INSTRUCTOR MANUAL for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion, 7th edition. Thomas O'Guinn Chris by welldoneassistant

INSTRUCTOR MANUAL for Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion, 7th edition. Thomas O'Guinn Chris Allen Rich

PART 1 Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion in Business and Society The book is divided into 5 parts. At the beginning of each distinct part of the text, it is worth alerting the students to the focus of the chapters within the part. Part 1 sets the tone for the study of advertising. The chapters in this part emphasize that advertising is much more than the oldstyle mass media messages of the past. But advertising is now much more diverse and dynamic and is part of a process called integrated brand promotion (IBP). IBP is the process of using all sorts of different promotional techniques and tools—from television ads to iPad broadcasts—that send messages about brands to consumers. The rapid ascent of digital media— particularly social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace and Twitter, have radically changed the landscape for advertising and IBP. Advertising and IBP communications are not just marketing messages. They are also part of a social communication process that has evolved over time with changes in culture, technology, and business strategies. The “brand” plays a leading role in communications. Consumers know brands because they hear about them and use them every day—Apple, Nike, Pantene, Starbucks, and literally hundreds of others. Consumers also know (and learn) by using them and by seeing them being used in society. This first part of the book lays out the broad landscape of the advertising and IBP processes that expose us to brands and what they have to offer.

CHAPTER 1 The World of Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion KEY TERMS mobile marketing advertising client, or sponsor

advertising campaign integrated brand promotion (IBP) advertisement

audience target audience household consumers

Chapter 1/The World of Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion

members of business organizations members of a trade channel professionals trade journals government officials and employees global advertising international advertising national advertising regional advertising local advertising cooperative advertising, or co-op advertising marketing

marketing mix brand brand extension (variant) brand loyalty brand equity market segmentation differentiation positioning external position internal position repositioning economies of scale inelasticity of demand primary demand stimulation selective demand

stimulation direct response advertising delayed response advertising corporate advertising brand advertising institutional advertising gross domestic product (GDP) value symbolic value social meaning integrated marketing communications (IMC)

Summary PPT 1-2 Know what advertising and integrated brand promotion (IBP) are and what they can do. Since advertising has become so pervasive, it would be reasonable to expect that one might have their own working definition for this critical term. But an informed perspective on advertising goes beyond what is obvious and can be seen on a daily basis. Advertising is distinctive and recognizable as a form of communication by its three essential elements: its paid sponsorship, its use of mass media, and its intent to persuade. An advertisement is a specific message that a company has placed to persuade an audience. An advertising campaign is a series of ads and other promotional efforts with a common theme also placed to persuade an audience over a specified period of time. Integrated brand promotion (IBP) is the use of many promotional tools, including advertising, in a coordinated manner to build and maintain brand awareness, identity, and preference. Discuss a basic model of communication. Advertising cannot be effective unless some form of communication takes place between the company and the audience. But advertising is about mass communication. There are many models that might be used to help explain how advertising works or does not work as a communication platform. The model introduced in this chapter features basic considerations such as the message-production process versus the message-reception process, and this model says that consumers create their own meanings when they interpret advertisements.

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Describe the different ways of classifying audiences for advertising and IBP. Although it is possible to provide a simple and clear definition of what advertising is, it is also true that advertising takes many forms and serves different purposes from one application to another. One way to appreciate the complexity and diversity of advertising is to classify it by audience category or by geographic focus. For example, advertising might be directed at households or government officials. Using another perspective, it can be global or local in its focus. Understand advertising as a business process. Many different types of organizations use advertising to achieve their business purposes. For major multinational corporations, such as Procter & Gamble, and for smaller, more localized businesses, such as the San Diego Zoo, advertising is one part of a critical business process known as marketing. Advertising is one element of the marketing mix; the other key elements are the firm’s products, their prices, and the distribution network. Advertising must work in conjunction with these other marketing mix elements if the organization’s marketing objectives are to be achieved. It is important to recognize that of all the roles played by advertising in the marketing process, none is more important than contributing to building brand awareness and brand equity. Similarly, firms have turned to more diverse methods of communication beyond advertising that we have referred to as integrated brand promotion. That is, firms are using communication tools such as public relations, sponsorship, direct marketing, and sales promotion along with advertising to achieve communication goals. Understand the various types of advertising. There are six fundamental types of advertising described in contrasting pairs: a. Primary versus selective demand stimulation. Primary demand stimulation is the attempt to stimulate demand for an entire product category—milk, toothpaste, automobiles, computers. Selective demand stimulation is the attempt to stimulate demand for a brand within a product category—Dairygold Milk, Crest toothpaste, Nissan Altima automobile, Dell computer. While primary demand has been attempted in various industries (the milk industry being the most prominent example), advertising is not powerful enough to stimulate demand for a product category—only broad influences like demographics, cultural values, or technology can stimulate primary demand. Selective demand is what advertising does and can be very effective at doing. It is the type of advertising that firms spend billions of dollars a year on to build brand awareness and preference.

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b. Direct versus delayed response advertising. Direct response advertising asks consumers to act immediately upon receipt of the advertising message—call this toll-free number, click through to order now, and so on. Delayed response advertising develops awareness, preference, and an image for a brand that takes much longer to affect consumer choice. c. Corporate versus brand advertising. Corporate advertising features an entire corporation rather than any brand marketed by that corporation. GM can run corporate advertising to increase recognition of the firm itself. Or, GM can run brand advertising for Chevrolet or Buick or GM trucks.

Chapter Outline I. The New World of Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion PPT 1-3 Consumer preferences and new technologies are reshaping the communication environment. The lines between information, entertainment networking, and commercial messages are blurring. The mass media are not dead, but they are being supplemented and supported by all sorts of new ways to reach consumers. Analysts speculate that advertising, IBP, and marketing overall will be more digital, more interactive, and more social. Their reasoning is not hard to understand. Firms have not fully exploited all the opportunities presented by mobile marketing. Mobile marketing is communicating with target markets through mobile devices like smartphones or iPad or Surface tablet devices. A. Old Media/New Digital Media—It’s All about the Brand PPT 1-4 No matter how much technology changes or how many new media options and opportunities are available for delivering messages—it’s still all about the brand! The use of Facebook or Twitter does not change the fundamental challenge and opportunity—communicating effectively about the brand and the brand’s values. II. What Are Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion? PPT 1-5 Despite the importance of advertising and IBP to firms, it is not a process that the average person understands or values. Many people believe advertising deceives others but rarely themselves. Most think it’s a semi-glamorous profession but one in which people are either morally bankrupt con artists or pathological liars. At worst, advertising is seen as hype, unfair capitalistic

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manipulation, banal commercial noise, mind control, postmodern voodoo, or outright deception. At best, the average person sees advertising as amusing, informative, somewhat annoying, sort of helpful, and occasionally hip. The truth about advertising lies somewhere between the extremes. Sometimes advertising is hard-hitting and powerful; at other times, it’s boring and ineffective. Advertising is anything but unimportant. It plays a pivotal role in world commerce and in the way people experience and live their lives. It is part of the language and culture. It is a complex communication process, a dynamic business process, and now a part of the social interaction process. A. Advertising Defined Advertising is a paid, mass-mediated attempt to persuade. Paid means that a client or sponsor is involved. For this reason, public service announcements (PSAs) are not ads technically. Mass mediated means that the advertising is delivered through a communication medium designed to reach more than one person, typically a large number—or mass—of people. Advertising is widely disseminated through familiar means—television, radio, newspapers, and magazines—and other media such as direct mail, billboards, video games, the Internet, tablets, and smartphones. Attempt to persuade means that ads are designed to get someone to do something. B. Integrated Brand Promotion Defined Integrated Brand Promotion (IBP) is the process of using a wide range of promotional tools that work together to create widespread brand exposure. PPT 1-6 and 1-7 The definition of IBP is also loaded with meaning. IBP is a process. It uses a wide range of tools including: • Advertising in mass media • Sales promotions (coupons, premiums, contests, etc.) • Point-of-Purchase (in-store) advertising • Direct marketing (catalogs, infomercials, email) • Personal selling • Internet advertising (display, banner, pop-up/pop-under) • Social networks/Blogs • Podcasting/smartphone messaging • Event sponsorship • Brand entertainment (product placement on TV shows, in movies) • Outdoor signage/billboards

