Sugarcane Presentation

Sugarcane Cultivation From Seed To Fruit Complete Crop information

Sugarcane Cultivation Process

Some knowledgeable facts about Sugarcane For quite a long time, farmers have cultivated sugarcane to produce sugar. This remarkable crop is of big importance as a cash crop for families and small holders.

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The main purpose of its cultivation today is also sugar production. However, the use of sugarcane is expanding into the products such as ethanol and biofuel, biomass used for electricity, and bioplastics.

While the average yield of sugarcane worldwide is close to 60 t/ha, some countries manage to produce more than 100 t/ha.

Sugar cane was possibly the rst industrial crop and has a long association with slave labour.

It was taken to the New World by Columbus as a potential cash crop and by 1600 sugar production in the subtropical and tropical Americas had become the world's largest and most lucrative industry.

Sugarcane is actually a grass as it belongs to the grass family poaceaean. This grass family also includes economically important seed plants like maize, wheat, rice, and sorgum and many forage crops. Nearly 90% of the weight of the cane is juice, which contains up to 17% sucrose (common sugar) and small amounts of dextrose and fructose. Sugar cane is now grown in over 100 countries, most of which are underdeveloped.

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About Sugarcane Cultivation Right way of Sugarcane farming can reward any farmer with enough fruit to enjoy Farmers need natural resources , such as land, air, nutrients, water and sunlight for heathy crop. Every crop is highly dependent on the climate. Climate affects all components of crop production. The second key component is soil. It is a key element of agriculture. Without it we wouldn’t be able to grow plants, which are used as food for both humans and animals. Like climate or soil Water is also very important for both livestock and for plants. It forms a large part of all plant tissues as well as being an essential component of all animal body cells. In crop agriculture, water is an important climatic factor. It affects or determines plant growth . And the last process is harvesting. It is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the elds. For maximum vase life of sugarcane, harvest sugarcane at their proper stage of development. Harvesting too early or too late signi cantly reduces the vase life of the fruit. With these sources farmers can easily grow a healthy crop.

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

Climate Requirement for sugarcane Cultivation Sugarcane is grown in the world from alatitude 36.7° N and 31.0° S, from sea level to 1000m of altitude or little more. It is considered as essentially a tropical plant.

It is a long duration crop and thus it encounters all the seasons' viz., rainy, winter and summer during its life cycle.

A long, warm growing season with a high incidence of solar radiation and adequate moisture (rainfall) - the plant uses from 148 to 300g of water to produce 1.0g of dry substance. A fairly dry, sunny and cool, but frost free season for ripening and harvesting - moisture percentage drops steadily throughout the life of the sugarcane plant, from 83% in very young cane to 71% in mature cane, meanwhile sucrose grows from less than 10 to more than 45% of the dry weight.

Best time to plant sugarcane in the tropical states is from January to March.

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Soil Requirement for sugarcane Cultivation Sugarcane can be cultivated over a wide variety of soils since it can thrive it best, almost in all the types of soil with suf cient moisture content.

However, a deep and loamy soil, full of all the essential organic matter content is considered as the best for growing sugarcane and optimum production. Although, a soil ranging from black to medium black with good drainage facility is also considered as the most suitable for sugarcane production.For optimum sugarcane production, the ideal soil pH for sugarcane production ranges from 5.5 to 7.5. Loamy and sandy soil on the riversides are also good for sugarcane cultivation.

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

Land Preparation for Sugarcane Cultivation

Subsoiling or chiseling to a depth of 50 to 75 cm to break hard compact sub-pan layer. Ploughing to incorporate previous crop's crop residues and organic manures.

Discing to break clods. Land shaping to provide the required gradient for draining excess water during rainy season. Field layout - Construct ridges & furrows and shape them. Depth of furrows should be 25 cm. The furrow bottom should be loosened to about 10 cm. Provide drainage channels, which are deeper than the furrows along the ďŹ eld borders as well as within the ďŹ eld at regular intervals. Drainage channels are particularly important in the high rainfall areas to drain the excess water during rainy season.

