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Der Holzweg – Neuer Weg?
Stadthaus is a nine-storey residential tower block in Hackney, East London Constructed entirely from timber from the first floor upwards it was designed by Waugh Thistleton Architects. On its completion in 2008 it was the tallest all timber residential building in the world
I N T RO D U C T I O N
As a primary goal Waugh Thistleton set out to demonstrate through Stadthaus how the use of cross-laminated timber panels might be an answer to the UK’s desperate need for sustainable, socially conscious housing Completed within a limited budget for Telford Homes, Stadthaus occupies a site of 17 m x 17 m and houses twenty-nine apartments: nineteen private sale units; nine affordable tenancies and one shared ownership It is a building that has been e l e g a n t l y d e s i g n e d a n d c a r e f u l l y e n g i n e e r e d to serve the needs of both its tenants and its surrounding community, complementing the East L o n d o n s k y l i n e w i t h a m o n o c h r o m e G e r h a r d Richter-inspired façade More than that, Stadthaus is a pioneering example of architecture that
Stadthaus ist ein etwas anderes, neungeschossiges
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a u f w ä r t s v o l l s t ä n d i g a u s H o l z , B r e t t s p e r r h o l z g e b a u t i s t
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Wo h n g e b ä u d e a u s B r e t t s p e r r h o l z d e r We l t . E n t w o r f e n v o n
Waugh Thistleton Architects, London, die Statik von Techniker
L t d , L o n d o n u n d r e a l i s i e r t v o n K L H U K L t d , L o n d o n u n d g e b a u t f ü r Te l f o r d H o m e P LC
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T h i s t l e t o n , d a s s d i e Ve r w e n d u n g v o n B r e t t s p e r r h o l z e i n e mögliche Antwort auf den massiven Bedarf Großbritanniens an zukunftsfähigem und gesellschaftsbezogenem Wohnraum
i s t D a s S t a d t h a u s h a t e i n e n q u a d r a t i s c h e n G r u n d r i s s v o n 1 7 m x 1 7 m u n d b e h e r b e r g t 2 9 Wo h n u n g e n : 1 9 Pr i v a twohnungen, 9 subventionierte Mietwohnungen (Sozialwohnungen) und eine Eigentümergemeinschafts-wohnung Durch s e i n e l e g a n t e s D e s i g n u n d s e i n e s o r g f ä l t i g e A u s f ü h r u n g i s t
es dem Stadthaus möglich den Wünschen und Bedürfnissen sowohl seiner Bewohner, als auch Anwohner nach zukommen
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Einklang mit der Großstadtsilhouette des Londoner Ostens
D a r ü b e r h i n a u s i s t d a s S t a d t h a u s e i n b a h n b r e c h e n d e s
B e i s p i e l f ü r e i n e n a c h h a l t i g e n A r c h i t e k t u r u n d e i n w e gw e i s e n d e s B e i s p i e l e i n e r C O 2 n e u t r a l e n o d e r s o g a r C O 2 e i n s p a r e n d e n B a u w e i s e . Wo h n g e b ä u d e d i e s e r A r t w e r d e n i n G r o ßb r i t a n n i e n ü b l i c h e r w e i s e a l s S t a h l b e t o n s k e l e t t g e b a u t , a u s g e f a c h t u n d o d e r m i t e i n e r v o r g e h ä n g t e n Fa s s a d e Ve r g l e i c h t m a n d e n E n e r g i e v e r b r a u c h d i e s e r h e r kö m m l i c hen, konventionellen Bauweise, hat das Stadthaus bei seiner Ko n s t r u k t i o n 1 24 .7 To n n e n C O 2 e i n g e s p a r t ; h i n z u ko m m e n
n o c h w e i t e r e 1 8 6 To n n e n Ko h l e n d i ox i d , d i e d a s H o l z v o r h e r schon aus der Atmosphäre umgewandelt und zu Teilen auch
i m H o l z e i n g e l a g e r t s i n d
I n G r o ß b r i t a n n i e n m u s s b e r e i t s h e u t e j e d e r n e u e r b a u t e Wo h n b l o c k d u r c h d e n E i n s a t z v o n e r n e u e r b a r e n
E n e r g i e t r ä g e r n s e i n e C O 2 E m i s s i o n u m m i n d e s t e n s 1 0 %
points the way towards carbon-neutral, and even carbon-positive, construction
A building of this form would normally be procured as a reinforced concrete frame, and in comparison Stadthaus saved 124,750 kg of carbon during its build A further 186,000 kg is sequestered in the timber itself To put these figures in perspective, the usual requirement of ten per cent carbon reduction through onsite renewable energy would equate to the same s a v i n g o n l y a f t e r 2 0 0 y e a r s o f t h e b u i l d i n g ’ s constant use
Compared to the seventy-two weeks p r o g r a m m e d f o r a c o n c r e t e f r a m e d e s i g n , Stadthaus took forty-nine weeks to complete
The timber structure itself was constructed in just nine weeks by four men, each working a threeday week Many other savings were made and it proved to be as well received on the market as it was by the client and contractors when all units sold within two hours of their launch
r e d u z i e r e n . B e t r a c h t e t m a n g e n a u d i e C O 2
E i n s p a r u n g
d u r c h d i e Ve r w e n d u n g v o n H o l z a u s B a u m a t e r i a l ka n n m a n
d a s S t a d t h a u s ü b e r 2 0 0 J a h r e u n u n t e r b r o c h e n b e t r e i b e n u m e i n e e n t s p r e c h e n d e E i n s p a r u n g a n C O 2 z u e r z i e l e n
Die Architekten und Ingenieure haben Brettsperrh o l z a l s e n t s c h e i d e n d e s B a u m a t e r i a l v o r g e s c h l a g e n u n d gegenüber dem Kunden präsentiert. Neue Materilalien und n e u e Te c h n o l g i e n m ü s s e n s i c h i n d e n M ä r k t e n e r s t e i n m a l b e h a u p t e n E i n e r s t e H ü r d e i s t i m m e r d i e Re n t a b i l i t ä t , d i e n a c h w i e v o r a l l e w e i t e r e n Vo r t e i l e w i e U m w e l t f r e u n d l i c hke i t i m S c h a t t e n s t e h e n l ä s s t G e s e t z l i c h e Vo r l a g e n u n t e rs t ü t z e n u n d f o r d e r n i m m e r h ä u f i g e r n e u e We g e , n e u e M a t e r i a l i e n , n e u e Te c h n o l o g i e n u n d B a u m e t h o d e n .
D a s B r e t t s p e r r h o l z s t e l l t s i c h a l l d i e s e n A n f o r d -
erungen und bietet neben den ökolgischen Qualitäten auch i n t e r e s s a n t e w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e L ö s u n g e n u n d d r ä n g t s i c h a l s Alternative zu konventionellen Materialien und Verfahren auf, a u c h u n t e r d e r m o m e n t a n e n g e s a m t w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n L a g e u n d s c h ä r f e r w e r d e n d e n Re g e l u n g e n u n d Ve r o r d n u n g e n Architekten und Designer suchen nach Lösungen d i e d e n u m w e l t t e c h n i s c h e n u n d ö ko l o g i s c h e n A n s p r ü c h e n g e r e c h t w e r d e n , w i r t s c h a f t l i c h s i n d u n d g l e i c h z e i t i g S t a n d a r d s , B e d ü r f n i s s e u n d Wü n s c h e k ü n f t i g e r B e w o h n e r b e r ü c k s i c h t i g t E i n S p a g a t d e r a b e n t e u e r l i c h a n m u t e t A u c h h i e r i s t B r e t t s p e r r h o l z e i n e i n t e r e s s a n t e Va r i a n t e , e i n f l ex i b l e s M a t e r i a l d a s u n g e a h n t e G e s t a l t u n g s v a r i a n t e n zulässt und alle oben genannte Anforderungen berücksichtig
Das Stadthaus belegt, dass es durchaus möglich
i s t C O 2 n e u t r a l e A r c h i t e k t u r z u r e a l i s i e r e n , o h n e j e g l i c h e E i n b u ß e n i n Q u a l i t ä t u n d O r i g i n a l i t ä t I m G e g e n t e i l , d a s B a u e n m i t B r e t t s p e r r h o l z b i e t e t v i e l e , g a n z o f f e n s i c h t l i c h e
Vorteile die weit über das Thema der Kohlendioxidreduktion u n d d e r U m w e l t f r e u n d l i c h ke i t h i n a u s g e h e n .
D a s S t a d t h a u s w u r d e i n n u r 4 9 Wo c h e n f e r t i gg e s t e l l t , w o b e i d e r H o l z r o h b a u i n 2 7 We r k t a g e n e r f o l g t e u n d d a s M o n t a g e t e a m n u r a u s 4 Z i m m e r l e u t e n b e s t a n d Für eine herkömmlich Stahlbetonskelettbau wird in der Regel e i n Pr o g r a m m v o n 7 2 Wo c h e n v e r a n s c h l a g t
Diese deutliche Zeitersparnis in der Erstellung des G e b ä u d e s i s t n u r e i n e v o n v i e l e n w e i t e r e n p r o g r a m mt e c h n i s c h e n u n d f i n a n z i e l l e n Vo r t e i l e n , d e r b e i m S t a d t h a u s a n g e w a n d t e n B a u w e i s e u n t e r Ve r w e n d u n g v o n B r e t t s p e r rh o l z b a u w e i s e
Creativity, growth, abundance and convenience are not generally carbon neutral concepts Indeed it has been argued that design for sustainability comes at a cost: both financially and creatively While new materials and processes are slow to reach the economies of s c a l e n e c e s s a r y t o c o m p e t e w i t h t h e i r l e s s verdant alternatives, the expensive sustainable option often won’t be considered against an a l r e a d y c u t b u d g e t w i t h o u t h e a v y - h a n d e d legislation
A s m a n y d e s i g n e r s a r e t o o o f t e n pushed into pursuing a green agenda by legal n e c e s s i t y, t h e y a r e o f t e n f o r c e d t o s i d e l i n e human needs to make the figures add up Cons e q u e n t l y s u s t a i n a b l e o p t i o n s h a v e b e c o m e associated with a reduction in living standards, l o w e r a e s t h e t i c s t a n d a r d s , a n d a n o v e r a l l increase in effort and ennui
Stadthaus proves that it is possible t o b u i l d c a r b o n - n e u t r a l a r c h i t e c t u r e w i t h o u t making sacrifices Rather the opposite is true – building in engineered timber can provide plentiful, tangible benefits above and beyond t h e c a r b o n s a v i n g s D o i n g s o m e t h i n g n e w, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n s u c h a c o n s e r v a t i v e i n d u s t r y, requires considerable energy and persistence, and the process of building Stadthaus has been one of intense teamwork between the architects, their suppliers, the engineers, construction team a n d c l i e n t I t h a s n e c e s s i t a t e d a n d i n s p i r e d innovation, vision and persistence on the part of all those involved. These are what this book sets out to record
D e r E r f o l g w a r v o r p r o g r a m m i e r t – a l l e Wo h n u ng e n w a r e n b i n n e n w e n i g e r a l s 2 S t u n d e n v e r ka u f t .
Das Stadthaus Projekt forderte von allen Beteiligt e n M u t , A u s d a u e r, Ve r t r a u e n , h o h e K o m m u n i k a t i o n sb e r e i t s c h a f t u n d i n t e n s i v e Z u s a m m e n a r b e i t u n t e r d e n
A r c h i t e k t e n , I n g e n i e u r e n , L i e f e r a n t e n u n d M o n t e u r e u n d n i c h t z u l e t z t d e m Ku n d e n
D a s v o r l i e g e n d e B u c h d o k u m e n t i e r t a l l d i e s e
Ausdauer und Beharrlichkeit des Projektteams mit der bisher bekannte Grenzen im Holzbau gesprengt wurden und zeigt e i n d r ü c k l i c h , d a s s d e r t r a d i t i o n e l l e ‘ H o l z w e g ’ e i n e r
N e u i n t e r p r e t a t i o n b e d a r f Wi r kö n n e n d i e N a c h a h m u n g
n u r e m p f e h l e n !
Timber has seen a surge of popularity in recent decades, largely thanks to its wellknown and considerable environmental benefits
o v e r o t h e r b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s W i d e s p r e a d a d o p t i o n h a s b e e n c u r b e d , h o w e v e r, b y a number of limitations – the principal of which is a lack of practical knowledge surrounding the construction and design of tall timber buildings
Holz gewinnt als Baustoff in den letzten Jahren w i e d e r s e h r a n Po p u l a r i t ä t u n t e r a n d e r e m d a n k s e i n e r w e i t b e ka n n t e n U m w e l t f r e u n d l i c ke i t u n d U m w e l t v e r t r ä glichkeit, die die anderer Baumaterialien weit übersteigt, und d a n k d e r v i e l e n n e u e n E n t w i c k l u n g e n i m B e r e i c h H o l zwerkstoffe und Holzbauelemente.
D i e H o l z b a u i n d u s t r i e u n d d i e H o l z w i r t s c h a f t haben dennoch alle Hände voll zu tun, um letzten Bedenken u n d a k t u a l i s i e r u n g s b e d ü r f t i g e Vo r s c h r i f t e n z u b e g e g n e n Mit dem Stadthaus wird gelichzeitig demonstriert, dass Holz durchaus eine interessante und baubare Variante für den Wo h n g e s c h o s s b a u i s t . D i e We i t e r e n t w i c k l u n g e i n e s d e r ältesten Baumaterialien der Welt ist rasant zeitgemäß, und bietet Antworten auf alle Fragen
Concerns associated with timber are p r e d o m i n a n t l y r e l a t e d t o t i m b e r f r a m e construction Firstly, that the movement charact e r i s t i c s o f w o o d l e a d t o u n s t a b l e s t r u c t u r e s : t h e m a t e r i a l ’ s l o a d - b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y, a n d i t s d u r a b i l i t y a r e p e r c e i v e d a s i n f e r i o r t o t h o s e o f c o n c r e t e a n d s t e e l . S e c o n d l y, a l t h o u g h w o o d c a n b e u s e d t o m a ke w o n d e r f u l m u s i c a l i n s t r uments, the acoustics in a timber frame building are known to be problematic and finally, timber f r a m e i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e h i g h l y c o m b u s t i b l e
B u t a s l o n g a s t h e a r c h i t e c t m a k e s p r o p e r
u s e o f t h e m a t e r i a l s a n d t a k e s n e c e s s a r y p r e c a u t i o n s ( a s t h e y w o u l d o n a n y m a t e r i a l ) expectations and regulations alike can not only b e m e t , b u t exc e e d e d
In den späten Neunziger Jahren kamen die ersten B r e t t s p e r r h o l z - E l e m e n t e a u f d e n M a r k t D i e s e s e i n f a c h e a b e r a u s g e k l ü g e l t e Pr o d u k t w i r d m i t S i c h e r h e i t g r o ß e n u n d w e i t r e i c h e n d e n E i n f l u ß a u f d i e A r c h i t e k t u r d e r Z u k u n f t n e h m e n . B r e t t s p e r r h o l z - E l e m e n t e g e w ä h r e n a l l e Vo r t e i l e , d i e H o l z m i t s i c h b r i n g t u n d e r ö f f n e t G e s t a l t u n g s m ö gl i c h k e i t e n m i t d e m M a t e r i a l H o l z d i e b i s d a t o d i e s e m
We r k s t o f f v e r w e h r t w a r e n E i n e Re i h e v o n Pr o j e k t e n , w i e d i e Pa s s i v h a u ss i e d l u n g ‘A m M ü h l w e g ’ i n W i e n , d i e Wo h n a n l a g e n i n
J u d e n b u r g i n d e r S t e i e r m a r k , d i e K i n g s d a l e S c h o o l i n L o n d o n ( d R M M a r c h i t e c t s ) h a b e n s t ä n d i g d i e M ö g l i c hkeiten und Grenzen des Materials durch innovativen Einsatz erschlossen und erweitert
Mit dem Stadthaus macht die Holzbauweise einen w e i t e r e n g e w a l t i g e n E n t w i c k l u n g s s p r u n g M i t e i n e r d e r ersten Brettsperrholzhersteller waren Wolfgang Weirer und Heimo de Monte, die 1996 ein Forschungs – und Entwicklungsp r o g r a m m m i t d e r U n i v e r s i t ä t G r a z s t a r t e t e n , d a s d a n n i n der Folge im Jahr 1999 in zur Gründung der Fa. KLH, KreuzLagenHolz fuehrte KLH expandiert über ganz Europa und
T h e r e a r e m a n y exa m p l e s t o p r o v e t h a t b u i l d i n g r o b u s t , p r a c t i c a l a n d b e a u t i f u l archi t e c t u r e w i t h t i m b e r i s p o s s i b l e , a n d d o i n g so merely requires a different mindset and knowl e d g e b a s e t o t h a t u s e d w h e n b u i l d i n g i n c o ncrete and steel Furthermore the environmental a d v a n t a g e s o f t i m b e r a r e t o o g r e a t t o i g n o r e
A s e n s i b l e a n d t i m e l y e v o l u t i o n o f o n e o f t h e w o r l d ’ s o l d e s t b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s h a s s e e n m a n y o f t h e s e i s s u e s d i s p e l l e d b y dev-elopments in modern technology Emerging on the market just before the turn of the century, engineered cross-laminated solid timber panels are a simple but sophisticated modern product t h a t l o o k s s e t t o h a v e s e r i o u s a n d f a r - r e a c h i n g i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r a r c h i t e c t u r e . C r o s s - l a m i n a t e d timber panels offers all of the benefits of timber w i t h l i t t l e o r n o d e s i g n c o m p r o m i s e
A number of projects have progressively pushed the boundaries of this new material including the Passive House at Muhlweg, Vienna, r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s i n J u d e n b u r g a n d t h e K i n g s d a l e S c h o o l i n L o n d o n b y d e R i j ke M a r s h M o r g a n A r c h i t e c t s S t a d t h a u s r e p r e s e n t s a g r e a t l e a p f o r t i m b e r b y p r o v i n g its benefits in a high-density, high-rise urban housing block
T h e m a ke - u p o f a c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d timber panel is not ambiguous: it consists simply
d a r ü b e r h i n a u s , u n d z u m Z e i t p u n k t a l s Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n mit den Plänen für das Stadthaus an sie herantrat, produzierte KLH bereits bis zu 400 000 m2 Brettsperrholz pro Jahr
I m K L H We r k w e r d e n v o r w i e g e n d Fi c h t e n b r e t t e r in drei Qualitätsgrade sortiert: Industriesichtqualität, Wohns i c h t q u a l i t ä t u n d N i c h t s i c h t q u a l i t ä t ( f ü r t r a g e n d e , n i c h t s i c h t b a r e E l e m e n t e ) N a c h d e r S o r t i e r u n g w e r d e n d i e e i n z e l e n e n B r e t t e r i n e i n e r Ke i l z i n ke n a n l a g e u n d i n b i s z u e i n e r L ä n g e v o n 1 6 5 m z u s a m m e n g e f ü g t D i e s e B r e t t e r w e r d e n d a n n m i t j e w e i l s e i n e r L e i m s c h i c h t t d a z w i s c h e n k r e u z w e i s e g e s t a p e l t u n d u n t e r h o h e m D r u c k z u g r o ßf o r m a t i g e n B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e n v e r p r e s s t . D e r s e h r h o h e n Pr e s s d r u c k e r l a u b t e i n e h o c h w e r t i g e u n d l e t z t e n d l i c h e m i s s i o n s f r e i e Ve r l e i m u n g d e r P l a t t e n m i t e i n e m Po l y u r et h a n L e i m D a s Pr e s s v e r f a h r e n i s t p a t e n t i e r t u n d i s t n e b e n a n d e r e n Fa k t o r e n e i n G a r a n t f ü r d i e h o h e s t a t i s c h e , l a n gl e b i g e u n d v i s u e l l e Q u a l i t ä t d e r K L H B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e .
HO L Z , B A U MA T E R I A L D E S 2 1 S T E N J A H R H UN D E R TS
of timber planks stacked, glued and laminated in perpendicular layers. Manufactured in sheets of up to 16.5 m by 2.95 m, the panels are then cut to the architects’ specification in the factory u s i n g C o m p u t e r N u m e r i c a l C o n t r o l ( C N C )
e q u i p m e n t b e f o r e b e i n g d e l i v e r e d a n d a s sembled on site
W h e n u s e d a s a t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l building material as opposed to a single dimension, timber board has several advantages: in a fire, a solid wall of timber will benefit from the
p r o t e c t i o n o f a c h a r r e d l a y e r a n d t h e r e f o r e d o e s n o t d e t e r i o r a t e i n t h e s a m e w a y a s a j o i s t or stud Cross-laminated timber panels, at their t h i n n e s t t h r e e - l a y e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , c a n c o n f o r m to a fire protection class of F 30 – which means t h e y w i l l r e t a i n t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y f o r a t least thirty minutes in a fire In Stadthaus, fivelayer panels are used to obtain a fire protection c l a s s o f F 6 0 A t i m b e r b e a m w i l l r e t a i n s t r u c tu r a l i n t e g r i t y m u c h l o n g e r t h a n a s t e e l b e a m , w h i c h l o s e s s t r e n g t h a b o v e a c e r t a i n t e m p e r at u r e a n d b u c k l e s T h r o u g h s p e c i a l b o a r d a n d l a y e r c o n s t r u c t i o n s t h e f i r e r e s i s t a n c e p e r i o d o f t i m b e r c a n b e s t i l l f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d
T h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e l a m e l l a s i n e a c h l a y e r o f t i m b e r, a n d t h e w a y i n w h i c h t h e y a r e b o n d e d , m e a n s t h a t a n y swelling and shrinkage in cross-laminated timber boards is reduced to an insignificant minimum
The product is extremely stable Static strength is also considerably improved, offering entirely new possibilities when it comes to load transfer
Not only can loads be transferred in one directi o n ( a s i s t h e c a s e w i t h s u p p o r t s a n d g i r d e r s f o r exa m p l e ) b u t o n a l l s i d e s
A s a n o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l , t i m b e r i s t r a d i t i o n a l l y s u s c e p t i b l e t o r o t , a s w e l l a s p e s t , fungus and insect attacks Good design will go some way to allaying these risks in certain climates, w h i l e c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d t i m b e r p a n e l s a r e technically dried to achieve a very low moisture count of below twelve per cent, thus preventing the problems arising in the first instance
A c o u s t i c a l l y, t o o , t h e s u c c e s s o f
t i m b e r i n a r c h i t e c t u r e i s i n t h e d e t a i l i n g C r o s s l a m i n a t e d s o l i d t i m b e r p a n e l s h a v e a s i g n i f icantly higher density than timber frame buildings
Die Festigkeitswerte der KLH Platte sind bis dato herausragend und unerreicht im Vergleich zu Wettbewerbsprodukten
Plattengrößen bis zu 16 5 m x 2 95 m sind möglich
D i e L i m i t i e r u n g d e s P l a t t e n f o r m a t s i s t t r a n s p o r t b e d i n g t Dieses Format lässt sich auf dem Kontinent noch ökonomisch transportieren.
D i e P l a t t e w i r d d a n n , n a c h d e n A n g a b e n d e s jeweiligen Architekten, vor Lieferung und Montage, im Werk m i t C N C ( C o m p u t e r i s e d N u m e r i c a l C o n t r o l ) M a s c h i n e n höchst präzise zugeschnitten
B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e n w i r ke n s t a t i s c h ( ä h n l i c h w i e F e r t i g – b e t o n e l e m e n t e ) i n z w e i R i c h t u n g e n , a n d e r s a l s d i e m e i s t e n a n d e r e n B a u e l e m e n t e d i e s t a t i s c h n u r i n e i n e R i c h t u n g w i r k e n D i e B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e s c h a f f t ko m p l e t t n e u e M ö g l i c h ke i t e n d e r L a s t e n v e r t e i l u n g L a s t e n kö n n e n j e t z t n i c h t n u r i n e i n e R i c h t u n g a b g e t r a g e n w e r d e n , w i e e s b e i S t ü t z e n u n d Tr ä g e r n d e r Fa l l i s t , s o n d e r n d i e
P l a t t e i s t S t ü t z e u n d Tr ä g e r i n e i n e m .
