Historic District Commission Agenda 06072023

Gregory Smith, Chair Lloyd Yavener, Vice Chair Ann Aldrich Brianna Candelaria

Vernell Doyle Michael Lushbaugh Kourtney Lowery Wayne K. Keefer, BOCC Rep

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND AGENDA June 7, 2023, 7:00 p.m.

Washington County Administration Complex, 100 West Washington Street, Room 2001, Hagerstown, MD 21740

CALL TO ORDER AND ROLL CALL PUBLIC INFORMATION MEETING Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland segment National Register Nomination (W-IV278) – (Information/Discussion/Action) – To review documentation provided for the nomination using criteria for evaluation and criteria for consideration to make recommendation to the Board of County Commissioners and Maryland Historical Trust. * MINUTES 1. Minutes of the May 3, 2023 meeting * NEW BUSINESS 1. 2023-01727- Residential New Construction Permit - 21550 Leitersburg Smithsburg Road - (Discussion/Action) 900 sq.ft. finished space detached two story garage with 457 sq.ft. unfinished second floor with exterior landing, frame construction on concrete slab.

Leitersburg Historic Rural Village WA-I-174 * 2. 2023-00893 – Non-Residential New Construction Permit - 21431 Leiter Street (Discussion/Action) 576 sq.ft. one story pole building on concrete slab to be used for storage, (1) 9’ overhead door, pre-engineered roof trusses, pole construction with metal roof and metal sides. Leitersburg Historic Rural Village WA-I-174 * OTHER BUSINESS 1. Staff Report a. Staff Reviews * b. Social Media Historic Preservation Month Review c. Archaeology Training Scheduling through MAHDC d. CLG NAPC CAMP training February 20-21, 2024 (tentative) e. BOCC Hearing for AT NR Nomination June 13, 2023 ADJOURNMENT UPCOMING MEETING 1. Wednesday, July 5, 2023, 7:00 p.m. *attachments The Historic District Commission reserves the right to vary the order in which the cases are called. Individuals requiring special accommodations are requested to contact the Washington County Planning Department at 240313-2430 to make arrangements no later than ten (10) days prior to the meeting. Notice is given that the agenda may be amended at any time up to and including the meeting.

747 Northern Avenue | Hagerstown, MD 21742 | P: 240.313.2430 | F: 240.313.2431 | TDD: 7-1-1

WWW.WASHCO-MD.NET

MINUTES OF THE HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION FOR WASHINGTON COUNTY May 3, 2023

The Washington County Historic District Commission held its regular monthly meeting on Wednesday, May 3, 2023 at 7:00 p.m. in the Washington County Administration Complex, 100 W Washington Street, Room 2001, Hagerstown, MD. CALL TO ORDER AND ROLL CALL

The Chairman called the meeting to order at 7:00 p.m.

Commission members present were: Greg Smith, Chairman, Lloyd Yavener, Vernell Doyle, Michael Lushbaugh, Kourtney Lowery, Ann Aldrich and Ex-officio Commissioner Wayne Keefer. Staff members present were: Washington County Department of Planning & Zoning: Meghan Jenkins, GIS Coordinator and HDC Staff member and Debra Eckard, Administrative Assistant.

MINUTES Motion and Vote: Mr. Lushbaugh made a motion to approve the minutes of the April 5, 2023 meeting as presented. The motion was seconded by Mr. Yavener and unanimously approved.

NEW BUSINESS SP-23-004 – 2003 Mason Dixon LLC Ms. Jenkins presented for review and comment a site plan for two proposed commercial warehouses to be located at 17939 Mason Dixon Road, which is on the edge of the Urban Growth Area. The developer is proposing to construct a 1 million square foot warehouse and 600,000 square foot warehouse. The historic structures remaining on the property are a barn and several outbuildings. These structures were not recommended for the National Register of Historic Places during the last evaluation.

Discussion and Comments: Ms. Jenkins explained that the Commission is only offering comments at this phase of development. If the site plan is approved, and the development moves forward, the HDC would review the demolition permits for the historic structures when they are applied for. MIHP commented there is lack of integrity on the structures that remain. Members asked if an archaeological study was provided for the site. Ms. Jenkins stated there was not an archaeological assessment provided and there are no Mason Dixon markers located on the site.

Consensus: Members recommended that a Phase I archaeological study should be completed for the entire site per the adopted County Design Guidelines.

SP-23-011 – Downsville Solar II Ms. Jenkins presented for review and comment a site plan for a proposed solar energy generating system located at 17137 Black Stallion Lane. She noted there will be very minimal impact to the closest historic resource because it will be buffered by existing landscaping.

Consensus: The Commission had no comments because there will be no impact on any historic resource.

Section 106 Consultation – Project No. WA488C21 Ms. Jenkins presented a request for concurrence from the Maryland Department of Transportation State Highway Administration that the proposed project no. WA488C21, I-70 bridges 2112003 and 2112004 over the Antietam Creek south of Funkstown will have no negative impact to historic resources.

Motion and Vote: Ms. Aldrich made a motion to concur with MDOT SHA there will be no negative impact to any historic resources on this project. The motion was seconded by Mr. Lushbaugh and unanimously approved.

OTHER BUSINESS Staff Report •

East Water Street Streetscape Improvements – Town of Smithsburg Ms. Jenkins reported that the Town of Smithsburg is planning updates to its streetscapes and sidewalks. The Town has submitted the initial proposal to MHT; a more detailed description of the plans will be required.

•

Historic Properties Incentive Ordinance Ms. Jenkins reported that staff met with the departments of Budget & Finance, Grants Management, and the County Attorney to discuss the proposed changes to the Ordinance. The proposal was received positively by all departments. The order of operations will be as follows: 1) Update what we already have in place 2) A grant has been successfully implemented in Frederick County; staff will try to replicate that process as closely as possible for Washington County 3) The proposal will be presented to the County Commissioners following additional research and refinement

•

Staff Reviews Ms. Jenkins provided a written summary.

Ms. Aldrich made a motion to enter into Closed Session at 7:38 p.m. The motion was seconded

by Mr. Lushbaugh, unanimously approved and so ordered by the Chairman.

CLOSED SESSION To discuss potential candidates to be recommended to the Board of County Commissioners for appointment to the Historic District Commission to fill an upcoming vacancy.

Mr. Lushbaugh made a motion to re-enter Open Session at 7:51 p.m. The motion was seconded

by Ms. Aldrich, unanimously approved and so ordered by the Chairman Motion and Vote: Ms. Doyle made a motion to recommend to the Board of County Commissioners the appointment of the candidates as discussed during Closed Session. The motion was seconded by Ms. Aldrich and unanimously approved.

Motion and Vote: Ms. Aldrich made a motion to recommend to the Board of County Commissioners the re-appointment of Mr. Gregory Smith and Mr. Michael Lushbaugh to a second term on the Historic District Commission. The motion was seconded by Mr. Yavener and unanimously approved with Mr. Lushbaugh and Mr. Smith abstaining from the vote.

ADJOURNMENT Mr. Yavener made a motion to adjourn the meeting at 8:05 pm. The motion was seconded by Ms. Aldrich and so ordered by the Chairman. ______________________________________ Gregory Smith, Chairman

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION MEMORANDUM To:

Washington County Historic District Commission

From:

Meghan Jenkins, GISP, GIS Coordinator - Historic District Commission Staff

Date:

May 25, 2023

Subj:

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Nomination Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Number WA-IV-278

Background of the National Register CLG Process As a Certified Local Government (CLG), Washington County plays an important part in the process of nominating properties to the National Register of Historic Places (NR) through a special working relationship with the Maryland Historical Trust (MHT) and the National Park Service. Under this program, both the local historic preservation commission and the jurisdiction’s chief elected official (CEO) are asked to provide recommendations concerning eligibility for National Register Listing. The recommendation is submitted to MHT on the MHT CLG/NR Recommendation Form (Attachment 1) with supplemental information, as necessary. The Recommendation Form includes a detailed statement of the reasons for the recommendation, addressing National Register criteria for evaluation, and must be signed by both the Historic District Commission Chairperson and the President of the Board of County Commissioners.

Staff Report A nomination packet was received from MHT on May 1, 2023 for the Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) Maryland Segment which involves both public and private landowners along the Eastern border of the County for approximately 41 miles of trail length from Sandy Hook to the Pennsylvania border near Pen Mar. The majority of the approximately 270 tax parcels/4,200 acres involved are State or Federal properties. Private property owners (less than 10) identified by the consultant for the nomination were notified via individual letter. Additional letters were sent to private property owners (24 properties) directly adjacent to and intersecting the consultant’s boundary map as well.

The nomination includes 24 structures (the A.T. Treadway, 20 A.T. Side Trails, and 3 A.T. Bridges) and 25 sites (9 Overnight Use Areas [OUAs] and 16 A.T. Viewpoints). The boundary where it passes through public lands extends to 500 feet (ft) on either side of the A.T. Trail Treadway centerline for a maximum width of 1,000 ft. The boundary narrows where the property line of public lands is less than 500ft from the treadway. When the Trail goes through privately owned lands or is collocated on publicly owned rights of way such as bridges, sidewalks, roads, or other paths that were constructed for purposes other than recreational hiking, the boundary is 4 feet wide (2 feet on either side of the centerline), the standard width of the A.T. treadway and prism. The 4-foot-wide boundary also applies to portions of A.T. Side Trails that extend beyond the 1,000-foot (500 feet on either side) boundary of the main Trail.

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Justification Highlight The Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) Maryland Segment is being nominated under Criterion A, Consideration G. Criterion A concerns a property associated with one or more events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. The ANST is being nominated under Criterion A for its association with national recreation and conservation efforts as well as Maryland State social history for its association with the formation and activities of the various hiking clubs which maintain the ANST in Maryland. The detailed description of the ANST Maryland Segment provides documentation on the 49 resources associated with the nomination, one being the A.T. treadway. The ANST Maryland Segment also provides documentation for Consideration G considering the exceptional importance of the A.T. as a historic recreational resource of enduring national significance.

Staff Recommendation: Recommend the nomination of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment to the Board of County Commissioners and the State Historic Preservation Officer as eligible for the National Register.

Respectfully Submitted,

Meghan Jenkins, GISP Historic District Commission Staff Attachments: • Maryland CLG NR Nomination Form (1) • Nomination Packet including MPDF (2) • Criterion A/Consideration G NR Bulletin (3)

MARYLAND HISTORICAL TRUST CERTIFIED LOCAL GOVERNMENT NATIONAL REGISTER RECOMMENDATION FORM Property name

Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) Maryland Segment

Location

41 miles along the Eastern border of Washington County from the Pennsylvania border south to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia

CLG name

Washington County, Maryland (Historic District Commission) ******************** HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION’S RECOMMENDATION

____X____ Nomination recommended

________ Nomination not recommended

National Register criteria (and considerations, if applicable) used by the Commission for the decision: Criteria: __X___A _____B _____C _____D Considerations: ____A ____B ____C ____D ____E ____ F __X__G (_____none applicable) Justification for the decision: The ANST Maryland Segment is eligible under Criterion A for its association with national recreation and conservation efforts as well as Maryland State social history for its association with the formation and activities of the various hiking clubs which maintain the ANST in Maryland. The detailed description of the ANST Maryland Segment provides sufficient documentation on the 49 resources associated with the nomination, one being the A.T. treadway. The ANST Maryland Segment also provides sufficient documentation for Consideration G due to the exceptional importance of the A.T. as a historic recreational resource of enduring national significance. Both the resources and the events associated with their creation are sufficiently documented to illustrate their significance, integrity, and features adequately.

The documentation is sufficient to support the nomination.

____________________________________________________________________________________________ Signature of the Chair of the Historic Preservation Commission

Date

******************** CHIEF ELECTED OFFICIAL’S RECOMMENDATION ________ I concur with the opinion of the Historic Preservation Commission. ________ For the reasons stated on the attached sheet, I do not concur with the opinion of the Historic Preservation Commission. ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Signature of the Chief Elected Official

Date

Wes Moore, Governor Aruna Miller, Lt. Governor

Rebecca L. Flora, AICP, Secretary

May 1, 2023 Meghan Jenkins 747 Northern Ave Hagerstown, MD 21742 Re: Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Nomination (WIV-278) Dear Ms. Jenkins, Our office has sent electronic draft documentation to nominate the above-referenced properties to the National Register of Historic Places, for processing by Washington County Historic District Commission under the Certified Local Government program.

When the County’s review is complete, please forward the recommendations of the Commission and the County Executive. The nomination was considered by the State Review Board (GCC) at their meeting on May 9, 2023. As you know, according to CLG procedures, the GCC may consider nominations prior to completion of local review, but no further action may be taken until the recommendations of the Commission and the County Executive are received.

Please contact me, at Jessica.french@maryland.gov or (410) 697-9623, with any questions. Once again, we appreciate your collaboration in the Certified Local Government process.

Very truly yours,

Jessica French Administrator Evaluation and Registration Maryland Historical Trust

Maryland Historical Trust • 100 Community Place • Crownsville • Maryland • 21032 Tel: 410.697.9591 • toll free 877.767.6272 • TTY users: Maryland Relay • MHT.Maryland.gov

NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions.

1. Name of Property Historic name: _Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment Other names/site number: _Appalachian Trail_______________________________ Name of related multiple property listing: _Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail__________________ (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Location Street & number: _Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) within MD between border with PA at north end and border with WV at south end____________________________ City or town: See Section 1–6, page 3 State: _MD_ County: See Section 1–6, page 3 Not For Publication: N/A Vicinity: N/A ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.

