Test Bank for Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory, 5th Edition by Brian M.

a. 7004 B.C. b. 6004 B.C. c. 5004 B.C. d. 4004 B.C. 7. On the Origin of Species was written by a. Archbishop James Ussher. b. Charles Darwin. c. Jacques Boucher de Perthes. d. Giovanni Battista Belzoni.

8. He excavated the ancient city mounds of Nineveh and Nimrud. a. Archbishop James Ussher b. Charles Darwin c. Austen Henry Layard d. Giovanni Battista Belzoni 9. He was a businessman-turned-archaeologist who found the city of Troy. a. Archbishop James Ussher b. Charles Darwin c. Austen Henry Layard d. Heinrich Schliemann 10. Excavations of Crete’s Minoan civilization were performed by a. Sir Leonard Woolley. b. Charles Darwin. c. Austen Henry Layard. d. Heinrich Schliemann.

11. What branch of science or social science is the scientific study of ancient human behavior based on the surviving material remains of the past? a. history b. archaeometry c. archaeology d. anthropology

12. What type of archaeology is the dominant activity in North America? a. historical archaeology b. applied archaeology c. paleoarchaeology d. cultural resource management 13. Which subdiscipline of archaeology studies the earliest human beings before written history? a. prehistoric archaeology b. paleoanthropology c. classical archaeology d. Egyptology

14. Which subdiscipline of archaeology studies the culture and artifacts of the earliest humans, including stone technology and art? a. prehistoric archaeology b. paleoanthropology c. classical archaeology d. Egyptology 15. Which subdiscipline of archaeology studies the remains of the great civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome? a. prehistoric archaeology b. paleoanthropology c. classical archaeology d. Egyptology 16. Which subdiscipline of archaeology would require knowledge of hieroglyphics? a. prehistoric archaeology b. paleoanthropology c. classical archaeology d. Egyptology 17. Of all the types of archaeologists, which works on archaeological sites and problems from periods in which written records exist? a. historical archaeologists b. paleoanthropologists c. classical archaeologists

d. Egyptologists 18. Of all the types of archaeologists, which uses technical scuba gear to complete field work? a. commercial archaeologists b. diving archaeologists c. pressurized chamber archaeologists d. underwater archaeologists 19. Many archaeologists study historical buildings, but which type would study Victorian-period factories? a. historical archaeologists b. religious archaeologists c. industrial archaeologists d. zooarchaeologists 20. The Grotte de Chauvet is one of the earliest a. historical sites on earth. b. French sinkholes on record. c. Neanderthal sites in northern Europe. d. painted caves in the world.

21. The popular belief in places like Atlantis, Mu, Tiwanaku, or the continuous search for Noah’s Ark, are all in the realm of a. pseudoarchaeology. b. religious archaeology. c. industrial archaeology. d. zooarchaeology.

22. Archaeological theory aims to explain the past as well as to a. change it. b. change our understanding of it. c. describe it. d. alter it.

23. What do archaeologists and anthropologists find hard to use because of the difficulty in verifying their antiquity? a. oral traditions b. amateur discoveries c. artifacts d. ceramic pottery

24. Copán, Palenque, and Uxmal are all cities of which civilization revealed by Stephens and Catherwood? a. Ur b. Nineveh c. Aztec d. Maya 25. Who wrote On the Origin of Species and caused a complete rethinking of human origins? a. Alfred Wallace b. Charles Darwin c. Bishop Ussher d. Gregor Mendel 26. Which early archaeologist used very precise excavation and recording techniques later copied by more modern archaeologists? a. Heinrich Schliemann b. General Augustus Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers c. Jacques Boucher de Perthes d. John Evans 27. Which two archaeologists discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun? a. Heinrich Schliemann and Alexander Conze b. Alexander Conze and Flinders Petrie c. Leonard Woolley and Arthur Evans d. Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon 28. What process, invented in the 1940s, allowed for fairly accurate dating of organic materials? a. dendrochronology b. radiocarbon dating c. nuclear fission dating d. uranium-thorium dating 29. British journalist Graham Hancock has claimed that a great civilization flourished a. beneath the Pacific Ocean 3,000 years ago. b. in the treetops of the Amazon forest 15,000 years ago. c. under the Sahara Desert 20,000 years ago. d. under Antarctic ice 12,000 years ago.

30. Both Charles Darwin and biologist Stephen Jay Gould hypothesized that a. apes migrated out of Africa and became human. b. Homo sapiens sapiens migrated out of Africa. c. individual differences are not so great among humans. d. humans are no more intelligent than apes.

Essay Questions 31. What is the overall value of studying archaeology? Should it be a required course for graduation? Why or why not?

32. Describe two or three 19th century excavations. What makes them different from modern archaeological excavations?

33. What is pseudoarchaeology? How does the study and practice of archaeology differ from this near-belief system?

34. What is cultural resource management? How does this field relate to academic archaeology? Which field is growing the fastest? Why? 35. Why is archaeology important? What is it that we need to know?

Chapter 2: The Record of the Past

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which best defines the concept of culture history? a. Cultural anthropologists have built up a picture of the past through time. b. The record of the human past described and classified in a context of time and space. c. This process is the secondary stage to any archaeological investigation. d. Culture history represents a stratigraphic survey.

2. Tollund Man was a human sacrifice of the early a. Protestant era. b. Christian era. c. Minoan era. d. Jewish era.

3. What definitive proof did Jesse Figgins have for the habitation of North America as early as 10,000 years ago? a. pottery b. a projectile point c. baskets d. written records 4. Method(s) people use to make their living or to acquire their food is a. an economic system. b. subsistence. c. hunting and gathering. d. a cultural ecological model.

5. Chavín is a maze of subterranean passages and water channels, a shrine where rituals of transformation turned ___________ into animals such as the jaguar, transformations depicted on the temple walls. a. humans b. cat c. dog d. bird

6. Which city in the Valley of Mexico was a trading center for the Mesoamerican world? a. Lima b. Cuzco c. Teotihuacán d. Tuzigoot 7. The correct order for the process of archaeological research: a. discovery, research design, analysis, data collection, publication, interpretation b. discovery, research design, data collection, publication, analysis, interpretation c. research design, discovery, analysis, data collection, publication, interpretation d. discovery, research design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, publication 8. What process requires knowledge of culture history, environment, and lifeway data? a. culture process b. data acquisition c. analysis d. interpretation 9. What is the most important part of any archaeological project, large or small? a. data acquisition b. analysis c. research design d. interpretation 10. Surveying a tool-scatter on a parcel of land or excavating a large-scale archaeological site are both forms of a. data acquisition. b. analysis. c. research design. d. interpretation.

11. What step of the archaeological process pulls together all the data, tests the propositions in the research design, and represents the conclusion? a. data acquisition b. analysis c. research design d. interpretation

12. All members of the family Hominidae are a. Homo sapiens. b. Hominins. c. Australopithecus. d. Neanderthals.

13. The primary means by which we adapt to our natural environment is a. society. b. government. c. culture. d. biology.

14. What are ancient writings featuring pictures or ideographic symbols? a. pictographs b. petroglyphs c. brushscript d. hieroglyphs 15. The system of behavior in which every individual participates is the a. cultural environment. b. cultural process. c. cultural condition. d. cultural system.

16. The remains of an archaeological site and the activities that unfolded there from the surviving material a. tell us a nearly complete story of the past. b. are what we call the archaeological record. c. continue to unfold as the materials are always incomplete. d. challenge us all to think of our own cultures.

17. Humanly and naturally caused changes in an archaeological site are known as a. cultural processes. b. natural processes. c. transformation processes. d. artifactual temporal shifts.

18. The objects manufactured or modified by humans a. are artifacts. b. represent the material culture of all humanity. c. pertain to our creative ability. d. do not in and of themselves prove our humanity.

19. What term relates to food remains, such as animal bones, seeds, and other finds, which throw light on human activities? a. artifacts b. ecofacts c. middens d. tailings 20. Context is a. the two-dimensional measurement of an artifact. b. the three-dimensional location of an artifact. c. the exact position of a find in time and space. d. the cultural model necessary for understanding the usefulness of an artifact.

21. What type of technology did archaeologist Payson Sheets use to locate houses buried underneath the ash at Cerén in El Salvador? a. subsurface radar b. dendrochronology c. excavation d. mortar and pestle 22. Provenance or provenience of an artifact is determined by a. analyzing the artifact in the laboratory. b. creating a random sampling technique designed to possibly find other similar artifacts. c. measuring the exact position of every find and feature three-dimensionally. d. determining the former cultural function of the artifact.

23. What type of context occurs when a group allows the dead to remain unburied until the corpse has decomposed, then buries the bones in a bundle in a communal burial chamber? a. primary context b. secondary context c. tertiary context

d. quaternary context 24. The law of association allows that objects in direct contact a. must be related to each other in time and space. b. may or may not be related to each other in time or space. c. must be related to each other only in the time axis. d. requires an instant analysis to determine spatial-temporal association.

25. The law of superposition comes from what subdiscipline? a. anthropology b. geography c. stratigraphic zoology d. stratigraphic geology 26. The well-preserved body of the Tollund Man was laid to rest a. in a Danish peat bog. b. on the floor of the Amazon Forest. c. in a Bolivian tin mine. d. below many feet of frozen ground in the Italian Alps.

27. What type of preservation condition can preserve everything except flesh, feathers, and skins? a. dry b. waterlogged c. cold d. volcanic ash 28. The thousands of mummies buried in the Puruchucho-Huaquerones cemetery are decomposing because they are located beneath a. a flooding riverbed. b. a melting glacier. c. a shantytown. d. volcanic ash.

29. What type of preservation condition can preserve nearly every element of an archaeological site? a. dry b. waterlogged c. cold d. volcanic ash

30. Herculaneum and Pompeii were both destroyed in A.D. 79. What type of preservation did they undergo? a. dry b. waterlogged c. cold d. volcanic ash

Essay Questions 31. What is culture history? How is it important to our understanding of the past? What were its failings? What do we do now to improve on that process?

32. What is subsistence? What types of subsistence activities might be discovered by archaeologists in dry conditions? What can subsistence activities tell us about the society?

33. Give an example of archaeologists trying to explain cultural change. How can they complete this process?

34. List and explain the steps of the process of archaeological research.

35. What are archaeologists’ ultimate goals? Why are these responsibilities ultimately important to humanity?

Chapter 3: Acquiring the Record Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the languages found on the Behistun inscription? a. Old Persian b. Elamite c. Babylonian cuneiform d. Syrian cuneiform 2. Many projects are carried out under fast-moving a. academic projects. b. CRM projects. c. government projects. d. private projects.

3. Most archaeological sites are a. conspicuous. b. inconspicuous. c. well-preserved. d. protected by the locals from looting.

4. Finding archaeological sites depends on locating telltale signs of a. animal activity. b. quarrying. c. migration. d. human settlement.

5. Which of the following was an accidental discovery? a. Tenochtitlán b. Templo Mayor c. Lascaux Cave d. all of the above 6. Sometimes referred to as “landscapes of memory.” a. industrial landscapes b. cultural landscapes

c. memorial landscapes d. landscape signatures 7. This type of archaeology allows investigators to examine ways in which people exploited their environment. a. physical b. settlement c. excavation d. chronometric 8. In Mayan cities, a doorway to the other world. a. mountains b. trees c. temples d. pyramids 9. Aerial photography, satellite imaging, and ground-penetrating radar are examples of a. publication. b. excavation. c. seriation. d. remote sensing.

10. Identified by the space shuttle Columbia under the Sahara Desert. a. ancient river courses b. Atlantis c. ancient trade routes d. an ancient city

11. Computer-aided systems for the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of spatial data of all kinds. a. remote-sensing b. LANDSAT c. CRM d. GIS 12. Archaeological sites discovered in the course of a construction project are an example of discovery by

a. surface surveying. b. accident. c. landscape signatures. d. intensive surveying.

13. Non-intrusive archaeology refers to archaeology without a. excavation. b. an archaeological record. c. tells. d. landscape signatures.