Die Brettsperrholzplatte liefert Antworten auf die häufig zitierten Bedenken der Bauindustrie
H o l z b r e n n t n u r s c h n e l l w e n n d i e Q u e r s c h i t t e k l e i n s i n d u n d h o h e S a u e r s t o f f z u f u h r v e r f ü g b a r i s t J e d e r h a t s c h o n e r f a h r e n w i e s i c h e i n g r o ß e s , m a s s i v e s S t ü c k
H o l z i m L a g e r f e u e r, i m Ka m i n f e u e r e t c . v e r h ä l t . E s b r a u c h t l a n g e Z e i t b i s e s a n d e r O b e r f l ä c h e a n f ä n g t z u v e r ko h l e n Ä h n l i c h v e r h ä l t s i c h d i e B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e D ü n n e
Brettsperr-holzplatten (94 mm), mit 3 Lagen, können bereits
b i s z u 3 0 M i n d e m F e u e r a u s g e s e t z t w e r d e n , d i c ke r e , 5 l a g i g e n u n d m e h r l a g i g e s c h o n m a l 6 0 m i n u n d d a r ü b e r
B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e n b e h a l t e n i m Fa l l e e i n e s B r a n d e s i h r e S t a n d f e s t i g ke i t g e m ä ß s d e r Ka l k u l a t i o n e n . B r e t t s p e r r -
90 degrees
Anordnung
(500 kg per cubic metre or 50 kg per square metre for a 100 mm thick wall panel) but it can also provide a solid structural core onto which i n d e p e n d e n t a n d s e p a r a t i n g l a y e r s c a n b e added to overcome sound transfer issues In t h i s w a y S t a d t h a u s f a r exc e e d s a l l r e l e v a n t acoustic regulations in the UK
Wi t h a l l t h e l o n g s t a n d i n g c o n c e r n s n o r m a l l y a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e m a t e r i a l a d d r e s s e d , w e c a n t u r n t o l o o k a t t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e a dvantages presented by building in timber These i n c l u d e r e d u c e d c o n s t r u c t i o n t i m e a n d c o s t , a n d i n c r e a s e d b u i l d q u a l i t y i n t h e e n d r e s u l t
I t t a k e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w e n t y
m i n u t e s t o f i t a n e n g i n e e r e d t i m b e r b o a r d .
B u i l d i n g t h e s h e l l o f a t y p i c a l d e t a c h e d h o u s e
m i g h t t a ke a r o u n d e i g h t h o u r s B e c a u s e t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s a r e d r y, i n t e r i o r f i t t i n g s
c a n b e i n s t a l l e d i m m e d i a t e l y I n c o n t r a s t t o a
c o n c r e t e a n d s t e e l c o n s t r u c t i o n , o n - s i t e
a s s e m b l y t i m e s a r e v e r y s h o r t a n d , t h r o u g h
t h e h i g h d e g r e e o f p r e f a b r i c a t i o n i n p r o t e c t e d space, the vulnerability to delays through poor w e a t h e r i s c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d
W h e n t h e y a r r i v e , t h e p a n e l s a r e ready to be assembled Due to the combination of high specification production, cutting facilities
a n d p e r m a n e n t i n t e r n a l a n d ex t e r n a l q u a l i t y surveillance, timber boards have a low tolerance
h o l z p l a t t e n v e r h a l t e n s i c h d a b e i ä h n l i c h z u L e i m b i n d e r n , w e r d e n n i c h t w e i c h u n d k n i c ke n n i c h t e i n D u r c h E i n s a t z v o n B e p l a n k u n g e n m i t z B Tr o c ke n b a u p l a t t e n ka n n d e r F e u e r w i d e r s t a n d s o g a r d e u t l i c h e r h ö h t w e r d e n
Holz arbeit in Längsrichtung kaum, um nicht zu sagen nicht! Bei der kreuzweisen Anordnung der Längs –u n d Q u e r l a m e l l e n e r r e i c h e n w i r d a d u r c h i n L ä n g s – u n d Quer-richtung ein vernachlässigbares Quell – und Schwundverhalten der Platte Die Platte bleibt in Länge und Breite stabil und äusserst präzise Im Bereich der Plattendicke kann e s z u m i n i m a l e m S c h w i n d e n u n d Q u e l l e n ko m m e n , w a s z B im Bereich einer Geschossdecke zu berücksichtigen ist.
Holz fault nur unter ganz bestimmten klimatischen B e d i n g u n g e n Fü r I n s e k t e n b e f a l l s i n d e b e n s o b e s o n d e r e B e d i n g u n g e n z u e r f ü l l e n D e t a i l i e r t e u n d d u r c h d a c h t e Bauweise kann Fäule und Schädlinge komplett ausschliessen I m Vo r f e l d h i e r z u w i r d d a s Ro h m a t e r i a l i m m e r t e c h n i s c h
and are a precise fit Once on site, the building c a n b e a s s e m b l e d f o r t h e m o s t p a r t u s i n g conventional tools, if for any reason the design changes, it is comparatively straightforward to c u t a n e w p a n e l , o r a d a p t t h e ex i s t i n g o n e ; something that provides a decisive advantage especially when it comes to building services Ti m b e r p a n e l s o f f e r l a r g e - s c a l e freedom in architectonic implementation and a r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h s t e e l , g l a s s , a l u m i n i u m and all conventional construction materials. Far f r o m b e i n g r e s t r i c t e d t o s p e c i f i c c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s , t o d a y ’ s t e c h n o l o g y m e a n s t h e product will work almost any where in the world
The speed of construction makes the u s e o f t i m b e r p a n e l s e s p e c i a l l y p e r t i n e n t i n dense urban environments. Another advantage
g e t r o c k n e t – d a n a c h l i e g t i h r F e u c h t i g ke i t s g e h a l t b e i u n t e r 1 2 Pr o z e n t D e r F e r t i g u n g s p r o z e s s i s t v o l l s t ä n d i g ueber-wacht Holz ist nicht so leicht wie allgemein angenommen. D i e B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e w e i s t e i n e b e d e u t e n d h ö h e r e Dichte (500 kg pro m3, 50 kg pro m3 bei einer 100 mm K L H P l a t t e ) a l s k o n v e n t i o n e l l e L e i c h t b a u w e i s e n a u f G u t e u n d h o h e S c h a l l d ä m m w e r t e w e r d e n d u r c h konsequenten, getrennten Schichtenaufbau realsiert, wobei d i e P l a t t e n sowohl als statischer Kern und gleichzeitig als
( L e f t ) Vi e w o f t h e s i t e l o o k i n g w e s t a l o n g M u r r a y G r o v e
( A b o v e ) C o m p u t e r G e n e r a t e d I m a g e l o o k i n g w e s t a l o n g
Murray Grove
o f t h e m a t e r i a l i s t h a t i t r e q u i r e s m i n i m a l s i t e area and requires less noisy and dust-producing e q u i p m e n t i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , c r e a t i n g f a r l e s s i n t r u s i o n o n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o m m u n i t y Wi t h t h e s a m e c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s , s o l i d timber walls can be designed to be far slimmer
t h a n w a l l s i n c o n v e n t i o n a l s o l i d b u i l d i n g m e t h o d s , m aking for considerable gains in the net usage area Furthermore, the lower weight o f t h e s t r u c t u r e l e a d s t o r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e
foundations
(Links) Westansicht des Grundstücks (Oben) Gerenderte Perspektive entlang Murray Grove
Träger für den Schichtenaufbau wirkt Das Stadthaus erfüllt, ja über-trifft sogar deutlich alle Schallschutzanforderungen a n Wohngebaeude in Großbritannien Die Montage einer Brettsperr-platte dauert wenige Minuten, ein Einfamilienhaus kann in 8 Stunden / 1 Arbeitstag erstellt werden Die t r o c ke n e n B a u w e i s e e r l a u b t s o f o r t i g e n We i t e r b a u , i n n e n und aussen D i e G e b ä u d e h ü l l e w i r d s o s e h r s c h n e l l w e t t e rgeschützt und die Gesamtbauzeit gegenüber herkömmlicher
B a u w e i s e n D i e B a u e l e m e n t e b e a n s p r u c h e n k e i n e r l e i
Since the material’s inception many architects have begun to exploit these benefits in projects around the world, and a number of m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d s u p p l i e r s o f t h e m a t e r i a l n o w e x i s t K L H , o n e o f t h e e a r l i e s t , w a s established by Heimo de Monte and Wolfgang Weirer in 1999 after several years of research and development work with Graz University of Technology and a one year trial run. The company r a p i d l y e x p a n d e d , a n d b y t h e t i m e Wa u g h Thistleton approached them with the plans for S t a d t h a u s t h e y w e r e p r o d u c i n g 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 s q metres of the material per year, and looking to establish business in new markets
At the KLH factory, planks of spruce a r e s o r t e d i n t o t h r e e g r a d e s ( i n d u s t r i a l , d o m e s t i c a n d v i s i b l e ) b e f o r e b e i n g c u t a n d f i n g e r - j o i n t e d t o g e t h e r i n t o s t r i p s u p t o 1 6 5 m i n l e n g t h T h e s e s t r i p s a r e t h e n s t a c ke d a n d g l u e d u n d e r h i g h p r e s s u r e i n p e r p e n d i c u l a r layers. The process used by KLH to manufacture e n g i n e e r e d c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d t i m b e r p a n e l s involves a number of patented innovations that s e t t h e p r o d u c t a p a r t – t h e m o s t n o t a b l e o f which is a high-pressure bonding system which a l l o w s t h e c o m p a n y t o u s e p o l y u r e t h a n e a d h e s i v e i n i t s b o a r d s T h i s s o l v e n t - f r e e a n d f o r m a l d e h y d e - f r e e a d h e s i v e i s a b l e t o a c h i e v e a v e r y h i g h - q u a l i t y l e v e l o f a d h e s i o n , w i t h n o r i s k o f t o x i c e m i s s i o n s a t a n y s t a g e i n t h e p r o d u c t ’ s l i f e c y c l e
KLH is not the only manufacturer of cross-laminated timber panels, but was selected by Waugh Thistleton Architects primarily for its e n v i r o n m e n t a l c r e d e n t i a l s A s w e l l a s b e i n g able to guarantee that the suppliers were all thoroughly checked and conformed to a high sustainable standard, the KLH manufacturing process is a closed loop – offcuts are fed back into the factory powering the production line, while further leftovers are sold to local farmers so that they may do the same
L a g e r p l a t z , d e n n s i e w e r d e n d i r e k t v o m L K W a u f d i e
B a u s t e l l e a n g e l i e f e r t u n d v o n d o r t d i r e k t m o n t i e r t . D i e
M o n t a g e p r o d u z i e r t ex t r e m w e n i g L ä r m , S c h u t z u n d Abfall
B e i g l e i c h e n b a u - p h y s i ka l i s c h e n A n f o r d e r u n g e n kö n n e n
K L H Wä n d e w e s e n t l i c h s c h l a n ke r a u s g e f ü h r t w e r d e n a l s Wä n d e i n h e r kö m m l i c h e n M a s s i v - b a u w e i s e n G e h t m a n d a n n v o n d e m g l e i c h e n G r u n d r i s s a u s , s p a r t d e r M a s s i vh o l z b a u a n N e t t o n u t z f l ä c h e .
Seitdem Brettsperrholz auf dem Markt ist machen s i c h i m m e r m e h r A r c h i t e k t e n a u f d e r g a n z e n We l t s e i n e Vorzüge zu Nutzen Der Einsatz von Brettsperrholzplatten eignet sich auch, das Stadthaus Projekt unterstreicht das e i n d r u c k s v o l l , u n d v o r a l l e m i n d i c h t b e s i e d e l t e n S t a d tgebieten Brettsperrholzplatten ermöglichen einen großen architektonischen Gestaltungs-freiraum und sind kompatibel m i t S t a h l , G l a s , A l u m i n i u m u n d a l l e n a n d e r e n ko n v e n t i o ne l l e n B a u m a t e r i a l e n D i e P l a t t e n kö n n e n f a s t ü b e r a l l a u f der Welt verwendet werden, denn dank der heutigen Technik ist der Holzbau großteils unabhängig von den jeweiligen Klimaverhältnissen Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n h a t s i c h m i t d e n P l ä n e n f ü r d a s S t a d t h a u s a n K L H g e w a n d t , h a u p t s ä c h l i c h a u f g r u n d i h r e r ö k o l o g i s c h e n G l a u b w ü r d i g k e i t u n d i h r e s d i e sbezüglichen Engagement KLH kann den Kunden garantieren d a s s a l l e L i e f e r a n t e n a u f s G e n a u e s t e g e p r ü f t w e r d e n u n d d i e s t r e n g e n ö ko l o g i s c h e n K r i t e r i e n e r f ü l l e n D a s H e r s t e ll u n g s v e r f a h r e n i s t e i n i n s i c h g e s c h l o s s e n e r K r e i s l a u f . Fabrikations – und Holzreste werden in Hackschnitzel umgewandelt, Sägemehl und Hobelspäne in Holzpelletts verpresst
Zuschnitt der Brettsperrholzplatten mit praezisen CNC Maschinen T h e p a n e l s a r e p r e c i s e l y c u t a t t h e K L H f a c t o r y u s i n g a
Computer Numerical Control router
The manufacturing procedure of KLH cross-laminated timber panels is zero carbon, meaning it was not necessary to offset this in t h e f i n a l c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r S t a d t h a u s ’ s c a r b o n foot-print – only the transport required to ship the boards to the UK was included The process is also completely harmless with considerably r e d u c e d h e a l t h - d a m a g i n g e f f e c t s f o r i t s e m p l o y e e s T h e f i n i s h e d p a n e l s m e e t t h e ‘ 0 ’ emission class, meaning they can be fed directly into thermal disposal, and when incinerated they produce no more residue than unglued t i m b e r
u n d i n r e g i o n a l e n B i o m a s s e k r a f t w e r ke n z u r Wä r m e – u n d
E n g i e g e w i n n u n g e i g e s e t z t A u c h d a s We r k w i r d a u s s c hl i e s s l i c h m i t d e m e i g e n e n ‘A b f a l l ’ v e r s o r g t A l l e a n d e r e n
H o l z r e s t e w e r d e n a n u m l i e g e n d e B a u e r n a l s B r e n n h o l z
v e r ka u f t
D i e Pr o d u k t i o n d e r K L H P l a t t e n i s t s o m i t C O 2
neutral einzustufen In der CO2 Bilanzierung vom Stadthaus wurden daher nur der Transportwerk von Österreich nach London brücksichtigt
D i e H e r s t e l l u n g d e r K L H B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e
i s t n i c h t g e s u n d h e i n t s s c h ä d l i c h , v o n d a h e r w a r e s n i c h t
n o t w e n d i g s i e i n d i e E n d ö k o b i l a n z d e s S t a d t h a u e s m i t
All KLH timber comes from managed f o r e s t s c e r t i f i e d b y t h e P E F C ( Pr o g r a m m e f o r the Endorsement of Forest Certification), and re-gular checks ensure it meets their standards
Quality is of the utmost importance to the company and the testing procedures at the factory are thorough All lengthways and profile lamellas are subject to a visual and mechanical quality sorting, as well as moisture measurement For every batch a small circle is taken out of a board and tested through a process of boiling and drying to simulate a lifespan of eighty years of extreme temperatures and c o n d i t i o n s
einzukalkulieren, nur der Transport der Platten nach Großbritannien taucht in der Ökobilanz auf. Die Herstellung ist auch auch für die Beschaeftigten völlig unbedenklich, sie hat keinerlei gesundheitsbedenklichen Auswirkungen KLH Brettsperrholzplatten weisen 0 Emissionen auf Die Bretts p e r r h o l z p l a t t e n kö n n e n b e d e n ke n l o s e i n e r t h e r m i s c h e n Entsorgung zugeführt werden und erzeugen bei Verbrennung keine bedenklichen Rückstände.
Re g e l m ä ß i g e Ko n t r o l l e n g a r a n t i e r e n , d a s s d a s H o l z f ü r K L H P l a t t e n a u s n a c h h a l t i g e r Wa l d b e w i r t s c h a ft u n g ko m m t Q u a l i t ä t i s t v o n h ö c h s t e r Wi c h t i g ke i t f ü r d i e Firma und alle Prüfverfahren im Betrieb sind äußerst gründl i c h S ä m t l i c h e L ä n g s – u n d Q u e r l a m e l l e n w e r d e n e i n e r visuellen und maschinellen Qualitätssortierung unterzogen.
A l l e K L H P l a t t e n w e r d e n ü b e r p r ü f t , e s w e r d e n j e w e i l s nach
I n c i d e n t s s u c h a s t h e H a t f i e l d f i r e in 2007 and Colindale the year before, in which timber-framed buildings were destroyed by fire d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , c o n t r i b u t e d t o a w a v e o f bad press for timber construction Already in pro-g r e s s w i t h t h e p l a n s f o r S t a d t h a u s a t t h e t i m e , t h e p a r t n e r s h o p e d t h a t b u i l d i n g b y example might dissuade the industry from rashly dismiss-ing what they strongly believe to be an essential component of sustainable construction
jedem Pressgang kreisrunde Proben entnommen, die wiederum einem künstlichen Alterungsprozess unterzogen werden Mittels Kochen und raschen Trocknen wird ein Alterungsprozess von ca. 80 Jahren simuliert und abschließend werden die Proben nach vorher bestimmten Procedere zerstört um die Stabilität der Leimfugen gewährleisten zu können – die KLH Verleimung hält!
Mit dem Stadthaushaben alle Projektbeteiligten den Nachweis angetreten Holz kann weit mehr als man ihm landläufig zutraut!
(Links und oben) KLH Werk in Österreich
I n 2 0 0 5 t h e d o m e s t i c s e c t o r
accounted for about thirty per cent of all UK
e n e r g y d e m a n d A c c o r d i n g t o t h e M a y o r ’ s
H o u s i n g S t r a t e g y, w i t h o u t i n t e r v e n t i o n e m i s sions from London’s homes will rise to 19 7 million tonnes each year by 2025. Reacting to such figures, the Government has established targets for all new housing to be zero carbon by 2016
W h e t h e r t h e s e t a r g e t s a r e e i t h e r realistic or appropriate may be questionable but what is clear is that action is required urgently
The inconvenient truth is that global warming poses a serious problem to all architects and d e s i g n e r s i n v o l v e d i n t h e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t o r Those tasked with building affordable housing, w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e s t w e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e UK’s housing stock, and which must also factor in social and economic solutions within especially tight budgets, are under further pressure still.
T h e r e a r e c u r r e n t l y t w o s t a n d a r d practices for making a construction more energy e f f i c i e n t : o n s i t e e n e r g y g e n e r a t i o n f r o m r e n e w a b l e r e s o u r c e s , a n d s u p e r i n s u l a t i o n
Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n A r c h i t e c t s c o n s u l t e d w i t h s u s t a i n a b i l i t y e x p e r t s M i c h a e l Po p p e r Associates at the outset with regards to onsite e n e r g y g e n e r a t i o n R i g o r o u s l y ex p l o r i n g t h e sustainability calculations, it was a priority that
D i e b r i t i s c h e R e g i e r u n g h a t s i c h h o h e Z i e l e gesteckt Ab 2016 wird CO2 neutrales Bauen für alle Neub a u t e n P f l i c h t I m J a h r 2 0 0 5 w a r e n d i e Pr i v a t h a u s h a l t e Großbritanniens immerhin für 30% des gesamten Energieverbrauchs verantwortlich Laut der Mayor’s Housing Strategy ( S t r a t e g i e n f ü r d e n Wo h n u n g s b a u d e s L o n d o n e r B ü r g e rmeisters ) werden, wenn nicht drastisch eingeschritten wird, im Jahre 2025 die CO2 Emissionen aus Londoner Haushalten auf 19 7 MillionenTonnen pro Jahr angestiegen sein Große Ziele erfordern entsprechende Maßnahmen – und es ist auch in Großbritannien höchste Zeit zu h a n d e l n u n d s i c h d e n u n g e q u e m e n Wa h r h e i t e n z u s t e l l e n D e r Wo h n u n g s b a u u n d Wo h n u n g s b e t r i e b t r ä g t e r h e b l i c h zur Klimaschädigung bei. Alle am Bau Beteiligten in erster Linie Architekten und Ingeieure sind gefordert kreative und finanzierbare Lösungen zu finden und zu formen, denn in Großbritannien hat der soziale Wohnungsbau mit ca 25% Anteil einen sehr großen Part an der Gesamtbauaktivität D i e d e r z e i t i g e n g ä n g i g e n M e t h o d e n d e r E n e rgieeinsparung und CO2 Reduktion im Bauwesen konzentrieren sich auf Wärmedämmung, Einsatz erneuerbarer und dezentraler Energieträger Keine dieser Methode und Vorgehensweise betrachtet jedoch das Potential der Einergieeinsparung und Emmissionsreduktion im Energieeinsatz während der Herstellung von Produkten, im Transport, auf der Baustelle
t h e d e s i g n a n d b u i l d s h o u l d b o t h exc e l o n t h i s front While both approaches balance their own merits and disadvantages, neither takes into
und in der späteren Aufbereitung/Entsorgung Betrachtet m a n d i e s e Z a h l e n g e n a u e r, s t e l l t m a n i m m e r w i e d e r überrascht fest, dass CO2 Emissionen in Herstellung und
c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e e n e r g y p r o d u c e d d u r i n g construction – while this normally accounts for a third of the overall carbon cost of a building over its lifetime, it is the most intensive generator as this is expended over a matter of months
Waugh Thistleton’s decision to use timber in its architecture was made with this in mind. Replacing concrete and steel with wood immediately reduces the environmental impact of the building by reducing the carbon footprint of the construction process in a number of ways The building program is shorter, the foundations are considerably reduced, as is the need for tools and equipment such as cement mixers and t o w e r c r a n e s S a v i n g s a r e a l s o m a d e f u r t h e r down the line to the manufacture of these tools and equipment which are far simpler than those required to work with concrete and steel
Although the benefits of the material have been proven in schools, hospitals and oneo f f l o w - r i s e r e s i d e n t i a l a r c h i t e c t u r a l p r o j e c t s , Stadthaus marks a major departure for a massmarket house builder the size of Telford Homes
T h e r e a r e m a n y b e n e f i t s t o u s i n g m a s o n r y, concrete and steel in building, and these apply
Verarbeitung von Baustoffen deutlich die eines lebenslangen Betriebs des Gebäudes übertreffen.
Waugh Thistleton Architects sah sich schon immer durch diese Aufgabenstellungen herausgefordert und der Einsatz von Holz für das Stadthaus war daher eher Pflicht
Die Umweltbelastung während des Baus wird unmittelbar und sofort deutlich, wenn man anstelle Beton und Stahl eben Holz verwendet. Die Gesamtökobilanz des Bauprozesses verbessert sich in wichtigen Punkten. Die Bauzeit ist relativ k u r z , e s w e r d e n w e n i g e r u n d l e i c h t e r e Fu n d a m e n t e e i ng e b r a c h t , d e r E i n s a t z v o n s c h w e r e B a u m a s c h i e n e n u n d
Werkzeugen ist deutlich reduziert Die Liste lässt sich unendl i c h f o r t s e t z e n – u n d b e i j e d e r E r l e i c h t e r u n g u n d Ve r e i nfachung erhöht sich der Anteil an CO2 neutralem Bauen
D i e Vo r t e i l e v o n H o l z a l s B a u m a t e r i a l h a b e n s i c h b e r e i t s i n S c h u l e n , K r a n ke n h ä u s e r n u n d i n d i v i d u e l l e n
E i n – u n d M e h r f a m i l i e n h ä u s e r n b e w i e s e n – u n d d o c h w a r d e r B a u v o m S t a d t h a u s e i n u n g e w ö h n l i c h e r S c h r i t t f ü r
einen großen und etablierten Bauherrn wie Telford Holmes
D i e Ve r w e n d u n g v o n Z i e g e l s t e i n , B e t o n u n d S t a h l i m
H a u s b a u h a t v i e l e Vo r z ü g e , v o r a l l e m i m Fa l l e e i n e s
Wo h n h o c h h a u s e s w i e d a s S t a d t h a u s S i e s i n d b e ka n n t e
B a u w e i s e n , h a l t b a r e , ü b e r J a h r z e h n t e b e w ä h r t e u n d n o c h
p r e i s g ü n s t i g e B a u s t o f f e , i h r e I n f r a s t r u k t u r u n d S y s t e m e
s i n d g e n a u s o s o l i d e w i e d i e M a t e r i a l e n s e l b s t A u f d e r anderen Seite sind Mauerwerk, Beton und Stahl ungeheuer e n e r g i e - i n t e n s i v e B a u s t o f f e u n d d a h e r u n t e r n a c h h a l t i g e n
G e s i c h t s p u n k t e n e h e r u n g ü n s t i g f ü r d i e G e s a m t b i l a n z
Fü r Te l f o r d H o m e s a l s B a u h e r r w a r e i n s e h r mutiger Schritt einem innovativen Baustoff wie dem Brettsperrholz eine Chance zu geben Der Erfolg vom Stadthaus ist mittl e r w e i l e o f f e n s i c h t l i c h u n d d a s u e b e r w ä l t i g e n d e I n t e r e s s e an diesem Projekt kann zu einem Umdenken in der ganzen
particularly to this building type: such materials are strong and thoroughly tested through decades of prolific use; they are still inexpensive (although this is changing); the systems and infrastructure in place for their use are as solid as the buildings that result But masonry, concrete and steel are extremely energy-intensive building materials, and not sustainable Telford Homes was brave in taking on such an innovative material, and the tangible s u c c e s s o f t h e ex p e r i m e n t c o u l d p o t e n t i a l l y signif y a turning point for an entire industry If the nineteenth century was the century of steel, and the twentieth the century of concrete, then perhaps the twenty-first century is shaping up to be about timber.