In my opinion, the property ___ meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: ___national ___statewide Applicable National Register Criteria: ___A

___B

___C

___local ___D

Signature of certifying official/Title:

Date

______________________________________________ State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government In my opinion, the property

meets

does not meet the National Register criteria.

Signature of commenting official:

Date

Title :

State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

1

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

______________________________________________________________________________ 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: entered in the National Register determined eligible for the National Register determined not eligible for the National Register removed from the National Register other (explain:) _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply.)

Private: Public – Local Public – State

X

X

X

Public – Federal Category of Property (Check only one box.)

Building(s) X

District Site Structure Object Sections 1-6 page 2

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count) Contributing Noncontributing ______0_______ _____________

buildings

______25_______

_____________

sites

______24_______

_____________

structures

______0_______

_____________

objects

______49_______

______________

Total

Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register ____0_____ ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions.)

RECREATION AND CULTURE

Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions.)

RECREATION AND CULTURE 2. Location (Continued) Cities/Towns and Counties: Highfield-Cascade, Smithsburg, Hagerstown, Boonsboro, and Knoxville in Washington County; and Myersville, Middletown, Jefferson, and Knoxville in Frederick County

Sections 1-6 page 3

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

_____________________________________________________________________________ 7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions.) _N/A_______________ Materials: (enter categories from instructions.)

Principal exterior materials of the property: WOOD/Log, ASPHALT, STONE, EARTH_ Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable. Begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style, method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has historic integrity.) ______________________________________________________________________________ Summary Paragraph The Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) Maryland Segment (“ANST Maryland Segment”)

21

comprises approximately 41 miles of the Appalachian Trail (A.T or the Trail), a 2,193-mile-long skyline

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hiking path that traverses the scenic, heavily wooded, pastoral, and wild Appalachian Mountains. The

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ANST Maryland Segment constitutes a single state segment of the A.T. and has a total of 49 countable

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contributing resources consisting of 24 structures (the A.T. Treadway, 20 A.T. Side Trails, and 3 A.T.

25

Bridges) and 25 sites (9 Overnight Use Areas [OUAs] and 16 A.T. Viewpoints). It travels in a

26

southwestern direction from its connections with the ANST Pennsylvania Segment on the north to the

27

ANST West Virginia/Virginia Segment on the south. Along its route, the ANST Maryland Segment

28

passes through Pen Mar Park, South Mountain State Park, Greenbrier State Park, Washington Monument

29

State Park, Gathland State Park, and Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, before entering

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West Virginia within the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park. The boundary of the ANST Maryland

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Segment where it passes through public lands extends 500 feet (ft) on either side of the A.T. Trail

32

treadway centerline for a maximum width of 1,000 ft. The boundary narrows in areas where the property

33

line of public land is less than 500 ft from Trail treadway.

34

Section 7 page 4

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

1

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

Previous Documentation

2 3

The National Trails System Act (NTSA) (16 USC § 1241 et seq.) passed by the U.S Congress on

4

October 2, 1968, designated the A.T. as America’s first National Scenic Trail. This Registration Form

5

nominates the ANST Maryland Segment for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National

6

Register) under the Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail Multiple Property

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Documentation Form (MPDF) nomination and the “ANST State Segment” associated property type

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(Olausen et al. 2022). The ANST Maryland Segment intersects with six previously listed National

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Register properties: Washington Monument (NRIS No. 72000588, listed 1972); Turner’s and Fox’s Gaps

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Historic District (NRIS No. 10000575, listed 2011) and Crampton’s Gap Historic District (NRIS No.

11

10000576, listed 2011), which are associated listings under the South Mountain Battlefields – September

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14, 1862, Multiple Property Submission; Antietam National Battlefield (NRIS No. 33000038, listed

13

1966); Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (NRIS No. 66000036, listed 1966); and

14

Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (NRIS No. 66000041, 16000238).

15

______________________________________________________________________________

16 17

Narrative Description

18

Setting

19 20

The ANST Maryland Segment, as it evolved from the initial early twentieth century to the present-day

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route, expresses the vision of the original A.T. planners and builders to provide hikers with opportunities

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to connect with both wilderness and human activity areas. The segment primarily follows the crest of

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South Mountain, a succession of narrow ridges, which forms the northern extension of the Blue Ridge

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Mountain range, and is part of the Appalachian Range. The mountain separates the Hagerstown and

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Cumberland valleys from the Piedmont regions of the Maryland and Pennsylvania. Elevations along the

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Segment are between 230 and 1,880 feet, creating an easy to moderate hiker experience of gentle terrain

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with few instances of steep ascents and descents. The gentle topography is a result of a long period of

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erosion on the slowly rising land that created the Appalachian Range. The variation in erosion is

29

accentuated by the differing resistance of the rock types which comprise the range, including quarts,

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greenstone, black humus. As the softer rocks erode, the more resistant quartzite remains in place, creating

31

the unique level shelves besides cliffs that are only along the ANST Maryland and Pennsylvania

32

segments. Much of the landscape hikers travel along the ANST Maryland Segment is defined by lush Section 7 page 5

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

forest containing hardwoods, rhododendrons thickets, and wildflower thickets. Active and abandoned

2

agricultural fields dot the landscape along the valleys below South Mountain to the east and west.

3 4

The ANST Maryland Segment can be hiked in four to five days because of its gentle terrain and short

5

length. OUAs are about one day’s hike apart. Additionally, the Segment is accessible to day hikers along

6

the various road crossings and access side trails that connect parking areas and roads to the main line of

7

the A.T. In addition to being readily accessible, the ANST Maryland Segment travels through numerous

8

historic sites, including sites of summer resorts, ruins of former settlements and agricultural development

9

such as stone walls, cellar holes and rolling fields. The Segment also extends through and overlooks Civil

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War battlefields, which were mostly part of the Battle of South Mountain and the Battle of Antietam in

11

September 1862.

12 13

At the northern end of the Segment, the A.T. crosses the border of Pennsylvania and Maryland following

14

the ridgeline and travels through Pen Mar Park, site of a historic railroad-developed amusement park and

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summer resort village, and South Mountain State Park. 1 The Trail visits High Rock, where rock

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outcroppings grant panoramic views over the valley below. Between Raven’s Rock Road and Foxville

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Road, the Trail travels through federally protected A.T. land along the forested ridge. The A.T. then

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travels within the South Mountain State Park until crossing US Route 70 where it briefly travels through

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Greenbrier State Park, and then within Washington Monument State Park. Hikers are afforded 360-degree

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views, including of Antietam National Battlefield and surrounding agricultural land from a high point of

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land and from the Washington Monument constructed in honor of George Washington in 1827. Next the

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A.T. briefly descends and crosses through Dahlgren Field, where fighting during the Battle of South

23

Mountain occurred. The A.T. traverses the ridge until it descends to Turners Gap and Crampton Gap, both

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locations of fighting during the Battle of South Mountain, and crosses Gapland Road where it enters

25

Gathland State Park. The War Correspondents Memorial Arch is at the road crossing, which was

26

constructed in 1896, and is notably the first US monument dedicated to journalists killed in combat. The

27

Trail ascends the ridge once again and continues south along the border of Washington and Frederick

South Mountain State Park is 40-miles long and follows the ridge of South Mountain from the Pennsylvania– Maryland border to the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal at the Potomac River to the south. The state park encompasses the majority of the ANST Maryland Segment and overlaps the three other state parks (Greenbrier, Washington Monument, and Gathland) and county-owned Pen Mar Park which the A.T. travels through. The state park has no distinguishable boundary and parking lots are available for visitors and hikers across the park (MDDNR 2022). This park was established as part of the state’s efforts to protect the A.T., see Section 8 below for additional information.

1

Section 7 page 6

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

counties, until it descends the Weverton Cliffs, where there are sweeping views over the Potomac River

2

and toward Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, from rock cliffs. The Trail descends and crosses the

3

Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Byway, and follows the north shore of the Potomac River along the towpath of

4

the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal. The canal is a National Historical Park, and the final three miles of the

5

Segment along the towpath is the flattest part of the entire A.T. Upon reaching the Segment end, the Trail

6

crosses the Goodloe Byron Memorial Footbridge into Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (PATC 2015a).

7 8

Property Type Summary

9 10

The following summary identifies the property types present within the ANST Maryland Segment historic

11

district. The property types are defined in the Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail

12

MPDF, Section F- Associated Property Types, and consist of the A.T. Treadway, A.T. Side Trails, A.T.

13

Bridges, A.T. Viewpoints, and A.T. Overnight Use Areas.

14 15

A.T. Treadway

16 17

The A.T. Treadway through the ANST Maryland Segment is the primary contributing resource and is

18

counted as one structure (Resource #1). The A.T. Treadway consists of a cleared walking path that is

19

designed to be easily followed but otherwise blends into its surroundings. It includes associated ancillary

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elements such as markers, signs, puncheons, preexisting roads, stairs, bridges and boardwalks that are less

21

than 20 ft long, stiles, retaining walls, cribs, and culverts. These typically small features are designed to

22

be aesthetically compatible with the natural landscape. Most of the ANST Maryland Segment travels

23

through wooded areas, where the treadway consists of both wide and narrow dirt path scattered with tree

24

roots and small rocks and is surrounded by a 4-ft-wide by 8-ft-high prism that is cleared of vegetation to

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allow enough room for backpackers to pass (Photos 29 and 31). Through fields and other open areas, the

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Treadway is often a narrow and worn earthen path (Photos 7 and 24). Variations from the packed earthen

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Treadway exist mostly where rock-lined treadway runs across rock formations and over steep inclines and

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descents, such as various stretches of Treadway along the ridge of South Mountain or where the

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Treadway is located on steep slope (Photo 39). Constructed elements of the Treadway consists of stone,

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wood steps, water bars, and check dams to control deterioration of the path from use and erosion (Photos

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16–17), puncheons to carry the Treadway over wet areas (Photo 6), and switchbacks to accommodate

32

climbs and descents along steeper elevation changes (Photo 41). In some circumstances, particularly Section 7 page 7

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

where the A.T. passes through developed areas, the treadway is on preexisting sidewalks or paths, roads,

2

bridges, or some other pre-developed path that was not specifically constructed as A.T. treadway, such as

3

the paved path through Pen Mar Park near the Mason-Dixon Line; where it travels between Weverton

4

Cliffs and the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal; and along the canal on the towpath (Photos 42–44).

5 6

Signage along the ANST Maryland Segment primarily consists of directional aids that assist hikers in

7

navigating the Trail. In forested areas, the Trail route is marked by standard A.T. 2-x-6-inch white-

8

painted blazes on trees. In open areas, such as meadows and pastures or rocky ridge lines, the blazes are

9

placed on wood or metal posts and boulders. Other trail markings consist of a standard 4-inch-square

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diamond-shaped piece of metal with the A.T. monogram (Photos 12, 23, and 24). Directional text signage

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that provides distances to key points along the Trail or mark important locations consist of brown-painted

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wood panels on wood posts with carved lettering and symbology painted white or metal panels with a

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similar color scheme (Photos 3, 19, and 26). The northern end of the ANST Maryland Segment is

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identified with a painted wood state border sign and a stone pillar with a metal mailbox containing a Trail

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logbook (Photo 1). The southern end of the ANST Maryland Segment is identified with typical National

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Park Service (NPS) Signage, because the Trail exits the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical

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Park and enters Harpers Ferry National Historical Park at the state border.

18 19

A.T. Side Trails

20 21

The ANST Maryland Segment has 20 A.T. Side Trails, which consist of dead-end spur or loop trails that

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diverge from the main line route of the A.T. to bring hikers to important points of interest, such as historic

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sites associated with Civil War or other historic events and activities and scenic viewpoints, or to trail

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facilities, such as A.T. Overnight Use Areas [OUAs], trailhead parking areas, or water sources. The side

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trails in Maryland are typically constructed to the same specifications as the main Trail and are marked

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with blue blazes (Photos 3 and 12). Contributing side trails are those that are identified in official ATC

27

and PATC guidebooks and maps and the Appalachian Trail Park Office’s Geographic Information

28

System. Of the 21 side trails along the ANST Maryland Segment, seven lead to OUAs, seven lead to

29

viewpoints, six lead to access points/parking areas, and one leads to a water source. The ANST Maryland

30

Segment A.T. Side Trails range in length from 149 ft (Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA Water Source Side

31

Trail, Resource No. 14, Map Sheet No. 2) to 0.96 miles (Thurston Griggs Trail, Resource No. 18, Map

32

Sheet No. 3 – leads to parking).

Section 7 page 8

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

A.T. Bridges

2 3 4

The ANST Maryland Segment contains three contributing A.T. Bridges, which are defined as bridges that

5

are at least 20 ft long and were constructed specifically for the A.T. The I-70 Footbridge (Resource No.