14. It is NOT a vital ethical responsibility of an archaeologist a. to make a complete record of the excavation. b. to excavate only within the context of a specific research design. c. to respect the feelings of the local people. d. to pursue and punish any unethical behavior.

15. A type of field survey that is systematic, detailed, and covers an entire area is a a. surface survey. b. deliberate survey. c. intensive survey. d. limited-area survey.

16. One of the largest and most complex digs ever undertaken in North America. a. Avebury b. Koster c. Lascaux d. Ur

17. Site destruction is always the end result of this part of the research design. a. water flotation b. CRM c. lithic analysis d. excavation 18. The most important archaeological sites are a. kill sites. b. living sites.

c. ceremonial sites. d. burial sites.

19. The Olsen-Chubbuck site is an example of this kind of site. a. kill site b. living site c. ceremonial site d. burial site 20. A Mesopotamian ziggurat would be found at this kind of site. a. kill site b. living site c. ceremonial site d. burial site 21. Perhaps the most famous type of this kind of site is in Giza, Egypt. a. kill site b. living site c. ceremonial site d. burial site 22. Most examples of this type of excavation are probes of deep archaeological deposits. a. random excavation b. horizontal excavation c. vertical excavation d. soil marks

23. As close to total excavation as archaeology can get. a. random excavation b. horizontal excavation c. vertical excavation d. soil marks 24. The type of chronology which refers to dates in years. a. relative chronology b. chronometric dating

c. relative dating d. actual chronology 25. Establishes chronological relationships between sites and cultures. a. relative chronology b. chronometric dating c. relative dating d. actual chronology 26. The dating technique used on bone, wood, and other organic materials up to 40,000 years old. a. accelerator mass spectrometry b. radiocarbon dating c. potassium-argon dating d. half-life 27. The only means of chronometrically dating the earliest archaeological sites. a. accelerator mass spectrometry b. dendrochronology c. potassium-argon dating d. thermoluminescence dating 28. This chronological method can reach back to 3,000 B.C. a. dendrochronology b. obsidian hydration c. cross-dating d. historical records

29. The Ice Age ended this many years ago. a. 100,000 b. 15,000 c. 200,000 d. 250,000 30. Tree-ring dating is also known as a. dendrochronology b. obsidian hydration

c. cross-dating d. uranium series dating

Essay Questions

31. What is GIS? How can it be applied to the field of archaeology?

32. List at least two forms of remote sensing technology. How are they used in the field of archaeology?

33. What are the 3 probability sampling schemes? How and why are they applied?

34. How is surface surveying done?

35. What is an offsite area? Why are these important to archaeology?

Chapter 4: How Did People Live?

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In a real sense, technology defines a. history. b. prehistory. c. modernity. d. invention.

2. The lump of stone made from the raw materials used by the stoneworker in producing blades. a. flake b. core c. block d. rock 3. Removed in a series, then trimmed and shaped further. a. flake b. core c. block d. rock 4. NOT one of the three artifact types. a. descriptive b. ecclesiastical c. chronological d. functional 5. The type defined by the form of the artifact, also used as time markers. a. attribute b. descriptive c. functional d. chronological

6. The manufacture of stone tools is this type of technology. a. reductive

b. physical c. additive d. environmental 7. These types of artifacts are defined by decoration or form, but are time markers. a. functional b. artistic c. chronological d. decorative 8. These types of artifacts are based on cultural use. a. functional b. artistic c. chronological d. decorative 9. The type of fracture that forms when a blow is struck on homogeneous types of rock. a. conchoidal b. compound c. internal d. spiral 10. Reconstructing the “reduction sequence” is involved in the analysis of this. a. dust b. debitage c. core d. blank 11. Reconstruction of ancient stone tool manufacture by refitting flakes to the core. a. debitage b. refitting c. retooling d. reverse engineering

12. Homo sapiens sapiens used this type of substance to make many specialized tools. a. stone

b. wood c. clay d. antler 13. The first vessels of this type were probably used for domestic purposes. a. spears b. bark trays c. pottery d. skin bags 14. This study of rocks has been used to great success in discovering where stone tools are made. a. debitage analysis b. retrofitting c. experimentation d. petrological analysis 15. Clay vessels that are built up with long wedges of clay and joined together with a mixture of clay and water. a. clay b. ceramics c. coil d. temper 16. Clay vessels that are built up with a lump of clay placed over the top of a convex shape. a. clay b. mold c. coil d. temper

17. The shape of a bowl directly reflects its a. properties. b. form. c. function. d. typology.

18. The earliest pottery was fired over these, covered with fast burning wood ash. a. closed hearth

b. open hearth c. air-tight ovens d. sunlight 19. This specialized expertise requires a background in paleontology or zoology. a. zooarchaeology b. paleoarchaeology c. paleobotany d. paleopathology 20. This background data about animal distributions and ancient and modern flora is essential for studying subsistence. a. environmental data b. biological data c. faunal analysis d. coprolite analysis 21. Archaeologists reconstruct ancient lifeways from a. human bones. b. artifacts. c. environmental data. d. several sources.

22. These animals destroy the backbones and hip bones of an animal they are eating. a. lions b. humans c. hyenas d. chimpanzees 23. Faunal analysis uses direct comparisons with known species for a fairly simple identification of a. bones. b. plants. c. hair. d. tools.

24. The indigenous fauna in tropical Africa has such small variations in skeletal anatomy that these are used for identification.

a. DNA b. horn cores or teeth c. connective tissues d. foot/claw impressions 25. Compared to the later Nelson’s Bay hunters, the flake tools and spears of Klasies River hunters were a. b. c. d.

larger. smaller. decorative. aerodynamic.

26. The ends of limb bones, commonly used to determine the age of an animal at death. a. marrow b. epiphyses c. cartilage d. shaft 27. Scavenging or simple spear hunting is believed to result in this age profile. a. catastrophic b. attritional c. actual d. representational 28. A technique incorporating water or chemicals to free seeds from the earth or the occupation residue that masks them. a. flotation b. extraction c. levitation d. centrifuge 29. Carbon isotope analysis uses the ratio between carbon-12 and carbon-13 in hair to determine the amounts of this type of food eaten. a. fowl b. salt c. protein d. plant 30. Investigators found no traces of this kind of food in Tollund Man’s stomach. a. barley

b. insect c. meat d. grasses

Essay Questions 31. What is reductive or subtractive technology? How do the terms conchoidal fracture, core, and flake relate to each other?

32. Distinguish between chronological types and functional types.

33. What is debitage analysis? How does refitting, or retrofitting, fit into this?

34. What are the 3 major methods of pot making? What are the various finishing techniques for pottery?

35. Describe the types of materials that can be studied to understand subsistence. How are these materials used in these studies?

Chapter 5: Individuals and Interactions Chapter Outline I. An Individual: Ötzi the Ice Man II. Social Ranking Box 5.1: Doing Archaeology: The Law Code of Hammurabi of Babylon, 1760 B.C. Box 5.2: Site: the Sepulcher of the Maya Lord Pacal, Palenque, Mexico III. Gender: Men and Women A. Grinding Grain at Abu Hureyra, Syria B. The Engendered Past IV. Ethnicity and Inequality A. Ideologies of Domination B. Artifacts, Social Inequality, and Resistance Box 5.3: Discovery: War Casualties at Thebes, Egypt V. Trade and Exchange A. Types of Exchange and Trade B. Sourcing Box 5.4: Doing Archaeology: Obsidian Sourcing C. A Unique Portrait of Ancient Trade: The Uluburun Ship

Overview A new generation of archaeological research is turning away from impersonal cultural processes and toward the study of people and small groups. Such research marries modern archaeological data recovery methods with new interpretative approaches that consider the archaeologist as an “active mediator” of the archaeological record of the past.

Discoveries of actual individuals from the past, like the Ice Man discovery in the European Alps, allow us to make detailed studies of the health, diet, and activities of individual people.

Social ranking is difficult to study from archaeological evidence. It can be studied in the archaeological record by using burials and associated grave furniture, as at Ur in Mesopotamia, and by using structures or artifact patterns.

The archaeology of gender is assuming increasing importance as a means of identifying changing male/female roles in the past and of studying individuals in prehistory. This research involves detailed studies of grave furniture, studies of female pathology (which reflect such activities as constant grain grinding), and extrapolations of material data into hypothetical scenarios of changing gender relations.

33 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Archaeologists working with African-American and other sites in North America have studied ethnicity and social inequality. Such research involves identifying distinctive artifacts that reflect African religious beliefs and material signs of silent resistance to the dominant culture.

Trade and exchange were important means of human interaction from the earliest times. Much early trade probably took the form of gift exchanges and the bartering of food and other commodities between neighboring settlements.

Trade is normally recognized in the archaeological record by the discovery of exotic objects far from their places of origin. Prehistoric trade networks are studied by examining the distributions of such objects and the sources of raw materials used to make artifacts. One example is the Uluburun shipwreck off southern Turkey, which revealed the complexity of eastern Mediterranean trading in the fourteenth century B.C.

Topics for Classroom Discussion 1. A discussion of the Ice Man may lead to a further discussion on preservation conditions. This might be a good time to reiterate the value of good preservation in archaeological finds, in that it is much easier to determine material culture from direct evidence than from theoretical approaches such as cultural ecology. Review the many things we have learned about life in Europe in ca. 3250 B.C. It might even be fun to compare health and public health between that period and our own.

2. If you have the biological background, this might be a good time to discuss the uses of DNA [specifically Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLPs) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)] in understanding our past. A discussion of Neanderthal DNA findings along with Homo sapiens sapiens ancestry would be interesting. It might also be of interest to get students thinking as to where these procedures could be used in archaeology (such as checking the relationship between Pharaoh and his wife in Ancient Egypt).

Web Destinations 1. Go to the website titled “Greetings From the Ice Man! Matt Nelson.” It is at http://globalclassroom.org/iceman.html. Even though this is not the ice man presented in this chapter, what adaptations must Mr. Nelson make to survive in such a harsh environment? Could Ötzi the Ice Man have survived with his adaptations? Why or why not?

2. Go to the website titled “Oetzi iceman's tattoos came from fireplace: Finding supports theory that the tattoos were associated with acupuncture.” It is at: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31965532 . What process was used to tattoo Ötzi the Ice Man? What might have been the purpose of the tattoos?

3. Visit the website titled “Ball Courts and Political Centralization in the Casas Grandes Region” at: http://www.nps.gov/cagr/historyculture/the-ancient-sonoran-desert-

34 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

people.htm. Who were the Hohokam? What was the function of the ball court? How was the practice of this sport related to Mexico?

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The bodies of individuals from the past yield information about their a. genealogy. b. climate. c. lives. d. date of death.

2. The information yielded from Ötzi the Ice Man includes his a. personal habits. b. origins. c. mode of nutrition. d. medical condition.

3. How did Ötzi the Ice Man die? a. froze to death b. crushed by boulders c. starved d. attacked by another human 4. The social distinctions between individuals, communities, and other units of society are a. social stratification. b. social ranking. c. social inequality. d. social pattern.

5. Social inequality has been a feature of human life since the appearance of a. farming. b. civilization. c. cities. d. hunting.

6. Social distinctions are discerned from the study of

35 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. settlement patterns. b. agriculture. c. ornaments. d. civilization.

7. The social organization of state-organized societies is what archaeologists refer to as a. social stratification. b. social ranking. c. social inequality. d. social pattern.

8. Societies where groups or classes have unequal access to the means of production are referred to as a. social stratification. b. social ranking. c. social inequality. d. social pattern.

9. The Babylonian King Hammurabi is best known for developing the first written a. alphabet. b. law code. c. topographical map. d. sheet music.

10. Highly centralized societies control every aspect of life, with all wealth and religious power a. concentrated within a small part of the population. b. spread throughout the population. c. concentrated within a few hands. d. spread throughout by social ranking.

11. When the Mayan ruler Pacal died, he was buried beneath a a. mountain. b. pyramid. c. palace. d. river.

12. In affluent societies, the differences between rulers and merchants may be revealed by a. paintings.

36 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. sculptured reliefs. c. public inscriptions. d. grave furniture.

