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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Learning, Teaching, and Educational Psychology Learning Outcome Quizzes

Application Exercises

Test Items

Test Answer Key

Licensure Quizzes

Chapter 1: Learning, Teaching, and Educational Psychology Chapter 1 Learning Outcome Quizzes Learning Outcome 1.1: Describe the challenges facing teachers today, including increasing student diversity, requirements of the Every Student Succeeds Act, the continuing impact of testing and accountability for teachers and students, and the emphasis on social and emotional learning. [Q1] Addison has several years of experience teaching third graders from diverse backgrounds. As one student struggles to complete a math task, Addison wonders why the task seems so difficult. She gives the student a hint about solving the task, but the hint doesn‘t help. She begins to reteach the basic skill required for the task. She reminds herself with certainty that she can help the student understand and succeed. Which of the teacher‘s behaviors is most directly associated with a personal sense of efficacy? 1. She wonders why the task seems so difficult for the student 2. She gives the student a hint about solving the task 3. She begins to reteach the basic skill required for the task 4. She reminds herself with certainty that she can help the student [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] A teacher may wonder about the level of difficulty of a task and yet lack a sense of efficacy. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] A teacher‘s hint may help a student learn, but it is not a sign of the teacher‘s sense of efficacy. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Reteaching a skill may help a student learn, but it is not a sign of the teacher‘s sense of efficacy. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] A teacher‘s belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn is evidence of the teacher‘s sense of efficacy. 2 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

[Q2] According to the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which of the following schools is considered a failing school? 1. A school in which students‘ scores are in the bottom 12% of test scores 2. A school that graduates only 60% of its students [correct] 3. A school in which Native American students underperformed last year 4. A school in which African American students underperformed last year

[Feedback for Answer Choice 1] A school at the bottom 5% of test scores is considered failing. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] A school that graduates less than two-thirds of its students is considered failing. Graduating only 60% is even worse. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] If the subgroup of Native American students consistently underperforms, then the school is considered failing. The underperformance in one year needs to be addressed, but the school is not considered failing. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] If the subgroup of African American students consistently underperforms, then the school is considered failing. The underperformance in one year needs to be addressed, but the school is not considered failing. [Q3] Bryson teaches 29 sixth-grade students in a low-income school district. He begins every day with a sponge activity to review a concept from the previous day. He follows with a goal-directed activity in which each student writes a goal for doing a positive deed that day. The next item on his daily schedule involves a rapid review of the week‘s spelling words. What activity or activities emphasize social and emotional learning? 1. Sponge activity at the beginning of the day 2. Goal-directed activity for doing a positive deed [correct] 3. Rapid review of the week‘s spelling words 4. Sponge activity and goal-directed activity [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] The sponge activity emphasizes academic learning. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] The goal-directed activity emphasizes doing a positive deed. Social and emotional learning builds self-awareness and social skills by doing activities such as a positive deed. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] 3 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The rapid review of the week‘s spelling words emphasizes academic learning. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] The sponge activity emphasizes academic learning. [Q4] Research suggests that the best way to evaluate whether individual teachers are likely to have a long-term effect on student academic and behavioral outcomes is to assess which of the following? 1. The quality of the student–teacher relationship [correct] 2. Student achievement in kindergarten and then again in eighth grade 3. The number of students who achieve proficiency on a standardized test 4. The annual progress of the school as a whole [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] The connection between teacher relationships and student outcomes is widespread. In one study, researchers concluded that the quality of the teacher–student relationship in kindergarten predicted a number of academic and behavioral outcomes through the eighth grade, particularly for students with many behavior problems. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Researchers who follow children from kindergarten through eighth grade can see long-term changes in student outcomes—but the focus here is on how to evaluate individual teachers, so the researchers need to measure some feature or characteristics of teacher behavior along with achievement at different time periods. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] The focus of this question includes behavioral outcomes, not just achievement on standardized tests. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Annual progress of the school relates more to a measure of academic achievement. The focus of this question includes behavioral outcomes. [Q5] Which of the following statements accurately represents diversity in schools today? 1. About 50% of students are Hispanic and live in poverty 2. About 30% of students have a developmental disability and go to special education classes 3. About 50% of students and 25% of teachers are Hispanic and live in urban areas 4. About 25% of students have immigrant parent/s and most have a White teacher [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Fewer than 50% of students in American classrooms are Hispanic, and Hispanic families are not among the highest minority of families living in poverty. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] 4 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

About 18% of American children have a mild-to-severe developmental disability and spend most of their time in general education classes. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] A smaller percentage of American students and teachers are Hispanic. Predictions indicate that by 2045 half of the U.S. population will be members of some minority group, with about 25% being Hispanic. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] About 25% of U.S. students have at least one immigrant parent. About 80% of teachers are White, and this number is increasing. Learning Outcome 1.2: Discuss the essential features of effective teaching, including different frameworks describing what good teachers do. [Q1] Taylor judges her success as a teacher by the accomplishments of her students. Taylor is most likely which of the following? 1. A student teacher 2. A first-year teacher 3. An experienced teacher [correct] 4. A retired teacher [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students‘ needs and judge their success by their students‘ accomplishments. A student teacher is more likely to focus on the mechanics of teaching. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students‘ needs and judge their success by their students‘ accomplishments. First-year teachers are more likely to focus on their teaching and wonder how well they are doing. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students‘ needs and judge their success by their students‘ accomplishments. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students‘ needs and judge their success by their students‘ accomplishments. Teachers typically achieve this level of expertise after several years of teaching. [Q2] According to research launched by the Gates Foundation, which of the following elements matters the most in determining teaching effectiveness? 1. Teachers [correct] 2. Technology 5 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. School facilities 4. Funding [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] The research shows that teachers matter; they matter more than technology or funding or school facilities. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Technology plays a key role in teaching and learning, but research shows that another element is more important in determining teaching effectiveness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] School facilities play a key role in teaching and learning, but research shows that another element is more important in determining teaching effectiveness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Funding plays a key role in teaching and learning, but research shows that another element is more important in determining teaching effectiveness. [Q3] Which of the following high-leverage practices identified by TeachingWorks is most likely to fit into Danielson‘s Framework in the domain of Professional Responsibilities? 1. Implementing norms and routines for classroom discourse and work 2. Setting up and managing small group work 3. Analyzing instruction for the purpose of improving it [correct] 4. Setting long-term and short-term learning goals for students [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] This practice fits better in Domain 2 of Danielson‘s Framework, Classroom Environment (managing classroom practices). [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] This practice fits better in Domain 2 of Danielson‘s Framework, Classroom Environment (managing student behavior). [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Danielson includes reflecting on teaching as a component of Domain 4, professional responsibilities. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] This practice fits best in Domain 1 of Danielson‘s framework, Planning and Preparation. [Q4] As a new middle school teacher, Damien is learning how he will be assessed as a teacher in his district. Based on requirements set forth in the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), Damien‘s district will do which of the following in its teacher evaluation system?

1. Use TeachingWorks 19 High-Leverage Teaching Practices 2. Use Danielson‘s Framework for Teaching 3. Use multiple measures of effectiveness [correct] 4. Use one method of the school board‘s choosing [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] The TeachingWorks 19 High-Leverage Teaching Practices is one of the options a district may choose, but this is not a requirement of ESSA. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Danielson‘s Framework for Teaching is one of the options a district may choose, but this is not a requirement of ESSA. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] According to the ESSA, teacher evaluation systems must use multiple measrues of effectiveness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] One method of teacher evaluation is not enough. According to the ESSA, teacher evaluation systems must use multiple measrues of effectiveness. [Q5] As a new middle school teacher, Damien recognizes that teacher professionalism is important. Which of the following approaches to professional growth and teacher professionalism is most recommended? 1. Spend time in the teachers‘ lounge talking with other teachers 2. Review the content in his discipline and grow in expertise in the field 3. Become a member of a teachers‘ organization [correct] 4. Work with a mentor teacher for one semester [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Spending time talking with other teachers in the teachers‘ lounge at school may or may not be insightful, but this is not a recommended approach to professional growth. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Reviewing content to become more of an expert in his field may help Damien teach effectively, but this is not a recommended approach to professional growth. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Professional growth relies on becoming a member of a community of practice. Organizations such as the National Council of Teachers of English or National Science Teachers Association are examples of professional communities of practice. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4]

Working with a mentor teacher for one semester should help Damien learn teaching practices, but this is not a recommended approach to professional growth. Learning Outcome 1.3: Describe the methods used to conduct research in the field of educational psychology and the kinds of questions each method can address. [Q1] The principals of a middle school and a high school form a partnership to conduct a study of children‘s scientific reasoning as they progress from grades 5 through 12. The same students are studied on an annual basis. This type of research is referred to as: 1. cross-sectional 2. experimentation 3. longitudinal [correct] 4. microgenetic [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Cross-sectional research focuses on different groups of children at different ages, not the same group at different ages (i.e., not over time). Longitudinal studies involve studying research participants over time as changes occur. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] In experimental studies, the investigators introduce changes (i.e., treatments) and note the results. Longitudinal studies involve studying research participants over time as changes occur. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Longitudinal studies involve studying research participants over many years as changes occur. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Microgenetic studies take many detailed observations of subjects to track the progression of change. Microgenetic research is not considered longitudinal; it is conducted over a short period of time, and the goal is to study cognitive processes in close detail as the change is actually happening. Longitudinal studies involve studying research participants over time as changes occur. [Q2] Ethnographic research methods may involve which of the following studies? 1. A study of the effects of an intervention program by randomly assigning students to an experimental and a control group 2. Studies based on data gathered only from audio and video recordings 3. A study of the effects of a manipulated variable 4. A study of real teachers in their everyday teaching lives [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] This describes experimental design. Ethnographic methods study the naturally occurring events in the life of a group. 8 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

[Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Ethnographic methods involve many types of data collection including recordings, interviews, and live observations. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] When researchers manipulate variables in a study, they are usually using an experimental design. Ethnographic methods study the naturally occurring events in the life of a group. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] Ethnography is a type of descriptive research that is designed to study the naturally occurring events in the life of a group. It focuses on understanding the meaning of events to the people involved. [Q3] Which one of the following is the best example of qualitative research? 1. Comparing average achievement test scores for students at three different schools 2. Interviewing middle school students about cliques at their school [correct] 3. Finding out how long it takes 6-year-olds to assemble challenging picture puzzles 4. Looking at school attendance records to identify potential school dropouts [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] This research involves calculations (quantitative), not specific situations with interviews and observations (qualitative). [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Qualitative research uses words, dialogue, events, themes, and images as data. Interviews and observations are key procedures. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] This research involves calculations (quantitative), not specific situations with interviews and observations (qualitative). [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] This research involves calculations (quantitative), not specific situations with interviews and observations (qualitative). [Q4] The research question, ―Do students who take notes on laptops remember more from lectures than students who handwrite their notes?‖ is best addressed by: 1. an experimental study [correct] 2. a correlational study 3. an ethnographic study 4. a mixed methods study [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] 9 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The question can be rephrased as, ―Does type of note-taking affect memory for lecture content?‖ This is a cause-effect question and thus is best addressed with an experimental design. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] This question addresses cause (note-taking) and effect (memory). Correlational studies don‘t address cause and effect. A good example of a related correlational question is, ―Do students who take MORE notes remember MORE of the lecture content?‖ This question shows the predictive nature of correlational studies. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Ethnographic studies involve studying the naturally occurring events in the life of a group to understand the meaning of these events to the people involved. Although researchers can observe note-taking practices, they can‘t address whether one type of note-taking is more effective than another simply from observing and interviewing the participants. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] A mixed methods study could provide data to answer this question (if it includes an experimental design as its quantitative component), but it‘s not necessary. [Q5] Corrine wants to know whether the trait of shyness is stable over time among only children. Which of the following research designs would be most appropriate for this study? 1. Experimental 2. Longitudinal [correct] 3. Correlational 4. Ethnographic [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Because Corrine is not introducing a treatment and cannot assign participants randomly to groups, an experimental study is not appropriate. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Because Corrine is interested in following the same individuals over time, she should conduct a longitudinal study. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Corrine does not seem interested in the relation between shyness and another variable. Rather, she plans to study the stability of one trait over time and therefore should conduct a longitudinal study. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Ethnographic methods involve studying the naturally occurring events in the life of a group and trying to understand the meaning of these events to the people involved. Corrine‘s research studies individuals who are only children. Learning Outcome 1.4: Recognize how theories and research in development and learning are related to educational practice. 10 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

[Q1] In educational psychology, a theory can best be characterized as: 1. a description of the results of a particular research study 2. an objective measure of how a person behaves in a particular situation 3. an explanation of how and why learning or development occurs that can be used to make predictions [correct] 4. a statement that describes how a particular variable affects learning or development

[Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Theories are based on principles that are usually established through numerous studies. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Theories are broader. They use interrelated concepts to explain bodies of data gathered during the research process and to make predictions about the results of future experiments. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Theories use interrelated concepts to explain bodies of data gathered during the research process and to make predictions about the results of future experiments. For example, theories explain how language develops. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Theories are broader. They explain how and why learning occurs and make predictions about future results. [Q2] When a teacher makes a prediction about what will happen in her research study about the effects of a new teaching strategy on her students‘ learning, she develops which of the following? 1. A correlation 2. A hypothesis [correct] 3. A principle 4. An ethnography [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] A correlation describes the relationship between two factors. The teacher first develops her research question and hypothesis that predicts what she expects to prove. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] A hypothesis is a prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research. The teacher‘s research begins with her research hypothesis. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3]

A principle is an established relationship between factors. The teacher first develops her research question and hypothesis that predicts what she expects to prove. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] An ethnography is a particular type of research. This teacher first develops her research question and hypothesis that predicts what she expects to prove. [Q3] An ―empirical question‖ is one that can be answered: 1. only with a quantitative study 2. only after multiple studies show the same results 3. only based on analysis of the evidence [correct] 4. only if the initial hypothesis is supported [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Empirical means ―based on data,‖ but data can come from qualitative and from quantitative studies. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Multiple converging studies can lead to the identification of principles, but an empirical question can be (at least tentatively) answered even with a single study. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Empirical means ―based on data.‖ Empirical questions can be contrasted with hypothetical or theoretical questions, which don‘t require collection and analysis of evidence to answer. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Sometimes the data suggest the original hypothesis was wrong, or even the exact opposite of the original hypothesis. In those cases, we might still have an answer to the empirical question, even if it‘s not the answer we expected. [Q4] What is the main difference between a theory of teaching and a set of principles for teaching? 1. A theory is helpful for understanding but too vague to be used in the classroom. 2. A theory is subject to change and adaptation while a set of principles is established and inflexible. 3. A theory of teaching will help only advanced teachers; new teachers should stick to a set of principles. 4. A theory provides a broad guideline or explanation for how and why we teach. A set of principles provides specific rules for individual situations. [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Theories are helpful for understanding, but they are also helpful for seeing classroom situations in new ways. A set of principles provides guidance for everyday classroom use. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] 12 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Both theories and principles should be somewhat flexible, to allow for changing situations. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] A theory of teaching is an important tool for both advanced teachers and new teachers. Similarly, both advanced teachers and new teachers can benefit from a set of classroom principles. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] A theory of teaching is like a mission statement for the broad goals and purposes of any one teacher, or of teachers in general. Principles help address specific problems.

[Q5] Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis? 1. ―Teachers who are paid more are more effective than teachers who are paid less.‖ [correct] 2. ―This study includes both qualitative and quantitative data to explore whether the wholelanguage approach is better than the phonetics approach to reading for first-graders.‖ 3. ―Which writing prompts seem to encourage the most creative writing in my class?‖ 4. ―This research is designed to address whether older or younger adolescents are more influenced by television advertising.‖ [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] This is a hypothesis because it is a prediction about the outcome of a study (e.g., comparing teachers with high salaries to those with low salaries). Remember that a hypothesis is a prediction, not a certainty—teacher pay may be entirely unrelated to teacher effectiveness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Hypotheses involve predictions about the outcome of a study. In this example, there‘s no stated prediction about which approach is better, only a statement that a comparison will be made. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Hypotheses involve predictions about the outcome of a study. In this example, there‘s no stated prediction about which prompts may encourage more creative writing, only a suggestion that a comparison may be made. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Hypotheses involve predictions about the outcome of a study. In this example, there‘s no stated prediction about which group of adolescents would be more influenced, only a suggestion that a comparison may be made.

Chapter 1 Application Exercises Application Exercise 1.1: Students Today: Dramatic Diversity Learning Outcome 1.1: Describe the challenges facing teachers today, including increasing student diversity, requirements of the Every Student Succeeds Act, the continuing impact of testing and accountability for teachers and students, and the emphasis on social and emotional learning. [Q1] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.1 to answer the following question: Identify at least six types of diversity mentioned in the first section of Chapter 1 that are found among students in today‘s American schools. [Q1 Model Response] Types of diversity among students include languages, cultures, races, ethnicities, socioeconomic levels, ability levels, skill levels, varied disabilities, and families. Many other aspects of diversity exist, but this list identifies some of them. [Q2] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.1 to answer the following question: What kinds of diversity must Whitewater Middle School (described in this video) address in order to teach their 853 students? [Q2 Model Response] Whitewater Middle School must provide effective learning for students with special needs including students in specialized classrooms such as students with autism and others with disabilities who are included in general education. The school must provide for the needs of students from a range of socioeconomic levels including students from struggling families. The school meets the needs of students who are performing at a wide range of levels of proficiency and students who have challenges outside school including behavioral challenges. The school addresses learning needs of English learners and students who lack prerequisite skills for grade-level proficiency. [Q3] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.1 to answer the following question: To what extent does Whitewater Middle School seem to be representative of the normal diversity in American schools today? Explain. [Q3 Model Response] Whitewater Middle School seems to represent the middle of the curve or the normal range of diversity. Many of the types of diversity described in the textbook mirror the diversity described by the Whitewater Middle School principal. Whitewater does not represent extremes on the scale of socioeconomic levels of students (not extreme poverty or wealth) or the extremes among cultural groups and languages (not all one race and language and not many different races, immigrant groups, and languages). Apparently students represent a range of academic abilities, and the school works with a range of exceptionalities. 14 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Application Exercise 1.2: Good Teaching Learning Outcome 1.2: Discuss the essential features of effective teaching, including different frameworks describing what good teachers do. [Q1] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.4 to answer the following question: Based on the TeachingWorks 19 high-leverage teaching practices listed in Table 1.1 in the textbook, what does this math teacher do that aligns with item #13, ―Setting short-term learning goals for students‖? [Q1 Model Response] The teacher in this video opens her lesson with two goals. She reads and explains the goals to the students. As she proceeds through the lesson, she addresses both of the learning goals she set for students. [Q2] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.4 to answer the following question: How does this math teacher‘s approach to triad formation and triad activities relate to Table 1.1 items #3, 5, and 9? #3. Eliciting and interpreting individual students‘ thinking #5. Implementing norms and routines for classroom discourse and work #9. Setting up and managing small group work [Q2 Model Response] The teacher forms triads on the basis of students‘ language skills and math skills. She uses triads as a means of eliciting and interpreting students‘ thinking (item #3). Students explain their thinking to the peers in their triads, and they are responsible for taking turns explaining their thinking. The teacher uses the triads frequently and smoothly as a routine part of classroom discourse and work (item 5). She simply tells students to get into their triads and talk, and the students waste no time following this routine. The teacher seamlessly sets up and manages small groups through triads (item 9). In addition to explaining their understanding in triads, students work problems together in these small groups. The teacher also works with a small group of English learners to ―frontload‖ their understanding of the math vocabulary being used in the lesson. [Q3] Use Pearson eText Video Example 1.4 to answer the following question: In this video, the teacher asks students to explain their thinking to peers, and she also asks students to explain their thinking in whole-class discussions. Identify a high-leverage teaching practice from Table 1.1 that relates to this strategy and explain why good teachers do this?