With the possible exceptions of hay bales and bamboo, timber is the one of the only truly sustainable structural building materials in existence Because trees absorb CO2 as they grow (approximately one tonne for every cubic metre), wood is carbon neutral: a building made using enough timber – if it comes from sustainably managed forests – can even achieve a negative carbon footprint It boasts the lowest embodied energy of any mainstream building material and, according to figures supplied by Wood For Good, the amount of energy required to produce a tonne of brick is four times the amount for sawn softwood, concrete is five times, g l a s s s i x t i m e s , s t e e l t w e n t y - f o u r t i m e s a n d a l u m i n i u m 1 2 6 t i m e s U s i n g w o o d i n s t e a d o f other building materials saves on average 0 9 tonnes of carbon dioxide per cubic metre.
A u s t r i a , s o m e f o r t y - s e v e n p e r c e n t
( 3 9 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s ) o f w h i c h i s g i v e n o v e r
t o w o o d l a n d , i s o n e o f t h e m o s t f o r e s t e d
c o u n t r i e s i n E u r o p e I t i s c o n s e q u e n t l y k n o w n as Europe’s ‘Green Lung’ The country’s dense f o r e s t c o v e r - a g e s t a t i s t i c a l l y e q u a t e s t o 0 5
h e c t a r e s f o r e v e r y i n h a b i t a n t , a n d a r o u n d
t h r e e q u a r t e r s of Austria’s forests are privately o w n e d a n d m a n a g e d
B a u i n d u s t r i e f ü h r e n D a s 1 9 t e J a h r h u n d e r t w a r d a s J a h rh u n d e r t d e s S t a h l b a u s , d a s 2 0 s t e J a h r h u n d e r t d a s d e s
Stahlbetons – warum sollte dann nicht das 21te Jahrhundert das Jahrhundert des Holzbaus sein, oder besser gesagt des ‘engineered timber’ sein?
Abgesehen von Strohballen und Bambus, ist Holz d e r e i n z i g e w i r k l i c h n a c h w a c h s e n d e , s t a t i s c h b e l a s t b a r e B a u s t o f f B ä u m e a b s o r b i e r e n C O 2 w ä h r e n d i h r e s Wa c hs t u m s , w a n d e l n C O 2 i n S a u e r s t o f f u m u n d l a g e r n e i n e n gewissen Anteil als Kohlenstoff im Holz ein. Holz wird daher als CO2 neutraler Baustoff eingestuft Ein Gebäude kann, falls genügend Holz und Holzwerkstoffen aus nachhaltiger Forstwirtschaft zum Einsatz kommen durchaus negative CO2Werte erreichen, d h die Menge an CO22 bei der Herstellung
p r o d u z i e r t ü b e r s t e i g t n i c h t d i e M e n g e d i e d i e B a u s t o f f e in i h r e m L e b e n s z y k l u s u m g e w a n d e l t u n d e i n g e l a g e r t h a b e n . Von allen gängigen Baumaterialien wird für die Herstelllung v o n M a s s i v h o l z w e r k s t o f f e n w i e d e r B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e wenig Energie verbraucht Zur Veranschaulichung nachfolgend einige Zahlen aufbereitet von Wood for Good (einer britisch-en Organisation entsprechend dem Holzabsatzfond in Deutschland oder proHolz in Österreich): Zur Herstellung von einer Tonne Ziegel braucht man 4 mal soviel Energie als zur Herstellung der selben Menge an Nutzholz, bei Beton 5 m a l s o v i e l , b e i G l a s 6 m a l , b e i S t a h l 2 4 m a l u n d b e i Alumin-ium sogar 126 mal soviel Energie Der Einsatz von Holz im Vergleich zu anderen Baustoffen spart 0 9 Tonnen Kohlen-dioxid pro Kubikmeter ein.
Ca. 47 Prozent Österreichs (3.9 Millionen Hektar)
s i n d Wa l d g e b i e t Ö s t e r r e i c h i s t e i n e s d e r b e w a l d e s t e n e u r o p ä i s c h e n L ä n d e r, ke i n Wu n d e r, d a s s Ö s t e r r e i c h a u c h als Die grüne Lunge Europas bezeichnet wird
S t a t i s t i s c h g e s e h e n ko m m t i n d i e s e m d i c h t b ew a l d e t e n L a n d a u f j e d e n E i n w o h n e r e i n h a l b e r H e k t a r
Wa l d , u n d D r e i Vi e r t e l d e s ö s t e r e i c h i s c h e n Wa l d e s i s t
i n Pr i v a t b e s i t z u n d w i r d a u c h p r i v a t v e r w a l t e t H o l z i s t e i n
z e n t r a l e r Fa k t o r d e r M a r k t w i r t s c h a f t d e s L a n d e s , s o w o h l
w e g e n s e i n e s We r t e s a l s Ro h m a t e r i a l , a l s a u c h a l s E i n -
ko m m e n s q u e l l e f ü r a l l e , d i e i m Fo r s t w e s e n t ä t i g s i n d D i
T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t i m b e r t o t h e republic’s economy cannot be underestimated, b o t h i n t e r m s o f i t s v a l u e a s a r a w m a t e r i a l and as a way of life for Austria’s forest farmers. A s a r e s u l t f o r e s t r y i s h i g h l y r e g u l a t e d a n d t h e q u a n t i t y o f w o o d f e l l e d i s n o t p e r m i t t e d t o exc e e d n e w g r o w t h Ti m b e r s t o c k s ( w h i c h i n
2 0 0 8 a m o u n t e d t o m o r e t h a n o n e b i l l i o n c u b i c m e t r e s ) a r e s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g a n d p l e n t i f u l supplies are allocated for the paper and board i n d u s t r i e s a s w e l l a s f o r e n e r g y u s a g e t o o .
T h e e n g i n e e r e d c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d timber panels used to construct Stadthaus were manufactured in Marau, Austria’s timber heartland Nestled amid extensive forests at the foot of the Stolzalpe, in the upper valley of Styria’s principal river the Mur, Marau boasts a 700year history of timber industry It is home to the Ti m b e r M u s e u m , t h e a c c l a i m e d H o l z z e i t exhibition of timber, and an annual Timber Race ( a l o n g t h e Ti m b e r Ro a d ) T h e S t y r i a n t i m b e r h u b f o r a l l p r o d u c t i o n a n d p r o c e s s i n g a c t i v i t y c o n c e r n i n g t h e m a t e r i a l , i t m a ke s s e n s e t h a t i t
s t r e n g , d i e M e n g e d e r g e f ä l l t e n B ä u m e d a r f n i e m a l s d e n Grundbestand dezimieren. Österreichs Holzbestand wächst s t e t i g u n d d e c k t p r o b l e m l o s d e n B e d a r f d e r H o l z , Pa p i e r, Karton und Pappenindustrie und wird auch als Energiequelle e i n g e s e t z t
D i e B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e n , d i e f ü r d e n B a u v o m
S t a d t h a u s v e r w e n d e t w u r d e n , w u r d e n i n d e r N ä h e v o n
Murau hergestellt. Murau liegt am Fuß der Stolzalpe inmitten
a u s g e d e h n t e r Wä l d e r i m o b e r e n M u r t a l D i e M u r i s t d e r wichtigste Fluss der Steiermark Das Murtal kann sich einer 7 0 0 J a h r e a l t e n Tr a d i t i o n d e r H o l z i n d u s t r i e r ü h m e n , f e i n
d o k u m e n t i e r t i m H o l z M u s e u m We i t e r e s I n d i z f ü r d i e s e l a n g e G e s c h i c h t e u n d Tr a d i t i o n i s t d e r j ä h r l i c h e H o l z - L a u f e n t l a n g d e r s t e i e r m ä r k i s c h e n H o l z - S t r a ß e . D a s M u r t a l i s t Mittelpunkt der europäischen Holzproduktion und Holzverarbeitung, kein Wunder also, dass hier auch die anspruchsv o l l s t e n N e u e r u n g e n i n S a c h e n H o l z e n t w i c ke l t w e r d e n
s h o u l d a l s o b e t h e b i r t h p l a c e o f s o p h i s t i c a t e d t i m b e r i n n o v a t i o n .
C l a s s i c s o l i d b u i l d i n g p r o d u c e s
large quantities of CO2 during the construction phase as well as consuming energy throughout i t s l i f e t i m e B y c o n t r a s t t i m b e r p o s s e s s e s a
valuable n a t u r a l p r o p e r t y o f c a r b o n s t o r a g e
Tr e e s n a t u r a l l y b i n d a n d s t o r e l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f C O 2 f r o m t h e a t m o s p h e r e b y t h e p r o c e s s o f p h o t o s y n t h e s i s , a n d w h e n h a r v e s t e d f o r industrial use this sequestered carbon is locked i n t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e d w o o d p r o d u c t s f o r a s l o n g a s t h e y r e m a i n i n s e r v i c e
S u b s t i t u t i n g c o n c r e t e f o r t i m b e r r e d u c e d t h e c a r b o n o f f l o a d o f S t a d t h a u s b y 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 kg T h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e e n t i r e
c a r b o n u s e o f t h e b u i l d i n g o v e r t w e n t y y e a r s o f o c c u p a t i o n
In collaboration with Michael Popper A s s o c i a t e s , Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n w e r e a b l e t o a r g u e t h a t t h i s s a v i n g w a s c o m p a r a b l e t o producing ten per cent of the building’s energy n e e d s f r o m r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s a n d w e r e a b l e t o h a v e t h e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r o n s i t e g e n e r a t i o n w a i v e d b y t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t y T h i s r e s u l t e d i n the elimination of the need for basement plant and therefore resulted in further savings in cost a n d t i m e ( O n e o f t h e i r o n i e s o f t h e n e w l e g i s l a t i o n i s t h a t i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a b a s e m e n t t o h o u s e t h e n e c e s s a r y g e n e r a t i n g e q u i p m e n t f o r r e n e w a b l e s c a n f a r e x c e e d g a i n s m a d e d u r i n g t h e b u i l d i n g ’ s l i f e t i m e )
Va r i o u s r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u r c e s w e r e n o n e t h e l e s s i m p l e m e n t e d i n a d d i t i o n – f o r exa m p l e p h o t o v o l t a i c p a n e l s w e r e i n s t a l l e d o n
the roof to provide power for the common areas
T h e a r c h i t e c t s d i d n o t n e e d t o
i n v e s t i g a t e s u p e r i n s u l a t i n g t h e b u i l d i n g , a s
t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s w e r e i n h e r e n t i n t h e m a t e r i a l
i t s e l f : w o o d h a s t h e b e s t t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n o f
a n y m a i n s t r e a m c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l – f i v e
t i m e s b e t t e r t h a n c o n c r e t e , t e n t i m e s b e t t e r
t h a n b r i c k a n d 3 5 0 t i m e s b e t t e r t h a n s t e e l
D e r t r a d i t i o n e l l e M a s s i v b a u p r o d u z i e r t s c h o n während der Konstruktionsphase beachtliche Mengen an CO2und verbraucht auch später während seiner gesamten Standzeit weiterhin Energie Im Gegensatz dazu ist Holz e i n n a t ü r l i c h e r Ko h l e n d i ox i d s p e i c h e r D u r c h Fo t o s y n t h e s e binden Bäume aus der Atmosphäre große Mengen an CO2 an sich und lagern sie ein Wenn die für die Holzindustrie b e s t i m m t e n B ä u m e d a n n g e f ä l l t u n d b e a r b e i t e t w e r d e n , bleibt das vorher schon eingelagerte Kohlendioxid weiterhin in den Holzplatten eingeschossen und das für die gesamte Standzeit und Lebenszeit der Gebbäude
D i e Ve r w e n d u n g d e s B a u s t o f f e s H o l z a n s t e l l e
Beton sparte das Stadthaus in der CO2 Bilanz ca 300,000 kg CO2 ein Dieselbe Menge an Kohlendioxid entspricht ca einer 20 jährigen Vollnutzung des Stadthauses
Die Bauauflagen in London fordern einen Anteil von 10 % erneuerbarer Energien am Gesamtenergiebedarfs in Neubauten Aufgrund des hohen Anteils an eingelagerten, umgewandelten und vermiedenen CO2 befreiten die
Ti m b e r a b s o r b s , s a v e s a n d r e - e m i t s m o i s t u r e making constructions from the material moisture r e g u l a t i n g Wi t h a h e a t c o n d u c t a n c e v a l u e o f
0 1 3 W / m K , t i m b e r p r o v i d e s o u t s t a n d i n g h e a t i n s u l a t i o n i n s u m m e r. K L H b o a r d s a r e a l s o insulated against the outside, making it possible t o a c h i e v e o p t i m u m c o n d i t i o n s a l l y e a r r o u n d Architecture is as negatively affected by ‘greenwashing’ as other industries Sustaina b i l i t y i s a u s e f u l m a r ke t i n g t o o l , b u t a l s o a complex claim to unravel and is rarely tangible Fo r e n g i n e e r e d t i m b e r t o b e t a ke n s e r i o u s l y a s an alternative building material for high-density u r b a n h o u s i n g i n f u t u r e , t h e a r c h i t e c t s w e r e concerned to ensure that any claims pertaining to its environmental credentials could be backed u p i n f u l l T h e m a t e r i a l h a d b e e n m e t i c u l o u s l y t e s t e d a n d r e t e s t e d a n d t h e c a r b o n f o o t p r i n t o f S t a d t h a u s w a s r i g o r o u s l y c a l c u l a t e d i n a n e f f o r t t o m a ke i t e n t i r e l y t r a n s p a r e n t a n d a s a c c u r a t e a n a s s e s s m e n t a s p o s s i b l e A s a p r a c t i c e i n t e r e s t e d i n u r b a n h o u s i n g – a n d t h e r e f o r e d e n s i t y – Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n A r c h i t e c t s b e l i e v e s t h a t b u i l d i n g d e n s i t y w i t h q u a l i t y i s o n e o f t h e m o s t f u n d am e n t a l r e a l i s a t i o n s t h a t n e e d s t o t a ke p l a c e , i n o r d e r t h a t t r u l y s u s t a i n a b l e c i t i e s c a n b e g i n to be built The results of its research into timber n o t o n l y d e m o n s t r a t e d a n u m b e r o f i r r e f u t a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l a d v a n t a g e s t o t h e u s e o f t h e material in housing, but also identified a number of areas for improvement should future projects b e u n d e r t a ke n
B e h ö r d e n d a s S t a d t h a u s v o n d i e s e n A u f l a g e n . K l i n g t w i d e r s p r ü c h l i c h , d e n n o c h g e h t d i e Re c h n u n g a u f . D e r
Verzicht auf den Bau eines Untergeschosses und eines Heizke l l e r s e r m ö g l i c h t w e i t e r e E i n s p a r u n g e n d u r c h s c h l i c h t e n
Verzicht, denn mit welcher Effizienz und Laufzeit muss ein k l e i n e s B l o c k h e i z k r a f t w e r k b e t r i e b e n w e r d e n u m d i e e i ng e s p a r t e n M i t t e l u n d v e r m i e d e n e n C O 2 E m i s s i o n e n z u armortisieren? Gleichwohl wurden einige zusätzliche regenerativen Maßnahmen eingebaut, zum Beispiel wurden Fotovoltaikelemente auf dem Dach montiert, die das Equivalent an Strom produzieren, d a s i n d e n G e m e i n s c h a f t s f l ä c h e n v e r b r a u c h t w i r d
A u c h b e i m T h e m a D ä m m u n g f a n d e n d i e A r c h itekten adequate Lösungen. Die massive Platte bringt schon v o n s i c h a u s e i n e v e r g l e i c h s w e i s e g u t e Wä r m e d ä m m u n g mit sich Holz hat bereits die höchste Wärmedämmung aller g ä n g i g e l a s t t r a g e n d e n B a u s t o f f e , 5 m a l b e s s e r a l s B e t o n , 1 0 m a l b e s s e r a l s Z i e g e l u n d 3 5 0 m a l b e s s e r a l s S t a h l H o l z k a n n F e u c h t i g k e i t a u f n e h m e n , s p e i c h e r n u n d w i e d e r abgeben, somit findet eine Feuchtigkeitsregulierung im Bau s t a t t . M i t e i n e m Wä r m e l e i t w e r t v o n 0 .1 3 W / m K h a t H o l z e i n e g u t e D ä m m w i r k u n g u n d e i n e h o h e s t a t i s c h e Tragfähigkeit, es bietet einen hervorragenden sommerlichen u n d w i n t e r l i c h e n Wä r m e s c h u t z D e r Vo l l s t ä n d i g ke i t h a l b e r s e i e r w ä h n t , d a s s i n G r o ß b r i t a n n i e n / L o n d o n d i e Te m peraturen selten, und wenn nur knapp unter den Gefriepunkt fallen. Die Dämmung wurde auf der kalten Seite aufgebracht, S t ä r ke 7 0 m m
Waugh Thistleton Architects sind besonders am städtischen Bauen und somit am verdichteten Bauen intere s s i e r t I h r e r M e i n u n g n a c h m u s s m a n s i c h g r u n d l e g e n d darüber klar werden, dass verdichtetes Bauen gleichzeitig hochqualitatives Bauen sein kann – nur so ist ein wirklich ö k o l o g i s c h e r, z u k u n f t s f ä h i g e r S t ä d t e b a u m ö g l i c h D i e
Fo r s c h u n g s – u n d Te s t e r g e b n i s s e v o n Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n
A r c h i t e c t s u n d d e n Pr o j e k t b e t e i l i g t e n m a c h e n a l l d i e
ö ko l o g i s c h e n u n d w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n Vo r t e i l e v o n H o l z a l s
Baumaterial deutlich und zeigen gleichzeitig, dass auch im Massivholzbau noch viel Entwicklungspotential schlummert.
W h e n Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n w a s c o mm i s s i o n e d t o d e s i g n S t a d t h a u s i n D e c e m b e r
2 0 0 6 , r e d u c i n g t h e c a r b o n f o o t p r i n t o f b u i l d -
i n g w a s a l r e a d y a m a j o r a n d l o n g s t a n d i n g
p r i o r i t y f o r t h e E a s t L o n d o n - b a s e d p r a c t i c e
Established ten years earlier with the objective
t h a t i n t e l l e c t u a l l y r i g o r o u s a r c h i t e c t u r e s h o u l d
n o t c o m e a t t h e ex p e n s e o f a c c e s s i b i l i t y, i n a n industry that has been relatively slow to embrace s u s t a i n a b l e a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e
s o l u t i o n s , Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n ’ s r e p u t a t i o n a s a c h a m p i o n o f p i o n e e r i n g t e c h - n o l o g y a n d m a t e r i a l s w a s s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g t h a n k s t o h i g h p r o f i l e p r o j e c t s s u c h a s Ra m s g a t e S t r e e t i n D a l s t o n , a n d t h e A c o r n H o u s e r e s t a u r a n t s .
The decision to use cross-laminated timber for Stadthaus was made early on, while the architects were exploring how they could meet the constraints of the site With little room for manoeuvre and bound on all sides by other residential buildings, it was imperative to save as much time and space during the construction period as possible
T h e a r c h i t e c t s h a d b e e n m a d e aware of the benefits of cross-laminated timber t h r e e y e a r s p r e v i o u s l y w h i l e c o n s t r u c t i n g a
m u s i c i a n s ’ c l u b w i t h t h e m a t e r i a l i n Wa t e r l o o .
I t s h i g h s t r e n g t h t o w e i g h t r a t i o , s t r u c t u r a l stability and ease of construction (three storeys w e n t u p i n a n a f t e r n o o n ) h a d b e e n ke y f a c t o r s in this project, the success of which encouraged t h e a r c h i t e c t s t o f u r t h e r t e s t t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n s u b s e q u e n t p r o j e c t s .
T h e d e s i g n o f t h e n e w H a c k n e y housing scheme would be predetermined by a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s Pr e v i o u s a r c h i t e c t s h a d received two planning refusals on the site and as a result the acceptable parameters for the building’s approval were clearly defined.
A l s Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n i m D e z e m b e r 2 0 0 6 b e a u f t r a g t w u r d e n d a s S t a d t h a u s z u e n t w e r f e n w a r u mw e l t f r e u n d l i c h e s u n d u m w e l t v e r t r ä g l i c h e s p l a n e n u n d b a u e n e i n w e s e n t l i c h e s A n l i e g e n d e r A r b e i t i m A r c h i t e kt e n b ü r o i m L o n d o n e r E a s t E n d
S c h o n b e i s e i n e r G r ü n d u n g v o r 1 0 J a h r e n h a t t e s i c h d a s B ü r o , s i n n g e b e n d e u n d a n s p r u c h s v o l l e A r c h it e k t u r z u s c h a f f e n a u f d i e Fa h n e n g e s c h r i e b e n Tr o t z e i n e r sehr konservativen und schwerfälligen Bauindustrie in Großb r i t a n n i e n g a l t e n Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n i m m e r s c h o n a l s Ve r f e c h t e r u n d Vo r r e i t e r v o n b a h n b r e c h e n d e n Te c h n ologien und Materialien Die Reputation des Architekturbüros
w u c h s s t ä n d i g , d a n k h o c h a n g e s e h e n e r Pr o j e k t e w i e
Ra m s g a t e S t r e e t ( D a l s t o n , L o n d o n ) u n d d e m A c o r n H o u s e Re s t a u r a n t s i n L o n d o n
D e r E n t s c h l u s s B r e t t s p e r r h o l z f ü r d e n B a u d e s
S t a d t h a u s e s z u v e r w e n d e n , w u r d e s c h o n f r ü h g e f a s s t , b e r e i t s a l s s i c h d i e A r c h i t e k t e n m i t d e n ö r t l i c h e n G e g e b e nh e i t e n d e s B a u g e l ä n d e s a u s e i n a n d e r s e t z t e n D i e S i t u a t i o n v o r O r t f r a g t e g e r a d e z u n a c h e i n e r B a u w e i s e d i e t a t s ä c hl i c h e Z e i t a u f d e r B a u s t e l l e r e d u z i e r t u n d ke i n e b e s o n d e r e g r o ß f l ä c h i g e B a u s t e l l e n e i n r i c h t u n g e r f o r d e r t e
D e n A r c h i t e k t e n ka n n t e n d i e Vo r z ü g e v o n B r e t ts p e r r h o l z b e r e i t s 3 J a h r e z u v o r h a t t e n s i e i n Wa t e r l o o e i n e C l u b h a l l e f ü r M u s i ke r a u s d e m s e l b e n M a t e r i a l g e b a u t
D i e E i n f a c h h e i t d e r M o n t a g e , 3 G e s c h o s s e s t a n d e n innerhalb eines Nachmittags, waren entscheidend bei dem Projekt in Waterloo Durch den Erfolg bestärkt und beflügelt, n a h m e n s i c h Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n v o r d a s M a t e r i a l e r n e u t z u v e r w e n d e n u n d s e i n e G r e n z e n a u s z u l o t e n
At nine storeys, the practice initially looked at constructing the building using crosslaminated timber for the floor slabs and walls alone Waugh Thistleton became increasingly ambitious with what might be achievable with the material as the project went on, encouraged by intensive discussion with the structural engineers, Techniker, the client, Telford Homes and t h e t i m b e r s u p p l i e r s , K L H C o m b i n i n g t h e i r research the partners came to the conclusion that Stadthaus could be built from timber from the first floor upwards, including the core.
T h e h e i g h t o f t h e b u i l d i n g m e a n t that the engineering considerations from a loadbearing perspective were manifold Avoiding disproportionate collapse has been a challenge for higher-rise timber structures in the past The internal organisation of the flats would need to go some way to alleviating these pressures and the final honeycomb structure saw every wall become load-bearing
A n ex t r u s i o n o f t h e s i t e p l a n d e t e rm i n e d t h e b u i l d i n g ’ s f o r m I t w a s e s t a b l i s h e d that the ground floor would house employment f l o o r s p a c e , t w o s e p a r a t e e n t r a n c e s , s t o r e s and plant provision Above that would sit three s t o r e y s o f s o c i a l h o u s i n g u n i t s ( t h e m a j o r i t y o f w h i c h w o u l d b e f a m i l y a p a r t m e n t s ) a n d f i v e s t o r i e s o f p r i v a t e r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s T h e f l o o r p l a n w a s a d a p t e d u p t h e t o w e r, c r e a t i n g a total of eleven one-bed, ten two-bed, five threebed and three four-bedroom apartments. The party wall was moved along an established grid in order to create the necessary variety of spaces
Das Design des neuen Wohnblocks im Londoner
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w a r n i c h t m e h r z u r ü t t e l n .