6

29, Map Sheet 4) (Photo 19) is a 150-ft-long concrete and steel footbridge. It was constructed in 1972 to

7

carry the A.T. over the newly constructed Interstate 70. The Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail Bridge

8

(Resource No. 41, Map Sheet No. 6) (Photo 33) is an over 20-ft-long wood deck bridge that provides

9

access between the Crampton Gap OUA shelter and privy over a rocky and wet area. The Goodloe Byron

10

Memorial Footbridge (Resource No. 49, Map Sheet No. 8) (Photo 45) is a 0.2-mile-long steel footbridge

11

attached to a railroad bridge over the Potomac River. It carries the A.T. over the river and between the

12

ANST Maryland and ANST West Virginia/Virginia segments. The bridge was initially constructed in

13

1985. However, a train derailment and subsequent damages to the bridge in 2019, resulted in its partial

14

reconstruction in 2020. Only a few smaller (shorter than 20 ft long) footbridges are along the ANST

15

Maryland Segment; they are included in the Trail description where appropriate but are not considered

16

countable, contributing resources. 2

17

A.T. Viewpoints

18 19 20

There are 16 contributing A.T. Viewpoints within the ANST Maryland Segment. A.T. Viewpoints are the

21

physical locations from which a vista or view may be experienced. A vista is a controlled prospect of a

22

discrete, linear range of vision that is deliberately contrived and maintained through vegetation

23

management or other treatment. A view is uncontrolled, natural, open scenery provided by the landscape

24

and its flora. A.T. Viewpoints along the ANST Maryland Segment are located on the A.T. Treadway,

25

short distances off the Treadway on rock outcroppings or cleared areas along the ridge, and on A.T. Side

26

Trails. Expansive and sweeping views occur primarily along the ANST Maryland Segment on high points

27

along South Mountain’s ridgeline at rock outcroppings and cleared areas, including the High Rock

28

Viewpoint (Resource No. 5, Map Sheet No. 1) (Photo 4), Black Rock Viewpoint (Resource No. 21, Map

29

Sheet No. 3) (Photo 13), Annapolis Rock Viewpoint (Resource No. 23, Map Sheet No. 4) (Photo 14), and 2

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data provided by the NPS regarding the A.T. were used to determine which bridges were considered countable resources and the typology, material, and dimensions of each bridge.

Terminology (e.g., lumber, timber, and log) was retained as it appeared in the data, Section 7 page 9

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

Weverton Cliffs Viewpoint (Resource No. 48, Map Sheet No. 8) (Photo 40). Washington Monument

2

Observation Tower Viewpoint (Resource No. 32, Map Sheet No. 5) (Photos 21–22) is a notable

3

viewpoint along the ANST Maryland Segment for its use of the non-A.T. Washington Monument that

4

was constructed in 1827 in honor of George Washington and reconstructed by the CCC in 1934–1937,

5

and for its 360-degree views over the surrounding mountains and valleys, including views of Antietam

6

National Battlefield. Vistas along the ANST Maryland Segment, such as the Willard SUP (special-use

7

permit) Viewpoint (Resource No. 10, Map Sheet No. 2) (Photo 7), Powerline Right of Way Viewpoint

8

(Resource No. 11, Map Sheet No. 2), and South Mtn Viewpoints 1 and 2 (Resource Nos. 16 and 17, Map

9

Sheet Nos. 2–3), consist of controlled and discrete viewpoints common along wooded areas on the

10

ridgeline, where vegetation is deliberately managed to maintain a specific prospect of the surroundings

11

and in fields and other managed cleared areas. A unique element of the ANST Maryland Segment

12

viewpoints is that many overlook various Civil War battlefields, including the above-mentioned

13

Washington Monument Observation Tower Viewpoint. Another example of this type of viewpoint is the

14

Dahlgren Field Viewpoint (Resource No. 33, Map Sheet No. 5) (Photo 24), which overlooks Dahlgren

15

Field where fighting occurred during the Battle of South Mountain.

16 17

A.T. Overnight Use Areas

18 19

The ANST Maryland Segment has nine A.T. Overnight Use Areas (OUAs), which are defined as

20

complexes of buildings, sites, and structures that support and enhance the A.T. hiking experience by

21

providing overnight accommodations at regular intervals along the Trail. They include campsites, lean-

22

tos/shelters, privies, and water sources. A.T. OUAs that qualify as contributing resources of the ANST

23

Maryland Segment are those that are identified in the PATC’s official guidebooks and on maps.

24 25

The ANST Maryland Segment contains three traditional, lean-to type shelters constructed by the CCC in

26

the 1930s and 1940s. They are in the Rocky Run OUA (Resource No. 36, Map Sheet No. 5), Pine Knob

27

OUA (Resource No. 27, Map Sheet No. 4) (Photo 16), and Crampton Gap OUA (Resource No. 42, Map

28

Sheet No. 6) (Photo 33). These CCC-built shelters consist of one story, rectangular, log buildings with

29

side gable roofs clad in metal and have stone foundations. The interiors contain wood deck bunk areas,

30

and stone- or wood-surfaced picnic areas covered by an extension of the roofs. The CCC also constructed

31

graded tent sites and spring outlets for A.T. OUAs.

32 Section 7 page 10

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

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Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

The remaining ANST Maryland Segment’s shelters were constructed in the 2000s, and are typically

2

three-sided, rectangular, one-story, front-gable or shallow side-gable, log buildings that contain lofted

3

wood-frame or simple wood-deck bunk areas. The roofs extend over wood-deck or stone picnic areas at

4

the front of the shelters. Both or one gable end contain paired single-light fixed windows. Examples of

5

this type oof shelter at the Raven Rock OUA (Resource No. 7, Map Sheet No. 1), Ensign Cowall

6

Memorial OUA (Resource No. 13, Map Sheet No. 2) (Photo 8), and the Rocky Run OUA (Resource No.

7

36, Map Sheet No. 5) (Photo 30). The Raven Rock shelter was constructed in 2010 to replace a CCC-built

8

shelter. The Ed Garvey OUA (Resource No. 45, Map Sheet No. 7) (Photo 38) is unique along the ANST

9

Maryland Segment for its shelter, which was constructed in 2002. The shelter is a two-story log building

10

with a front-gable roof and has an open first story and a sleeping loft and balcony accessed by a ladder.

11 12

In addition to shelters, the ANST Maryland Segment’s OUAs contain campsites that are set a short

13

distance off the main course of the trail and are connected by narrow access trails to the other parts of the

14

OUAs. They consist of a mix of simple cleared areas designated for tents and constructed platforms for

15

tents. Three of the OUAs, Pogo Memorial Campsite OUA (Resource No. 19, Map Sheet No. 3),

16

Annapolis Rock OUA (Resource No. 25, Map Sheet No. 4), and the Dahlgren Backpacker Campground

17

OUA (Resource No. 34, Map Sheet No. 5) (Photo 27), consist of only campsites and no shelters for hiker

18

accommodations.

19 20

Ancillary elements at the OUAs consist of bear poles, water sources, and privies/bathroom facilities. Bear

21

poles are located near, but outside of, the direct area of shelters and campsites and are metal poles

22

anchored to the ground and contain cable systems for hikers to hang their food bags. Water sources

23

consist of mostly spring outlets near the OUAs. There are eight privies along the ANST Maryland

24

Segment. They are of typical wood-frame enclosed construction and are either a composting style (with

25

an open-air, screened-in base) or are pit-style (with the structure sits directly on the ground over a dug

26

hole). The Dahlgren Backpacker Campground OUA contains a building with bathroom facilities instead

27

of a privy.

28 29

Description of the A.T. and Associated Resources

30 31

The following describes the ANST Maryland Segment south from its beginning at the Pennsylvania-

32

Maryland border to its end at the Maryland-West Virginia border. The description is organized into seven Section 7 page 11

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

sections that are identified in the official guidebook for the A.T. in Maryland published by the Potomac

2

Appalachian Trail Conservancy (PATC 2015a). The ANST Maryland Segment Treadway (Resource

3

No. 1, Map Sheet Nos. 1–8) extends through all sections and is designated as Resource No. 1. Each of

4

the remaining 49 resources is assigned a number according to their location along the Trail as identified

5

on the accompanying historic district map and the Appalachian National Scenic Trail – Maryland

6

Segment National Register Historic District Contributing Resources List that appears at the end of the

7

description.

8 9

Section 1

10 11

Section 1 is a 5.9-mile-long portion of the ANST Maryland Segment that follows the crest of South

12

Mountain from the Mason–Dixon Line (originally the border of Pennsylvania and Maryland) (Photo 1) at

13

an elevation of 1,300 ft and descends to Raven Rock Hollow. The northern end of the Section is

14

accessible by car from Pen-Mar Road and from the southern end by MD Route 491 ( PATC 2015a:55).

15 16

The Section begins at Pen Mar Road and the border with Pennsylvania, crosses over an A.T. corridor

17

gate, crosses railroad track onto a gravel lane, and at mile 0.2, the Trail enters Pen Mar Park. The park

18

was established in 1877 by the Western Maryland Railroad, which retained management until its closure

19

in 1943. It reopened in 1977, under the ownership of the county. The A.T. follows a paved pathway

20

through the Park, passing the Pen Mar Park Viewpoint (Resource No. 2, Map Sheet No. 1) (Photo 2),

21

where hikers are afforded a managed vista to the west of the forested slope of South Mountain below and

22

active agricultural lands in both Pennsylvania and Maryland in the distance. The Pen Mar Park’s wood-

23

frame overlook pavilion and benches (non-A.T. resources) are located along the Trail’s route and

24

accommodate both park and A.T. visitors. The Trail next travels through forest along an old forest and

25

abandoned roads. Remnants of old stone-lined root cellars and brick foundations can be found along this

26

stretch of treadway near mile 1 ( PATC 2015a:58–59).

27 28

The Treadway transitions from a mostly earth base to rocky before mile 2. The Trail sharply turns

29

northward and reaches High Rock Parking Area Side Trail (Resource No. 3, Map Sheet No. 1) (Photo

30

3), a 0.23-mile side trail leading to a gravel parking lot off Pen Mar High Road at mile 3.1. At the parking

31

lot, the High Rock Viewpoint Side Trail (Resource No. 4, Map Sheet No. 1) extends 86 ft northwest

32

from the parking area side trail to the High Rock Viewpoint (Resource No. 5, Map Sheet No. 1) (Photo Section 7 page 12

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

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Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

4), which affords sweeping views over the slope of South Mountain and agricultural land to the west. The

2

rock outcropping includes remnants of a stone foundation and cement platform from the 30-ft-tall

3

pavilion that historically stood atop the rock. The Trail turns southward from the parking area side trail

4

and A.T. junction and reaches the local high point of the Quirauk Mountain (1,800-ft elevation) at mile

5

3.9. It leaves an area of dense undergrowth and enters forest at mile 4.5 ( PATC 2015a:60–61).

6 7

At mile 4.9, the Trail intersects the Raven Rock OUA Side Trail (Resource No. 6, Map Sheet No. 1),

8

which leads 0.13 miles west to Raven Rock OUA (Resource No. 7, Map Sheet No. 1). The OUA has a

9

shelter that was built by the PATC in 2010 that replaced the former Devils Racecourse Shelter. The

10

shelter is a three-sided, rectangular, one-story, front-gable, log building that contains a lofted wood-frame

11

bunk area. The roof extends over the wood-deck picnic area at the front of the shelter. Both gable ends

12

contain paired single-light fixed windows. Raven Rock shelter accommodates 16 people, offers bear

13

poles, a privy, and spring access. The shelter is the highest-elevation and most recently constructed shelter

14

along the A.T. in Maryland. The Trail next intersects Raven Rock Viewpoint Side Trail (Resource No.

15

8, Map Sheet No. 2) at mile 5.7, a 346-ft spur that leads to Raven Rock Viewpoint (Resource No. 9,

16

Map Sheet No. 2), which offers limited views from a cliff to the east overlooking forest. The A.T. steeply

17

descends to the section end at Raven Rock Hollow at mile 5.9 (1,100-ft elevation) ( PATC 2015a:60–61;

18

Decker 2020:140).

19 20

Section 2

21 22

Section 2 is a 4.1-mile-long portion of the ANST Maryland Segment that extends from Raven Rock

23

Hollow to Wolfsville Road. The Section crosses two small ridges that extend southeast and link with the

24

Catoctin range. With an approximately 500-ft change in elevation, the Section steadily climbs through

25

dense woods to an open field bordered by Raven Rock Road (MD Route 491) ( PATC 2015a:63).

26 27

The Trail crosses and follows the guardrail of the road for about 0.1 miles, and then reenters the woods

28

where it crosses Little Antietam Creek on rocks (Photo 5). The A.T. crosses a stone wall at mile 0.4 and

29

reaches a high point on the slope of Buzzard Knob at mile 0.5. The Trail crosses Warner Gap Road,

30

where parking is available, at mile 0.8 at a 1,200-ft elevation. The A.T. turns east onto the gravel road,

31

then turns west, and reenters the woods. After crossing Edgemont Reservoir Feeder Stream at mile 0.85,

32

the Trail passes a spring west of the trail at mile 0.9. A powerline clearing at mile 1.2 (1,300-ft elevation) Section 7 page 13

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

affords no views, and the Trail reenters the woods and reaches a large rock outcropping at mile 1.8. The

2

A.T. ascends and descends on stone steps at mile 1.9 and crosses a stream at mile 2.1 (Photo 6). A high

3

point is at mile 2.4, and the Trail exits the woods and enters a field at mile 2.5 ( PATC 2015a:65).

4 5

The Trail crosses MD Route 77 (Foxville Road) at mile 2.6 at an elevation of 1,600 ft, enters the woods

6

for 0.1 miles, and travels through a series of fields. At mile 2.9, the A.T. crosses the tree line between

7

fields and reaches the Willard Property SUP 3 Viewpoint (Resource No. 10, Map Sheet No. 2) (Photo

8

7) at mile 3 that offers sweeping views across an open field bound by forest as hikers travel across the

9

field. The A.T. reenters the woods at mile 3.1, then travels along the east side of a powerline clearing, and

10

reaches the Powerline Right of Way Viewpoint (Resource No. 11, Map Sheet No. 2) at mile 3.7.

