Turfgrass Seed
The buyers guide to quality amenity turfgrasses
2023
2 Introduction 2 The BSPB Amenity Committee and the Turfgrass Seed Trials 3 Guide to using Turfgrass Seed 2023 4 Assessment of Characters 5 Series S - Sports Uses 10 Series L - Lawns, Landscaping, Summer Sports and Turf Trials 19 Series G - Greens, Close Mown Trials 24 Series M - Miscellaneous Grasses 25 Index 28 UK Agents TurfgrassSeed20231 Contents
The BSPB Amenity Committee and the Turfgrass Seed Trials
Introduction
Thedevelopmentofgrassvarietiesforamenity usesisalong-term,costlyandsophisticated business.Plantbreeding(crossing,selecting andconductingtrials)typicallytakesadecade ormore,beforevarietiesarereadyforrelease intoGovernmentalregistrationandIndustry performancetrials.Subsequentinvestmentin production,stock-holding,manufacturingand marketingisexpensive.Theexploitationand utilisationofthesuperiorvarietiesmadeavailable bythisprocessrequireexpertguidanceand advice.
ThepurposeofTurfgrassSeedistoreport comprehensiveresultsofavailablevarietiesin trialsdesignedtotestsuitabilityfor:
Useinwintersportspitches,suchasfootball andrugbyfields,andmunicipalrecreationareas (SportsUsesTrials).
Useinlawns,summersportspitches,tennis courts,turfandgenerallandscaping(Lawns Landscaping,SummerSportsandTurfTrials).
Useintheintensivemanagementseenongolf andbowlinggreens(Greens,CloseMownTrials).
TurfgrassSeedpresentsthebestavailable interpretationofcorrectlydesigned,accurately analysedandindependentlysupervisedtrialsto ourcollectivecustomer,theprofessionaluserof highqualityamenitygrasscultivars.
TheTurfgrasstrialsareconductedinBingley, WestYorkshire.
The BSPB Amenity Committee
BSPBisthetradeassociation,basedatElyin Cambridgeshire,whichrepresentstheinterests ofcompanieswithplantbreedingandseeds supplybusinessesintheUK.Companiescan participateasFullMembersorAssociatesand theSocietycatersforbusinesseswithlargeor smallturnovers.
ThemajorfunctionsofBSPBinclude:
•ActingonbehalfofplantbreederstoLicence andcollectRoyaltiesfortheproductionofseed ofprotectedvarietiesbythirdparties.
•Representingtheinterestsofitsmembers oppositeGovernmentandtheEuropean Commission.
•Co-ordinatingagreementswithindependent triallingorganisationstofacilitatetheproduction ofrecommendedanddescriptivelistsof varieties.
TheBSPBAmenityCommitteecomprises representativesofallthemajorbreeders developingnewcultivarsforcustomersintheUK. Itsobjectivesincludethelongterm:
•Coordinationandfundingofindependent amenityvarietytrialling.
•ContinuityoftheintegrityofTurfgrassSeedas asourceofimpartialandvalidinformationto buyersandusersofamenitygrassseed.
2TurfgrassSeed2023
Guide to using Turfgrass Seed 2023
Thelistscontainedinthisbookletaredesigned toenableusersofTurfgrassSeedtoevaluate thesuitabilityofdifferentcultivarsforvarious amenityuses.Informationforthemajorturfgrass speciesispresentedintheformofnumerical scores.Ineachcolumn,largernumbersindicate ahigherscorefortherelevantcharacteristic. Forinstance,cultivarswithascoreof8.0forshoot densitywouldbeexpectedtoproducedenserturf thanthosewithascoreof7.0.
Theonlyexceptiontothisgeneralruleisthe ratingforcolour.Onthisscalehighernumbersare darkergreen.Thesecolourscoresaredescriptive, tohelpwithcolourmatchingwhenblending varietiesinmixtures.Theyarenotmeritratings andinthiscaselargernumbersdonotindicatea highermeritscore.
Usersshouldreadthetextregardingtheselection ofgrassesforeachtabletodeterminewhich grassesbestsuittheirparticularneeds.Cultivars ofthemajorturfgrassspecieshavebeenplaced inorderofsuitabilityforparticularuses.The characteristicsthathavebeenusedtodetermine thisrankingorderhavebeenshaded.Wheremore thanonecharacteristichasbeenused,amean hasbeencalculatedandaddedtothetable.When calculated,thismeanhasbeenplacedwithinthe shadedarea,totherightofthecharacteristics usedinitscalculation.
Cultivars at the top of each list may not be the best cultivars for every use. Users should identify which characteristics are most important for their intended use and then select cultivars accordingly.
Thetablesarenumberedaccordingtotheir applicabilitytodifferentenduses,thus:
S Sports
L General lawn and landscaping
G Golf and bowling greens and other close mown situations
Seedofallcultivarsnamedshouldbeavailable intheUKthisyearbutinsmalleramountswhere shownasLA(LimitedAvailability).Thefullnames andaddressesforthemainseedsuppliers representinggrassesinthetablesarepresented onpage28.Forgrasseswherenomainagentis identified,usersshouldcontactBSPBforfurther information.
Thetableshavebeensplitintotwosectionsto giveamaintableandanewcultivartable.The lattersectionisreservedforcultivarsthathave beentestedinonlythemostrecentsetoftrials. Thescoresinthissectionofthetablesshould beregardedwithlesscertaintythanthescores inthemainsectionsofthetables.Pleasenote thatratingsarenotdirectlycomparableamong speciesanduses.
Theinformationpresentedinthecurrent TurfgrassSeedsbookletisfromtrialsconducted attheSTRI.Aswithanytrialoflivingmaterial, theperformanceofthecultivarsmayvaryin commercialmanagement.
TurfgrassSeed20233
Assessment of Characters
VISUAL MERIT
Visualmeritisanoverallmeasureofthesuitability oftheswardforitspotentialuse.Visualmeritisa combinationofswarddensity,leafwidth,disease resistance,colourandotherfactorswhichcould influenceappearancesuchascleannessofcut.
SHOOT DENSITY
Inmostapplicationsofamenitygrassadense swardisrequired,especiallywhenauniformand truesurfaceisneeded,suchasgolfgreens.The numberofshootsperunitareaisassessedtogive ameasureofswarddensityofthesownspecies.
LIVE GROUND COVER
Thelivegroundcoverisregardedasmore importantthanshootdensityinwintersportsturf. Thegroundcoverofthesownspeciesisrecorded monthlyduringtheapplicationofartificialfootball weartodetermineweartolerance.
SLOW RE-GROWTH
Mowingaccountsforthemajorityofthecostof maintainingamenitygrass.Duringthegrowing season(ApriltoOctober)theswardheightis measuredimmediatelypriortoeachcut.
FINENESS OF LEAF
Theleafwidthofdifferentvarietiesofgrasses varies,especiallyforperennialryegrassesand smooth-stalkedmeadow-grass.Fineleaves aredesirableinfineturfandornamentallawns.
ThisassessmentisnotundertakenforChewings fescues,hard&sheep’sfescues,slendercreeping redfescuesorstrongcreepingredfescueswhere thereislittledifferenceamongthesefine-leaved grasses.
CLEANNESS OF CUTTING
Trialsaremonitoredfordifferencesincleanness ofcuttingamongcultivars.Ifdifferencesareseen eachvarietywillbescoredforcleannessofcutting.
DISEASE RESISTANCE
Atatimewhentheusageofpesticidesandthe productsavailableforuseonamenitygrassesare declining,diseaseresistanceisofeverincreasing importance.Alltrialsaremonitoredfordisease andscoredwhensignificantdiseaseinfections occur.
COLOUR
Cultivarsareassessedforgeneticcolourinboth summerandwinter.Thisisarelativeassessment withscoresindicatinghowlightordarkagrass iscomparedtotheothervarietiesintrial.Lower numbersindicatealightercolouredgrass,highernumbersadarkercolouredgrass.Itshouldbe notedthatcolourwillvarydependingonweather conditions,management,andfertiliseruse.
RECOVERY
Thewintersportsturftrialisscoredfortwo monthsfollowingtheapplicationofartificialfootballweartogiveanindicationofindividualvarietiesabilitytorecoverfromwear.Higherscoring varietiesarelesslikelytoneedintensiverenovationintheclosedseason.
4TurfgrassSeed2023
Series S
Sports Uses (Mown at 25mm)
Perennial ryegrass (Table S1)
Smooth-stalked meadow-grass (Table S2)
Tall fescue (Table S3)
Tufted hair-grass (Table S4)
Applications
Wintersportspitches
FootballandRugbypitches
Municipalsportsareas
Otherintensivelyusedareas
TheperennialryegrasscultivarsinTableS1 (pages6–7)arerankedonthemeanoflive groundcoverandvisualmeritduringwear.These characteristicsareimportantforsportspitches receivingintensivewearduringwinter,suchas footballandRugbypitches.
