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TEST BANK Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7th edition David J.A. Dozois

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Concepts of Mental Disorders Throughout History 2. Theoretical Perspectives on Psychopathology 3. Classification and Diagnosis 4. Psychological Assessment and Research Methods 5. Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma-Related Disorders 6. Dissociative and Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 7. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions 8. Mood Disorders and Suicide 9. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders 10. Eating Disorders 11. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders 12. The Personality Disorders 13. Sexual Dysfunctions, Gender Dysphoria, and Paraphilic Disorders 14. Neurodevelopmental Disorders

15. Behaviour and Emotional Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence 16. Aging and Mental 17. Therapies 18. Prevention and Mental Health Promotion in the Community 19. Mental Disorder and the Law

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e

CHAPTER 1 Concepts of Mental Disorders Throughout History Chapter 1 - Multiple Choice Questions 1. Your housemate has been overly concerned with keeping the kitchen clean. In fact, they scrub the sinks and counters for half an hour each time someone puts something on them. In order to determine his diagnosis, a practitioner in North America would most likely consult the __________. A) American Medical Association's Treatment Manual (AMA-TM) B) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) C) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) D) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, sixth edition (DSM-6) E) The North American Guide to Psychiatric Disorders (NAPD-IV) Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-01 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Application Answer: B) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) 2. Psychopathology refers to __________. A) the same disorder as psychopathy B) disorders of the brain C) a physical cause to psychological problems D) only severe psychological disorders E) The study of psychological abnormality Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-02 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Factual Answer: E) The study of psychological abnormality. 3. According to the text, behaviour, speech or thought that impairs a person's ability to function in a way that is generally expected of them in the context where the unusual functioning is occurring corresponds best to which of the following concepts? A) mental illness B) mental problem C) brain pathology D) psychological abnormality E) psychological disorder Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-03 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) psychological abnormality 1-1 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 4. According to Wakefield, a behaviour can be considered disordered when __________. A) there is evidence of failure in a designed function and a judgment that the design failure is harming the person B) there is evidence of failure in a designed function and evidence of significant personal distress C) there is evidence of a failure in a designed function D) the behaviour shows strong statistical deviation from an established norm E) the behaviour is very different from sociocultural expectations Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-04 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) there is evidence of failure in a designed function and a judgment that the design failure is harming the person. 5. Abnormal behaviour has been defined as behaviour that occurs infrequently. Which of the following examples illustrates a problem with this definition? A) People with IQs below 70 are considered to have abnormal intellectual functioning. B) Most people get depressed from time to time. C) Mathematical geniuses are considered rare in the population. D) Children often believe in the existence of monsters. E) Anxiety disorders are relatively rare in a given population. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-05 Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Application Answer: C) Mathematical geniuses are considered rare in the population. 6. Dr. Smith is working with a client who has to arrange and rearrange her food on her plate after each bite. Although her client does not find this behaviour strange, other people find it odd. The definition of abnormality applicable to this client is __________. A) statistically unusual behaviour B) violating the norms of society C) distress to self and others D) personal dysfunction E) expert diagnosis Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-06 Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Application Answer: B) violating the norms of society.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 7. Perhaps the biggest problem with using inappropriate behaviour as a criterion for abnormal behaviour is __________. A) what is considered appropriate differs across time and location B) people with mental illnesses are usually not dangerous C) social norms tend to be constant over time D) inappropriate behaviour is often the norm in North American culture E) killers and murderers are generally sane Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-07 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) what is considered appropriate differs across time and location. 8. The authors discuss the Violation of Cultural Norms criterion as __________. A) an essential and sufficient component in defining psychological abnormality B) a necessary but not sufficient component of defining psychological abnormality C) a consideration that will often be relevant to defining psychological abnormality D) distinct from considerations of psychological abnormality E) a distraction from considerations of psychological abnormality Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-08 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Conceptual Answer: C) a consideration that will often be relevant to defining psychological abnormality 9. Which one of the following combinations of principles has been used to define abnormality? A) diagnosis by an expert, presence of personal distress, evidence of poor emotional control B) presence of personal distress, delinquent activity, poor emotional control C) violation of norms, abnormal intellectual functioning, presence of personal distress D) infrequency, presence of personal distress, impaired functioning E) psychiatric diagnosis, harmful dysfunction, abnormal intellectual functioning Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-09 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Factual Answer: D) infrequency, presence of personal distress, impaired functioning 10. Which is the most sensible way to logically combine the criteria used to define psychological abnormality? A) [infrequency OR personal distress] AND impaired functioning B) [infrequency OR impaired functioning] AND personal distress C) infrequency AND [personal distress OR impaired functioning] D) infrequency AND personal distress AND impaired functioning E) infrequency OR personal distress OR impaired functioning

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 01-1-10 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Application Answer: C) infrequency AND [personal distress OR impaired functioning] 11. Changes in the way that abnormality has been viewed over time has resulted in __________. A) a clear understanding of the etiology of all mental disorders B) effective treatments for all disorders C) fewer diagnostic categories D) high reliability of all diagnoses E) a shift from supernatural to natural causes in explaining disorders Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-11 Learning Objectives: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: E) a shift from supernatural to natural causes in explaining disorders. 12. If you lived in a society that explained changes in the weather as being influenced by the gods, you would likely view madness as being caused by __________. A) schizophrenia B) demonic possession C) brain dysfunction D) weakness of character E) irrational thoughts Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-12 Learning Objectives: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Application Answer: B) demonic possession. 13. What type of treatment was thought to be used by Stone Age people to treat madness? A) religious chanting B) death C) herbal brews to poison evil spirits D) trephination E) exorcism Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-13 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Application Answer: E) trephination

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 14. Maher and Maher proposed that the real purpose of trephination during the Stone Age was to __________. A) relieve migraines by relieving blood pressure in the skull B) promote blood circulation in the limbs C) to bring people closer to a higher power D) to remove blood clots and bone splinters caused by blows to the head E) promote greater blood flow to the brain Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-14 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: D) to remove blood clots and bone splinters caused by blows to the head 15. To whom can we credit the original idea that dreams play an important role in understanding mental illness? A) Freud B) Aristotle C) Plato D) Hippocrates E) Galen Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-15 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: D) Hippocrates 16. Hippocrates played a major role in the way the causes and treatment of mental disorders were viewed. However, his greatest contribution to psychology was __________. A) being the father of psychoanalysis B) proving the value of leading a healthy life in preventing madness C) emphasizing the natural causes of mental illness D) separating the causes of madness into medical and magical causes E) his idea that psychological functioning resulted from disturbances of bodily fluids Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-16 Learning Objective:1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: C) emphasizing the natural causes of mental illness. 17. According to Hippocrates, mental disorders should be treated by which one of the following? A) exorcism B) magical spells C) trephination D) healthy diet and exercise E) food and water deprivation

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-17 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) healthy diet and exercise 18. Hippocrates believed that psychological functioning was influenced by imbalances in bodily fluids. Each of the following was considered an essential fluid EXCEPT __________. A) blood B) black bile C) red bile D) yellow bile E) phlegm Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-18 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: C) red bile 19. An ancient Greek was behaving quite aggressively and was quite short-tempered. He would likely have been diagnosed as having __________. A) too little yellow bile B) an excess of blood C) an excess of phlegm D) an excess of yellow bile E) an excess of black bile Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-19 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Application Answer: D) an excess of yellow bile. 20. Plato accepted many of Hippocrates' ideas but rejected others. Which of the following best describes his belief about the cause of mental illness? A) that an imbalance in essential bodily fluids affects functioning B) that brain dysfunction affects behaviour C) that socio-cultural factors play a critical role D) that lack of education could cause mental illness E) that mental illness has natural causes Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 01-1-20 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: C) that socio-cultural factors play a critical role

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 21. The idea that both mental and physical disorders are caused by problems in the body was held by __________. A) Soranus B) Aristotle C) Plato D) the Greek physician Aretaeus E) Hippocrates Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-21 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) Soranus. 22. Jennifer is a psychotherapist, and she considers talking about problems to be therapeutic. Which of the following groups would most likely agree with her? A) early Egyptians B) Arabians C) classical Greek and Romans D) Europeans during the Middle Ages E) prehistoric people Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-22 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Application Answer: C) classical Greek and Romans 23. Early Arab asylums were established to __________. A) protect society from the mentally ill B) provide the mentally ill with a safe haven C) begin the tradition of group therapy D) reintroduce trephination as a major form of treatment E) fulfill the requirements of the Quran Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-23 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: B) provide the mentally ill with a safe haven. 24. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine may have included early forms of which of the following modern methods of treatment? A) homeopathic treatment B) dream analysis C) behaviour therapy D) psychotherapy E) bloodletting