13. In more egalitarian societies, differences in rank and status may be revealed by a. pottery. b. sculptured reliefs. c. position of the grave. d. grave furniture.

14. Cemetery researchers are more concerned with general patterns of a. social organization. b. personal interactions. c. interactions between groups struggling for power. d. interactions between religious groups.

15. Which of the following is a vital part of human social relations and a central issue in the study of ancient human societies? a. sex b. gender c. households d. culture 16. The research by biological anthropologist Theya Molleson of the specific deformities on skeletal remains found at Abu Hureyra, Syria lead to evidence of a. how gender works. b. social relationships. c. division of labor between men and women. d. laborious tasks undertaken by women.

17. Gender research in archaeology is concerned with people as individuals and their contributions to a. interpersonal relationships. b. social activities. c. society. d. state formation.

18. In Aztec civilization, women produced cloth, which served as a primary way of organizing the ebb and flow of goods and services, revealing its importance

37 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. to social status. b. to Aztec economy. c. as currency. d. as an everyday activity.

19. The form of archaeology that relates how people have exercised control over one another is a. archaeology of ideology. b. engendered archaeology. c. social archaeology. d. archaeology of inequality.

20. Almost no one has studied the archaeology of a. social stratification. b. age-sets. c. ethnic minorities. d. gender pattern.

21. A powerful tactic used by elites in order to exercise power over others is a. material objects. b. ideologies of domination. c. economic force. d. public ceremonies.

22. Artifacts offer a unique way of examining the history of many communities that kept no written records, but expressed their diverse feelings and cultures through a. material objects. b. ideology. c. their economy. d. belief systems.

23. Artifacts tell powerful stories about a. well-known rulers. b. climate. c. the lowly and anonymous. d. environment.

24. When people need to acquire goods and services that are not available to them within their own territories, they set up a. political systems.

38 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b. exchange systems. c. gift exchange. d. trade routes.

25. A common medium of trade in societies that is relatively self-supporting and designed to reinforce a social relationship is a. markets. b. exchange systems. c. gift exchange. d. internal exchange.

26. The mutual exchange of goods between two individuals or groups is a. a trade route. b. redistribution. c. gift exchange. d. reciprocity.

27. The distribution of goods or commodities received by an individual through a community or group is a. a trade route. b. redistribution. c. a market. d. reciprocity.

28. Identifying the characteristic properties of the distinctive raw materials used to fashion an artifact refers to a. sourcing. b. character studies. c. petrology. d. isotropic composition.

29. Potentially valuable sources of information on the exchange of exotic materials. a. quarries b. caves c. burials d. hearths 30. Research has revealed that the Aegean Sea obsidian trade in the Mediterranean was a. commercial. b. competitive.

39 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

c. unprofitable. d. none of the above

Essay Questions 31. What picture of the 14th Century B.C. Eastern Mediterranean emerges from the wreckage recovered by Bass and Pulak’s excavation of the Uluburun ship?

32. What is gender? How does it compare to sex? What is gender archaeology? What are its aims?

33. What do we know about early Europe due to the find of Ötzi in the Italian Alps?

34. What are ideologies of domination? Give examples from our own society. What is their source?

35. What is obsidian sourcing? How is it used, in general? How was it used specifically in California?

40 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 6: Studying the Intangible Multiple Choice Questions

1. Homo sapiens are capable of passing on knowledge and ideas through a. ritual. b. language. c. artifacts. d. beliefs.

2. Mitochondrial DNA research traces the roots of modern humans back to tropical Africa about a. 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. b. 90,000 years ago. c. 300,000 years ago. d. 35,000 years ago.

3. Archaeology shows that Homo sapiens sapiens settled in western Asia over a. 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. b. 50,000 years ago. c. 300,000 years ago. d. 35,000 years ago.

4. Archaeology further shows us that Homo sapiens sapiens settled in western Europe about a. 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. b. 90,000 years ago. c. 300,000 years ago. d. 48,000 years ago.

5. Which shows that humans melded the living and spiritual worlds at least 30,000 years ago? a. Maya pottery b. Inca stonework c. Maya pyramids d. Ice Age cave art 6. Ancient religions share a common symbolism for the living and spiritual worlds being joined

a. by primordial waters. b. at an axis mundi. c. at their boundaries. d. by common ancestors.

7. Sacred places are often symbolized in many different forms to resemble a. the sea. b. a cave or mountain. c. dunes. d. trees.

8. The continuum formed between the material and spiritual worlds is represented by a. the “landscape of memory.” b. ancestors. c. shamans. d. mountains.

9. The ability to pass effortlessly between the material and spiritual worlds is accomplished by a. the “landscape of the mind.” b. ancestors. c. shamans. d. ritual.

10. Which functions as an intermediary to the ancestors and the spiritual world? a. the “landscape of the mind” b. sacred places c. shamans d. mountains 11. Ancient religions share the common belief that human life is governed by a. “landscape of memory.” b. ancestors. c. spirit beings. d. cycles of the seasons.

12. An important part of defining a world governed in the above manner is a. the role of ancestors. b. myth and ritual.

c. spirit beings. d. agriculture.

13. Most European rock paintings and engravings depict a. animals and human hands. b. elaborate ceremonies. c. scenes of the hunt. d. scenes of fishing.

14. The rock painting of the Southern African artists depict a. human hands. b. elaborate ceremonies. c. spirit beings. d. scenes of fishing.

15. The visions of the unconscious are transferred to the world of the conscious through a. shamans. b. ritual. c. paintings. d. hallucinogens.

16. All research into the meaning of rock art starts with a. the original. b. paperwork. c. photographs. d. accurate copies.

17. Calcite and living organisms on cave walls will fluoresce when exposed to a. ultraviolet light. b. black and white photography. c. rice paper. d. infrared light.

18. Many cave paintings are vanishing because of a. natural causes. b. excess tourism. c. vandalism. d. all of the above 19. The Anglo-Saxon ruler Raedwald was buried in Sutton Hoo in a

a. pyramid. b. castle. c. ship. d. tree.

20. Egyptian pharaohs were considered to be the living embodiment of the god a. Ra. b. Osiris. c. Khufu. d. Menes.

21. Information on religious beliefs as well as social ranking can be provided by a. paintings. b. artifacts. c. burials. d. all of the above 22. Often more important than an artifact itself is its a. location at the site. b. surroundings. c. intended symbolism. d. context within the site.

23. In many farming societies, the earth is symbolically considered a. the sacred place. b. female. c. the provider. d. a spirit being.

24. In highly centralized societies, the propagation of religious beliefs and ideologies is mostly through a. ritual. b. art and architecture. c. word of mouth. d. chants.

25. The people of any Maya community could identify and verify their a. cosmos. b. neighborhood.

c. leaders. d. ancestors.

26. As societies become more complex, religious authority can become a. mythical. b. standardized. c. sanctified. d. predictable.

27. Maya glyphs tell how axis points could be materialized through a. powerful ritual. b. the sacred place. c. pyramids. d. natural landscapes only.

28. The study of ancient astronomical observances is called a. astrology. b. ritual astroarchaeology. c. astroarchaeology. d. pyramidiots.

29. The towers at Hovenweep, Colorado served as a. observatories. b. ritual sacrifice centers. c. ritual meeting places. d. grist mills for maize.

30. Stonehenge reflects the distinctive idea of a. cyclical seasons. b. the movement of the sun and moon. c. time. d. the cosmos.

Essay Questions

31. What is epigraphy? How was this science applied to Maya glyphs? What were the results of this work?

32. What evidence exists for an Earth Mother? Do you believe it or not? Why or why not?

33. What is archaeoastronomy? How has Stonehenge, England become part of this? Do you think we need to know even more about Stonehenge to make a decision as to its importance as an astronomical computer, or do you think that Gerald Hawkins got it right? Defend your answer.

34. How is it that South African rock paintings have been at least partially interpreted?

35. Where is Chaco Canyon? Who lived there as pueblo people? significance of places like Pueblo Bonito?

What was the

Chapter 7: Explaining the Past Multiple Choice Questions

1. The assumption that there is considerable uniformity within a culture at any time. a. normative view of culture b. inductive reasoning c. general systems theory d. multilinear cultural evolution 2. The development of generalizations about a research problem based on numerous specific observations. a. normative view of culture b. inductive reasoning c. descriptive d. scientific 3. Culture history relies on a. oral traditions. b. accidental discoveries. c. cave paintings and pictographs. d. observations in time and space.

4. Of the following, which is NOT a step in building a culture history? a. identification of a research area b. identification of religious practices c. excavation d. artifact analysis 5. The database from the archaeological record includes all but a. religious beliefs. b. artifacts. c. structures. d. food remains.

6. The objects of primary interest to a culture historian. a. oral traditions b. myths c. artifacts and structures

d. written histories 7. The physically bounded portions of a site that contain a distinct assemblage, which serve to distinguish the culture of the inhabitants of a particular land. a. horizons b. traditions c. phases d. components 8. The accumulation over a long period of time of minor differences in learned behavior. a. cultural selection b. normative view of culture c. inevitable variation d. phase 9. Cultural units represented by separate levels of the same site, always within a welldefined chronological span. a. horizons b. traditions c. phases d. components 10. These are normally defined by natural geographic boundaries and display some cultural homogeneity. a. horizons b. traditions c. regions d. components 11. The North American Southwest is a classic example of a a. horizon. b. region. c. phase. d. culture area.

12. Somewhat akin to the well-known process of natural selection in biological evolution. a. cultural selection b. invention c. diffusion

d. social selection 13. An example of this would be an all-embracing religious cult transcending cultural boundaries and spreading over an enormous area. a. horizons b. traditions c. phases d. culture areas 14. Defines artifacts, assemblages, economic practices, or art styles that last longer than the duration of a horizon. a. span b. tradition c. phase d. cultural component 15. Implies either the modification of an old idea or series of ideas. a. cultural selection b. invention c. diffusion d. ideology 16. Many inventions are not the work of a. solitary geniuses. b. climactic change. c. rising population densities. d. fundamental social change.

17. The process by which new ideas or cultural traits spread from person to person, group to group, or over long distances. a. cultural selection b. invention c. diffusion d. social selection

18. The process of deliberate settlement, when entire populations, large or small, decide to move to a new area. a. cultural selection b. migration

c. diffusion d. social selection 19. Plays a vital role in archaeology by inferring that a relationship exists between the similar types of human activities of the past to those of today. a. analogy b. inductive reasoning c. diffusion d. functionalism 20. An important school of thought in archaeology that argues that cultures are not made up of random selections of cultural traits. a. analogy b. inductive reasoning c. diffusion d. functionalism 21. An anthropologist living in an Australian Aboriginal camp and observing the activities of its occupants would be practicing a. experimental archaeology. b. a descriptive method. c. ethnoarchaeology. d. processual archaeology.

22. Most of this is confined to replicating ancient technologies. a. experimental archaeology b. descriptive method c. ethnoarchaeology d. processual archaeology 23. This method proposes the most adequate explanations for the moment. a. scientific method b. inductive method c. deductive reasoning d. experimental archaeology 24. The study of the processes by which human societies changed in the past. a. general systems theory b. cultural ecology c. postprocessual archaeology

d. processual archaeology 25. Interpretation based on developing specific hypotheses using induction and then testing the hypotheses against data. a. scientific method b. inductive reasoning c. deductive reasoning d. experimental archaeology 26. Discovered in the 1950s, it is a body of theoretical constructs that provide a way to look for “general relationships.” a. general systems theory b. cultural ecology c. postprocessual archaeology d. processual archaeology 27. The view developed by Julian Steward that states that similar human adaptations may be found in widely separated cultures in similar environments. a. general systems theory b. cultural ecology c. postprocessual archaeology d. processual archaeology 28. Archaeologists of this general persuasion argue that we can no longer interpret the past purely in terms of ecological, technological, or other material considerations. a. general systems theory b. cognitive-processual archaeology c. postprocessual archaeology d. processual archaeology 29. The best way to think about this is as a bush with many branches and clusters of twigs expanding from a single trunk. a. multilinear cultural evolution b. cultural ecology c. postprocessual archaeology d. processual archaeology 30. “Archaeology of mind.” a. cognitive archaeology b. cultural ecology

c. postprocessual archaeology d. processual archaeology Essay Questions 31. Brian Fagan tells a story of an excavation in a 1,000 year-old Central African village.