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a n S o z i a l w o h n u n g e n u n d s u b v e n t i o n i e r t e Wo h n u n g e n u n d
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z u m p r i v a t e n Ve r ka u f D i e Ra u m a u f t e i l u n g w u r d e v o r O r t
i m j e w e i l i g e n S t o c k w e r k a n g e p a s s t , s o d a s s i n s g e s a m t e l f
2 - Z i m m e r ( 1 b e d r o o m f l a t , i n U K w e r d e n n u r d i e
S c h l a f z i m m e r i n d e r B e s c h r e i b u n g e i n e r Wo h n u n g
b e r ü c k s i c h t i g t ) , z e h n 3 - Z i m m e r ( 2 b e d f l a t ) , f ü n f 4 - Z i m m e r
( 3 b e d f l a t ) u n d d r e i 5 - Z i m m e r ( 4 b e d f l a t ) Wo h n u n g e n e n t s t a n d e n D i e Tr e n n - w ä n d e w u r d e n a u f e i n e m
f e s t g e l e g t e n F l ä c h e n r a s t e r a u s - g e r i c h t e t u m d i e
g e w ü n s c h t e n u n t e r s c h i e d l i c h e n Wo h n u n g s - g r ö ß e n z u s c h a f f e n . D i e Wo h n u n g s g e n o s s e n - s c h a f t , d i e u n t e r e n
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f ü r d i e Pr i v a t w o h n u n g e n D i e A r c h i t e k t e n s p i e g e l t e n d e n
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s o d a s s j e d e S e i t e i h r e n e i g e n e n E i n g a n g b e ka m D i e s e
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u n d e r g i b t 2 i d e n t i s c h e Tr e p p e n - h ä u s e r u n d 2 i d e n t i s c h e
D e s i g n i n g a b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m e l e m e n t s t h a t a r e p r e c u t , o f f s i t e , t o t h e
architect’s specifications means that everything
m u s t b e f i n a l i s e d a t t h e d r a w i n g b o a r d A lt h o u g h t h i s i s t h e o r e t i c a l l y t h e c a s e w i t h a n i ns i t u c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g , i n r e a l i t y m u c h t e n d s t o b e s h i f t e d a n d a d j u s t e d d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n
T h e p r o c e s s o f d e s i g n i n g i n t i m b e r h a s a g r e a t deal in common with industrial or product design i n t h a t t h e a r c h i t e c t i s d e s i g n i n g p a r t s t o b e a s s - e m b l e d a s m u c h a s t h e y a r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r e s u l t i n g w o r k i n g u n i t T h e d e s i g n m u s t b e f i n i s h e d w h e n i t l e a v e s t h e a r c h i t e c t ’ s o f f i c e T h e Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n a r c h i t e c t u r a l v e r n a c u l a r i s o n e o f c o n s i d e r e d l o g i c , h u m a n s c a l e a n d t a n g i b l e , u n d e r s t a n d a b l e , f r i e n d l y s p a c e s – b u i l d i n g i n t i m b e r s l a b s s u i t s t h i s v e r y w e l l T h e g r a c e o f t h i s a r c h i t e c t u r e i s n o t o n l y f o u n d t h r o u g h i t s s e n s e o f p r o p o r t i o n , s p a c e a n d l i g h t b u t i n h o w e a s i l y i t p i e c e s t o g e t h e r L i ke a g i a n t w o o d e n J e n g a b l o c k , S t a d t h a u s i s a d e s i g n t h a t s a v e s o n i t s c a r b o n f o o t p r i n t b y s y s t e m a t i c a l l y e l i m i n a t i n g u nn e c e s s a r y s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s
For the architect whose mindset is so often fixed around the slab, the column and the beam, designing in cross-laminated timber requires an entirely new design rationale. The s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r S t a d t h a u s w a s t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e a l t e r n a t i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n methods allowed for by the material
T h e H o u s i n g A s s o c i a t i o n r e q u i r e d a separate entrance for the private sale apartm e n t s s o t h e a r c h i t e c t s m i r r o r e d t h e g r o u n d f l o o r p l a n f r o m o n e s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g t o the
o t h e r, w i t h a n i d e n t i c a l e n t r a n c e o n e a c h T h i s
a p p r o a c h i s c o n s i s t e n t t h e w h o l e w a y u p , w i t h
t w o s t a i r c a s e s a n d t w o l i f t s , i d e n t i c a l b u t
w i t h o p p o s i t e o r i e n t a t i o n s
Waugh Thistleton opted for industrial g r a d e K L H p a n e l s o v e r t h e d o m e s t i c g r a d e
o p t i o n T h e l a t t e r – u s i n g c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d
timber – would have been suitable for exposing
A u f z ü g e d i e s i c h a u f d e n g e g e n ü b e r l i e g e n d e n S e i t e n d e s
H a u s e s b e f i n d e n
N a c h d e m e s s i c h u m e i n n e u n g e s c h o s s i g e s
H o c h h a u s h a n d e l t , w a r e n a n f a n g s n u r d i e G e s c h o s sd e c ke n u n d Wä n d e a u s B r e t t s p e r r h o l z g e p l a n t J e m e h r d a s Pr o j e k t f o r t s c h r i t t d e s t o a m b i t i o n i e r t e r w u r d e d a s
A r c h i t e k t u r b ü r o b e z ü g l i c h d e r Ve r w e n d u n g s m ö g l i c h ke i t e n
d e s M a t e r i a l s D i e S t a t i ke r ( Te c h n i ke r ) , d e r Ku n d e ( Te l f o r d
H o m e s ) u n d d e r H e r s t e l l e r ( K L H ) u n t e r s t ü t z t e n Wa u g h
T h i s t l e t o n i n i h r e m Vo r h a b e n a u c h d i e Tr e p p e n h ä u s e r u n d
Liftschächte, sozusagen ab dem ersten Obergeschoss alles a u s B r e t t s p e r r h o l z z u b a u e n
D i e H ö h e d e s G e b ä u d e s w a r f e i n i g e t e c h n i s c h e Fr a g e n b e z ü g l i c h d e r S t a t i k a u f I n d e r Ve r g a n g e n h e i t w a r
d i e Ve r h i n d e r u n g v o n ‘ D i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e c o l l a p s e ’ , e i n e s
Baut e i l v e r s a g e n s i m U n g l ü c k s f a l l , i m m e r e i n e d e r H a u p th e r a u s f o r d e r u n g e n f ü r H o l z h o c h h ä u s e r g e w e s e n . D i e A u f g l i e d e r u n g u n d s t a t i s c h e A k t i v i e r u n g d e r Wo h n u n gs t r e n n w ä n d e m u s s t e a u f j e d e n Fa l l e i n e M e n g e z u r L a s t a b t r a g u n g b e i t r a g e n D a s E n d e r g e b n i s i s t e i n e s e l b s t t r a g e n d e Wa b e n s t r u k t u r, j e d e e i n z e l n e Wa n d
( B r e t t s p e r h o l z w a n d ) i s t e i n e l a s t t r a g e n d e Wa n d
E i n d u r c h d a c h t e s D e s i g n u n d Vo r g e h e n i s t b e i e i n e m s o l c h e n B a u v o r h a b e n u n d b e i e i n e m s o l c h e n Vo rf e r t i g u n g s g r a d u n e r l ä s s l i c h D e r D e s i g n p r o z e s s f ü r d e n
H o l z b a u i s t e h e r m i t d e m I n d u s t r i e – u n d Pr o d u k t – D e s i g n
z u v e r g l e i c h e n D e r A r c h i t e k t i s t s o w o h l f ü r d i e G e s t a l t u n g d e r e i n z e l n e n B a u t e i l e u n d B a u s c h r i t t e , a l s a u c h f ü r d i e P l a n u n g u n d E n t w i c k l u n g d e s f u n k t i o n i e r e n d e n E n d o b j e k t s
z u s t ä n d i g B e i d e s g e h t H a n d i n H a n d , u n d d a s g e s a m t e
D e s i g n m u s s i n a l l e n E i n z e l h e i t e n f e r t i g s e i n , b e v o r e s d a s A r c h i t e k t u r b ü r o v e r l ä s s t
Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n f o l g t e i n e r w o h l d u r c h d a c h t e n
L o g i k I h r e A r c h i t e k t u r i s t a u f d e n M e n s c h e n z u g e s c h n i t t e n u n d b o d e n s t ä n d i g , f r e u n d l i c h u n d l e i c h t z u b e g r e i f e n – d i e
M a s s i v h o l z b a u w e i s e i s t f ü r d i e s e n A r c h i t e k t u r a n s a t z w i e g e s c h a f f e n D i e s e B a u w e i s e ü b e r z e u g t d u r c h d a s i h r
o n t h e i n t e r i o r, b u t t h e a r c h i t e c t s d e c i d e d
a g a i n s t m a k i n g a s h o w o f t h e m a t e r i a l . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s w a s t w o f o l d : f i r s t l y, Te l f o r d
H o m e s s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r e d t h e i n t e r i o r s t o
be consistent with those in its portfolio; secondly, Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n w a s ke e n t o p r o v e t h e c o s t e f f e c t i v e , e f f i c i e n t a n d p r a g m a t i c q u a l i t i e s o f a t i m b e r b u i l d t o t h i s m a r k e t p l a c e w i t h o u t t r a d i n g o n m a t e r i a l i n n o v a t i o n a l o n e T h e r i s k w a s t h a t i n t h e r a c e t o a c h i e v e e v e r - g r e e n e r h u e s i n a r c h i t e c t u r e S t a d t h a u s w o u l d b e c o ns t r u e d a s a m a r ke t i n g p l o y A s a p r a c t i c e Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n h a s s e t i t s o w n g u i d e l i n e s t h a t d i c t a t e t h e l a y o u t o f t h e i r b u i l d i n g s I t w a s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t e a c h f l a t , f o r exa m p l e , m u s t h a v e a c c e s s t o ex t e r n a l s p a c e I n e v e r y h o u s i n g d e v e l o p m e n t c o mp l e t e d b y t h e a r c h i t e c t s t o d a t e t h i s h a s b e e n m a d e a p r e r e q u i s i t e , n e c e s s i t a t i n g a f r o n t garden, back garden or a shared amenity space t o t h e p l a n s , a n d i n S t a d t h a u s e v e r y f l a t f e a t u r e d a b a l c o n y T h e c o r n e r p a r t s o f t h e building were dedicated in this way while every f l a t w a s a l s o d e s i g n e d t o h a v e a d u a l a s p e c t i n t h e l i v i n g a r e a , t h e r e b y a l l o w i n g c r o s s v e n t i l a t i o n o f t h e s p a c e .
K e e p i n g i n m i n d t h e n e e d s o f p o t e n t i a l r e s i d e n t s , a l l o f t h e t h r e e - b e d a n d f o u r - b e d u n i t s o n t h e l o w e r s t o r e y s o v e r l o o k
t h e p a r k a r e a t o t h e r e a r, m e a n i n g t h o s e w i t h
c h i l d r e n c a n a l l o w t h e m t o p l a y o u t s i d e w i t h
f u l l p e a c e o f m i n d T h e a r c h i t e c t a l s o m a d e a move to distinguish between two types of three-
i n n e w o h n e n d e Ve r s t ä n d n i s v o n Pr o p o r t i o n , Ra u m u n d L i c h t und durch die Unkompliziertheit des Aufbaus und der Mon-
t a g e D a s S t a d t h a u s s t e h t d a w i e e i n r i e s i g e r J e n g a -Tu r m ,
a l l e u n n ö t i g e n B a u e l e m e n t e ko n n t e n v e r m i e d e n w e r d e n
u n d s o d i e C O 2 B i l a n z e n t s c h e i d e n d v e r b e s s e r t w e r d e n
A r c h i t e k t e n s i n d h ä u f i g a n S t ü t z e n u n d Tr ä g e r
g e w ö h n t u n d m ü s s e n b e i d e r Ve r w e n d u n g v o n B r e t t -
s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e n u m d e n ke n Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n h a b e n s i c h
i m Fa l l v o m S t a d t h a u s d i e E i g e n h e i t d e r S c h e i b e n w i r k u n g
v o n B r e t t s p e r r h o l z e l e m e n t e n z u N u t z e n g e m a c h t u n d s i e
ko n s e q u e n t u m g e s e t z t
Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n e n t s c h i e d s i c h f ü r K L H P l a t t e n
i n I n d u s t r i e q u a l i t ä t a n s t a t t d e r Wo h n s i c h t q u a l i t ä t Wi e
d e r N a m e s c h o n s a g t i s t l e t z t e r e f ü r S i c h t f l ä c h e n i n Wo h nr ä u m e n g e e i g n e t D i e A r c h i t e k t e n e n t s c h i e d e n s i c h g e g e n d i e s e Ve r s i o n a u s z w e i u n t e r s c h i e d l i c h e n G r ü n d e n Z u m
Ersten verlangte Telford Homes als Developer ausdrücklich, d a s s d i e I n n e n r ä u m e i h r e n S t a n d a r d s e n t s p r a c h e n ( w e i s s ) ; u n d z w e i t e n s w a r e s Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n s e h r w i c h t i g H o l z s o ko s t e n e f f i z i e n t w i e m ö g l i c h u n d s o p r a g m a t i s c h w i e m ö g l i c h z u n u t z e n B r e t t s p e r r h o l z i s t ke i n M ö b e l p r o d u k t , e s i s t e i n I n d u s t r i e p r o d u k t d e s s e n H a u p t a u g e n m e r k a u f d e r s t a t i s c h e n E i g e n s c h a f t l i e g t E i n E n d f i n i s h a u f e i n e m
i m Ro h b a u e i n g e s e t z t e m E l e m e n t z u e r h a l t e n b e d e u t e t
i m m e r z u s ä t z l i c h e n A u f w a n d u n d Fü r s o r g e .
Timber offcuts are fed back into the KLH factory to power the production line
Fabrikations – und Holzreste werden zum Beheizen der Fabrik weiterverwendet
b e d f l a t s t o r e g u l a t e c h i l d d e n s i t i e s Re f e r r i n g to a report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (Attracting and retaining families in new urban
m i x e d i n c o m e c o m m u n i t i e s , 2 0 0 6 ) , w h i c h
stipulates the need to limit the ratio of children
t o a d u l t s t h r o u g h o u t d e v e l o p m e n t s , Wa u g h
Thistleton took a great deal of care in ensuring
t h a t t h e o c c u p a n c y o f S t a d t h a u s w o u l d m a i nt a i n b a l a n c e f o r s u c c e s s i v e g e n e r a t i o n s o f t e n a n t s O n e p r o b l e m t h e a r c h i t e c t s e n c o u n te r e d w a s t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t y r e q u i r e m e n t t o a l l o c a t e a t h i r d o f t h e b u i l d i n g t o f a m i l y h o u s i n g , w h i c h i n t h i s c a s e c o u l d r e s u l t i n f i f t y o r s i x t y p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n b e i n g c h i l dr e n . To a c c o m m o d a t e t h i s a n u m b e r o f t h r e eb e d a p a r t m e n t s w e r e a l l o c a t e d a s t w o - b e d s w i t h a n o p t i o n a l t h i r d b e d r o o m – a n s w e r i n g t h e p l a n n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h r e e - b e d s b u t the market requirement for generous two-beds T h e d e s i g n o f S t a d t h a u s w a s a particularly collaborative exercise. The client, Telford Homes, has a number of standards in place regarding such details as making sure the tenant can get out of both sides of the bed, that there is adequate cupboard space and a w i n d o w i n e v e r y k i t c h e n A l l t h e s e c o n c e r n s g a v e t h e a r c h i t e c t s f u r t h e r d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s
a n d , w o r k i n g c l o s e l y t o g e t h e r, t h e y h a v e p r o d u c e d w e l l d e s i g n e d h o m e s t h a t f u l l y
a c c o m m o d a t e t h e n e e d s a n d d e s i r e s o f t h e end users
Neben Materialien und Verfahren haben Waugh
T h i s t l e t o n s i c h e i n e r w e i t e r e n , s e l b s t a u f e r l e g t e n B e d i ng u n g g e s t e l l t J e d e Wo h n u n g s o l l t e e i n e n A u ß e n z u g a n g h a b e n B e i a l l e n v o n Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n g e p l a n t e n B a u v o rh a b e n ko n n t e n s i e d i e s e r f ü l l e n u n d s o m i t w a r e n i m m e r
Vorgärten, Gärten oder gemeinsamgenutze Freizeitanlagen
m i t e i n g e p l a n t . I m S t a d t h a u s h a t j e t z t j e d e Wo h n u n g e i n e n B a l ko n , d i e Wo h n z i m m e r h a b e n s o g a r F e n s t e r a u f z w e i verschiedenen Wandseiten, so ist auch eine gute natürliche
Q u e r l ü f t u n g g a r a n t i e r t
B e d ü r f n i s s e p o t e n t i e l l e r M i e t e r w u r d e n i m m e r
m i t b e r ü c k s i c h t i g t , s o s i n d a l l e 4 u n d 5 - Z i m m e r w o h n u n g e n auf den unteren Etagen zur Parkanlage ausgerichtet, damit
Fa m i l i e n m i t K i n d e r n , d i e s e d o r t u n b e s o r g t s p i e l e n l a s s e n kö n n e n D i e A r c h i t e k t e n ko n z i p i e r t e n a b e r a u c h 2 u n t e rs c h i e d l i c h e Ty p e n v o n 4 - Z i m m e r - w o h n u n g e n , u m d i e
G e s a m t me ng e an Ki nde rn im St adh aus in ei ne m ge su nde n
Ra h m e n z u h a l t e n S i e n a h m e n d a m i t B e z u g a u f e i n e n B e r i c h t d e r J o s e p h Ro w n t r e e Fo u n d a t i o n ( A t t r a c t i n g a n d
r e t a i n i n g f a m i l i e s i n n e w u r b a n m i xe d i n c o m e c o m m u n i t i e s ,
2 0 0 6 ) , d e r f o r d e r t , d a s s i n Wo h n a n l a g e n d i e A n z a h l a n
K i n d e r n i n Re l a t i o n z u d e r a n E r w a c h s e n e n B e a c h t u n g f i n d e n s o l l Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n v e r w e n d e t e v i e l Z e i t u n d
M ü h e d a r a u f e i n e B e l e g u n g s a u s g e w o g e n h e i t , a u c h f ü r
s p ä t e r e M i e t e r g e n e r a t i o n e n , z u s c h a f f e n E r s c h w e r e n d kam hinzu, dass rechtliche Vorschriften vorsahen, ein Drittel d e s S t a d t h a u s e s f ü r Fa m i l i e n a l s Wo h n r a u m z u Ve r f ü g u n g
z u s t e l l e n , u n d e i n e h o h e F l ex i b i l i t ä t i n d e r z u k ü n f t i g e n N u t z u n g s o l l t e g e w ä h r l e i s t e n , d a s s e i n i g e Wo h n u n g e n a u c h a n d e r s g e n u t z w e r d e n kö n n e n a l s u r s p r ü n g l i c h b ea b s i c h t i g t S o w i r d a u s e i n e r 3 - Z i m m e r Wo h n u n g e i n e 2 -
S c h l a f z i m m e r Wo h n u n g m i t e i n e m o p t i o n a l e n d r i t t e n
S c h l a f z i m m e r u s w. D i e s e ‘ P l a n ’ – s p i e l e e r m ö g l i c h e n d i e Kon-formität mit den Bauvorschriften und wahren gleichzeitig eine hohe Flexibilität
15 mm timber
15 mm timber
55 mm screed
25 mm insulation
146 mm KLH
75 mm void
50 mm insulation
1 layer of plasterboard
128 mm KLH
40 mm insulation
117 mm KLH
2 layers of plasterboard
50 mm insulation
15 mm timber
55 mm screed
25 mm insulation
146 mm KLH
75 mm void
50 mm insulation
1 layer of plasterboard
Cross-laminated timber panels were s t i l l y o u n g t o t h e m a r ke t p l a c e , a n d – d e s p i t e c o n s i d e r a b l e c o m b i n e d ex p e r i e n c e w i t h i t –a r e l a t i v e l y n e w b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l f o r a l l i n v o l v e d i n S t a d t h a u s . G e t t i n g t o k n o w t h e p r o d u c t w a s i m p e r a t i v e f o r t h e a r c h i t e c t s w h o n e e d e d t o f u l l y u n d e r s t a n d i t s s t r e n g t h s a n d w e a k - n e s s e s , h o w i t i s b e s t d e t a i l e d , h o w i t s h o u l d b e i n s u l a t e d a n d h o w i t f u n c t i o n s a c o u s t i c a l l y T h e p r a c t i c e w a s r i g o r o u s t o a n ex t e n t t h a t w e n t w e l l b e y o n d w h a t i s n o r m a l l y ex p e c t e d o f a d e s i g n t e a m A c o u s t i c s e p a r a t i o n w a s o f s o m e c o n c e r n H i g h - d e n s i t y h o u s i n g d e v e l o p m e n t s a r e o f t e n f o u n d t o f a i l t h e i r t e n a n t s o n t h i s f r o n t , a n d w h i l e e n g i n e e r e d t i m b e r b o a r d i s p r o v e n t o b e a n e f f e c t i v e b a r r i e r a g a i n s t h i g hf r e q u e n c y n o i s e s , b a s s s o u n d s r i s k c a u s i n g a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f r e v e r b e r a t i o n T h i s w a s e s p e c i a l l y p e r t i n e n t i n t h e U K w h e r e a c o u s t i c r e g u l a t i o n s a r e p r i m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h l o w f r e q u e n c i e s A f t e r m u c h r e s e a r c h t r i a l l i n g d i f f e r e n t s o l u t i o n s , Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n l a y e r e d
rubber mat, insulation and then a 55 mm screed
( i n t o w h i c h u n d e r - f l o o r h e a t i n g w o u l d t h e n b e i n s t a l l e d ) a b o v e t h e t i m b e r f l o o r s l a b s T h e
l a y e r s m o v i n g i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f t h e f l o o r g a v e
acoustic separation that would prove to exceed t h e U K r e q u i r e m e n t s .