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• Public relations • Influencer marketing • Corporate advertising C. Advertisements, Advertising Campaigns, and Integrated Brand Promotion PPT 1-8 An advertisement refers to a specific message that an organization has created to persuade an audience. An advertising campaign is a series of coordinated advertisements that communicate a reasonably cohesive and integrated theme about a brand. D. A Focus on Advertising Integrated brand promotion is a key concept associated with advertising. It is of great importance to the contemporary marketing effort. III. Advertising as a Communications Process PPT 1-9 Communication is a fundamental aspect of human existence, and advertising is one of these communications. A. A Model of Mass-Mediated Communication PPT 1-10 A contemporary model of mass-mediated communication is presented in Exhibit 1.9. This model shows mass communication as a process where people, institutions, and messages interact. It has two major components: production (by the sender of the message) and reception (by the receiver of the message). Between production and reception are the mediating (interpretation) processes of accommodation and negotiation. The process of production creates the content of a mass communication. An advertisement, like other forms of mass communication, is the product of institutions (such as corporations, organizations, advertising agencies, and governments) interacting to produce content (what is created for a print ad, television ad, radio ad, podcast, or on a computer screen at a company’s website). It is important to recognize that the content that the advertiser puts into a message is not necessarily the same as the meaning an audience takes from a message. Accommodation and negotiation are the ways in which consumers interpret ads. Each individual receives and

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interprets communication according to unique values and experiences IV. The Audiences for Advertising PPT 1-11 An audience is a group of individuals who receive and interpret messages sent from companies or organizations. A target audience is a particular group of consumers singled out by an organization for an advertising or IBP campaign. A. Audience Categories PPT 1-12 Household consumers are the most conspicuous audience in that most mass media advertising is directed at them. Members of business organizations are the focus of advertising for firms that produce business and industrial goods and services, such as office equipment, production machinery, supplies, and software. Members of a trade channel include retailers, wholesalers, and distributors. These members of the trade channel are a target audience for producers of both household and business goods and services. Professionals form a special target audience and are defined as doctors, lawyers, accountants, teachers, electricians, or any other professional group that has special training or certification. Professionals merit special communications. Trade journals, like Electrical Contractor, are magazines published specifically for members of a trade and carry highly technical articles. Government officials and employees constitute an audience in themselves due to the large dollar volume of buying that federal, state, and local governments do. B. Audience Geography PPT 1-13 and 1-14 Global advertising is advertising that is used worldwide with only minor changes in the visual and message content. It is rare for a brand to have universal cultural appeal, but when it does, global advertising can be used. International advertising occurs when firms prepare and place different in different national markets for the same brand outside their home market. National advertising reaches all geographic areas of a single nation.

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Regional advertising is carried out by producers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers that concentrate their efforts in a relatively large, but not national, geographic region. Local advertising is directed at an audience in a single trading area, either a city or state. A particular form of local advertising is known as cooperative advertising or co-op advertising in which national companies will share advertising expenses with local dealers. VI. Advertising as a Business Process A. The Role of Advertising in the Marketing Mix PPT 1-15, 1-16, and 1-17 Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. The marketing mix refers to the four primary areas of responsibility and decision making in marketing. The Role of Advertising in Brand Management PPT 1-18, 1-19, and 1-20 A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller’s good or service as distinct from those of other sellers. Advertising plays a critical role in brand development and management. In many ways, a brand is a firm’s most precious asset. Advertising affects brand development and management in five important ways: Information and persuasion: Advertising informs and persuades target audiences about the values a brand has to offer. Introduction of a new brand or brand extensions (variants): A brand extension (also referred to as a brand variant) is an adaptation of an existing brand to a new product area. Advertising is essential to inform consumers about the extension. Building and maintaining brand loyalty among consumers: Brand loyalty occurs when a consumer repeatedly purchases the same brand to the exclusion of competitor’s brands. Brand equity is a set of brand assets linked to a brand, its name, and symbol. Creating an image and meaning for the brand: Advertising can communicate how a brand fulfills needs and desires and therefore plays an important role in attracting consumers to brands they find useful and satisfying.

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Building and maintaining brand loyalty within the trade: Advertising and integrated promotions can influence brand preferences in wholesalers and retailers. Marketers can provide training, point-of-purchase advertising displays, and traffic-building events as well as discount pricing and premiums. The Role of Advertising in Market Segmentation, Differentiation, and Positioning PPT 1-21, 1-22, and 1-23 Advertising is critical to segmentation, differentiation, and positioning strategies: Market segmentation is the process of breaking down a large, widely varied (heterogeneous) market into submarkets, or segments, that are more similar in terms of consumer characteristics. Differentiation is the process of creating a perceived difference, in the mind of the consumer, between a brand and its competition. Positioning is the process of designing a brand so that it can occupy a distinct and valued place in the target consumer’s mind relative to other brands. There are three positioning strategic decisions to be made. A firm must decide on the external position for a brand— that is, the niche the brand will pursue relative to all the competitive brands on the market. Additionally, an internal position must be achieved with regard to the other, similar brands the firm itself markets. Finally, repositioning occurs when a firm believes that a brand needs to be revived or updated to address changing market or competitive conditions.

The Role of Advertising in Contributing to Revenue and Profit Generation PPT 1-24 Advertising communicates persuasive information to audiences based on the values created in the marketing mix related to the product, its price, or its distribution. Advertising contributes to the process of creating sales and revenue. When an organization creates large-scale demand for its brand, the quantity of product produced is increased, and economies of scale lead to lower unit production costs. Advertising contributes to demand stimulation by communicating to the market about the features and availability of a brand. By contributing to demand stimulation, advertising then contributes to the process of creating these economies of scale, which ultimately translates into higher profits per unit for the organization.

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When consumers are brand loyal, they are generally less sensitive to price increases for the brand. In economic terms, this is known as inelasticity of demand. Advertising contributes directly to brand loyalty, and thus to inelasticity of demand, by persuading and reminding consumers of the satisfactions and values related to a brand and why they want to choose that brand over competitors’ brands.

B. Types of Advertising PPT 1-25, PPT 1-26, 1-27, and 1-28 Primary versus Selective Demand Stimulation In primary demand simulation, a company would be trying to create a demand for an entire product category. The purpose of selective demand stimulation is to point out a brand’s unique benefits compared to competition. The true power of advertising lies here. Direct versus Delayed Response Advertising Direct response advertising asks consumers to act immediately. • Delayed response advertising relies on imagery and message themes that emphasize the benefits and satisfying characteristics of a brand. Corporate versus Brand Advertising Corporate advertising is not designed to promote a specific brand but is meant to create a favorable attitude toward a company as a whole. Brand advertising communicates the specific features, values, and benefits of a particular brand offered for sale by a particular organization. Another form of corporate advertising is carried out by members of a trade channel, mostly retailers. When corporate advertising takes place in a trade channel, it is referred to as institutional advertising. C. The Economic Effects of Advertising PPT 1-29, 1-30, and 1-31 Advertising’s Effect on Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) is the measure of the total value of goods and services produced within an economic system. Advertising is related to GDP in that it can contribute to levels of overall consumer demand when it helps introduce new products,

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such as DVRs, smartphones, or alternative energy sources. Advertising’s Effect on Competition Advertising is alleged to stimulate competition and therefore motivate firms to strive for better products, better production methods, and other competitive advantages that ultimately benefit the economy as a whole. Large advertising expenditures, though, can act as barriers to entry in a market. Advertising’s Effect on Prices There is no consistent and predictable relationship among advertising, spending, and sales—it all depends on the product category, competition, size of market, and complexity of the message. Advertising’s Effect on Value Value refers to a perception by consumers that a brand provides satisfaction beyond the cost incurred to obtain that brand. Symbolic value refers to what a product or service means to consumers in a nonliteral way. Social meaning refers to what a product or service means in a social context. VI. From Advertising to Integrated Marketing Communications to Integrated Brand Promotion PPT 1-32 Advertising is only one of many promotional tools a marketer can use to communicate about a brand. Beginning in about 1990, the concept of mixing various promotional tools was referred to as integrated marketing communications (IMC). IBP involves the use of various promotional tools, including advertising, in a coordinated manner to build and maintain brand awareness, identity, and preference. IBP emphasizes that coordinated messages must have brand-building effects, not just communications effects.