He notes a couple of fairly dramatic cultural changes. Try to explain these cultural changes.

32. Describe the 4 broad steps for constructing culture history and provide a synthesis of a segment of the past in time and space.

33. Define the following terms: component, phase, region, culture area, horizon, and tradition. How are they related?

34. Compare and contrast the concepts of invention and diffusion. How does Elliot Grafton Smith’s portrayal of Egypt fit into this discussion?

35. What is inductive reasoning? What is deductive reasoning? Which do scientists use?

Why?

Chapter 8: Human Origins Multiple Choice Questions 1. The story of humanity begins deep in geological time, during the later part of the Cenozoic era—the age of a. humanity. b. the dinosaurs. c. enlightenment. d. mammals.

2. The Pleistocene epoch a. was a period of extremely hot temperatures. b. from beginning to end, was essentially an ice age. c. was characterized by a very steady climate with practically no temperature variations. d. is sometimes called the Age of Humanity.

3. The Leakeys named the skull they found in 1959 in Olduvai Gorge a. Homo sapiens. b. Homo erectus. c. Zinjanthropus boisei. d. Australopithecus.

4. The first signs of global cooling appeared with the formation of a belt of pack ice around Antarctica some 35 mya during the a. Miocene. b. Oligocene. c. Pleistocene. d. Holocene.

5. During the initial stage of their evolution, apes were apparently restricted to a. b. c. d.

North America.

Europe.

Asia.

Africa.

6. Which of the following is true of human bipedalism? a. The center of gravity is behind the knee joint. b. Bipedalism is configured for endurance rather than power or speed.

c. The knee is not extended when standing. d. Walking is less efficient in human bipedalism.

7. There have been at least 9 glacial periods for northern Europe and North America, with the last one retreating a. 5,000 years ago. b. 10,000 years ago. c. 15,000 years ago. d. 20,000 years ago.

8. Bipedalism is a way of moving best suited for a. power. b. speed. c. endurance. d. none of the above 9. We are members of this order with most other tree-loving placental mammals. a. anthropoids b. primates c. prosimians d. pongids 10. Of the two suborders of primates, apes, humans, and monkeys are a. anthropoids b. primates c. prosimians d. pongids 11. The suborder of primates which includes lemurs and tarsiers. a. anthropoids b. primates c. prosimians d. pongids 12. Although we don’t know when humankind separated from the nonhuman primates, we do know humans and apes diverged from monkeys in a. Asia. b. Australia. c. Europe. d. Africa.

13. This type of locomotion provides an excellent power thrust for jumping into a tree. a. bipedalism b. quadrupedalism c. knuckle walking d. slithering 14. Which of the following is true of the fossil record between 7 and 1 million years ago? a. It is extremely thin. b. Most fossil evidence is in the form of foot and hand bones. c. Most fossils are found in East African caves. d. Not many hominin forms existed during this time.

15. Which of the following is a characteristic of the fossil named Sahelanthropus tchadensis? a. From the back, it looks like a hominin from about 1.75 mya. b. From the front, it appears to be a chimpanzee. c. It has dated to between 8 and 9 million years old. d. The base of the skull suggests it walked upright.

16. Latin for “southern ape.” a. Zinjanthropus b. Homo c. Australopithecus d. Ardipithecus

17. A squat, massively built primate with a crested skull. a. Ardipithecus ramidus b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis c. Australopithecus africanus d. Australopithecus robustus 18. The earliest known hominin, found in Chad, Central Africa, has been named a. Ardipithecus ramidus. b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis. c. Australopithecus africanus. d. Australopithecus robustus.

19. The Awash region of Ethiopia is home to the earliest known east African hominin, a 4.5 million year old Australopithecine named a. Ardipithecus ramidus. b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis. c. Australopithecus africanus. d. Australopithecus robustus.

20. The famous Australopithecine Lucy belongs to the species a. Australopithecus anamensis. b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis. c. Australopithecus afarensis. d. Australopithecus robustus.

21. Dramatic confirmation of hominin bipedalism by 3.6 million years ago comes from Laetoli in Tanzania. At Laetoli, Mary Leakey discovered a. evidence of elephant hunting by early hominins. b. a complete Australopithecus skeleton. c. two almost intact Australopithecus feet. d. footprints of two hominins.

22. This Australopithecine may have been among the first of a doomed line of robust hominins. a. Australopithecus boisei b. Australopithecus aethiopicus c. Australopithecus robustus d. Australopithecus africanus

23. Of the following, which is NOT one of the three robust Australopithecines that lived from 3 million to 1 million years ago? a. Australopithecus boisei b. Australopithecus aethiopicus c. Australopithecus robustus d. Australopithecus africanus 24. The name of this Australopithecine means surprise. a. Australopithecus garhi b. Australopithecus boisei c. Australopithecus robustus d. Australopithecus africanus

25. Louis and Mary Leakey named this hominin “handy person.” a. Homo sapien b. Homo habilis c. Homo rudolfensis d. Homo erectus 26. Three major anatomical changes took place during the 2.5 million years between Australopithecus afarensis and the emergence of Homo erectus some 1.6 million years ago. Which of the following changes is NOT one of the three changes mentioned in the text? a. Brain size increased from about 450 cc in Australopithecus afarensis to 1000 cc in Homo erectus. b. There was an increase in sexual dimorphism. c. There were modifications of the hips for bipedal locomotion. d. There were modifications of the limbs for bipedal locomotion.

27. Hominin evolution can be thought of as a series of radiations that unfolded over at least a. 1.5 million years. b. 2.25 million years. c. 3.75 million years. d. 5 million years.

28. Bed I from Olduvai lies on a volcanic bedrock known as a. tuff. b. silica. c. granite. d. obsidian.

29. Which of the following is NOT one of the three possible uses for Oldowan stone tools? a. butchering and meat cutting b. sawing and scraping wood c. cutting soft plant matter d. digging and manipulating soil 30. By 2 million years ago, there were probably several species of early Homo. For convenience, they can all be grouped under a single species, a. Homo sapiens. b. Homo australopithecus.

c. Homo habilis. d. Homo erectus.

Essay Questions 31. Describe the Pleistocene environment and its environmental changes.

32. What is the importance of bipedalism? When did it develop in our early human ancestors?

33. What is Australopithecus? How does this genus compare to Ardipithecus?

34. How is potassium-argon dating applied to paleoanthropology?

35. What are the four criteria for assigning a fossil to the genus Homo? Which do you think is the most important? Explain.

Chapter 9: African Exodus Multiple Choice Questions 1. The name of Eugene Dubois’ find, which means “ape-human which stood upright.” a. Homo sapiens b. Homo habilis c. Pithecanthropus erectus d. Australopithecus africanus 2. Records of changing sea temperatures after the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary come from a. tree-ring analysis. b. deep-sea cores. c. sensitive geological instrumentation. d. written records.

3. During glacial maxima, ice sheets covered at least this much of earth’s surface. a. 1/3 b. 1/4 c. 1/6 d. 1/8 4. It is thought that the southern fringes of Africa’s Sahara Desert expanded dramatically during periods of a. cold. b. warmth. c. flood. d. drought.

5. The last geological epoch, also known as the Ice Age. a. Miocene b. Pleistocene c. Oligocene d. Pliocene 6. All paleoanthropologists agree that Homo erectus evolved in tropical a. Africa. b. Asia.

c. Europe. d. Egypt.

7. The earliest African form of Homo erectus is sometimes called a. Homo sapiens. b. Homo neandertalensis. c. Homo ergaster. d. Homo habilis.

8. The first human to use fire, fashion more elaborate tools, and leave Africa. a. Homo neandertalensis b. Homo sapiens c. Australopithecus afarensis d. Homo erectus 9. The earliest humans to be unearthed in Eurasia are from Dmansi, Georgia, and date to about a. b. c. d.

4.7 million years ago.

3.7 million years ago.

2.7 million years ago.

1.7 million years ago.

10. Which of the following is characteristic of Homo erectus? a. far more human than Homo habilis b. habitual bipedalist c. probably lost the thick hair covering that is characteristic of nonhuman primates d. all of the above 11. The earliest known wood artifacts dated to 400,000 years ago and were discovered in a coal mine in a. b. c. d.

Africa.

Germany.

Iraq.

Asia.

12. The maker of the Acheulian hand ax had to envision its a. purpose. b. value. c. strength. d. shape.

13. Evidence for Homo erectus butchery and perhaps big-game hunting comes from a. Torralba and Ambrona. b. Swartkrans. c. Olduvai Gorge. d. Terra Amata.

14. Acheulian sites at Ambrona and Torralba in central Spain revealed remains of dismembered a. b. c. d.

elephants. bears. whales. deer.

15. Bamboo is an ideal material for people subsisting on a. elephant. b. hippopotamus. c. small animals. d. large animals.

16. Although they lacked the cognitive flexibility of modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens ultimately evolved from a. b. c. d.

Australopithecus afarensis.

Homo erectus.

Homo neanderthlensis.

Australopithecus garhi.

17. Much of what we know about early Homo sapiens comes from the long term inhabitants of Europe and Eurasia, a. b. c. d.

Homo erectus.

Homo neanderthalensis.

Homo habilis.

Homo sapiens sapiens.

18. From Neanderthal bone, scientists were able to extract a. RNA. b. DNA. c. mitochondrial DNA. d. chromosomes.

19. DNA comparisons between modern humans and Neanderthal sequences differ by a. b. c. d.

55 base pairs.

27 or 28 base pairs.

8 base pairs.

1 base pair.

20. Humans and chimpanzees diverged about a. 4 million to 5 million years ago. b. 550,000 and 690,000 years ago. c. 40,000 years ago. d. 5,000 years ago.

21. Neanderthals had to attack game a. at night. b. during the winter. c. from above. d. at close quarters.

22. A spear made from a point, shaft, and binding is an example of a. b. c. d.

a composite tool. an accidental discovery. a trade link. evolution.

23. Means “wise person.” a. Homo erectus b. Homo neandertalensis c. Homo sapiens d. Homo sapiens sapiens 24. We see the first signs of religious ideology with a. Neanderthals. b. Australopithecines. c. primates. d. hominids.

25. Archaic humans lacked one vital component of the human mind: a. emotion.

b. intelligence. c. a conscience. d. cognitive flexibility.

26. Fluent speech, the full flowering of human creativity expressed in art, religion, and expert tool making are some of the hallmarks of a. b. c. d.

Homo neandertalensis.

Homo ergaster.

Homo sapiens sapiens.

Homo erectus.

27. The Noah’s Ark model, which states Homo sapiens evolved in one place, then spread to other parts of the Old World. a. b. c. d.

multiregional model continuity model out of Africa model single source model

28. The candelabra model that states Homo erectus populations evolved independently throughout the world. a. b. c. d.

multiregional model continuity model out of Africa model single source model

29. mtDNA is inherited only through the a. b. c. d.

paternal line. maternal line. fraternal line. sororal line.

30. Homo habilis could create about three inches of cutting edge from how many pounds of flint? a. 1/2 b. 1 c. 2 d. 5

Essay Questions

31. How do the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary and deep-sea cores correlate?

32. How do we define Homo erectus? Where are fossils of Homo erectus found? What does this mean?

33. What does the Boxgrove, England archaeological site tell us about Homo erectus?

34. What does the archaeological site of Torralba, Spain tell us?

35. What does mitochondrial DNA tell us about the relationship between Neanderthal and ourselves?

Chapter 10: The Great Diaspora Multiple Choice Questions 1. During the late Ice Age, the Sahara was a. a vast grassland. b. wetter than present conditions. c. dry, if not drier than modern times. d. 75% covered with glaciers.