D i e g e s a m t e P l a n u n g d e s S t a d t h a u s e s w a r
w i r k l i c h e i n e Ü b u n g i n e n g e r Z u s a m m e n a r b e i t D e r Ku n d e
Te l f o r d H o m e s h a t t e n a t ü r l i c h a u c h s e i n e e i g e n e n R i c h t -
l i n i e n , d i e e s e i n z u h a l t e n g a l t : D e r M i e t e r m u s s t e s e i n B e t t
a u f b e i d e n S e i t e n v e r l a s s e n k ö n n e n , e s m u s s t e g e n u g
A b s t e l l r a u m g e b e n u n d j e d e Kü c h e s o l l t e e i n F e n s t e r a u f -
w e i s e n . A l l e d i e s e A n l i e g e n s c h a f f t e n n o c h m e h r D e s i g n
Pa r a m e t e r f ü r d i e A r c h i t e k t e n
B r e t t s p e r r h o l z p l a t t e n s i n d n o c h r e l a t i v n e u a u f d e m M a r k t u n d – t r o t z e i n e r g e w i s s e n E r f a h r u n g m i t d e m
B a u s t o f f H o l z , w a r e s u n e r l ä s s l i c h f ü r d i e A r c h i t e k t e n d a s
M a t e r i a l i n – u n d a u s w e n d i g ke n n e n z u l e r n e n E s w u r d e n
Stärken und Schwächen erforscht und man untersuchte wie
m i t D e t a i l s u n d d e r Wä r m e – u n d S c h a l l d ä m m u n g a m
B e s t e n u m g e g a n g e n w i r d Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n n a h m d i e s e
A u f g a b e s e h r g e n a u , w e i t a u s g e n a u e r a l s n o r m a l e r w e i s e v o n e i n e m A r c h i t e k t u r b ü r o e r w a r t e t
D i e S c h a l l d ä m m u n g z w i s c h e n d e n e i n z e l n e n
Wo h n u n g e n b e r e i t e t e e t w a s Ko p f z e r b r e c h e n , d e n n g e r a d e in dichtbelegten Wohnkomplexen ist Lärmbelästigung häufig ein Problem Kreuzsperrholzplatten bilden zwar eine effektive
B a r r i e r e g e g e n h o h e To n f r e q u e n z e n s i n d j e d o c h i m t i e f f r e q u e n t e n B e r e i c h n i c h t s o e f f e k t i v D i e b r i t i s c h e n B a uo r d n u n g e n n e h m e n d e n t i e f f r e q u e n t e n B e r e i c h d u r c h a u s e r n s t u n d e r w a r t e n i n d e r Ko n s e q u e n z e i n e n A b z u g s w e r t d e r e n t s p r e c h e n d b e i d e r G e s a m t b e w e r t u n g e i n e r Wa n d o d e r G e s c h o s s d e c k e d i e a l l g e m e i n e n E i g e n s c h a f t e n r e d u z i e r t D a h e r w u r d e i m S t a d t h a u s e i n s c h w i m m e n d e r Fußboden eingebracht Trittschalldämmung entkoppeln die B r e t t s p e r r - h o l z p l a t t e n i n d e n G e s c h o s s d e c ke n v o n d e m Estrich mit eingebauter Fussbodenheizung Unterstützt durch e i n e a b g e h ä n g t e D e c ke , i n d e r d i e H a u s t e c h n i k v e r t e i l t wird, wurden die gesetzlichen Anforderungen an Luft – und Tr i t t s c h a l l d ä m m u n g i n G r o ß b r i t a n n i e n w e i t ü b e r t r o f f e n
Die Fassade des Stadthauses wurde so gestaltet, d a s s s i e m i t d e r E i n f a c h h e i t s e i n e r Ko n s t r u k t i o n , s e i n e s Ko n t ex t s u n d s e i n e r N a c h h a l t i g ke i t i m E i n k l a n g s t e h t D i e H ö h e d e s H a u s e s e r f o r d e r t e i n e l a n g l e b i g e Fa s s a d e , d i e über die Jahre nicht gewartet werden muss. Die Architekten e n t w a r f e n e i n e r e g e n a b w e i s e n d e Ve r k l e i d u n g m i t e i n e m
The Stadthaus façade was designed
t o b e i n ke e p i n g w i t h t h e s i m p l i c i t y o f t h e c o ns t r u c t i o n , i t s c o n t e x t a n d i t s s u s t a i n a b i l i t y
c r e d e n t i a l s T h e b u i l d i n g ’ s h e i g h t a l s o m e a n t t h e e x t e r i o r n e e d e d t o h a v e l o n g e v i t y w i t h m i n i m a l n e e d f o r p a i n t i n g , v a r n i s h i n g o r cleaning over the years The architects designed a rainscreen cladding using panels of Eternit, a lightweight board made of thirty per cent waste w o o d f i b r e E t e r n i t i s a b y - p r o d u c t o f a s i m i l a r process to KLH timber, and is coloured throughout the boards giving the aesthetic a high level of integrity while flattering its physical lightness
The precision of the timber structure ( c o m p a r e d t o i t s c o n c r e t e e q u i v a l e n t ) a l s o a l l o w e d a n d r e q u i r e d t h e a r c h i t e c t t o w o r k with a very exact façade – the line of the panels d o e s n o t v a r y a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e b u i l d i n g A t g r o u n d - f l o o r l e v e l t h e b u i l d i n g w a s s u r f a c e d u s i n g b l o c k s o f L i g n a c i t e b l o c k s , a c e m e n t b a s e d f a c i n g m a t e r i a l w h i c h i s m o r e d u r a b l e and hardwearing than Eternit, and gave weight t o t h e b a s e o f t h e b u i l d i n g
T h e p i xe l a t e d e f f e c t o n t h e f a ç a d e w a s d e s i g n e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a d j a c e n t
neighbourhood, which largely comprises 1950s b r i c k - b a s e d l o c a l a u t h o r i t y b u i l d i n g s . T h e p a t t e r n i s m a d e u p o f m o r e t h a n 5 , 0 0 0 i n d iv i d u a l p a n e l s i n g r e y, b l a c k a n d w h i t e a n d w a s i n s p i r e d b y t h e a b s t r a c t p a i n t i n g s o f G e r m a n a r t i s t G e r h a r d R i c h t e r R i c h t e r ’ s f a scination with the indiscriminate force of nature
a n d a b i l i t y t o n o r m a l i s e a l m o s t a n y s u b j e c t m a t t e r h e a p p l i e d h i s b r u s h t o w a s f i t t i n g t o t h e c o n t ex t o f S t a d t h a u s Re i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e
a b - s t r a c t p a i n t i n g s i n t h i s n e w a r c h i t e c t u r a l
c o n t ex t , a n d w i t h t h e b l e s s i n g o f t h e a r t i s t
himself, Waugh Thistleton studied the shadows
t h a t w e r e c a s t a c r o s s t h e s i t e a n d c r e a t e d a n
animation of the results that was then wrapped
a r o u n d t h e b u i l d i n g
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H o l z f a s e r a b f ä l l e n b e s t e h t E t e r n i t P l a t t e n s i n d g a n z d u r c h -
gefärbt, was ästetisch ein Gefühl der Ganzheit und Geschl o s s e n h e i t v e r m i t t e l t u n d d i e L e i c h t i g ke i t d e s M a t e r i a l s g u t z u r G e l t u n g b r i n g t
A u f g r u n d d e r h o h e n Pr ä z i s i o n d e s H o l z b a u s
( v e r g l i c h e n m i t ü b l i c h e n , k o n v e n t i o n e l l e n B a u w e i s e n ) k o n n t e n d i e A r c h i t e k t e n m i t e i n e m e x a k t e n Fa s s a d e nm a t e r i a l u n d Fa s s a d e n l a y o u t a r b e i t e n D i e E l e m e n t b r e i t e d e r e i n z e l n e n Fa s s a d e n p l a t t e b l e i b t d u r c h d a s g a n z e G e b ä u d e i m m e r d i e g l e i c h e D a s E r d g e s c h o s s w u r d e m i t
L i g n a z i t B l ö c ke n v e r k l e i d e t L i g n a z i t i s t h ä r t e r u n d b e s t ä nd i g e r u n d v e r l e i h t d e r B a s i s d e s G e b ä u d e s G e w i c h t
M i t d e m P i xe l e f f e k t d e r Fa s s a d e n e h m e n d i e
A r c h i t e k t e n B e z u g z u r u n m i t t e l b a r e n N a c h b a r s c h a f t d e s
S t a d t h a u s e s , b e s t e h e n d h a u p t s ä c h l i c h a u s S o z i a l w o h n -
u n g e n i n d e r f ü r d i e 5 0 e r J a h r e t y p i s c h e n Z i e g e l b a u w e i s e
D a s M u s t e r d e r Fa s s a d e s e t z t s i c h a u s ü b e r 5 0 0 0
E i n z e l p l a t t e n i n G r a u , We i s s u n d S c h w a r z z u s a m m e n
Inspiriert ist es von den abstrakten Gemälden des deutschen
Malers Gerhard Richter Richter ist fasziniert von der Willkür d e r N a t u r u n d h a t d i e B e g a b u n g f a s t j e d e s T h e m a , d a s e r
i n s e i n e r M a l e r e i a u f g r e i f t , f ü r j e d e r m a n n v e r s t ä n d l i c h d a r -
z u s t e l l e n S e i n Ku n s t a n s a t z s c h e i n t g u t i n d e n Ko n t ex t d e s S t a d t h a u s e s z u p a s s e n Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n v e r w e n d e t e
R i c h t e r ’ s G e m ä l d e ( w o h l g e m e r k t m i t d e s s e n S e g e n ) i n
e i n e m a r c h i t e k t o n i s c h e n Z u s a m m e n h a n g D i e A r c h i t e k t e n s t u d i e r t e n u n d e r f a s s t e n d i e S c h a t t e n v e r l ä u f e v o n d e n umliegenden Häusern auf das Baugelände und übertrugen s i e a u f d a s n e u e G e b ä u d e D a s S t a d t h a u s h a t s o m i t e i n e g e p i xe l t e L i c h t u n d S c h a t t e n f a s s a d e
(Oben links) Innenansicht, Apartment Flur, Juni 2008 (Oben rechts) Innena n s i c h t , B a l ko n u n d Wo h n z i m m e r, J u n i 2 0 0 8 ( U n t e n l i n k s ) I n n e n a n s i c h t , zweigeschossiger Raum, Juni 2008 (Unten rechts- Gemeinschafts) Dachterrasse, J u n i 2 0 0 8 ( Fo l g e n d e s e i t e n ) I n n e n a n s i c h t , U n t e r s i c h t d e r D e c k e d e s zweigeschossigen Raums, Juni 2008
Week six of timber construction (Right) Week seven of timber
Built almost entirely out of engineered timber, Stadthaus was a first for a UK housebuilder Telford Homes developed the project and in seeing the design through to its completion demonstrated significant commitment to innovation
When the Telford Homes took over the project in 2007, Stadthaus was in the initial d e s i g n s t a g e h o w e v e r t h e p r i n c i p a l s o f s o l i d t i m b e r c o n s t r u c t i o n h a d b e e n e x p l o r e d b y Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n w i t h E v e n t I n v e s t m e n t s , t h e o r i g i n a l o w n e r s o f t h e s i t e T h e a r c h i t e c t s w e r e a b l e t o s u p p l y ex h a u s t i v e d a t a r e f e r r i n g t o t h e r e d u c e d i m p a c t t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w o u l d h a v e o n t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g c o m m u n i t y and t h e c a r b o n s a v i n g s . A l l w e r e p e r s u a s i v e f a c t o r s f o r t h e c l i e n t , b u t g r o u n d b r e a k i n g m a terial innovation, whatever the potential savings a n d a d v a n t a g e s , w i l l a l w a y s i n v o l v e a h i g h level of risk With a well established client such a s Te l f o r d H o m e s , w i t h a w i d e p o r t f o l i o , t h i s r i s k i s exa c e r b a t e d , a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y s o i n a n e c o n o m i c c l i m a t e o n t h e v e r g e o f a r e c e s s i o n Telford Homes assigned its own team to verif y the figures calculated and also sent four senior design staff to Austria for two days to assess the manufacturing process and discuss t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h e m a t e r i a l w i t h K L H ’ s engineers and scientists While the secondary
Das Stadthaus, fast ganz und gar aus Holz gebaut, war eine große und neue Herausforderung für ein britisches Bauunternehmen Telford Homes sind in diesem Fall Bauu n t e r n e h m e n , D e v e l o p e r u n d Ku n d e i n e i n e m u n d s t e l l t e n sich mutig dieser Herausforderung und brachten das Projekt jüngst erfolgreich zu Ende. Ein mutiger Schritt und ein siegreiches Engagement für Innovation im Bauen
A l s d a s B a u u n t e r n e h m e n d a s Pr o j e k t i n 2 0 0 7 übernahm lag die Baubewilligung bereits vor Die Architekt e n w a r e n i n d e r L a g e i m Vo r f e l d u m f a s s e n d e D a t e n d e s B a u s ü b e r d i e v e r m i n d e r t e B e e i n t r ä c h t i g u n g d e r A n l i e g e r u n d ü b e r d i e b e i e i n d r u c ke n d e E i n s p a r u n g v o n C O 2 E m i s sionen vorzulegen Durchaus sehr überzeugende Argumente, a b e r, w i e h o c h a u c h i m m e r d i e v o r a u s s i c h t l i c h e n E i ns p a r n i s s e u n d Vo r t e i l e s e i n m ö g e n , b r i n g t d e r E i n s a t z v o n b a h n b r e c h e n d n e u e r M a t e r i a l t e c h n o l o g i e i m m e r e i n h o h e s M a ß a n R i s i ko m i t s i c h D i e s e s R i s i ko n i m m t b e i e i n e m s o g r o ß e n u n d e t a b l i e r t e n Ku n d e n w i e Te l f o r d H o m e s n o c h
s a v i n g s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s t y p e o f c o n s t r u c ti o n w e r e a t t r a c t i v e , t h e d e v e l o p e r n e e d e d t o b e c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h w o u l d o f f e r r e a s o n a b l e c o s t r e d u c t i o n s t o j u s t i f y t h e a d d i t i o n a l r i s k s I n t h e e n d , t h e b u i l d i n g w a s completed for a total net cost of £3.56 million, which, at a netgross internal area of 750 square metres, represents a rate of under £1,300 per m2
Further parties that needed to establish Stadthaus’s feasibility were the National House Building Council (NHBC) and the British Research Establishment (BRE).
N H B C i s t h e s t a n d a r d - s e t t i n g b o d y a n d l e a d i n g w a r r a n t y a n d i n s u r a n c e p r o v i d e r
f o r n e w a n d n e w l y c o n v e r t e d h o m e s i n t h e U K
Its primary role is to provide consumer protection to new home buyers New homes registered with NHBC receive a ten-year warranty stating t h a t t h e b u i l d i n g h a s b e e n b u i l t i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h i t s s t a n d a r d s T h i s g i v e s t h e p u r c h a s e r
( a n d t h e m o r t g a g e l e n d e r ) p e a c e o f m i n d t h a t
t h e p r o p e r t y i s b u i l t t o a r e c o g n i s e d s t a n d a r d
T h e r e a r e o t h e r i n s u r e r s t h a t w i l l p r o v i d e t h i s
w a r r a n t y a n d K L H a l r e a d y h e l d c e r t i f i c a t i o n f r o m Z u r i c h , b u t Te l f o r d H o m e s , w h i c h h a d
Projekt-management-abteilung für 2 Tage nach Österreich
Vo r O r t ko n n t e n s i e d i e M ö g l i c h ke i t e n d e s M a t e r i a l s u n d d i e L i e f e r f ä h i g ke t m i t d e n Te c h n i ke r n u n d Ve r a n t w o r t l i c h e n v o n K L H b e s p r e c h e n u n d k l ä r e n
B r i t i s c h e I n s t i t u t i o n e n w i e N H B C ( N a t i o n a l
H o u s e B u i l d i n g C o u n c i l ) u n d d e m B R E ( B r i t i s h Re s e a r c h
E s t a b l i s h m e n t ) w a r e n i m w e i t e r e n m i t d e r B e g l e i t u n g d e r
Re a l i s i e r u n g b e a u f t r a g t
N H B C i s t i n G r o ß b r i t a n n i e n e i n u n a b h ä n g i g e r und gleichzeitig führender Garantie – und Versicherungsanbieter für Um – und Neubauten und hat hierzu sein eigenes
‘ r o b u s t e s ’ N o r m e n w e r k N H B C s i c h e r t a u f d e r B a s i s e i n e s
a n e s t a b l i s h e d r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e N H B C , p e r s e v e r e d i n o b t a i n i n g t h e n e w c e r t i f i c a t e s a s a n a d d i t i o n a l p r e c a u t i o n z u , v o r a l l e m w e n n s i c h d i e Wi r t s c h a f t g e r a d e a m Ra n d e e i n e r Re z e s s i o n b e w e g t . Te l f o r d H o m e s b e a u f t r a g t e d i e e i g e n e n M i t a rb e i t e r u n d M i t a r b e i t e r i n n e n m i t d e r Ü b e r p r ü f u n g d e r v o n den Archi-tekten errechneten und vorgelegten Zahlenwerke u n d s a n d t e g l e i c h 4 Fü h r u n g s k r ä f t e s e i n e r D e s i g n – u n d
Z e r t i f i ka t e s o d e r e i n e r Z u l a s s u n g d i e e n t s p r e c h e n d e A u sf ü h r u n g s q u a l i t ä t a b u n d s c h ü t z t d e n Ko n s u m e n t e n D i e m i t
NHBC registrierten Neubauten bekommen eine 10 – jährige
G a r a n t i e , d a s s s i e e n t s p r e c h e n d d e r N H B C Vo r s c h r i f t e n g e b a u t w o r d e n s i n d I n m a n c h e n B e r e i c h e n , v o r w i e g e n d
d e m Wo h n u n g s b a u , i s t e i n e N H B C Z u l a s s u n g o d e r
Z e r t i f i z i e r u n g G r u n d l a g e f ü r j e g l i c h e B a u f i n a n z i e r u n g
The material was entirely new to the N H B C , c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d t i m b e r n e v e r h a v i n g been used in a UK housing development before Stadthaus The organisation agreed to treat the project as a pilot scheme, and began its process of scrutinising the material in some detail
B e c a u s e s o m e o f t h e d e t a i l s o f S t a d t h a u s w e n t a g a i n s t t h e r e c e i v e d w i s d o m a b o u t t i m b e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h i s p r o c e s s t o o k cons i d e r a b l y l o n g e r t h a n i t m i g h t o t h e r w i s e h a v e d o n e . T h e a r c h i t e c t ’ s c h a l l e n g e w a s t o make it very clear that Stadthaus is not a timber f r a m e d e s i g n , a n d t h a t K L H i s n o t a t i m b e r frame but a timber panel system and that this has implications on how the details are designed
Ye t m o r e ex h a u s t i v e c h e c k s i n t o t h e t e c h n i c a l p l a n s f o r S t a d t h a u s w e r e r e q u i r e d b y t h e B R E . T h e B R E ex i s t s t o t e s t p r o d u c t s a n d g i v e t e c h n i c a l d a t a o n t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e – a s e r v i c e p a i d f o r b y t h e m a t e r i a l s u p p l i e r, i n t h i s c a s e K L H O n c e a g a i n , a l t h o u g h t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e r a l r e a d y h a d t h e a p p r o v a l s i n p l a c e t o m e e t E u r o p e a n s t a n d a r d s , t h e c e r ti f i c a t i o n w a s n o t f o u n d t o b e a c c e p t a b l e i n t h e U K T h e E u r o p e a n c e r t i f i c a t e s t a t e d t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l h a d a f i f t y - y e a r l i f e s p a n b u t i n order for the project to be approved by NHBC, British cert-ification stating a sixty-year lifespan w a s r e q u i r e d
There being no incentive for the BRE t o p r o c e s s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n q u i c k l y, t h i s p r ocedure took the longest of all the independent a s s e s s m e n t s i n t o t h e p l a n s f o r S t a d t h a u s
I m Fa l l v o m S t a d t h a u s e r w a r t e t e d e r D e v e l o p e r
Telford Homes als zusätzliche Absicherung ein sogenanntes
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n e u . D e r N H B C b e s c h l o s s d e n B a u d e s S t a d t h a u s e s a l s e i n M o d e l l p r o j e k t z u b e h a n d e l n u n d b e g a n n d a r a u f d e n
B a u - s t o f f u n d A b l ä u f e b i s i n s l e t z t e D e t a i l z u u n t e r s u c h e n
D a s S t a d t h a u s e n t s p r i c h t n i c h t u n b e d i n g t d e m b i s h e r i g e n
S a c h - v e r s t ä n d n i s u n d S t a n d a r d i m B e r e i c h H o l z b a u , ensprechend dauerte dieser Begutachtungsprozess weitaus l ä n g e r a l s n o r m a l e r w e i s e . Fo l g l i c h e r We i s e w a r e s w e s e n tl i c h e A u f - g a b e d e r A r c h i t e k t e n d a r z u s t e l l e n , d a s s e s s i c h b e i d e m S t a d t h a u s k e i n e s w e g s u m e i n e ü b l i c h e o d e r v e r g l e i c h b a r e H o l z r a h m e n ko n s t r u k t i o n h a n d e l t e , s o n d e r n u m e i n E l e m e n t u n d S c h e i b e n s y s t e m a u s m a s s i v e m H o l z , u n d d a s s e s D e t a i l s a n d e r e r L ö s u n g e n b e d a r f a l s i m t r a d i t i o n e l l e n S i n n e . K L H ko n n t e b e r e i t s e i n e Vi e l z a h l v o n v e r s i c he r u n g s t e c h n i s c h e n Z u l a s s u n g e n , w i e Z u r i c h A p p r o v a l , u n d v i e l e n a t i o n a l e b a u t e c h n i s c h e Z u l a s s u n g e n v o r l e g e n A u s s c h l a g g e b e n d w a r j e d o c h d i e E TA , E u r o p e a n Te c hn i c a l A p p r o v a l ( E u r o p ä i s c h e Te c h n i s c h e Z u l a s s u n g ) K L H
Erdgeschossgrundriss mit den Gemeinschaftsanlagen und Bürofläche
N H B C c o u l d n o t c e r t i f y t h e b u i l d i n g u n t i l B R E h a d c o n f i r m e d i t s s i x t y - y e a r l i f e s p a n , m e a n ing t h a t n o n e o f t h e p a r t n e r s c o u l d b e c o n f i d e n t
t h a t t h e b u i l d i n g w o u l d b e b u i l t a s i n t e n d e d
u n t i l a l a t e s t a g e i n t h e p r o c e s s . W h i l e w a i t i n g
t o g a i n N H B C a n d B R E a c c r e d i t a t i o n – a p r oc e s s t h a t t o o k s i x m o n t h s i n t o t a l – Te l f o r d
Homes had no option but to lay the foundations f o r a c o n c r e t e a n d s t e e l f r a m e d b u i l d i n g The developers’ priority had to be to complete the building on time.
h a t d e n B R E b e a u f t r a g t a l l e v o r l i e g e n d e n Z u l a s s u n g e n z u p r ü f e n u n d z u k o m m e n t i e r e n u n d d a r ü b e r h i n a u s e i n e e r w e i t e r t e z u e r w a r t e n d e L e b e n s z e i t d e s Pr o d u k t e s z u
b e s c h e i n i g e n B R E u n d N H B C e r w a r t e n h i e r e i n M i n i m u m
v o n 6 0 J a h r e n D i e e u r o p ä i s c h e Z u l a s s u n g s i e h t j e d o c h
n u r 5 0 J a h r e v o r B R E u n t e r s u c h t e a l l e A s p e k t e v o n d e r
H e r - s t e l l u n g ü b e r d e n Tr a n s p o r t u n d d i e M o n t a g e u n d
l e t z t e n - d l i c h a u c h d i e E i n f l ü s s e v o n Fo l g e g e w e r ke n a u f d e r
B a u s t e l l e a u f m ö g l i c h e E i n f l ü s s e a u f d i e D a u e r h a f t i g ke i t
d e s Pr o d u k t e s . R i c h t i g b e h a n d e l t w i r d a u c h d i e s e s
Holzprodukt Generationen überleben
Die Kosten für diese
Although the wait was frustrating it was necessary, and the additional time allowe d s e v e r a l i n n o v a t i o n s t o t a ke p l a c e . T h e s e related to the building’s local community, the i m p o r t a n c e o f w o r k i n g w i t h w h o m c a n n o t b e overstated, when introducing a new high-rise d e v e l o p m e n t N o m a t t e r h o w d e s i r a b l e t h e apartments, how quickly they sell or how many column inches are earned by the architecture, there can be no success without social cohesion Many of London’s least successful housing developments – the ones that are run down, unwelcoming and oppressive – tend to be those t h a t w e r e d e s i g n e d a n d c o n s t r u c t e d o u t o f context, with no relationship to their community S t a d t h a u s , a b r a n d n e w p r i v a t e r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g , s i t s w i t h i n a l a r g e socially r e n t e d h o u s i n g e s t a t e Te l f o r d H o m e s i s exp e r i e n c e d i n c o n s t r u c t i n g n e w b u i l d i n g s i n s u c h s i t u a t i o n s , a n d w h e n i t t o o k o v e r t h e p r oj e c t f r o m t h e i n i t i a l d e v e l o p e r, o n e o f i t s f i r s t a c t i o n s w a s t o s t a g e a n ex h i b i t i o n o f t h e p l a n s
Zulassungs-verfahren hat der Hersteller KLH übernommen
D i e s e r Pr ü f u n g s – u n d B e g u t a c h t u n g s p r o z e s s
h a t n a t ü r l i c h Z e i t i n A n s p r u c h g e n o m m e n , s c h a f f t e l e t z -
t e n d l i c h a b e r G e w i s s h e i t b e i a l l e n B e t e i l i g t e n a u f d e m
r i c h t i g e n We g z u s e i n K l e i n e r We r m u t s t r o p f e n a m Ra n d e
i s t d i e Ta t s a c h e , d a s s s i c h d i e B a u f i r m a i n Fo l g e d e r l a n g e
B e a r b e i t u n g s z e i t d i e O p t i o n f ü r e i n e ko n v e n t i o n e l l e S t a h lb e t o n b a u w e i s e o f f e n h i e l t u n d s o g a r d a s Fu n d a m e n t f ü r d i e L a s t e n e i n e s S t a h l b e t o n s ke l e t t a u s g e f ü h r t w u r d e , u m f o l g l i c h n i c h t d e n F e r t i g s t e l l u n g s t e r m i n z u g e f ä h r d e n G a n z n a c h d e m M o t t o ‘ G u t D i n g w i l l We i l e h a b e n ’ h a t a u c h d i e s e ‘ Wa r t e p h a s e ’ i h r e p o s i t i v e S e i t e M a n h a t t e v i e l Z e i t s i c h m i t d e r ö r t l i c h e Ko m m u n e v e r t r a u t zu machen, die Kommune in den Bauprozess zu integrieren, w a s g e r a d e b e i e i n e m s o l c h e n Wo h n b a u v o r h a b e n a b s o u l t S i n n m a c h t , g a r e i n a b s o l u t e s M u s s i s t . D i e Wo h n u n g e n können noch so begehrt sein, sich noch so schnell verkaufen l a s s e n u n d d i e A r c h i t e k t u r m a g i n n o c h s o v i e l e n Z e i t u n g e n u n d Z e i t s c h r i f t e n g e p r i e s e n w e r d e n , e i n w a h r e r E r f o l g i s t solch einem Projekt nur durch seinen sozialen, kommunalen Ko n t ex t g a r a n t i e r t B e i s p i e l e w i e Wo h n s i e d l u n g e n n i c h t f u n k t i o n i e r e n , m u t w i l l i g z e r s t ö r t w e r d e n o d e r e i n b e d r ü c kendes Gefühl bei allen Bewohnern und Besuchern auslösen findet man in London zur Genüge Der Bezug auf die Nachbarschaft und Zusammenarbeit mit der Gemeinde erweisen s i c h i m m e r a l s d e r b e s s e r e We g
D a s S t a d t h a u s i s t e i n b r a n d n e u e r Pr i v a t w o h nu n g s b l o c k i n m i t t e n e i n e r M i e t w o h n s i e d l u n g u n d S o z i l aw o h n s i e d l u n g Te l f o r d H o m e s i s t e i n E x p e r t e w e n n e s u m die Umsetzung solcher Bauvorhaben und solcher Architektur g e h t u n d w e i ß s i c h j e w e i l s i n d i e ö r t l i c h e S i t u a t i o n e i nz u b r i n g e n N a c h d e m Te l f o r d H o m e s d a s Pr o j e k t v o n d e m u r s p r ü n g l i c h e n B a u u n t e r n e h m e r ü b e r n o m m e n h a t t e , w a r e i n e r d e r e r s t e n S c h r i t t e e i n e A u s s t e l l u n g d e r B a u p l ä n e i m ö r t l i c h e n G e m e i n d e z e n t r u m . A l l e l o ka l e n I n t e r e s s e n sg r u p p e n , G e m e i n d e r ä t e , u n d d i e N a c h b a r s c h a f t h a t t e n
at the local community centre This ensured that local stakeholders, councillors, and residents’ associations were immediately given the oppo r t u n i t y t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p r o p o s a l s a n d t o voice their concerns This process allowed them t o g r a d u a l l y f o r g e a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e developer, and to appreciate the new building
A n u m b e r o f d e c i s i o n s w e r e s u bs e q u e n t l y t a ke n i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h t h e c o mm u n i t y, i n c l u d i n g a n a r r a n g e m e n t t o b o r r o w a s m a l l s t r e t c h o f l a n d t o t h e r e a r o f t h e s i t e f o r d e l i v e r i e s M i n i m a l a s t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e , t h e s i t e i t s e l f w a s t o o s m a l l t o a c c o m m o d a t e i t T h e l a n d i n q u e s t i o n , w h i c h w a s d e r e l i c t w h e n b u i l d i n g c o m m e n c e d , w a s p r o m i s e d b a c k t o t h e c o m m u n i t y a s a n e w children’s play area In addition, Telford Homes g r a n t e d a l e a s e a t a p e p p e r c o r n r e n t f o r t h e g r o u n d f l o o r o f f i c e s o f t h e n e w b u i l d i n g t o t h e l o c a l t e n a n t s ’ a s s - o c i a t ion – which at the time h a d n o p r e m i s e s of its own
A s t h e f i r s t b u i l d i n g o f i t s k i n d Stadthaus would not have been possible without the profound involvement and input of all parties – from the community to the insurance p r o v i d e r s A l l h e l p e d t o c r e a t e t h e p r a c t i c e s and guidelines that, it is hoped, will smooth the path for future solid timber buildings.
dadurch direkten Zugang zu dem was in der Nachbarschaft
p a s s i e r e n w i r d – u n d ko n n t e n a l l i h r e B e d e n ke n , S o r g e n und Ideen los werden Dadurch entsteht größere Akzeptanz
u n d We r t s c h ä t z u n g g e g e n ü b e r N e u e m i n d e r G e m e i n d e
M e h r e r e E n t s c h e i d u n g e n w u r d e n g e m e i n s a m m i t d e r Ko m -
m u n e g e t r o f f e n w i e z . B . d i e Ü b e r l a s s u n g e i n e s b r a c h e n
G r u n d s t ü c k t e i l s z u r L a g e r u n g v o n B a u m a t e r i a l u n d B a u s telleneinrichtung Im Gegenzug stellte Telford Homes sicher, d a s s n a c h B a u f e r t i g s t e l l u n g d i e B r a c h e z u e i n e m n e u e n Kinderspielplatz umgebaut wird Außerdem überlies Telford H o m e s d e m l o ka l e n M i e t e r v e r e i n , d e r z u d i e s e r Z e i t ke i n e
G e s c h ä f t s r ä u m e h a t t e , d i e g e w e r b l i c h e n Rä u m e i m E r d g es c h o s s d e s G e b ä u d e s
Das Stadthaus ist das erste Gebäude seiner Art, u n d w ä r e n i c h t m ö g l i c h g e w e s e n o h n e d i e f u n d i e r t e Z u sa m m e n a r b e i t a l l e r B e t e i l i g t e n , v o n d e r Ko m m u n e b i s h i n z u m Ve r s i c h e r e r E s b l e i b t z u h o f f e n , d a s s d i e g e w o n n e n e n E r ke n n t n i s s e a l s We g b e r e i t e r f ü r ä h n l i c h e B a u p r o j e k t e i n d e r Z u k u n f t d i e n e n kö n n e n .