11

Hikers are granted limited vistas to the north and south along the powerline right-of-way as they cross the

12

clearing and reenter the woods. The Trail winds several switchbacks before intersecting with the 186-ft-

13

long Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA Side Trail (Resource No. 12, Map Sheet No. 2) at mile 3.9. The

14

side trail leads 186 ft to the Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA (Resource No. 13, Map Sheet No. 2)

15

(Photos 8–10) at an elevation of 1,400 ft. The OUA consists of a shelter, five tent pads, several hammock

16

sites, a privy, and a bear pole. The shelter was constructed in 1999 by the PATC and accommodates 8

17

people. The shelter is a three sided, rectangular, one story, log building with a wood-frame bunk and

18

storage area. The building has a front gable roof clad in standing-seam metal and contains paired single-

19

light fixed windows in the gable. A wood deck picnic area is in front of the shelter and protected by the

20

roof. The OUA’s water source is at the end of the 199-ft-long Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA Water

21

Source Trail (Resource No. 14, Map Sheet No. 2) which is located a mile 4.0 of the A.T. section and

22

extends south to a year-round spring. At mile 4.1, the Trail reaches MD Route 17 (Wolfsville Rd)

23

Parking Area Side Trail (Resource No. 15, Map Sheet No. 2) (Photo 12), which leads 725 ft south to a

24

parking area. Section 2 ends at the crossing of Wolfsville Road (1,400 ft elevation) ( PATC 2015a:67;

25

Decker 2020:139).

26

Section 3

27 28 29

Section 3 is an 8.6-mile-long portion of the ANST Maryland Segment between Wolfsville Road and

30

Interstate 70 (I-70). Section 3 follows a narrow ridge crest where the Treadway consists of mostly

3

SUP stands for special-use permit. The land is maintained as an open area as part of the A.T. Section 7 page 14

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

compacted earth with some rocky rutted stretches. The Section is notable for the expansive views at Black

2

Rock and Annapolis Rock. After crossing Wolfsville Road, the Trail ascends via switchbacks along a

3

steep and rocky portion of treadway. At mile 0.6, the A.T. reaches the ridge crest at an elevation of 1,800

4

ft and travels southwest on extremely rocky terrain beginning at mile 2.1. The Trail reaches South Mtn

5

Viewpoint 1 (Resource No. 16, Map Sheet No. 2) at mile 2.4. The viewpoint affords views to the east

6

over the forested slope of South Mountain and expansive fields below from talus slope. At a rocky point

7

of treadway and mile 3.2, the South Mtn Viewpoint 2 (Resource No. 17, Map Sheet No. 3) provides

8

open views like those at the South Mtn Viewpoint 1( PATC 2015a:69–73).

9 10

At mile 4.8, after passing a series of forest roads and non-A.T. side trail, the Trail intersects with the

11

Thurston Griggs Trail (Resource No. 18, Map Sheet No. 3), which descends 1 mile west and leads to a

12

trailhead and parking on White Oak Road. The Pogo Memorial Campsite OUA (Resource No. 19, Map

13

Sheet No. 3) 4 is at mile 4.8 (1,600-ft elevation) and consists of campsites, a privy, and spring. The OUA

14

is located at the site of the former Black Rock Hotel. The Trail crosses Black Rock Creek, an intermittent

15

stream, at mile 4.9, and reaches the Black Rock Viewpoint Side Trail (Resource No. 20, Map Sheet

16

No. 3) at mile 5.4. The side trail extends 447 ft to the expansive views at the Black Rock Viewpoint

17

(Resource No. 21, Map Sheet No. 3) (Photo 13) at an elevation of 1,800 ft. The viewpoint grants 180-

18

degree views to the west from a cliff ( PATC 2015a:72–73).

19 20

The Trail winds to the southeast and intersects with the Annapolis Rock Viewpoint Side Trail

21

(Resource No. 22, Map Sheet No. 4) at mile 6.4. The side trail descends sharply 0.2 miles west to the

22

Annapolis Rock Viewpoint (Resource No. 23, Map Sheet No. 4) (Photo 14), which provides sweeping

23

views to the west over forest in the foreground and rural development in the distance. Greenbriar Lake is

24

visible to the southwest. The viewpoint side trail connects to Annapolis Rock OUA Side Trail

25

(Resource No. 24, Map Sheet No. 4), which loops around to the Annapolis Rock OUA (Resource No.

26

25, Map Sheet No. 4). The OUA contains campsites, a privy, bear pole, access to a spring, and a

27

caretaker’s campsite. The Trail continues southwest, crossing a high point at a saddle in the ridge at mile

28

7.6 where cinnamon ferns carpet both sides of the treadway and the peak of Pine Knob rises to the east.

29

At mile 8.0, the Pine Knob OUA Side Trail (Resource No. 26, Map Sheet No. 4) (Photo 15) leads 0.1

30

miles north to the Pine Knob OUA (Resource No. 27, Map Sheet No. 4), and loops to rejoin the A.T. at

4

This OUA was established by the Mountain Club of MD and named in honor of Walter “Pogo” Rheinheimer Jr. Section 7 page 15

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

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Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

mile 8.1. The Pine Knob OUA is at an elevation of 1,400 ft and consists of a shelter (Photo 16), tent pads,

2

privy, and access to a spring. The shelter was built in 1939–1940 by the CCC and is a traditional lean-to,

3

consisting of a one story, rectangular, log frame building with a side gable roof clad in metal and a stone

4

foundation. The interior contains a wood deck bunk area and a stone-surfaced picnic area is covered by an

5

extension of the roof (Decker 2020:139).

6 7

From the Pine Knob OUA, the Trail descends over stone and log stairs (Photo 17) to a dirt road that is

8

surrounded by hickory and oak trees and cinnamon ferns. The Trail crosses an open area, reenters the

9

woods, and passes under the US Route 40 overpass (Photo 18) at mile 8.5. The Annapolis Rock (US

10

Route 40) Parking Area Side Trail (Resource No. 28, Map Sheet No. 4) leads 0.16 miles east to a

11

parking area on US Route 40, as the Trail turns sharply west to cross I-70 on the I-70 Footbridge

12

(Resource No. 29, Map Sheet No. 4) (Photo 19) at mile 8.6. The footbridge was constructed in 1972 to

13

create a safe crossing for the A.T. over the newly constructed interstate highway. It is a 150-ft-long,

14

concrete and steel bridge enclosed by a chain-link fence tunnel and marks the Section end ( PATC

15

2015a:73–74; Decker 2020:139).

16 17

Section 4

18 19

Section 4 extends 4.9 miles from I-70, through Greenbrier and Washington Monument state parks, to

20

Turner Gap. The Section is easy to hike and traverses a series of low hills. Highlights of the section

21

include lake access and views of the Washington Monument (described below). After crossing the I-70

22

footbridge, the Trail crosses Boonsboro Mountain Road diagonally at mile 0.1. It enters the woods and

23

travels southwest, gradually gaining elevation until mile 0.5, when it reaches the high point of Bartman

24

Hill. The Bartman Hill Side Trail (Resource No. 30, Map Sheet No. 4) extends 0.4 miles west from the

25

A.T. and descends to the Visitor Center at Greenbriar State Park. ( PATC 2015a:77–81).

26 27

The Trail crosses Boonsboro Mountain Road at mile 0.8 and goes over a series of hills to a high-voltage

28

powerline cut at mile 2.6. From the cut, the Trail ascends a loose, rocky talus slope to its intersection with

29

the Washington Monument Observation Tower Side Trail (Resource No. 31, Map Sheet No. 5)

30

(Photo 20) at mile 2.9. The side trail leads 232 ft southwest uphill to the Washington Monument (not an

31

A.T. resource) at an elevation of 1,500 ft. The Washington Monument (NR Listed 1972, NRIS No.

32

72000588) (Photo 21) is the first completed monument for George Washington. It was constructed in Section 7 page 16

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Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

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1

1827 as a bell-shaped stone structure with an interior staircase leading to a viewing platform at the top.

2

The monument was restored by the CCC in 1934–1936. The Washington Monument Observation

3

Tower Viewpoint (Resource No. 32, Map Sheet No. 5) (Photo 22) provides expansive 360-degree

4

views overlooking South Mountain’s forested slopes and agricultural and rural development in the valleys

5

below. The tower’s lower viewing deck is oriented westward toward Antietam National Battlefield and

6

the open landscape surrounding the tower also affords views ( PATC 2015a:80–83).

7 8

From the Washington Monument, the Trail descends on a well-graded trail through Washington

9

Monument State Park (Photo 23) and crosses the park’s entrance road at mile 3.3 and Monument Road at

10

mile 3.5. and crosses through Turner’s Gap and the Fox’s Gap Historic District (NR Listed 2011, NRIS

11

No. 10000575). The Battle of South Mountain in September 1862 occurred in the gaps, with heavier

12

fighting occurring in Foxs Gap. At mile 4, the A.T. crosses two stone fences and descends via

13

switchbacks to the Dahlgren Field Viewpoint (Resource No. 33, Map Sheet No. 5) (Photo 24) at mile

14

4.8 in Turners Gap that provides picturesque views across open fields where fighting occurred and the

15

Church of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The church, also known as Dahlgren Chapel, was

16

constructed for Sarah Vinton Dahlgren (1825–1898) in 1881, spouse of Admiral John A. Dahlgren

17

(1809–1870). The nearby Old South Mountain Inn was her summer residence by the 1870s. Admiral

18

Dahlgren was the founder of the Dahlgren gun and served in the US Navy during the Civil War. The Trail

19

then passes Civil War interpretive wayside panels and monuments in the field. At mile 4.9, the A.T.

20

reaches the Section end at US Route 40 Alt. in Turners Gap at an elevation of 1,100 ft, diagonal to the

21

Old South Mountain Inn ( PATC 2015a:83).

22 23

Section 5

24 25

Section 5 is a 7.4-mile-long portion of the ANST Maryland Segment that extends from Turners Gap to

26

Crampton Gap. The Section has well-graded treadway and few elevation changes. After crossing US

27

Route 40 Alt. at Turners Gap, the Trail enters the woods parallel to a dirt road and descends through

28

forest. At 0.2 miles, the A.T. reaches the Dahlgren Backpacker Campground OUA (Resource No. 34,

29

Map Sheet No. 5) (Photo 25) in a small clearing within Greenbrier and South Mountain state parks. The

30

OUA is operated by South Mountain State Park for hikers and has a restroom building, tent sites with

31

pads and fire pits, a water treatment facility, water spigot, and bear pole. The Trail then skirts the west

32

side of a large field (Photos 26–27) and crosses Reno Monument Road at mile 1.0. The field was the site Section 7 page 17

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

of heavy fighting during the Civil War Battle of South Mountain in September 1862. The Reno

2

Monument (Photo 28), which commemorates the site where Union Major General Jesse L. Reno was

3

mortally wounded during the Battle of South Mountain, is 50 yards east of the Trail, and multiple

4

interpretive and memorial panels and plaques mark the location ( PATC 2015a:88–89).

5 6

At mile 2.0 the Trail intersects with the Rocky Run OUA Side Trail (Resource No. 35, Map Sheet No.

7

5) (Photo 29), which descends 0.2 miles southwest to the Rocky Run OUA (Resource No. 36, Map

8

Sheet No. 5) (Photo 30). The OUA consists of two shelters, campsites, privies, and a spring. The first

9

shelter was built in 1941 by the CCC and was renovated in the 2000s. The shelter accommodates six

10

people and is a good example of a typical lean-to type shelter. It is a lean-to, consisting of a one story,

11

rectangular, log building with a side gable roof clad in metal and a stone foundation. The interior contains

12

a wood deck bunk area, and a stone-surfaced picnic area is covered by an extension of the roof (Decker

13

2020:138). The other shelter was built in 2008 by the PATC and accommodates 16 people. It is a three-

14

sided, rectangular, one-story, front-gable, log building on concrete piers that contains a lofted wood-frame

15

bunk area. The roof extends over the wood-deck picnic area at the front of the shelter. Both gable ends

16

contain paired single-light fixed windows. The Trail crosses a paved road at mile 2.5, and ascends Lamb

17

Knoll, crossing the high point at mile 3.6 at an elevation of 1,800 ft. A non-A.T. side trail leads 50 yards

18

west to the true summit of Lambs Knoll where a modern communication tower has been placed ( PATC

19

2015a:89).