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 01-1-24 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: C) behaviour therapy 25. The notion of "possession" during the Middle Ages was often applied to __________. A) people who disagreed with Church doctrine B) people who sinned frequently C) men who physically abused their wives D) people who had suffered a nervous breakdown E) people suffering from a mental illness Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-25 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) people who had suffered a nervous breakdown. 26. During the 15th and 16th centuries, a woman caught talking to her garden plants would __________. A) be treated by either prayer or exorcism of demons. B) be treated with hypnotism. C) be treated using special herbs and potions. D) be accused of witchcraft and tortured to prevent her evil powers from spreading. E) be considered psychotic. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-26 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) be treated by either prayer or exorcism of demons. 27. The spiritus vitae was __________. A) a disorder where people begin to dance in the streets and drink red wines B) a spirit believed to possess individuals and cause madness C) a bodily fluid believed by Paracelsus to result in mental illness D) a naturalistic cause of madness E) the venom of the tarantula Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-27 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: D) a naturalistic cause of madness.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 28. Your sister suddenly begins to leap about, jumping and dancing in the streets. During the Middle Ages, she would most likely be diagnosed with __________. A) melancholia B) trephination C) the Tarantella D) an excess of phlegm E) spiritus vitae Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-28 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Application Answer: C) the Tarantella. 29. According to Paracelsus, St. Vitus' Dance was caused by __________. A) tarantula bites B) psychic conflicts C) imbalances in bodily fluids D) mania E) possession by evil spirits Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-29 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: B) psychic conflicts. 30. Which of the following persons and treatments DO NOT match? A) Paracelsus and hypnotism B) Hippocrates and rest C) Galen and sympathetic listening D) Weyer and chanting E) Avicenna and behavior therapy Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-30 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) Weyer and chanting 31. What do the views of Paracelsus, Teresa of Avila, and St. Vincent de Paul have in common? A) They all attempted to develop a new system of classification. B) They believed that religious approaches could lead to a cure. C) They established asylums to humanely care for the mad. D) They argued for a more naturalistic approach to viewing mental illness. E) Each of them contributed to Freud's system of psychoanalysis.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-31 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) They argued for a more naturalistic approach to viewing mental illness. 32. The term "bedlam" originated from __________. A) a method of treatment used in early asylums B) the lack of beds that was common in early asylums C) the bizarre behaviour known as St. Vitus' dance D) moments of frenzy among mad people E) behaviour of the patients in deplorable early European asylums Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-32 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: E) behaviour of the patients in deplorable early European asylums. 33. Early treatment of mentally ill individuals in the United States __________. A) was more successful than many of the earlier treatments had been. B) was more humane than most of the approaches outside North America C) was at times similar in cruelty to early supernatural treatments D) differed from European treatment due to different societal values E) was less successful than treatments introduced during the Middle Ages Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-33 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Application Answer: C) was at times similar in cruelty to early supernatural treatments. 34. Treatment in the town of Gheel is similar to __________. A) modern day treatment programs B) a humanistic approach C) a community treatment approach D) that of the early Greek E) treatment advocated by many of the early Europeans Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-34 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: C) a community treatment approach.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 35. English "workhouses" were __________. A) established during the Enlightenment period to deal with the insane B) run by the patients C) run by physicians D) were special places where the mentally ill could work E) used to hide the poor from society Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-35 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: E) used to hide the poor from society. 36. Which of the following individuals is known for promoting a more humanitarian approach in mental hospitals? A) Benedict Morel B) Philippe Pinel C) St. Vincent de Paul D) Johannes Weyer E) Benjamin Rush Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-36 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: B) Philippe Pinel 37. What occurred at the Allen Memorial Hospital during the late 1950s and early 1960s? A) brain washing experiments. B) Dialectical behaviour therapy. C) administration of cannabis for the treatment of depression. D) humane treatment of patients. E) administration of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-37 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: A) brain washing experiments. 38. The mental hygiene movement __________. A) resulted in a reduction in the number of people in institutions B) resulted in an increase in patients in mental institutions C) led to an increase in moral therapy D) was criticized by Philippe Pinel E) led to the advent of antipsychotic drugs

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-38 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: B) resulted in an increase in patients in mental institutions. 39. All of the following are valid criticisms of the mental hygiene movement EXCEPT __________. A) psychosocial treatments were less effective due to the large number of patients B) physical treatments were often unpleasant C) living conditions in the asylums were unpleasant D) the original goals of the movement were less than noble E) overcrowding in asylums prevented proper care Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-39 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) The original goals of the movement were less than noble. 40. Moral therapy implies that __________. A) psychological therapy should be administered by the Church B) psychological therapy should be used more often C) mentally ill patients can benefit from spiritual enlightenment D) mentally ill patients need to be taught a moralistic approach to life E) mentally ill patients can be treated without chemical or physical restraints Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-40 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: E) mentally ill patients can be treated without chemical or physical restraints. 41. Which of the following accomplishments are NOT attributed to Pinel? A) looking to natural explanations as the cause of mental illness B) clearly describing the symptoms of disorders C) emphasizing the role of psychological and social factors in the development of mental illness D) developing a systematic approach to classifying disorders E) bringing moral therapy to North America Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-41 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: E) bringing moral therapy to North America

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 42. Cabanis (1757-1808) introduced the idea that personal factors as well as somatic factors accounted for mental disorders. His theories encouraged the _________ approach to treatment. A) physical B) social C) institutional D) psychological E) biological Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-42 Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: D) psychological 43. _________ introduced "degeneration" theory, which proposed that abnormal functioning was transmitted by hereditary processes. A) Pinel B) Cabanis C) Charles Darwin D) Cesare Lombroso E) Benedict Morel Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-43 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: E) Benedict Morel 44. Clinical Psychiatry, published by Kraepelin in 1883, was an important textbook because it __________. A) introduced pioneering treatments for severe mental disorders B) explained the causes of many common mental disorders C) attempted to classify mental illnesses D) joined together the professions of clinical psychology and psychiatry E) described methods of treatment for psychiatric disorders Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-44 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: C) attempted to classify mental illnesses. 45. Which of the following is a classification system of mental illness? A) CP-10 B) GPI C) ECT D) WRS-R E) DSM-5

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-45 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: E) DSM-5 46. "All mental disorders are the result of biological problems." Who would be most likely to agree with this statement? A) Breuer B) Kraepelin C) Jung D) Freud E) Watson Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-46 Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Application Answer: B) Kraepelin 47. Kraepelin's system of classification of mental illness __________. A) did not influence later classification systems B) suggested that psychological factors caused disorders C) failed to recognize that certain groups of symptoms tended to occur together D) recognized that different disorders had distinct features E) offered suggestions for treatment Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-47 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: D) recognized that different disorders had distinct features. 48. Groups of symptoms that tend to occur together are called __________. A) biological B) disabilities C) categories D) diatheses E) syndromes Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-48 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: E) syndromes.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 49. Symptoms during the later stages of general paresis of the insane may show similarity to __________. A) bipolar disorder B) dementia C) antisocial personality disorder D) autism E) schizophrenia Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 01-1-49 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Conceptual Answer: B) dementia. 50. What were some of the harmful side effects of ECT when it was first used? A) patients experienced uncontrollable panic attacks during the procedure. B) the procedure recovered memories of childhood abuse. C) patients started to develop flashbacks that persisted after ECT was over. D) patients developed lesions that were not there prior to ECT. E) patients suffered broken limbs or cracked vertebrae. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-50 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: E) patients suffered broken limbs or cracked vertebrae. 51. Somatogenesis refers to __________. A) a disorder where people feel their body is not theirs B) the idea that mental disorders are caused by biological factors C) somatization disorder D) a method of treating general paresis E) the idea that mental disorders are caused by environmental factors Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-51 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: E) the idea that mental disorders are caused by biological factors. 52. Insulin was used by Sakel during the mid-20th century in order to treat: __________. A) schizophrenia B) anxiety disorders C) depression D) diabetes E) alcoholism