I n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f high-rise buildings in engineered timber and to set out the best approach to their design, the Stadhaus project required considerable structural input from the outset The main challenges were ensuring that stability and long term movements were properly considered and fire risks minimised With no precedent for a timber building of this height much of the design of Stadthaus had to be developed from first principles
U m d i e t e c h n i s c h e Re a l i s i e r b a r k e i t n a c h v o l lz i e h b a r a u f z u z e i g e n u n d u m e i n e n f u n d i e r t e n B e m e s s u n g -
sansatz von Hochhäusern in der Holzbauweise zu etablieren, w a r e i n e f r ü h e E i n b i n d u n g d e s Tr a g w e r k s p l a n e r s i n d e n
Planungsprozess des Stadthauses unerlässlich Die großen Herausforderungen waren die Gewährleistung der Gebäud e s t a b i l i t ä t u n d d i e B e r ü c k s i c h t i g u n g d e r L a n g z e i t l a s t e n e i n e r s e i t s u n d e i n e Re d u z i e r u n g d e s ‘ B r a n d f a l l ’ – R i s i ko s a n d e r e r s e i t s D a s F e h l e n v o n b i s h e r i g e n Pr ä z e d e n z f ä l l e n m a c h t e e s e r f o r d e r l i c h , d i e B e r e c h n u n g s – u n d Ko n s t r u kt i o n s a n s ä t z e v o n d e n G r u n d s ä t z e n h e r z u e n t w i c ke l n D i e K o n t i n e n t a l e u r o p ä i s c h e n B a u o r d n u n g e n w e i s e n a u s d r ü c k l i c h a u f d i e ‘ n i c h t b r e n n b a r e ’ A u s b i l d u n g v o n G e b ä u d e ke r n e n h i n , o h n e j e d o c h a u f d a s s p e z i f i s c h e Brandverhalten des Baustoffes Holz einzugehen So wurden m e h r g e s c h o s s i g e G e b ä u d e a u s H o l z i n d e r Ve r g a n g e n h e i t m i t e i n e m S t a h l b e t o n ke r n a u s g e f ü h r t Fü r d a s S t a d t h a u s w u r d e n s t a b i l i s i e r e n d e Ke r n e a u s H o l z v o r g e s c h l a g e n . Das p r i n z i p i e l l e Tr a g v e r h a l t e n v o n K r e u z l a g e n h o l z i n Ve r b i ndung mit einer konsequent umgesetzten zellulären Bauweise resultiert in einer Minimierung örtlich eingetrag e n e r Lasten u n d d e r D e t a i l ko m p l ex i t ä t d e s G e b ä u d e s D i e B a u s t o f f e H o l z u n d B e t o n h a b e n e i n s i g n i f i ka n t u n t e r s c h i e d l i c h e s B e w e g u n g s v e r h a l t e n , b e s o n d e r s h i n s i c h t l i c h d e s Kriechens u n d S c h w i n d e n s , a b e r a u c h d e s Te m p e r a - t u r v e r h a l t e n s . E i n e d u r c h g ä n g i g e Ko n s t r u k t i o n i n H o l z v e r m e i d e t d i e N o tw e n d i g ke i t e i n e r ko m p l i z i e r t e n Fu g e n a u s b i l d u n g
C o n t i n e n t a l E u r o p e a n r e g u l a t i o n s specif y that building cores must be built from non-combustible materials, without any further consideration given to their actual performance in fire. Previous examples of tall timber buildings
D i e t r a d i t i o n e l l e H o l z r a h m e n b a u w e i s e k a n n d u r c h d i e A n o r d n u n g s i c h k r e u z e n d e r m i t H o l z w e r k s t o f fp l a t t e n b e p l a n k t e n H o l z r i p p e n b e s c h r i e b e n w e r d e n D i e z e l l u l a r e B a u w e i s e d e s S t a d t h a u s , r e c h t w i n k l i g a n g e o r dn e t e Wä n d e u n d D e c ke n , g e n e r i e r t e i n d r e i d i m e n s i o n a l e s
have therefore been constructed around reinf o r c e d - c o n c r e t e c o r e s Fo r S t a d t h a u s t i m b e r cores were proposed The design principles of cross-laminated lumber exploit the inherent inplane stiffness of timber walls wherever possible and timber walls throughout the building avoided a concentration of loads at the core edges and the attendant complexity of detailing Concrete a n d w o o d h a v e v e r y d i f f e r e n t m o v e m e n t characteristics and an all-wood structure avoids the need for complicated movement joints.
Traditional timber framing is usually conceived as a series of planar crossframes
T h e c e l l u l a r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f S t a d t h a u s , o r t h o g o n a l w a l l s a n d f l o o r s , f o r m s a t h r e edimensional system of interlocking plates which can be e x p l o i t e d t o m a x i m i s e t h e r o b u s t n e s s o f t h e structure For maximum stability Techniker
m o b i l i s e d a l l t h e v e r t i c a l e l e m e n t s a s s h e a r
S y s t e m v o n i n e i n a n d e r g r e i f e n d e n S c h e i b e n , w e l c h e s d i e
G e b ä u - d e i n t e g r i t ä t e r h e b l i c h v e r b e s s e r t D u r c h d i e
Ve r w e n d u n g a l l e r v e r t i ka l e n Wa n d s c h e i b e n f ü r v e r t i ka l e
A u s s t e i f u n g d e s G e b ä u d e s w u r d e e i n e z u s ä t z l i c h e U n b e s -
t i m m t h e i t u n d d a m i t e i n h ö h e r e s S i c h e r h e i t s n i v e a u a l s
g e w ö h n l i c h e r r e i c h t D i e s e Re d u n d a n z w u r d e d u r c h e i n frühzeitiges Einbinden des Tragwerksplaners in das Gebäuderaumkonzept sichergestellt Auf der Grundlage der Architektenpläne wurden mittels Transparentpapier die möglichen Lastwege identifiziert und farbig angelegt Techniker konnte s o Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n s t a t i s c h ko n s t r u k t i v e R i c h t l i n i e n f ü r d i e e n d g ü l t i g e G r u n d - r i s s g e s t a l t u n g b e r e i t s t e l l e n
w a l l s t o p r o v i d e p l e n t y o f s p a r e c a p a c i t y t o resist vertical loads and wind This redundancy was ensured by the design engineers working through the early plans, layering colour-coded plans of tracing paper to find load-paths down t h r o u g h t h e b u i l d i n g . O n t h i s b a s i s a s e t o f guidelines was established from which Waugh Thistleton could develop their layouts
O b w o h l d a s S t a d t h a u s d a s e r s t e H o l z h o c h h a u s
m i t e i n e m a u s s t e i f e n d e n H o l z k e r n i s t , w u r d e s e i t e n s Te c h n i ke r e i n E r d g e s c h o s s i n S t a h l b e t o n b a u w e i s e v o r g es c h l a g e n . D i e s w a r d e m Fa k t g e s c h u l d e t , d a s s i m E r d g es c h o s s e i n g r u n d - s ä t z l i c h a b w e i c h e n d e s Ra u m ko n z e p t u n d d a m i t a b w e i c h e n d e A n o r d n u n g v o n s t a b i l i s i e r e n d e n
Wandscheiben erwünscht war Eine Stahlbetonkonstruktion e r w i e s s i c h a l s d i e o p t i m a l e s t a t i s c h e L ö s u n g , u m e i n e n
Although Stadthaus is the first tall building with an entirely timber core Techniker opted for a reinforced concrete ground storey This was due in part to the fact that the internal walls at ground floor bear little relation to those above The resulting transfers of vertical load are much better handled in a reinforced concrete slab Keeping the timber off ground level also precludes the risk of moisture damage if damp proofing fails
In the same manner as for tall reinf o r c e d c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s , d i f f e r e n t d e s i g n criteria for timber structures become significant as overall height increases The simple ‘platform’ construction preferred by constructors is limited by the number of storeys that will bear down on the floor slabs towards the base. If special j o i n t s a r e p r o v i d e d t o t r a n s f e r l o a d s d i r e c t l y from wall to wall down the building then the h e i g h t c a n b e i n c r e a s e d u n t i l l a t e r a l l o a d resistance begins to dominate the thickness of t h e w a l l s L o n g t e r m e f f e c t s s u c h a s c r e e p deflection and moisture movements must also be allowed for. If extra bracing is added, concrete o r s t e e l c o r e s o r r e i n f o r c e d w a l l p l a t e s t h e n designs can carry on up till to the limit of the timber strength in vertical load-bearing capacity
Although Techniker had worked with c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d t i m b e r p r e v i o u s l y a n d w a s f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e m a t e r i a l ’ s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i t
s i c h e r e n u n d v e r f o r m u n g s a r m e n L a s t t r a n s f e r i n d i e Fu n d amente zu gewährleisten Hinzu kommt, dass damit das Risiko von Feuchtigkeitsschäden am Holz reduziert werden konnte I n A n a l o g i e z u d e n S t a h l b e t o n ko n s t r u k t i o n e n m ü s s e n m i t z u n e h m e n d e r H ö h e v o n H o l z ko n s t r u k t i o n e n a n d e r e B e m e s s u n g s a n s ä t z e u n d – k r i t e r i e n a n g e n o m m e n werden Die einfache, von Baufirmen bevorzugte ‘Plattforme n b a u w e i s e ’ w i r d d u r c h d i e A n z a h l d e r L a s t a b t r a g e n d e n
G e s c h o s s e b e g r e n z t We r d e n h i n g e g e n d i e h o r i z o n t a l e n
Fu g e n s o a u s g e s t a l t e t , d a s s e i n d i r e k t e r L a s t ü b e r t r a g z w i s c h e n d e n a u f g e h e n d e n Wä n d e n m ö g l i c h i s t , ka n n d i e
G e b ä u d e h ö h e e r h e b l i c h b i s z u d e m M o m e n t g e s t e i g e r t w e r d e n , w o d i e h o r i z o n t a l e n E i n w i r k u n g e n u n d w e n i g e r d i e vertikalen Einwirkungen das Widerstandsniveau der Wände b e s t i m m e n L a n g z e i t e f f e k t e w i e K r i e c h e n u n d F e u c h t i g ke i ts e i n w i r k u n g e n s i n d e b e n f a l l s z u b e r ü c k s i c h t i g e n
Trotz der langjährigen Erfahrungen von Techniker im Umgang mit Kreuzlagenholz erwies es sich als schwierig, die Effekte und die Berechnungsparameter für das Erfassen von Langzeiteinwirkungen zu evaluieren Holz hat die Eigenschaft, sein Volumen entsprechend des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes i n d e r A t m o s p h ä r e a n z u p a s s e n ( Q u e l l e n u n d S c h w i n d e n )
Density 480kg/m3 2400kg/m3
Weight 300tonnes 1200tonnes
Programme 49 weeks 72 weeks
(Top) Comparison of construction methods: reinforced concrete structure and cross laminated timber panel structure (Bottom) Wi n d l o a d s o n t h e f a c a d e s a r e t r a n s f e r r e d f i r s t l y i n t o t h e external wall panels and then into the floors The floors then transfer the horizontal loads into the internal and external load bearing walls by diaphragm action and finally into the reinforced concrete foundations
(Oben) Vergleich der Konstruktionsmethoden Stahlbeton – und Kreuzlagenh o l z - Ko n s t r u k t i o n ( U n t e n ) D i e a u f d i e Fa s s a d e e i n w i r ke n d e n Wi n d k r ä f t e w e r d e n d u r c h d i e S c h e i b e n w i r k u n g d e r G e s c h o s s d e c k e n z u e r s t i n d i e lasttragenden Waendelemente und dann schliesslich ins Fundament abgeleitet
p r o v e d d i f f i c u l t t o s e t t l e o n p a r a m e t e r s w i t h which to assess long-term movements Timber inevitably expands and contracts with moisture
c h a n g e s i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e . C e l l u l o s e f i b r e s bed down under sustained loading and temperature changes induce thermal movements
Engineered timber has very low movement levels and published data and test results were reconciled to produce reliable design information
The concept design had apartments arranged in a rectilinear crate pattern around a central core, minimising the need for transfer e l e m e n t s T h e e x t e r n a l w a l l s h a d s u f f i c i e n t c a p a c i t y f o r Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n t o a d j u s t t h e
fenestration to avoid repetitive elevations The hierarchy of the structure has the external walls spanning between floors to transfer wind loads into the horizontal plates which in turn distribute
U n t e r L a n g z e i t w i r k u n g e n n e h m e n d i e Ve r f o r m u n g e n i n d e n
Holzfasern erheblich zu Temperaturänderungen resultieren i n n i c h t z u v e r n a c h l ä s s i g e n d e n t h e r m i s c h e n B e w e g u n g e n I n g e n i e u r h o l z p r o d u k t e s i n d g e n e r e l l e n t w o r f e n , u m d i e s e Bewegungsanfälligkeit zu reduzieren Aktuelle Literatur und Forschungsergebnisse wurden herangezogen, um zuver-lässige B e m e s s u n g s a n s ä t z e z u e n t w i c ke l n .
D a s b e r e i t s e r w ä h n t e a r c h i t e k t o n i s c h e Ko n z e p t d e r z e l l u l a r e n B a u w e i s e u m e i n e n z e n t r a l e n Ke r n m i n i m i e r t die Notwendigkeit von Transferelementen Die Außenwände haben ausreichende Reserven, um eine über die Geschosse variierende Fensterbandgestaltung seitens Waugh Thisleton zu ermöglichen. Der prinzipielle Horizontallasttransfer kann w i e f o l g t b e s c h r i e b e n w e r d e n : Fa s s a d e n e l e m e n t e z u d e n a u s s t e i f e n d e n D e c k e n s c h e i b e n , a u s s t e i f e n d e D e c k e ns c h e i b e n z u d e n v e r t i ka l a u s s t e i f e n d e n Wa n d s c h e i b e n A l l e a u s s t e i f e n d e n Wa n d s c h e i b e n s i n d i n d e r B e t o n ko n struktion im Erdgeschoss rückverankert, welche monolithisch m i t d e r G r ü n d u n g v e r b u n d e n i s t .
D i e a d ä q u a t e G e w ä h r l e i s t u n g e i n e r a u s r e i c he n d e n S i c h e r h e i t g e g e n d e n p r o g r e s s i v e n Ko l l a p s w a r d e r
k r i t i s c h e A b s c h n i t t d e r B e m e s s u n g E i n n e u n g e s c h o s s i g e s
G e b ä u d e m u s s i n Ü b e r e i n s t i m m u n g m i t s t r e n g e n A u f l a g e n
( L e f t ) To t a l m o v e m e n t p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e g r a i n d u e t o moisture in a typical floor panel beneath a load-bearing wall Movement in wall panels (load parallel to grain) is negligible
(Links) Schwund – und Quellverhalten quer zur Faserrichtung Quell – und S c h w i n d v e r h a l t e n i n Fa s e r r i c h t u n g k a n n i g n o r i e r t w e r d e n ( O b e n ) D i e Wohneinheiten sind in einer Art Wabenstruktur um den Kern angeordnet
party wall line
ULC upper lift core
USC upper stair core ULC LLC LSC USC
LLC lower lift core
LSC lower stair core
LLC
Ty p i c a l f l o o r p a n e l l a y o u t s h o w i n g c o n t i n u i t y o v e r i n t e r n a l walls but discontinuity between apartments and public spaces
USC LSC ULC
A n o r d n u n g d e r D e c ke n p a n e l e u m e i n e S c h e i b e n w i r k u n g i m B e r e i c h d e r Wo h n u n g e n z u e r z i e l e n I m a l l g e m e i n e n K o r r i d o r b e r e i c h w u r d e d i e Scheibenwirkung unterbrochen
these forces into the perpendicular internal and external walls All the walls are anchored to the c o n c r e t e p o d i u m , w h i c h f i n a l l y t r a n s f e r s t h e stability loads into the foundations.
The crucial part of the design was m a k i n g a d e q u a t e p r o v i s i o n s t o p r e v e n t progressive collapse At nine storeys high the building had to meet the stringent regulations s e t i n p l a c e s u b s e q u e n t t o t h e Ro n a n Po i n t disaster in Newham in 1968. Misuse or accidental loadings must not cause undue damage to a structure
T h e r e a r e t h r e e e s t a b l i s h e d a p pr o a c h e s t o a v o i d i n g t h i s s c e n a r i o , p r e v i o u s l y o n l y w o r ke d t h r o u g h f o r r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e , s t e e l a n d m a s o n r y s t r u c t u r e s . O n e w a y i s t o e n s u r e t h a t a l l t h e p a r t s o f a b u i l d i n g a r e a d e q u a t e l y t i e d t o g e t h e r A l t e r n a t i v e l y a n y s i n g l e p a r t c a n b e t h e o r e t i c a l l y r e m o v e d a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e m u s t b e c a p a b l e o f sustaining itself Thirdly all parts of the structure c a n b e s i z e d t o r e s i s t a n a c c i d e n t a l l o a d , typically a local pressure of 34 kN per square metre In the era of natural gas this equates to the ignition of a portable butane cylinder
There are no official guidelines for the design of timber buildings using these methods
Designing a timber element and its associated fixings for the full impact load would be extremely o n e r o u s a n d p r o b a b l y u n n e c e s s a r y I n s t e a d Techniker took advice from the Timber Research
d e r b r i t i s c h e n B a u n o r m e n g e p l a n t w e r d e n , w e l c h e d i e
L e h r e n a u s d e m ‘ Ro n a n Po i n t ’ D e s a s t e r i n N e w h a m 1 9 6 8
g e z o g e n h a b e n . M i s s b r a u c h o d e r r e i n a u ß e r g e w ö h n l i c h e
L a s t f ä l l e ( E x p l o s i o n , S t o s s ) d ü r f e n n i c h t z u e i n e m d i s p r op o r t i o n a l e n S c h a d e n a n e i n e r Tr a g s t r u k t u r f ü h r e n E s s t e h e n d r e i e t a b l i e r t e M e t h o d e n f ü r d e n
N a c h w e i s d e r S i c h e r h e i t d e s d i s p r o p o r t i o n a l e n Ko l l a p s e s
z u r Ve r f ü g u n g , a u c h w e n n d i e s e n u r f ü r ü b l i c h e M a u e rw e r k s , S t a h l b a u u n d S t a h l b e t o n ko n s t r u k t i o n e n n o r m a t i v
v e r a n ke r t s i n d I n A b h ä n g i g ke i t v o n d e r G e b ä u d e k l a s s e
v e r l a n g t d i e e r s t e M e t h o d e e i n e a u s r e i c h e n d h o r i z o n t a l e , beziehungsweise horizontale/vertikale zugfeste Verbindung
d e r Ko n s t r u k t i o n - s e l e m e n t e A l t e r n a t i v ka n n n a c h g e w i e s e n w e r d e n , d a s s i m Fa l l e e i n e s t e i l w e i s e n K o l l a p s e s d e s
G e b ä u d e s d i e r e s t l i c h e n G e b ä u d e t e i l e s t a n d s i c h e r v e r -
b l e i b e n I m E x t r e m f a l l m u s s d i e Wi d e r s t a n d s f ä h i g ke i t d e r
t r a g e n d e n E l e m e n t e g e g e n ka t a s t r o p h a l e L a s t e n n a c hg e w i e s e n w e r d e n D i e d a n n a n z u n e h m e n d e n L a s t e n v o n
3 4 t/m2 entsprechen der Explosionslast eines transportablen
B u t a n z y l i n d e r s
G e g e n w ä r t i g s t e h e n k e i n e v e r b i n d l i c h e n
B e m e s s u n g s r i c h t l i n i e n f ü r d e n d i s p r o p o r t i o n a l e n Ko l l a p s v o n H o l z b a u w e r ke n z u r Ve r f ü g u n g E i n e B e m e s s u n g v o n
H o l z e l e m e n t e n u n d i h r e r Ve r b i n d u n g s e l e m e n t e f ü r e i n Einwirkungsniveau von 3 4 t/m2 würde zu einer unverhältn i s m ä ß i g e n u n d u n w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n Ü b e r b e m e s s u n g d e r Ko n s t r u k t i o n f ü h r e n . I n Z u s a m m e n a r b e i t m i t d e r ‘ Ti m b e r
Re s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n ( T R A DA ) ’ u n d der ‘UK Timber Frame Association (TFA)’ entwickelte Techn i ke r e i n ko m b i n i e r t e s Ko n z e p t a u s d e r z u g f e s t e n Ve r a nke r u n g u n d d e s t e i l w e i s e n Ko l l a p s e s e i n z e l n e r E l e m e n t e
Proprietary steel tie
Local strengthening of floor panels using screws to increase compressive strength at points of high load
(Top) Typical external and internal wall to floor connection details using proprietary screws and brackets (Bottom) Local
(Oben) Typische Verbindung von Wand – und Deckenelementen, Standardwinkel und Holzbauschrauben (Unten) Örtliche Verstaerkung von Wandpanelen zur Aufnahme hoher Punktlasten und zur Reduktion von Kompressionskraeften
K L H c r o s s l a m i n a t e d s o l i d timber wall panels
Horizontal loads in wall panels transfered in bearing to bespoke shear plates
RC 1st floor slab
a n d D e v e l o p m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n ( T R A DA ) a n d the UK Timber Frame Association (TFA) to come up with a method combining adequate tying
a n d p a r t i a l r e m o v a l o f e l e m e n t s . A n o t i o n a l l a t e r a l f o r c e o f 7 5 k N / m o n a n y c o m p o n e n t and the notional removal of a section of wall w e r e t a ke n a s t h e d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t T h i s criteria was met by ensuring primary floor panels were continuous over a minimum of two supporting walls and by staggering the adjacent panels. These units were then designed either to span t w i c e t h e d i s t a n c e a s n o r m a l s e r v i c e o r t o cantilever when supports are removed
In certain places in the building the internal organisation made these arrangements impossible to achieve and alternative secondary load-paths had to be introduced The primary l o a d - p a t h i s g e n e r a l l y d i r e c t f r o m f l o o r a n d down through the walls When accidental loadpaths are mobilised these lead through external walls acting as deep beams spanning damaged areas or through floor plates spanning crossways away from the failed support.