Usersshouldidentifytheparticularproperties thatareimportantintheirindividualsituations andchoosecultivarsthatscorewellforthose characteristics.InfootballandRugbypitchesfor example,itmaybebettertochooseacultivarwith reducedsusceptibilitytoredthread,ifthiscanbe donewithoutcompromisingtoomuchonwear tolerance.Wheregoodappearanceisrequired beforewear,orinlowwearsituations,goodshoot density,finenessofleafandcleannessofcut scoreswillbeimportant.
Inallwearsituationsregularover-seedingcan havebeneficialresults.Itisstronglyadvisedthat thisformspartoftheendofseasonrenovation programme.Alsotheadditionofnewgrasses throughover-seedingduringtheplayingseason willhelpmaintaingroundcover.
Cultivarsofsmooth-stalkedmeadow-grasses areshowninorderoftheirperformanceunder football-typewearforinclusioninwinter pitches(TableS2).Onceestablished,smoothstalkedmeadow-grasscanbeashardwearing asperennialryegrassandusuallyhasbetter toleranceofclosemowing.
Itsrhizomesgivegoodrecoveryfromwearand somedroughttolerance.However,establishment ofthisgrassisslowandbestresultscanonly beachievedifatleast12monthsisleftbetween sowinganduse,TableS2(page8).Trialsaresown inspringwithwearbeingappliedthefollowing autumn.
Generally,cultivarsoftallfescueformturfthat wouldbeacceptableformanycoarseturfgrass uses.However,theyarenosubstituteforperennial ryegrassinnormalturfsituationsintheUK.Tall fescuesareslowerinestablishment,coarser inleaftexture,andasaresult,lessattractivein appearance.Theymayhowever,haveaplace underdryorlowfertilityconditions.Tallfescues havealsobeenusedsuccessfullywherefairlytall (15-20cm)butstillerectswardsaredesirable, suchasthegrassedareassurroundingairfields. Newimprovedvarietiesofthisgrasstype,some withrhizomes,arestartingtobecomeavailable. Theseproduceacceptablelawnsbutstilldonot matchperennialryegrassforweartolerance.
Tuftedhair-grassistolerantofdampandshady conditionsandhasbeenincludedinsomeseed mixturesforstadiums.Thisgrasscanaccumulate alittlemoreorganicmatteratthesurfacethan someofthetraditionalsportsgrasseslike perennialryegrass.
Sports TurfgrassSeed20235
Series S
Sports Uses (Mown at 25mm)
Table S1
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Cultivar Live Ground Cover Visual Merit Mean Recovery Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Barzico8.08.18.17.47.97.34.35.55.5BAR Altivo(LA)8.08.08.07.48.27.05.34.85.2BAR Clochette(LA)7.97.97.96.78.68.23.15.36.1G/SMFR Barbasten7.87.97.97.47.36.25.85.15.3BAR Europitch7.87.97.97.37.87.54.15.45.0DSV Barpersie7.78.07.87.78.48.06.24.35.1BAR Eurobeat7.87.87.86.97.46.75.55.55.3DSV Lancelot(LA)7.77.97.87.18.18.05.25.15.4OAS/TG Saila(LA)7.87.77.87.26.86.46.15.15.1DLF/JNS Eurodiamond7.77.77.77.07.46.43.85.45.3DSV Gildara7.67.77.76.77.57.64.75.46.4DLF/JNS EuroCordus7.87.57.77.47.46.76.65.45.4DSV Duranova(LA)7.57.77.67.38.17.75.55.35.1DLF/JNS Alathea7.77.67.67.47.47.26.25.35.1DLF/OAS/TG Monroe7.57.67.67.57.47.76.25.85.9DLF/JNS Eurosport7.67.57.57.47.26.95.65.75.6DSV Lionel(LA)7.57.57.56.87.06.35.55.35.3DLF/JNS Barlicum7.37.67.56.47.77.64.25.45.0BAR Baradona7.57.47.47.47.26.83.85.35.9BAR Mocora7.37.67.47.07.37.44.85.05.4DLF Barcristalla7.57.37.46.96.96.75.96.27.2BAR Cameron7.27.57.47.67.37.64.35.75.7OAS/TG Columbine7.47.37.47.16.75.95.26.25.7DLF/TG Baromario7.37.47.46.87.47.15.15.56.1BAR Annecy7.37.37.36.96.66.54.05.75.2DLF/MM Barolympic7.27.37.37.67.47.55.64.44.8BAR Angelina7.27.27.27.57.46.66.15.15.6OAS/TG Chloe7.17.37.27.17.17.35.35.65.4DLF Berlioz17.27.27.26.87.06.05.45.85.3DLF/TG Barthierry7.17.27.26.67.67.25.26.16.4BAR Chardin7.07.37.26.57.17.46.05.25.0DLF/JNS Calico7.17.27.17.56.86.84.15.56.3G/SMFR Cyrena7.27.17.17.16.76.15.85.15.8DLF/MM Barorlando7.27.17.16.67.06.46.45.67.2BAR Carnac6.97.37.17.46.86.66.46.05.7G/SMFR Gladys7.17.17.17.36.97.05.55.35.1DLF/MM Melbourne7.07.17.16.67.26.96.75.55.4DLF/MM Vesuvius6.97.27.07.16.96.25.95.15.5G Cadix6.97.27.07.26.76.75.45.85.8G/SMFR Nagano7.07.17.07.06.76.05.45.05.1DLF/MM Estelle6.97.27.07.67.27.25.95.74.8OAS/TG Bizet17.07.07.07.35.95.66.45.86.1DLF EGResistus7.07.17.06.76.97.35.35.85.7DSV Eventus6.97.17.07.47.37.85.35.55.6DSV Alison7.07.07.07.07.17.36.15.65.5DLF/MM Bonnie6.97.17.06.37.57.15.05.25.4TG Aniston7.07.07.07.46.87.54.15.75.9DLF/JNS Gianna6.97.06.97.36.86.75.35.15.3OAS/TG Martinella6.97.06.96.56.66.24.65.95.3DLF Aniella(LA)6.87.16.96.36.97.26.45.65.3DLF Beckham6.96.96.97.16.46.16.15.44.8DSV Django6.87.06.96.77.36.85.45.25.0RAGT Etienna6.76.96.86.77.07.26.15.15.7DLF Cleopatra6.96.76.87.26.45.86.65.05.3DLF Duparc6.77.06.87.06.56.57.05.15.2OAS/TG Hayley6.86.86.86.76.76.75.65.65.8OAS/TG Sports 6TurfgrassSeed2023
Continued Cultivar Live Ground Cover Visual Merit Mean Recovery Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Claudine6.86.86.86.46.86.85.65.36.1DLF Penelope6.86.86.86.97.27.64.55.45.3DLF Mandalay6.86.86.86.96.26.35.85.15.5OAS/TG Dickens16.66.86.76.77.77.15.85.25.3DLF/JNS Gwynett6.66.86.77.26.87.55.85.35.5G/DLF Promotor6.76.76.77.36.56.15.35.25.7G Torsion6.76.66.66.26.76.35.57.88.4ICL Barsignum6.66.66.66.47.17.55.65.36.3BAR Meara6.66.56.66.46.66.86.05.25.5DLF Mercitwo6.66.66.66.75.96.55.95.25.1OAS/TG Bargold6.56.76.66.87.07.75.95.65.3BAR Singapore6.56.66.66.96.77.37.15.65.1DLF/MM Morisot6.46.76.56.46.86.56.05.15.1OAS/TG Greensky6.56.56.56.66.46.05.85.55.2OAS/TG Shazam6.56.66.57.27.37.06.05.55.6RAGT Creepstar6.56.56.56.46.26.96.06.57.3DLF/TG Vertech6.46.56.56.16.06.74.75.76.2G Alboka6.46.56.56.36.76.56.96.66.6BAR/RAGT Greenway6.46.46.46.06.47.06.16.25.8SUT/TG Clementine6.46.46.47.06.77.15.85.35.3DLF/JNS/TG Zurich6.46.26.35.36.05.25.35.95.4G Fandango6.36.26.26.46.05.65.96.16.0BAR Escapade6.16.36.26.76.37.74.65.95.5G/SMFR Essence6.36.06.15.26.46.24.76.45.8DLF Bardorado6.26.06.15.75.95.06.85.15.4BAR Antonella6.26.06.16.76.26.75.65.66.0TG Transate6.26.06.15.85.95.56.96.06.0DSV Ponderosa6.25.96.15.95.95.55.76.95.9DLF/MM Platinum6.35.76.05.55.24.66.07.36.3DLF Barprium5.95.95.96.86.56.96.15.07.0BAR Mistral5.86.05.95.25.35.36.68.17.9ICL Stravinsky6.05.65.85.35.64.86.68.38.1DLF Pascal5.95.85.85.76.05.46.66.36.3DSV JubileeEG5.85.75.85.75.75.45.56.16.5DSV Agreement5.75.85.85.36.05.45.36.36.1G Passion5.75.85.85.66.25.57.66.06.2DLF/MM Transpose5.75.85.85.26.06.56.45.67.2ICL Greenplanet5.65.75.74.95.55.37.47.98.2ICL Esquire5.85.55.65.35.44.96.07.07.0DLF Turfgold5.65.55.56.05.35.16.26.96.8DSV Groundforce4.75.04.95.05.56.85.95.35.8ICL
Table S1
Sports TurfgrassSeed20237
LA = Limited availability
Series S
Sports Uses (Mown at 25mm)
Table S1s
Tetraploid ryegrasses
Diploidperennialryegrasscultivarshavetraditionallybeenusedinsportsturfmixtures.Inlike-for-like comparisonswithtetraploidcultivarsofperennialryegrass,gooddiploidgrasseswillbemorepersistent, havegreaterweartoleranceandproduceamoreattractiveswardthantetraploidgrasses.Undercool conditionsitwouldbeexpectedthatthemajordifferencesingerminationandspeedofestablishment wouldbeduetovarietydifferencesratherthanploidydifferences.TheratingsonTableS1saredirectly comparablewiththoseonTableS1.