[Q3 Model Response] This math teacher checks student understanding during the lesson, a strategy that aligns with Table 1.1 high-leverage teaching practice item 15, ―Checking student understanding during and at the conclusion of lessons.‖ She checks student understanding at the beginning by asking what is meant by the word reasonableness, for example, and she checks students‘ understanding when they explain their thinking after completing story problems.

Chapter 1 Test Items Chapter 1 Objectives

Relevant Test Items

Objective 1.1: Describe the challenges facing teachers today, Multiple Choice: 1-6 including increasing student diversity, requirements of the Every Essay: 20 Student Succeeds Act, the continuing impact of testing and accountability for teachers and students, and the emphasis on social and emotional learning. Objective 1.2: Discuss the essential features of effective Multiple Choice: 7-9 teaching, including different frameworks describing what good Essay: 21 teachers do. Objective 1.3: Describe the methods used to conduct research Multiple Choice: 10-17 in the field of educational psychology and the kinds of questions Essay: 22 each method can address. Objective 1.4: Recognize how theories and research in Multiple Choice: 18-19 development and learning are related to educational practice. Essay: 23

Multiple Choice Questions 1. As a new teacher, you are eager for the first day of school when you will meet the 22 students who have been assigned to your class. You are interested in learning about the ethnic and cultural diversity of your students and the particular needs they bring with them to the classroom. If the diversity among your students matches national statistical norms, how many of your students have at least one immigrant parent? a. two b. three c. four d. five 2. The number of American children with a mild-to-severe developmental disability has been increasing in recent years. This number (of children with a developmental disability) is what percent of American school-age children? a. 5% b. 11% c. 18% d. 24% 3. Javier emigrated from Mexico with his family and is starting third grade with minimal ability to speak English. Mrs. Foster has worked with other students like Javier and can‘t wait to see how much progress Javier will make in her class this year. Mrs. Foster‘s attitude seems to be evidence of: a. the teacher‘s sense of efficacy. b. overly optimistic beliefs. c. an underperforming school. 17 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. the teacher‘s ability to speak languages other than English. 4. According to the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), who has control of setting the academic standards for students‘ proficiency? a. Federal government b. States c. Local schools d. Teachers 5. Many studies indicate that teacher-student relationships and the quality of teaching make a difference. Based on findings from such studies, which of the following second-grade students is likely to benefit most from good teaching? a. Jorge likes math but does not like to participate in reading group, though he‘s a good reader. b. Kellie seems to be advanced for her age. She is reading and doing math above grade level. c. Dwayne loves school, especially when he gets to work in groups with his friends or at centers with hands-on activities. d. Johana has difficulty paying attention and performs at a first-grade level in reading and math. 6. Mr. Wilson is integrating a program of social and emotional learning (SEL) targets into his middle school English curriculum. Based on studies of SEL programs, what effects might Mr. Wilson expect this SEL program to have on his students? a. An increase in emotional distress for students with behavior problems b. An increase in the dropout rate for at-risk students c. Lower academic achievement scores d. Higher academic achievement scores 7. Mr. Tanaka has accepted a teaching job in a new district. In his interview, he learned that he will be evaluated on 22 components of knowledge and skills in four domains of teaching responsibilities. Which of the following models of good teaching is most likely being used in his district‘s teacher evaluation system? a. The CLASS framework b. TeachingWorks high-leverage teaching practices c. Danielson‘s Framework for Teaching d. The Every Student Succeeds Act blueprint for teachers 8. According to Robert Pianta‘s research-based model of good teaching, three domains of teacher-student interactions in the classroom relate to development and learning. These domains include emotional support and instructional support. What is the other domain? a. Classroom organization b. Teacher content knowledge c. Teacher sensitivity 18 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

d. Concept development 9. Experienced teachers often ask several of the following questions as they teach. Which question most likely expresses the reflective concern of a beginning teacher? a. How might I help my students become self-regulated learners? b. How well did I present the new concept? c. What might help my high achievers extend their learning? d. What does Student A need in order to learn this skill? 10. Which of the following questions is most likely addressed by knowledge of educational psychology? a. Does the textbook provide a test bank of questions for developing chapter and unit tests? b. Should the skill of summarizing be taught before students learn to identify the main idea? c. Do you want to explore the topic of slavery in the United States or slavery in other countries? d. Which of these books would you like to read during the unit about historical fiction? 11. From the beginning, psychology in the United States was linked to teaching. Among the early psychologists in this country, which leader is respected as the father of the progressive education movement? a. William James, author of Talks to Teacher about Psychology b. G. Stanley Hall, founder of the American Psychological Association c. John Dewey, founder of the Laboratory School at the University of Chicago d. E. L. Thorndike, founder of the Journal of Educational Psychology 12. In Austin Foley‘s research, he is collecting data in high schools in 10 school districts. He is using surveys to learn the types of support APA physics students prefer from their teachers in physics lab. What type of research is Austin conducting? a. Experimental study b. Descriptive study c. Quasi-experimental study d. ABAB 13. Marisa Campala is conducting research for one semester with fifth grade teachers in diverse classrooms. One group of teachers is using English and Spanish to greet students each morning and other teachers maintain their regular greetings in English. What type of research is Marisa most likely conducting? a. Microgenic b. Descriptive c. Longitudinal d. Experimental

14. Dr. Casey studied the effects of a particular after-school tutoring program on the academic achievement of children living in extreme poverty in his state. He followed children from kindergarten through the fifth grade. What type of research is involved in such a study? a. Ethnographic b. Case study c. Longitudinal d. Action research 15. Dr. Sullivan conducts research that involves measuring the amount of change in student scores on state math tests at the beginning of the year and at the end of the year for students in top teachers‘ classrooms. What type of research is Dr. Sullivan conducting? a. Qualitative b. Case study c. Quantitative d. Ethnographic 16. Ms. Markham is conducting a study of teaching methods in her classroom. She wants to determine whether students perform better on a concepts test after she uses a mini-lecture approach or after students engage in a group activity. What type of research is she conducting? a. Ethnographic b. Longitudinal c. Microgenetic d. Action research 17. Which of the following research designs involves ethnographic research? a. Measuring the increase in test scores on the state reading test when dyslexic children have additional time to take the test b. Collecting data about the inclusion of a child with vision impairment by conducting interviews with a child who has vision impaired, the child‘s parents, his teachers, and his peers c. Changing teaching strategies to see whether the new strategy brings about more learning in the math unit about adding fractions d. Following a group of Hmong students who attend a public elementary school in Minneapolis to understand their acculturation at school 18. Mr. Grant, a reflective teacher, is always trying to improve his teaching practices to increase student learning. He has conducted several research projects and changed teaching strategies on the basis of the results. In his latest reflections, he predicted that his lowachieving students would complete their spelling tasks in less time and score higher on spelling tests if he began using a buddy system. In the research cycle, Mr. Grant has developed: a. a theory. b. a principle. 20 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. a hypothesis. d. a plan for data analysis. 19. Bethany has taught language arts at Sanchez Middle School for two years. As she reflects and plans for the coming year, she reads a note she made to herself when she taught the persuasive writing unit. The students struggled with persuasion, and Bethany wants to find a better way to teach the unit. She has two ideas and wants to put them to the test to see which is more effective. What do you recommend? a. Get the opinion of another teacher in her school. b. Conduct a single-subject experiment. c. Ask students which approach they would prefer. d. Conduct action research to answer her question.