Te c h n i k e r c o n s i d e r e d d e v e l o p i n g
b e s p o k e d e t a i l s t o c l a m p t h e f l o o r s t i g h t l y
Im ersten Schritt wurden sämtliche Vertikalelemente für eine h o r i z o n t a l e E r s a t z l a s t v o n 0 75 t / m b e m e s s e n We i t e r h i n w u r d e d i e Re s t s t a b i l i t ä t d e r S t r u k t u r n a c h g e w i e s e n , f a l l s e i n z e l n e Wa n d e l e m e n t e u n b e a b s i c h t i g t e n t f e r n t w e r d e n s o l l t e n D i e s ko n n t e d u r c h e i n e g e s t a f f e l t e M e h r f e l d t r ä g e rw i r k u n g d e r D e c ke n e l e m e n t e s i c h e r g e s t e l l t w e r d e n D i e D e c ke n e l e m e n t e w u r d e n d a n n e n t w e d e r a l s E i n f e l d t r ä g e r oder Kragträger in diesem katastrophalen Lastfall bemessen In Einzelfällen konnte dieses Grundkonzept nicht a n g e w a n d t w e r d e n . D a n n ka m e i n a l t e r n a t i v e s L a s t p f a d sz e n a r i o z u m Tr a g e n G e w ö h n l i c h v e r l a u f e n d i e K r ä f t e ü b e r d i e D e c ke n p l a t t e n , d i e Wä n d e u n d d i e Fu n d a m e n t e i n d e n B a u g r u n d I m Fa l l e e i n e s a u ß e r g e w ö h n l i c h e n L a s t f a l l s
‘ E n t f e r n u n g e i n e r Wa n d s c h e i b e ’ w u r d e n d i e d a r ü b e r l i e ge n d e n Wa n d e l e m e n t e o d e r D e c ke n e l e m e n t e a l s w a n da r t i g e r Tr ä g e r b e z i e h u n g s w e i s e k r e u z w e i s e s p a n n e n d e
P l a t t e n b e m e s s e n
Te c h n i ke r b e a b s i c h t i g t e u r s p r ü n g l i c h , e i n e Vi e lz a h l v o n i n d i v i d u e l l e n D e t a i l s f ü r d i e Ve r b i n d u n g z w i s c h e n den Wandscheiben und Deckenplatten zu entwickeln Dieser
A n s a t z f ü r a u s r e i c h e n d r o b u s t e Ve r b i n d u n g e n e r w i e s s i c h
aufgrund der geringen Tragfähigkeit von Holzverbindungen u n d d e r d a m i t e i n h e r g e h e n d e n M e n g e a l s u n ö ko n o m i s c h Stattdessen wurden Standardholzverbinder in regelmäßigen Abständen geplant und verwendet – im gesamten Gebäude ka m e n n u r 2 Wi n ke l v e r b i n d e r u n d 2 S c h r a u b e n t y p e n z u m E i n s a t z L e d i g l i c h d i e Ve r b i n d u n g e n z w i s c h e n d e r B e t o n –u n d H o l z s t r u k t u r i m E r d g e s c h o s s m u s s t e n i n d i v i d u e l l a n g epasst werden Durch die Optimierung der Verbindungsmittel
b e t w e e n t h e w a l l p a n e l s . T h i s a p p r o a c h t o robustness is expensive given the low strength
o f t i m b e r c o n n e c t o r s I n s t e a d t h e e n g i n e e r s used standard ‘off the shelf’ brackets and plates at regular centres Floors were screwed directly through to wall panels below Only two bracket/ p l a t e d e t a i l s a n d t w o t y p e s o f s c r e w w e r e d e p l o y e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e b u i l d i n g , excepting the bespoke fixing required between timber and concrete at first floor level With so few fixings to choose from the risk of on-site error was minimised and supervision costs saved The simple fixings were distributed through the building in accordance with the pattern of forces occurring at each junction
Stadthaus was carefully designed to d i s t r i b u t e a n d m i n i m i s e c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s throughout the wall panels However the nature of the construction, with wall panels building up above one another, combined with the fact that the floor layout changes half-way up the b u i l d i n g , m e a n s t h a t i n c e r t a i n p l a c e s l o a d s are sufficient to crush the side grains of timber
I n s u c h l o c a t i o n s p a n e l s a r e r e i n f o r c e d w i t h arrays of screws to carry forces into the body of the material.
B u i l d i n g t a l l exa g g e r a t e s t h e c o nsequences of creep and moisture movements Engineered timber is specifically designed to m i n i m i s e d i m e n s i o n a l c h a n g e s I n S t a d t h a u s these effects were mitigated by mobilising all the available walls to carry vertical loads in an e v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n C o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s w e r e l i m i t e d t o f i f t y p e r c e n t o f t h e i r s a f e v a l u e t o reduce long-term deflections
The cladding, internal finishes and vertical circulation components, handrails and t r i m s w e r e d e t a i l e d t o a l l o w f o r s h o r t e n i n g ,
k o n n t e d a s R i s i k o v o n B a u s t e l l e n f e h l e r n r e d u z i e r t u n d
Ü b e r w a c h u n g s ko s t e n g e s p a r t w e r d e n . D i e Ve r t e i l u n g d e r
Ve r b i n d u n g s m i t t e l w u r d e d e m t a t s ä c h l i c h e n K r a f t f l u s s a n g e p a s s t
D a s S t a d t h a u s w u r d e s o r g f ä l t i g b e m e s s e n , u m d i e Ve r t e i l u n g d e r K r ä f t e z u o p t i m i e r e n u n d d i e m a x i m a l e n
Druckspannungen in den Wandscheiben zu reduzieren Die N a t u r d e r Ko n s t r u k t i o n – g e s c h o s s w e i s e g e s t o ß e n e Wa n ds c h e i b e n m i t e i n e m s i c h ä n d e r n d e n G e s c h o s s l a y o u t –r e s u l t i e r t e ö r t l i c h i n r e c h n e r i s c h e n S p a n n u n g s s p i t z e n u n d lokalen Einpressungen Unter diesen Umständen wurde die Pa n e l e a n d e n k r i t i s c h e n Pu n k t e n m i t e i n e r R e i h e v o n
S c h r a u b e n v e r s t ä r k t
In hohen Bauwerken ist dem Schwinden und den K r i e c h e n e i n e e r h ö h t e B e d e u t u n g z u z u m e s s e n . I n g e n i e u rh o l z p r o d u k t e s i n d s p e z i e l l d a f ü r e n t w i c ke l t , d i e A u s w i r ku n g e n d e s K r i e c h e n u n d S c h w i n d e n s z u m i n i m i e r e n I m
Fa l l e d e s S t a d t h a u s e s w u r d e n d i e E f f e k t e d u r c h d a s
H e r a n z i e h e n a l l e r v e r t i ka l e r H o l z w a n d s c h e i b e n u n d d e r d a m i t e i n h e r g e h e n d e n g l e i c h m ä ß i g e n L a s t v e r t e i l u n g u n d – a b t r a g u n g z u s ä t z l i c h a b g e m i l d e r t . D i e z u l ä s s i g e n H o l zdruckspannungen wurden grundsätzlich auf 50 % reduziert, u m d i e L a n g z e i t v e r f o r m u n g e n e i n z u s c h r ä n ke n
2 mm
~ 0 mm
Total movement perpendicular to the grain due to load (creep) i n a t y p i c a l f l o o r p a n e l b e n e a t h a l o a d - b e a r i n g w a l l T h e movement in wall panels (load parallel to grain) is negligible
Quell –, Schwind – und Kompressionsverhalten der Geschossdecken unter Last (quer zur Faserrichtung) Veraenderung unter Last laengs zur Faser koennen vernachlaessigt werden
ex p a n s i o n s a n d c o n t r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n f l o o r s
T h e r e g u l a r j o i n t i n g o f p a n e l s i n t r o d u c e s a degree of tolerance into the system, sufficient to accommodate the expansions and contractions brought on by the temperature swings of t h e N o r t h E u r o p e a n c l i m a t e . A p r e l i m i n a r y design model taking account of time predicts an eventual shortening of the building by 25 mm, (less than 0 1 %) The timber panels were fully protected during their journey from works in Austria to the site Once in place they were able to withstand the elements without covering until the building was topped out and closed in by its rain-screen and roofing
A key advantage to the use of crosslaminated solid timber panels over traditional timber framing lies in the potential to add value
A l l e D e t a i l s d e r Fa s s a d e n e l e m e n t e , i n t e r n e n
G e s t a l t u n g s e l e m e n t e , H a n d l ä u f e , Ve r k l e i d u n g e n u n d
I n s t a l l a t i o n e n w u r d e n v e r f o r m u n g s f r e u n d l i c h ko n s t r u i e r t , um mögliche Dehnungen in den Tragelementen aufzufangen
D i e r e g e l m ä ß i g e Fu g e n a n o r d n u n g i n d u z i e r t e i n a u s r e i c hendes Toleranzspektrum in das System, ausreichend genug, u m Te m p e r a t u r d e h n u n g e n d e s n o r d e u r o p ä i s c h e n K l i m a s z u ko m p e n s i e r e n D i e Vo r b e m e s s u n g e r g a b e i n e G e b ä u d edehnung von 25 mm, was weniger als 0.1 % der Außenmaße e n t s p r a c h . A l l e H o l z p l a t t e n w u r d e n w e t t e r g e s c h ü t z t v o n den KLH – Werken in Österreich auf die Baustelle transportiert Einmal eingebaut, waren die Tragelemente in der Lage, a u c h o h n e S c h u t z m a ß n a h m e n d e n E l e m e n t e n z u t r o t z e n , s o l a n g e d i e G e b ä u d e h ü l l e n o c h n i c h t g e s c h l o s s e n w a r E i n w e s e n t l i c h e r Vo r t e i l d e s K r e u z l a g e n h o l z e s g e g e n ü b e r B a u h o l z i s t d e r h o h e G r a d a n Vo r f e r t i g u n g . Schon im Werk sind die Holzelemente in allen Dimensionen
at the works Not only are the panels precisely cut to size but profiles and holes of all kinds
c a n b e i n c o r p o r a t e d u s i n g c o m p u t e r - g u i d e d routing machines Service runs and connections are easily set into the components The designer is encouraged to consider these provisions from the very earliest stage of the design to make t h e m o s t o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s Fo r S t a d t - h a u s t h e e c o n o m i e s o f s t a n d a r d i s e d c o m p o n e n t s w a s ex p l o i t e d b y w o r k i n g o u t a layout with one size panel for all internal and external walls and one size for all floors and walls
T h e p r i n c i p l e s o f f i r e - e n g i n e e r i n g for timber buildings are well established In a b l a z e s o l i d w o o d c h a r s p r o g r e s s i v e l y w i t h a layer of charcoal developing which slows the initial rates of combustion Samples of crossl a m i n a t e d t i m b e r w e r e t e s t e d a n d a v e r y conservative assessment made for use in the design The fire resistance of the main structural e l e m e n t s o f S t a d t h a u s h a v e b e e n s e t a t 9 0 minutes and the natural resistance of the timber sections has been further enhanced with casings of plasterboard
The biggest challenge in the engineering of this tall timber building was refraining from reverting to standards intended for concrete or steel structures. Timber has its own qualities and characteristics to form the starting point for a design developed from first principles to achieve an appropriate result The one criterion which was adopted from the start therefore was a prerogative to respect the material, to know and understand its boundaries, and not to overengineer it
p r ä z i s e z u g e s c h n i t t e n H i n z u k o m m t d i e M ö g l i c h k e i t ,
Ö f f n u n g e n u n d Pr o f i l e m i t t e l s C N C g e s t e u e r t e n S c h n e i d e -
w e r k z e u g e n m a ß g e n a u z u d e f i n i e r e n A l l e I n s t a l l a t i o n s -
l e i t u n g e n u n d – v e r b i n d u n g e n w e r d e n s o s c h o n v o r d e m
Tr a n s p o r t l a g e g e n a u i n d i e S t r u k t u r i n t e g r i e r t . D a s P l a nu n g s t e a m w a r s o m i t a n g e h a l t e n , s c h o n i n f r ü h e n
P l a n u n g s p h a s e n e i n h o m o g e n e s Ko n z e p t z u e r a r b e i t e n , u m e i n e m a x i m a l e A u s b e u t e a u s d e m Fa b r i ka t i o n s p r o z e s s z u e r l a n g e n I m S t a d t h a u s w u r d e d e r F e r t i g u n g s p r o z e s s w e i t e r h i n d u r c h d i e E i n f ü h r u n g s t a n d a r d i s i e r t e r Wa n d u n d
Deckenelemente – jeweils ein Standardelement für interne, ex t e r n e Wä n d e u n d D e c ke n o p t i m i e r t
D i e G r u n d s ä t z e d e r H e i ß b e m e s s u n g f ü r H o l zb a u p r o d u k t e s i n d b e ka n n t I m Fa l l e e i n e s F e u e r m a s s i v e r
K r e u z l a g e n h o l z p l a t t e n v e r l a n g s a m t s i c h d i e A b b r a n d r a t e
e r h e b l i c h , s o b a l d d i e ä u ß e r e H o l z l a g e d u r c h g e b r a n n t i s t
B r a n d v e r s u c h e m i t K r e u z l e i m h o l z w u r d e n d u r c h g e f ü h r t u n d
e i n k o n s e r v a t i v e s B e m e s s u n g s k o n z e p t a n g e w a n d t . D e r
F e u e r w i d e r s t a n d d e r t r a g e n d e n E l e m e n t e ko n n t e f ü r 9 0
M i n u t e n b e s t ä t i g t w e r d e n D i e i n h ä r e n t e F e u e r w i d e rstandsdauer wurde durch die Anordnung von Beplankungen z u s ä t z l i c h e r h ö h t
D i e g r ö ß t e H e r a u s f o r d e r u n g e i n e s H o l z h o c hhauses lag in der Entwicklung neuer Bemessungsansätze o h n e a u f d i e b e ka n n t e n Ko n z e p t e d e r S t a h l b e t o n – u n d
Stahlbaubemessung zurückzugreifen Holz hat seine eigenen Q u a l i t ä t e n u n d E i g e n s c h a f t e n D a s d a r a u s e n t w i c ke l t e
B e m e s s u n g s ko n z e p t e r m ö g l i c h t e e i n s a c h g e r e c h t e s Ergebn i s D e r L e i t f a d e n f ü r d i e Ko n s t r u k t i o n , B e r e c h n u n g u n d
Detaillierung des ‘Stadthauses’ war der Respekt vor dem Baumaterial Holz, das Verstehen seiner Stärken und Schwächen mit dem Ziel eine Überbemessung zu vermeiden
The timber structure was erected over a n i n e - w e e k p e r i o d , w i t h o n l y t w e n t y - s e v e n
days actually spent on site The four KLH-trained c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o f e s s i o n a l s w h o c o m m u t e d t o London from Marau (coinciding with the shipping of the panels), worked a three-day week
As it was not certain that Stadthaus w o u l d r e c e i v e t h e n e c e s s a r y c e r t i f i c a t i o n f r o m t h e B R E ( a n d t h e r e f o r e N H B C ) , a s a p r e c a u ti o n a r y m e a s u r e t h e f o u n d a t i o n s w e r e l a i d w i t h s u f f i c i e n t p i l e s t o t a ke a c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e I n t h e f u t u r e , a b u i l d i n g w i t h t h i s m e t h o d o f construction will require significantly less piling – i n t u r n l e a d i n g t o f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e c a r b o n f o o t p r i n t a n d c o s t s i n v o l v e d
A c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e f o r a t i m b e r b u i l d i n g i s u n r e c o g n i s a b l e c o m p a r e d t o i t s r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e e q u i v a l e n t . T h e w o r k i n g conditions are exceptionally favourable, being clean, relatively dust-free and quiet. There is no need for a tower crane – which would require separate foundations – or large storage areas, a s t h e l i g h t w e i g h t p a n e l s c a n b e i n s t a l l e d directly from the lorry using a mobile crane. Heavy machinery is kept to a minimum and despite the fact that there were residential apartments j u s t t e n m e t r e s f r o m t h e s i t e t h e r e w e r e n o complaints about noise through the construction
SI T E L I N E S
The structural material is revolutionary, but the f o l l o w - o n t r a d e s a n d m a t e r i a l s u s e d w h e n b u i l d i n g i n c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d t i m b e r p a n e l s are surprisingly and refreshingly traditional Timber was a joy to work with in numerous ways For
Die Holzkonstruktion dauerte 9 Wochen, davon w u r d e n a b e r n u r 2 7 Ta g e t a t s ä c h l i c h a u f d e r B a u s t e l l e verbracht. Die vier, von KLH ausgebildeten, Bauingenieure p e n d e l t e n z w i s c h e n M u r a u u n d L o n d o n ( z e i t g l e i c h m i t d e n H o l z p l a t t e n l i e f e r u n g e n ) u n d a r b e i t e t e n j e d e r e i n e 3 Tage Woche
Man wusste nicht, ob das Stadthaus die benötigt e n B e w i l l i g u n g e n v o m B R E ( u n d f o l g l i c h v o m N H B C ) bekommen würde Als Vorsichtsmaßnahme ein vielschichtiges Fundament errichtet,das auch ein Betonbau tragen könnte Gebäude wie das Stadthaus brauchen in der Zukunft weitaus weniger Schichten, was im Gegenzug weitere Kosten – und CO2 Einsparungen bedeutet
Eine Holzbau-Baustelle unterscheidet sich ganz dramatisch von ihrem Stahlbeton-Equivalent Die Arbeitsb e d i n g u n g e n s i n d a u ß e r g e w ö h n l i c h g u t , s i e s i n d s a u b e r, fast staubfrei und ruhig Man braucht weder einen Turmkran ( d a f ü r w ä r e d a n n w i e d e r e i n s e p a r a t e s Fu n d a m e n t n ö t i g ) , n o c h r i e s i g e L a g e r f l ä c h e n , d a d i e l e i c h t g e w i c h t i g e n K L H Platten direkt vom LKW per Baukran versetzt werden Der Gebrauch von Schwermaschinen ist auf ein Minimum reduziert und trotzdem die nächsten Wohnungen nur 10m von dem Baugelände entfernt lagen, gab es keinerlei Beschwerden über Lärmbelästigung
D a s B a u m a t e r i a l i s t z w a r r e v o l u t i o n ä r a b e r l e t z t e n d l i c h s i n d d i e G e w e r k e u n d R o h s t o f f e , d i e f ü r
M a s s i v h o l z b a u v e r w e n d e t w e r d e n , a u f e r s t a u n l i c h e u n d erfrischende Weise traditionell.Es war in vielen Hinsichten
example, when electricians are carrying out t h e f i r s t f i x o n a c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g i t i s n e c e s s a r y
t o u s e a h a m m e r d r i l l t o m a ke f i x i n g i n t h e
wall Such tools are well known to be physically d e m a n d i n g a n d d e s t r u c t i v e i n t h e l o n g - t e r m t o t h e h e a l t h o f t h e o p e r a t o r I n t i m b e r t h e f i r s t f i x w a s f a s t a n d s i m p l e , r e q u i r i n g n o t h i n g m o r e s t r e n u o u s t h a n a s t a n d a r d c o r d l e s s d r i l l
Similarly the lift manufacturers were i m p r e s s e d a t h o w e a s i l y t h e l i f t c a s i n g c o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d W i t h a c o n c r e t e l i f t s h a f t t h e w a l l s a r e r a r e l y p l u m b a n d a t S t a d t h a u s t h e c o n c r e t e s h a f t r e q u i r e d b e t w e e n t h e g r o u n d and first floor required some straightening out H o w e v e r, f r o m t h e f i r s t f l o o r u p w a r d s i n t h e timber shaft the lift machinery was simply bolted i n , w h i l e t h e s t a i r c a s e s w e r e d r o p p e d i n b y crane without the need for any adjustment A s e v e r y f l o o r a n d w a l l w a s p r e f a br i c a t e d t o l e r a n c e s w e r e ke p t t o a m i n i m u m
a n d i s a c c u r a t e t o + / - 3 m m . S e r v i c e r i s e r s l i n e
t h r o u g h , w i n d o w s a n d d o o r o p e n i n g s w e r e
c o r r e c t l y p o s i t i o n e d t o t h e m i l l i m e t r e . W h e n i t
c a m e t o t h e c l a d d i n g , t h e c o n t r a c t o r s w e r e
a b l e t o t a ke a l i n e f r o m t h e t o p o f t h e b u i l d i n g
a n d d r o p i t s t r a i g h t d o w n w h e r e a s o f t e n w i t h
a c l a d d i n g s y s t e m a n e w l i n e i s r e q u i r e d f r o m
w h i c h t h e c o n t r a c t o r s m u s t t h e n w o r k b a c k
eine Freude mit Holz zu arbeiten. Bei der elektrischen Erstmontage muss zum Beispiel beim Betonbau ein Schlagbohrer verwandt werden. Schlagbohrer sind allgemein bekannt für die hohen körperlichen Ansprüche, die sie an die Bauarbeiter stellen und für die gesundheitliche Schäden, die mit ihrer langfristiger Benutzung verbunden sind. Beim Massivholzbau dagegen war die Erstmontage schnell und schmerzlos, mehr als ein normaler kabelloser Drill war nicht nötig
Die Lift-Hersteller waren ebenfallsbeindruckt von der Einfachkeit derLiftgehäuse-Installation Bei einem BetonL i f t s c h a c h t s i n d d i e Wä n d e i m s e l t e s t e n Fa l l l o t g e r e c h t , a u c h b e i m S t a d t h a u s m u s s t e ( w i e a b z u s e h e n w a r d e r
B e t o n s c h a c h t z w i s c h e n E r d g e s c h o s s u n d e r s t e m S t o c k a u s g e g l i c h e n w e r d e n A b e r v o m e r s t e n G e s c h o s s a u f w ä r t s wurde die Liftanlage nur an den Holzschacht angeschraubt u n d f e r t i g , d i e Tr e p p e n h ä u s e r w u r d e n e i n f a c h m i t e i n e m
M o b i l k r a n e i n g e s e t z t
Da jede einzelne Boden – und Wandplatte vorgef e r t i g t w a r, d u r f t e n d i e To l e r a n z e n n u r m i n i m a l s e i n – s i e l a g e n b e i + / - 3 m m D i e S t e i g l e i t u n g e n w a r e n e x a k t e i n ka l k u l i e r t u n d d i e F e n s t e r – u n d Tü r ö f f n u n g e n w a r e n b i s a u f d e n M i l l i m e t e r g e n a u p o s i t i o n i e r t B e i d e r Fa s s a d e nv e r k l e i d u n g k o n n t e n d i e H a n d w e r k e r a u c h m i t e i n e r
L o t r e c h t e n v o m o b e r s t e n E n d e d e s G e b ä u d e s b i s z u m
B o d e n a r b e i t e n O f t b r a u c h t m a n b e i H a u s f a s s a d e n e i n e
VO R O R T
Die Fassade besteht aus leichten Faserzement- Platten
i n t o t h e b u i l d i n g . C o n c r e t e i s b y c o n t r a s t a
c o s t l y a n d i n h e r e n t l y l e s s a c c u r a t e m e t h o d o f
building: when each floor slab, wall and column
i s i n d i v i d u a l l y c a s t o n s i t e , e v e r y e l e m e n t w i l l
be slightly different Over a nine-storey building
t h e c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t o f t h e s e d i s c r e p a n c i e s
c a n b e p r o b l e m a t i c
neue Lotrechte – nicht in diesem Fall Beton ist – verglichen
d a m i t – e i n e k o s t e n s p i e l i g e u n d u n g e n a u e B a u w e i s e
J e d e B o d e n p l a t t e , j e d e Wa n d u n d j e d e r P f e i l e r w i r d v o r
O r t i n d i v i d u e l l g e g o s s e n , d a k o m m t e s n a t ü r l i c h z u
U n g e n a u i g - ke i t e n D e r G e s a m t e f e k t a l l d i e s e r A b w e i c h
– u n g e n k a n n b e i e i n e m n e u n g e s c h o s s i g e n G e b ä u d e
s c h o n Pr o b l e m e s c h a f f e n
Ti m b e r c o n s t r u c t i o n c o m e s w i t h i t s own concerns, but they are comparatively few The waterproofing of the external envelope is important for example, as any build-up of moistu r e b e h i n d t h e f a ç a d e c a n c a u s e p r o b l e m s later Condensation checks through the walls, the roof and window detailing were carried out by and agreed with KLH at regular periods
Wo r k i n g w i t h p r e f a b r i c a t e d p a n e l s meant that all the drawings had to be carefully w o r k e d t h r o u g h b e f o r e t h e p a n e l s w e r e f a b r i c a t e d : a l l s e r v i c e r u n s ( v e n t i l a t i o n d u c t s , g a s p i p e s , b o i l e r f l u e s , e l e c t r i c a l i n c o m i n g s u p p l i e s ) h a d t o b e p r e - p l a n n e d a n d c u t o u t . T h i s m e a n t t h a t t h e s e r v i c e s e n g i n e e r h a d t o h a v e e n o u g h o n - s i t e e x p e r i e n c e t o p r e d i c t w h e r e t h e s e r u n s w i l l b e , b e c a u s e o n c e s e t o u t t h e s e r v i c e s u b - c o n t r a c t o r w o u l d h a v e l i t t l e s c o p e f o r c h a n g i n g t h e s e r v i c e r o u t e s
