of non-living systems that shares one of the characteristics of life: 1. Rivers absorb water from creeks, mix it with mud and boulders, and then “excrete” it into oceans. 2. Crystals have an orderly arrangement as do many cloud patterns, weather patterns, and ripple patterns in flowing streams. 3. Mountains and crystals grow. 4. Fires reproduce but are not alive. 5. Mountains respond to the environment by growing as geological forces push them upward and by becoming smaller as erosion wears them away.> <A-head: The Characteristics of Life> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

34. Explain why coccolithophorids are so effective at sequestering carbon in their bodies.. <Answer: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Carbon can be sequestered in the bodies of plants and animals only for as long as the animal is alive, then it returns to the atmosphere through the carbon cycle. Coccolithophorids are microscopic algae that secrete a shell composed of calcium carbonate. After death, the dense calcium carbonate shells of coccolithophorids sink to the cold depths of the ocean where low temperatures slow their decay.> <A-head: Algae and Global Warming> <Subject: Chapter 1> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank CHAPTER 2—Overview of Plant Life

Multiple Choice

1. The primary vegetative organs of plants are: A) stems, leaves, nodes, and axillary buds. B) sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. C) sporangia, seeds cones, and pollen cones. D) roots, stems, and leaves. E) aboveground stems, underground roots, leaves, and flowers. <Answer: D> <A-head: Overview of Plant Structure> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

2. Which of the following statements best accounts for the fact that a single plant stem may have as many as 20 vascular bundles? A) Vascular bundles serve a similar purpose in plants as arteries do in animals. B) This feature provides the plant with safety through redundancy. C) If a small mammal removes the entire top half of the plant, the vascular system will not be damaged. D) No plant puts all of its sugars, waters, and minerals in 30 vascular bundles. E) A single large vascular bundle would confer higher plants greater fitness. <Answer: B> <A-head: Overview of Plant Structure> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

3. The process of respiration breaks down molecules of glucose and transfers its energy to:

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank A) carbohydrate. B) starch. C) water. D) ATP. E) chlorophyll. <Answer: D> <A-head: Overview of Plant Metabolism> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

4. When leaves are shed in the autumn, this process is likely a direct result of which of the following forms of plant communication? A) Nutrient requirements of developing fruits B) Large amounts of hormones that indicate leaves require water C) Decreased amounts of hormones that indicate leaves require water D) Root growth to increase water and nutrient absorption E) Tendrils bending toward touch <Answer: C> <A-head: Overview of Information in Plants> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

5. A botanist finds an unknown plant and upon close examination finds that it is spore bearing, diploid, contains a vascular system, and does not form seeds. This plant is likely an example of a(n): A) moss or liverwort. B) angiosperm. C) fern or lycophyte. D) hornwort or fern. E) gnetophyte or cycad. <Answer: C> <A-head: Overview of Plant Diversity and Evolution> <Subject: Chapter 2>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

6. Which of the following groups of plants have a dominant haploid generation? A) Ferns, lycophytes, and cycads B) Mosses, lycophytes, and ferns C) Bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms D) Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts E) Hornworts, grasses, liverworts <Answer: D> <A-head: Overview of Plant Diversity and Evolution> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

7. Current botanical evidence suggests that early flowering plants diverged into: A) lycophytes and euphyllophytes. B) monocots and dicots. C) embryophytes and spermatophytes. D) ferns, lycophytes, and eudicots. E) basal angiosperms, monocots, and eudicots. <Answer: E> <A-head: Overview of Plant Diversity and Evolution> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Application>

8. Seasonal changes on the earth are largely driven by: A) energy from Earth’s hot interior. B) the energy available in sunlight. C) erupting volcanoes. D) continental drift forming Central America. E) the breakdown of limestone.

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank

<Answer: B> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

9. Plants directly affect the temperature of the Earth’s surface by: A) absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. B) releasing free oxygen into the atmosphere. C) releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as they respire their food. D) releasing photosynthetic waste products into the atmosphere. E) releasing photosynthetic waste products into the biosphere. <Answer: A> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

10. Some fig (Ficus spp.) trees are only pollinated by a single species of fig wasp, and that same fig wasp requires that species of fig tree to complete its life cycle. This is an example of: A) a co-evolutionary relationship. B) neutralism. C) commensalism. D) a predatory relationship. E) a competitive relationship. <Answer: A> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

True/False

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank

11. The fundamental organization of flowers includes sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. <Answer: True> <A-head: Overview of Plant Structure> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

12. Plants synthesize all the organic compounds needed for their structure and metabolism from glucose. <Answer: True> <A-head: Overview of Plant Metabolism> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

13. All plants produce both spores and seeds. <Answer: False> <A-head: Overview of Plant Diversity and Evolution> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

14. DNA is stored only in the nucleus of plant cells. <Answer: False> <A-head: Overview of Information in Plants> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank 15. The gigantic continent Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana before plants evolved from algae. <Answer: False> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Fill-in-the-Blank