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assessment objects have been enhanced with additional tags that can be aggregated to provide feedback on how individual students have done on a specific learning outcome such as ethics. The online material can be delivered in one of two formats. For instructors who want to provide students with access to the Ad Age on Campus access as well as the online advertisements and student facing self-assessment quizzes, CourseMate will be provided with each new copy of Advertising and Integrated Brand Communication. Alternatively, students can decide to purchase CourseMate on its own which will also come with the MindTap Reader, which is the ebook version of the print product. For faculty that desire to have a variety of more in-depth assignments to integrate into their course and a desire to have more student data that can be used for analytic purposes, MindTap can be purchased with an enhanced capability. Faculty can customize the student experience and integrate the experience for their students into the campus Learning Management System. For a complete guide into the reporting and analytical capabilities available to faculty, consult the Assurance of Learning section of this manual.

Boxed Feature Questions and Tags QUESTION

DIFFICULTY

BUSPROG

DISC

Primary

BLOOM'S

Chapter 1 Social Media 01

Easy

Communication

Promotion

Knowledge

Chapter 1 Social Media 02

Challenging

Communication

Promotion

Application

Chapter 1 Globalization 01

Easy

Communication

Promotion

Comprehension

Chapter 1 Globalization 02

Challenging

Communication

Promotion

Application

Chapter 1 Ethics 01

Moderate

Communication

Promotion

Application

Chapter 1 Ethics 02

Moderate

Communication

Promotion

Application

CHAPTER 1-Social Media Ads usually last 15, 30, or 60 seconds because that is how media is often sold. A twist on this is a new concept of self-destructing ads that disappear—on purpose after just 3 seconds. http://adage.com/article/digital/brands-experiment-photo-messaging-service-snapchat-facebookpoke/238979/ • 1.

1.SocialMedia.Q1

What is an intended consequence for how consumers post on Snapchat--honestly? Their honestly will spark ___________________ A. Information and persuasion

Chapter 1/The World of Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion

B. Introduction of a new brand C. Introduction of a brand extension D. Brand loyalty Answer: A

•

1.SocialMedia.Q2

A step above communicating how a brand fulfills needs, it should help link a brand’s image and meaning to: A. the competitor’s image B. the consumer’s social environment and culture C. a retail image D. the core competency of the parent company Answer: B

CHAPTER 1-Globalization In Coca-Cola’s “Be Happy” Campaign, a recurring theme is bringing the world together towards happiness—by sharing a Coke. Here is marketing from Coca-Cola hoping to bring two cultures together via a vending machine. http://adage.com/article/agency-news/coke-s-attempt-unite-indians-pakistanis/241561/ •

1.Globalization.Q1

The creative brief would best fit with what type of advertising approach? A. direct response advertising B. delayed response advertising C. primary demand stimulation D. corporate advertising Answer: B

•

1.Globalization.Q2

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What is the difference in corporate versus brand advertising, and which is Coca-Cola doing here? Answer: Corporate advertising is not designed to promote the specific drink Coca-Cola; instead, it is meant to show the Coca-Cola Company and their values, mission, and or product line. Brand advertising communicates the specific features, values, and benefits of a particular brand for sale. This is tricky as the parent company has a similar name, but this is brand advertising for their flagship product-Coca-Cola.

CHAPTER 1-Ethics This article tells how in Brazil, the agency NBS set up an office in a slum in Brazil to teach poor people how to be consumers. http://adage.com/article/rance-crain/brazilian-shop-hopes-good-business-slums/241525/ •

1.Ethics.Q1

In what ways is this an ethical practice for the agency? Why is ethics a big part of advertising? Answer: The agency has a goal of educating a group—poor people in slums-that are often

ignored and left alone as consumers—sometimes as people. Thus, this agency is helping a group often left ignored and alone and uneducated. Advertising must consider ethics because advertising is meant to be an ethical, helpful, informational or entertaining form of persuasions with no intent to deceive.

•

1.Ethics.Q2

The city that the agency is doing the social project with shows a product of service in a societal context. What a product of service means in a societal context is termed: A. Symbolic value B. Social meaning C. Societal value

Chapter 1/The World of Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion

D. Societal positioning Answer: B

Homework Grid Homework Description 1-a. Drag and Drop iPhone: Recreate Mass-mediated communication model 1-b. Matching Apple: Match Apple’s initiatives with appropriate promotion. 2-a Multiple choice Heinz: Brand spelling and digital search 2-b Multiple choice Heinz as a brand ad 3-a Multiple choice The Dove “real beauty” advertisement is part of a campaign 3-b Multiple choice How women rate themselves on attractiveness Homework is available to faculty to select and integrate into their customized course. THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS OF THE INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL HAS A SELECTION OF CASES THAT CAN BE INCORPORATED INTO YOUR COURSE AS OUT OF CLASS ASSIGNMENTS , OR AS A METHOD FOR INITIATING CLASSROOM DISCUSSION.

End of Chapter Questions 1.

As consumers exercise ever greater individual control over when and how they receive information, how are advertisers adapting their messages? What is the role, if any, for traditional media outlets in this new environment? Will mobile marketing efforts including directing advertising to smartphones, be accepted by consumers? After decades of focusing on traditional media sources such as television, radio, and newspapers to reach consumers, the rapid growth of the Internet and other evolving technologies have forced advertisers to find new ways to reach consumers. Some examples include the use of blogs and social media, podcasting and smartphone messaging, and event sponsorship. The traditional media outlets still play a role, but it is one that is expected to decrease as those industries struggle against circulation and viewership declines. The issue of whether consumers accept advertising to smartphones remains to be seen.

What does it mean when we say that advertising is intended to persuade? How do different ads persuade in different ways? An attempt at persuasion is one of the defining characteristics of all advertising. Advertising is a form of persuasive communication designed with the goal of getting customers to seek out and/or buy a specific brand. In the absence of a persuasive intent, a communication might be

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news, but it would not be advertising. Given this general goal, ads can be persuasive in many different ways. For example, ads are persuasive when they provide relevant information that convinces the consumer of a brand’s unique benefits. Ads are also persuasive when they generate brand interest that leads the consumer to search for more information about a particular product or service. 3.

Explain the differences among regional advertising, local advertising, and cooperative advertising. What would you look for in an ad to identify it as a cooperative ad? Regional advertising refers to a concentrated ad campaign in a relatively large, but not national, geographic region. Local advertising is more focused and directed at an audience in a single trading area, either a city or state. Cooperative advertising involves sharing of advertising expenses between national companies and local merchants to achieve specific advertising objectives. This form of advertising is easily identified by the joint presence of a manufacturer’s brand and a retailer’s store location in the ad.

How do the goals of direct response versus delayed response advertising differ? Direct response advertising always features an immediate call for action from the consumer. Delayed response advertising is designed to shape brand preferences in such a way that at some future time the consumer’s brand choices will be affected. It relies on imagery and message themes that emphasize the benefits and satisfying characteristics of a brand.

Differentiate between global advertising and international advertising Global advertising uses a similar visual and message content in all markets around the world. A brand must have universal cultural appeal to use global advertising. In international advertising, an advertiser prepares and places different advertising in different national market for the same brand outside the home market.

How does advertising effect brand management and development? If building brand loyalty is one goal, can you identify several examples of businesses that have successfully used advertising campaigns to create strong brand equity? Advertising can effect brand development and management across these five critical areas: providing information to and persuading consumers, introducing new brands or brand extensions, building and maintaining consumer brand loyalty, building and maintaining trade brand loyalty, and create a brand’s image and meaning. Businesses are considered to have established strong brand equity when they are able to create and sustain positive brand association in the minds of consumers over time.

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How does the process of market segmentation lead an organization to spend its advertising dollars more efficiently and more effectively? Advertising’s role in the market segmentation process is to develop messages that appeal to the needs and desires of different segments and then to transmit those messages via appropriate media. Market segmentation has important implications for advertising efficiencies and effectiveness. Careful selection of a target market will help in choosing media vehicles that are more likely to reach just the target. This promotes advertising efficiencies. In addition, with a specific target in mind, it is much easier to create messages that will engage the message receiver. This contributes substantially to advertising effectiveness.