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T i l l a g e o p e ra t i o n s t h ro u g h t ra c to r d raw n implements are most ideal and quick. For initial ploughing use either mould board plough or disc plough. Whenever, soil turning is desired, a mould board plough should be used. On the other hand when the soil is hard, uneven and composed of crop stubbles, a disc plough is preferable. Ploughing at optimum soil moisture content is very essential to achieve tilth. Too wet soil interrupts movement of machinery and causes destruction of soil structure.

The secondary tillage operations are carried out using disc harrows, tyned harrows or rotavator. The rotavator is a very useful multi purpose implement, which cuts the crop residues, shred them and incorporates in the soil in one pass. Use mechanical methods (subsoiling or chiseling or deep ploughing) or biological means (green manuring between last ratoon harvest and start of a new crop) to destroy the compacted layer and to allow roots to develop normally. Subsoiling was also shown to reduce fuel consumption, working time and facilitate optimum plant population

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Irrigation Optimum supply of water according to stage of growth, season and soil type is very essential in sugarcane. Heavy irrigation results in deterioration of soil structure, salt accumulation, water logging condition and wastage of water.

Shortage of water results in stunted growth, pith formation in cane and low yield. The total water requirement varies according to type of crop i.e.

Adsali or pre-seasonal or suru.In general no irrigation is applied during rainy season except long dry spell. In case of heavy soil it may be given at 10 days in summer and 20 days interval in winter. In light to medium soils, the interval is 7 days in summer and 15 days in winter.

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

Pest, Disease and weed Mnagement

Although a large number of weeds, disease and pests attack to sugarcane crops but some of them are very serious and need attention for their control.

Matching with long diversity of conditions under which sugarcane is grown in the India, there is wide spectrum of pests, diseases & weeds which have come to acquire a place of priority for control on regional or inter-regional basis due to the agro-climatic management conditions associated with the area. In addition the susceptibility of the variety to the diseases, pests and weeds aggravates the situation and creates additive problems. Below herein is given a brief account of symptoms of important pests and diseases occurring in several parts of the world.

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Harmful Pest of Sugarcane

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Early Shoot Borer Attacks the crop during the early part of c a n e g row t h , b e fo re i n t e r n o d e formation. It also attacks the cane stalks in the years of scanty rainfall.

Larvae enter the cane laterally through one or more holes in the stalks (shoot) and bores downwards as well as upwards killing the growing point. Thus it cuts of the central leaf spindle, which eventually dries forming a ‘dead heart'. The dead heart can be easily pulled out. It emits an offensive odour.

Borer infestation during the germination phase kills the mother shoots resulting in the drying up of the entire clump. This leads to gaps in the eld.

Internode Borer

Top Borer

Pyrilla

Damages the crop soon after internode formation and its activity continues till hatvest. Lodging, high dosage of nitrogen, waterlogged condition and presence of water shoots favour buildup of pest.Fresh borer attack is mostly found in the top ve immature internodes. Larvae feed and multiply in water shoots. One larvae found in a single cane damages 1-3 internodes.

The length and girth of the infected internodes get reduced. Yield loss and juice quality deterioration occurs when the infestation is severe

Larva rst tunnels into the midrib of the leaves and causes a white streak which later turns reddish brown usually in the second to fth leaf from the top. As a result of biting across the spindle, a number of shot holes are formed in the leaf. As larva nibbles into the central core of the cane a portion of the internal tissue is eaten resulting in dead heart formation. Dead heart when formed is reddish brown, appears charred, and cannot be easily pulled out. Severe yield loss and quality deterioration occurs due to top borer.

Depending upon the incidence level yield loss may be up to 20-30%.

Pyrilla is the most destructive foliagesucking pest of sugarcane. Heavy rainfall followed by 75-80% humidity, intermittent drought periods, high temperature (26-30°c) and wind movement favour rapid buildup of pyrilla. Adults and the nymps suck leaf sap from the under surface of the lower leaves. When the infestation is heavy, leaves turn yellowish white and wither away. The loss in cane yield due to pyrilla have been estimated to be around 28% with about 1.6% unit loss in sugar.