2. The large landmass made up of the present day islands of Sulawesi and Timor was known as a. Sunda. b. Sahul. c. Wallacea. d. Pangea.

3. An Ice Age landmass made up of New Guinea, Australia, and the now flooded shelf between them. a. Sunda b. Sahul c. Wallacea d. Pangea 4. Homo sapiens had appeared in Southeast Asia by at least a. b. c. d.

20,000 years ago.

25,000 years ago.

50,000 years ago.

55,000 years ago.

5. Forty-thousand year-old ground stone axes have been discovered on the Huon Peninsula of a. Africa. b. Australia. c. New Zealand. d. New Guinea.

6. During the height of the last Ice Age glaciation, sea levels were a. 300 ft. lower than today.

b. 300 ft. higher than today. c. 900 ft. lower than today. d. 900 ft. higher than today.

7. The primary method used to date the archaeological record from between about 40,000 years ago and the past 2,000 years. a. dendrochronology b. potassium-argon dating c. radiocarbon dating d. historical documentation 8. Human occupation in what is now Australia is well documented by 35,000 years ago, but may extend a. b. c. d.

15,000 years earlier.

25,000 years earlier.

35,000 years earlier.

45,000 years earlier.

9. The Willandra lakes region contains the earliest human remains found in a. Borneo. b. Java. c. Australia. d. New Guinea.

10. The most southerly region of the Earth settled by Ice Age people. a. Antarctica b. Australia c. Tasmania d. The Palau Islands 11. The first fully modern Europeans are known to physical anthropologists as a. b. c. d.

Homo ergaster.

Homo neandertalensis.

Cro-Magnons.

Homo sapiens.

12. Which is true of Cro-Magnons? a. strongly built b. large-headed c. appearance contrasts dramatically with Neanderthals

d. all of the above 13. The Neanderthals vanished by a. 30,000 years ago. b. 20,000 years ago. c. 10,000 years ago. d. 5,000 years ago.

14. After 30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens finally mastered a. fire. b. winter. c. art. d. language.

15. For most of the year, Cro-Magnons lived a. individually. b. in cities. c. in small groups. d. in large, articulate communities.

16. After about 16,000 years ago, Cro-Magnons began hunting a. b. c. d.

doves, finches, and robins. buffalo and wild cattle. whales and narwhales. salmon, trout, perch, and eels.

17. NOT a fine-grained rock used for blade cores by Cro-Magnon people. a. chert b. granite c. flint d. obsidian 18. The Cro-Magnons’ primary stone tool-making objective was to produce a. b. c. d.

fire. blades. axes. clothing.

19. A delicate chisel for carving fine lines.

a. burin b. foreshaft c. spear thrower d. blade 20. What did the Cro-Magnon artists use for their canvas? a. b. c. d.

ivory tusks wood plates animal skins cave walls

21. NOT a major Cro-Magnon art site. a. Lascaux b. Altamira c. Les Trois Freres d. Monte Verde 22. The Grotte de Chauvet a. contains pictures of animals never before seen in painted caves. b. shows that the artists who painted the images had not yet mastered perspective. c. has been dated to about 80,000 years ago. d. all of the above 23. At Mezhirich on the Dnieper River, dome-shaped houses were made of a. ice blocks. b. mammoth bones. c. large pine timbers. d. frozen ground.

24. Much of the trade around the Mezhirich area may have been a. ceremonial. b. political. c. designed to amass wealth. d. non-luxurious goods.

25. Many biological anthropologists assume that Homo erectus settled in the warmer, southern parts of this area first, then radiated north. a. China b. Siberia c. Mongolia

d. Siam 26. Means “small stone.” a. b. c. d.

megalith microlith artifact ecofact

27. A sinodont hallmark would NOT include a. b. c. d.

incisor shoveling. double-shoveling. triple-shoveling. molar shoveling.

28. Most authorities agree that the first Americans were a. b. c. d.

Homo ergaster.

Cro-Magnon.

Homo neandertalensis. anatomically modern humans.

29. Before 15,000 years ago, access to the mid-continent was blocked by a. b. c. d.

glaciers. ice sheets. volcanoes. icebergs.

30. Clovis people are best known for a. b. c. d.

occasional mammoth and bison hunts on the North American plains. bird trapping in the South American jungles. river damming along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. complicated, geometric artistic styles.

Essay Questions 31. When does it appear that Homo sapiens appeared in Southeast Asia? Why is this significant?

32. How is radiocarbon dating accomplished? What is it specifically useful for in the discipline of archaeology?

33. What were the 4 interrelated foundations of Cro-Magnon technology?

34. How was Cro-Magnon art displayed? What might it have meant to the artists? How do Venus figurines come into this discussion?

35. What is Christy Turner’s theory of human origin in the Americas? How does dentition enter into this discussion?

Chapter 11: The Earliest Farmers Multiple Choice Questions 1. Food production is a phenomenon of a. b. c. d.

the last 100,000 years. the last 12,000 years.

99 percent of our existence. the last millennia.

2. Some 15,000 years ago, when the great ice sheets began to retreat. a. b. c. d.

Holocene late-Pleistocene Miocene Oligocene

3. Forests covered much of Europe only this many years after the retreat of the Scandinavian ice sheet. a. 1,000 b. 3,000 c. 5,000 d. 7,000 4. The big game that formed a staple part of the American diet was extinct by a. b. c. d.

5,000 B.C. 7,000 B.C. 11,000 B.C. 15,000 B.C.

5. NOT one of the general conditions necessary to develop a complex forager society. a. population movements must be limited b. resources have to be abundant and predictable c. reduction of local animal species due to natural climatic changes d. population growth resulting in an imbalance between people and the food supply 6. Some scholars see the ocean as a/n a. Garden of Eden. b. wall between cultures. c. highway system between cultures.

d. unforgiving, barren wasteland.

7. Social complexity was most common where this food source was most abundant. a. b. c. d.

big game freshwater or marine animals nuts and berries yams

8. Some 27 ft (8.2 m) of midden accumulation spans human occupations dating from between about 8000 and __________ B.C. at the Koster site. a. 1000 b. 2000 c. 3000 d. 4000 9. According to the text, who invented agriculture? a. b. c. d.

sub-Saharans Europeans Americans no one

10. The catalyst for all the elaborate cultural developments of later millennia. a. agriculture b. the transition from hunting and gathering to cultivation c. maize d. fishing 11. Chinese villagers harvested rice by a. b. c. d.

2000 B.C. 4000 B.C. 6000 B.C. 8000 B.C.

12. Cereal agriculture came to Africa within the last a. 20,000 years. b. 10,000 years. c. 8,000 years. d. 3,000 years.

13. Permits the dating of individual seeds, root fragments, or maize cobs.

a. b. c. d.

dendrochronology potassium-argon dating flotation accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating

14. This consequence of food production prevented people from reverting back to hunting and gathering. a. environmental degradation b. animal species extinction c. specialization d. population growth 15. Agriculture is a/n a. b. c. d.

seasonal activity. year-round activity. easy activity. natural activity.

16. Enabled people to turn over the soil to a much greater depth than ever before. a. Clovis point b. wattle and daub technology c. hoe d. plow 17. Perhaps the most famous ax quarries are located here. a. western Siberia b. western Europe c. southern China d. northern Siberia 18. A valuable toolmaking material for knives and sickles in southwestern Asia and Mexico. a. flint b. quartz c. obsidian d. iron 19. A particular factor that helped limit population growth. a. disease

b. famine c. water supplies d. available food 20. The spread of food production throughout the world took only about a. b. c. d.

14,000 years.

12,000 years.

10,000 years.

8,000 years.

21. According to one authority, what percent of African soil is moderately fertile enough to support gardens? a. 5% b. 10% c. 40% d. 90% 22. Everyone agrees that the earliest farmers in the world flourished in a. b. c. d.

southeastern Asia. the Americas. southwestern Asia.

Europe.

23. How do we know that forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age in southwestern Asia? a. pollen samples taken from freshwater lakes b. oral traditions c. written records d. excavations of buried forests 24. The definition of rachis. a. the brittle joint attaching wild grain to the stem b. the method of gathering wild grains by ancient southwestern Asians c. the earliest cultivated form of barley d. the trade route across southwestern Asia used for transporting barley 25. Gordon Hillman’s work on plant remains shows that these people exploited nut harvests in nearby pistachio and oak forests. a. Jarmo b. Jericho

c. Netiv Hagdud d. Abu Hureyra 26. A small camp flourished at this bubbling spring by 10,500 B.C., and its walls were collapsed by the blast of trumpets. a. b. c. d.

Jarmo Jericho Netiv Hagdud Abu Hureyra

27. Egypt first became a unified state about 3000 B.C., around the same time as the appearance of a. b. c. d.

horticulture. animal domestication. slash and burn technology. irrigation works.

28. Domesticated animals and grains were probably introduced into southeastern Europe from a. b. c. d.

Asia.

Egypt. northwestern Europe.

Africa.

29. One of the earliest plants to be domesticated in the northern parts of Southeast Asia and southern China was a. b. c. d.

wheat. rice. corn. barley.

30. The largest and the most remote of all Pacific islands. a. Polynesia b. Micronesia c. Tahiti d. New Zealand

Essay Questions 31. Describe the major consequences of food production.

32. What are the important differences between domestic wheat and barley and their wild cousins? Why are these differences important?

33. Describe the beginnings of rice cultivation in Asia. From where did the original plants come? What farming techniques were necessary to grow this original rice?

34. What is the Holocene? What environmental changes occur with it?

35. How was agriculture “invented”? Was this a major insight or just the application of knowledge long known? Explain.

Chapter 12: The First Civilizations Multiple Choice Questions 1. How many state-organized societies do archaeologists believe need to be unearthed? a. none b. 1 c. 2 d. unknown 2. When states form, what happens to kin groups? a. they disappear b. they grow strong c. they become nobility d. their power is reduced 3. The Victorians believed that civilization had originated a. along the Nile. b. in East Africa. c. in Europe. d. in Asia.

4. Coined the phrase “agricultural revolution” and “urban revolution.” a. Mary Leakey b. Vere Gordon Childe c. Edward Tylor d. Brian Fagan 5. Social power means a. wealth. b. immortality. c. egalitarianism. d. ideological power.

6. The text lists a number of features, which are characteristic of pre-industrial civilizations. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic mentioned in the text? a. societies with small, very simple social organizations b. economies based on the centralized accumulation of capital and social status c. advances toward formal record keeping, science, and mathematics d. some form of all-embracing state religion

7. According to the text, a city can be defined by its population. A generally used ruleof-thumb is a lower limit of ________ people for a city. a. 100,000 b. 50,000 c. 10,000 d. 5,000 8. Which of the following distinguishes a city from other settlement types? a. A city is a large and relatively dense settlement. b. There are centralized institutions in a city. c. A city provides services for the villages of the surrounding area. d. all of the above 9. Most scholars now agree that three elements of Vere Gordon Childe's "Urban Revolution" were of great importance in the development of all of the world's early civilizations. Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements? a. large food surpluses b. diversified farming communities c. monotheistic religion d. irrigation agriculture 10. Archaeologists use this shorthand term for urbanized, state-level societies. a. b. c. d.

city civilization centralized institution ruling elite

11. Archaeologists like Kent Flannery see the state as a very complicated a. b. c. d.

“working” system. “living” system. city. economic system.

12. In a state, who provides security for the estate’s dependents? a. the dependents themselves b. the police force c. the landowning class and the estate d. the natural environment

13. Mayan religious ceremonies justified a. social inequality. b. human sacrifice. c. conquest of enemies. d. building of megaliths.

14. From where did Egypt acquire its gold and ivory? a. Anatolia b. Nubia c. Iran d. China 15. Along with factionalism, a powerful catalyst of the emergence of many early states. a. bartering b. emerging competition c. redistribution d. myths 16. Complete collapse of a civilization can occur only under circumstances in which there is a a. natural disaster. b. need to do so. c. power vacuum. d. coup.