Cultivar Live Ground Cover Visual Merit Mean Recovery Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Fabian6.46.16.26.65.45.25.96.56.7DLF/JNS Tetrastar5.85.45.65.55.45.08.07.68.0OAS/TG Tetragame5.65.35.55.44.74.57.36.87.3DLF/JNS/TG Tetramagic5.25.15.25.14.44.26.87.07.0DLF/MM Tetradry5.44.85.14.83.94.17.57.67.7DLF Double5.14.64.84.44.13.47.97.67.5DLF Tetragreen5.04.64.84.54.84.47.37.57.6OAS/TG Tetrasport4.44.54.44.34.34.47.57.78.0DSV
Cultivar Live Ground Cover Visual Merit Mean Recovery Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Resistance to Rust Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Traction7.67.97.88.18.07.54.85.25.3ICL Becca7.67.77.77.27.88.15.35.46.5DLF/MM Julius7.47.57.47.67.36.65.04.95.3DLF Limousine7.27.47.37.88.07.34.96.25.4DSV Joker(LA)7.17.37.27.17.47.86.35.86.1DSV Harmonie7.27.07.17.17.27.35.06.26.1DLF/TG Sombrero7.07.27.17.17.37.04.85.95.9DLF/JNS Bariris7.17.07.06.46.96.54.86.65.8BAR Greenplay6.97.07.07.37.37.05.05.85.7OAS/TG Lincolnshire6.87.27.07.07.06.94.46.25.0DSV Barhelene6.96.96.97.47.27.35.05.35.7BAR PowerPlay6.76.86.76.76.66.66.75.57.2DSV Tetris6.56.76.66.97.07.56.77.87.3G Isadora(LA)6.66.66.66.27.06.56.45.55.2DLF/MM Dakisha6.56.76.66.76.25.45.95.75.6DLF/TG Yvette6.66.56.56.06.66.86.56.05.8DLF/MM Enigma6.36.36.36.06.36.16.97.76.7ICL Xiamara6.36.46.36.26.35.9–5.65.5DLF/MM Borsala6.06.26.16.16.16.76.56.35.5DLF Miracle6.05.95.95.36.15.57.05.36.6DLF Abalina(LA)5.85.85.85.66.46.57.25.76.0DLF/MM Conni5.65.75.65.86.06.05.96.55.7DLF Dauntless5.65.45.56.05.24.85.87.57.1DSV Bluenote5.15.25.25.65.45.36.66.77.0DSV Markus5.05.25.15.64.75.67.35.65.2DSV Evora4.74.74.74.64.44.76.15.56.8DLF Zeptor4.64.84.74.64.64.67.15.25.7DSV
Smooth-stalked meadow-grass (Poa pratensis) LA = Limited availability - = Data not available Sports 8TurfgrassSeed2023
Table S2
Table S3
Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)
Table S4
Tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia caespitosa)
Cultivar Live Ground Cover Visual Merit Mean Recovery Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Trakaj7.87.87.86.57.36.16.65.87.0DSV Barcampsia6.36.56.45.87.07.44.76.25.2BAR Desanto6.15.85.95.76.05.9-4.55.2DSV Deshade5.65.55.65.35.25.3-4.65.1DSV
Cultivar Live Ground Cover Visual Merit Mean Recovery Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Turfway7.97.77.87.77.76.97.67.7TG Regenerate7.57.87.66.78.27.16.36.4DSV Foxhound7.47.67.57.37.37.37.77.2DLF Armani6.87.37.17.46.57.44.53.8OAS/TG Essential7.07.17.06.57.27.06.66.6OAS/TG RGTNuance6.56.96.76.46.97.23.94.1BAR/RAGT Barcesar6.66.56.66.76.86.95.15.0BAR GrandeII6.56.26.45.96.45.86.76.7OAS/TG Debussy16.36.46.46.26.36.16.86.8DLF/JNS Granditte6.06.46.25.66.66.36.66.9OAS/TG Melyane6.16.16.16.26.76.35.25.1DSV BarlexasII5.65.75.75.35.55.86.77.0BAR New Cultivars Greenheaven8.48.18.27.87.77.1-6.6ICL
Sports TurfgrassSeed20239
LA = Limited availability - = Data not available - = Data not available
Series L
Lawns, Landscaping, Summer Sports and Turf Trials (Mown at 10-15mm)
Perennial ryegrass (Table L1), Smooth-stalked meadow-grass (Table L2), Chewings fescue (Table L3), Slender creeping red fescue (Table L4), Strong creeping red fescue (Table L5), Hard and Sheep’s fescue (Table L6), Bentgrasses (Table L7), Tall fescue (Table L8) and Tufted hair-grass (Table L9)
Applications
Professionalanddomesticlawns
Fairways
Cricket
Tenniscourts
Generallandscaping
PerennialryegrassesarerankedinTableL1 (pages11-13),smooth-stalkedmeadow-grasses inTableL2(page13),tallfescuesinTableL8 (page18)andtuftedhair-grassinTableL9(page 18)ontheirmeanperformanceforshootdensity, finenessofleaf,slowregrowthandvisualmerit.
FescuesarerankedinTablesL3toL6(pages1417)ontheirmeanperformanceforshootdensity andvisualmerit.
BentgrassesarerankedinTableL7(page17)on themeanoftheirshootdensity,finenessofleaf andvisualmerit.
Inadditiontodifferencesamongcultivars,there aresomegeneralsub-speciesdifferencesamong theredfescues.Chewingsfescuesincomparison withslendercreepingredfescuestendtobemore resistanttodiseases.Theyalsotendto“green up”fasterinthespring.Theslendercreepingred fescuesaremoredroughttolerantandmaintain colourandgrowthbetterintheautumnandearly winter.BothChewingsandslendercreepingred fescuesaremoretolerantofclosermowingthan strongcreepingredfescuesandproducedenser turfatallheightsofcut.
Cultivarsofhardfescueareshowninorderof suitabilityforuseinfineturfinTableL6.These grasses,alongwiththesheep’sfescuesmaybe usedforfineturfinverydryorinfertileconditions.
Theyarealsosuitedtolowmaintenanceconditions andmaybeofvalueinenvironmentallysensitive areas,particularlywherethenaturalgrassesare ofthesamespecies.Pleasenotethatsheep’s andfineleavedsheep’sfescuestendtogrowin differentdirectionsandassuchdonotproduce auniformsward.Also,mostofthesegrasses havebeenfoundtobefairlyintolerantofwear andasaresultshouldonlybeconsideredfor useinornamentalandlowmaintenanceareas.In contrastQuatrosheep’sfescuehasbeenfoundto befairlyweartolerant.Ingolfandbowlinggreen trialsattheSTRIthiscultivarhasbeenshownto havecomparableweartolerancetoChewingsand slendercreepingredfescues.
Generally,cultivarsoftallfescueformturfthat wouldbeacceptableformanycoarseturfgrass uses.However,theyarenosubstituteforperennial ryegrassinnormalturfsituationsintheUK.Tall fescuesareslowerinestablishment,coarser inleaftexture,andasaresult,lessattractivein appearance.Theymayhowever,haveaplace underdryorlowfertilityconditions.Tallfescues havealsobeenusedsuccessfullywherefairlytall (15–20cm)butstillerectswardsaredesirable, suchasthegrassedareassurroundingairfields. Newimprovedcultivarsofthisgrasstype,some withrhizomes,arestartingtobecomeavailable. Thesegrassesproducelawnsofacceptable quality,particularlywherefertilityandwatermight berestricted.
Tuftedhair-grassisnaturallyadaptedtodamp andshadyconditions.Inturfthegrassformsa denseuprightsward,whichisfairlytolerantof wear.