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

Harmful Diseases of Sugarcane

Smut

Wilt

Ratoon Stunting

Grassy Shoot

Primary spread of the disease is through infected setts and the secondary spread is through wind borne teliosporeStunting of infected stools, profuse sprouting of lateral shoots i.e., tillers, reduction in internodal length, formation of thin stalks and narrow erect leaves are c e r t a i n s y m p t o m s o f smut.Characteristic symptom is the production of long whip like structure from the terminal bud of the stalk, which is black in colour covered by thin s i l ve r y m e m b r a n e . T h i s s i l ve r y membrane ruptures releasing millions of reproductive spores of smut fungus, which are present in the form of powdery mass.

Disease spreads through infected setts. The fungi gain entry mainly through injuries. Biotic stresses like nematode, root borer, termite, scales, mealy bugs etc and abiotic stresses like drought , water logging etc predispose the plants for wilt infection Moisture stress coupled with high temperature and low humidity reduces plant resistance to wilt.

Typical wilt symptoms appear during monsoon and post monsoon periods.

Affected plant appears wilted and conspicuously stunted. The crown leaves turn yellow, loose turgor and eventually withers.

Ratoon stunting disease has been considered as the most important cause for sugarcane varietal degeneration. Primary spread of the disease is through infected setts. Also spreads through harvesting implements contaminated with the juice of diseased canes. Expression of disease is more under adverse condition

It is a mycoplasamal disease.

Primary transmission of disease is through disease infected setts.Profuse tillering with narrow chlorotic leaves giving a grass like appearance is characteristic symptom of GSD incidence.Very few tillers of GSD infected plants develop into canes, which are thin and produce white shoots from the side buds.

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Harmful Weeds of Sugarcane

Cyperus rotundus

Chenapodium album

Amaranthus viridis

Commelina bengalensis

Common Nut Sedge is a perennial plant, that may reach a height of up to 40 cm. The names "nut grass" and "nut sedge" (shared with the related species Cyperus esculentus) are derived from its tubers, that somewhat resemble nuts, although botanically they have nothing to do with nuts.

Leaves sprout in ranks of three from the base of the plant. The ower stems have a triangular crosssection. The ower is bisexual and has three stamina and a threestigma carpel. The fruit is a threeangled achene..

Bathua is a fast-growing, upright, weedy annual species of goosefoot, very common in temperate regions, growing almost everywhere in soils rich in nitrogen, especially on wasteland. Its pollen can contribute to hayfever-like allergies. It tends to grow upright at rst, reaching heights of 30-80 cm, but typically becomes recumbent after owering (due to the weight of the foliage and seeds) unless supported by other plants. The opposite leaves can be very varied in appearance.

The rst leaves, near the base of the plant, are toothed and roughly diamond-shaped, 3-7 cm long and 3-6 cm broad. The leaves on the upper part of the owering stems are entire and lanceolate-rhomboid, 1-5 cm long and 0.4-2 cm broad. The leaves are waxy-coated, unwettable and mealy in appearance, with a whitish coat on the underside.

Green Amaranth is an annual herb with stems erect or occasionally ascending, 1080 cm long. Stems are sparingly to densely branched, channeled. Leaves are triangular-ovate to narrowly rhombic, 2-7 cm long, 1.5-5.5 cm wide, hairless, tip usually narrow and with a small narrow notch, stalks 1-10 cm long. Flowers are green, in slender, paniculate spikes, in leaf axils or at the end of branches. Both sexes are mixed throughout the spikes, but female owers are more numerous, bracts and bracteoles whitish, triangular-ovate to broadly lanceshaped, membranous, with a short, pale or reddish awn; sepals are 3, those of staminate owers ovate-oblong, 1.5 mm long, tip pointed, mucronate, those of pistillate owers narrowly spoonshaped to oblong, 1.3-1.8 mm long .

Bengal Day ower is a diffuse herb, rooting at lower nodes, rootstock with selfpollinating owers. Leaves are 3-5 x 2-3.5 cm, ovate or elliptic-ovate, base rounded or almost at, tip blunt or pointed, velvethairy, margin frilly, stalk up to 8 mm long, sheath up to 1.5 cm long, tip with rusty hairs. Spathe is about 1.5 cm across, funnel-shaped, at at apex, velvet-hairy.

Sepals are nearly equal, about 2.5 mm long, outer ones linear, inner ones orbicular. Petals are blue, larger ones about 4 x 4.5 mm, broadly ovate. Stamens are 3, staminodes 2, ovary up to 1mm long.