20 21

The Trail turns west and passes the White Rocks Viewpoint (Resource No. 37, Map Sheet No. 6) at

22

mile 3.8. With an elevation of 1,600 ft, the viewpoint affords views south along the forested ridge from a

23

quartzite cliff and a carving in the rockface reading “R.L. Rudy 1890” evidences the sites long use as a

24

scenic viewpoint. The 0.2-mile-long White Rocks Viewpoint Side Trail (Resource No. 38, Map Sheet

25

No. 6) descends from the viewpoint to Bear Spring. The Trail winds around the ridge crest and rejoins the

26

ridgeline in a straight line atop South Mountain. At mile 5.2, the A.T. reaches the Rohrersville Valley

27

Viewpoint (Resource No. 39, Map Sheet No. 6) that provides picturesque views of the valley that

28

extends from the base of the mountain. At mile 6.5, the A.T. crosses through the Crampton’s Gap Historic

29

District (NR Listed 2011, NRIS No.10000576), where the Battle of South Mountain in September 1862

30

occurred. The Trail intersects Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail (Resource No. 40, Map Sheet No. 6)

31

(Photo 31) at mile 7.0 and descends 0.27 miles northeast to the Crampton Gap OUA (Resource No. 42,

32

Map Sheet No. 6) at elevation 1,035 ft. The OUA side trail continues beyond the shelter, where the Section 7 page 18

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail Bridge (Resource No. 41, Map Sheet No. 6) (Photo 32), a 20-ft-long

2

wood deck footbridge, extends to the OUA’s privy. The OUA consists of a shelter (Photo 33), campsites,

3

privy, bear pole, and spring. The shelter was built in 1939 by the CCC and is a typical lean-to, consisting

4

of a one story, rectangular, log building with a side gable roof clad in metal and a stone foundation. The

5

interior contains a wood deck bunk area, and a wood-deck picnic area is partially covered by an extension

6

of the roof (Decker 2020:167). The Trail enters Gathland State Park at mile 7.3 at the crossing of Gapland

7

Road (Photo 34). Gathland State Park (Photos 34–36), which is named for George Alfred Townsend, a

8

Civil War newspaper correspondent who wrote under the pen-name Gath. Townsend’s property was the

9

site of heavy fighting during the Battle of Crampton’s Gap, one of several engagements that were fought

10

during the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, 1862. The Trail passes the ruins of a ca. 1887

11

stone barn, a picnic pavilion, and parking lots. The Civil War Newspaper Correspondents Monument,

12

which Townsend erected to honor Civil War reporters, is at the crossing of Gapland and Arnoldstown

13

roads. The 50-ft-tall stone memorial tower is maintained under the jurisdiction of the NPS and marks the

14

end of Section 5 ( PATC 2015a:91).

15 16

Section 6

17 18

Section 6 extends 6.7 miles from Crampton Gap along the ridgeline of South Mountain and its western

19

rim to Weverton Road. The Section has minimal elevation changes and travels through mature forest

20

within Gathland and South Mountain state parks and a mix of state and federal lands. The Section begins

21

by crossing Gapland Road (900-ft elevation) and ascends 0.1 mile to an unmarked side trail that leads east

22

to the remains of earthen trenches dug during the Battle of South Mountain. At mile 1.4, the Trail passes

23

the Glenn R. Cavney Memorial, a red granite memorial plaque set into the ground approximately 10 ft

24

east of the Trail. Cavney was a dedicated A.T. maintainer who was killed in a car crash. His father

25

purchased a 4-acre tract for the Trail surrounding the memorial, which was dedicated to the memory of

26

his son in 1976 ( PATC 2015a:95).

27 28

At mile 1.7, the A.T. crosses Brownsville Gap Road at the site where two divisions under Confederate

29

Major General Lafayette McLaws crossed South Mountain on the way to seize Maryland Heights during

30

the during the Battle of Harper’s Ferry (September 12–15, 1862). As it follows the ridgeline, the Trail

31

maintains a straight corridor to mile 3.1, where it reaches Birch Tree Overlook Viewpoint (Resource

32

No. 43, Map Sheet No. 7), which affords views to the east over the forested South Mountain slope and Section 7 page 19

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

agricultural fields below. From the view, the Trail continues south to its intersection with the Ed Garvey

2

OUA Side Trail (Resource No. 44, Map Sheet No. 7) (Photo 37) at mile 3.7. The side trail steeply

3

descends 0.45 miles east to the Ed Garvey OUA (Resource No. 45, Map Sheet No. 7). The OUA

4

contains a shelter (Photo 38), tent sites, bear pole, composting privy, fire pit, and spring. It was

5

constructed in 2001 in memory of Ed Garvey, a former president of the PATC and author of the

6

Appalachian Hiker: Adventure of a Lifetime (1971), which contributed to the popularization of A.T. thru

7

hiking. The shelter is a two-story log building with a front-gable roof and has an open first story and a

8

sleeping loft and balcony accessed by a ladder. The Trail continues along the ridge and reaches the

9

Pleasant Valley Viewpoint (Resource No. 46, Map Sheet No. 7) at mile 5.3, which overlooks the valley

10

( PATC 2015a:95-97; Adkins 2015:37; Decker 2020:137).

11 12

The Trail follows the forested ridge (Photo 39) as it gently descends then intersects with the Weverton

13

Cliffs Side Trail (Resource No. 47, Map Sheet No. 8) at mile 5.8. The side trail leads 0.1 miles south to

14

the Weverton Cliffs Viewpoint (Resource No. 48, Map Sheet No. 8) (Photo 40), which offers sweeping

15

views from the rock outcropping overlooking the Potomac River to the south. A plaque memorializing

16

Goodloe Byron (see Section 7 below) is mounted on the cliff face. The Trail descends Weverton Cliffs on

17

a series of switchbacks (Photo 41) and exits the woods, crossing Weverton Road in a rural residential area

18

at mile 6.6. The Trail follows the south side of the road and passes a non-A.T. side trail that leads to a

19

parking lot. The Trail reaches the section end at the parking lot at mile 6.7 at an elevation of 400 ft (

20

PATC 2015a:95–97).

21 22

Section 7

23 24

The3.3-mile-long Section is between Weverton Road and Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (the Segment

25

end). The Trail travels along the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal towpath, within the Chesapeake & Ohio

26

Canal National Historical Park (NR Listed 1966, NRIS No. 66000036) and Harpers Ferry National

27

Historical Park (NR Listed 1966, Boundary Increase 2016; NRIS No. 66000041, 16000238). The A.T.

28

travels adjacent to residential property in some locations and follows the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal

29

(Photos 42–44) on the north side of the Potomac River and is the one of the lowest and flattest sections of

30

the A.T. The canal is used for recreation now, with the towpath open to pedestrians and bicycles and

31

coaligned with the A.T. ( PATC 2015a:99–101).

32 Section 7 page 20

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

The Section begins at the parking lot at an elevation of 400 ft at the base of Weverton Cliffs, enters the

2

woods briefly paralleling Israel Creek, and crosses US Route 340 under the road overpass at mile 0.2, and

3

travels parallel to an abandoned spur of the B&O Railroad for the next 0.2 miles. At mile 0.4, the Trail

4

enters the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, reaches an NPS gate, and crosses the

5

active CSX Railroad tracks at mile 0.4. At mile 0.5, the Trail crosses a causeway over the Chesapeake &

6

Ohio Canal (300-ft elevation), turns west, and follows the towpath to Harpers Ferry, with the CSX

7

railroad tracks to the north and the Potomac River to the south. At mile 2, the Trail crosses under the

8

Route 340 bridge near Sandy Hook and continues west along the towpath. At mile 2.7, the Trail passes

9

Canal Lock 32 that was built for the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal in 1833. The 184.5-mile-long canal linked

10

Washington, DC, and Cumberland, Maryland and remained open to commercial navigation until 1924 (

11

PATC 2015a:101).

12 13

The Trail passes under one train trestle and ascends stairs to cross the 0.2-mile-long, metal Goodloe

14

Byron Memorial Footbridge (Resource No. 49, Map Sheet No. 8) (Photo 45) at mile 3.1. The

15

footbridge is named for Congressman Goodloe E. Byron (1928–1978), a major supporter of the

16

Appalachian Trail. It was constructed in 1985 and is attached to an active railroad bridge (the 1894 B&O

17

Railroad Potomac River Crossing) that extends over the Potomac River between Harpers Ferry, West

18

Virginia, and Sandy Hook, Maryland, where the railroad travels through a tunnel built into the

19

mountainside. The railroad bridge was fabricated by the Pencoyd Iron Works and constructed in 1894.

20

The bridge affords views south of the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers. In 2019, a train

21

derailment heavily damaged the footbridge, and part of it was replaced in 2020. The Trail reaches the

22

segment end at Harpers Ferry at mile 3.3 (400-ft elevation) at the border of Maryland and West Virginia

23

Border within Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (PATC 2015a:102–103).

24 25

Statement of Integrity

26 27

The ANST Maryland Segment retains sufficient integrity of location, setting, design, feeling, and

28

association to convey its significance in the areas of Entertainment and Recreation, Conservation, and

29

Social History. Most of the A.T. treadway in Maryland is on protected lands owned in fee simple,

30

managed as “A.T. Lands,” within state and federal parks, forests, and protected lands, or on negotiated

31

rights-of-way through towns or over public roads and bridges.

32 Section 7 page 21

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

Like the entire A.T., the ANST Maryland Segment has continued to evolve since its original construction

2

in response to natural forces and development, while remaining a physical manifestation of the original

3

Trail planning concept and design-build strategy for a continuous long-distance hiking path. The A.T.

4

route in Maryland has integrity of location within an unbroken protective corridor intentionally

5

established by the State of Maryland, the ATC, the PATC and other Trail-maintaining clubs, and the CCC

6

in 1933–1942. Finally, from 1968 to the present, the involved parties rerouted pieces of treadway that

7

remained on unprotected land to protected lands or relocated pieces within protected lands to improve the

8

hiker experience. 5

9 10

The ANST Maryland Segment possesses integrity of setting, allowing hikers to reach, travel through, and

11

experience the remote natural, wild, scenic, and cultural lands of the Appalachian Mountains. The route

12

provides numerous opportunities to encounter viewpoints and vistas of the natural landscape at numerous

13

mountain summits and along the mountain ranges and along fields and waterways––a key guiding design

14

criterion of the A.T.’s planners and builders.

15 16

The ANST Maryland Segment retains the paramount A.T. feeling of a continuous footpath through a vast

17

landscape and continues to fulfill its original purpose of providing human access to the wilderness with

18

minimal impacts to the natural environment from activities along its course. The ANST Maryland

19

Segment retains integrity of materials and workmanship, with many built resources, including shelters,

20

lean-tos, and bridges, maintained through replacement in kind or built using natural materials by

21

volunteers following ATC guidelines. The Segment clearly conveys its association with the outdoor

22

entertainment and recreation and land conservation sentiments in the United States that influenced its

23

construction and development. Rerouted and relocated portions are congruent with the original vision of

24

the Trail, and adjustments to the course of the Trail and its treadway do not detract from its themes of

25

significance.

26

5

As defined in the MPDF (Olausen et al. 2022), a reroute refers to portions of the A.T. moved onto publicly or privately owned protected land. Public protected lands are forests, parks, and other areas assigned for conservation and public use. Private protected lands are designated as conservation land. Relocations refer to changes to the A.T. within the established protected land corridor typically to move pieces of deteriorated treadway to fresh ground or to improve access to an OUA, viewpoint, or other Trail feature.

Section 7 page 22

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

APPALACHIAN NATIONAL SCENIC TRAIL MARYLAND SEGMENT NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT RESOURCES LIST

1 2 3 4

Resource No. 6 1 2 3 4

Resource Name 7 ANST Maryland Segment Treadway Pen Mar Park Viewpoint High Rock Parking Area Side Trail High Rock Viewpoint Side Trail

Sub-Type/ Features 8

NR Property Type 9

PATC Map No. (MD/VA) 10

PATC Sectio n No. (MD) 11

NR Map Photo Sheet No. No. 12

A.T. Route

Structure

All

All

All

All

Vista

Site

5

1

1

2

Access, 0.23 mi long

Structure

5

1

1

3

View, 186 ft long

Structure

5

1

1

Site

5

1

1

Structure

5

1

1

Site

5

1

1

5

High Rock Viewpoint

View

6

Raven Rock OUA Side Trail

7

Raven Rock OUA

OUA, 0.13 mi long Shelter (2010), campsites, privy, spring

8

Raven Rock Viewpoint Side Trail

View, 332 ft long

Structure

5

1

2

9

Raven Rock Viewpoint

View

Site

5

1

2

10

Willard Property SUP Viewpoint

Vista

Site

5

2

2

6

Resource Number is an assigned number for each countable resource, organized traveling southbound from the Pennsylvania-Maryland border to the Maryland–West Virginia border within the Maryland Segment.

7 Resource Name for countable resources is that shown in the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) and National Park Service (NPS) Appalachian Trail Park Office data set, with minor edits to reflect information in the PATC’s Appalachian Trail Guide: Maryland and Northern Virginia (Eighteenth Edition, 2015), and accompanying maps.

8 Sub-Type/Feature refers to the NPS and ATC data subtype within a resource type, information about specific features, materials, measurements, and date.

9 NR Resource Type refers to how resources are classified for the purposes of the NR. 10 ATC Map No. refers to the corresponding maps to the 2015 PATC guidebook.

11 ATC Section No. refers to the seven Sections of the A.T. in Maryland as defined in the 2015 PATC guidebook.

12 NR Map Sheet No. refers to the eight map sheets that accompany this NR nomination. This map set shows the boundaries of the nominated district and the location of all individual countable resources.