What is the concept of integrated brand promotion (IBP)? How are IBP and advertising related? And how is IBP distinct from the advertising industry’s prior emphasis on Integrated Marketing Communications, or IMC? IBP is the process of using a wide range of promotional tools that work together to create widespread brand exposure. Coordination is the key to maintain a clear brand image in the minds of consumers. Advertising is a component of the coordinated promotion effort to develop strong brands. IBP tools include various types of advertising but goes well beyond traditional advertising forms.

Experiential Exercises 1.

Box-office sensations like Avatar, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, and Spider-Man 3 don’t happen by accident. To achieve big screen success, movie advertisers develop integrated brand promotion (IBP) campaigns that communicate unified messages to target audiences using diverse media. Select a film now showing in theaters and identify the various ways the movie is being promoted. What types of advertising and promotion are employed in the campaign? Do the different advertisements have a consistent look, feel, and message? Do the different media vehicles target different demographic groups? Suggest one additional media option that marketers might use to reach the film’s target audience. Answers will differ based on students’ movie selections, but the film industry creates memorable IBP campaigns that convey a unified image, meaning, and identity for a new release. For the recent sci-fi epic Avatar, Twentieth Century Fox used the following advertising and promotion: TV ads, the AVTR.com website, movie-themed Coca-Cola Zero cans, a four-minute trailer shown during a Dallas Cowboys football game, exclusive prescreenings offered to print media, product placement in the Fox Network series Bones, action figures by Mattel Toys, a reusable Avatar scrapbook for kids, and a Ubisoft video game for

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Xbox 360 and other game consoles. 2.

After perfecting the pizza delivery model in the 1980s, Domino’s lost touch with its customers to the point that the brand was ridiculed as little more than cardboard and ketchup. To fix the brand, executives commissioned a reinvention of the Domino’s pizza and launched a “Pizza Turnaround” campaign to renew customer loyalties. Using the Internet for research, write a brief report on the Domino’s “Pizza Turnaround.” Describe the campaign’s role in managing the Domino’s brand. What was the message strategy of the campaign? Do you think the ads were effective at restoring the brand’s image? How might company leaders use the tools of advertising and promotion to keep consumers buying the new and improved Domino’s pizza? The Domino’s “Pizza Turnaround” campaign was unique in its admission that the product was bland and in need of replacement. Ads borrowed words from the pizza’s harshest critics to make the point. The campaign also used consumer recommendations to direct the overhaul of the core product and its ingredients. The campaign was largely successful, at least in the short term: Domino’s doubled its revenues in 2010 following the release of the new pizza pie. Answers will vary on how Domino’s could use advertising and promotion to foster brand loyalty for its new pizza; however advertising has the ability to associate brands with hot trends, and promotion can offer incentives that stimulate repeat purchases.

Cellular telephones and wireless computing products are nearly ubiquitous now in American life. In some ways, any one phone or service provider is seen not so much as a brand but as an unmarked commodity. But there are important exceptions. Consider the intense media attention and consumer interest that surrounded the release of Apple’s iPhone and AT&T’s exclusive contract to provide cellular service to the new phone. Providing examples from current campaigns, describe how advertising has affected value related to cellular services or products. Contrast that with the iPhone release. How did advertising and integrated brand promotion influence symbolic value and social meaning related to the new product? Advertising influences the symbolic value that consumers attach to a given brand or product, conveying distinct messages about social-class connections or status. In the case of cellular telephone purchases, one provider might promote the value notion that a consumer is getting a good deal by providing a basic phone at little or no cost in exchange for a year- or two-year service contract. Then what explains the instant popularity of the $500 iPhone? Students should recognize here the lesson that every object takes on meaning from society and popular culture. When consumers perceive greater social value in a brand, they are more likely to pay a premium for that brand or product.

Working in small groups, imagine that you have been hired to create an advertising strategy for the release of a new line of basketball shoes produced by the athletic apparel maker Under

Chapter 1/The World of Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion

Armour. The Maryland-based business has seen rapid growth in recent years, but it is not considered to be the same kind of globally-recognized brand as Nike or Adidas. Beyond the central advertising campaign for the new shoe line, what tools would your team recommend employing to achieve integrated brand promotion? Explain how you would coordinate those efforts to ensure maximum effectiveness. Students should demonstrate a full understanding of the various tools available for integrated brand promotion, from event sponsorship to direct marketing to billboards and blogs. The team reports also should reflect an understanding of the role advertising plays within IBP and the importance of ensuring that whatever techniques are employed, they work smoothly together to create a consistent and compelling message.

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

CHAPTER 2 The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations KEY TERMS social media blog crowdsourcing advertiser client trade reseller advertising agency full-service agency creative boutique digital/interactive agency in-house agency media specialists promotion agency

direct response agency direct marketing agency database agency fulfillment center infomercial consumer sales promotion trade-market sales promotion event-planning agency designer logo public relations firm account services

account planner creative services production services media planning and buying services commission system markup charge fee system pay-for-results external facilitator consultant production facilitator

Summary PPT 2-2 and 2-3 Discuss important trends transforming the advertising and promotion industry. Recent years have proven to be a period of dramatic change for the advertising and promotion industry. The trend affecting advertisers, agencies, and the media the most is that consumers are now in greater control of the information they receive about brands. Collectively, individuals are gravitating toward sharing and creating information through websites, blogs, social media, wikis, and video sites like YouTube. The simplest example is when consumers log onto the Internet and visit sites they choose to visit for either information or shopping. Social media have emerged as the most significant form of consumer control over information creation and communication most recently. Facebook has approximately 1 billion users worldwide, sharing content with each other every week. Twitter has more than 50 million users who post billions of tweets a year. As consumers search for more control over their information flow, advertisers, agencies, and media

Chapter 2/The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

organizations are struggling to adapt to consumer desires. Next, the proliferation of media from cable television to satellite radio to the Internet has created new advertising options. Giant media conglomerates are expected to control a majority of these television, radio, and Internet properties. Media proliferation has, in turn, led to increasing media clutter and fragmentation, reducing the effectiveness of advertisements. As a result, advertisers are using more IBP tools like sales promotions, event sponsorships, and public relations to supplement and enhance the primary advertising effort. Crowdsourcing is the next big trend affecting the industry. The idea behind crowdsourcing is to get consumers more involved with and committed to a brand in a way that passive, intrusive advertising simply cannot. Consumers help “build the brand” with recommendations for features, advertising, or events. They can also communicate about the brand to audiences in ways that seem natural and credible—something corporate launched advertising struggles with. Finally, mobile marketing/mobile media may turn out to be the biggest trend that affects the industry. Technology has resulted in significant opportunities for advertisers to reach consumers with messages directed to consumers’ mobile devices— primarily smartphones, tables like the Apple iPad, e-readers like the Amazon Kindle; however, personal navigation devices (PNDs) can also accommodate messages in the wireless world. Describe the advertising and promotion industry’s size, structure, and participants. Many different types of organizations make up the industry. To truly appreciate what advertising is all about, one must understand who does what and in what order in the creation and delivery of an advertising or IBP campaign. The process begins with an organization that has a message it wishes to communicate to a target audience. This is the advertiser. Next, advertising and promotion agencies are typically hired to launch and manage a campaign, but other external facilitators are often brought in to perform specialized functions, such as assisting in the production of promotional materials or managing databases for efficient direct marketing campaigns. New to the industry in recent years are digital/interactive agencies which specialize in mobile marketing and social media campaigns. External facilitators also include consultants with whom advertisers and their agencies may confer regarding advertising and IBP strategy decisions. All advertising and promotional campaigns must use some type of media to reach target markets. Advertisers and their agencies must therefore also work with companies that have media time or space. Discuss the role played by advertising and promotion agencies, the services provided by these agencies, and how the agencies are compensated. Advertising and promotion agencies come in many varieties and offer diverse services to