17. What depends on the ability to organize more specialized production and the tasks of food storage and distribution? a. b. c. d.

social power economic power political power leadership

18. Most archaeologists agree that urban life and pre-industrial civilization came into existence a. gradually. b. during a period of social and economic stability. c. as a direct result of the introduction of irrigation technology. d. as a consequence of all of the above factors.

19. The early Mesopotamian city of Uruk included satellite villages with their own

a. political system. b. trade routes. c. irrigation. d. religion.

20. Who did NOT form the bulk of Uruk’s population? a. farmers b. sailors c. slaves d. metalworkers 21. The origins of writing in Mesopotamia dates to a time soon after the adoption of a. religion. b. economics. c. food production. d. social stratification.

22. As early as 8000 B.C., Mesopotamian villagers were carrying tokens made of a. clay. b. bronze. c. gold. d. wood.

23. The earliest literature in the world comes from a. Egypt. b. China. c. Africa. d. Sumeria.

24. A new era in human experience begins with the emergence of the Sumerian civilization about a. 6500 B.C. b. 3100 B.C. c. 2500 B.C. d. 2000 B.C. 25. Sumerian civilizations came into being as a result of a combination of social and a. religious factors.

b. economic factors. c. environmental factors. d. warfare factors.

26. The longest living and one of the earliest pre-industrial civilizations. a. Sumeria b. ancient Egypt c. ancient Mexico d. Mayan 27. After 3000 B.C., every city-state came to depend on a “world economic system.”

Why? a. political stability b. social control c. the invention of banking d. survival 28. After 2334 B.C., Sumerian civilizations became part of a larger kingdom based on a. astrology. b. Mesopotamia. c. Cairo. d. Babylon.

29. Which is NOT one of the 3 predynastic kingdoms that dominated the Nile? a. Naqada b. Ur c. Nekhen d. This 30. The death of Rameses III marks the beginning of this period. a. Middle Kingdom b. New Kingdom c. Late period d. Archaic period

Essay Questions 31. Define the elements of a state-organized society.

32. Of the many theories of state origin, which is your favorite? Explain why.

33. What was Ancient Egypt like in 5000 B.C.? How is the development of the Egyptian civilization like the game of Monopoly?

34. Why do civilizations collapse? Can we avoid these problems? Are we?

35. What is the symbolic importance of the Sphinx at Giza?

Chapter 13: Early Asian Civilizations

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The largest of the Harappan cities, built on artificial mounds. a. b. c. d.

Harappa Mohenjodaro Kilibangan Dhoraji

2. NOT one of the three foreign states Mesopotamia obtained goods from. a. Mohenjodaro b. Dilmun c. Magan d. Meluhha 3. Which is NOT a characteristic of the environment of early Harappan civilization? a. low-lying b. hot c. sterile soils d. no metals in the soil 4. The rulers of Harappa and Mohenjodaro lived in this part of the city. a. center b. citadel c. tenements d. presidio 5. The poorest residents of Harappa and Mohenjodaro lived in this part of the city. a. center b. citadel c. tenements d. presidio 6. Many of the Harappan seals depict cattle, which may be a symbol of a. b. c. d.

Shiva.

Indra.

Soma.

Devi.

7. What may have been the fundamental cause of population movement from the cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro into other areas? a. b. c. d.

flooding shifts in trade changes in subsistence farming major geological disturbances near the Saraswati River

8. Rice cultivation on the Ganges Plain was accelerated by a. the use of fertilizer. b. slash and burn agriculture. c. global cooling. d. iron tools.

9. This was the dominant religion in the Ganges during the first millennium. a. Buddhism b. Hinduism c. Brahmanism d. Islam 10. He invaded the northwest in 516 B.C. a. Alexander the Great b. Chandragupta Maurya c. King Darius d. Asoka 11. He ventured to the Indus River and brought Greek culture to the area. a. Alexander the Great b. Chandragupta Maurya c. King Darius d. Asoka 12. His grandfather carved out the Mauryan empire from Nepal into the Deccan. a. Alexander the Great b. Chandragupta c. King Darius d. Asoka 13. Shiva was both a tamer or destroyer of wild beasts, and a god of

a. fertility. b. fire. c. death. d. water.

14. The text lists a few factors for the decline of the Harappans. Which of the following is NOT listed? a. flooding of the Indus River b. shifts in patterns of Mesopotamian trade c. widespread soil saltation d. geological disturbance 15. NOT one of the three legendary dynasties of Chinese rulers. a. Huang b. Xia c. Shang d. Zhou 16. Of these Chinese dynasties, which civilization continued more or less untouched? a. Huang b. Xia c. Shang d. Zhou 17. Rulers of this Chinese dynasty lived in at least seven capitals. a. Huang b. Xia c. Zhou d. Shang 18. The best known early Chinese state is the a. Huang. b. Xia. c. Zhou. d. Shang.

19. The most prestigious metal to the Shang. a. gold b. silver c. bronze

d. platinum 20. Most Shang metal works are a. vessels for food and drink. b. weapons. c. musical instruments. d. chariot fittings.

21. Shang a. society was organized along what might be called military lines. b. kings were mostly pacifists. c. kings were opposed to human sacrifices. d. none of the above 22. The Shang fell at the hands of the neighboring a. Huang. b. Xia. c. Zhou. d. Han. 23. China was unified in 221 B.C. by the emperor a. Zhang. b. Shihuangdi. c. Jayavarman. d. Shiva.

24. This emperor’s burial chamber is said to contain rivers of mercury that flow to the ocean, paintings of the constellations on the ceiling, and scale models of palaces and pavilions. a. Zhang b. Shihuangdi c. Jayavarman d. Shiva 25. King Zheng, “the Tiger of Qin,” a. was the first sovereign emperor of China. b. considered himself unique, so his tomb was to be the largest ever built. c. became ruler of Qin at the age of thirteen. d. all of the above

26. The Chinese called the lower Mekong region Funan, which meant “the port of a thousand a. ships.” b. lakes.” c. rivers.” d. people.”

27. The homeland of Khmer-speaking people. a. lower Mekong b. Funan c. India d. Tonle Sap 28. The Khmer monarch Jayavarman merged the cult of the ancestors with that of a. b. c. d.

Shiva.

Indra.

Soma.

Devi.

29. Angkor Wat a. is the largest religious building in the world. b. is located in Pakistan. c. served as the palace for the king and his family. d. took 100 years to build and was finally destroyed by foreign invaders.

30. Angkor Thom was built by the ruler a. Jayavarman II. b. Shiva. c. Suryavarman II. d. Jayavarman VII. Essay Questions 31. Describe the geographic location of the Harappan civilization. What about this location allowed for the development of civilization?

32. What factors may have led to the collapse of the Harappan civilization?

33. Who was Jayavarman II? What did he do? How did he do it? What lessons can we learn from his behavior?

34. What was the great conclusion from the work conducted by Sir Mortimer Wheeler?

35. Where was the Angkor State? When did it exist? What is its significance?

Chapter 14: Maize, Pueblos, and Mound Builders Multiple Choice Questions 1. For reasons that are not understood, the great megafauna that inhabited the Americas during the Ice Age were extinct by a. 8000 B.C. b. 9000 B.C. c. 10,000 B.C. d. 11,000 B.C. 2. The last area that supported big game hunting in North America was a. the Great Plains. b. the Pacific northwest. c. Mexico. d. the California coast.

3. All projectile points in North America are ultimately derived from the ancient a. Donner point. b. Clovis point. c. Aleutian point. d. Siberian point.

4. NOT one of the vital staple foods of Paleo-Indians, stored for use in the winter. a. walnuts b. hickories c. pecans d. acorns 5. The densest hunter-gatherer populations congregated in river valleys and a. coastlines. b. lakeshores. c. mixed-conifer forests. d. alpine forests.

6. How many bison were unearthed at the Olsen-Chubbuck kill site? a. 90 b. 600 c. 10

d. 190 7. Of the animals killed at the Olsen-Chubbuck site, it is estimated that what percentage were actually butchered? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% 8. As local populations rose at the Koster site, so food supplies became scarcer. The next logical step was a. fishing and collecting marine animals along the coast. b. developing smaller arrow points to hunt large game. c. the deliberate cultivation of native grasses. d. gustatory cannibalism.

9. Found in Utah, it was a favored location for more than 9000 years. a. Olsen-Chubbuck b. Koster c. Hogup cave d. Mesa Verde 10. Which of the following did NOT give rise to more complex hunter-gatherer societies along the Pacific coast? a. abundant and predictable food sources b. increasingly efficient technology c. sedentary settlements d. slash and burn agriculture 11. The most important food crop in the Americas today. a. tomato b. maize c. peanut d. wheat 12. Which of the following animals was tamed by ancient Americans? a. dog b. guinea pig c. turkey d. all of the above

13. Which is NOT one of the three major centers of native plant domestication in the Americas? a. highland and lowland Central America b. the highlands of the Central Andes c. the Southeastern United States d. the Midwestern United States 14. The best archaeological evidence for early maize cultivation comes from a. the Tehuacán Valley in Southern Mexico. b. Machu Picchu in Peru. c. Mesa Verde in Colorado. d. the Ohio Valley.

15. Maize was domesticated in Mesoamerica a. by transforming earlier teosinte into maize. b. at about the time the pyramids of Giza were built in Egypt. c. as the game population declined. d. all of the above 16. By at least 4500 B.C., about how much of the Tehuacáno diet consisted of tropical grasses and other plants? a. 10% b. 40% c. 75% d. 90% 17. Maize was domesticated in Mesoamerica about the same time as a. the Pyramids of Giza were built. b. the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. c. early Homo was migrating out of Africa. d. the Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlán.

18. An important food for highland Andean foragers from the time of the earliest settlements. a. potato b. corn c. wheat d. lentils

19. Early Southwesterners gathered many plants including all but which of the following? a. yucca seeds b. cacti c. potatoes d. sunflower seeds 20. The one that is NOT a great Southwestern ancestral cultural tradition. a. Hohokam b. Mogollan c. Mississippian d. Ancestral Pueblo 21. Each tree ring represents a. one month of growth. b. six months of growth. c. one decade of growth. d. one year of growth.

22. At first, they lived in small pit-house villages; later they congregated in above-ground settlements of adjoining rooms. a. Hohokam b. Mogollan c. Mississippian d. Ancestral Pueblo 23. Subterranean ceremonial room found in the middle of Ancestral Pueblo settlements. a. pit-house b. kiva c. tepee d. log-house

24. Chaco Canyon, used for over two centuries, was the center of a remarkable flowering of which culture? a. Hohokam b. Mogollan c. Mississippian d. Ancestral Pueblo 25. The largest Mesa Verde settlement.

a. Cliff Palace b. Chaco Canyon c. Montezuma Castle d. Tuzigoot 26. The entire San Juan drainage was abandoned by Pueblo peoples by about a. A.D. 1000. b. A.D. 1100. c. A.D. 1200. d. A.D. 1300.

27. Perhaps the best way to describe much Southwestern organization is as a a. theocracy. b. democracy. c. kingdom. d. tribe.

28. They flourished in the Ohio Valley and were among the first to build extensive earthworks. a. Adena culture b. Hohokam c. Mississippian d. Mogollan 29. They added maize as a new and valuable supplement to their diet of game, fish, nuts, and plants. a. Hohokam b. Mogollan c. Mississippian d. Ancestral Pueblo 30. Of the following, which is NOT one of the cultural consequences of food production in North America? a. a long-term trend toward greater political elaboration b. a degree of social ranking c. an elaboration of writing and record keeping d. greater interdependency in a wide range of village farming societies

Essay Questions

31. List and describe at least three methods for reconstructing ancient diets.

32. What is dendrochronology? How is it used? How has it been used in the Southwestern United States?

33. What was the work of Richard MacNeish in Mexico’s Tehuacán Valley? How did he accomplish it?

34. All parts of the Americas were settled by 11,000 B.C. Using a Western Hemisphere map, calculate just how long it would have taken to walk from Alaska to the southern tip of South America. Assume that people can walk, on average, 12 miles per day and take every third day off. You may even want to research ancient sea levels. It could be that some of the migration routes are under water. Are you surprised with your answer?