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-52 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: A) schizophrenia 53. Sakel administered insulin to patients in order to induce _________ which he believed would cure or reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia A) relaxation B) seizures C) shock D) coma E) low blood sugar Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-53 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: D) coma 54. ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) proved to be most successful in treating __________. A) epilepsy B) anxiety C) drug addiction D) major depression E) schizophrenia Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-54 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: D) major depression 55. Dr. Ramos treats patients suffering from mood disorders, and she believes that their illnesses are a result of imbalances of chemicals in the brain. She would most likely adhere to which field of mental health? A) psychopharmacology B) cognitive psychology C) psychoanalysis D) clinical psychology E) health psychology Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-55 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Application Answer: A) psychopharmacology

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 56. Jason has been given Ritalin to control his hyperactive moods. He is receiving __________. A) pharmacotherapy B) palliative therapy C) psychotherapy D) psychosurgery E) psychoanalysis Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-56 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Application Answer: A) pharmacotherapy. 57. The textbook informs us that the process of deinstitutionalization was set in motion by three "revolutions" or movements: __________. A) pharmacological revolution; patients' rights movement; and community mental health movement B) The French Revolution and the appointment of Philippe Pinel; patients' rights movement; and upheavals in various local Canadian asylums C) the community mental health movement; American Revolution; and the patients' rights movement D) The French Revolution; American Revolution; and Pinel's "revolution" E) pharmacological revolution; the North American revolution; and the grassroots movement. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 01-1-57 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: conceptual, factual Answer: A) pharmacological revolution; patients' rights movement; and community mental health movement 58. Mesmer believed that hysteria was the result of __________. A) a wandering uterus B) disturbances in the distribution of magnetic fluids C) imbalances in brain chemicals D) too little of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine E) animal magnetism Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-58 Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: B) disturbances in the distribution of magnetic fluids. 59. You are one of Mesmer's assistants during the 1700s. Your treatment of choice for dealing with hysteria would be considered a predecessor of __________. A) psychopharmacotherapy B) hypnotism C) spiritual healing D) the cathartic method E) psychotherapy

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-59 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Application Answer: B) hypnotism. 60. Which series depicts the best order of the transmission of ideas? A) Charcot > Mesmer > Breuer > Janet > Freud B) Mesmer > Charcot > Breuer > Janet > Freud C) Charcot > Freud > Breuer > Mesmer > Janet D) Charcot > Freud > Mesmer > Janet > Breuer E) Mesmer > Charcot > Janet > Breuer > Freud Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 01-1-60 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Application Answer: E) Mesmer > Charcot > Janet > Breuer > Freud 61. Which theorists have a psychogenic approach to understanding psychopathology? A) Freud; Watson; Meichenbaum B) Morel; Freud; Watson C) Kraeplin; Morel; Freud D) Krafft-Ebing; Morel; Cerletti E) Cerletti; Janet; Pavlov Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-61 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Application Answer: A) Freud; Watson; Meichenbaum 62. __________ believed that hypnotism was not valuable in treating hysteria. A) Braid B) Breuer C) Charcot D) Janet E) Watson Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-62 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: E) Watson

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 63. In the mid to late 1800s, several therapists became quite well known. Which of the following represents a correctly matched therapist and his treatment? A) Breuer & the cathartic method B) Charcot & anesthesia therapy C) Mesmer & animal hypnosis D) Freud & sex therapy E) Watson & hypnotherapy Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-63 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) Breuer & the cathartic method 64. In writing an essay on behaviourism, you would be likely to include all of the following statements EXCEPT __________. A) abnormal behaviour is learned B) psychology must be restricted to observable behaviour C) behavioural approaches produced a revolution in psychological thought D) Watson acknowledged that abnormal behaviour was likely present at birth E) behavioural approaches have become established in treatment of disorders Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-64 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) Watson acknowledged that abnormal behaviour was likely present at birth. 65. According to behaviourism, if psychology is to be a true science, it must be restricted to the study of __________. A) covert behaviour B) observable features C) cellular activity D) the brain E) animals Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-65 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Conceptual Answer: B) observable features 66. The first asylum for the mentally ill established in Canada was __________. A) Vancouver Psychiatric Hospital B) Montreal's Allen Memorial Hospital C) the Rockwood asylum in Kingston D) the Hôtel Dieu in Quebec E) the Hôtel Dieu in Calgary

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-66 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: D) the Hôtel Dieu in Quebec. 67. During the 17th century, in which Canadian province was it that the development of proper places of care for the mentally ill was most accepted? A) Alberta B) Manitoba C) Quebec D) British Columbia E) Ontario Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-67 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: C) Quebec 68. The first textbook printed in Canada dealing with care and housing of the mentally ill __________. A) encouraged patience and tolerance B) suggested that the mentally ill be treated at home C) reflected the moral therapy approach D) recommended treating them with floggings E) recommended drug therapy Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-68 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: D) recommended treating them with floggings. 69. Archival evidence shows that many early lobotomies were performed in Canada primarily to __________. A) restore calm and reason to the patient so that they could participate in psychotherapy B) reduce suffering in patients with acute occipital dysfunction C) alleviate hospital management problems and advance research D) determine the role of the cerebellum in cases of severe emotional problems E) cure schizophrenia Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-69 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: C) alleviate hospital management problems and advance research

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 70. Lobotomies were widely used treatments in Canada during the mid-1940s. This treatment involved __________ A) lesioning of the brain by electrodes. B) pharmacotherapy. C) removal or disconnection of the frontal lobes of the brain. D) removal of the cerebellum. E) removal of the ovaries in women. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-70 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: C) removal or disconnection of the frontal lobes of the brain. 71. Montreal's Allen Memorial Hospital was __________. A) the first place in Canada to use psychoanalysis B) founded by Ewen Cameron C) a place where the criminally insane were housed D) the site of a research project funded by the CIA E) a leading Canadian hospital in the treatment and care of psychiatric patients Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-71 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: D) the site of a research project funded by the CIA. 72. Dr. Ruth Kajander was one of the first psychiatrists in North America to recognize the value of using __________. A) Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychosis B) Exercise to treat severe major depression C) Antidepressant medication to treatment substance use disorders D) A major tranquilizer in the treatment of schizophrenia E) Vitamin B12 in the treatment of mental illness Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-72 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: D) A major tranquilizer in the treatment of schizophrenia. 73. Dr. Ruth Kajander can be noted for __________. A) unique blend of drug and talk therapy with severely disordered patients B) her role in the CIA-funded research in Montreal C) recognizing the value of tranquillizers in treating depression D) treating and reducing anxiety in patients prior to surgery E) using chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-73 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: E) using chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia. 74. Each of the following persons based in Canada contributed to both theory and treatment EXCEPT __________. A) J. F. Lehman B) Donald Meichenbaum C) Albert Bandura D) Zindel Segal E) Richard Walters Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-1-74 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) J. F. Lehman 75. Which of the following persons and accomplishments are INCORRECTLY matched? A) Breuer and hypnosis B) Meichenbaum and cognitive-behaviour therapy C) Bandura and social learning theory D) Kajander and depression E) Bandura and aggressive behaviour Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-75 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) Kajander and depression 76. Canadian psychologist Donald Meichenbaum's early work contributed significantly to the growth of _________ therapy. A) moral B) social-behaviour C) psychopharmalogical D) cognitive-behavioural E) social learning Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-76 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Factual Answer: D) cognitive-behavioural

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 77. Evidence-based practice is defined in the textbook as __________. A) integrating scientific evidence and individual expertise to inform optimum client care B) gathering evidence that certain methods are applicable to certain disorders C) gathering data from clinical practice to inform clinical research D) choosing methods in clinical practice that are based upon experimental evidence E) choosing methods in clinical practice that are based upon case study evidence Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-77 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) integrating scientific evidence and individual expertise to inform optimum client care 78. Which of the following is true regarding access to care in Canada? A) Access to care is among the best in North America. B) Access to care serves as a world model for how to optimize health care. C) Access to care through the public health system is insufficient. D) Access to care through workplace insurance benefits is among the best in the world. E) Access to care is excellent for children but not for adults. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-78 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted concerns about access to mental health care and describe the implications of technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Factual Answer: C) Access to care through the public health system is insufficient. 79. In their first poll on the impact of COVID-19 on Canadian mental health, Mental Health Research Canada (MHRC) found that __________. A) the percentage of Canadians reporting high levels of depression had tripled from pre-pandemic levels B) the percentage of Canadians reporting high levels of depression had stayed the same as prepandemic levels C) the percentage of Canadians who had high levels of anxiety had doubled from pre-pandemic levels D) the percentage of Canadians who had high levels of depression had quadrupled from pre-pandemic levels E) the percentage of Canadians who had high levels of anxiety had quadrupled from pre-pandemic levels Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-79 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted concerns about access to mental health care and describe the implications of technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Factual Answer: E) the percentage of Canadians who had high levels of anxiety had quadrupled from prepandemic levels