Capsule is up to 5 mm long, ellipsoid, 3celled. Seeds are 5, pitted. Bengal Day ower is a wide-ranging plant, being native to tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, an area otherwise known as the paleotropics

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

Solution HPM is a highly focused research driven agrochemical company. Every day HPM touches thousand of lives. At HPM, we want make agriculture better for farmers and families. we pledge to do so in a transparent and sustainable way. In future we will domore than treat agricultural problems—we will aim to make a remarkable impact on farmer’s lives.

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24 KARAT 24 Karat is unique combination of Sea weed extracts and GA . Gibberellic Acid acts synergistically with plant metabolism and accelerates the growth functions of the plant. Also improves the physiological efficiency of the crop by stimulating the hormonal and enzymatic activities and increases the yield and quantity of the crop produce. 24 Karat mobilizes reserves in seed to germinating point leading to breaking of seed dormancy and faster germination 24 Karat stimulates cell division and elongation that causes internodes to stretch leading to better growth of the plant. Improves taste and quality of fruits , and enhances their marketability specific to crop. Improves photosynthesis and plant metabolism, Improves leaf area and root system. Regulates GA: ABA ratio leading to less flower and fruit drop. It increases stem length in flowers grown for export.

Dose : 1.2-2 ml in ltr of water

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

AASRA Aasra solution spreads quickly, and provides enhanced spreading of agrochemicals on the leaf surfaces and leads to better spray coverage, which improves the eďŹƒcacy of the agrochemical used. It is when added to spray water tank lowers the tension of spray water on leaf surface, which promotes the better spreading and penetration of Agro product. Aasra is compatible with mostagrochemical formulations and can be used on awide variety of crops. It has improved deposition of the agro product which enhances its coverage and retention on foliage. It ensures the solution doesn't wash o even after immediate rain. Aasra is designed in such a way that it ensures proper wetting of leaf surface, which makes the pesticide or agro product uptake and absorption rapidly by the plant. It ensures the proper penetration of the agrochemical product into the plant by reducing the droplet sizes of the spray. It is suggested to uses Aasra with agrochemicals at0.025%-0.1% dose.

Dose : 5 ml in 15 ltr of water

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HPM GOLD HPM GOLD is unique product containing microbes as Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and has broad spectrum action in granular form. It contains granular spores and other propagules of VAM Mycorrhizal Fungi in a granular carrier and has broad spectrum fertilizer activity. Due to high solubility in water it is absorbed rapidly through plants and roots, resulting maximum supply of compost and micronutrient to the crop. roots growth with excellent root setting, resulting greenness by vanishing yellowing in crop. It helps in greater utilization of nutrients, and provides plant protection from disease causing organism to the root and also makes insect resistant plant. It is completely safe to use HPM Gold. It also combats with the drought and stress loss by the crop. Its mycelial threads penetrate inward into the root, thereby increasing the surface area for absorption and translocation of essential plant nutrients including Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Calcium, Zinc and copper.

Dose : 4 kg / Acre

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

AASHIRWAAD SC

Belongs to phenyl pyrazole group.

Broad- spectrum insecticide toxic by contact and ingestion.

Very eective for insects resistant or tolerant to pyrethroid, cyclodiene, Oraganophosphorus and or carbamate insecticide.

Unique plant Growth enhancement eect is observed.

Dose : 5 ml in 15 ltr of water

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DEVSENA Devsena is broad spectrum systemic insecticide contains the active ingredient Thiamethoxam. Devsena is soil-applied insecticide and having quick action against sucking and chewing pests. It has labeled for use on Ground Nut, Sugarcane, Rice and Cotton. Devsena may direct the application at the base of the plant for optimum root uptake when making post-emergence applications. Devsena improves the plant from primary treatment, it took up by the plant faster which results higher yield and improved crop quality resulting longer-lasting systemic control. For use, measured out the required quantity of the Devsena and mix it well with a small quantity of water and add remaining quantity of water as specified with thorough agitation and apply as soil drenching in Ground Nut, Sugarcane and Cotton. For Rice measured out the required quantity of the product and dissolve in 500 ml of water to make solution for mixing and broadcasting with sand at the rate of 8 kg/acre. It has negligible effect on beneficial insects.