35. What is the ancestor of maize? How did the domestication of this grass start? What is the evidence for early maize cultivation? Why do humans alter their environment like this? Why not just leave it as it is and use it the way we find it?

36. What replaced the Hopewell tradition after it declined? What staple agricultural product fueled the new culture that replaced Hopewell? What advantage did the growing of beans bring forth to this new culture? Where did Cahokia flourish? What was special about this environment?

Chapter 15: Mesoamerican Civilizations Multiple Choice Questions 1. The roots of which civilization went back at least 1,500 years before Spanish conquest? a. Maya b. Aztec c. Yanomamo d. Inca 2. The inland basin of this area was the center of political and economic life in highland Mesoamerica. a. b. c. d.

the Yucatán Veracruz Valley of Oaxaca Valley of Mexico

3. The Maya lowlands are located at a. b. c. d.

the Yucatán.

Veracruz. the Valley of Oaxaca. the Valley of Mexico.

4. Sedentary villages throughout Mesoamerica were common by a. 5000 B.C. b. 3000 B.C. c. 2000 B.C. d. 1000 B.C. 5. The first signs of political and social complexity occur in many parts of highland and lowland Mesoamerica during the Formative, or a. b. c. d.

Preclassic era.

Classic era.

Postclassic era.

Ancient era.

6. They lived along the Mexican South Gulf Coast from about 1500 to 500 B.C. a. Tolmec

b. Aztec c. Olmec d. Maya 7. Some of the earliest Olmec settlement comes from a platform at a. b. c. d.

Chichén Itzá.

Tula.

San Lorenzo.

Copan.

8. One of the most spectacular Olmec sites, built on an island in the middle of a swamp, featuring long, low mounds surrounding a rectangular plaza; destroyed around 400 B.C. a. Chichén Itzá b. Tula c. La Venta d. Copán 9. Nakbe’s temple facades reflect the emerging notion of ch’ul ahau, or a. ritual cannibalism. b. immortality. c. divine kingship. d. human sacrifice.

10. Nakbe slid into complete political and economic obscurity as this neighbor rose to prominence. a. Copán b. Palenque c. Tula d. El Mirador 11. The central institution of lowland Maya civilization. a. b. c. d.

shamans gods kingship demons

12. The earliest recorded Mayan monarch. a. Great Jaguar Paw b. Yax-Ch’aktel-Xok

c. Yax-Moch-Xoc d. Chan-Bahlum 13. A Mayan city-state in the southern lowlands, its ceremonial precinct covered about 2 square kilometers; its residential area covered 20 square kilometers. a. Calakmul b. Palenque c. Tikal d. Copán 14. The “Hieroglyphic Staircase” is situated in a. Palenque. b. Copán. c. Chichén Itzá. d. Tikal.

15. The Mayan ruler who built the Temple of Inscriptions. a. b. c. d.

Pacal the Great Great Jaguar Paw Lord Water Jaguar-Quetzal

16. Known to archaeologists as the Acropolis. a. b. c. d.

Monte Alban Copán Nakbe Cerros

17. What factors lay at the center of the Mayan collapse? a. b. c. d.

economic political religious ecological

18. The urban core of Copán boasted a population density of a. b. c. d.

500 per sq. km.

750 per sq. km.

2000 per sq. km.

8000 per sq. km.

19. Oaxacan leaders controlled monopolies over a. copper. b. quetzals. c. jade. d. obsidian.

20. Much Olmec pottery contains images of this important motif. a. human-quetzal b. human-butterfly c. human-snake d. human-jaguar 21. This city straddled 3 hills, had at least 15 residential subdivisions, and its population rose to a peak of about 30,000 between 200 and 350 B.C. a. Teotihuacán b. Cuicuilco c. Monte Alban d. Oaxaca 22. This city was competing with Cuicuilco for leadership over the Valley of Mexico until Cuicuilco was completely destroyed by an erupting volcano. a. Teotihuacán b. Copan c. Monte Alban d. Oaxaca 23. Archaeologist Linda Manzanilla located areas of high phosphate readings among Teotihuacán’s barrios, where a. garbage had rotted. b. tortillas were prepared. c. stucco was made. d. jewelry was crafted.

24. Teotihuacán was a unique city, covering at least 21 square kilometers, and a major place of a. trade. b. warfare. c. food production. d. pilgrimage.

25. The Toltec ruler Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl moved the capital to Tollan, or “The Place of a. b. c. d.

Fire.”

Gold.”

Gods.”

Reeds.”

26. According to legend, Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl rose to heaven and turned into a. the sun. b. the moon. c. the Morning Star. d. a comet.

27. This civilization filled the vacuum left by the collapse of the Toltecs. a. Aztec b. Olmec c. Maya d. Inca 28. The greatest leader of the Aztecs; the sixth tlatoani, or “speaker.” a. b. c. d.

Ahuitzotl Itzcoatl Tlacaelel Tezozomoc

29. The Aztec capitol was a. Teotihuacán. b. Tenochtitlán. c. Tehuacán. d. Tula.

30. Hernan Cortés landed in Vera Cruz in 1519, or the Aztec year a. 3 reed. b. 2 reed. c. 1 reed. d. 0 reed.

Essay Questions

31. Describe the environment and society that we call the Olmec. What is it that makes it special in the eyes of archaeologists?

32. What are the factors that led to the collapse of Classic Maya civilization? Explain these as best as you can.

33. Relate the rise of the Aztec Empire. Is this much different than the rise of the Roman Empire?

34. Describe the factors that seem to have led to the downfall of Teotihuacán.

35. What environmental conditions existed at Tenochtitlán, Mexico when the Aztecs began to build their new capital? What changes occurred to the surrounding area as building and population grew?

Chapter 16: Andean Civilizations Multiple Choice Questions 1. Tawantinsuyu, "The Land of the Four Quarters," is a name used for a. the tropical rain forest of Upper Amazonia. b. the desert area where Chinese civilization developed. c. Southern Peru. d. the Inka empire.

2. Over many centuries, two “poles” of Andean civilization developed, the one along the northern coast of what is now , the other in the south-central Andes. a. Chile b. Colombia c. Argentina d. Peru 3. Which is the oldest of the U-shaped ceremonial complexes? a. b. c. d.

Chavín de Huántar El Paraíso Huaca Florida Sechin Alto

4. As Chavín de Huántar rose to prominence in the northern highlands, a separate Early Horizon tradition of complex society, Chiripa, developed a. on the southern shore of Lake Titicaca. b. in the Cuzco Valley. c. in the desert of Northern Peru. d. on the Nazca Plains.

5. What is the "mother culture" for all later Andean civilizations? a. b. c. d.

the U-shaped ceremonial complexes the Chavín art style the Chavín de Huántar ceremonial center the Early Horizon

6. The earliest appearance of a stone-carving tradition at Lake Titicaca is located at a. Chiripa. b. Lima.

c. Pisco. d. Sipan.

7. Pukara a. was a major center northwest of Lake Titicaca. b. was confined to the Northern Titicaca Basin. c. had widespread trade connections with other communities. d. all of the above 8. The Moche lived at the mercy of droughts and a. the Inka emperor. b. the people of Pampa Grande. c. the Tiwanaku and Wari. d. El Niño.

9. The Lord of Sipan belonged to which great Andean civilization? a. b. c. d.

Inka Wari Moche Chimu

10. What is the main source of our knowledge about the Moche state? a. b. c. d.

Moche paintings irrigation systems monuments undisturbed burials

11. What distinguished Andean state-organized societies from states elsewhere in the prehistoric world? a. b. c. d.

art religious beliefs organization cosmology

12. Moche civilization collapsed within a half century of a a. b. c. d.

great earthquake. huge fire. persistent drought. failed coup.

13. This city includes the great enclosure of Kalasasaya, and an anthropomorphic god called Viracocha. a. b. c. d.

Moche Tiwanaku Wari Chavín

14. This culture's art shows some Pukara influence, including motifs that feature anthropomorphic feline, eagle, and serpent beings. a. b. c. d.

15.

Moche Tiwanaku Wari Chavín Chan Chan

a. is a Peruvian folk dance. b. is the name of the desert north of the Nazca Plain. c. was a Chimu center. d. is a deadly poison used by Amazon Indians.

16. Which of the following is true of Sican culture? a. b. c. d.

It filled the vacuum left by the decline of the Moche in the Montaro Basin.

It was remarkable for its magnificent gold work.

It reached its peak between 1100 and 1450. all of the above

17. The lost city of the Inkas. a. b. c. d.

Sipan Machu Picchu Cerro Baul Lima

18. Split inheritance a. b. c. d.

was practiced by Chimu rulers. played a major role in Inka civilization. stated that each ruler inherited no material possessions to finance his reign. all of the above

19. Who conquered the Chimu in the 1460s?

a. the Inka b. the Moche c. Pukara d. the Spanish 20. The Late Horizon of Peruvian archaeology a. dates from A.D. 1476 to 1534. b. is the period of the Inka Empire. c. is the shortest horizon of Peruvian archaeology. d. all of the above 21.

The Inka a. were organized into kin groups called ayllu. b. originally settled in the Upper Moche Valley, from where they spread to the highlands. c. made Machu Picchu their capital. d. all of the above

22. The earliest Inka rulers were probably sinchi, or a. foreigners. b. powerful elders. c. young males, related by marriage. d. petty war leaders.

23. The powerful leader Virarocha Inka during the fifteenth century became a. the living god. b. a slave. c. a sacrifice. d. a quetzal.

24. The only wealth in the highland kingdom. a. gold b. taxable labor c. trade d. looting 25. At the time of the Spanish conquest, the Inka controlled the lives of as many as a. 60 million. b. 6 million. c. 600,000.

d. 60,000.

26. The capital city of the Inka was a. Cuzco. b. Machu Picchu. c. Curaca. d. Quechua.

27. In what year did Pizarro land in Peru? a. b. c. d.

1435 1525 1532 1560

28. The Inka society was divided into how many age divisions for the purpose of census and tax assessment? a. b. c. d.

4 8 12 24

29. The name of the Inka empire. a. Tawantinsuyu b. Tenochtitlán c. Peru d. Chinchorro 30. The earliest complex societies of coastal Peru may have developed as a result of the intensive exploitation of a. precious metals. b. conquered states. c. maritime resources. d. the lima bean.

Essay Questions 31. Why was the Inka Empire known as “Tawantinsuyu”?

32. What is so special about the fishery that exists off of the coast of Peru? How did these resources lead to civilization, according to Michael Moseley?

33. Who were the Chimu? What is split inheritance? Why was this of importance to the Chimu and Inka?

34. What led to the destruction of the Moche state? Is this a natural or artificial cause?

Explain.

35. Julio Tello identified a distinctive art style in stone, ceramics, and precious metals over a wide area of highland Peru. What did he name this style? What was the significance of this style?

Chapter 17: So You Want to Become an Archaeologist Multiple Choice Questions 1. Modern day archaeology is often fascinating and sometimes conducted in remote lands. The discipline is also a. highly technical. b. somewhat technical. c. analytical. d. monotonous.

2. The spectacular discoveries made by archaeologists are a. common occurrences. b. few and far between. c. a unique reward. d. a group effort.

3. NOT one of the personal qualities of archaeologists. a. adaptability b. wealth c. enthusiasm d. a sense of humor 4. Archaeological research today is a. somewhat specialized. b. broad-based. c. highly specialized. d. individualized.

5. An education in archaeology should begin as being a. somewhat specialized. b. broadly-based. c. highly specialized. d. individualized.

6. An education in archaeology should include a thorough and broad education in a. ecological studies. b. biological and cultural anthropology. c. environmental studies.

d. physical sciences.

7. In order to develop a multidisciplinary perspective, an education in archaeology should include as many courses as possible in a. unrelated disciplines. b. archaeology. c. advanced method and theory. d. related disciplines.