16. Energy provided by sunlight is captured by the process of _____________________. <Answer: photosynthesis> <A-head: Overview of Plant Metabolism> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

17. The sugar produced in the leaves through photosynthesis is carried in the _____________________, where it is transported downward to the roots and upward to fruits and flowers. <Answer: phloem> <A-head: Overview of Plant Structure> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

18. Three sources from which plants receive information include DNA, other plants parts, and the _____________________. <Answer: environment> <A-head: Overview of Information in Plants> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Taxonomy: Recall>

19. A _____________________ is a group of plants that evolved from a common ancestor. <Answer: clade> <A-head: Overview of Plant Diversity and Evolution> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

20. Life on Earth occurs at the Earth’s surface in the _____________________. <Answer: biosphere> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Matching

21. Correctly match each group of plants with its corresponding example. A) Bryophyte <Answer: hornwort> B) Vascular cryptogams <Answer: lycophyte> C) Cone-bearing seed plant <Answer: gingko> D) Monocot <Answer: lilies> E) Eudicot <Answer: lupine> <A-head: Overview of Plant Diversity and Evolution> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Difficult>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Taxonomy: Analysis>

22. Match each term with its correct definition. A) Neither organism benefits or is harmed <Answer: neutralism> B) Both organisms benefit <Answer: mutualism> C) One organism benefits whereas the other is neither harmed nor helped <Answer: commensalism> D) One organism harms another without receiving any benefit itself <Answer: amensalism> E) Both organisms harm each other <Answer: competition> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Essay

23. Ash (Fraxinus) flowers are small, green and hardly apparent to the human eye. In contrast, the flowers of Datura wrightii are large and showy with fused petals forming a tube. Explain the adaptive advantages of each of these types of flowers. <Answer: Ash flowers are probably wind-pollinated. Wind-pollinated flowers often are not showy or they do not possess petals, as petal production would be a waste of energetic resources. In contrast, Datura wrightii likely has a showy flower in order to attract a specific pollinator that will ensure pollination of other plants of the same species. The fusing of the petals further specifies the type of pollinator, allowing only those with a complementary morphology to access the nectar (if present) and thus the pollen.> <A-head: Overview of Plant Structure> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank

24. Explain the role of glucose in the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. <Answer: Glucose stores energy and mass. It is the end product of photosynthesis that combines carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to create glucose. Glucose is the starting point of respiration that breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide transferring energy to ATP.> <A-head: Overview of Plant Metabolism> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

25. What kind of information is used by deeply buried bulbs in order for the shoots to grow upward and the roots to grow downward? <Answer: Deeply buried bulbs are responding to information in their environment. The bulbs detect gravity, which informs the roots to grow downward and the shoots to grow upward.> <A-head: Overview of Information in Plants> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

26. Explain why botanists no longer use the term gymnosperm. <Answer: Recent evidence shows that both angiosperms and gymnosperms share a common ancestor and should therefore be grouped together. Scientists suspect that seeds evolved only once and all seed plants alive today are members of the same clade. Dividing gymnosperm from angiosperms artificially divides a single clade, so botanists no longer support that division and they no longer use the term gymnosperm.> <A-head: Overview of Plant Diversity and Evolution> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

27. Describe three ways in which bryophytes differ from angiosperms. <Answer: Bryophytes lack vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers whereas angiosperms possess all of those features. Bryophytes are also composed of a haploid body, which contrasts with the diploid body of angiosperms.>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <A-head: Overview of Plant Diversity and Evolution> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

28. Explain how heterotrophs and autotrophs mutually benefit from the existence of the other. <Answer: Some autotrophs such as plants release oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis. The free oxygen in turn is used in the cellular respiration of heterotrophs to release energy from their food. The carbon dioxide released from heterotrophic aerobic respiration can be used by plants in photosynthesis.> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

29. Provide two examples of how the physical process of continental drift has affected the biosphere. <Answer: Continental drift has caused North and South America to move toward each other, forming Central America. The connection of the two continents has enabled the migration of species across the two landmasses. The creation of Central America has also changed ocean circulation patterns such that warm water was forced to flow toward the poles. As a result, plants and animals in the northern parts of the northern hemisphere have experienced global warming.> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

30. In Scotland, farmers have noted a higher abundance of thorny thistle in pastures with relatively high sheep densities. Explain how this scenario could be the result of predation. <Answer: Herbivores like sheep eat plants, thereby harming the plants. Some plants evolved defenses against the herbivores. The sheep are grazing on the grasses and avoiding the thistle due to their thorny defenses. Eventually due to the low grass numbers, the thistles outcompete the grasses and become the dominant plant in the fields.> <A-head: Overview of Plant Ecology> <Subject: Chapter 2>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank CHAPTER 3—Ethnobotany

Multiple Choice

1. The first crop plant was likely to have been: A) rice. B) wheat. C) lentils. D) millet. E) potatoes. <Answer: E> <A-head: Concepts> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

2. Malted barley has been roasted in order to: A) “polish” the grain. B) convert starch to the glucose required by yeast to produce ethyl alcohol. C) sterilize the germ. D) distinguish barley used for livestock feed from barley meant for human consumption. E) produce silage for cattle. <Answer: B> <A-head: Food Plants> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

3. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are commonly harvested from: A) cassava, sugar cane, and sugar beets. B) sugar cane only.