Essay Questions 20. Stan Lorenz is a beginning teacher in suburban Houston. He will be teaching fifth grade math and science and wonders how the diversity of his class will compare to the diversity he experienced growing up in Chicago. His principal describes the school as a typical representation of the diversity found in schools across the United States. Describe the diversity Stan might expect based on national norms. Include ethnic, economic, and developmental diversity. 21. You‘ve been teaching at the same high school for three years and are accustomed to being evaluated on the basis of the local district forms and procedures that include observations by the assistant principal and a collection of data about your attendance, punctuality, and professionalism. You are moving to a new district and have just learned that they use the Danielson Framework for Teaching in their evaluation process. Based on your knowledge of the Framework for Teaching and its domains of teaching responsibilities, describe how you might prepare for such evaluation. 22. McKenna Williams noticed an increasing number of students not completing their independent seatwork in language and spelling. She expects students to take responsibility for working independently while she works with small reading groups. Now she wonders whether she should start allowing students to work together in pairs or trios rather than continuing to require them to work quietly on an individual basis. Her common sense tells her that she should continue to require quiet individual work. Her colleague Cal Sitton disagrees. He allows his students to work in pairs. Explain why McKenna should not rely on her common sense as she solves this teaching problem. 23. McKenna Williams is a reflective teacher. She has noticed an increasing number of students not completing their independent seatwork in language and spelling. She expects students to take responsibility for working independently while she works with small reading groups. Now she wonders whether she should start allowing students to work together in pairs or trios rather than continuing to require them to work quietly on an individual basis. Her common sense tells her that she should continue to require quiet individual work. Her colleague Cal Sitton disagrees. He allows his students to work in pairs. McKenna respects her colleague Cal and knows he has more experience teaching than she does. But she doesn‘t want to mirror his teaching without reason or evidence that his strategies are more effective. How might she research this question in her own classroom and produce evidence to support one approach over another?

Chapter 1 Test Answer Key Answer Key: Multiple Choice Questions 1.

Correct Answer: four Feedback for Correct Answer: About 25% of U.S. children under 18 have at least one immigrant parent. 25% of 22 students is 5.5. Text Reference: Learning and Teaching Today

Correct Answer: 18% Feedback for Correct Answer: About 18% of American children have a mild-to-severe developmental disability such as speech and language impairments, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, or autism. Text Reference: Learning and Teaching Today

Correct Answer: the teacher‘s sense of efficacy. Feedback for Correct Answer: Teachers‘ sense of efficacy is defined as a teacher‘s belief that he or she can reach even difficult students to help them learn. This confident belief appears to be one of the few personal characteristics of teachers that predicts student achievement. Text Reference: Learning and Teaching Today

Correct Answer: States Feedback for Correct Answer: ESSA dropped the requirement for proficiency for all students by a certain date and returned most control to the states to set standards and develop interventions. Text Reference: Learning and Teaching Today

Correct Answer: Johana has difficulty paying attention and performs at a first-grade level in reading and math. Feedback for Correct Answer: Effective teachers who establish positive relationships with their students appear to be a powerful force in those students‘ lives. Students who have problems seem to benefit the most from good teaching. Text Reference: Learning and Teaching Today

Correct Answer: Higher academic achievement scores. Feedback for Correct Answer: A meta-analysis on the effects of SEL programs that measured academic achievement found that the average achievement of students in SEL programs was 13 percentile points higher than students in the control groups. In other studies, students in SEL programs had lasting benefits including higher rates of high school and college graduation. Mr. Wilson might expect positive results for his students, including higher academic achievement. Text Reference: Learning and Teaching Today

or areas of responsibility: Planning and Preparation, Classroom Environment, Instruction, and Professional Responsibilities. Each domain is further divided into components. Each domain is further divided into 5 or 6 components, making a total of 22 components for the entire framework. Text Reference: What Is Good Teaching? 8.

Correct Answer: Classroom organization Feedback for Correct Answer: Pianta‘s work has identified three domains of teacher-student interactions in the classroom that are related to development and learning—emotional support, instructional support, and classroom organization. Text Reference: What Is Good Teaching?

Correct Answer: How well did I present that new concept? Feedback for Correct Answer: With experience, hard work, and good support, seasoned teachers can focus on the students‘ needs and judge their teaching success by the accomplishments of their students. Beginning teachers are more likely to be concerned with their teaching performance (more focused on self). Experienced teachers are able to shift from a focus on themselves to a focus on their students. Text Reference: What Is Good Teaching?

10.

Correct Answer: Should the skill of summarizing be taught before students learn to identify the main idea? Feedback for Correct Answer: Educational psychologists do research on learning and teaching. Educational psychology addresses topics such as learning and motivation, child and adolescent development, social and cultural influences on learning, and much more. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

11.

Correct Answer: John Dewey, founder of the Laboratory School at the University of Chicago Feedback for Correct Answer: G. Stanley Hall‘s student, John Dewey, founded the Laboratory School at the University of Chicago and is considered the father of the progressive education movement. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

12.

Correct Answer: Descriptive study Feedback for Correct Answer: Descriptive studies collect detailed information about specific situations, often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods. Austin Foley‘s research is a descriptive study using surveys to collect data. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

13.

Correct Answer: Experimental Feedback for Correct Answer: Experimental studies allow educational psychologists to go beyond predictions and actually study cause and effect. Instead of just observing and describing an existing situation, the 23 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

investigators introduce changes and note the results. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology 14.

Correct Answer: Longitudinal Feedback for Correct Answer: Many things that psychologists want to study, such as cognitive development, happen over several months or years. Ideally, researchers would study the development by observing their subjects over many years as changes occur. These are called longitudinal studies. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

15.

Correct Answer: Quantitative Feedback for Correct Answer: Quantitative research uses numbers, measurement, and statistics to assess levels or sizes of relationships among variables or differences between groups. Both correlational and experimental types of research generally are quantitative because measurements are taken and computations are made. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

16.

Correct Answer: Action research Feedback for Correct Answer: Action research involves systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching and learning for their students. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

17.

Correct Answer: Following a group of Hmong students who attend a public elementary school in Minneapolis to understand their acculturation at school Feedback for Correct Answer: Ethnography is a descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

18.

Correct Answer: a hypothesis. Feedback for Correct Answer: A hypothesis is a prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

19.

Correct Answer: Conduct action research to answer her question Feedback for Correct Answer: Action research involves systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching and learning for their students. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

Answer Guide: Essay Questions 20.

Suggested Response: Stan might expect 1 in 4 students to have at least one immigrant parent. He might also expect that 2 in 10 live in poverty and perhaps even extreme poverty. Nearly 1 in 5 (or 18%) will have a mild-to-severe developmental disability. Text Reference: Learning and Teaching Today

21.

Suggested Response: The Framework for Teaching includes four domains of teaching responsibilities: planning and preparation, classroom environment, instruction, and professional responsibilities. In the domain of planning and preparation, teachers want to demonstrate content knowledge and knowledge of students. Teachers need to design instruction that flows and meets instructional outcomes, and they need to design assessments that correlate with lessons. In the domain of classroom environment, teachers need to establish a culture of learning in which they show respect for students and students show respect for the teacher and for one another. Teachers need to establish rules and procedures and manage student behavior effectively. Their use of the physical space should support learning. In the domain of instruction, teachers need to use a variety of teaching strategies to meet students‘ learning needs. Instruction should be engaging and demonstrate flexibility in response to students‘ needs. In the domain of professional responsibilities, teachers need to be reflective and take steps to improve their teaching. Teachers should maintain accurate records and communicate with parents and guardians to ensure that they know how their child is doing. Teachers also need to show professionalism by being involved in professional organizations, accessing professional resources, and participating in professional activities at school and in the community. Text Reference: What Is Good Teaching?

22.

Suggested Response: McKenna should not rely on common sense, because common sense is often wrong. As seen in this scenario, McKenna and Cal disagree in their approaches, and this is typical. Teachers often disagree about what constitutes common sense. Additionally, research often proves that common sense answers to questions about teaching and learning are not valid. Research often disproves common sense answers. Many strongly held beliefs about teaching and learning have no basis in research. The important point is not what sounds or seems sensible, but what is demonstrated to be effective and supported by research. Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

23.

Suggested Response: McKenna might conduct her own action research in her classroom. Action research involves systematic observations or tests of methods to improve teaching and learning. Her question might be to find out whether students learn more when they work in pairs or when they work independently. It might be to find out whether more students complete the assignments. For her observations or tests, McKenna could try pairing students for seatwork. She needs to give students guidelines and procedures to follow. She can compare the results of students‘ work over a period of time. She might compare the number of 25 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

completed assignments she had with her old approach to the number of completed assignments with the new approach. She might also compare grades on specific tasks such as spelling tests, writing assignments, or worksheets. She would need to set up her study to answer her questions about effectiveness of the two approaches. Is more learning taking place when students work in pairs? Text Reference: The Role of Educational Psychology

Chapter 1 Connect and Extend to Licensure Learning Outcomes Outcome 1.1 Describe the challenges facing teachers today, including increasing student diversity, requirements of the Every Student Succeeds Act, the continuing impact of testing and accountability for teachers and students, and the emphasis on social and emotional learning. Outcome 1.2 Discuss the essential features of effective teaching, including different frameworks describing what good teachers do. Outcome 1.3 Describe the methods used to conduct research in the field of educational psychology and the kinds of questions each method can address. Outcome 1.4 Recognize how theories and research in development and learning are related to educational practice. [Q1] LO 1.1 Novice teachers face numerous tasks and scenarios with which they have little prior experience. For teachers currently entering the field, which of the following is NOT a challenge they are apt to encounter? 1. Students who may exhibit superior technology skills as compared to their teachers 2. An increasingly diverse population of students and families 3. Students with intellectual disabilities who are denied inclusion [correct] 4. Students who face the challenges associated with living in poverty [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] About 18% of American children have a mild-to-severe developmental disability such as speech and language impairments, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, or autism. This number has been increasing since the early 2000s. Over half of these children spend most of their time in general education classes. [Q2] LO 1.1 Both students and teachers work harder and persist longer when they have a high sense of efficacy. Which of the following does not enhance self-efficacy in teachers? 1. Teaching only students who are free from learning challenges [correct] 2. Day-to-day success in achieving tasks 3. High expectations from those in the environment 4. Assistance from more knowledgeable partners [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] Efficacy grows from real success with students. Teachers‘ sense of efficacy is their belief that they can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn.