Section 7 page 23

4

7

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

Resource No. 6

11

12

Resource Name 7 Powerline Right of Way Viewpoint Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA Side Trail

Sub-Type/ Features 8

NR Property Type 9

PATC Map No. (MD/VA) 10

PATC Sectio n No. (MD) 11

NR Map Photo Sheet No. No. 12

Vista

Site

5

2

2

OUA, 186 ft long

Structure

5

2

2

13

Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA

Shelter (1999), campsites, privy, spring

Site

5

2

2

14

Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA Water Source Side Trail

Water source, 149 ft long

Structure

5

2

2

15

MD Rte 17 (Wolfsville Rd) Parking Area Side Trail

Access, 0.14 mi long

Structure

5

2

2

16

South Mtn Viewpoint 1

View

Site

5

3

2

17

South Mtn Viewpoint 2

View

Site

5

3

3

18

Thurston Griggs Trail

Structure

5

3

3

Site

5

3

3

View, 455 ft long

Structure

5

3

3

View

Site

5

3

3

View, 0.18 mi long

Structure

5

3

4

View

Site

5

3

4

Structure

5

3

4

Site

5

3

4

Structure

5

3

4

19 20 21 22 23 24

Pogo Memorial Campsite OUA Black Rock Viewpoint Side Trail Black Rock Viewpoint Annapolis Rock Viewpoint Side Trail Annapolis Rock Viewpoint Annapolis Rock OUA Side Trail

25

Annapolis Rock OUA

26

Pine Knob OUA Side Trail

Access, 0.96 mi long Campsites, privy, spring

OUA, 0.35 mi long Campsites, caretaker’s site, privy, bear pole, spring OUA, 0.4 mi long

Section 7 page 24

8–10

12

13

14

15

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

Resource No. 6

Resource Name 7

Sub-Type/ Features 8

NR Property Type 9

PATC Map No. (MD/VA) 10

PATC Sectio n No. (MD) 11

NR Map Photo Sheet No. No. 12

27

Pine Knob OUA

Shelter (1939), campsites, privy, spring

Site

5

3

4

28

Annapolis Rock (US 40) Parking Area Side Trail

Access 0.16 mi long

Structure

5

3

4

29

I-70 Footbridge

Structure

5

3

4

30

Bartman Hill Side Trail

Structure

5

4

4

31

Washington Monument Observation Tower Side Trail

View, 232 ft long

Structure

5

4

5

20

32

Washington Monument Observation Tower Viewpoint

Vista

Site

5

4

5

21–22

33

Dahlgren Field Viewpoint

Vista

Site

5

4

5

24

34

Dahlgren Backpacker Campground OUA

Campsites, bathroom facility, water spigot, bear pole

Site

6

5

5

27

35

Rocky Run OUA Side Trail

OUA, 0.2 mi long

Structure

6

5

5

36

Rocky Run OUA

Two shelters (1941 and 2008), campsites, privies, spring

Site

6

5

5

37

White Rocks Viewpoint

View

Site

6

5

6

38

White Rocks Viewpoint Side Trail

View/water source, 0.2 mi long

Structure

6

5

6

39

Rohrersville Valley Viewpoint

Vista

Site

6

5

6

40

Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail

OUA, 0.28 mi long

Structure

6

5

6

Steel and concrete, 150 ft long, built 1972 Access, 0.4 mi long

Section 7 page 25

16

19

30

31

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

Resource No. 6

Resource Name 7

41

Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail Bridge

42

Crampton Gap OUA

43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Birch Tree Overlook Viewpoint Ed Garvey OUA Side Trail Ed Garvey OUA Pleasant Valley Viewpoint Weverton Cliffs Side Trail Weverton Cliffs Viewpoint Goodloe Byron Memorial Footbridge

Sub-Type/ Features 8 Wood deck bridge on posts, > 20 ft long Shelter (1941), campsites, privy, bear pole, spring

NR Property Type 9

PATC Map No. (MD/VA) 10

PATC Sectio n No. (MD) 11

NR Map Photo Sheet No. No. 12

Structure

6

5

6

32

Site

6

5

6

33

Site

6

6

7

Structure

6

6

7

37

Site

6

6

7

38

Vista

Site

6

6

7

View, 0.1 mi long

Structure

6

6

8

View

Site

6

6

8

40

Metal footbridge attached to railroad bridge, 0.2 mi long

Structure

6

7

8

45

Vista OUA, 0.42 mi long Shelter (2002), campsites, bear pole, privy, spring

1 2

Section 7 page 26

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

_________________________________________________________________ 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.)

X

A. Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.

B. Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past.

C. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction.

D. Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

Criteria Considerations (Mark “x” in all the boxes that apply.)

A. Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes B. Removed from its original location C. A birthplace or grave D. A cemetery E. A reconstructed building, object, or structure F. A commemorative property X

G. Less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years

Section 8 page 27

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions.)

ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION CONSERVATION SOCIAL HISTORY Period of Significance 1930–2006 Significant Dates 1930 – ANST Maryland Segment route scouted 1932 – ANST Maryland Segment construction completed 2006 – reroute of Trail between Warner Gap Road and Wolfsville Road in 2002–2006 moves the remaining major piece of the ANST Maryland Segment onto the protected A.T. corridor Significant Person (Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.)

N/A________________ Cultural Affiliation N/A________________ Architect/Builder N/A________________

1 2 3 4 5

Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any applicable criteria considerations.)

6

the Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail Multiple Property Documentation Form

7

(MPDF). It meets the requirements for listing under the ANST State Segment associated property type

8

and the historic context “The Appalachian Trail, 1922–Present” (Olausen et al. 2022). The ANST

9

Maryland Segment is significant under Criterion A at the national level in the areas of

10

Entertainment/Recreation and Conservation as an important component of the nation’s premier long-

11

distance hiking trail and at the state level in the area of Social History for its association with hiking clubs

12

that were responsible for its construction and maintenance. The period of significance for the ANST

13

Maryland Segment extends from 1930, when the Segment was planned and construction began, to 2006,

The ANST Maryland Segment is eligible for inclusion in the National Register as an associated listing of

Section 8 page 28

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

when the process of moving the Trail onto a fully protected corridor was completed. The end date is

2

consistent with the Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail MPDF, which states that

3

the A.T. meets Criteria Consideration G for properties less than 50 years old due to the exceptional

4

importance of the A.T. as a historic recreational resource of enduring national significance.

5 6 7 8 9

______________________________________________________________________________

10

CRITERION A – ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION

Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance.)

11 12

The ANST Maryland Segment is an important link of the entire A.T., connecting the Trail’s northern and

13

southern routes along the spine of the Appalachian Range. The construction of the ANST Maryland

14

Segment promoted long-distance and day- hiking in Maryland, especially along and in the vicinity of

15

South Mountain. This region was readily accessible to people in the valleys flanking the mountain and in

16

major metropolitan hubs of the region, including Baltimore and Washington, DC, and the ANST

17

Maryland Segment provided recreational opportunities previously unavailable. The segment’s

18

development aided in the establishment of organized hiking trail construction methods in the greater Mid-

19

Atlantic and Southern regions, and served as a model for other trail systems.

20 21

Land Use and Settlement Along South Mountain Before the Appalachian Trail

22 23

Before European colonization, Native Americans established trails that extended north and south along

24

the slopes of South Mountain and the flanking valleys. In the 1720s and 1730s, European settlements

25

were established along the Potomac River and near the mouth of Antietam Creek. By 1732, British Lord

26

Baltimore, the first Proprietor of the Province of Maryland, had the land surrounding and including South

27

Mountain surveyed into parcels that were granted to settlers. Through the Treaty of Lancaster in 1744, the

28

Six Nations of the Iroquois relinquished their claim to lands in the region to the Colony of Maryland,

29

opening the area to unfettered European settlement. In 1765, British astronomers and surveyors Charles

30

Mason and Jeremiah Dixon defined a boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, which

31

thereafter became known as the Mason–Dixon Line ( PATC 2015a:41–53; Adkins 2015:31–50).

32

Section 8 page 29

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900

OMB No. 1024-0018

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

Washington and Frederick, MD

Name of Property

County and State

1

By the end of eighteenth century, ferries across the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers at the south end of

2

South Mountain carried settlers through the Blue Ridge Mountains, and roads and paths crossed through

3

Crampton and Turners gaps. The original road through Turners Gap was constructed in 1755 and was

4

later incorporated into the National Road (Cumberland Road), which was authorized in 1806 as the

5

nation’s first federally funded road project and was designed to facilitate settlement of the Ohio River

6

Valley. Turner’s Gap is the site of the Old South Mountain Inn, which was built in the early eighteenth

7

century and is one of the oldest public houses along the A.T. The opening of the Chesapeake & Ohio

8

(C&O) Canal and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad along the Potomac River in 1834 sparked settlement at

9

Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, and other places at the south end of South Mountain ( PATC 2015a:41–53;

10

Strain 1993:3–63, 91–97, 130–135; Adkins 2015:31–50).

11 12

Agriculture was the chief pursuit of the settlers of the valleys flanking South Mountain. Fertile soils and

13

an ample supply of spring water along the mountain slopes provided the means to raise corn, rye, and

14

wheat and whiskey making became an important industry by the mid-eighteenth century. Some of the

15

area’s farmers and distillers participated in the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, an armed uprising against the

16

federal government’s decision to impose a tax on whiskey. Whiskey distilling flourished into twentieth

17

century, especially during Prohibition (1920–1933) when many locals participated in elaborate moonshine

18

production and transportation schemes ( PATC 2015a:45–48; Adkins 2015:31–50).

19 20

Outdoor Recreation on South Mountain Before the Appalachian Trail

21 22

The first substantial recreational development along South Mountain in Maryland was centered at Pen

23

Mar at the north end of the ANST Maryland Segment. In 1878 the Western Maryland Railroad

24

established a park there to promote and increase passenger train services into the region. Daily trains and

25

trolleys provided service to Pen Mar from Baltimore and Hagerstown, Maryland, and Waynesboro,

26

Virginia. By the early twentieth century, Pen Mar Park contained 7 hotels, approximately 100 boarding

27

houses, an amusement park, and a three-tiered observatory at the top of High Rock that provided excellent

28

views to the west of the valley. Nicknamed the “Coney Island of the Blue Ridge,” The park drew up to

29

5,000 people per day during the summer. During the 1930s, however, visitation to the park fell off due to

30

the economic effects of the Great Depression (1929–1939) and in 1943 the park closed. It was

31

subsequently acquired by Washington County and continues to serve as a public park, although the

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observatory and amusement rides are no longer extant ( PATC 2015a:45–51; Bates 1987:2–3, 16–17;

2

Adkins 2015:31, 46–50).

3 4

Recreational hiking to scenic viewpoints along South Mountain began in the late nineteenth century, but

5

did not become popular until the early twentieth century. The area was distant from the closest

6

metropolitan areas of Washington, DC, and Baltimore and much of the land was privately owned and

7

inaccessible by railroads or other forms of public transportation. The formation of organized outing clubs

8

of the type that had spearheaded the development of the extensive trail systems in the northeastern

9

Appalachian Mountains late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was slow to materialize in the South.

10

This began to change in the 1910s with the founding of Washington, DC’s Wildflower Preservation

11

Society (WPS) and the Red Triangle Club (RTC). Recreational outings sponsored by these clubs initially

12

focused on areas that were close to the city and easily reached by public transportation. The C&O Canal

13

Towpath, which extended northwest from the city to Harpers Ferry and beyond, and the city’s Rock

14

Creek Park along Sligo Creek in Washington, DC, became popular day hiking destinations. As interest in

15

hiking increase, the clubs organized longer overnight hiking excursions to the Appalachian Mountains in

16

Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia (Johnson 2017:16, 36, 68–69).

17 18

Planning the A.T.

19 20

In his proposal for “An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning” published in the Journal of

21

the American Institute of Architects in October 1921, Benton MacKaye included a map that depicted

22

the Trail route through the Mid-Atlantic region. MacKaye’s route in Maryland generally followed what

23

would eventually be developed as the ANST Maryland Segment, entering the state east of

24

Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, and travelling along the crest of South Mountain to Harpers Ferry, West

25

Virginia (MacKaye 1921; Bates 1987:2–3, 16–17). MacKaye’s vision for the trail quickly drew

26

interest among the established hiking clubs in New England, New York, and New Jersey, but there

27

were at the time no organizations capable of building and managing the Trail from Pennsylvania

28

southward. In 1925, the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC, later the Appalachian Trail

29

Conservancy) formed as a collaboration of existing trail organizations with the overarching purpose of

30

constructing, maintaining, and protecting the entire proposed A.T. That same year, the ATC met to

31

discuss and plan the A.T. Among the topics discussed at the first annual meeting of the ATC held at

32

the Raleigh Hotel in Washington, DC, on March 2 and 3, 1925, was the development of an organized Section 8 page 31

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approach to building the Trail in the South. Two years later, ATC Chairman Judge Arthur Perkins was

2

instrumental in forming the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club (PATC, see Criterion A – Social

3

History), which was headed by hiking enthusiast Myron Avery and would become the chief

4

organization responsible for construction of the Trail in the South (Andrade et al. 2019; ATC 2000:5–

5

7; Olausen et al. 2022).

6 7

The PATC’s initial mission was to manage scouting, building, and maintaining the A.T. from central

8

Pennsylvania, through Maryland, and to Rockfish Gap in central Virginia (Adkins 2009:115) Avery

9

became a driving force in publicizing the Trail and organizing local trail clubs that were instrumental in

10

the Trail's construction in the region, including the Maryland Appalachian Trail Club (MATC) and the

11

Roanoke Appalachian Trail (RATC) and Natural Bridge Appalachian Trail (NBATC) clubs in Virginia.