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Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

clients with respect to planning, preparing, and executing advertising and integrated brand promotion (IBP) campaigns. These services include market research and marketing planning, the actual creation and production of ad materials, the buying of media time or space for placement of the ads, and traffic management to keep production on schedule. Some advertising agencies appeal to clients by offering a full array of services under one roof; others such as creative boutiques, develop a particular expertise and win clients with their specialized skills. Promotion agencies specialize in one or more of the other forms of promotion beyond advertising. New media agencies are proliferating to serve the Internet and other new media needs of advertisers. Compensation schemes in the industry vary. The four most prevalent ways to compensate an agency for services rendered are commissions, markups, fee systems, and the new pay-for-results programs. Identify key external facilitators who assist in planning and executing advertising and integrated brand promotion campaigns. Marketing and advertising research firms assist advertisers and their agencies in understanding the market environment. Consultants of all sorts from marketing strategy through event planning and retail display are another form of an external facilitator. Perhaps the most widely used facilitators are in the area of production of promotional materials. In advertising, a wide range of outside facilitators is used in the production of both broadcast and print advertising. In promotions, designers and planners are called on to assist in the creation and execution of the promotional mix tools. Software firms fill a new role in the structure of the industry. These firms provide expertise in tracking and analyzing consumer usage of new media technology. Discuss the role played by media organizations in executing effective advertising and integrated brand promotion programs campaigns. Media organizations are the essential link in delivering advertising and IBP communications to target audiences. There are traditional media organizations such as television, radio, newspaper, and magazines. Interactive media options include not just the Internet and wireless access to consumers through smartphones and iPads, but also through broadband video streaming. Media conglomerates such as AT&T, Time Warner, and News Corp. control several different aspects of the communications system, from cable broadcast to Internet communications and emerging high-speed broadband communications technologies.

Chapter Outline This chapter contains some key information about the new era for advertising (and its role in integrated brand promotion, or IBP). While the industry has been characterized by rapid change . part.

Chapter 2/The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

for the last two decades—primarily driven by technological change as introduced in Chapter 1—the current era of change is highly significant. More than ever before, advertising agencies are being challenged by both advertisers and consumer. Advertisers are demanding more effective communications and measurable results. Consumers now have more alternatives for acquiring information—PDAs, smartphones, the Internet (particularly blogs and social media networks), and TiVo devices—and more control over those alternatives. Throughout this chapter and carrying over into Chapter 3, the issue of control will be highlighted. Advertisers’ response and the even greater importance of the brand are considered. I. The Advertising Industry in Constant Transition There have always been power struggles in the advertising and promotion industry. Now, however, it is about how the advertising industry can successfully adapt to the new technologies that consumers are willing and, in many cases, eager to use as they seek more control over their information environment. The solution seems to be that advertisers will continue in the “digital divide.” That is, dividing their total advertising spending more into digital media—Web advertising, social media, and mobile marketing—and continue to move away from traditional mass media like television, newspapers, magazines, and radio. II. Trends Affecting the Advertising and Promotion Industry The following are trends affecting the advertising and promotion industry. PPT 2-4 and 2-5 A. Consumer Control: From Social Media to Blogs to DVRs Consumers are now in greater control of the information they receive about product categories and the brands within those categories. Social media, blogs, and DVRs devices are three prime examples. Advertisers and their agencies are trying to adapt to the concept that consumers are gaining greater control by making more creative ads which will more likely be watched by the consumers. B. Media Proliferation, Consolidation, and “Multiplatform” Media Organizations At another level of the industry, media proliferation and consolidation are taking place simultaneously. Media companies of all types tend to pursue more and more “properties” if they are allowed to legally, thus creating what are now referred to as “multiplatform” media organizations. The ultimate multiplatform may be Walt Disney Co., which owns the ABC broadcasting network and the ESPN cable network group, plus multiple other cable stations.

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Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

C. Media Clutter and Fragmentation Means More IBP There are more ways for the advertiser to reach the consumer than ever before. However, given the backlash against advertising that clutter can cause, advertisers and their agencies are rethinking the way they try to communicate with consumers. There is a greater focus on integrating more tools within the overall promotional effort in an attempt to reach more consumers in more different ways. J&J moved hundreds of millions of dollars away from traditional media to digital media including the Internet and blogs. D. Crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing involves the online distribution of certain tasks to groups (crowds) of experts, enthusiasts, or even consumers. The idea behind crowdsourcing is to get consumers more involved with and committed to a brand in a way that passive, intrusive advertising simply cannot. Consumers help “build the brand” with recommendations for features or even advertising campaign images. They also can communicate about the brand to audiences in ways that seem natural and credible. Refer to Ford and Starbucks as prime examples. E. Mobile Marketing/Mobile Media Technology has resulted in significant opportunity for advertisers to reach consumers with messages directed to consumers’ mobile devices—primarily smartphones and tablets. The challenge will be to make the messages relevant and acceptable to consumers. III. The Scope and Structure of the Advertising Industry PPT 2-6 Spending is approaching $400 billion annually in the United States with worldwide advertising exceeding $600 billion. Another perspective on the scope of advertising and promotion is the amount spent on advertising by individual firms—the $3.05 billion spent by General Motors on advertising was only about 2.6 percent of GM’s sales. Exhibit 2.5 shows the 20 largest investors in the United States in 2011. A. Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry PPT 2-7 The structure of the advertising and promotion industry clarifies who does what, in what order, during the process. Exhibit 2.6 shows the structure of the advertising and promotion industry by showing who the different participants are in the process. It demonstrates that advertisers can employ the services of agencies that may (or may not) contract for specialized services with various external facilitators which results in advertising and

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promotion being directed with the help of various media organizations to one or more target audiences. It is important to note here that advertisers do not always need to employ the services of agencies. Nor do advertisers or agencies always seek the services of external facilitators. Some advertisers deal directly with media organizations and Internet portals for placement of their advertisements or implementation of their promotions. B. Advertisers PPT 2-8 here, 2-9, and 2-10 First in the structure of advertising are the advertisers themselves. Advertisers are business, not-for-profit, and government organizations that use advertising and other promotional techniques to communicate with target markets and to stimulate awareness and demand for their brands. Advertisers are also referred to as clients by their advertising and promotion agency partners. The following categories describe the different types of advertisers and the role advertising plays for them. Manufacturers and Service Firms Large national manufacturers of consumer products and services are the most prominent users of advertising and promotion, spending billions of dollars annually. Procter & Gamble, General Foods, Verizon, and Anheuser-Busch InBev all have national or global markets for their products and services. Students should note here that regional and local producers of household goods and services also rely heavily on advertising. These firms often use ads placed in newspapers and regional editions of magazines. Trade Resellers The term trade reseller is simply a general description for all organizations in the marketing channel of distribution that buy products to resell to customers. As text Exhibit 2.6 shows, resellers can be retailers, wholesalers, or distributors. Retailers that sell in national or global markets are the most visible reseller advertisers and promotion users. Walmart, The Gap, and McDonald’s are examples of national and global retail companies that use various forms of IBP to communicate with customers. Wholesalers and distributors have little need for mass media and use trade publications, directory advertising trade directories, direct mail, personal selling, and their Internet websites as their main advertising media.

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Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

Federal, State, and Local Government Although it may seem odd to students to list the government as an advertiser, government bodies invest millions of dollars in advertising annually. The U.S. government is one of the largest spenders on advertising in the U.S., with expenditures exceeding $1 billion in annually. The most visible government campaigns are U.S. government advertising for the armed forces recruiting and social issues. Social and Not-for-Profit Organizations Advertising by social and not-for-profit organizations at the national, state, and local level is common—Red Cross, the Nature Conservancy, and United Way are examples. This advertising is used to raise awareness of the organizations, seek donations, and attempt to shape behavior. Organizations such as these use both the mass media and direct mail to promote their causes and services. C. The Role of the Advertiser in IBP PPT 2-11 and 2-12 There is an important role played by the advertiser before the services of an agency are enlisted. Advertisers of all sizes and types, have to be prepared for their interaction with an agency in order for the agency to do its job effectively. That is, it is the advertiser’s role to: • Describe the value that the firm’s brand provides to users. • Describe the brand’s position in the market relative to competitive brands. • Describe the firm’s objectives for the brand in the near term and long term (e.g., brand extensions, international market launches). • Identify the target market(s) that are most likely to respond favorable to the brand. • Identify and manage the supply chain/distribution system that will most effectively reach the target markets. • Be committed to using advertising and other promotional tools as part of the organization’s overall marketing strategy to grow the brand. D. Advertising and Promotion Agencies PPT 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, and 16 Advertisers have a full complement of agencies that specialize in various aspects of advertising and promotion. Advertising Agencies