[Q3] LO 1.2 Ms. Lopez is a new high school teacher who knows how much she benefited from her student teaching. However, after the first week of school, she realizes she is far from the level of professionalism of her experienced peers. She might increase her professionalism in which of the following ways? 1. Talk to her students about what they expect in a teacher 2. Discuss her teaching with the parents of students 3. Read educational publications [correct] 4. Review her notes from her college classes [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Reading educational publications is a good way to develop professionalism. Reading publications such as Education Week helps teachers learn about teaching practices, research, and creative strategies. [Q4 Short Answer] LO 1.3 Case Mr. Sims is a new middle school language arts teacher. At the end of his first quarter, his principal Ms. Thomas visited his classes and made notes about her observations. Ms. Thomas then met with Mr. Sims and presented an evaluation that included ratings on several aspects of Mr. Sims‘ teaching. One of the principal‘s recommendations stated that Mr. Sims needs to use evidence-based practices in his teaching. What are evidence-based teaching practices? [Feedback for Answer 4] Evidence-based teaching practices are teaching practices that have been tested through experimental processes and found to be effective. [Q5 Short Answer] LO 1.3 Case Mr. Sims is a new middle school language arts teacher. At the end of his first quarter, his principal Ms. Thomas visited his classes and made notes about her observations. Ms. Thomas then met with Mr. Sims and presented an evaluation that included ratings on several aspects of Mr. Sims‘ teaching. One of the principal‘s recommendations stated that Mr. Sims needs to use evidence-based practices in his teaching. Where might Mr. Sims learn about evidence-based teaching practices? [Feedback for Answer 5] The U.S. Institute of Education Sciences (IES) has established a What Works Clearinghouse with a series of Practice Guides that contain recommendations from experts about various challenges educators face—guides to action based on strong evidence from large scale welldesigned research studies (https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/practiceguides). Each of the Practice Guides describes several strategies and rates the evidence supporting their use as ―strong,‖ ―moderate,‖ or ―minimal.‖

Chapter 2 Test Item File Raye Lakey

Educational Psychology th 15 Edition Anita Woolfolk, The Ohio State University

Ellen L. Usher, University of Kentucky

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Table of Contents Chapter 2: Who Are You? Who Are Your Students? Culture and Diversity Learning Outcome Quizzes

Application Exercises

Test Items

Test Answer Key

Licensure Quizzes

Chapter 2: Who Are You? Who Are Your Students? Culture and Diversity Chapter 2 Learning Outcome Quizzes Learning Outcome 2.1: Describe the meaning of culture and discuss how cultural diversity in American education today is related to learning and teaching. [Q1] When high school senior Guang, a third-generation Chinese American, met his calculus teacher, the teacher said, ―I bet you‘ll be the best in the class.‖ The teacher intended his comment to be a compliment. Guang recalled that his precalculus teacher said the same thing when she met him at the beginning of his junior year. These stereotypical comments are likely to make Guang feel which of the following? 1. Favored by the teacher 2. The same as any regular American student 3. Pressured and burdened [correct] 4. Like a model of success [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Even seemingly positive stereotypes can lead to problems. For example, Asians and Asian Americans have been stereotyped as ―model minority‖ students—quiet, hardworking, passive students who universally succeed. Such comments are more likely to make Guang feel invisible to the teacher. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Even seemingly positive stereotypes can lead to problems. The teacher‘s comment is more likely to make Guang feel like a perpetual foreigner. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Researchers have shown that teachers tend to refer to students like Guang as ―Asian,‖ not ―Asian American‖ or ―American.‖ Too often, students who are the target of teachers‘ cultural stereotypes take them to heart and feel pressured, burdened, or even as if they are invisible. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Asian Americans have been stereotyped as ―model minority‖ students. Guang is less likely to feel like a model of success and more likely to feel like he is being stereotyped and not viewed as an individual. [Q2] Cultural intersectionality refers to which of the following? 1. Our overlapping social identities that shape us [correct] 2. Our view of the world as a great multicultural community

3. Our ties to our cultural value system 4. Our common view of our shared cultural experiences [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] Intersectionality refers to our overlapping, intersecting social identities (gender, sexual orientation, class, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, age, etc.) that shape each of us in unique ways. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Intersectionality is more focused on the individual‘s attributes and aspects of social identity rather than our world view. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Intersectionality is more focused on the individual‘s attributes and aspects of social identity than our cultural value system. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Intersectionality is more focused on the individual‘s attributes and aspects of social identity. The idea of a common view of shared cultural experiences doesn‘t fit cultural intersectionality. [Q3] In a metaphor comparing culture to an iceberg, some aspects of culture could be described as the visible tip of the iceberg whereas many aspects are invisible (below the surface). Which signs of culture are part of the tip of the iceberg? 1. Your views about teaching and learning 2. Your ideas of justice and fairness 3. Your rules about making eye contact 4. Your music and clothing [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Many aspects of our cultural selves exist ―below the surface.‖ Many of our cultural affiliations are not readily visible to others such as one‘s ideas about teaching and learning. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Many aspects of our cultural selves exist ―below the surface.‖ Many of our cultural affiliations are not readily visible to others such as one‘s ideas about justice and fairness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Many aspects of our cultural selves exist ―below the surface.‖ Many of our cultural affiliations are not readily visible to others such as rules about making eye contact when interacting with others. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] One‘s music and clothing are visible to others and are seen as part of the tip of the iceberg. Just as most of the iceberg is out of sight and below the water line, so are most cultural differences invisible to others and even out of conscious awareness.

[Q4] A general definition of culture includes all of the following EXCEPT: 1. The tradition of having a parade on Independence Day 2. The number of rainy days in a year in the community [correct] 3. A common practice of wearing a hat to block the sun 4. The movement that supports Black Lives Matter [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] A general definition of culture includes the traditions of a group of people. The tradition of having a parade on Independence Day is a cultural practice. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] The number of rainy days in a year in the community is nature‘s influence, not culture. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] A general definition of culture includes the norms and practices of the group. Wearing a hat to block the sun is influenced by culture. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] A general definition of culture includes the values and beliefs of the group. Supporting Black Lives Matter is influenced by cultural values and beliefs. [Q5] Luna is a nine-year-old Hispanic girl who lives in a middle-class neighborhood in Houston. How much of this information is included in Luna‘s cultural identity wheel? 1. Her age 2. Her race 3. Her age, race, and gender 4. Her age, race, gender, and neighborhood [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Luna‘s cultural identity wheel includes her age plus additional information about her. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Luna‘s cultural identity wheel includes her race plus additional information about her. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Luna‘s cultural identity wheel includes her age, race, and gender plus additional information about her. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] Luna‘s cultural identity wheel includes all of this information about her plus many more cultural features.

Learning Outcome 2.2: Discuss what defines social class and socioeconomic status, including how SES differences relate to school achievement. [Q1] Hayden teaches fifth grade in a poor community, and most of his students are from low-income families. Hayden, who implements the guidelines for teaching students in poverty, is most likely to do which of the following? 1. Teach basics without incorporating challenging concepts 2. Refrain from critiquing students‘ low-quality work 3. Excuse students for submitting poor work 4. Set and maintain high expectations for all students [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] According to guidelines, Hayden and others who teach students who live in poverty should include challenging concepts and content. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] According to guidelines, Hayden and others who teach students who live in poverty should provide constructive criticism and believe the students can do quality work. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] According to guidelines, Hayden and others who teach students who live in poverty should communicate to students that they can succeed and that low-quality work is not acceptable. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] According to guidelines, Hayden and others who teach students who live in poverty should set and maintain high expectations for all students. They should not feel sorry for students and expect less. They should help students believe they can learn. [Q2] Ember lives in extreme poverty with parents who work minimum-wage jobs, and she attends a school with inadequate resources and ineffective teachers. Ember is tracked into vocational classes in high school. With such tracking, Ember is likely to experience which of the following? 1. Primarily opportunities for creative problem solving 2. Primarily passive learning that involves memorization [correct] 3. Primarily challenging academic work and higher grades 4. Primarily failure and encouragement to drop out of school [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] The opportunities for creative problem solving and other academic challenges are more common for students who are not tracked into low-ability or vocational classes. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Students who are tracked into low-ability or vocational classes are actually taught differently and may be expected to memorize and to learn more passively than their advantaged peers. When 4 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