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank C) sugar beets, maple trees, and sweet potatoes. D) sugar beets, sugar cane, and maple trees. E) sugar beets only. <Answer: D> <A-head: Food Plants> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

4. Linoleic and alpha-linoleic acids contain fatty acids considered essential for animal diets because they: A) are not trans fatty acids. B) are digested slowly and evenly into the bloodstream. C) are abundant in antioxidants. D) contain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. E) come in the form of extracted oils. <Answer: D> <A-head: Food Plants> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

5. The mature fruits of black pepper owe their pungent flavor to: A) piperine. B) eugenol. C) capsaicin. D) sinigrin. E) menthol. <Answer: A> <A-head: Food Plants> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank

6. Devil’s trumpet contains atropine, which: A) disrupts movement of chloride ions in the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. B) interferes with sodium metabolism in the heart. C) causes hallucinations, seizures, and sometimes death. D) increases the risk of cancer of the lungs, throat, pancreas, and mouth. E) stabilizes irregular heartbeats. <Answer: C> <A-head: Plants that Provide Drugs> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Recall>

7. A drug that was originally made from willow bark and is now synthesized artificially is: A) ipecac syrup. B) salicylic acid. C) morphine. D) digitoxin. E) quinine. <Answer: B> <A-head: Plants that Provide Drugs> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

8. Fibrovascular bundles are characterized by: A) vascular bundles with phloem fiber caps. B) fiber cells surrounding vascular bundles. C) fiber bundles located just to the interior of the epidermis. D) fibrous trichomes. E) xylary fibers found in the xylem of hardwood trees. <Answer: B> <A-head: Plants that Provide Fibers, Wood, and Chemicals> <Subject: Chapter 3>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

9. Resins are used for: A) artificial flavoring, aromas, and rosin. B) the production of synthetic sealers. C) carnauba and candelilla waxes. D) waterproofing canvas, rosin, and drying oils. E) forming thin polymeric, protective water-resistant films. <Answer: A> <A-head: Plants that Provide Fibers, Wood, and Chemicals> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

10. Old-growth forests are unique from other forest types in all of the following ways except: A) they have never been logged. B) they are home to insects that inhabit large, dead trees. C) they are comprised only of old trees. D) mature dead trees are left on site rather than being removed. E) they have had little mineral removal. <Answer: C> <A-head: Plants that Provide Fibers, Wood, and Chemicals> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Analysis>

True/False

11. Scientists have genetically modified the plant Cucurbito pepo to be rich in beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A.

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Answer: False> <A-head: Food Plants> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Difficult> <Taxonomy: Recall>

12. In terms of grams of food consumed per day, the greatest part of our diet is usually comprised of carbohydrates. <Answer: True> <A-head: Food Plants> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

13. Natural selection resulted in the evolution of plant chemicals that interact with animal nerve cells. <Answer: True> <A-head: Plants that Provide Drugs> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

14. Burlap is one of the strongest plant fibers known, and its strength only increases when wet. <Answer: False> <A-head: Plants that Provide Fibers, Wood, and Chemicals> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

15. Conifer wood is predominately used for furniture, baseball bats, and tool handles. <Answer: False> <A-head: Plants that Provide Fibers, Wood, and Chemicals>

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Fill-in-the-Blank

16. Wheat and lentils were domesticated in an area stretching from southeastern Turkey to western Afghanistan known as the _____________________. <Answer: Fertile Crescent> <A-head: Concepts> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

17. In a process called _____________________, fungi attack soft plant parts, leaving the hard parts behind. <Answer: retting> <A-head: Food Plants> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

18. The final step of tea processing is when we make a(n) _____________________ by pouring hot water over the tea leaves to extract their flavor. <Answer: infusion> <A-head: Plants that Provide Drugs> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Application>

19. _____________________ fibers are those that occur anywhere except in hardwood xylem.

Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Seventh Edition James D. Mauseth Test Bank

<Answer: Extraxylary> <A-head: Plants that Provide Fibers, Wood, and Chemicals> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Easy> <Taxonomy: Recall>

20. _____________________ woods are appreciated for their beauty and used to create small objects of beauty like boxes and musical instruments. <Answer: Artisan> <A-head: Plants that Provide Fibers, Wood, and Chemicals> <Subject: Chapter 3> <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>

Matching

21. Match each plant with its active compound. A) Kola tree <Answer: Caffeine B) Marijuana <Answer: Tetrahydrocannabinol C) Common periwinkle <Answer: Vinblastine D) Foxglove <Answer: Digitoxin E) Erythroxylum <Answer: Cocaine F) Papaver <Answer: Opium <A-head: Plants that Provide Drugs> <Subject: Chapter 3 <Complexity: Moderate> <Taxonomy: Recall>