10TurfgrassSeed2023
Lawns
Series L
Lawns, Landscaping, Summer Sports and Turf Trials (Mown at 10-15mm)
Table L1
Perennial
Cultivar Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Slow Regrowth Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Cleanness of Cut Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Barolympic8.18.17.18.07.85.57.44.54.9BAR Cabrio7.68.57.17.77.73.77.05.36.0G/SMFR Clementine7.87.57.47.87.65.97.75.15.3DLF/JNS/TG Aniston7.47.77.57.67.55.07.35.66.3DLF/JNS Angelina7.37.18.27.37.55.87.75.25.5OAS/TG Barprium7.37.37.97.57.55.67.45.46.5BAR Barsignum7.47.77.37.67.55.26.65.66.5BAR Penelope7.27.87.67.37.54.37.25.75.6DLF Mocora7.87.66.77.87.55.25.84.95.2DLF Alathea7.67.76.87.77.46.26.85.65.3DLF/OAS/TG Baradona7.67.37.47.67.44.47.35.36.0BAR Cameron7.67.66.87.77.45.77.55.26.1OAS/TG Alison7.67.56.87.77.46.57.15.65.7DLF/MM Aniella(LA)7.17.18.07.37.47.36.55.15.4DLF Gwynett7.87.96.17.77.44.46.75.25.1G/DLF Creepstar7.37.67.37.27.35.34.66.97.5DLF/TG Singapore8.07.85.87.87.36.94.65.15.2DLF/MM Torsion7.36.97.97.27.35.57.87.38.0ICL Escapade7.57.96.37.57.36.16.35.86.0G/SMFR Chloe7.67.66.17.77.26.36.25.15.4DLF Estelle7.77.75.67.97.25.75.55.04.4OAS/TG Barzico7.07.17.37.47.26.16.05.35.3BAR Bargold7.37.86.37.47.26.36.85.75.6BAR Shazam7.57.16.67.57.25.06.75.05.2RAGT Etienna7.07.37.27.27.25.96.55.35.8DLF Eventus7.48.05.47.87.26.67.05.55.9DSV Europitch7.17.56.57.47.15.36.65.05.7DSV Gianna7.57.06.37.67.17.37.44.95.5OAS/TG Chardin7.37.65.97.67.17.47.34.95.3DLF/JNS EGResistus7.37.36.67.27.14.56.55.86.2DSV Gildara7.57.45.87.67.14.65.35.86.1DLF/JNS Barbasten7.46.86.77.47.15.46.54.95.2BAR Claudine7.27.16.87.17.14.86.35.25.6DLF Meara7.27.26.57.17.05.55.05.45.7DLF Bonnie7.67.45.47.57.06.56.74.85.4TG Biarritz7.17.16.57.27.06.46.65.96.5DLF/MM Monroe7.27.55.67.46.95.16.85.95.8DLF/JNS Mandalay7.07.06.67.06.95.96.65.25.8OAS/TG Saila(LA)6.86.67.36.86.95.76.14.55.0DLF/JNS Django7.06.96.77.06.95.96.75.25.0RAGT Antonella7.17.16.27.16.95.76.65.55.8TG RGTKlaxon7.56.75.87.46.98.26.75.75.6RAGT Morisot7.36.95.97.36.96.86.75.34.7OAS/TG Malibu6.97.46.26.96.94.76.25.26.1DLF/MM Baromario7.07.06.37.06.84.55.25.36.1BAR Carnac7.66.85.96.96.86.45.86.05.9G/SMFR
(Lolium perenne) LA = Limited availability
TurfgrassSeed202311
ryegrass
Lawns
Cultivar Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Slow Regrowth Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Cleanness of Cut Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Venice7.06.96.46.76.87.86.64.85.4DLF/MM Dickens17.27.05.67.26.76.15.45.65.5DLF/JNS Duparc7.36.75.67.26.78.16.55.25.1OAS/TG Groundforce6.87.15.86.96.76.07.35.06.3ICL Martinella7.06.56.46.86.76.65.35.35.5DLF EuroCordus6.96.56.46.96.76.46.15.85.5DSV Eurobeat6.86.95.97.16.75.22.85.35.6DSV Gladys7.06.85.47.46.75.66.24.95.5DLF/MM Barcristalla7.26.26.46.86.75.85.86.46.7BAR Annecy6.66.56.86.66.66.06.35.25.3DLF/MM Melbourne7.06.95.86.86.65.56.95.05.8DLF/MM Mercitwo6.46.76.76.56.66.68.14.95.4OAS/TG Lionel(LA)6.86.46.26.86.55.42.65.45.7DLF/JNS Nagano6.46.66.66.56.55.66.75.04.9DLF/MM Barlicum6.77.25.26.86.55.55.85.45.1BAR Vesuvius7.06.65.27.16.56.46.85.35.4G Greenway6.66.85.86.66.45.95.85.96.0SUT/TG Eurosport7.16.55.27.06.45.85.15.45.7DSV Alboka6.56.26.56.56.46.86.76.86.2BAR/RAGT Eurodiamond6.26.66.36.56.45.04.25.75.7DSV Calico6.86.65.46.86.44.75.65.86.4G/SMFR Cadix6.56.85.96.36.45.75.65.85.5G/SMFR Beckham6.56.25.86.86.36.75.45.34.7DSV Promotor6.16.36.66.36.36.36.24.85.6DLF Cleopatra6.36.16.46.46.35.86.15.15.6DLF Cyrena6.26.16.56.46.35.56.55.35.5DLF/MM Coletta6.06.07.06.26.36.27.15.15.6G Sirtaky7.06.35.36.66.37.06.35.75.2BAR/RAGT Pascal6.15.86.76.06.17.06.06.66.4DSV Berlioz16.36.15.96.36.15.54.85.75.5DLF/TG Vulcanus5.95.87.05.96.15.75.46.86.3DSV Greensky6.06.26.45.96.15.96.05.44.8OAS/TG Barorlando6.36.15.76.36.15.86.55.76.4BAR Fandango6.65.85.76.46.16.66.96.25.4BAR Pollen6.45.95.86.26.17.06.45.95.9DSV Vitellius6.15.66.26.26.16.25.55.96.1G Bizet16.05.95.86.36.06.75.55.75.9DLF Transate5.95.65.86.05.87.36.26.16.0DSV Essence5.66.35.75.45.84.35.96.15.6DLF Stravinsky5.84.86.85.65.76.45.38.38.0DLF Columbine5.65.85.55.95.75.65.35.95.4DLF/TG Neruda15.65.36.25.75.77.15.98.68.1DLF/TG Passion6.05.85.25.75.76.85.75.95.4DLF/MM Turfgold5.35.26.75.35.66.16.26.76.3DSV Platinum5.65.56.05.35.65.95.97.36.5DLF Esquire5.35.06.75.25.56.05.76.96.9DLF JubileeEG5.45.75.85.25.54.95.65.96.1DSV Eterlou5.25.06.05.15.35.95.16.76.7DSV Ponderosa5.15.35.24.95.15.45.36.56.0DLF/MM
Continued LA = Limited availability Lawns 12TurfgrassSeed2023
Table L1
Table L2
Smooth-stalked meadow-grass (Poa pratensis)
Continued
Table L1
Cultivar Shoot Density Fineness of leaf Slow Regrowth Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Rust Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Rihanna8.07.86.57.87.55.16.15.5DLF/MM Becca8.37.95.58.17.57.45.45.2DLF/MM Greenplay7.87.56.17.87.36.05.95.1OAS/TG Sombrero7.67.36.77.57.35.25.65.2DLF/JNS Lincolnshire7.97.55.87.97.34.86.25.2DSV Joker(LA)7.67.56.57.57.36.46.05.4DSV Limousine7.97.65.87.77.25.36.05.1DSV Barhelene7.77.56.07.67.25.55.85.1BAR Borsala7.07.27.26.97.16.45.35.4DLF Yvette7.27.36.57.17.16.85.85.6DLF/MM Xiamara7.57.25.97.37.07.45.35.6DLF/MM Julius7.66.95.67.26.85.25.84.8DLF Abalina(LA)7.06.76.36.96.77.75.35.7DLF/MM Dakisha7.06.46.07.06.67.54.65.6DLF/TG Powerplay6.15.98.25.86.56.86.47.1DSV Miracle6.36.26.26.46.37.25.47.0DLF Conni6.36.06.26.66.35.95.96.1DLF Tetris6.26.36.56.06.26.47.66.0G Markus6.65.95.36.56.16.15.65.7DSV Zeptor5.85.26.15.85.76.15.86.9DSV Bluenote5.85.35.35.75.55.97.37.0DSV Dauntless5.95.54.95.75.57.46.76.6DSV Bariris5.65.65.05.55.45.35.35.9BAR Evora4.54.24.94.54.54.55.97.1DLF New Cultivars Isadora(LA)7.66.66.17.16.9-5.05.7DLF/MM
Cultivar Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Slow Regrowth Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Cleanness of Cut Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent New Cultivars Barpersie9.08.55.89.08.15.07.04.25.2BAR Lancelot(LA)8.48.47.08.38.06.86.54.85.6OAS/TG Clochette(LA)7.68.08.27.97.94.47.45.66.2G/SMFR Duranova(LA)7.87.87.17.77.65.45.35.34.8DLF/JNS Altivo(LA)7.97.15.57.67.06.67.84.55.7BAR Lawns TurfgrassSeed202313
LA = Limited availability - = Data not available
Series L
Lawns, Landscaping, Summer Sports and Turf Trials (Mown at 10-15mm)
Table L3
Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra commutata)
Lawns
Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Orionette7.68.07.87.34.04.8DLF/JNS EuroCarina7.57.37.46.65.85.9DSV Dancing(LA)7.47.47.47.05.96.2BAR Caldris7.47.37.46.34.74.9DLF/MM Ramona7.37.47.36.85.55.5DSV Brittany7.47.27.35.85.35.4DLF/MM Barlineus7.47.17.37.66.65.4BAR Siskin7.37.27.27.85.97.4DLF/JNS Musica7.17.37.26.55.66.3BAR Camanette(LA)7.37.17.25.55.06.4G/SMFR Bodega7.17.27.16.36.45.5BAR/RAGT Gima7.17.17.16.45.25.8DLF/JNS Bogart6.97.27.16.95.35.2DLF/JNS Greensleeves6.97.17.06.75.65.7OAS/TG Esparina7.06.97.06.86.58.0DLF Filius7.26.77.05.85.95.7DSV Humboldt7.06.96.96.66.26.4DLF/JNS Greenmile7.06.96.96.27.36.8TG Balkan6.96.96.97.24.85.9DLF Antoinette6.76.86.86.55.66.0DSV BargreenII7.06.56.75.75.15.4BAR Highnote6.96.56.75.15.76.1G Nikky6.66.66.65.85.96.5DLF/MM Joanna6.66.66.65.17.07.7G Barchip6.66.66.65.86.67.4BAR Mission6.56.56.56.57.07.7DSV Annalena6.76.16.44.66.37.1DSV Calliope6.65.96.25.34.35.8TG/DLF Capriccio6.36.16.26.24.85.8DLF Trophy5.66.56.16.85.66.2DLF/MM Wagner16.06.06.05.66.97.4DLF Belleaire5.86.15.94.66.87.3SUT/TG New Cultivars Nightclub(LA)8.28.38.27.84.24.7BAR Hiphop7.57.67.56.25.15.7RAGT
LA = Limited availability 14TurfgrassSeed2023
Series L
Lawns, Landscaping, Summer Sports and Turf Trials (Mown at 10-15mm)
Table L4
Slender creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra litoralis)
LA = Limited availability
Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Barquess(LA)7.98.58.27.74.13.9BAR Nigella7.77.77.77.05.66.8DLF/JNS Beudin7.67.77.76.55.95.6OAS/TG Seroa7.67.67.66.95.26.3DLF/JNS Barcrown7.77.47.68.55.56.5BAR Absolom7.57.57.57.34.55.2DLF/JNS Aporina7.37.67.47.06.35.8DLF/MM Cezanne7.37.47.46.16.26.5DLF/JNS Cathy7.27.27.26.04.85.9DLF/MM Ola(LA)7.07.47.27.14.44.0BAR Tasida(LA)7.46.97.16.46.88.3DSV Barpearl7.17.17.17.96.16.2BAR Viktorka7.17.07.07.56.17.0BAR Mirador7.17.07.06.85.45.7G Barswilcan6.86.86.87.54.64.6BAR Maryse(LA)6.86.96.85.86.36.1DLF/MM Cantando6.66.86.75.56.55.9RAGT Sarolea6.76.66.76.26.06.8DLF Valdora6.66.76.65.95.65.8TG Aiglon6.66.76.66.45.36.0DLF Archibal6.56.56.55.05.76.2DLF Charlotte6.56.46.46.05.25.9G/DSV AberCharm6.66.36.46.07.37.9G Teenie6.46.06.25.96.96.5DSV EuroMarie6.16.36.25.08.06.0DSV Musette6.16.26.14.46.86.3BAR Vivien6.35.96.15.67.77.8DLF/MM Pinafore6.16.16.16.07.16.8DLF Cathrine5.95.65.75.38.47.7DSV Reggae5.95.55.74.26.26.0BAR Nicole5.45.65.56.06.66.5DSV Smirna5.55.55.55.85.45.3DLF/MM Samanta5.05.15.15.05.35.2DLF New Cultivars Barnoustie(LA)8.28.48.37.86.06.0BAR
Lawns TurfgrassSeed202315
Series L
Lawns, Landscaping, Summer Sports and Turf Trials (Mown at 10-15mm)
Table L5
Strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra rubra)
Lawns
LA = Limited availability
Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Laverda6.26.26.24.65.36.2DLF/JNS Rossinante5.95.95.95.95.55.5DLF/JNS Barrisse5.86.05.96.66.05.2BAR Runa5.75.95.85.05.45.6DLF Hastings5.65.75.74.85.35.4OAS/TG Maracas(LA)5.65.55.54.85.35.3BAR Sergei5.55.35.45.15.86.0BAR/DLF Joshua(LA)5.65.15.34.65.25.7DLF/MM Benji5.45.25.35.26.96.2DLF/MM Ryder5.35.05.14.66.65.8DSV Heidrun5.25.15.15.26.15.7DLF/MM Cabarette(LA)5.15.25.13.65.94.9SMFR/G Barjessica5.15.05.05.65.47.2BAR Polka5.05.05.04.96.35.5BAR Mellori5.04.95.04.97.36.7DSV Magitte4.95.15.04.67.46.8DSV Quintet4.85.15.04.75.45.2RAGT Camilla4.85.04.95.47.66.9DSV Jasperina4.94.84.94.06.66.7DSV Corail4.54.44.44.86.05.9DLF/MM Barustic4.34.44.44.05.65.8BAR Dipper4.44.34.34.06.65.6DSV Mystic4.14.24.25.36.86.8SUT/TG Maxima14.04.14.14.77.05.9DLF Kolossos4.04.04.02.67.47.1DLF Record3.93.93.93.78.77.9DSV Relevant4.03.93.95.15.65.5DSV Boreal3.23.53.33.94.94.9Fa* New Cultivars Jazzy5.65.75.74.84.35.6RAGT
Fa* = Freely Available 16TurfgrassSeed2023
Series L
Lawns, Landscaping, Summer Sports and Turf Trials (Mown at 10-15mm)
Table L6
Hard and Sheep’s fescue (Festuca longifolia and Festuca ovina)
(Festuca longifolia)
Sheep’sfescue (Festuca ovina)
Table L7
Bentgrasses (Agrostis spp)
(Agrostis capillaris)
Highlandbent (Agrostis castellana)
Creepingbent (Agrostis stolonifera)
Fa* = Freely Available
Cultivar Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Browntopbent
Charles7.77.67.47.65.05.76.2BAR Arrowtown7.16.97.47.15.55.56.1DLF/JNS BarKing6.86.77.36.95.57.05.8BAR Cleek6.86.37.16.75.65.46.1DLF/JNS/MM Heriot6.66.47.36.75.66.76.3BAR AberRegal6.76.56.96.75.77.46.6G Manor6.66.47.16.75.95.65.4DLF/JNS Egmont6.56.37.16.76.26.86.4TG Sefton6.16.36.96.45.26.05.4DLF/MM Jorvik6.36.36.56.44.96.16.9DLF Arletta5.76.26.36.15.26.05.2DLF/MM
Highland4.24.34.34.35.08.04.8Fa*
007DSB6.46.16.16.26.86.96.6G Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Hardfescue
Crystal7.46.97.16.96.66.9DLF/JNS/MM Beacon7.27.07.16.37.25.9BAR Sword6.76.76.76.27.65.9G Hardtop6.36.06.15.56.96.1BAR Dumas15.95.95.96.36.75.9DLF Mentor5.65.65.66.35.15.2DSV
Quatro8.47.98.28.46.57.0DLF/JNS AberFleece7.86.87.35.45.96.7G Lawns TurfgrassSeed202317
Series L
Lawns, Landscaping, Summer Sports and Turf Trials (Mown at 10-15mm)
Table L8
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)
Lawns
Table L9
Tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia caespitosa)
Cultivar Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Slow Regrowth Visual Merit Mean Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent RGTNuance8.08.45.28.37.53.84.1BAR/RAGT Essential7.47.26.97.27.26.96.5OAS/TG Armani6.87.55.57.06.74.94.5OAS/TG Melyane7.26.76.06.86.75.05.1DSV Barcesar6.77.25.86.66.65.45.0BAR Granditte7.25.86.96.56.67.06.7OAS/TG Debussy16.66.16.36.66.47.17.2DLF/JNS Meandre5.86.16.15.86.05.35.9DSV Foxhound5.95.56.75.45.97.37.2DLF Turfway5.95.76.45.45.97.47.1TG GrandeII5.75.45.45.65.56.56.6OAS/TG Starlett5.44.85.35.35.26.26.0DLF New Cultivars Regenerate8.96.47.47.77.66.96.6DSV Greenheaven6.64.77.65.46.16.66.7ICL Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Fineness of Leaf Slow Regrowth Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Barcampsia8.68.28.44.77.55.36.34.9BAR Desanto6.36.76.46.26.45.45.95.6DSV Trakaj6.55.86.26.86.36.25.46.4DSV Deshade5.86.26.45.86.04.06.94.5DSV
18TurfgrassSeed2023
Series G Greens, Close Mown Trials (Mown at 4-5mm)
Bentgrasses (Table G1), Chewings fescue (Table G2), Slender creeping red fescue (Table G3), Perennial ryegrass (Table G4), Hard, Sheep’s and Strong creeping red fescues ( Festuca spp.) (Table G5)
Applications
Golfgreens
Bowlinggreens
Ornamentallawns
Cultivarsofbentgrassspeciesarelistedinorder oftheirsuitabilityforuseinveryclosemownturf, suchasgolfandbowlinggreens,mownat4mm, inTableG1(page20).Currentlythereareno cultivarsofvelvetbentgrasslistedforTurfgrass Seed.