students like Ember receive a substandard education, they acquire inferior academic skills that limit their life chances. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Students who are tracked in low-ability or vocational classes are taught differently and are not more likely to encounter challenging academic work and higher grades. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] A forecast of failure and dropping out of school as a result of tracking is an extreme and negative prediction. Ember and other students who are tracked into vocational classes are likely to learn a vocation. [Q3] What was the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood poverty and social and economic inequalities in the United States? 1. Increase in childhood poverty but no change in social and economic inequalities 2. Decrease in childhood poverty and greater social and economic equality 3. Increase in childhood poverty and greater social and economic inequalities [correct] 4. No change in childhood poverty or social and economic inequalities [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] The COVID-19 pandemic brought about change in social and economic inequalities. The changes were worse for Latino children, African American children, and indigenous children and families. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] The COVID-19 pandemic did not bring about a decrease in childhood poverty or greater social and economic equality. The changes that occurred had a greater effect on Latino children, African American children, and indigenous children and families. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] The COVID-19 pandemic brought about an increase in childhood poverty and exacerbated social and economic inequalities. The changes were worse for Latino children, African American children, and indigenous children and families. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] The COVID-19 pandemic brought about changes in childhood poverty and in social and economic inequalities. The changes had a more profound effect on Latino children, African American children, and indigenous children and families. [Q4] The index known as socioeconomic status (SES) that is commonly used in research by sociologists and psychologists combines which of the following factors to arrive at a ranking? 1. Wealth and occupation 2. Power, prestige, wealth, and control over resources [correct] 3. Occupation, income, and education level 5 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Social standing in the community, income, and family size [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Occupation is not one of the factors used by researchers to arrive at socioeconomic status (SES) rankings. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Researchers combine data on wealth, power, prestige, and control over resources into the index called socioeconomic status (SES). [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Occupation, income, and education level are characteristics of different social classes, but these factors are not used by researchers to arrive at socioeconomic status (SES) rankings. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] These factors affect social class standing, but they are not used by researchers to arrive at socioeconomic status (SES) rankings. [Q5] Theo is a ten-year-old boy who has been homeless for much of his life, and his single mother has relocated with Theo and his younger sister as often as three times in a single year. Theo is often hungry and doesn‘t receive medical care he needs when he becomes ill. If Theo is like the majority of children who are homeless, what is his level of achievement in math and reading? 1. At grade level in math and below grade level in reading 2. At grade level in reading and below grade level in math 3. At grade level 4. Below grade level [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] According to the National Center on Family Homelessness, most students who were homeless performed below grade level in math as well as reading. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] According to the National Center on Family Homelessness, most students who were homeless performed below grade level in reading as well as math. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] According to the National Center on Family Homelessness, most students who were homeless performed lower than grade level in math or reading or both. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] According to the National Center on Family Homelessness, 75% of elementary students and 85% of high school students who were homeless performed below grade level in reading and math. Homelessness and high mobility contribute to chronic risks and problems in school, problems that are difficult to overcome.

Learning Outcome 2.3: Explain how race, ethnicity, prejudice, discrimination, and stereotype threat might affect student learning and achievement in schools. [Q1] Atsa and Tahoma are eight-year-old boys growing up together on a Navajo reservation, experiencing the traditions of the Navajo people, learning the Navajo language, and sharing a cultural heritage. This statement describes which of the following? 1. The boys‘ race 2. The boys‘ social standing 3. The boys‘ ethnicity [correct] 4. The boys‘ cultural norms [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Race is a socially constructed category based on appearances and ancestry. The statement about Atsa and Tahoma does not describe physical appearances such as skin color or hair texture. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Social standing relates to one‘s position in society. The statement about Atsa and Tahoma mentions their cultural heritage but not their social standing in their culture. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Ethnicity usually refers to a group‘s shared common cultural characteristics such as history, homeland, language, traditions, or religion. The statement about Atsa and Tahoma describes aspects of their shared ethnicity. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] The statement about Atsa and Tahoma alludes to their cultural heritage but does not describe any cultural norms. [Q2] As a high school junior, Raven is comfortable with her racial identity as a Black teen. She wears her afro and doesn‘t worry about the opinions of her White or Black friends. Based on the stages of Black racial identity development, Raven seems to exhibit which stage? 1. Pre-encounter 2. Encounter 3. Immersion/emersion 4. Internalization [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] In the pre-encounter stage, African Americans may adopt certain beliefs of White Americans. Raven is not adopting White beliefs. She is comfortable in her Blackness.

[Feedback for Answer Choice 2] In the encounter stage, a Black person‘s eyes are opened to the reality that race matters in society. Raven is not just having her eyes opened to the reality that race matters. She is comfortable with her Blackness. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] In the immersion/emersion stage, a person may be anxious about being the ―right kind‖ of Black person. Raven is not anxious about her Blackness. She is comfortable with her Blackness and unconcerned about the opinions of her White and Black friends. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] At the internalization stage, individuals are firmly connected to and secure in their sense of racial identity. We can see that Raven is in the internalization stage of racial identity development because she wears her afro hair, is comfortable with being Black, and is not worried about the opinions of her White or Black friends. [Q3] According to research, what level of racial prejudice is found among teachers in the United States? 1. Teachers exhibit a greater degree of anti-Black bias than the general public 2. Teachers exhibit far less pro-White, anti-Black bias than the general public 3. Teachers and the general public exhibit similar pro-White, anti-Black biases [correct] 4. Teachers typically exhibit no bias or racial prejudice in their classrooms [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Teachers do not exhibit a greater degree of anti-Black bias than the general public, but the evidence of racial bias is significant and damaging. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Unfortunately, this statement is false. Teachers are more likely to expect less of students from ethnic minority groups and to disproportionately refer them (particularly Black students) for special education or disciplinary interventions. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] According to research, teachers hold similarly pro-White, anti-Black biases in roughly the same proportion as members of the general public. Teachers are more likely to expect less of students from ethnic minority groups and to disproportionately refer those from historically disadvantaged groups—and particularly Black students—for special education or disciplinary interventions. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Unfortunately, this statement is false. Teachers typically exhibit racial bias in their classrooms. Teachers are more likely to expect less of students from ethnic minority groups and to disproportionately refer those from historically disadvantaged groups—and particularly Black students—for special education or disciplinary interventions.

[Q4] When researchers talk about opportunity gaps for many students of color, they refer to all of the following EXCEPT: 1. Differences in quality of available childcare 2. Differences in intelligence [correct] 3. Differences in affordable housing and health care 4. Differences in access to digital resources [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Researchers include the lack of quality childcare for families of color in their discussion of opportunity gaps. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Researchers do not include differences in levels of intelligence in their discussions about opportunity gaps. The opportunity gaps being discussed deal directly with opportunities such as access to quality education and good teaching with qualified teachers. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Researchers include the lack of affordable housing and health care for families of color in their discussion of opportunity gaps. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Researchers include the lack of access to digital resources for families of color in their discussion of opportunity gaps. [Q5] According to recent data from the U.S. Department of Education, how do the math scores of Hispanic American, African American, and White fourth-grade students compare? 1. White students‘ scores are higher than the other two groups, but the gap is narrowing [correct] 2. Scores of Black students and White students are equal and Hispanic student scores are lower 3. Scores of Hispanic students and White students are equal and Black student scores are lower 4. Differences in math scores among these groups are insignificant [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] In recent years the gap between scores of White, Black, and Hispanic students have narrowed though the scores of White students remain higher than the scores of students from the other two groups. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Scores of Black students remain lower than scores of White students in mathematics.

[Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Scores of Hispanic students remain lower than scores of White students in mathematics. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] The differences in math scores indicate a significant gap though the gap is narrowing. Learning Outcome 2.4: Describe the development of gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation and discuss their role in teaching and learning. [Q1] Rani recently moved to the United States from Southeast Asia where most women remain at home serving their husbands and taking care of their children. Rani seems confused when she is asked to perform the same school tasks as her male classmates. Rani‘s confusion most likely reflects which of the following? 1. Her prejudice 2. Her gender identity 3. Her gender bias 4. Her gender schema [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Rani‘s confusion does not suggest that Rani is prejudiced against boys or against American culture or the culture of her homeland. Rani is confused, and her confusion doesn‘t necessarily mean she has negative feelings. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Gender identity is a person‘s self-identification as a gendered individual. Rani‘s confusion is based on a cultural difference. She is not confused about her gender identity. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Rani‘s confusion is based on a cultural difference rather than a preference for one gender over the other. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] Rani‘s confusion is based on a cultural difference. Her gender schema—her cognitive structure for gender-related information—differs from the gender schema she encounters in her new classroom setting. [Q2] According to studies of gender bias in teaching, which of the following children will probably receive the LEAST amount of attention (positive or negative) from the teacher in class? 1. Kye, a low-achieving boy 2. Cassandra, a high-achieving girl [correct] 3. Davarko, a high-achieving boy 4. Monnie, a low-achieving girl