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 80. Which of the following is NOT one of the identified traditionally vulnerable groups who reported higher levels of psychological distress in May 2020? A) the LGBTQ+ community B) individuals with disabilities C) high socioeconomic status individuals D) Indigenous Peoples E) individuals with pre-existing mental health concerns Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-80 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted concerns about access to mental health care and describe the implications of technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Factual Answer: C) high socioeconomic status individuals 81. In the results of Mental Health Research Canada’s third poll on mental health in COVID-19, _________ of respondents reported high-extremely high depression and __________ reported high-extremely high anxiety. A) 25% and 17% B) 15% and 35% C) 30% and 50% D) 17% and 25% E) 25% and 20% Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-81 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted concerns about access to mental health care and describe the implications of technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Factual Answer: D) 17% and 25% 82. What form of mental health treatment is Canada attempting to move toward? A) community-based treatment B) psychopharmacological C) psychotherapy D) hypnosis E) institutionalized care Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-82 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted concerns about access to mental health care and describe the implications of technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) community-based treatment

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 83. Jax is struggling with alcohol abuse and is looking for treatment but has very limited finances and no health coverage. What is a cost-effective alternative form of treatment for them? A) Alcoholics Anonymous B) teletherapy C) psychopharmacotherapy D) inpatient hospitalization E) in-person individual therapy Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-83 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted concerns about access to mental health care and describe the implications of technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Application Answer: B) teletherapy 84. Tyler has been diagnosed with PTSD and is seeking treatment for their symptoms. What recent therapeutic alternative has been shown to be effective in treating PTSD? A) teletherapy B) group therapy C) hypnosis D) virtual reality therapy E) videotherapy Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-84 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted concerns about access to mental health care and describe the implications of technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Application Answer: D) virtual reality therapy

Chapter 1 - True/False Questions 1. Mental illness conveys the same meaning as psychopathology, but it implies a medical or somatogenic rather than psychogenic cause. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-85 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 2. Psychopathology refers to the problems suffered by people with psychological disorders. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-86 1-25 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 3. Psychological abnormality refers to dysfunctional behaviour with psychogenic cause. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-87 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 4. According to the statistical concept, abnormal behaviour is that which occurs relatively infrequently. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-88 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 5. Distress must be present in order for an individual to be diagnosed as suffering from a mental disorder. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-89 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. False 6. Many mentally ill people are unpredictable and dangerous to themselves and others. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-90 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 7. Thomas Szasz claimed that the labels used to describe mental disorders reflected ways of controlling individuals suffering problems in living. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-91 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 8. Darwin's conceptualization of the mechanism of evolution was called natural selection. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-92 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 9. The bodily fluids believed to influence mental functioning were called humours. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-93 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 10. The ancient physician Galen believed that mental disorders were entirely the result of physical causes. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-94 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 11. The Arab world's approach to dealing with the mentally ill was that of compassion and humanity. a True b False

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-95 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 12. Galen wrote The Canon of Medicine, one of the most widely read medical books ever written. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-96 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 13. Supernatural explanations of mental illness became popular in Europe during the Middle Ages. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-97 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. True 14. In the Middle Ages it was generally believed that those who were insane were possessed. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-98 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. True 15. Johannes Weyer rejected the four humours theory of mental illness and claimed that mental illness resulted from disturbances of the spiritus vitae. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-99 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 1-28 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 16. Paracelsus believed that psychic conflicts may result in mental illness and treated patients using an early form of hypnotism. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-100 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 17. The first mental institution in North America was built by the Moors at San Hippolyto in Mexico. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-101 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 18. Teresa of Avila and St. Vincent de Paul influenced the development of a more scientific approach to treating mental illness. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-102 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 19. During the 17th century in Europe, the trend was toward an increasingly more humane and rational approach to dealing with the mentally ill. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-103 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 20. Philippe Pinel was responsible for bringing moral therapy to North America. a True b False

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-104 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 21. Immersion in cold water, inducing convulsions with insulin and electric shock were treatments based on the belief that sudden shock could produce recovery from mental illness. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-105 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 22. In 1949, a French doctor discovered that soldiers were calmed before surgery by chloropromazine. He shared this finding with psychiatrists who had similar success in calming patients with serious mental illness; the success of this drug triggered the "pharmacological revolution" that followed. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-106 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 23. Deinstitutionalization in the 1950s was a great success, thanks to the careful and advance planning of community mental health programs. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-107 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 24. Mesmer's work with hysteria sparked an interest in psychological explanations of disorders. a True b False

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-108 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. True 25. The early efforts of Canadian provincial governments to care for the insane were characterized by an unsystematic approach. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-109 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care Skill: Factual Answer: a. True 26. Albert Bandura and Richard Walters were responsible for developing cognitive behavioural therapy. a True b False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-110 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care Skill: Factual Answer: b. False 27. Virtual reality is an effective treatment for schizophrenia. a True b False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-111 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted concerns about access to mental health care and describe the implications of technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. False