Forveryfineturf,suchasgolfgreensandbowling greens,thefineranddensercultivarsof A. capillaris appeartoperformbestundertraditional UKmanagementandgrowingconditions.Higher managementinputsarerequiredtomaintain creepingbentgrasses.
Velvetbentgrass (A. canina) produces exceptionallydenseturfandgenerallyhasbetter droughttolerancethantheotherbentgrass species.However,italsoproducesmorethatch thanotherbentsandthiswouldneedtobe controlledtomaintaintheverygoodsurface, whichthisgrasscanproduce.
CultivarsofChewingsfescueandslender creepingredfescueareshowninorderoftheir suitabilityforuseinveryclosemownturf,such as(golfandbowlinggreens,mownat(5mm), inTablesG2(page21)andG3(page22).As forthebentgrasses,theorderwasdetermined fromthemeanofeachcultivarsvisualmeritand shootdensityscores.Thesegrassescanproduce acceptablegreensunderrestrictedwateringand fertilityregimesthatwouldlimittheperformance ofsomebentgrasses.
TableG4(page23)describestheperformance ofperennialryegrasscultivarsthathavebeen evaluatedunderclosemowing(5mmsummer and7mmwinter).Thesegrassesshouldbe usedinsituationswheretheneedforquick establishmentandweartoleranceiscombined withadegreeofclosemowing.Theyshouldnot beseenasareplacementforbentgrassesorfine fescuesingolforbowlinggreens.
Thecuttingheightsdescribedabovemaybe relaxedifrequiredbyturfmanagementorclimatic conditions.
TurfgrassSeed202319
Greens
Series G
Greens, Close Mown Trials (Mown at 4mm)
Table G1
Bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.)
Creepingbent (Agrostis stolonifera)
LA = Limited availability
- = Data not available
Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Fineness of Leaf Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent
(Agrostis capillaris) Charles7.67.67.67.3-5.25.7BAR Arrowtown7.07.27.16.85.94.75.7DLF/JNS Cleek6.97.07.06.3-4.95.7DLF/JNS/MM Manor6.87.06.96.45.55.45.4DLF/JNS Musket6.66.96.86.8-5.95.6G BarKing6.47.06.76.45.76.95.9BAR Egmont6.66.76.76.26.16.46.6TG Sefton6.56.86.66.75.15.55.1DLF/MM AberRegal6.56.76.66.46.37.06.6G Heritage6.36.76.56.1-6.37.0ICL Jorvik6.36.46.46.35.06.67.6DLF AberRoyal6.26.36.36.25.86.86.7G Arletta5.86.26.06.95.06.35.5DLF/MM
Browntopbent
TourPro(GDE)6.67.06.86.6-5.45.3G Riptide6.66.86.76.7-5.85.0ICL 007DSB6.36.56.46.35.96.95.4G Cobranova6.36.36.36.36.07.45.9DLF/JNS Mackenzie6.16.06.06.05.16.65.5DSV Proclamation5.86.15.95.7-6.85.6DSV
Greens 20TurfgrassSeed2023
Series G
Greens, Close Mown Trials (Mown at 5mm)
Table G2
Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra commutata)
LA = Limited availability
Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Camanette(LA)8.07.77.95.26.06.7G/SMFR Barlineus8.07.77.97.26.95.5BAR Dancing(LA)7.87.77.86.36.16.3BAR Filius7.87.67.75.76.15.7DSV Bogart7.67.77.76.65.25.5DLF/JNS EuroCarina7.87.57.76.06.56.2DSV Orionette7.37.97.67.15.25.0DLF/JNS BargreenII7.67.57.66.56.05.7BAR Ramona7.47.67.57.26.06.2DSV Gima7.47.57.45.75.85.9DLF/JNS Bodega7.47.47.46.66.26.1BAR/RAGT Brittany7.47.37.35.66.16.0DLF/MM Greensleeves7.47.37.36.86.26.1OAS/TG Musica7.37.47.36.26.06.5BAR Nikky7.47.27.35.86.97.2DLF/MM Caldris7.27.27.25.85.55.6DLF/MM Humboldt7.27.07.15.96.66.6DLF/JNS Siskin7.07.17.07.25.57.8DLF/JNS Annalena7.26.97.04.07.27.7DSV Balkan6.96.86.97.85.25.8DLF Esparina6.86.76.87.06.28.0DLF Highnote6.86.66.75.26.36.5G Belleaire6.56.86.74.76.56.8SUT/TG Antoinette6.86.56.76.16.66.2DSV Barchip6.66.66.66.17.07.5BAR Greenmile6.56.66.57.26.56.7TG Calliope6.66.26.44.85.15.7TG/DLF Mission6.36.36.35.37.67.8DSV Wagner16.16.16.16.16.67.5DLF Joanna6.25.86.04.57.07.5G Trophy5.76.25.96.65.66.1DLF/MM Capriccio5.95.65.86.44.66.0DLF New Cultivars Nightclub(LA)7.97.87.94.65.24.9BAR
Greens TurfgrassSeed202321
Series G
Greens, Close Mown Trials (Mown at 5mm)
Table G3
Slender creeping red fescues (Festuca rubra litoralis)
LA
Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Barnoustie(LA)8.38.58.47.36.15.4BAR Ola(LA)7.58.27.87.24.64.3BAR Seroa7.57.57.56.75.85.9DLF/JNS Barcrown7.77.27.58.35.96.4BAR Beudin7.47.57.47.05.55.1OAS/TG Cezanne7.37.57.46.45.66.3DLF/JNS Absolom7.17.77.47.84.25.0DLF/JNS Nigella7.37.47.47.45.26.1DLF/JNS Viktorka7.57.27.47.86.07.1BAR Cathy7.27.27.26.44.65.5DLF/MM Barpearl6.97.27.18.06.16.2BAR Cantando6.87.06.95.26.56.2RAGT Aporina6.87.06.96.56.05.5DLF/MM Charlotte6.96.96.95.65.55.9G/DSV Teenie6.96.56.76.47.26.5DSV Mirador6.76.66.67.34.75.3G AberCharm6.86.36.65.06.98.2G Aiglon6.46.66.55.05.25.9DLF Sarolea6.56.56.56.06.06.5DLF Musette6.46.46.44.76.36.2BAR EuroMarie6.46.46.44.77.26.0DSV Kasinski6.56.26.36.38.18.1DLF Archibal6.26.46.36.05.46.2DLF Vivien6.46.26.35.77.37.8DLF/MM Reggae6.36.36.33.86.56.0BAR Cathrine6.16.06.05.78.27.8DSV Nicole5.95.95.95.06.16.2DSV Smirna5.75.85.75.75.55.3DLF/MM Borluna5.75.75.75.85.57.5G Samanta4.95.25.15.65.75.2DLF New Cultivars Barquess(LA)7.98.38.17.05.13.7BAR Tasida(LA)7.87.17.46.37.28.2DSV Maryse(LA)7.17.27.16.07.05.6DLF/MM
Greens 22TurfgrassSeed2023
= Limited availability
Series G Greens, Close Mown Trials (Mown at 5-7mm)
Table G4
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Table G5
Hard, Sheep’s and Strong creeping red fescues (Festuca spp.)
Theperformanceofstrongcreepingredfescues,hardfescuesandSheep’sfescueshavebeen evaluatedasagroupforuseinclosemownturf(TableG5).Thesegrassestolerateadegreeofclose mowingandcanformanattractiveclosemownturf.Theycouldbeusedasanalternativeto,orin combinationwith,Chewingsandslendercreepingredfescueformanyfineturfuses.However,they willnotmatchsuperiorChewingsandslendercreepingredfescuecultivarsforuseinhighquality golfgreens.Sheep’sfescuestendtoformnoticeablegrowthpatterns(whorls)infineturf.Thisisnot unattractivebutcanmakethemdifficulttostripeupwithamower.
Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Fineness of Leaf Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent Barolympic8.48.88.68.26.13.84.0BAR Clementine7.47.57.46.66.55.75.4DLF/JNS/TG Cabrio7.27.47.38.34.95.36.0G/SMFR Barsignum7.06.97.06.96.66.07.2BAR Estelle6.46.86.66.57.35.84.5OAS/TG Bargold6.46.76.66.85.96.66.0BAR Chloe6.56.66.66.26.25.95.1DLF Monroe6.46.66.56.86.06.66.5DLF/JNS Dickens16.46.46.46.06.15.75.1DLF/JNS Escapade6.46.06.26.66.66.36.5G/SMFR Chardin6.26.26.26.46.14.14.8DLF/JNS Cyrena6.26.26.25.37.25.65.6DLF/MM Antonella6.16.06.16.36.45.97.0TG Eventus5.86.05.96.97.26.67.1DSV Gianna5.85.95.85.57.35.46.2OAS/TG Greenway5.25.25.25.25.06.36.3SUT/TG Columbine5.25.15.25.43.27.16.6DLF/TG Venice5.15.05.05.25.94.75.4DLF/MM Mercitwo4.94.94.95.07.05.55.7OAS/TG New Cultivars Barprium6.87.17.06.73.57.06.8BAR Singapore6.26.26.27.46.74.74.5DLF/MM Alison5.45.55.55.65.67.76.6DLF/MM
Greens TurfgrassSeed202323
Series G Greens, Close Mown Trials (Mown at 4-5mm)
Table G5 Continued
Sheep’sfescue (F. ovina)
Strongcreepingredfescue (F. rubra rubra)
LA = Limited availability
- = Data not available
Series M
Miscellaneous grasses
Miscellaneous Grasses
Other Grasses (Table M1)
TableM1liststheavailabilityofminorturfgrassspecies.Theperformanceofthesegrassesmaydiffer fromthemoretraditionalamenitygrassspeciesandthesedifferenceshaveyettobefullydetermined. Theyshould,therefore,betreatedwithsomecautionastheirgrowthcharacteristicsandsusceptibility todiseasewilldifferfrommorecommonlyusedgrassspecies.
Miscellaneous Grasses
Other Grasses (Table M1)
Roughstalkedmeadow-grass (Poa trivialis) Note1
Notes:
1Comparablewithsmooth-stalkedmeadow-grass
- = Data not available
Wear Tolerance Shoot Density Fineness of Leaf Visual Merit Slow Regrowth UK Agent
Cultivar
Sabrena1-5.48.25.08.0DLF
Greens
Cultivar Shoot Density Visual Merit Mean Resistance to Red Thread Winter Greenness Summer Greenness UK Agent
Hardtop6.66.36.57.17.97.1BAR New Cultivars Mentor4.84.94.87.05.46.3DSV
Hardfescue (Festuca longifolia)
Quatro8.28.18.27.27.47.5DLF/JNS
Rossinante5.96.36.15.95.75.4DLF/JNS Barrisse6.06.06.0-5.45.1BAR Runa5.55.65.55.85.65.0DLF Hastings5.35.55.44.95.45.2OAS/TG Miscellaneous 24TurfgrassSeed2023
CultivarSpeciesTables
Abalina(LA)Smooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
AberCharmSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
AberFleeceSheep’sfescueL6
AberRegalBrowntopbentL7G1
AberRoyalBrowntopbentG1
AbsolomSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
AgreementPerennialryegrassS1
AiglonSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
AlatheaPerennialryegrassS1L1
AlbokaPerennialryegrassS1L1
AlisonPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
Altivo(LA)PerennialryegrassS1L1
AngelinaPerennialryegrassS1L1
Aniella(LA)PerennialryegrassS1L1
AnistonPerennialryegrassS1L1
AnnalenaChewingsfescueL3G2
AnnecyPerennialryegrassS1L1
AntoinetteChewingsfescueL3G2
AntonellaPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
AporinaSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
ArchibalSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
ArlettaBrowntopbentL7G1
ArmaniTallfescueS3L8
ArrowtownBrowntopbentL7G1
BalkanChewingsfescueL3G2
BaradonaPerennialryegrassS1L1
BarbastenPerennialryegrassS1L1
BarcampsiaTuftedhair-grassS4L9
BarcesarTallfescueS3L8
BarchipChewingsfescueL3G2
BarcristallaPerennialryegrassS1L1
BarcrownSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
BardoradoPerennialryegrassS1
BargoldPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
BargreenIIChewingsfescueL3G2
BarheleneSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
BaririsSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
BarjessicaStrongcreepingredfescueL5
BarKingBrowntopbentL7G1
BarlexasIITallfescueS3
BarlicumPerennialryegrassS1L1
BarlineusChewingsfescueL3G2
Barnoustie(LA)SlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
BarolympicPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
BaromarioPerennialryegrassS1L1
CultivarSpeciesTables
BarorlandoPerennialryegrassS1L1
BarpearlSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
BarpersiePerennialryegrassS1L1
BarpriumPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
Barquess(LA)SlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
BarrisseStrongcreepingredfescueL5G5
BarsignumPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
BarswilcanSlendercreepingredfescueL4
BarthierryPerennialryegrassS1
BarusticStrongcreepingredfescueL5
BarzicoPerennialryegrassS1L1
BeaconHardFescueL6
BeccaSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
BeckhamPerennialryegrassS1L1
BelleaireChewingsfescueL3G2
BenjiStrongcreepingredfescueL5
Berlioz1PerennialryegrassS1L1
BeudinSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
BiarritzPerennialryegrassL1
Bizet1PerennialryegrassS1L1
BluenoteSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
BodegaChewingsfescueL3G2
BogartChewingsfescueL3G2
BonniePerennialryegrassS1L1
BorealStrongcreepingredfescueL5
BorlunaSlendercreepingredfescueG3
BorsalaSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
BrittanyChewingsfescueL3G2
Cabarette(LA)StrongcreepingredfescueL5
CabrioPerennialryegrassL1G4
CadixPerennialryegrassS1L1
CaldrisChewingsfescueL3G2
CalicoPerennialryegrassS1L1
CalliopeChewingsfescueL3G2
Camanette(LA)ChewingsfescueL3G2
CameronPerennialryegrassS1L1
CamillaStrongcreepingredfescueL5
CantandoSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
CapriccioChewingsfescueL3G2
CarnacPerennialryegrassS1L1
CathrineSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
CathySlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
CezanneSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
ChardinPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
CharlesBrowntopbentL7G1
Index
Index TurfgrassSeed202325
CultivarSpeciesTables
CharlotteSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
ChloePerennialryegrassS1L1G4
ClaudinePerennialryegrassS1L1
CleekBrowntopbentL7G1
ClementinePerennialryegrassS1L1G4
CleopatraPerennialryegrassS1L1
Clochette(LA)PerennialryegrassS1L1
CobranovaCreepingbentG1
ColettaPerennialryegrassL1
ColumbinePerennialryegrassS1L1G4
ConniSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
CorailStrongcreepingredfescueL5
CreepstarPerennialryegrassS1L1
CrystalHardFescueL6
CyrenaPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
DakishaSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
Dancing(LA)ChewingsfescueL3G2
DauntlessSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
Debussy1TallfescueS3L8
DesantoTuftedhair-grassS4L9
DeshadeTuftedhair-grassS4L9
Dickens1PerennialryegrassS1L1G4
DipperStrongcreepingredfescueL5
DjangoPerennialryegrassS1L1
DoublePerennialryegrassS1s
Dumas1HardFescueL6
DuparcPerennialryegrassS1L1
Duranova(LA)PerennialryegrassS1L1
EGResistusPerennialryegrassS1L1
EgmontBrowntopbentL7G1
EnigmaSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2
EscapadePerennialryegrassS1L1G4
EsparinaChewingsfescueL3G2
EsquirePerennialryegrassS1L1
EssencePerennialryegrassS1L1
EssentialTallfescueS3L8
EstellePerennialryegrassS1L1G4
EterlouPerennialryegrassL1
EtiennaPerennialryegrassS1L1
EurobeatPerennialryegrassS1L1
EuroCarinaChewingsfescueL3G2
EuroCordusPerennialryegrassS1L1
EurodiamondPerennialryegrassS1L1
EuroMarieSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
EuropitchPerennialryegrassS1L1
EurosportPerennialryegrassS1L1
EventusPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
EvoraSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
FabianPerennialryegrassS1s
FandangoPerennialryegrassS1L1
FiliusChewingsfescueL3G2
FoxhoundTallfescueS3L8
GiannaPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
GildaraPerennialryegrassS1L1
CultivarSpeciesTables
GimaChewingsfescueL3G2
GladysPerennialryegrassS1L1
GrandeIITallfescueS3L8