[Feedback for Answer Choice 1] According to studies, teachers have more overall interactions with boys than with girls; however, this includes more negative interactions with boys but not more positive interactions. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] According to studies, high-achieving White girls receive the least amount of teacher attention. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] According to studies, teachers have more overall interactions with boys than with girls; however, this includes more negative interactions with boys but not more positive interactions. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] According to studies, teachers give more attention to low-achieving girls than to one other group of students. [Q3] Aubree teaches fifth-grade math and is highly aware of studies that reveal some of the reasons for the underachievement of boys in school. She intends to address this concern by focusing on gender bias in teaching. If Aubree follows the guidelines for avoiding gender bias in teaching, she is most likely to do which of the following? 1. Use teaching strategies that primarily appeal to male students 2. Check textbooks to make sure they present stereotypical gender role models 3. Monitor all teaching practices and identify unintended biases [correct] 4. Use primarily male-oriented language and examples [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Teachers must realize that there are no boy- or girl-specific teaching strategies—good teaching is good teaching. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] To avoid gender bias in teaching, teachers should check to see if textbooks and other media provide counter-stereotypical gender role models. Presenting stereotypical gender role models reinforces gender bias and doesn‘t address the underachievement of boys in school. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Aubree might address gender bias by monitoring her teaching practices and identifying unintended biases. The guidelines make several other suggestions that all teachers should practice in their efforts to reduce or eliminate gender bias in teaching. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Using primarily male-oriented language and examples is explicit gender bias. Aubree needs to avoid gender bias in her approaches to teaching boys effectively. [Q4] Jordan teaches high school history and is aware that several students in his classes are sexual minority youth who experience considerable stress and ridicule. In reaching out to help these

students of diverse sexual orientations, Jordan follows the suggestions of the Attic Speakers Bureau that include which of the following? 1. Addressing harassers by calling them out and insulting them in class 2. Asking that these students be transferred to a different class 3. Affirming the students and referring them to a trained expert [correct] 4. Following up with the parents of these students and giving them advice [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Addressing harassers by calling them out in class and insulting them would be irresponsible and create additional problems. Teachers must exercise control and deal wisely with the offenders in order to maintain a learning environment where all youth feel comfortable and welcome. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Asking that these students be transferred is detrimental and suggests that the teacher is being dismissive and avoiding responsibility. [Feedback for Correct Answer 3] Suggestions of the Attic Speakers Bureau include affirming the students, not judging them, letting them know they are not alone, and referring them to someone who is trained to deal with these issues. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Teachers should follow up with the individual students (not their parents) and see if the situation has improved and if there is anything further the teacher can do to help. [Q5] Ian is a sixteen-year-old boy who is attracted to girls. Ian‘s attraction to girls is most directly an explanation of which of the following? 1. His gender identity 2. His sexual orientation [correct] 3. His gender role 4. His gender neutrality [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Gender identity is the sense of self as male or female as well as the beliefs one has about gender roles and attributes. This statement about Ian focuses on his attraction not his sense of self as male or female or his beliefs about his roles. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Sexual orientation is the gender to whom a person is sexually or emotionally attracted. Ian‘s attraction to girls is most directly an explanation of his sexual orientation. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Gender roles are behaviors and characteristics that the culture stereotypically associates with being male or female. This statement about Ian focuses on his attraction to girls not his beliefs about his roles. 12 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

[Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Ian‘s attraction to girls does not represent gender neutrality. He is aware of his attraction to girls. He‘s not neutral in his attraction. Learning Outcome 2.5: Define multicultural education and apply research on diversity to the creation of culturally relevant classrooms. [Q1] Ms. Akana has students from many different cultural backgrounds in her sixth-grade class. Which of these assignments would be the best way for Ms. Akana to promote multicultural education successfully in her classroom? 1. Create a ―cultural music day‖ and ask African American students to bring rap albums and Hispanic students to bring mariachi music. 2. For the class unit on nutrition, ask students to bring a recipe for their favorite food traditionally eaten by their family. [correct] 3. Ask students to think about what culture means and discuss it in their groups. 4. For the class unit on history, assign students to groups based on their ethnicity. [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] The assignments in this case are based on stereotypes. A better choice would be to ask students to bring in their favorite song, or to study all types of music together as a class. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] This is a good learning activity that will engage all students and promote equity among cultures. It does not require students to ―represent their race‖ in a stereotypical way, but allows them to provide an individual and personal interpretation of their own cultural traditions. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] This assignment is too vague and deals with the concept of culture in general. It will not promote multicultural education. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] This may seem like a good idea, but it will ultimately have the effect of segregating students. Additionally, some students may have mixed ethnicities or races and will not agree with their placement in one group over another. It would be better to assign groups randomly and then assign each group to investigate one culture and share their findings. [Q2] The concept of culturally relevant pedagogy is based on teaching that rests on three propositions. Which of the following practices is involved in one or more of these propositions of culturally relevant pedagogy? 1. Strategies that include testing of learning styles for children of all cultural backgrounds 2. Teaching that encourages students to read first in their native language before reading in English 3. School reform that includes hosting discrimination workshops for parents and civic leaders

4. Teaching that helps students develop a critical consciousness and question social inequities [correct] [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] This pedagogy is not culturally relevant, is not supported by research, and may lead to cultural stereotyping. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Excellent teachers will get to know their students and the learning needs of their students, but not all students need to read first in their native languages. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] This could improve parent involvement and help build resilience in the students, but it is not a component of culturally relevant pedagogy. Culturally relevant pedagogy is focused on teaching students rather than providing workshops for parents and civic leaders. [Feedback for Correct Answer 4] Culturally relevant pedagogy involves helping students to achieve academic success, developing and maintaining cultural competence, and developing a critical consciousness to challenge the status quo with its social norms, values, mores, and institutions that produce and maintain social inequities. [Q3] Ms. Martin has decided that she will ask each of her fifth-grade students to interview a student in another class about a time when they felt left out or excluded because of their gender, age, race, or socioeconomic status (SES). Then, she will ask her students to share these stories, and she will lead a discussion about the everyday effects of discrimination. Which of the five dimensions of multicultural education posited by James Banks does this activity address? 1. Prejudice reduction [correct] 2. Content integration 3. Empowering school culture and social structure 4. Equity pedagogy [Feedback for Correct Answer 1] By asking her students to investigate specific experiences of prejudicial behavior, Ms. Martin is encouraging prejudice reduction. [Feedback for Answer Choice 2] Content integration involves incorporating information about and examples from various cultures when teaching a subject. Ms. Martin‘s assignment is focused on a different dimension of multicultural education. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Ms. Martin‘s activity may help to create an empowering social structure indirectly, but it is focused on a different dimension of multicultural education.

[Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Equity pedagogy refers to the need for teachers to use methods that are accessible to all students. Ms. Martin‘s assignment is focused on a different dimension of multicultural education. [Q4] Mr. James has been assigned to teach second grade on a Native American reservation. Within his first 2 weeks of teaching, Mr. James is bemused because the group techniques he used with his students in Boston—who were mostly White and from the upper class—are not working with these particular children. He notices that the ways the children interact are different, and their social expectations for each other and for him seem to be different. Based on dimensions outlined by Tharp (1989), which dimension of his classroom should Mr. James modify to make it more culturally compatible? 1. Sociolinguistics 2. Social organization [correct] 3. Learning preferences 4. Students‘ cultural values [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Sociolinguistics refers to the ways in which individuals in different societies communicate, which is only indirectly relevant here. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] In this setting, the teacher‘s organization of teaching, learning, and performance is not compatible with the social structures in which students are most productive, engaged, and likely to learn. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Mr. James realizes his new students are socialized differently. He does not mention their learning preferences. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] Mr. James realizes his new students are socialized differently than his former students. He needs to focus on this realization to make the classroom more culturally compatible. [Q5] Which of the following teachers has the most culturally compatible classroom, based on the information given here? 1. Ms. Miller, whose class bookshelf has several books with African American children as the main characters and who celebrates Cinco de Mayo and St. Patrick‘s Day with her class. 2. Mr. Britt, who asks his students for anonymous suggestions to improve the classroom atmosphere through a suggestion box on his desk, and asks parents what values their family embraces during parent–teacher conferences. [correct] 3. Mr. Studebaker, who lets the students who have been the most restless all morning go to lunch first, and who always says that it is more important for kids to learn to enjoy school than for them to learn specific information.

4. Mrs. Johannsen, who alternates calling on boys and girls in order to make sure they get equal representation in the classroom. [Feedback for Answer Choice 1] Although Ms. Miller no doubt has good intentions, addressing culture only through holidays and a few token books is not enough to create a culturally compatible classroom. [Feedback for Correct Answer 2] Soliciting feedback from students and parents, especially regarding the values and classroom activities that are most important to them, helps in creating a culturally compatible classroom. [Feedback for Answer Choice 3] Mr. Studebaker is erring on the side of making sure his students do not feel uncomfortable. However, sensitivity should not mean that learning goals are forgotten. [Feedback for Answer Choice 4] This is a good start, but gender is only one divide in the classroom. Mrs. Johannsen should find more ways to include all students equally in order to create a culturally compatible classroom.