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Advertising agencies provide expertise to help advertisers prepare advertising programs. An advertising agency is an organization of professionals who provide creative and business services to clients related to planning, preparing, and placing advertisements. Exhibit 2.10 shows shows the world’s 10 largest advertising organizations and their worldwide gross income. The top U.S.-based agencies had combined worldwide income of $33.2 billion in 2011. The types of agency professionals who help advertisers in the planning, preparation, and placement of advertising and other promotional activities include the following: Account planners Creative directors Marketing specialists Sales promotion and event planners Account executives Copywriters Media buyers Direct marketing specialists Art directors Radio and television producers Graphic designers Web developers Lead account planners Researchers Chief executive officers (CEOs) Interactive media planners Chief financial officers (CFOs) Artists Chief technology officers (CTOs) Social media experts Chief marketing officers (CMO) Public relations specialists Full-Service Agencies PPT 2-17 and 2-18 A full-service agency includes an array of advertising professionals to meet all the promotional needs of clients. Often, such an agency will also offer a global reach to the client. Creative Boutiques A creative boutique emphasizes creative concept development, copywriting, and artistic services to its clients. An advertiser can employ this alternative for the strict purpose of infusing greater creativity into the message theme or individual advertisement. Creative boutiques are idea factories; however, as firms search for IBP programs and make a commitment to IBP campaigns, the creative boutique may be an extra expense and step that advertisers simply don’t feel they can afford. Digital/Interactive Agencies

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Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

These agencies help advertisers prepare communications for new media such as the Internet, mobile marketing, and interactive television. Digital/interactive agencies focus on ways to use Web-based solutions for direct marketing and target market communications. In-House Agencies An in-house agency is often referred to as the advertising department in a firm and takes responsibility for the planning and preparation of advertising materials. This option has the advantage of greater coordination and control in all phases of the advertising process. Another advantage is that the firm can keep all commissions that an external agency would have earned. Media specialists Media specialists are organizations that specialize in buying media time and space and offer media strategy consulting to advertising agencies and advertisers. The task of strategic coordination of media and promotional efforts has become more complex because of the proliferation of media options and extensive use of promotional tools beyond advertising. Promotion Agencies focus on promotion efforts that full-service advertising agencies do not specialize in. Promotion agencies handle everything from sampling to event promotions. Descriptions of different types of promotional agencies and their services follow. Direct Marketing and Database Agencies (also called direct response agencies) These agencies provide a variety of direct marketing services. Direct marketing agencies and database agencies maintain and manage large databases of mailing lists as one of their services. They design direct marketing campaigns that can use either mail or telemarketing or direct response campaigns using all forms of media. They help advertisers construct and merge databases of target customers. In many cases, these agencies maintain fulfillment centers, which ensure that customers receive the product ordered through direct mail. In addition, many direct marketing agencies can prepare infomercials for clients. Sales Promotion Agencies

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Chapter 2/The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

These specialists design and then operate contests, sweepstakes, special displays, or coupon campaigns for advertisers. These agencies specialize in consumer sales promotions or trade sales promotions. Event-Planning Agencies Event-planning agencies and organizers are experts in finding locations, securing dates, and putting together a team of people to manage an event. The event-planning agency will also often take on the task of advertising the event. Design Firms Designers help a firm create the visual impression of a firm's advertising materials and also create logos and other visual representations for the brand. They also design most of the material used in supportive communications such as banners, package design, coupons, in-store displays, and brochures. Public Relations Firms Public relations firms manage an organization’s relationships with the media, the local community, competitors, industry associations, and government organizations. E. Agency Services PPT 2-19, 2-20 and 2-21 Although not every full-service agency offers every service, the services that can be found in full-service agencies are discussed in the following sections. Exhibit 2.12 details the common structure of a full-service advertising agency that also provides a number of IBP services. Account Services Account services entail identifying the benefits a brand offers, its target audience, and the best competitive positioning, and then developing a complete advertising plan. In some cases, an agency can also provide basic marketing and consumer behavior research. Another primary task in account services is to keep the various agency teams—creative, production, and media—on schedule and within budget. Marketing Research Services

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Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

The research services usually entail agency locating studies that have bearing on a client’s advertising and explaining these studies to the client. Account planner positions have been added in many agencies to coordinate the research effort. Creative and Production Services The creative services group prepare the client’s message that will be delivered through advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, social networks, and mobile marketing. Production services include producers (and sometimes directors) who take creative ideas and turn them advertisements, direct mail pieces, and other IBP materials. Media-Planning and Buying Services Advertising agencies themselves provide media planning and buying services similar to those of the specialized agencies. The central challenge is to determine how a client’s message can most effectively and efficiently reach the target audience. Administrative Services Agencies have personnel departments, accounting and billing departments, and sales staffs that go out and sell the agency to clients. Most important to clients is the traffic department, which has the responsibility of monitoring projects to be sure that deadlines are met. Traffic managers make sure the creative group and media services are coordinated so that deadlines for getting ads into media are met. F. Agency Compensation PPT 2-22 The way agencies get paid is somewhat different from the way other professional organizations are compensated. The four most prevalent agency compensation methods are commissions, markup charges, fee systems, and pay-for-results plans. Commission The commission system is the traditional method of agency compensation and is based on the amount of money the advertiser spends on media. Under this method, 15 percent of the total amount billed by a media organization is retained by the advertising agency as compensation for all costs in creating advertising for the advertiser. The only variation is that the rate typically changes to 16 percent for outdoor media. Exhibit 2.15 provides students with a simple example of how the commission system works. In the last five years, many agencies have challenged this traditional structure and negotiated different

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percentages for commission. Markup Charges Markup charges add a percentage to a variety of services the agency purchases from outside suppliers. In many cases, an agency will turn to outside contractors for art, illustration, photography, printing, research, and production. The agency then, in agreement with the client, adds a markup charge to these services. A typical markup on outside services has been 17.65 percent to 20 percent. Fee System A fee system is much like that used by consultants or attorneys, whereby the advertiser and the agency agree on an hourly rate for different services provided. Pay for Results Many advertisers and agencies alike have been working on compensation programs called pay-for-results or incentive-based compensation that base the agency’s fee on the achievement of agreed-on results. In this type of program, the agency’s fee is based on the achievement of agreed upon results. G. External Facilitators PPT 2-23, 2-24, 2-25, and 2-16 External facilitators are organizations or individuals that provide specialized services to advertisers and agencies. Marketing and Advertising Research Firms Research firms such as Burke and Simmons can perform original research for advertisers using focus groups, surveys, or experiments to assist in understanding the potential market or consumer perceptions of a product or services. Other research firms, such as SRI International, routinely collect data (from grocery store scanners, for example) and have these data available for a fee. There are also firms that specialize in message testing to determine if consumers find advertising messages appealing and understandable Consultants A variety of consultants specialize in areas related to the promotional process. Advertisers

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Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

seek out marketing consultants for assistance in the planning stage regarding market segment behaviors and macro-economic and cultural trends. Creative and communications consultants provide insight on issues related to message strategy and message themes. Media experts help an advertiser determine the proper media mix and efficient media placement. Three new types of consultants have emerged in recent years. One is a database consultant, who works with both advertisers and agencies in developing and managing databases for direct mail campaigns. Production Facilitators External production facilitators offer essential services both during and after the production process. Production is an area where advertisers and their agencies rely most on external facilitators. For broadcast production, directors, production managers, songwriters, camera operators, audio and lighting technicians, and performers are all essential. Production houses can provide the physical facilities, including sets, stages, equipment, and crews, needed for broadcast production. Similarly, in preparing print advertising, graphic artists, photographers, models, directors, and producers may be hired from outside the advertising agency or firm to provide the specialized skills and facilities needed in preparing advertisements. Software firms An interesting and complex new category of facilitator in advertising and promotion is that of software firms These firms offer the kind of expertise that is so esoteric that even the most advanced full-service or digital agency would have to seek their assistance. H. Media Organizations PPT 2-27 and 2-28 Media represent the next level in the industry structure shown in text Exhibit 2.17. The media available for placing advertising, such as broadcast and print media are well known to students simply because they’re exposed to them daily. Exhibit 2.17, however, organizes this information into five specific categories. Broadcast—major television networks like NBC, ABC, as well as national magazines such as Maxim or People, provide advertisers with time and space for their messages at considerable cost. Also included are satellite TV and radio. Print—advertisers can choose between magazines, direct mail, newspapers, specialty such as handbills and programs, and banners.