12

The PATC became well versed in scouting and building the Trail over mostly privately owned parcels,

13

because the Mid-Atlantic and Southern states in their region contained limited federal and state land

14

holdings along the Appalachian Mountain range in the 1920s and early 1930s (Adkins 2009:7, 115).

15 16

The PATC initially focused on scouting and building the ANST West Virginia–Virginia Segment

17

beginning in February 1928 with the marking and clearing of the approximately 45 miles of trail from

18

Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, to Linden, Virginia (Johnson 2017:70–73). The Trail from Harpers Ferry

19

was routed to cross the Potomac River and Maryland–West Virginia border using the Bollman iron truss

20

bridge constructed in 1852 13 and then continue north through Maryland (Adkins 2009:11; Johnson

21

2017:96–97; PATC 1931:19).

22 23

Avery’s proposed route for the ANST Maryland Segment traveled from Pen Mar to Harpers Ferry along

24

South Mountain. However, Trail clubs in Pennsylvania disagreed with this proposed route and instead

25

wanted the Trail to travel along Tuscarora Mountain in their state, then follow the C&O Canal for 64

26

miles from Hancock, Maryland, to Harpers Ferry. Avery worked to gain the support of the Pennsylvanian

27

clubs and, by the spring of 1929, they supported Avery’s South Mountain route (Bates 1987:2–3, 16–17;

28

Johnson 2021:220–222).

29

13 A flood in 1934 damaged the bridge and hikers had to cross the river by boat. The Trail passed through Harpers Ferry until 1936, when it was rerouted to cross the rivers farther east (see Historic Route and Reroutes) (Adkins 2009:11; PATC 1931:19).

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Name of Property

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1

In 1929, Avery consulted Maryland State Forester F. W. Besley and City Forester of Frederick Cyril

2

Klein about scouting the potential ANST Maryland Segment route along South Mountain (Strain

3

1993:71; Johnson 2021:225). Besley, Klein, and other forest rangers scouted a route for the Segment from

4

Pen Mar to Weverton at the Potomac River during a four-day trip and marked the route with strings and

5

rags as flagging tape for later trail builders to follow. The route from Weverton was designed to coalign

6

with the C&O Canal to Harpers Ferry (Johnson 2021:225).

7 8

In 1978, the Frederick News recounted Besley’s explanation of the scouting trip:

9 10

The head man [Avery] called me and said that he wanted me to go out and blaze a trail

11

between Pen Mar and Weverton. I knew a little about blazing trails, having already laid

12

out the fire trails for the city watershed. I grabbed 3 men and the 4 of us headed for

13

Weverton. With a 2-lb. ax, I blazed trees on the right, while the others walked behind me

14

and blazed on the left side. That way it would be easier for the hikers to walk between the

15

marks. On the first day we made it to Gapland. The second day we blazed as far as the

16

Washington Monument which, at the time, was just a pile of stones. The third day we

17

were at Wolfsville, and the fourth day we reached Pen Mar. The park at Pen Mar was still

18

pretty active, so we decided to go around it. We figured that hikers wouldn’t care to walk

19

through an amusement park… (quoted in Strain 1993:71–72).

20 21

The scouted ANST Maryland Segment route along the ridge of South Mountain remained mostly

22

undeveloped and passed many culturally important places, including Civil War battlefields ( PATC

23

2015a:51). 14 Much of the route was also across private land, which necessitated either official or

24

unofficial landowner permission to proceed and, in the mid-to-late twentieth century, large-scale

25

acquisition by the state to protect the A.T. (see Criterion C – Conservation below) (Johnson 2021:225;

26

Bates 1987:32–33). By the fourth annual ATC meeting in June 1930, the scouted Maryland route was

27

described as following South Mountain, along “a ridge uniform in height, but broken into easy sections

28

by highways.” The forest growth was “plenty and free from the desert of blight-killed chestnuts, which

29

mars the timber of the proposed Shenandoah National Park [in Virginia]” (quoted in Strain 1993:71).

14

According to the ATC (2015a:51), South Mountain’s ridge was used by escaped enslaved peoples in the early to mid-nineteenth century when they traveled north along the Underground Railroad. Five men who raided Harpers Ferry with John Brown also fled north along South Mountain’s ridge.

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County and State

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Notes about the PATC’s progress for the 1930 annual meeting highlighted the construction of the ANST

2

Maryland Segment as one of three goals for the following year (Avery 1930; Bates 1987:16).

3 4

Developing the Original Route

5 6

In 1931 and 1932, the PATC, under the direction of Supervisor of Trails J. Frank Schairer, built the

7

ANST Maryland Segment during a series of club work trips. Schairer was also responsible for acquiring

8

landowner permission to build the Trail along its earlier scouted route. PATC weekend work parties,

9

consisting of both men and women, used axes, clippers, and saws to create an easily walkable path

10

(Johnson 2021:225–226; Bates 1987:32–33). During this work, “the trail was marked only by wan strips

11

of defunct sheet. Logs, thorny locusts, grapevine tangles, and blackberry thickets vanished before our

12

onslaught. Behind the rear guard stretched our ever-lengthening trail, blazed, marked, and cleared. Fresh

13

paint dripped from the blazes; fresh stubs poked through the trampled snow” (quoted in Strain 1993:72).

14 15

The PATC Bulletin included regular reports about Trail building, including a description of a December

16

1931 work trip involving 58 club members, including many female PATC members, who traveled in 17

17

cars to work on various sections of the ANST Maryland Segment. The workers were divided into six

18

groups, and 11 miles of continuous Trail north of Washington Monument (referred to as Monument Knob

19

in the 1930s) was cut and marked with painted blazes and markers. The area of the Segment had few

20

water sources, but two springs were identified and marked within that 11-mile section. After the section

21

was built, H. C. Anderson was assigned as overseer for the completed portion of Trail between Pen Mar

22

and Raven Rock Hollow (PATC Jan. 1932:Vol. I, No. 1). Intensive A.T. building was still underway in

23

Maryland, and as more sections of the Segment were completed in early 1932, Trail overseers would be

24

assigned accordingly to administer the maintenance along the A.T. (PATC Jan. 1932:Vol. I, No. 1; Strain

25

and Niedzialek 2000).

26 27

In the December 1932 issue of Appalachia, Avery described the construction of the ANST Maryland

28

Segment as

29 30

an experiment in mass trail construction. The route was carefully marked with string and

31

rags and then cut out on scheduled Trail Club trips. The Maryland section boasts of

32

nothing extraordinary but its many outlooks, excellence of route and ease of travel, Section 8 page 34

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pleasing forest growth, convenience and accessibility promise to make it one of the most

2

frequented sections of the Appalachian Trail. Its builders hold it in high esteem (quoted

3

in Strain 1993:72).

4 5

During initial A.T. construction efforts, the PATC used existing roads and paths to avoid the more labor-

6

intense work of clearing routes through undisturbed forest when possible and the Trail had no

7

complicated treadwork. (Later, portions of the ANST Maryland Segment using roads were rerouted.) The

8

hope was that hikers would keep the lower vegetation cleared by walking on the path; however, the forest

9

of the Mid-Atlantic and South was quick to regrow and claim back the cleared spaces. The Trail was

10

placed on mountain crests where possible and purposely routed by special points of interests, scenic

11

views, and springs and other water sources (Bates 1987:10–11, 14, 18–19; Johnson 2021:104–105).

12 13

On March 20, 1932, during a Trail construction trip under the direction of Schairer, the PATC completed

14

building and marking the ANST Maryland Segment. PATC. Groups of PATC members had traveled by

15

bus to Crampton Gap and Weverton. Axes and long-armed clippers were used to clear the Trail, and the

16

route was marked with Trail markers and painted blazes (PATC July 1932:Vol I, No. 3). The ANST

17

Maryland Segment’s completion added to the nearly two-thirds (1,207 miles) of the 2,000 miles of the

18

entire A.T. that was constructed by this time (PATC 1934; ATC 1964:28–43).

19 20

Completed Original Route

21 22

The completed original (1932) route of the ANST Maryland Segment was 38.74 miles, approximately

23

2 miles shorter than the current route length of 41 miles, although the alignment differs only slightly.

24

Soon after the Segment’s completion, the PATC began to offer club hikes along the Trail, advertising in

25

the PATC Bulletin that the newly completed segment of the A.T. was well built and offered enjoyable

26

hikes along South Mountain and through historic and cultural sites, such as the site of the Civil War

27

Battle of South Mountain (PATC Apr. 1932:Vol. 1, No. 2). The ANST Maryland Segment has been

28

readily accessible since its completion. For example, its entire length is a 1- to 2-hour drive from

29

Washington, DC, or Baltimore. The Trail was (and still is) within 50–80 miles of urban and suburban

30

communities and used by many walking and tramping clubs in metropolitan Washington, DC, and

31

Baltimore. The PATC, MATC, and MCM have overseen the maintenance of the ANST Maryland

32

Segment (PATC 1934; Adkins 2015:31–34).

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The ANST Maryland Segment first appeared in the 1931 Guide to Paths in the Blue Ridge as traveling

3

south–southwest through Maryland from Pen Mar at the Pennsylvania border to Harpers Ferry at the West

4

Virginia border and was keyed as a scouted route, not yet constructed. Although the guidebook included

5

lengthy descriptions of the Pennsylvania and Virginia segments (Pennsylvania completed in 1932 and

6

West Virginia/Virginia completed in 1931), no description of the Maryland Segment is included until the

7

second edition in 1934 (PATC 1931:1–6, 10–11). This guidebook included maps, a description, and

8

detailed mileage logs for the ANST Maryland Segment (PATC 1934; Figures 1–2). The route as it existed

9

in 1933/1934 was between the Pennsylvania–Maryland border at Pen Mar and the Maryland–West

10

Virginia border at Harpers Ferry. The Segment was divided into seven sections, as it is today: travelling

11

south, Pen Mar to Raven Rock Hollow (5.49 miles); Raven Rock Hollow to the Smithsburg–Wolfsville

12

Highway (3.84 miles); Smithsburg–Wolfsville Highway to Myersville–Mt. Lena (Smoketown) Road

13

(8.25 miles); Myersville–Mt. Lena (Smoketown) Road to Turners Gap (5.15 miles); Turners Gap to

14

Crampton Gap (6.7 miles); Crampton Gap to Weverton Cliffs (6.35 miles); and Weverton Cliffs to

15

Chimney Rock in Harpers Ferry (2.96 miles) (PATC 1934:15).

16 17

The original route differs from the current route by only minor relocations and reroutes (see Early Trail

18

Reroutes below). The original route southbound began at the Pennsylvania–Maryland border at Pen Mar

19

and skirted Pen Mark Park between the Western Maryland Railroad tracks to the west and development to

20

the east. The Trail then ascended South Mountain, before it skirted the summit of Quirauk Mountain (part

21

of South Mountain) to the east. At High Rock at an elevation of 1,822 ft on Quirauk Mountain, hikers

22

could use a multi-story observation platform on a large outcropping to view the valley to the west. The

23

platform was removed in 1939, but its concrete foundation remnants and steps remain. From High Rock,

24

the A.T. continued its southward route along the mountain ridge, then descended into Raven Rock

25

Hollow. It coaligned with Raven Rock Road for a short distance in the hollow, crossed Little Antietam

26

Creek, and continued south to climb the east slope of Buzzard Knob. The A.T. crossed Warner Gap Road

27

and ascended to the ridge of South Mountain with multiple viewpoints along the ridge, including Black

28

and Annapolis rocks. After traversing Pine Knob, the Trail gently descended the knob to cross a

29

secondary road (location of present-day US Highway 40 and I-70) and railroad tracks (PATC 1934;

30

PATC 2015a; Adkins 2015:31–50).

31

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From the road crossing, the A.T. traversed Bartman Hill and traveled south to the Washington Monument

2

(referred to as Monument Knob in the 1930s), which was in disrepair and consisted of a pile of rubble by

3

the early 1930s. The CCC reconstructed the monument, and it reopened in 1936. From the monument, the

4

Trail skirted southeast, went through Dahlgren Field in Turners Gap, then crossed Foxs Gap. As it

5

climbed and traversed the ridge of South Mountain once more, the Trail afforded views from White

6

Rocks and continued south to Crampton Gap. Following the ridgeline, the A.T. climbed Weverton Cliffs

7

overlooking the Potomac River and Virginia to the south. The Trail then descended the mountain ridge

8

and cliffs and continued west along the C&O Canal towpath, as it does today. The A.T. reached the south

9

end of the Segment at the crossing on the toll road bridge and railroad bridge of the confluence of the

10

Shenandoah and Potomac rivers at Harpers Ferry (PATC 1934; PATC 2015a; Adkins 2015:31–50).

11 12

The PATC marked the original ANST Maryland Segment at the time of its construction with copper,

13

galvanized iron, and aluminum A.T. monogram markers nailed to trees, posts, and other vertical

14

materials. White-painted blazes supplemented the markers. Stone cairns were used to mark the Trail in

15

open spaces, and wood signs were used at main highway crossings. Blue blazes were used to mark side

16

trails (PATC 1934). The PATC assigned overseers to each section of the ANST Maryland Segment as it

17

was built. These Trail overseers were responsible for the general maintenance of the A.T., including

18

clipping back poison ivy, briers, weeds, and branches encroaching on the treadway. They also were

19

responsible for cutting and moving logs and branches that had fallen onto the Trail. They collected litter,

20

removed fireplaces illegally built by campers, and repainted blazes as necessary. Some sections of Tail

21

required only seasonal maintenance, but others required more frequent maintenance––sometimes two or

22

more times a month––during the spring. The PATC also hosted club work trips to conduct regular

23

maintenance along the ANST Maryland Segment, including a November 1932 trip for vegetation

24

management (PATC Jan. 1932:Vol. I, No. 1, July 1932:Vol I, No. 3, Oct. 1932:Vol. I, No. 4; Strain

25

1993:72).