GranditteTallfescueS3L8
GreenheavenTallfescueS3L8
GreenmileChewingsfescueL3G2
GreenplanetPerennialryegrassS1
GreenplaySmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
GreenskyPerennialryegrassS1L1
GreensleevesChewingsfescueL3G2
GreenwayPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
GroundforcePerennialryegrassS1L1
GwynettPerennialryegrassS1L1
HardtopHardFescueL6G5
HarmonieSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2
HastingsStrongcreepingredfescueL5G5
HayleyPerennialryegrassS1
HeidrunStrongcreepingredfescueL5
HeriotBrowntopbentL7
HeritageBrowntopbentG1
HighlandHighlandbentL7
HighnoteChewingsfescueL3G2
HiphopChewingsfescueL3
HumboldtChewingsfescueL3G2
Isadora(LA)Smooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
JasperinaStrongcreepingredfescueL5
JazzyStrongcreepingredfescueL5
JoannaChewingsfescueL3G2
Joker(LA)Smooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
JorvikBrowntopbentL7G1
Joshua(LA)StrongcreepingredfescueL5
JubileeEGPerennialryegrassS1L1
JuliusSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
KasinskiSlendercreepingredfescueG3
KolossosStrongcreepingredfescueL5
Lancelot(LA)PerennialryegrassS1L1
LaverdaStrongcreepingredfescueL5
LimousineSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
LincolnshireSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
Lionel(LA)PerennialryegrassS1L1
MackenzieCreepingbentG1
MagitteStrongcreepingredfescueL5
MalibuPerennialryegrassL1
MandalayPerennialryegrassS1L1
ManorBrowntopbentL7G1
Maracas(LA)StrongcreepingredfescueL5
MarkusSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
MartinellaPerennialryegrassS1L1
Maryse(LA)SlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
Maxima1StrongcreepingredfescueL5
MeandreTallfescueL8
MearaPerennialryegrassS1L1
MelbournePerennialryegrassS1L1
MelloriStrongcreepingredfescueL5
Index 26TurfgrassSeed2023
CultivarSpeciesTables
MelyaneTallfescueS3L8
MentorHardFescueL6G5
MercitwoPerennialryegrassS1L1G4
MiracleSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
MiradorSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
MissionChewingsfescueL3G2
MistralPerennialryegrassS1
MocoraPerennialryegrassS1L1
MonroePerennialryegrassS1L1G4
MorisotPerennialryegrassS1L1
MusetteSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
MusicaChewingsfescueL3G2
MusketBrowntopbentG1
MysticStrongcreepingredfescueL5
NaganoPerennialryegrassS1L1
Neruda1PerennialryegrassL1
NicoleSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
NigellaSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
Nightclub(LA)ChewingsfescueL3G2
NikkyChewingsfescueL3G2
Ola(LA)SlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
007DSBCreepingbentL7G1
OrionetteChewingsfescueL3G2
PascalPerennialryegrassS1L1
PassionPerennialryegrassS1L1
PenelopePerennialryegrassS1L1
PinaforeSlendercreepingredfescueL4
PlatinumPerennialryegrassS1L1
PolkaStrongcreepingredfescueL5
PollenPerennialryegrassL1
PonderosaPerennialryegrassS1L1
PowerPlaySmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
ProclamationCreepingbentG1
PromotorPerennialryegrassS1L1
QuatroSheep’sfescueL6G5
QuintetStrongcreepingredfescueL5
RamonaChewingsfescueL3G2
RecordStrongcreepingredfescueL5
RegenerateTallfescueS3L8
ReggaeSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
RelevantStrongcreepingredfescueL5
RGTKlaxonPerennialryegrassL1
RGTNuanceTallfescueS3L8
RihannaSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassL2
RiptideCreepingbentG1
RossinanteStrongcreepingredfescueL5G5
RunaStrongcreepingredfescueL5G5
RyderStrongcreepingredfescueL5
Sabrena1Roughstalkedmeadow-grassM
Saila(LA)PerennialryegrassS1L1
SamantaSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
SaroleaSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
SeftonBrowntopbentL7G1
SergeiStrongcreepingredfescueL5
CultivarSpeciesTables
SeroaSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
ShazamPerennialryegrassS1L1
SingaporePerennialryegrassS1L1G4
SirtakyPerennialryegrassL1
SiskinChewingsfescueL3G2
SmirnaSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
SombreroSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
StarlettTallfescueL8
StravinskyPerennialryegrassS1L1
SwordHardFescueL6
Tasida(LA)SlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
TeenieSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
TetradryPerennialryegrassS1s
TetragamePerennialryegrassS1s
TetragreenPerennialryegrassS1s
TetramagicPerennialryegrassS1s
TetrasportPerennialryegrassS1s
TetrastarPerennialryegrassS1s
TetrisSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
TorsionPerennialryegrassS1L1
TourPro(GDE)CreepingbentG1
TractionSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2
TrakajTuftedhair-grassS4L9
TransatePerennialryegrassS1L1
TransposePerennialryegrassS1
TrophyChewingsfescueL3G2
TurfgoldPerennialryegrassS1L1
TurfwayTallfescueS3L8
ValdoraSlendercreepingredfescueL4
VenicePerennialryegrassL1G4
VertechPerennialryegrassS1
VesuviusPerennialryegrassS1L1
ViktorkaSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
VitelliusPerennialryegrassL1
VivienSlendercreepingredfescueL4G3
VulcanusPerennialryegrassL1
Wagner1ChewingsfescueL3G2
XiamaraSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
YvetteSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
ZeptorSmooth-stalkedmeadow-grassS2L2
ZurichPerennialryegrassS1
Index TurfgrassSeed202327
UK Agents
Theseedmerchantslistedbelowareprimary agentsforgrasseslistedinthisbooklet.Short codeshavebeengivensothatthegrasseslisted inthedifferenttablescanbecross-referenced withtheirsuppliers.
BAR Barenbrug UK Ltd.
33PerkinsRoad,RoughamIndustrialEstate, BurySt.Edmunds,SuffolkIP309ND
Tel:01359272000,Fax:01359272001
E-mail:info@barenbrug.co.ukwww.barenbrug.co.uk
DLF/JNS DLF/Johnsons Sports Seed
ThornFarm,Inkberrow, Worcestershire,WR74LJ
Tel:01386790012,Fax:01386792715
E-mail:amenity@dlf.co.ukwww.dlf.co.uk
DSV DSV United Kingdom Ltd.
TopDawkinsBarn,UpperWardington,Banbury, Oxon,OX171FE
Tel:01295758800
E-mail:info@dsv-uk.co.uk
G Germinal GB Ltd.
CampRoad,WithamStHughs, LincolnLN69QJ
Tel:01522868714,Fax:01522868382
E-mail:lincoln@germinal.comwww.germinal.com
ICL ICL/Everris
P.O.Box40-4190CAGeldermalsen
Koeweistraat4-4181CDWaardenburg
TheNetherlands
Tel:0031418655700
Email:simon.taylor@icl-group.com www.icl-sf.com
Namesandaddressesofotherbreedersand suppliers,withonlyarestrictednumberof varietiesinthebooklet,areavailablefromthe BSPB.
DLF/MM DLF/MM
ThornFarm,Inkberrow,WorcestershireWR74LJ
Tel:01386719758
E-mail:mmdesigner@dlf.co.uk www.mm-seeds.co.uk
OAS Origin Amenity Solutions Ltd
1-3FreemanCourt,JarmanWay,Royston, HertfordshireSG85HW
Tel:01763255500
RGT RAGT Seeds
GrangeRoad,Ickleton,EssexCB101TA
Tel:01799533700
www.ragtseeds.co.uk
SMFR Semences de France
62rueLéonBeauchamp
59930LaChapelled’Armentières,France. Tel:+33320484141,Fax:+33320484162
E-mail:contact@semences-de-france.fr www.semencesdefrance.com
SUT Suttons Consumer Products Ltd.
WoodviewRoad,Paignton
DevonTQ47NG
Tel:01803696300
E-mail:retail@suttons.co.uk
TG Top Green
ZALesPains,49320LesAlleuds,France
Tel:0033241689900,Fax:0033241689901
info@tgsas.fr
28TurfgrassSeed2023
Contact Details
British Society of Plant Breeders Limited (BSPB)
BSPB House
114 Lancashire Way Business Park
Ely, Cambridgeshire
CB6 3NX
Tel: 01353 653200
Fax: 01353 661156
E-mail: enquiries@bspb.co.uk
www.bspb.co.uk
STRI Group
Bingley, West Yorkshire
BD16 1AU
Tel: 01274 565131
Fax: 01274 561891
E-mail: info@strigroup.com
www.strigroup.com
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“Publication” includes any means by which the materials are reproduced, displayed, used or otherwise made available to any person, including non-exhaustively in print, by projection and by electronic means.
To obtain a licence please contact BSPB directly.
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