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e

Chapter 1 - Essay Questions 1. Explanations for abnormal behaviour depend on various factors. Use several examples and describe some reasons why certain behaviours are or are not considered "abnormal." Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-112 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Conceptual Answer: Some people hold certain beliefs that others may consider odd or bizarre. However, the difficulty that exists is determining whether or not a particular behaviour is abnormal. For example, extremely religious individuals may believe in spirits and healing powers, but they do not have a mental disorder. Although someone may behave in an odd manner, it does not necessarily mean that they are psychologically disordered. As well, someone who commits criminal acts and/or is behaving in a deviant manner is not necessarily mentally disordered. Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that our interpretations or ideas of how other people behave may not necessarily imply that that individual is mentally ill. 2. Briefly describe and critique the principles used to establish the criteria for abnormality. Which definition best defines the concept of abnormality? Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-113 Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the principles that have been used to define abnormality and then apply them to determine whether a particular behaviour may meet the definition of abnormal behaviour. Skill: Conceptual Answer: Several principles are commonly used when determining the definition of abnormality. The statistical concept claims that behaviour should be judged abnormal if it occurs infrequently in the population. However, not all infrequent thoughts or actions should be considered abnormal. For example, those with an extremely high IQ are rare, but would be considered gifted as opposed to "abnormal." As well, some distressing and potentially problematic behaviours are quite common (e.g., depression, problematic alcohol use, cannabis use). Personal distress and dysfunction are often used as criteria. Patients experiencing a manic episode may feel little distress, however, and individuals who feel dissatisfied or in despair would not be labelled abnormal. Violation of social norms is also a criterion by which some people judge the presence of abnormal behaviour. People with schizophrenia, for example, may behave in ways counter to social norms; yet, so do criminals, and not all criminals are diagnosed with a mental disorder. Further, social norms vary over time and depending on the culture in question. It is generally a mental health expert who determines whether an individual suffers from a disorder; yet some believe that mental illness is socially constructed and is judged differently by different persons. None of the above criteria, on its own, is satisfactory in defining abnormal behaviour. No single criterion must be present or sufficient in defining abnormal behaviour, and generally all are used to some degree. 3. Approaches to conceptualizing and treating psychological abnormality have changed over time. Why is it valuable to be aware of the historical approaches to treating mental illness? Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-114 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Answer: Many changes have occurred throughout time in the ways we have theorized about and treated mental illness. By examining historical accounts, we are better able to understand what we do today. Most of the ideas about abnormal behaviour reflect the general views of the time. When we criticize the ideas and treatments used in the past, we must remember that, in the future, people may scoff at our methods of treatment. Our ideas of what constitutes abnormal behaviour have changed over time. For example, in the past, individuals having visions were seen as gifted, whereas today they would be viewed as psychotic. Supernatural causes, such as possession, were accepted in the past as causing mental illness, while today natural causes such as biology, the environment, or personal experiences are accepted. It is important to keep in mind that many individuals, from Canada and elsewhere, have made discoveries that have influenced where we are today. Many more research and treatment findings will likely influence future treatment and conceptualization of mental disorders. 4. Compare and contrast the causes and treatment methods for madness used in Stone Age cultures and by the ancient Greeks and Romans and the Arabs. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-115 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Application Answer: Evidence from prehistory has implied that the Stone Age surgeons cut small holes in the skull (trephination), possibly to release evil spirits that were causing the victim to engage in abnormal behaviour. Hunter-gatherer societies viewed madness as resulting from supernatural causes, and they tended to invoke an emotional release through the use of trances. Greek and Roman thought emphasized more natural causes for madness. Hippocrates believed that madness was caused by an imbalance in bodily fluids, and his treatment methods reflected a more scientific approach. He suggested treatments such as exercise, bleeding and vomiting, and a good diet. Plato emphasized sociocultural causes and looked to the importance of dreams. His treatment approach reflected more of community care, suggesting that relatives should care for the mentally ill at home. Galen stressed both physical and mental sources of disorder, and effective treatments included comfortable surroundings (no stressful procedures), and talking about difficulties. The Arabs held a supportive, compassionate attitude towards the mentally ill. Treatment reflected these attitudes, with asylums being places of refuge and protection. Thus, views of mental illness changed from supernatural to natural, with treatment methods changing as well. 5. Describe the contributions of two historical persons in Europe who influenced the theory and treatment of mental illness. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-116 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: Paracelsus (1493-1541) was one of the first to attack the beliefs about the supernatural and offered naturalistic origins to madness. He rejected the four humours theory of Hippocrates and attempted to develop a new system classification where all mental illness was seen to stem from disturbances of the spiritus vitae (breath of life). He was the first to suggest that psychic conflicts causes mental disorders and utilized an early version of hypnotism as treatment. His view represented a more scientific approach to dealing with mental illness. Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) was one of the leaders of the reform movement to improve conditions for the mentally ill. Pinel was a true humanitarian who carried out dramatic changes in institutions at a time when few accepted his ideas. As well, he influenced psychiatry as a whole by developing a systematic and statistical approach to classifying, managing, and treating mental disorders. He was a scientist who emphasized natural causes to mental illness and firmly believed that the mentally ill should be treated with compassion and respect. 1-33 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 6. Despite its aims, the mental hygiene movement of the 19th century did not meet its goals. Describe the reasons for this movement, the instrumental figures responsible for this movement, and the reasons behind its lack of success. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-117 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: Conditions for the mentally ill during the 1800s were horrendous. The mentally ill were left wandering from place to place and were rarely taken proper care of. In poorhouses, they were chained up and often taunted by visitors. Thus, reformers insisted on the establishment of mental asylums where proper care would be given to the mentally ill. Dorothea Dix (1802-1877), who became one of the leaders of the mental hygiene movement, visited a local prison, and, horrified by the conditions, became determined to make changes. She was also concerned with the suffering of mental patients and began a nationwide campaign to improve life for these individuals. Thus, the goal of the mental hygiene movement was to protect and provide humane treatment for the mentally ill. However, the movement of people into large asylums did not make life better. There was a problem with overcrowding, and staff did not have the time to properly care for the considerable number of patients. Physicians replaced psychosocial treatments with physical treatments, which were often cruel rather than compassionate. 7. Moral therapy was an important approach in the treatment of the mentally ill. Define the basis of this approach, describe the individuals responsible for promoting this approach, and why it lost popularity. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-118 Learning Objective: 1.2 Understand how the conceptualization of psychological disorders changed from antiquity to the 1800s. Skill: Factual Answer: Moral therapy, advocated by humanitarian reformers (such as Lett, Pinel, Tuke, and Rush), gained popularity in Europe and North America during the early 1800s. Moral therapy was based on the idea that the insane should be treated humanely, without physical restraints. Patients were to be treated with compassion and respect, in a relaxing, stress-free environment. Most advocates of moral therapy believed they could cure mental illness through peaceful surroundings, proper diet and exercise, and activities. In fact, moral therapy did appear to have positive benefits. However, during the 1900s, moral therapy in Canada lost popularity and was replaced by physical and chemical restraints and somatic therapy. Public institutions became larger, thus decreasing the use of moral therapy. Biological approaches suggested that mental problems could be solved quickly and easily through surgery or medication. Even today, no one therapy quite exemplifies the humane approach of moral therapy. 8. The growth of mental health services in Canada has been characterized by both positive and negative accomplishments. Describe two of the negative practices used and speculate on the importance of these events for modern practices. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-119 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Answer: Various harsh methods have been used in the name of treating the mentally ill in Canada, even as late as the mid-1900s. One widely used treatment method was psychosurgery, such as prefrontal lobotomies. Tens of thousands of Canadians during the 1940s-60s had the frontal lobes of their brains disconnected or surgically removed. Most of these early lobotomies appeared to be performed to advance research or make life easier for the staff, as opposed to the health of the patient. Another abuse of psychiatric power in Canada was the brainwashing experiments performed by Dr. Ewen Cameron, at Montreal's Allen Memorial Hospital during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Cameron "treated" the patients to massive doses of electroconvulsive therapy, prolonged sensory deprivation, and chemically-induced sleep. During their periods of sleep, he played audiotapes to the patients telling them how horrible they were, and they must change. These unfortunate patients were also injected with LSD and were not told that they were being used in a research experiment. These two examples make us aware of the importance of treating patients ethically and with respect and humanity. It is important that people in charge of the mentally ill do not abuse their power and that their treatment be properly monitored. We need to make an attempt to help the mentally ill with as little discomfort as possible. 9. Describe why the discovery that syphilis was the cause of general paresis was important to the modern view of mental illness. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-120 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Conceptual Answer: Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) was interested in the possibility that patients suffering from General Paresis of the Insane (GPI) may have acquired it through infection. Following Pasteur's germ theory of disease, Krafft-Ebing discovered that GPI was a long-term effect of syphilis. This finding sparked the view that all mental disorders might be caused by infections or some other biological factors. Somatogenesis (the belief that psychopathology is caused by biological factors) became a popular approach for those in the mental health field. There was increased optimism that all disorders would be cured by medical means. The discovery that GPI was caused by syphilis resulted in a more scientific approach to viewing mental illness and encouraged the use of various physical approaches to treatment. 10. Compare and contrast the somatogenic and psychogenic approaches to mental health and describe the positive effect that these approaches have had. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-121 Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe at least two treatments that are associated with the biological approach and outline the current status of these treatments. Skill: Factual Answer: The somatogenic approach focuses on biology. Somatogenecists assume that mental illnesses are caused by infections or disrupted biological functioning. The early somatogenecists thought that medication or surgery would "cure" the infection or physical problem, and mental health would be renewed. This approach was quite popular during the late 1800s and resulted in a more scientific approach to psychology, as well as experimentation with different types of physical treatments. During the 1950s, pharmacological agents became available and were associated with the idea that mental disorders are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. During this time, the effects that neurotransmitters had on behaviour was discovered and many drugs were synthesized which could be used to treat psychiatric patients. This proved to be very valuable.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Psychogenic approaches focus on the psychological factors underlying mental illness. These approaches include Freud's psychoanalytic approach, Watson's behaviourism, and numerous others. Mesmer's work with hysteria spurred interest in this approach, treating hysteria with an early form of hypnosis. Charcot and Janet became particularly interested in psychological explanations of hysteria and the use of hypnosis as a treatment. Thus, psychoanalysis was born, as Breuer and Freud began to employ methods such as hypnosis and encouraging patients to talk about their past and their problems. Behaviourists believed that abnormal behaviour was learned and could be unlearned, and that in order for psychology to function as a science, only observable behaviour should be focused on. Although extremely different, both models have generated much research and increased our knowledge about the causes of mental illnesses and generated effective treatments. 11. After reading about the history of how mental illness has been dealt with, you are determined to advance the profession of psychology. You have been chosen to speak at a conference for the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) Task Force to promote evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical psychology. Define EBP, state the "goods" that it promises and how it can deliver them. Operationalize the concept of EBP for clinicians (i.e., what behaviours on the part of the clinician are entailed by a commitment to EBP?); make recommendations for how this could be implemented in one's practice and spread throughout the profession. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 01-3-122 Learning Objective: 1.4 Describe the contributions of at least two influential Canadian individuals in the field of mental health care. Skill: Conceptual, Application Answer: As defined by our colleagues at the American Psychological Association (APA), EvidenceBased Practice (EBP) refers to the integration of scientific evidence with individual expertise in order to inform optimum client care. The textbook tells us that the purpose is to bolster the efficacious treatment of mental disorders, maintain the competitiveness of psychologists in the mental health market, and to increase accountability and reduce liability. In lay terms, this means that clinicians actively maintain awareness of the most current and useful information available about the clients they treat and the methods they use to help those clients. That information will be based not only on research but also upon the experiences of colleagues that could usefully inform their clinical activities, help them avoid errors and pitfalls etc. EBP achieves these goods by increasing communication between and among clinicians and clinical researchers, reducing time, trial and error in finding the most effective assessment and treatment tools, making adjustments as indicated by the client's response. By utilizing the most up-to-date and pertinent information from researchers and fellow clinicians, the informed clinician provides the best treatment in the most efficient manner, with minimized risk of harm resulting from delays, trial-and-error, ineffective or inappropriate interventions. By helping our clients more effectively and efficiently, there is the added bonus of advancing the interests of psychology as a profession in the mental health marketplace. The value of a particular clinician's experience is recognized in the definition of EBP: communication among clinicians is part of what EBP is all about. At the same time, it is obvious that even the most experienced and knowledgeable clinician cannot compete with a database that is constantly evolving in response to the inputs researchers and clinicians from all over the world. Operationalized, EBP requires the clinician to identify and utilize appropriate and efficient sources of information regarding the problems they assess and treat – to routinely consume information relevant to their practice, and to seek more information as required. The available information can be described in terms of "layers", with the most accessible layer being clinical practice guidelines, which have "boiled down" the most current and pertinent information for the clinician who lacks the time to do this for him or herself. Other clinicians will prefer to go deeper, to review articles in journals that provide not only the clinical practice guidelines, but the controversies behind some of the decisions as to how to formulate 1-36 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e these. Clinicians will choose formats that suit their needs. The clinician can consult with their peers as to how to achieve this. EBP involves staying current, which requires a commitment of regular intake as well as focused searches as the need arises. Ideally, the EBP clinician will regularly receive communication with peers through networks (e.g., email listservs) where issues in implementing clinical practice guidelines, special populations and situations are discussed. Clinicians who take EBP seriously will feel obligated to disseminate information to their colleagues – not only information directly relevant to practice, but information about EBP itself and methods of efficiently accessing EBP information. Clinicians might see it as their duty to set up email listservs etc. This is a good thing for obvious reasons – i.e., more clinicians will be doing a better job, which is good for clients, clinicians, and the profession as a whole. It's also beneficial because greater numbers of clinicians sharing information will contribute not only to a faster-evolving database but also a better infrastructure for sharing the information. Clinicians might proactively think about ways they might achieve this, for example by sharing their information sources with colleagues in close proximity, seeking other opportunities in their spheres of influence etc. 12. Technology-delivered psychotherapy is becoming more and more popular. Describe the opportunities and the challenges that psychologists and other mental health professionals face with the proliferation of technology? Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-3-123 Learning Objective: 1.5 Understand how the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted access to care concerns and describe the implications of recent technological advances on the provision of mental health services. Skill: Conceptualization Answer: The widespread availability of technology provides greater opportunity to provide access to psychological services to those who previously would not have had access. For example, those who live in remote areas would not have been able to gain easy access to psychological services at a clinic or at a hospital. Technology also introduces new ways to collect patient data. For example, tablets and smartphones make it possible to track behaviour in real time and this may be helpful in certain therapies and may improve the accuracy of data collection. But technology is associated with ethical challenges. For example, mental health professionals must be careful with the way they manage their online presence (e.g., on Facebook or Twitter) and must exercise caution in sharing personal information (e.g., photos) on social media platforms. Also, mental health professionals must carefully consider what opinions they decide to make public online.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e

CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Perspectives on Psychopathology Chapter 2 - Multiple Choice Questions 1. An integrative approach to the case study of Hailey at the start of the chapter __________. A) would focus on how maternal postpartum depression factors combine with peer social stressors in triggering depression B) would focus on how genetic factors interact with atypical synthesis of neurotransmitters to produce depression C) would infer biological, psychological, and social factors from Hailey's developmental history and describe how these factors have interacted over time to produce depression D) would infer multiple biological and social factors from Hailey's history and then describe how these factors have dynamically and reciprocally interacted over time E) would look at Hailey's history of thoughts, feelings and behaviours and integrate these in an account of how and when her depression emerged Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-01 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Conceptual, application Answer: C) would infer biological, psychological, and social factors from Hailey's developmental history and describe how these factors have interacted over time to produce depression. 2. A theory of psychopathological behaviour __________. A) should only consider biological factors B) should be abandoned when shown to be incorrect, regardless of whether there is a better one available C) should not be considered useful if it has been shown to be incorrect, even if it generates further research D) should be judged solely on how well it matches current information E) should be abandoned only when there is a better one available Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-02 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Conceptual Answer: E) should be abandoned only when there is a better one available. 3. Single-factor explanations __________. A) tend to identify risk factors rather than specific causes of dysfunctional behaviour B) emphasize one factor as being a major contributor to a particular psychological disorder C) are generally preferred over other explanations because of their simplicity D) often reflect a high level of current comprehensive knowledge of disorder E) view behaviour as the product of the interaction of several factors

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-03 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Factual Answer: B) emphasize one factor as being a major contributor to a particular psychological disorder. 4. According to the text, scientific theories, such as those of abnormal psychology, are judged to be valuable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT __________. A) they make testable predictions about aspects of the phenomena that had not previously been made B) they make it possible to specify the evidence necessary to deny the theory C) they are parsimonious D) they integrate most of what is presently known about the phenomena E) they describe the enduring truth about an issue Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-04 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Conceptual Answer: E) they describe the enduring truth about an issue. 5. Theories __________. A) are never completely replaced in science because a better theory comes along B) are not facts, but rather the best approximation possible at the present time C) represent the known facts of current understanding D) can be proven correct if enough evidence is gathered E) must be shown to be true by scientists Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-05 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Conceptual Answer: B) are not facts, but rather the best approximation possible at the present time. 6. In science, experiments are set up not to prove the worth of a theory, but rather to reject what is called the __________. A) rejection hypothesis B) test hypothesis C) experimental hypothesis D) null hypothesis E) false hypothesis Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-06 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Factual Answer: D) null hypothesis.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 7. According to the text, which of the following is NOT a general aim of theories about mental disorders? A) To identify characteristics that precede and follow episodes of the problem behaviour B) To predict the course of the disorder C) To identify the factors that maintain the behaviour D) To design effective treatments E) To explain the origins of the problem behaviour Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-07 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Factual Answer: A) To identify characteristics that precede and follow episodes of the problem behaviour 8. The effects of untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) are __________. A) markedly increased blood levels of phenylalanine, resulting in obsessive-compulsive disorder in adulthood B) markedly increased blood levels of phenylalanine, resulting in severe intellectual developmental difficulties C) markedly increased blood levels of phenylalanine, resulting in severe dyslexia D) markedly increased blood levels of glycogen, resulting in severe dyslexia E) markedly increased blood levels of glycogen, resulting in severe mental retardation Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-08 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Factual Answer: B) markedly increased blood levels of phenylalanine, resulting in severe intellectual developmental difficulties. 9. The etiology of a disorder refers to __________. A) the proportion of the population affected by the disorder at any one time B) the number of new cases of a disorder, per 100,000 people per year C) the factors that maintain a disorder D) the causes or origins of a disorder E) the predicted path that people diagnosed with a disorder usually follow Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-09 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Factual Answer: D) the causes or origins of a disorder.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 10. Clark and Beck (2010) have modified Aaron Beck's cognitive formulation of depression and anxiety to include neurobiological correlates of cognitive therapy (CT): as CT modifies maladaptive cognitive processes, imaging studies show that these changes are accompanied by __________. A) reduced activation of subcortical regions and increased activation of cortical regions involved in cognitive control of emotion and reflective processes B) reduced activation of cortical regions involved in excessive thinking, with increased activation in subcortical regions involved in the relaxation response C) increased activation in interactive cortical and subcortical regions where emotional processing takes place D) reduced activity in the left parietal lobe which has been associated with hyper- focusing and the anxiodepressogenic response complex E) increased activity in the left parietal lobe, which has been associated with adaptive judgment and appropriate emotional responses Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-10 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experience. Skill: Factual Answer: A) reduced activation of subcortical regions and increased activation of cortical regions involved in cognitive control of emotion and reflective processes. 11. The best response to reductionism from an integrative perspective is __________. A) biological processes have psychological and social correlates and vice versa: these are different and equally important levels of analysis for understanding human behaviour B) biological processes affect people at the psychological and social levels of analysis and so it's important to intervene at the most fundamental level C) the brain and the peripheral nervous system, but not the endocrine system, gives rise to all healthy and unhealthy psycho-social processes D) we must seek to identify the psychological processes that give rise to healthy and unhealthy brain states E) we must seek to identify the psycho-social processes that give rise to healthy vs. unhealthy brain states Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-11 Learning Objective: 2.1: View behaviour and thinking (disordered or not) as arising from the interaction between biological and environmental experiences. Skill: Application Answer: A) biological processes have psychological and social correlates and vice versa: these are different and equally important levels of analysis for understanding human behaviour. 12. Biological theories of abnormal behavior have primarily implicated dysfunctions in __________. A) the brain (central nervous system), the peripheral nervous system, or the endocrine system B) the peripheral nervous system and the endocrine system, but not the brain C) the brain and the peripheral nervous system, but not the endocrine system D) the brain only E) the brain and the endocrine system, but not the peripheral nervous system