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Interactive Media—it includes choices ranging from online computer services, homeshopping broadcasts, CD-ROMs to smartphones and e-readers. Support Media—it includes transit companies (bus and taxi boards), billboard organizations, specialized directory companies, and sports and performance arenas for sponsorships, display materials, and premium items. It includes all those places that advertisers want to put their messages other than mainstream traditional or interactive media. Media Conglomerates—note the inclusion in this list of “media conglomerates.” This category is included because organizations like Viacom and Comcast own and operate companies in broadcast, print, and interactive media. I. Target Audiences PPT 2-29 The structure of the advertising and promotion industry and the flow of communication would obviously be incomplete without an audience. The audiences for promotional communications, with the exception of household consumers, are also the advertisers who use advertising and IBP communications. Business and government audiences are key to the success of a large number of firms that sell only to business and government buyers.

ONLINE CONTENT The online dynamic content provides both content and insights into the ethical, global, and social media aspects of Advertising and Integrated Brand Communication. The integrated assessment components will provide students with assurances that they have mastered the assigned readings and provide feedback to faculty that the students have completed the assigned readings and data on student mastery of the content. In addition to the feedback on the correct answers, all of the assessment objects have been enhanced with additional tags that can be aggregated to provide feedback on how individual students have done on a specific learning outcome such as ethics. The online material can be delivered in one of two formats. For instructors who want to provide students with access to the Ad Age on Campus access as well as the online advertisements and student facing self-assessment quizzes, CourseMate will be provided with each new copy of Advertising and Integrated Brand Communication. Alternatively, students can decide to purchase CourseMate on its own which will also come with the MindTap Reader, which is the e-book version of the print product. For faculty that desire to have a variety of more in-depth assignments to integrate into their course and a desire to have more student data that can be used for analytic purposes, MindTap can be purchased with an enhanced capability. Faculty can customize the student experience and integrate the . part.

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

experience for their students into the campus Learning Management System. For a complete guide into the reporting and analytical capabilities available to faculty, consult the Assurance of Learning section of this manual.

Boxed Feature Questions and Tags QUESTION

DIFFICULTY

BUSPROG

DISC

Primary

BLOOM'S

Chapter 02 Social Media 01

Easy

Technology

Promotion

Application

Chapter 02 Social Media 02

Moderate

Technology

Promotion

Application

Chapter 02 Globalization 01

Moderate

Diversity

Promotion

Application

Chapter 02 Globalization 02

Moderate

Diversity

Promotion

Synthesis

Chapter 02 Ethics 01

Moderate

Ethics

Promotion

Application

Chapter 02 Ethics 02

Challenging

Ethics

Promotion

Application

CHAPTER 2-Social Media Facebook and Amazon (at time of article) do not use the industry self-regulatory Ad Choices program—unlike most other media firms. This is another issue on the hot topic of online consumer privacy. http://adage.com/article/digital/amazon-s-facebook-s-ad-privacy-practices-irk-adagencies/238946/

•

2.SocialMedia.Q1

1. If Facebook or Amazon hire an agency that focuses on helping advertisers prepare communications for new media, this type of agency is called a(n): A. Full-service agency B. Interactive agency C. Online agency D. Virtual agency Answer: B

•

2.SocialMedia.Q2

2. One reason online advertising and online consumer behavior is crucial to advertisers is to help them define: A. . part.

Segment Audiences

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Target Audiences

Market Structure

Online IBP Synergy Answer: B

CHAPTER 2-Globalization http://adage.com/article/global-news/myanmar-ripe-marketing-s-frontier/242106/ After two decades of isolating sanctions, the Southeast Asian of Myanmar (formerly called Burma) is largely untouched by brands—but not for long. Despite the opportunity, there are barriers to entry such as the rural landscape, poverty, and political change. •

2.Globalization.Q1

1. The trend affecting the advertising and promotion industry implied by this article is: A. Media proliferation, consolidation, and multiplatform media organizations B. Media clutter and fragmentation C. Consumer control D. Agency consolidation and globalization Answer: D

•

2.Globalization.Q2

2. Considering market opportunity in Myanmar, what may advertisers first understand? A.

The market participants

The ad agencies in Southeast Asia

Consumer behavior and cultural research in the area

The market structure Answer: C

CHAPTER 2-Ethics . part.

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http://adage.com/article/media/prime-minister-u-k-media-ethics-probe/235263/ U.K. Prime Minister David Cameron testified about media ethics. He made an inquiry during a phone-hacking scandal that was linked to his company. •

2.Ethics.Q1

1. When it comes to taking accountability for ethics, whose final responsibility is it? A. Marketing and advertising research firms B. Consultants C. The advertiser/their agency of record D. External facilitators Answer: C

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2.Ethics.Q2

2. Consider in what ways media/advertising and ethics relate. Give an example of something you consider as unethical (but not illegal) that relates to media or advertising. Answer: Advertising and ethics relate because advertising is a lens to society and it can

have the power to influence, set ideas and standards, and persuade. For example, some say that the agency commission system can lead to agencies upselling media buys for a bigger commission, even if the client may not need such an expensive media buy.

Homework Grid Homework Description 1-a. Multiple Choice Katie Couric: Media Organizations 1-b. Matching Types of advertising agencies 2-a. Multiple choice Hormel: Account Services 3-a. Multiple choice Agency executive description Homework is available to faculty to select and integrate into their customized course. THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS OF THE INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL HAS A SELECTION OF CASES THAT CAN BE INCORPORATED INTO YOUR COURSE AS OUT OF CLASS ASSIGNMENTS , OR AS A METHOD FOR INITIATING CLASSROOM DISCUSSION.

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END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS 1.

Briefly describe the major trends affecting the advertising and promotion industry. Which of these do you think is the most important and impactful? Why? The major trends are: • Consumer control • Media proliferation, consolidation, and multiplatform media organizations • Media clutter and fragmentation • Crowdsourcing • Mobile marketing and mobile media Students could argue for any one of these trends as being the most important. While consumer control is the most problematic for marketers, .media clutter is a huge problem too. Crowdsourcing is a big opportunity, but comes with problems of its own. Finally, mobile marketing allows new ways of reaching consumers and will be particularly potent at the point of purchase if consumers do not rebel.

Do you think the increasing independence and control consumers gain through new technologies like TiVo, iPads, and smartphones will make advertising and product branding more or less important? Explain. One might assume that as consumers gain more control over the messages they receive from advertisers, advertising’s role as a means of information and persuasion becomes less relevant. The irony is that the control consumers are starting to exert will make product branding even more important as consumers choose how and where they want to be exposed to persuasive messages. It will be a challenge for advertising agencies to insert themselves and their clients’ brands into this new consumer-controlled environment, but they will find innovative ways to make the connection.

In the structure of the advertising and promotion industry, what role do promotion agencies play? Promotion agencies assist in the development of IBP materials and campaigns other than advertising. Often, full-service advertising agencies concentrate on advertising and offer only a few IBP services. As such, promotion agencies are called in to fill the gap.

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The U.S. government spends millions of dollars each year trying to recruit young men and women into the armed services. What forms of advertising and IBP communications would be best suited to this recruiting effort?

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

The U.S. government is clearly engaged in a persuasive effort. Mass-mediated advertising combined with direct marketing, event sponsorship, and Web-based promotions would likely have a positive impact on the target audience. 5.

Huge advertisers like Procter & Gamble and General Motors spend billions of dollars on advertising every year. Put these billions of dollars into perspective. Is it really that much money? What information from Chapter 1 is relevant to the perspective on how much advertisers spend? First, even though billions of dollars represents huge spending on an absolute basis, the percentage of sales may be only 2.6 percent. Second, Chapter 1 highlights that advertising fulfills many important roles from persuasion, to brand image development, to market segmentation, differentiation, and positioning. Finally, Chapter 1 also highlights that advertising can contribute to economies of scale and inelasticity of demand which can have a positive effect on profits.