Chapter 2 Application Exercises Application Exercise 2.1: Ethnic and Racial Identity Learning Outcome 2.3: Explain how race, ethnicity, prejudice, discrimination, and stereotype threat might affect student learning and achievement in schools. [Q1] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.4 to answer the following question: In the process of comparing the two books, Mufaro’s Beautiful Daughters: An African Tale and Cendrillon: A Caribbean Cinderella, how might children develop a more multidimensional view of ethnicity? [Q1 Model Response] By being exposed to the literature and stories of people from other parts of the world, the children‘s view of cultural characteristics and traditions is broadened. They learn about cultures that are different from their own, and at the same time they see characters with dark skin similar to their own. They are able to compare and contrast the two cultures represented in these books and make similar comparisons between these dimensions of ethnicity and their own. [Q2] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.4 to answer the following question: Based on your observations of children in this classroom, identify their race and explain why stories of people with dark skin may resonate with them more than the traditional story of Cinderella. [Q2 Model Response] The children shown in this classroom are Black children. They are likely to identify more with the stories of dark-skinned Cinderella-like characters than with a White Cinderella despite the differences in cultural background between them and the girls in the stories from Africa and the Caribbean. [Q3] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.4 to answer the following question: How might this lesson affect Black students who are in the pre-encounter stage of racial identity development? [Q3 Model Response] For Black students who are in the pre-encounter stage of racial identity development, reading about beauty in dark-skinned people can help them see beauty in themselves and broaden their view beyond the typical White American view they might see in the traditional Cinderella story. Perhaps it helps them understand that they don‘t need to accept everything about White culture or view it as superior. Application Exercise 2.2: Culturally Relevant Pedagogy Learning Outcome 2.5: Define multicultural education and apply research on diversity to the creation of culturally relevant classrooms. 17 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

[Q1] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.6 to answer the following question: How do Amy Wagner‘s comments reflect the concept of culturally relevant pedagogy? [Q1 Model Response] Amy Wagner states that students will not be reprimanded for what they don‘t know or what they don‘t come with. This reflects the ideology of culturally relevant pedagogy by demonstrating an understanding that students must experience academic success rather than being evaluated on background knowledge they lack. [Q2] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.6 to answer the following question: How do the comments of Miguel Arroyo reflect the ―cultural competence‖ aspect of culturally relevant pedagogy? [Q2 Model Response] Mr. Arroyo states that the school helps students acclimate to the new culture and maintain their own culture. This shows respect for the children‘s culture. He says that if you don‘t know where you came from, you do not know who you are or where to go. This implies that they help the children develop and maintain their cultural competence. [Q3] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.6 to answer the following question: Compare the messages represented in this video with the view of pedagogy described by Lisa Delpit (2003) when she states, ―Teachers must learn who their students are and what legacies they bring.‖ [Q3 Model Response] The messages in this video, both stated and unstated, reinforce the importance of Lisa‘s point. Mr. Arroyo‘s comment about not knowing ―who you are if you don‘t know where you came from,‖ supports the idea that teachers must learn who their students are in order to teach them. The school system in this video involves parents and families in ways that promote culturally relevant pedagogy. The more teachers understand the culture of the children, the better they relate to the children and the more effectively they teach the children. Application Exercise 2.3: Culturally Relevant Teaching Learning Outcome 2.5: Define multicultural education and apply research on diversity to the creation of culturally relevant classrooms. [Q1] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.8 to answer the following question: Sheila Brown, the teacher in this video, is experienced in teaching students who speak different languages and represent a wide variety of cultures. Using the ―Guidelines: Culturally Relevant Teaching‖ in the textbook, identify at least one practice she describes that aligns with the idea of providing ―a range of ways to learn material to accommodate a range of learning preferences.‖ 18 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

[Q1 Model Response] Sheila Brown describes using the smartboard for visual support to accompany an oral lesson. She provides pictures of academic vocabulary to help students learn new words, and she uses worksheets. She also mentions partner games as a learning strategy. In summary, the range of ways for students to learn material includes visual strategies, such as the smartboard and pictures, oral lessons, worksheets, and games with a partner. [Q2] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.8 to answer the following question: Sheila Brown talks about frontloading lessons for English learners by preteaching vocabulary that will be used in the lesson. Which of the guidelines (Guidelines: Culturally Relevant Teaching) most directly aligns with this practice? Explain. [Q2 Model Response] Sheila Brown‘s practice of frontloading every lesson for English learners aligns with the guideline for emphasizing meaning in teaching. By teaching the academic vocabulary before the lesson, she helps her students from diverse languages/cultures understand the meaning of words before the concept lesson begins. The lessons take on greater meaning because the students know the words being used to discuss the concepts. [Q3] Use Pearson eText Video Example 2.8 to answer the following question: Sheila Brown refers briefly to her use of partner games, and she describes her approach to seating or grouping English learners among other students. How does this fit the guidelines for culturally relevant teaching? Explain. [Q3 Model Response] The first guideline states, ―Experiment with different grouping arrangements to encourage social harmony and cooperation.‖ The practice of using partner games allows students from diverse cultures to work together. Seating or grouping English learners among the other students encourages social harmony and cooperation among the heterogeneous group of students.

Chapter 2 Test Items Chapter 2 Objectives

Relevant Test Items

Objective 2.1: Describe the meaning of culture and discuss Multiple Choice: 1-5, 16-17 how cultural diversity in American education today is related to Essay: 26 learning and teaching. Objective 2.2: Discuss what defines social class and Multiple Choice: 6-11 socioeconomic status, including how SES differences relate to Essay: 27 school achievement. Objective 2.3: Explain how race, ethnicity, prejudice, Multiple Choice: 12-15 discrimination, and stereotype threat might affect student Essay: 28 learning and achievement in schools. Objective 2.4: Describe the development of gender, gender Multiple Choice: 18-21 identity, and sexual orientation and discuss their role in Essay: 29 teaching and learning. Objective 2.5: Define multicultural education and apply Multiple Choice: 22-25 research on diversity to the creation of culturally relevant Essay: 30 classrooms.

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Ayo‘s parents are from Nigeria but emigrated to the U.S. before Ayo was born. Ayo‘s dad is a medical doctor in a Houston suburb, and his mom has an art gallery in the city. Ayo attends an elite private high school and is one of the top players on his school‘s basketball team. Based on this information and the textbook‘s definition of culture, what is the best description of Ayo‘s cultural affiliations? a. Ayo‘s cultural affiliations are Nigerian. b. Ayo‘s cultural affiliations are African American. c. Ayo‘s cultural affiliations are American and Nigerian. d. Ayo‘s cultural affiliations are Nigerian, American, upper class, and basketball. 2. Which of the following is an example of the invisible influence of culture? a. Darius is an African American boy who often wears a tee shirt bearing the name of his favorite baseball star. b. Mika is a Native American girl who shows respect by avoiding eye contact with her teacher. c. Kate is an Irish American girl who styles her hair like the lead singer of her favorite musical group. d. Stefano is a bilingual Mexican American boy who has darker skin than his best friend, a White American boy. 3. Mr. Chavez teaches high school science. After the first week of school, he talks with a friend about the diversity among his students. Which description is indicative of stereotypical thinking? a. An Asian American girl who is probably a model student 20 Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. A Mexican American boy who says he wants to play professional baseball like his uncle c. A Native American girl who achieved low scores in science last year d. A tall African American boy who is competing for the position of starting wide receiver on the football team 4. Eight-year-old Charlie is the only Black student in his class in a private school. Though he is an excellent speller, Charlie anticipates that the color of his skin will cause his teacher to overlook him when she chooses class representatives for the grade-level spelling contest. Charlie is experiencing which of the following? a. Bias b. Prejudice c. Ethnic identity d. Stereotype threat 5. Discrimination is one of the elements of prejudice. Discrimination is the element that deals with a person‘s: a. behaviors and actions toward others. b. beliefs about others. c. attitudes and feelings about others. d. impressions of others as outsiders. 6. A societal designation of upper, middle, working, or lower class based on income, power, background, and prestige is called: a. intersectionality. b. comprehensive social identity. c. socioeconomic status. d. cultural classification. 7. Based on statistics from the National Center for Homeless Education, how many students in the U.S. are homeless? a. Fewer than 500,000 b. About 700,000 c. Nearly 1 million d. More than 1.4 million 8. Which one of the following children of poverty is most likely to perform well in school? a. Amy‘s teacher understands that she is embarrassed about being poor. He seldom calls on her during class, but provides scaffolding if Amy asks for help. b. Jeb‘s teacher calls on him frequently and expresses high expectations of his academic performance. c. Natalie‘s teacher knows how difficult it is for Natalie to do school work at home, and he accepts incomplete homework from Natalie.

d. Ding‘s teacher allows him to sleep during class, knowing that he helps his younger siblings at home and stays up late most nights. 9. Jerita and her friends are from low-SES families, though most of their peers are from middle class families. Jerita has decided that school is a dead end, and she does not care about succeeding academically. Her Spanish teacher believes Jerita could make high grades in Spanish and some of her other classes. The teacher encourages Jerita to turn in homework and raise her grades, but Jerita does not want to sell out and act like the middle-class kids. She seems to have become part of: a. a rebel gang. b. a resistance culture. c. a self-imposed poverty culture. d. a school-imposed exclusion. 10. Chet, the seven-year-old son of Thai parents, is growing up in a Thai community in a large U.S. metro area. His family is poor and most of his friends come from poor families. Based on statistics, why is Chet less likely than children from wealthier families to succeed academically? a. Because he, more than children from wealthier families, is likely to lose ground academically during the summers. b. Because academic expectations are high for all children living in poverty. c. Because teachers in metro area schools are typically uncaring and unwilling to help children overcome the setbacks associated with poverty. d. Because his family, unlike wealthier families, is likely to encourage him to become a part of the resistance culture in the community. 11. Ms. Dominguez is the principal at a secondary school in an impoverished community. All students in her school come from low-income or poverty level families. What advice should Ms. Dominguez give her teachers to improve the effectiveness of teaching these students? a. Advise teachers to set low expectations and help students achieve success below their grade level. b. Advise teachers to show understanding of students‘ home lives, avoid giving homework, and excuse incomplete work. c. Advise teachers to avoid correcting student work and focus on life skills such as interpersonal relationships. d. Advise teachers to set high expectations and maintain high standards for all students in their classes. 12. Which of the following terms relates to shared cultural characteristics such as common history, religion, traditions, and language? a. Race b. Minority group c. Socioeconomic status d. Ethnicity