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-12 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: A) the brain (central nervous system), the peripheral nervous system, or the endocrine system. 13. Dementia, a deterioration in cognitive processes seen in disorders such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, has been linked to __________. A) spinal cord injury B) dysfunction of the reticular activating system of the midbrain C) dysfunction of the hindbrain D) the general loss or ineffective functioning of brain cells E) damage to the cerebellum Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-13 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: D) the general loss or ineffective functioning of brain cells. 14. It can be inferred from the chapter's discussion that current theories about the brain bases of abnormal behaviour __________. A) have not seriously considered the roles of neurotransmitters and neuronal damage B) have given equal weight to the roles of neurotransmitters and neuronal damage C) have given more weight to the roles of neurotransmitters than to actual neuronal damage D) have only considered the role of one neurotransmitter, dopamine E) have given more weight to the role of actual neuronal damage than to neurotransmitters Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-14 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: C) have given more weight to the roles of neurotransmitters than to actual neuronal damage. 15. Which of the following statements concerning neurotransmitters is NOT true? A) The various neurotransmitters are spread fairly evenly throughout the brain and are believed to play approximately equal roles in different functions (such as exploratory behaviours). B) The majority of research concerning neurotransmitters has examined dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and (more recently) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). C) Neurotransmitters either inhibit or activate an impulse in the post-synaptic neuron. D) Neurotransmitters carry their messages across a gap between neurons called a "synapse" or "synaptic cleft". E) Neurotransmitters are the chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to the next. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-15 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Answer: A) The various neurotransmitters are spread fairly evenly throughout the brain and are believed to play approximately equal roles in different functions (such as exploratory behaviours). 16. Which of the following is NOT a manner in which disturbances in neurotransmitter systems can result in abnormal behaviour? A) Having certain neurotransmitters working in brain circuits not responsive to those transmitters B) Having an excess or deficit in the amount of the transmitter-deactivating substance in the synapse C) Having too much or too little of the neurotransmitter produced or released into the synapse D) Having too few or too many receptors on the dendrites of the receiving neurons E) Having the process of reuptake (drawing released neurotransmitters back into the releasing axon) be too rapid or too slow Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-16 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: A) Having certain neurotransmitters working in brain circuits not responsive to those transmitters 17. An experiment by Canadian neurophysiologist Bryan Kolb and his colleagues (2003) demonstrated that the offspring of rats raised in a complex environment exhibited __________. A) decreased synaptic space on the neurons in their cerebral cortex B) increased synaptic space on the neurons in their cerebral cortex C) an increase in the speed of neuronal transmission D) increased numbers of the neurotransmitter dopamine E) a decrease in the speed of neuronal transmission Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-17 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: B) increased synaptic space on the neurons in their cerebral cortex. 18. Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding brain plasticity? A) Behaviour affects neurotransmitter activity B) Brain plasticity can be influenced by a number of experiences that occur pre- and post-natally through hormones, diet, aging, stress, disease, and maturation C) Any manipulation that produces an enduring change in behaviour leaves an anatomical footprint in the brain D) Environmental events and responses to those events might contribute to the development of schizophrenia E) Brain plasticity is possible only until middle-adolescence, after which the brain remains relatively stable Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-18 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: E) Brain plasticity is possible only until middle-adolescence, after which the brain remains relatively stable

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 19. The autonomic nervous system consists of __________. A) the somatic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system B) the somatic nervous system and the parasomatic nervous system C) the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system D) the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system E) the somatic nervous system and the endocrine system Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-19 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: C) the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. 20. The Canadian physician Hans Selye established the area of study now known as __________. A) biofeedback B) stress physiology C) comparative psychology D) neuropsychology E) behavioural genetics Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-20 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: B) stress physiology. 21. Which of the following has been shown to be involved in fear and anxiety reactions, and thus perhaps in phobias or other anxiety disorders? A) the parasympathetic nervous system B) the sympathetic nervous system C) the gonads D) the somatic nervous system E) the thalamus Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-21 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: B) the sympathetic nervous system 22. Relative to healthy controls, people who experience panic attacks __________. A) have been demonstrated to display chronic muscle tension B) have been described as sympathetic restrictors because of their consistently low sympathetic nervous system activity C) have extremely high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine D) have extremely low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine E) take longer to unlearn a conditioned fear response

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-22 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: E) take longer to unlearn a conditioned fear response. 23. The hypothalamus __________. A) secretes "releasing" hormones that activate the pituitary gland B) is activated by neurotransmitters released by the pituitary gland C) is often called the "master gland" D) directly releases prolactin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone into the body E) releases sex hormones in response to signals from the pituitary gland Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-23 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: A) secretes "releasing" hormones that activate the pituitary gland. 24. Which of the following statements is correct? A) Hypoglycemia, a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland, results in a variety of psychiatric symptoms including anxiety and depression. B) Cretinism, a disorder known to be related to the failure of the pancreas to produce balanced levels of insulin or glycogen, produces experiences that mimic anxiety. C) Cretinism, a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland, results in a variety of psychiatric symptoms including anxiety and depression. D) Hypoglycemia, a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland, results in a dwarflike appearance and intellectual deficits. E) Cretinism, a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland, results in a dwarflike appearance and intellectual deficits. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-24 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: E) Cretinism, a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland, results in a dwarflike appearance and intellectual deficits. 25. Regarding the HPA axis which of the following statements is true? A) Too little cortisol in the long term can have adverse effects. B) Too much cortisol in the long term can have adverse effects. C) Too little cortisol in the short term can have adverse effects. D) Too little glycogen in the long term can have adverse effects. E) Too much glycogen in the short term can have adverse effects. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-25 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Conceptual 2-8 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Answer: B) Too much cortisol in the long term can have adverse effects. 26. Regarding the HPA axis which of the following statements is NOT true? A) The HPA axis refers to the hippocampus, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex B) Action of the HPA includes release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex C) Cortisol facilitates an individual's response to short-term threat D) Cortisol affects the body in ways that confer survival benefits E) The HPA is chronically activated in most cases of depression and some cases of anxiety disorder Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-26 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: A) The HPA axis refers to the hippocampus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex 27. Which of the following is true regarding the gene-environment interaction? A) It appears that genes may influence behaviours that contribute to environmental stressors, which in turn, heighten risk for psychopathology. B) Contrary to commonly held ideas, it appears that there is not a reciprocal relationship between genes and environmental risk factors. C) It turns out that genetic risk factors and environmental risk factors operate independently for most disorders except schizophrenia. D) Some mental disorders have been shown to be entirely due to sociocultural and environmental factors. E) Genetic contributions to disorder are always more dominant than environmental factors. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-27 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) It appears that genes may influence behaviours that contribute to environmental stressors, which in turn, heighten risk for psychopathology. 28. Which seventeenth-century English philosopher thought that aggression and self- interest were inborn features of all humans? A) Sigmund Freud B) John Locke C) Thomas Hobbes D) William Shakespeare E) William Bentham Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-28 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: C) Thomas Hobbes

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 29. Which of the following statements is true? A) Cesare Lombroso declared that criminals could be identified by physiological features they inherited from their degenerate parents. B) Arthur Jensen declared that criminals could be identified by physiological features they inherited from their degenerate parents. C) Arthur Jensen declared that criminals could be identified by psychological features they inherited from their degenerate parents. D) Paul Broca declared that criminals could be identified by physiological features they inherited from their degenerate parents. E) Cesare Lombroso declared that criminals could be identified by psychological features they inherited from their degenerate parents. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-29 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Factual Answer: A) Cesare Lombroso declared that criminals could be identified by physiological features they inherited from their degenerate parents. 30. Research into the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders typically takes one of three forms. These three methods are: __________. A) adoption studies, family studies, and sibling studies B) family studies, sibling studies, and adoption studies C) family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies D) twin studies, family studies, and sibling studies E) sibling studies, adoption studies, and twin studies Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-30 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Conceptual Answer: C) family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies. 31. Genetic linkage studies rely upon __________. A) the identification of environmental factors that relate to a particular psychiatric disorder that runs in families B) the identification of genetic markers that can be linked to the occurrence of a disorder within the general population C) the identification of genetic markers that can be linked to the occurrence of a disorder within extended families D) the identification of environmental factors that relate to a particular psychiatric disorder within the general population E) the identification of several genes within a single person that combine to produce a particular psychiatric disorder Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-31 Learning Objective: 2.2: Define neurotransmitters and describe the four ways in which they can influence psychopathology, using examples. Skill: Conceptual