What is the advertiser’s role in IBP? The advertiser must be able to do the following prior to enlisting the services of an agency: (1) fully understand and describe the value that the firm’s brand provides to users; (2) fully understand and describe the brand’s position in the market relative to competitive brands; (3) describe the firm’s objectives for the brand in the near term and long term (e.g., brand extensions, international market launches, etc.); (4) identify the target markets that are most likely to respond to the brand; (5) identify and manage the supply chain/distribution system that will most effectively reach the target markets; (6) be committed to using advertising and other promotional tools as part of the organization’s overall marketing strategy to grow the brand. Advertisers that can do these will be prepared for a productive partnership with an agency.

As advertisers become more enamored of the idea of IBP, why would it make sense for an advertising agency to develop a reputation as a full-service provider? The traditional advertising agency’s expertise involves development of ad campaigns that are then placed in mass-media outlets like television, radio, newspapers, and magazines. The rising popularity of Integrated Brand Promotion (IBP) has seen marketers turn to other promotional vehicles like event sponsorship, sales promotions, direct marketing, and advertising on the Internet in an effort to break through the clutter to reach the targeted customer. Importantly, with the various tools that are being used, speaking to the customer with a “common voice” has become both more complicated and essential. Here

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we have the logic for the full-service agency. Speaking with a common voice should be easier if all the relevant expertise can be found “under one roof.” 8.

Explain the viewpoint that a commission-based compensation system may actually give an ad agency an incentive to do the wrong things for its clients. In a commission-based compensation system, the agency is paid a percentage of the media space or time that it places for a client. This system can have two unwanted effects. First, if compensation is dictated by ad placements in traditional mass media, this may discourage the agency from recommending nontraditional (e.g., event sponsorship or product placements) outlets. Second, working under the commission system, the agency would be taking money out of its own pocket if it ever recommended that the client cut its advertising expenditures. In fact, there will be times when cutting one’s advertising budget is the right thing to do. Agencies working on commission have a hard time seeing any virtue in a budget-cutting recommendation.

What makes the production of promotional materials the area where advertisers and their agencies are most likely to call on external facilitators for expertise and assistance? Advertising agencies are paid to develop creative concepts. Often, bringing these concepts to life in finished advertisements or IBP materials demands highly specialized skills. Lighting technicians, camera operators, songwriters, models, and sound mixers are some of the specialists needed in the production of advertising. With IBP materials, coupon production and distribution, event planning and management, or product placement require specialized expertise. No ad agency or client could afford to maintain all this specialized expertise on staff; so external facilitators will be hired to assist with ad production.

10. Give an example of how the skills of a public relations firm might be employed to reinforce the message that a sponsor is trying to communicate through other forms of promotion. New product introduction is likely to be accompanied by some level of advertising support; new product introductions are also an excellent time to engage a public relations firm. A new product should have some features or attributes that are newsworthy. Here is where the tools of public relations—press releases, feature stories, lobbying, spokespersons and company newsletters—may play a critical role in supporting the advertising campaign. If the news media deem the new product launch newsworthy, there can be a tremendous synergy between the messages carried in advertising and the six o’clock news for breaking through to the target audience.

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Chapter 2: The Structure of the Advertising and Promotion Industry: Advertisers, Agencies, Media, and Support Organizations

Experimental Exercises 1.

In response to the Haitian earthquake that brought devastation to over one million people near Port-au-Prince, large corporations stepped up to provide medicines, shelter, food, and other forms of disaster relief. The primary coordinator of the effort was the Business Civic Leadership Center, a not-for-profit agency that partnered with Office Depot to create a National Disaster Help Desk. The sponsorship helped generate nearly $150 million in aid from Teva Pharmaceuticals, GE, and other well-known businesses. Choose a not-for-profit agency that champions a social cause, and research the ways in which it uses advertising and promotion to accomplish humanitarian goals. How do ads by the nonprofit organization differ from those of profit-oriented businesses? How are they similar? Answers will vary based on students’ selections, but not-for-profit organizations use advertising to generate donations, raise awareness of causes, and shape public behavior. Many non-profits use ads to boost individual donations transacted at cause-related websites. In the case of the Business Civic Leadership Center, partnerships with large corporate donors enabled the non-profit agency to achieve its social responsibility goals while allowing leading corporations to associate their brands with international charity efforts.

After two decades of advertising in Super Bowl matchups, PepsiCo opted out of the Big Game in 2010 and redirected funds into a social networking campaign called “Refresh Everything.” The campaign, which harnessed the power of Facebook and blogs to offer financial grants for customer-led community projects, generated hundreds of thousands of Facebook friends and awarded millions to proposal winners. Devise an advertising campaign that uses interactive social media to attract audiences to a popular brand. Create a relevant crowdsourcing activity for the campaign. What award will your campaign offer to consumer participants? What types of agencies and support organizations will be involved in coordinating the campaign? In what ways might social media help your message break through media clutter? Answers will vary based on students’ ideas. However, social campaigns often assign tasks to groups of consumers, enthusiasts, or experts—a technique known as crowdsourcing. The idea is to get consumers interacting with brands in highly engaging situations. These campaigns often ask consumers to build the brand by making recommendations, and by getting friends to join in. Big rewards attract consumers and retain them for months. Social media campaigns may require input from interactive agencies and creative boutiques. Research has shown that the word-of-mouth buzz generated in social contexts

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results in long lasting impressions. Some advertisers view social media as a cure to media clutter, primarily because of its potential for building virtual communities. 3.

This chapter highlights some of the challenges facing advertisers and agencies as consumers have gained greater control of information sources – blocking telemarketing calls, for instance, and carefully guarding the privacy of cell phone numbers and other contact information. Working in the same groups, brainstorm ways that advertisers still could reach out to consumers and invite them to learn more about your brand or product. As your team develops ideas, also explain how you would address these questions: a. What ethical issues might arise in your approach to consumers? How would you navigate privacy concerns? b. Are there any legal risks or potential challenges? c. Are there any legal risks or potential challenges to your approach? This team exercise will not only provide students with a chance to brainstorm ideas for a realistic campaign, but in so doing, they will become keenly aware of the difficult landscape advertisers face in trying to navigate increased consumer sensitivity to privacy issues. Team answers should address the possibility of future do-not-mail legislation, anti-spam regulations, and efforts to keep marketers from contacting consumers through cell phone text messages.

Identify the four primary compensation methods discussed in this chapter and discuss which system would best be able to hold both clients and agencies to ethical and responsible business practices? What risks exist in each method? Apart from the threat of regulatory inquiries or criminal investigations, discuss why it is important for agency billing systems to be fully transparent and accountable? Students should demonstrate an understanding of the four primary methods of agency compensation—commissions, markup charges, fee systems, pay-for-results—as well as a sensitivity to the ethical issues surrounding billing, compensation and client relationships.

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Chapter 3: The History of Advertising and Brand Promotion

CHAPTER 3 The History of Advertising and Brand Promotion KEY TERMS Industrial Revolution principle of limited liability branding dailies consumer culture Pure Food and Drug Act chain of needs Great Depression

subliminal advertising Action for Children’s Television Federal Trade Commission (FTC) National Advertising Review Board interactive media

consumer-generated content (CGC) e-business branded entertainment

Summary PPT 3-2, and 3-3 Tell the story of advertising’s birth. Although some might contend that the practice of advertising began thousands of years ago, it is more meaningful to connect advertising as we know it today with the emergence of modernity and capitalism. In such systems, business organizations must compete for survival in a free market setting. In this setting, it is natural that a firm would embrace a tool that assists it in persuading potential customers to choose its products over those offered by others. Of course, advertising is such a tool. The explosion in production capacity that marked the Industrial Revolution gave demand-stimulation tools added importance. Mass moves of consumers to cities and modern times helped create, along with advertising, consumer culture. Discuss several significant eras in the evolution of advertising in the United States, and relate important changes in advertising practice to more fundamental changes in society and culture. How did successful advertising leverage the social and cultural forces of their day? Before the Industrial Revolution, advertising’s presence in the United States was barely noticeable. With an explosion in economic growth around the turn of the century, modern advertising was born: The “P. T. Barnum era” and the 1920s established advertising as a major force in the U.S. economic system, but was harsh, unregulated, and often unethical. It was carnivalesque. Advertising’s heyday may have been the 1920s. In this period advertising was stylish, and many of the techniques used today were invented. With the Great Depression