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Chapter 1: Occupational Therapy as an Evidence-Based Practice Profession

True/False

1. There exists a dynamic relationship between research and practice. Professional research should be used to inform practice theory and interventions; equally, practice should influence and guide the direction of future research. ANS: True STD: B.8.1

2. A core tenet of evidence-based practice for occupational therapy is that interventions utilized should be those that are validated through the best available clinical evidence without consideration of an individual therapist’s clinical expertise. ANS: False

3. A client’s values should influence and be considered when providing evidence-based occupational therapy services. ANS: True

4. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) and its established prescriptive guidelines closely reflect the philosophical beliefs and nature of occupational therapy (OT). Therefore, its principles are directly replicated with evidence-based OT practice. ANS: False

5. Explanations offered by a practice theory are always tentative, and must be refined through research. ANS: True STD: B.3.6

6. Participatory research involves inclusion of recipients of services (or consumers) in the data collection and dissemination process only after a specific research hypothesis has been established by an investigator. ANS: False

Multiple Choice

7. Occupational therapy has a professional obligation to maintain a systematic and shared body of knowledge. Which of the following does not serve toward the development of evidence for this requirement? A. Multiple studies establishing the psychometric qualities of a commonly used standardized assessment B. A control trial quantifying the outcomes of a treatment strategy C. The collective clinical expertise of an outpatient occupational therapy department D. A series of studies testing and refining a practice theory utilized in practice ANS: C STD: B.8.1

8. Occupational therapists offer a unique perspective towards identifying and addressing deficits with clients’ occupational participation. The area of research that examines how occupational therapists identify problems and make treatment decisions is: A. Clinical reasoning research B. Process research C. Narrative research D. Practice theory research ANS: A

9. The purpose of needs assessment research is to identify the gap between a client’s or population’s present status and that individual’s or group’s: A. Previous status B. Disability status C. Desired status D. Projected status ANS: C

10. Psychometric research may be used to evaluate an assessment according to multiple criteria. Which domain is not a measure of psychometric research? A. Reliability B. Validity C. Clinical utility D. Formative utility ANS: D

11. Formative research best seeks to identify what characteristic of an intervention of study? A. The expected outcome of the intervention B. The mechanism of change for the intervention C. The frequency or duration required for an intervention to be effective D. The clinical reasoning utilized in providing an intervention ANS: B

Chapter 2: Classifications and Aims of Research

True/False

1. In an experimental design study, researchers might have more than one experimental condition group. ANS: True STD: B.8.5

2. In experimental research, investigators manipulate a dependent variable in order to observe and measure the effect on any independent variables of interest. ANS: False

3. Survey studies may be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed with their methodology. ANS: True

4. Participatory research is the most common form of applied science research conducted in occupational therapy. ANS: False

5. Extraneous variables in a study that may have an effect on the dependent variable and thereby introduce a risk of error in a study are referred to as confounding variables. ANS: True STD: B.8.5

Multiple Choice

Chapter 28: Needs Assessment Research

True/False

1. A needs assessment may be defined as a systematic and ongoing process of providing usable and useful information about the needs of the target to those who can and will utilize it to make judgments about policy and programs. ANS: True STD: B.7.5

2. While there are many ways of defining need, it is generally accepted that need should not be defined as the discrepancy between what an individual’s present situation/status is and what is desired. ANS: False

3. The process, measures, outcomes, and actions of a given needs assessment are fundamentally linked to either the principles and values of the marketplace or to a commitment to the social good. ANS: True

Matching Please match the following dimensions of needs assessments to their respective attribute descriptions. A. The sophistication of the project design B. The level of involvement of the stakeholders C. The scope of the issue being condensed D. The project’s political orientation 4. This may be wide ranging or narrowly focused on a specific problem occurring within a setting. 5. This is the intention behind a needs assessment, which may contribute to it maintaining or challenging the status quo.

6. This should be systematic, empirically based, outcome oriented, and focused on solving real-world problems through the application of a variety of research methodologies and methods. 7. This is reflected by the individuals receiving service, providers of service, or organization as a whole, who may be integrated on a fully participatory level, or not at all. 4. ANS: C 5. ANS: D 6. ANS: A 7. ANS: B

STD: B.7.5 STD: B.7.5 STD: B.7.5 STD: B.7.5

Please match the following types of need to their respective descriptions. A. Normative B. Felt C. Expressed D. Comparative 8. Want, with or without actions to obtain that which is wanted 9. Demand for a service, either through current use or waiting list 10. An approach for conceptualizing needs by contrast to a baseline 11. Defined by professionals and experts rather than by members of the community 8. ANS: B 9. ANS: C 10. ANS: D 11. ANS: A

STD: B.7.5 STD: B.7.5 STD: B.7.5 STD: B.7.5

Please match the following models for needs assessment to their respective descriptions. A. Logic model B. Three-phase model C. Concerns report model D. Participatory and community building 12. Facilitates the planning of a needs assessment; operates as a checklist of stages and activities 13. A tool that draws on focus groups as survey research, and provides analytic strategies that originate in discrepancy modeling 14. Utilizes graphical or figure form to portray relationships between resources, activities, outputs, and outcomes for planning 15. Requires active involvement of the stakeholders; focuses on the community and fostering development of a collective 12. ANS: B 13. ANS: C Copyright © 2017 by F. A. Davis Company

STD: B.7.5, B.7.6 STD: B.7.5, B.7.6

14. ANS: A 15. ANS: D

STD: B.7.5, B.7.6 STD: B.7.5, B.7.6

Multiple Choice

16. Using a marketplace philosophy for needs assessment, all of the following are correct for describing how needs may be addressed except for which? A. Individual preferences and autonomy are not recognized as determining need. B. Services are viewed as an economic good and are distributed based on people’s ability to pay (either independently or through various types of insurance). C. Need is equated with demand and defined in terms of solutions. D. Needs can best be met through a free market. ANS: A

17. Client’s needs in occupational therapy may include all of the following except for which? A. Basic physiological drives B. Goals that are sought after (ends) C. Strategies to achieve goals (solutions) D. Goals that are prescribed ANS: D

Chapter 29: Program Evaluation Research

True/False

1. Program evaluation is the use of tools, methods, and skills to determine whether a human service or program is meeting the needs of participants, if the program is offered as planned, and if it is having the desired impact on the lives of participants. ANS: True STD: B.7.5

2. Program evaluation is a continuous process that is integrated throughout the implementation of a program of service, providing an approach for implementing evidencebased practice. ANS: True STD: B.7.5, B.8.3

3. Formative evaluation is a compilation of processes used when formulating the initial hypothesis or rationale for a program. ANS: False

4. Summative evaluation is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a program’s ultimate outcomes. ANS: True

5. The primary tenets of both evidence-based practice and of a scholarship of practice are that the most effective programs are designed using the best available evidence. ANS: True STD: B.8.1