Dose : 64 gm / Acre

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

DON 3G

It is a broad spectrum carbamate insecticide, nematicide and miticide having systemic action.

Don is used against a variety of insect, pests, nematodes and mites damaging various crops.

It is very eective against leaf roller, shoot and stem borer, aphid, jassid, thrips, gall midge.

It is also eective on hoppers in paddy, cotton, sugarcane, maize, millets, brinjal and others vegetables.

Dose : 13.5 kg / acre

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GANNO Ganno is a pre-mix of Fipronil 40% and Imidacloprid 40% (a.i.) as a water dispersible granule in the formulation. It is an unique combination product with dual action against pest. Ganno is suitable to control problems of white grub in Sugarcane. The active ingredient Fipronil is toxic after ingestion with some contact action and acts by interfere the transmission of nerve impulse. Another active of Ganno, Imidacloprid disturbs the signal transmission and leading finally the death of the treated insects. Ganno show elongated persistence with excellent control. Ganno shown definite effect on plant growth, resulting with better yield. Ganno is available in the pack sizes of 40gm, 100gm and 250g.

Dose : 175-200 gm / Acre

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

HI-IMIDA

Unique modern and sure shot insecticide based on Imidacloprid a chlornicotinyl insecticide(CNI). It is a multiple usage insecticide used to control insect pests of cotton, paddy, sugarcane and vegetables. It is used as foliar spray for the control of sucking and other insects in different crops.

Imidacloprid has a broad spectrum of activity, particularly against sucking insects, various species of beetles, some species of flies and leaf miners.

There fields of use are termite and locust control. Its outstanding biological efficacy, especially its excellent root-systemic properties, its broad spectrum of activity, good long lasting effect - combined with low application rates and good plant compatibility, has made the product the first choice of th farmer. It can be applied to plants as a spray or stem paint or as a basal stem spray/drench. It can also be injected into plants or applied as a soil treatment use.The part of active ingredient taken up by the plant is further distributed in an acropetally direction.

Dose : 140 ml / acre

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HITATOX Phorate 10% G an organo phosphate compound with cholinesterase inhibition action. Hitatox is highly eective against a wide array of insects, mites, and some nematodes. It s systemic product majority used o maize, cotton, paddy, sugarcane, potatoes, soybean & wheat. It can be incorporated into the soil by in furrow or drilling application. It gives knockdown and longer duration of pest control. It is readily translocated through roots in the plant system. It also kills insects by contact and fumigant action. It is economical to use as single application provides eective pest control.

Dose : 10-12 kg / Acre

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

VARDAAN

It is selective systemic phenoxy herbicide.

The product is used for the control of annual and perennial broad leaved weeds in a wide range of crops.

Readily absorbed by the roots.

Heera Super is used in narrow leaf crops to control broad leaf weeds.

Dose : 500-600 ml in 200-400 ltr of water

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HEERA SUPER

It is selective systemic phenoxy herbicide.

The product is used for the control of annual and perennial broad leaved weeds in a wide range of crops.

Readily absorbed by the roots.

Heera Super is used in narrow leaf crops to control broad leaf weeds.

Dose : 1000-1300 gm / Acre

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

HEERA 77 It is a selective broad spectrum post emergence herbicides.

It is used to control weeds in a variety of crops.

It is absorbed by the roots and foliage, act as a growth inhibitor.

Dose : 2100 ml / acre

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HEERA 44 Heera-44 is a, safe and wide spectrum weedicide for the control of broad leaved weeds in many crops. It is selective, systemic weedicides of Phenoxyacetic group.

Apart from eectively controlling broad leaf weeds, these also control the Cyperus sp. It is absorbed by the leaves and roots and translocated in to the weed plants.

Ensure suďŹƒcient soil moisture at the time of application.

It should be applied between 30-40 Days of sowing/planting.

Dose : 1412-2116 ml / Acre

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Sugarcane Cultivation Process

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Harvesting Harvesting of sugarcane at a proper time i.e., peak maturity, by adopting right technique is necessary to realize maximum weight of the millable canes (thus sugar) produced with least possible eld losses under the given growing environment. On the other hand harvesting either under-aged or over-aged cane with improper method of harvesting leads to loss in cane yield, sugar recovery, poor juice quality and problems in milling due to extraneous matter.,

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