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Answer: C) the identification of genetic markers that can be linked to the occurrence of a disorder within extended families. 32. Little Hans had such a fear of being bitten by a horse that he would not leave the house. Freud took the case and __________. A) explained that the boy was associating horses to his earlier frightening experience that involved a horse B) dismissed the experience with the horse as causal, and considered the fear to have hidden, unconscious origins C) explained that the boy's decision to avoid horses and stay indoors was his young ego's attempt at suppressing threatening id material that he didn't like D) explained that avoiding horses was a conscious attempt at repressing the horse incident to the unconscious E) attempted to help the boy identify his own beliefs and expectations about encountering another horse Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-32 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: B) dismissed the experience with the horse as causal, and considered the fear to have hidden, unconscious origins. 33. Sigmund Freud, founder of the psychodynamic school of thought, was a __________. A) behaviourist from Chicago B) psychologist from Paris C) psychiatrist from Berlin D) neurologist from Vienna E) hypnotist from Oslo Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-33 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: D) neurologist from Vienna. 34. Which statement is NOT true about Bertha Pappenheim, also known as Anna O.? A) She revealed traumatic past experiences associated with deep emotional responses during hypnosis. B) She became Germany's first social worker. C) She continued to suffer from intermittent recurrence of her problems for years after being told she was 'cured' by Freud's mentor, Josef Breuer. D) She became a leading feminist. E) Though she became quite hostile towards psychoanalysis, she grudgingly allowed the girls in the home she ran to be psychoanalyzed because of their considerable problems. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-34 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: E) Though she became quite hostile towards psychoanalysis, she grudgingly allowed the girls in the home she ran to be psychoanalyzed because of their considerable problems. 2-11 Copyright © 2023 Pearson Canada Inc.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 35. What are the three levels of consciousness as distinguished by Freud? A) the preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious B) the conscious, the subconscious, and the unconscious C) the conscious, the preconscious, and the subconscious D) the subconscious, the nonconscious, and the unconscious E) the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-35 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: E) the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious 36. The personality structure Freud called the id __________. A) utilizes what is called "secondary process thinking" B) is the internalization of the moral standards of society C) begins to develop in the first year of life in response to experiences in which the infant's instinctual demands are not immediately met D) represents the rational aspect of one's personality E) acts according to the pleasure principle Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-36 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: E) acts according to the pleasure principle. 37. Which of the following statements concerning the ego is true? A) It develops out of a concern for right and wrong. B) It develops in response to the Oedipal complex. C) It operates according to the pleasure principle. D) It operates according to the reality principle. E) It operates by "primary process thinking". Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-37 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: D) It operates according to the reality principle. 38. The superego __________. A) develops to curb the desires of the id so that the individual does not suffer any unpleasant consequences B) acts according to the reality principles C) is the internalization of the moral standards of our society D) operates by "secondary process thinking". E) represents biological or instinctual drives.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-38 Learning Objective 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: C) is the internalization of the moral standards of our society. 39. According to Freud, the energy for the sexual drive called eros is referred to as __________. A) libido B) thanatos C) erogeny D) electra E) phallic Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-39 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: A) libido 40. In the first year of life, an infant is at the __________. A) anal stage B) latency stage C) phallic stage D) genital stage E) oral stage Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-40 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: E) oral stage. 41. Alex is a four-year-old boy who starts telling his mother that he wants to marry her. Freud would characterize his behaviour as reflecting __________. A) the Oedipal complex B) the pleasure principle C) sublimation D) the fear of parental loss E) castration anxiety Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-41 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Application Answer: A) the Oedipal complex.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 42. Joe is often characterized as a "chatter box." A Freudian therapist would likely feel that he is fixated at which stage of development? A) latency stage B) oral stage C) phallic stage D) genital stage E) anal stage Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-42 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Application Answer: B) oral stage 43. At which stage of development did Freud believe that girls experience the Electra complex? A) oral stage B) phallic stage C) genital stage D) latency stage E) anal stage Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-43 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: B) phallic stage 44. Freud's concept of the Oedipal complex is based upon a play by the Greek tragedian, Sophocles. In this play, the character Oedipus __________. A) kills his father and marries his mother B) kills his brother and marries his mother C) kills his mother and marries his sister D) kills his brother and marries his sister E) kills his father and marries his sister Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-44 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: A) kills his father and marries his mother. 45. Freud believed that girls desire their father to gain what they strongly desire - a penis. Freud referred to this desire for the father as the __________. A) Phallic complex B) Displacement complex C) Libido complex D) Electra complex E) Pandora complex

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-45 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: D) Electra complex. 46. The case of Little Hans demonstrates what Freud meant by __________. A) the pleasure principle B) the reality principle C) the moral principle D) reaction formation E) castration anxiety Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-46 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: E) castration anxiety. 47. Which of the following is true of the latency stage of development? A) Because sex is especially relevant during this stage, it has received a great deal of attention from psychoanalysts. B) It is a relatively quiescent stage. C) It spans the age range from approximately 3 to 6 years. D) Children in this stage typically associate with other children of the opposite sex. E) Children in this stage develop their toilet training skills. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-47 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: B) It is a relatively quiescent stage. 48. Freud believed that the ego employed __________ to allow the expression of libidinal desires in a distorted or symbolic form. A) insight B) object relations C) the id D) defence mechanisms E) primary process thinking Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 02-1-48 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: D) defence mechanisms

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e 49. According to Freud, __________ is the most fundamental of the defence mechanisms. A) repression B) denial C) projection D) reaction formation E) sublimation Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-49 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Factual Answer: A) repression 50. After putting up with numerous criticisms from his boss all day, John came home and yelled at his wife for no apparent reason. This illustrates the defense mechanism of __________. A) regression B) reaction formation C) projection D) denial E) displacement Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-50 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Application Answer: E) displacement. 51. After being informed that she has only 2 months to live, Lisa plans a holiday that will take place in a year's time. This illustrates which defence mechanism? A) Repression B) Regression C) Intellectualization D) Reaction formation E) Denial Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-51 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Application Answer: E) Denial 52. Which of the following statements does NOT represent a valuable aspect of Freud's thinking, according to your text? A) He legitimized discussion and research on sexual matters. B) He recognized that the motives for human behaviour were not always the obvious ones. C) He encouraged a concern with processes beyond our awareness. D) He emphasized the need to support claims with empirical evidence. E) His work on defence mechanisms has witnessed the greatest acceptance among clinicians than any of his other ideas.

Test Bank to accompany Perspectives in Psychopathology, 7e Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-52 Learning Objective: 2.3: Describe the roles of the id, ego, and superego as personality structures and explain how they influence an individual’s defense mechanisms. Skill: Conceptual Answer: D) He emphasized the need to support claims with empirical evidence. 53. Early behaviourists such as Watson were __________. A) environmentalists B) psychoanalysts C) biologists D) geneticists E) physicians Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-53 Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how classical and operant conditioning can influence an individual’s behaviour and provide examples. Skill: Conceptual Answer: A) environmentalists. 54. Watson's behaviourism was based on __________. A) Freud's ideas concerning the development of the ego B) the ideas of Freud's followers such as Carl Jung and Alfred Adler C) classical conditioning D) operant conditioning E) social learning theory Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 02-1-54 Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how classical and operant conditioning can influence an individual’s behaviour and provide examples. Skill: Factual Answer: C) classical conditioning. 55. Watson's most famous application of the process of "stimulus-stimulus learning" was to the acquisition of __________. A) obsessive-compulsive disorder B) post-traumatic stress disorder C) schizophrenia D) generalized anxiety disorder E) phobias Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 02-1-55 Learning Objective: 2.4: Explain how classical and operant conditioning can influence an individual’s behaviour and provide examples. Skill: Factual Answer: E) phobias.