8. While an undergraduate, it is important to gain experience in a. advanced methods and theories. b. the field and laboratory. c. related disciplines. d. archaeology.

9. As an undergraduate, the opportunities to go in the field are a. better than ever before. b. good if you know where to look. c. better after you graduate. d. good only if you use personal contacts.

10. Because jobs are rare and the competition intense, it is not a great time to become a. an archaeologist. b. an academic archaeologist. c. employed by the private sector. d. employed by the government.

11. Most archaeology in North America is administered or carried out by a. academic archaeologists. b. self-employed archaeologists. c. government and private sectors. d. teams of academic archaeologists.

12. In the past, almost all archaeologists worked in museums or research facilities as a. academic archaeologists. b. self-employed archaeologists. c. government and private sector employees. d. teams of academic archaeologists.

13. Undergraduate and graduate training is dominated by

a. academic archaeology. b. government and private sectors. c. research archaeology. d. field archaeology.

14. Most academic archaeology in American universities is NOT carried out in a. Europe. b. Mesoamerica. c. the Andes. d. North America.

15. If you want to become an academic archaeologist, beware of becoming a. highly technical. b. over-specialized. c. over-educated. d. broadly-educated.

16. A career in managing and saving the archaeological record is in a. academic archaeology. b. public archaeology. c. museum jobs. d. conservation jobs.

17. All archaeologists are concerned with careful stewardship of the a. conservation of artifacts. b. archaeological sites. c. human past. d. pre-historical past.

18. Entry level archaeologists will find the best opportunities and career potential in a. academic archaeology. b. the private sector. c. larger companies. d. government.

19. Most public archaeology activity operates through a. academic archaeology. b. private sectors. c. larger companies.

d. government.

20. An undergraduate degree in archaeology qualifies you to work a. as a faculty member at a research university. b. in private and government sectors. c. at most larger companies. d. as a gofer at excavations and digs.

21. A Master of Arts degree qualifies you to work a. as a faculty member at a research university. b. in private and government sectors. c. in research only. d. as a gofer at excavations and digs.

22. The Ph.D. is a specialized degree that will qualify you to work a. as a faculty member at a research university. b. in private and government sectors. c. in research only. d. as a gopher at excavations and digs.

23. The destruction of archaeological sites continues through the a. inaction by disinterested citizens. b. demand for antiquities. c. profession of archaeology. d. tourist industry.

24. Modest antiquities fetch high prices in international markets because a. archaeologists seldom sell what they have found. b. supply far exceeds demand. c. demand far exceeds supply. d. artifacts are worth their weight in gold.

25. Part of our ethical responsibilities to the past does NOT include a. reporting new finds. b. recording the location of any collected artifacts. c. respecting the sanctity of all burial sites. d. obeying tribal laws.

26. One of the tasks of a beginning teacher of archaeology is to

a. recruit people to the field. b. create an “in-group” who knows about radiocarbon testing. c. create what the National Science Foundation calls “an informed citizenry.” d. teach all you know about American archaeology.

27. Archaeology depends on informed amateur archaeologists who a. volunteer on excavations. b. volunteer in museums. c. volunteer in laboratories. d. all of the above 28. There is a strong tradition of amateur scholarship in archaeology, especially in a. Europe. b. the U.S. c. Africa. d. Mexico.

29. Archaeology could not function without a. money. b. the government. c. investors. d. volunteers.

30. The quiet philanthropy of volunteers has a. endowed professorships. b. paid for excavations. c. supported students. d. all of the above

Essay Questions 31. What are the future opportunities in academic archaeology? What are the future opportunities in Cultural Resource Management? Why the discrepancy?

32. How might a serious student of archaeology receive field experience or training in archaeology?

33. What are the requirements to enter graduate school in archaeology? What type of study does one do in graduate school?

34. What is the value of taking an introductory course in archaeology, assuming that you are not going to be a professional?

35. What are the basic ethics of archaeology?

Answer Key Chapter 1

Multiple Choice 1.a,6 2.a,6 3.c,6 4.c,6 5.a,8 6.d,9 7.b,9 8.c,8 9.d,9 10.a,10 11.c,11 12.d,12 13.a,14 14.b,14 15.c,14 16.d,14 17.a,14 18.d,14 19.c,14 20.d,19 21.a,20 22.c,23 23.a,26 24.d,29 25.b,8 26.b,10 27.d,10 28.b,10 29.d,20 30.b,22 Chapter 2

Multiple Choice 1.b,31 2.b,45 3.b,32 4.b,33 5.a,34 6.c,33 7.d,37-40 8.a,36 9.c,37 10.a,39 11.d,40 12.b,41 13.c,42 14.d,42 15.d,42 16.b,43 17.c,43 18.a,44 19.b,45 20.c,45 21.a,50 22.c,51 23.b,51 24.a,52 25.d,54 26.a,45 27.b,46 28.c,46 29.c,48 30.d,49 Chapter 3

Multiple Choice 1.d,60 2.b,61 3.b,59 4.d,61 5.d,61 6.b,65 7.b,65 8.c,66 9.d,63 10.a,64 11.d,66 12.b,61 13.a,70 14.d,70 15.b,63 16.b,71 17.d,71 18.b,78 19.a,78 20.c,78 21.d,79 22.c,80 23.b,80 24.b,83 25.a,81 26.b,86 27.c,86 28.d,86 29.b,85 30.a,86 Chapter 4

Multiple Choice 1.b,90 2.b,90 3.a,90 4.b,92 5.d,92 6.a,90 7.c,92 8.a,92 9.a,94 10.b,95 11.b,95 12.d,91 13.b,97 14.d,97 15.c,98 16.b,98 17.c,101 18.b,99 19.a,108 20.a,108 21.d,108 22.c,109 23.a,111 24.b,111 25.a,113 26.b,114 27.b,115 28.a,117 29.d,122 30.c,122 Chapter 5

Multiple Choice 1.c,129 2.d,130 3.a,130 4.b,130 5.a,130 6.a,130 7.a,131 8.a,131 9.b,131 10.c,131 11.b,132 12.d,133 13.c,134 14.a,134 15.b,135 16.c,135 17.c,135 18.b,136 19.d,137 20.c,137 21.b,137 22.a,137 23.c,139 24.b,140 25.c,141 26.d,141 27.b,141 28.a,142 29.a,143 30.d,143 Chapter 6

Multiple Choice 1.b,150 2.a,150 3.b,150 4.d,150 5.d,150 6.b,150 7.b,150 8.a,151 9.c,151 10.c,151 11.d,151 12.b,151 13.a,154 14.b,155 15.c,156 16.d,155 17.a,155 18.d,155 19.c,157 20.a,158 21.d,175 22.d,159 23.b,159 24.b,162 25.a,163 26.c,165 27.a,164 28.c,169 29.a,172 30.c,169

Chapter 7

Multiple Choice 1.a,179 2.c,178 3.d,179 4.b,179 5.a,192 6.c,179 7.d,182 8.c,181 9.c,182 10.c,182 11.d,182 12.a,184 13.a,182 14.b,182 15.b,182 16.a,183 17.c,183 18.b,183 19.a,185 20.d,187 21.c,189 22.a,190 23.a,192 24.d,192 25.c,192 26.a,193 27.b,194 28.c,196 29.a,195 30.a,198 Chapter 8

Multiple Choice 1.d,208 2.d,208 3.c,226 4.b,208 5.d,233 6.b,211 7.c,209 8.c,211 9.b,209 10.a,210 11.c,210 12.d,210 13.c,211 14.a,213 15.d,213 16.c,214 17.d,214 18.b,213 19.a,214 20.c,216 21.d,217 22.d,217 23.d,217 24.a,219 25.b,220 26.b,221 27.d,223 28.a,226 29.d,228 30.c,220 Chapter 9

Multiple Choice 1.c,238 2.b,238 3.a,238 4.a,238 5.b,239 6.a,240 7.c,239 8.d,241 9.d,242 10.d,243 11.b,250 12.d,245 13.a,249 14.a,249 15.c,247 16.b,256 17.b,249 18.c,251 19.b,251 20.a,251 21.d,253 22.a,253 23.d,254 24.a,253 25.d,256 26.c,256 27.c,256 28.a,256 29.b,257 30.b,261 Chapter 10

Multiple Choice 1.c,271 2.c,271 3.b,271 4.c,273 5.d,274 6.a,271 7.c,273 8.a,274 9.c,274 10.b,274 11.c,275 12.d,275 13.a,292 14.b,271 15.c,276 16.d,275 17.b,277 18.b,277 19.a,277 20.d,278 21.d,280 22.a,282 23.b,281 24.a,283 25.a,284 26.b,284 27.d,285 28.d,287 29.b,287 30.a,291 Chapter 11

Multiple Choice 1.b,300 2.b,300 3.d,300 4.c,301 5.c,301 6.a,304 7.b,304 8.b,303 9.d,304 10.b,305 11.c,320 12.d,305 13.d,307 14.d,306 15.a,308 16.d,308 17.b,309 18.c,309 19.b,310 20.d,324 21.c,310 22.c,311 23.a,311 24.a,312 25.d,311 26.b,313 27.d,314 28.a,316 29.b,317 30.d,324 Chapter 12

Multiple Choice 1.a,330 2.d,331 3.a,332 4.b,333 5.d,334 6.a,331 7.d,338 8.d,339 9.c,333 10.b,331 11.b,333 12.c,334 13.a,336 14.b,352 15.b,336 16.c,337 17.b,334 18.a,333 19.c,339 20.d,339 21.c,339 22.a,339 23.d,343 24.b,339 25.c,341 26.b,345 27.d,342 28.d,344 29.b,344 30.c,354

Chapter 13

Multiple Choice 1.b,357 2.a,357 3.c,358 4.b,359 5.c,360 6.a,361 7.d,361 8.d,368 9.c,362 10.c,362 11.a,362 12.d,362 13.a,361 14.c,361 15.a,362 16.c,363 17.d,364 18.d,363 19.c,365 20.a,365 21.a,365 22.c,366 23.b,366 24.b,367 25.d,367 26.c,368 27.d,369 28.a,369 29.a,370 30.d,371 Chapter 14

Multiple Choice 1.d,379 2.a,379 3.b,379 4.a,380 5.b,379 6.d,381 7.c,381 8.c,382 9.c,382 10.d,382 11.b,383 12.d,383 13.d,383-387 14.a,385 15.d,385 16.d,385 17.a,385 18.a,386 19.c,387 20.c,395 21.d,388 22.d,391 23.b,391 24.d,391 25.a,392 26.d,393 27.a,393 28.a,394 29.c,396 30.c,401 Chapter 15

Multiple Choice 1.b,404 2.d,404 3.a,404 4.c,405 5.a,405 6.c,405 7.c,405 8.c,405 9.c,407 10.d,408 11.c,409 12.b,411 13.a,411 14.b,411 15.a,411 16.b,412 17.d,413 18.d,415 19.d,414 20.d,416 21.c,417 22.a,417 23.a,420 24.d,419 25.d,421 26.c,421 27.a,422 28.a,423 29.b,423 30.c,427 Chapter 16

Multiple Choice 1.d,430 2.d,431 3.b,434 4.a,439 5.b,437 6.a,438 7.d,438 8.d,439 9.c,439 10.d,440 11.d,438 12.a,440 13.b,442 14.c,443 15.c,445 16.b,444 17.b,430 18.d,445 19.a,446 20.d,446 21.a,448 22.d,446 23.a,446 24.b,447 25.b,449 26.a,448 27.c,449 28.c,448 29.a,448 30.c,432 Chapter 17

Multiple Choice 1.a,455 2.b,455 3.b,456 4.c,459 5.b,457 6.b,457 7.d,457 8.b,457 9.a,457 10.b,457 11.c,458 12.a,457 13.a,457 14.d,458 15.b,458 16.b,458 17.c,458 18.c,458 19.d,458 20.d,459 21.b,459 22.a,459 23.b,460 24.c,461 25.b,462 26.c,460 27.d,460 28.a,460 29.d,460 30.d,460