It was considerably easier to incorporate minor changes to the design on-site than i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n i n t h e c a s e o f a c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g Fo r exa m p l e , d u r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of Stadthaus the architects needed to increase t h e f a l l f o r a f l u e p i p e s l i g h t l y o n e v e r y u n i t w h e r e t h i s p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e ex t e r n a l w a l l p a n e l – a t a s k t h a t w a s q u i c k l y a c h i e v e d w i t h a h a n d s a w
S t a d t h a u s w a s c o n c e i v e d p r i m a r i l y to further the development of carbon-sink archi t e c t u r e B u t c a r b o n s a v i n g s a r e i n v i s i b l e a n d r e q u i r e l o n g - t e r m t h i n k i n g – t h e p l e a s u r e o f w o r k i n g i n w o o d , h o w e v e r, w a s b o t h i n s t a n t l y gratif ying and hugely encouraging to the team
H o l z b a u h a t d u r c h a u s s e i n e e i g e n e n Tü c k e n
( w e n n a u c h w e n i g e ) Z u m B e i s p i e l i s t d i e A b d i c h t u n g d e r
A u ß e n h ü l l e s e h r w i c h t i g , d e n n j e g l i c h e F e u c h t i g – ke i t s a ns a m m l u n g h i n t e r d e r Fa s s a d e ka n n s p ä t e r z u Pr o b l e m e n
f ü h r e n Ko n d e s t a t i o n s t e s t s z w i s c h e n d e n v e r s c h i e d e n e n Wa n d s c h i c h t e n u n d a n d e n D a c h – u n d F e n s t e r d e t a i l s w u r d e n i n r e g e l m ä ß i g e n A b s t ä n d e n v o n K L H d u r c h g e f ü h r t u n d a b g e s e g n e t
Da mit vorgefertigten Platten gearbeitet wurde, mussten alle Zeichnungen – bevor die Platten hergestellt wurden – genau durchgearbeitet sein: alle Löcher ???für die Haustechnik (Abzugschächte, Gasleitungen, Boilerabzugs r o h r e , e l e k t r i s c h e Ka b e l ) w a r e n b e r e i t s e i n g e p l a n t u n d ausgesägt. Das setzte wiederum voraus, dass der Haustechniker die Baustelle gut genug kannte, um im Vornherein zu wissen wo die Leitungen laufen würden - denn waren d i e s e e i n m a l f e s t g e l e g t , h a t t e n d i e H a n d w e r ke r n a c h h e r wenig Handlungsspielraum sie zu ändern. A n d e r s a l s b e i m B e t o n b a u , w a r e s v ö l l i g unproblematisch vor Ort kleinere Designänderungen vorz u n e h m e n Wä h r e n d d e r Ko n s t r u k t i o n d e s S t a d t h a u s e s m u s s t e n d i e A r c h i t e k t e n e i n e n S c h a c h t f ü r e i n A b z u g s r o h r ( a n d e m Pu n k t w o e r a u f d i e A u ß e n w a n d t r a f ) , i n j e d e r Wohnung ein wenig erweitern, das wurde schnell und ohne großes Aufheben vor Ort mit einer Säge erledigt
Das Hauptziel des Stadhauses war primär die C O 2 r e d u z i e r e n d e A r c h i t e k t u r – a b e r K o h l e n d i o x i dEinsparungen sind leider unsichtbar und sind ein langwieriger Prozess Die Freude mit Holz zu bauen war aber für das Team ein sehr direktes und sofortiges Erfolgserlebnis und ein ungeheurer Ansporn
At present the construction and mana g e m e n t o f b u i l d i n g s i s t h e b i g g e s t s o u r c e o f p o l l u t i o n i n t h e U K , c o n t r i b u t i n g j u s t s h o r t o f h a l f o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s c a r b o n d i ox i d e e m i s s i o n s T h e t a r g e t s t o d e l i v e r m a i n s t r e a m z e r o c a r b o n
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homes from 2016 are tough but necessary, and t o m e e t t h e m a c o l l a b o r a t i v e a p p r o a c h i s e s s e n t i a l b e t w e e n d e v e l o p e r s , a r c h i t e c t s , i n d u s t r y l e a d e r s a n d G o v e r n m e n t W h i l e t h e s u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a ti o n o f m i c r o g e n e r a t i o n a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y technologies is effective in reducing emissions, i t i s o n l y o n e p a r t o f t h e n e e d f o r m o r e c o mprehensive strategies. Meanwhile poor and illc o n s i d e r e d u s e o f t e c h n o l o g y c a n w o r s e n t h e situation – with greater pollution resulting from t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f g r e e n s o l u t i o n s t h a n c a n b e s a v e d w i t h i n t h e i r l i f e s p a n S t a d t h a u s i s a n
G r o ß b r i t a n n i e n h a t s i c h f ü r 2 0 1 6 e h r g e i z i g e
Z i e l e g e s e t z t Vo n 2 0 1 6 a n s o l l j e d e r i n G r o ß b r i t a n n i e n e r r i c h t e t e N e u b a u C O 2 n e u t r a l s e i n ! E n e r g e t i s c h u n d
b a u s t o f f s e i t i g D e r z e i t s c h n e i d e n d e r G e b ä u d e b e s t a n d i n
G r o ß b r i t a n n i e n b e s c h e i d e n a b u n d s t e l l t e i n e n g r o ß e n
A n t e i l d e r G e s a m t C O 2 E m i n s s i o n e n D a s e h r g e i z i g e Z i e l z u e r r e i c h e n i s t g l e i c h z e i t i g e i n A u f r u f a n d i e I n d u s t r i e –
B a u i n d u s t r i e , A r c h i - t e k t u r i n d u s t r i e i n e n g e r Ko o p e r a t i o n
u n t e r e i n a n d e r u n d m i t d e r Po l i t i k n e u e We g e z u w a g e n U m w e i t e r v o r a n z u s c h r e i t e n w i r d s i c h d i e B a ui n d u s t r i e m e h r u n d m e h r a u c h n e u e n M a t e r i a l e n w i e d e m
Brettsperrholz annehmen und die erforderlichen Fachkenntn i s s e u n d Ko m p e t e n z e n a u f b a u e n m ü s s e n u n d s o m i t d i e We i t e r e n t w i c k l u n g i n d e r Ve r w e n d u n g u n d d e r Ve r b r e i t u n g z u f o r s i e r e n
e x a m p l e o f h o w t i m b e r a r c h i t e c t u r e m i g h t p r o v i d e a n e w l e a d i n s u b s t a n t i a l c a r b o n r e d u c t i o n s i n b u i l d i n g I n o r d e r t o m o v e f o r w a r d , h o w e v e r, industry must embrace the material and commit t o d e v e l o p i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y e x p e r t i s e a n d w o r k i n g k n o w l e d g e t h a t w i l l t a ke i t t o t h e n ex t l e v e l s a f e l y a n d c o s t e f f e c t i v e l y Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n s t r o n g l y b e l i e v e s i n t h e i n h e r e n t e f f i c i e n c y o f h i g h - d e n s i t y h o u s i n g C o n f i d e n t t h a t t i m b e r r e p r e s e n t s a w a y f o r w a r d f o r c a r b o n - n e u t r a l b u i l d i n g , t h e a r c h i t e c t ’ s n ex t s t e p s a r e t o i n v e s t i g a t e h o w h i g h i t i s p o s s i b l e t o b u i l d i n t h e m a t e r i a l Fo r e s t i s t h e n ex t p r o j e c t u n d e r c o ns i d e r a t i o n – a t w e n t y - f i v e s t o r e y r e s i d e n t i a l b l o c k i n N o r t h L o n d o n T h e b r i e f h a s i n s p i r e d t h e a r c h i t e c t s a n d Te c h n i ke r t o e s t a b l i s h a r es e a r c h c o m p a n y w i t h t h e a i m o f f u r t h e r i n g the p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f h i g h - d e n s i t y t i m b e r b u i l d i n g o n f o u r f r o n t s : s u s t a i n a b i l i t y, a r c h i t e c t u r e , e n g i ne e r i n g a n d c o s t s Fu n d e d b y r e s e a r c h g r a n t s , t h e n e w c o m p a n y i s w o r k i n g w i t h u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e U K a n d A u s t r i a M e a n w h i l e S t a d t h a u s will also continue to be used as a working model a n d b e m o n i t o r e d b y t h e t e a m f o r m o v e m e n t , m o i s t u r e a n d s t r e s s o v e r t h e c o m i n g y e a r s
Waugh Thistleton vertraut der Effizenz von verdichtetem Bauen, und sie sind davon überzeugt, dass der ‘ m a s s i v e ’ E i n s a t z v o n H o l z d e r r i c h t i g e S c h r i t t z u C O 2 neutralem Bauen ist
Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n f o r s c h e n w e i t e r u n d w a g e n sich in neue Höhen Die Frage ist, wie hoch kann man tatsächlich in einer ‘Ganzholz’ Bauweise gehen?
‘ Fo r e s t ’ ( ‘ Wa l d ’ ) i s t d a s n ä c h s t e Pr o j e k t d a s a n s t e h t – e i n 2 5 g e s c h o s s i g e s Wo h n g e b ä u d e i m N o r d e n v o n L o n d o n . N e u e Z i e l e e r f o r d e r n n e u e We g e u n d Wa u g h
T h i s t l e t o n h a t d a h e r m i t Te c h n i ke r L t d e i n e Fo r s c h u n g sg e s e l l s c h a f t g e g r ü n d e t m i t d e r A u f g a b e d i e M ö g l i c h ke i t e n d e s M a s s i v h o l z b a u s a u f f o l g e n d e n v i e r Fr o n t e n z u v e r be s s e r n : N a c h h a l t i g k e i t , A r c h i t e k t u r, Te c h n o l o g i e u n d Ö ko n o m i e D i e G e s e l l s c h a f t w u r d e m i t Fo r s c h u n g s m i t t e l n a u s g e s t a t t e t u n d a r b e i t e t m i t b r i t i s c h e n u n d ö s t e r r e i c hischen Universitäten, Institutionen und Firmen zusammen
Das Stadthaus bietet als sozusagen funktionierendes Modell i d e a l e M ö g l i c h k e i t e n ü b e r e i n e n l ä n g e r e n Z e i t r a u m
Materialfluss, Feuchtigkeitsverhalten und Druckbelastung etc zu ermitteln und zu untersuchen
Fr o m t h e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y s t a n d p o i n t t h e c h i e f i s s u e t h a t t h e p a r t n e r s a r e l o o k i n g t o r e s o l v e i s t h a t o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f t h e timber The manufacture of the cross-laminated timber is a closed loop process and the material h a d n o i m p a c t o n t h e c a r b o n f o o t p r i n t o f S t a d t h a u s u n t i l i t l e f t t h e f a c t o r y i n A u s t r i a T h e s h i p p i n g , h o w e v e r, w h i c h i n v o l v e d t w e n t y j o u r n e y s a t 1 7 t o n n e s o f c a r b o n d i ox i d e p e r j o u r n e y, w o u l d a c c o u n t f o r 3 6 t o n n e s o f C O 2 o r 1 0 t o n n e s o f c a r b o n – a n u n n e c e s s a r y ex p e n d i t u r e Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n i s ke e n t o f i n d w a y s t o a d d r e s s t h i s i n f u t u r e a n d i s l o o k i n g a t t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f l o c a l i s e d p l a n t s T h e a r c h i t e c t s a r e a c t i v e l y s e e k i n g to further the possibilities of building with timber
C o m m i s s i o n s i n p r o g r e s s a t t h e t i m e o f w r i t i n g i n c l u d e a s y n a g o g u e ( i n w h i c h t i m b e r i s u s e d
D i e H e r s t e l l u n g d e s B r e t t s p e r r h o l z e s i s t e i n i n s i c h g e s c h l o s s e n e r K r e i s l a u f D a s M a t e r i a l s e l b s t h a t also
g a r ke i n e n E i n f l u s s a u f d i e C O 2 B i l a n z v o m S t a d t h a u s
D i e C O 2 B i l a n z w u r d e e r s t b e e i n f l u s s t , a l s d i e B r e t t - s p e r rh o l z p l a t t e n d a s We r k i n Ö s t e r r e i c h v e r l i e ß e n 2 1 L K W
Tr a n s p o r t Fa h r t e n w a r e n e r f o r d e r l i c h u m c a 9 0 0 m 3 H o l z
n a c h L o n d o n z u b r i n g e n D e r Tr a n s p o r t v e r u r s a c h t e d a b e i
j e w e i l s 1 7 t Ko h l e n d i o x i d E m i s s i o n e n p r o L i e f e r u n g , a l s o i n s g e s a m t k n a p p 3 6 t C O 2 , e n t s p r e c h e n d e t w a 1 0 t K o h l e n s t o f f A l l e Pr o j e k t - b e t e i l i g t e n s i n d s i c h ü b e r dieses
w e i t e r e O p t i m i e r u n g s p o t e n t i a l i m K l a r e n .
Wa u g h T h i s t l e t o n i s t v o m H o l z v i r u s e r f a s s t u n d p l a n t w e i t e r e O b j e k t e m i t K L H B r e t t s p e r r h o l z z u b a u e n .
U n t e r a n d e r e m e i n e S y n a g o g e m i t S i c h t o b e r f l ä c h e n i n n e n ,
e i n H o t e l i n v o r g e f e r t i g t e r K L H M o d u l b a u w e i s e u n d e i n l o ka l e r K i n o ko m p l ex u n d n o c h w e i t e r e .
I m S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 8 o r g a n i s i e r t e n d i e A r c h i t e kt e n g e m e i n s a m m i t K L H e i n e t e m p o r ä r e A u s s t e l l u n g d r e i e r H o l z m o d u l e S i e w u r d e n z u e r s t a u f d e m H ox t o n S q u a r e (East London) zu einem Turm aufgestapelt und dann auf einer Messe in Earls Court, im Westen der Stadt, transportiert, nebeneinander aufgebaut und untereinander ausgetauscht
Diese Ausstellung demonstrierte zum ersten Mal in London die Vielseitigkeit des Materials auch in modularer Form
as a finishing material), a hotel (constructed from prefabricated modules) and a cinema In S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 8 t h e a r c h i t e c t s w o r ke d w i t h
K L H a n d Te c h n i ke r t o p r o d u c e a t e m p o r a r y installation of three timber modules These were first stacked up in Hoxton Square, North London, to form a tower, before being trans-ported to E a r l s C o u r t f o r a t r a d e f a i r w h e r e t h e y w e r e r o t a t e d a n d d i s p l a y e d s i d e b y s i d e , f u r t h e r demon- strating the versatility of the material
T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y n e e d s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e r e i s a c o h e s i v e a p p r o a c h t o meeting the ambitious 2016 target It is importa n t t h a t t h e s e c t o r i s e q u i p p e d t o m a k e i n f o r m e d c h o i c e s , b a s e d o n s o u n d s c i e n c e a n d s a f e t e c h n o l o g i e s , b a c ke d u p b y e f f e c ti v e t e s t i n g a n d a c c r e d i t a t i o n s y s t e m s S t a d th a u s h a s m a d e s i g n i f i c a n t p r o g r e s s i n t h i s , b u t t h e r e i s m o r e w o r k t o b e d o n e , a n d m a n y m o r e o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o ex p l o r e Ti m b e r i s t h e w o r l d ’ s m o s t n a t u r a l f o r m o f s h e l t e r I t m a ke s f o r b e a u t i f u l , f i r m , p e a c e f u l s p a c e s t h a t b r e a t h e a n d r e g u l a t e t h e i r t e m p e r a t u r e n a t u r a l l y To b u i l d w i t h i t i s t o ex p e r i e n c e a q u i e t , a d a p t a b l e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e w h e r e t h e w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e h u m a n e a n d m e t h o d s a r e t r a d i t i o n a l . T h e t r e e s t h a t a r e c u t d o w n t o b u i l d w i t h a r e r e p l a n t e d , a n d a t t h e e n d o f t h e b u i l d i n g ’ s l i f e i t c a n b e d i s m a n t l e d a n d r e c y c l e d . I t s h o u l d n o t r e a l l y c o m e a s a s u rp r i s e a t t h i s s t a g e t o l e a r n t h a t t h e E g y p t i a n s u s e d a n e a r l y f o r m o f c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d t i m b e r i n t h e P y r a m i d s To d a y t h i s h i g h l y e v o l v e d
m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t s i n c r e d i b l e p o t e n t i a l f o r a fresh approach to architecture and construction
i n t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t c e n t u r y
D i e A r c h i t e k t u r i n d u s t r i e i n G r o ß b r i t a n n i e n i s t
g e f o r d e r t v e r e i n t d a s a m b i t i o n i e r t e Z i e l 2 0 1 6 n u r n o c h
C O 2 n e u t r a l z u b a u e n h e r a n g e h e n D a s S t a d t h a u s h a t
d e n G r u n d s t e i n f ü r w e i t e r e a m b i t i o n i e r t e h e r a u s f o r d e r n d e
A r c h i t e k t u r ko n z e p t e – i n H o l z g e l e g t D i e Ve r w e n d u n g v o n
H o l z a l s m a ß g e b l i c h e s B a u m a t e r i a l w i r d i n n a h e r Z u k u n f t e i n f a c h e r, b a s i e r e n d a u f w e i t e r e r a u c h w i s s e n s c h a f t l i c h e r
A r b e i t u n d z u n e h m e n d e r Pr o f e s s i o n a l i s i e r u n g d e r Te c h -
n o l o g i e , F e r t i g u n g s , u n d Z e r t i f i z i e r u n g s p r o z e s s e
H ä u s e r a u s H o l z s i n d e i n e d e r n a t ü r l i c h s t e n
‘ B e h a u s u n g ’ d e r We l t H o l z s c h a f f t a n g e n e h m e , g e s u n d e
Rä u m e d i e i h r K l i m a r e g u l i e r e n A u f d e n B a u s t e l l e n i s t e s u n g e w ö h n l i c h r u h i g u n d s a u b e r, d i e A r b e i t s b e d i n g u n g e n s i n d h e r v o r r a g e n d u n d d e n n o c h d i e M e t h o d e n t r a d i t i o n e l l
Die zum Bau gefällten Bäume werden wieder nachgepflanzt, und sollte das Gebäude jemals das Ende seiner ‘Lebenszeit’ erreichen, kann es einfach demontiert und recycelt werden
We n w u n d e r t e s a l s o , d a s s s c h o n i m a l t e n
Ä g y p t e n e i n e Fr ü h f o r m v o n B r e t t s p e r r h o l z z u m B a u i h r e r
P y r a m i d e n v e r w e n d e t w u r d e . H e u t e b i e t e t d i e s e s i n z w i s c he n w e i t e r e n t w i c ke l t e M a t e r i a l e i n u n g l a u b l i c h e s Po t e n t i a l für eine neue Architektur und Bauweise. Moderne Holzwerks t o f f e a u s Vo l l h o l z – B a u m a t e r i a l d e s 2 1 t e n J a h r h u n d e r t s .
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t e c h n i q u e s – i n t i m b e r a s i n o t h e r f i e l d s –
o c c u r a s s m a l l i m p r o v e m e n t s t o a n ex i s t i n g t e c h n o l o g y. O c c a s i o n a l l y, h o w e v e r, a n i d e a
e m e r g e s w h i c h f o r m s a s t e p c h a n g e i n o u r
i d e a o f t h e p o s s i b l e . S u c h w a s t h e c a s e a t
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t e a m h a v e n o t o n l y p u t f o r w a r d a n e w a p p -
r o a c h t o m u l t i - s t o r e y t i m b e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , b u t
have successfully built a nine-storey prototype
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B e r e i c h e n , s i n d h ä u f i g k l e i n e N e u e r u n g e n o d e r Ve r b e s s e ru n g e n z u b e r e i t s b e s t e h e n d e n Ve r f a h r e n u n d M a t e r i a l i e n Manchmal gibt es jedoch Entwicklungen die aufgrund ihrer e r h e b l i c h e n Vo r z ü g e e i n e n d e u t l i c h e n U n t e r s c h i e d m a c h e n u n d z u m U m d e n ke n a u f r u f e n D a s S t a d t h a u s i m O s t e n
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A s w e h a v e s e e n , t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s b a s e d o n f o r m s , w h i c h a r e n o t i n t h e m s e l v e s n e w C r o s s - l a m i n a t e d t i m b e r c o n s i s t s o f l a y e r s o f b o a r d s s e t i n a l t e r n a t e d i r e c t i o n s a n d g l u e d t o g e t h e r ( i n e f f e c t p l y w o o d w r i t l a r g e ) a n d h a s b e e n c o mmercially available for some ten years Platform f r a m e c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s b e e n u s e d for t i m b e r h o u s i n g s i n c e t h e f i f t i e s – e a c h s t o r e y i s m a d e u p o f f l o o r - t o - c e i l i n g p a n e l s , o v e r l a i n w i t h a f l o o r d e c k , w h i c h b e c o m e s t h e ‘ p l a t f o r m ’ f o r the next storey Conventionally, the panels were f r a m e d u p a n d s t a b i l i s e d w i t h a b o a r d m a te r i a l I n r e c e n t y e a r s s o m e f r a m e r s h a v e b e e n ex p l o r i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r b u i l d i n g a b o v e the c o n v e n t i o n a l f o u r - s t o r e y l i m i t A t S t a d t h a u s , t h e t r i c k h a s b e e n t o m a ke b o t h t h e w a l l a n d f l o o r p a n e l s f r o m c r o s s - l a m i n a t e d m a t e r i a l (which is essentially solid timber), thus achieving b o t h s i g n i f i c a n t s t r e n g t h g a i n s a n d i n c r e a s e d d i m e n s i o n a l s t a b i l i t y. T h e t ex t o f t h i s b o o k d e a l s w i t h the m a j o r t e c h n i c a l a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s i n r e l a t i o n t o m u l t i - s t o r e y t i m b e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d i t i s c l e a r t h a t e v e n a t e i g h t s t o r e y s t h e
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reached The authors have been generous with i n f o r m a t i o n , a n d I l o o k f o r w a r d w i t h i n t e r e s t
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Peter Ross Consultant Arup President TRADADer Leitgedanke geht auf zwei bereits b e ka n n t e K o n s t r u k t i o n s m e t h o d e n z u r ü c k Z u m e i n e n a u f K r e u zl a g e n h o l z / B r e t t s p e r r h o l z , d a s s i c h a u s m e h r e r e n k r e u z -
w e i s e ü b e r e i n a n d e r – g e l e i m t e n B r e t t e r n z u s a m m e n s e t z t u n d s e i t c a . 1 0 J a h r e n a u f d e m M a r k t e r h ä l t l i c h i s t , u n d zum anderem aus der im Holzrahmenbau üblichen Plattformb a u w e i s e . D e r H o l z r a h m e n b a u w u r d e b e s o n d e r s s e i t d e n 5 0 e r J a h r e n b e i m H a u s b a u e i n g e s e t z t . E i n ‘ H o l z g e r ü s t ’ w i r d v o n b e i d e n S e i t e n b e p l a n k t u n d t r ä g t e i n e H o l z d e c ke
u n d s c h a f f t s o m i t d i e P l a t t f o r m f ü r d a s n ä c h s t e S t o c k w e r k . I n d e n l e t z t e n J a h r e n w u r d e n v i e l e Ve r s u c h e u n t e r n o m m e n die magische vier Geschossgrenze zu durchbrechen Durch
d e n E i n s a t z v o n K r e u z l a g e n h o l z i n Wa n d u n d D e c ke i s t d i e s b e i m S t a d t h a u s p r o b l e m l o s g e l u n g e n
D i e s e s B u c h b e s c h r e i b t d i e t e c h n i s c h e n u n d
ö ko l o g i s c h e n B e g e b e n h e i t e n u n d B e d i n g u n g e n b e i d e r
E r r i c h t u n g v o n m e h r g e s c h o s s i g e n H o l z b a u t e n Wi r kö n n e n
S C H L U S S W O R T
d a v o n a u s g e h e n , d a s s d i e G r e n z e d e s M a c h b a r e n i m
H o l z b a u m i t a c h t G e s c h o s s e n n o c h n i c h t e r r e i c h t i s t D i e
A u t o r e n g e w ä h r e n e i n e n E i n b l i c k i n i h r u m f a n g r e i c h e s
Wi s s e n u n d i c h w e r d e i h r e A r b e i t m i t S p a n n u n g a u c h i n
d e r Z u k u n f t b e o b a c h t e n
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C l i e n t M e t r o p o l i t a n H o u s i n g Tr u s t / Te l f o r d H o m e s
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D e s i g n M u r r a y & S o r r e l l F U E L
S p e c i a l t h a n k s t o G e h a r d R i c h t e r f o r g r a n t i n g p e r m i s s i o n t o r e p r o d u c e h i s w o r k ‘A b s t r a k t e s B i l d , 1 9 9 9 ( C R 8 57 - 3 ) ’