26 27

Beginning in 1932, hikers along the ANST Maryland Segment relied mostly on non-A.T. overnight

28

accommodations. The PATC began planning where and how to build shelters and cabins along the

29

A.T. according to its (and later the ATC’s) standards for design and construction (see Criterion A –

30

Social History). In 1938–1941, the CCC built five shelters along the ANST Maryland Segment; three

31

of these (built in 1939–1941) are extant and are at the Pine Knob, Rocky Run, and Crampton Gap

32

OUAs. The two other shelters were the Devils Racecourse shelter (north of Raven Rock Hollow) and Section 8 page 37

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the Wolf shelter (east of MD Highway 17). In 1941, the PATC also incorporated the rentable Bear

2

Spring Cabin, which was donated to the club in 1939; it is south of White Rock and not an ANST

3

Maryland Segment NR resource. The cabin is still available for overnight use. Other overnight shelters

4

and campsites constructed in Maryland after the CCC’s and PATC’s initial efforts were placed where

5

shelters previously did not exist and to shorten the distance between preexisting shelters or to replace

6

the CCC-era shelters (Bates 1987:10–11, 14, 18–19; PATC 1931, 1934, 1938, 1941; Decker 2020;

7

PATC 2015a:51; Adkins 2015:40).

8

Early Trail Reroutes

9 10 11

As throughout the entire length of the A.T., the process of adjusting the Trail’s original route through

12

Maryland began shortly after its completion in 1932. However, unlike other state segments that required

13

substantial early rerouting of the Trail, the ANST Maryland Segment underwent minimal early rerouting,

14

and the Trail follows roughly the same route today as it did in the 1930s. Early rerouting in Maryland was

15

done primarily to improve hiking conditions and to move the Trail off motor roads and private lands

16

where owners objected to its presence. 15 Changes were also made to accommodate day hikers as well as

17

multi-day and thru-hikers who used overnight facilities. According to some trail club members, an A.T.

18

maintainer had to be “one-third trail worker, one-third organizer of other trail workers, but three-fourths

19

diplomat among landowners” (quoted in Waterman and Waterman 1989:494).

20 21

Interstate and highway construction affected the ANST Maryland Segment beginning in the late 1930s

22

with the construction of US Route 40 (Baltimore National Pike), which extended east–west through the

23

state. On the 1938 and 1941 maps of the Trail, the highway is labeled as incomplete with the A.T.

24

crossing it as it traveled between Pine Knob and Bartman Hill. On the 1938 map, the Trail’s route was

25

slightly altered where it crossed the new highway from its location on the 1933 map (PATC 1933, 1938,

26

1941). The route in the same location was altered again in 1966–1969 to accommodate the construction of

27

I-70 between Pine Knob and Bartman Hill. The reroute consisted of shifting the Trail slightly, and in

28

1972 the extant A.T. footbridge over I-70 was constructed to carry the Trail over the highway (APPO

29

2022; PATC 1966, 1969, 1973).

30 15

The early reroutes were a variation of a reroute as defined in the MPDF, i.e., portions of the A.T. moved onto protected land (Olausen et al. 2022).

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The ANST Maryland Segment’s south end, where it crosses the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers into the

2

ANST West Virginia–Virginia Segment, was rerouted several times by 1985. The first change occurred in

3

the late 1930s, when the A.T. was partially moved off the C&O Canal towpath and onto US Route 340 to

4

accommodate the Trail’s use of a toll bridge over the Potomac River into Harpers Ferry (PATC 1933,

5

1938, 1941). In 1948, the A.T. was rerouted off the toll bridge to cross the Potomac River on the

6

US Route 340 Sandy Hook Bridge in Maryland to the east. This reroute removed the Trail from Harpers

7

Ferry and moved the south end of the ANST Maryland Segment approximately 1 mile east. It also

8

shortened the Segment by approximately 1 mile where it coaligned with the C&O Canal towpath (Adkins

9

2015:16, 29–30; PATC 1938–1987). In 1979, negotiations began between the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

10

and the PATC and state and federal agencies to establish a new crossing over the river and return the Trail

11

to Harpers Ferry. In 1985, construction of the Goodloe E. Byron Memorial Footbridge (the current south

12

end of the ANST Maryland Segment) along the railroad bridge over the Potomac River between West

13

Virginia and Maryland allowed the A.T. to travel through Harpers Ferry again (ATC 2000:53; Johnson

14

2021:144–145, 463).

15 16

In 1941 and 1950 other minor reroutes were made, including altering a small piece of Trail between the

17

Washington Monument and Turners Gap from a weaving route to a more direct route and moving part of

18

the Trail off a road. A second small piece of Trail was rerouted to the west to arc closer to the Rocky Run

19

shelter to improve access (PATC 1941, 1950). The Trail remained mostly in this slightly changed route

20

configuration until the late twentieth century, when state and federal land acquisition and Trail rerouting

21

began to create a protected A.T. corridor (see Criterion A – Conservation: A.T. Protected Corridor).

22 23

Role of the Civilian Conservation Corps

24 25

The Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) Act of 1933 created the CCC, one of the first and most

26

popular New Deal relief programs designed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration to

27

combat the effects of the Great Depression (1929–1941). The CCC put unemployed young men to work

28

on conservation and recreational projects in national and state parks throughout the country. From 1933 to

29

1942, the CCC had 64 camps and completed numerous projects in Maryland state parks and forests and

30

on NPS property, including the newly established Washington Monument State Park (established 1934,

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see below) 16 (see Criterion A – Conservation and Criterion A – Social History). In the mid-1930s, the

2

CCC reconstructed the Washington Monument (originally built in 1827) under the direction of the NPS

3

and Maryland State Department of Forestry. On July 6, 1936, the monument was rededicated, and the

4

state park officially reopened.

5 6

The CCC also constructed roads, bridges, dams, ponds, campgrounds, shelters, and recreation areas,

7

planted trees, and combatted forest fires within state and federal lands. The CCC constructed three extant

8

A.T. shelters in Maryland: the Pine Knob, Rocky Run, and Crampton Gap shelters (Decker 2020; PATC

9

1938, 1941) and likely conducted trail maintenance along the ANST Maryland Segment during the late

10

1930s and early 1940s, as it did in other ANST state segments (The Living New Deal n.d.; PATC

11

2015a:50; MDDNR 2006).

12 13

CRITERION A – CONSERVATION

14 15

The ANST Maryland Segment is significant for the state-led efforts to create a protected corridor of land

16

for the Trail. In the early 1970s, after the designation of the A.T. as the first National Scenic Trail under

17

the National Trails System Act of 1968, Maryland was the second state, the first being New Jersey, to

18

enact legislation specifically directing state agencies to acquire land for the establishment of a protected

19

A.T. corridor. Through the work of state agencies and the Trail managing organization, and later

20

alongside the federal government, the ANST Maryland underwent a multi-decade acquisition process to

21

place the entire Segment on protected lands, necessitating limited Trail rerouting from its original

22

alignment along South Mountain. Notably, nearly the entire Segment is located within the South

23

Mountain State Park, which was established in 1984 for the purpose of protecting the A.T.

24

Land Conservation in Maryland Supporting the A.T.

25 26 27

The ANST Maryland Segment extends through forested and agricultural lands, where industries such as

28

whiskey distilling and ironmaking were also major elements of the economy. Beginning in the mid-

29

eighteenth century, European settlers in the valleys of the mountains clear-cut the forests to open land for

30

agriculture and grazing lands. In the late seventeenth century, nearly 90% of the land that later became the

16

The Washington Monument is listed in the National Register (NRIS No. 72000588, listed 1972).

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state of Maryland was forested; by the end of the nineteenth century, Maryland’s forests covered only

2

35% of the state. In the late eighteenth to late nineteenth centuries, charcoal produced from lumber was in

3

high demand by the iron industry, and the significant loss of forests led to depleted wildlife habitat, soil

4

erosion, and forest fires. Waterways became polluted as industries dump waster and other materials

5

(MDDNR 2006; Adkins 2015; PATC 2015a:42–52).

6 7

State Conservation along the A.T.

8 9

As part of national trends in outdoor recreation and conservation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth

10

centuries, state agencies led many Maryland’s first efforts to protect its land and resources, with a focus

11

on forests and parks. In 1906, John and Robert Garrett, brothers and philanthropists, donated

12

approximately 2,000 acres of forest-stripped land in Garrett County under the condition that the state

13

establish a forestry program. This land became the Potomac–Garrett State Forest, and the donation marks

14

the beginning of the state’s Public Land System and its Board of Forestry. The following year,

15

philanthropist John Mark Glenn donated 43 acres of land in Catonsville to the Board of Forestry for the

16

Maryland’s first state park. In 1912, the state created Patapsco State Park and Fort Frederick State Park.

17

The Maryland Roadside Tree Law was passed in 1914 to plant and protect trees along roads and public

18

rights-of-way. In 1933–1942, the CCC was active in various development and conservation projects,

19

including tree planting, on state land. By 1935, Maryland had 650 commissioned forest wardens and 64

20

CCC camps within state parks and forests (MDDNR 2006).

21 22

The ANST Maryland Segment travels through mostly state lands, particularly state parks, including

23

Washington Monument State Park and Gathland State Park along South Mountain that overlap South

24

Mountain State Park. The Trail also skirts along the southeast boundary of Greenbrier State Park. These

25

parks were established after the 1932 completion of the original ANST Maryland Segment and

26

contributed to a protected A.T. corridor, which allowed the Maryland route to remain relatively unaltered

27

from its original layout. Washington Monument State Park was established in 1934 when the state

28

acquired the monument and 1-acre parcel surrounding it from the Washington County Historical Society.

29

The society had purchased the property in 1920 when the monument was a pile of rubble. The state’s

30

acquisition created an early protected corridor around the Trail and the Washington Monument, which is

31

an important cultural element and viewpoint. The CCC reconstructed the monument to its present-day

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appearance, and the state park’s boundaries were later expanded to contain 191 acres (Strain 1993:184–

2

191; PATC 2015a:49–50; MDDNR 2006; Parish 1972).

3 4

Gathland State Park at Crampton Gap was once the estate of George Alfred Townsend, who used the pen-

5

name Gath during the Civil War. Townsend had the War Correspondents Memorial Arch constructed on

6

his property in 1896 as the first US monument dedicated to journalists killed in combat. In 1949, the state

7

acquired the estate and established the park, which encompassed the original, and encompasses the

8

present-day, A.T. route (PATC 1933–1962; MDDNR 2006; PATC 2015a:48–49; Strain 1993:91–108).

9

Greenbrier State Park was established in 1964 near where the A.T. skirts Bartman Hill, southwest of the

10

I-70 crossing. The park included small portions of the A.T. Route, further creating a protected state-

11

owned corridor for the Trail (PATC 1950–1973; Strain 1993:193).

12 13

In 1972, the state created its Department of Natural Resources (DNR) as the unifying agency responsible

14

for conservation, preservation, and management of the state’s natural resources, including the state parks

15

and forests. 17 In the mid-1970s, the DNR designated the A.T. as a Natural Environmental Area to mark its

16

early efforts to create a protected A.T. corridor. It already owned most of the land on South Mountain

17

ridge and some of the slope lands of the mountain and intended to acquire through state funding the other

18

parcels where the A.T. was routed on private land (see A.T. Protected Corridor below). The state next

19

designated the A.T. and 500 ft on either side of it as a Special Management Area, allowing the DNR to

20

oversee activities along much of the Trail in Maryland (MDDNR 2006; Strain 1993:78).

21 22

In 1984, Maryland established the linear South Mountain State Park, which extends nearly the entire

23

length of the ANST Maryland Segment. Unlike earlier established state parks in Maryland containing the

24

Trail, South Mountain State Park was established specifically to protect the “wilderness experience along

25

the Appalachian Trail” (Strain 1993:78; MDDNR 2006, n.d.). The creation of this park along the existing

26

route of the Trail allowed much of the original A.T. route to remain part of the ANST Maryland Segment,

27

unlike other ANST state segments where substantial rerouting of the Trail was needed to create a

28

protected A.T. corridor.

29 30 17

The Maryland Park Service manages the state parks, and the Maryland Forest Service manages the state forests (MDDNR n.d.)

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Federal Conservation along the A.T.

2 3

Many of the ANST state segments contain large swaths of federal lands, often a mix of national parks and

4

national forests, as part of the protected A.T. corridor. The ANST Maryland’s southern 3 miles are within

5

the C&O Canal National Historical Park and mostly coaligned with the canal’s towpath between locks 31

6

and 32. Since the A.T.’s construction, the ANST Maryland Segment has traveled along the canal’s

7

towpath, which has been a popular recreation resource. The towpath was constructed in 1828–1850 and

8

operated as a major transportation route between Washington, DC, and western Maryland until 1924,

9

when it closed. The federal government acquired the canal in 1938 and planned to create a recreation

10

area. After some work by the CCC along the canal, the project was abandoned due to flooding issues and

11

the start of World War II. In 1958, the entire towpath was cleared for hiking and a 12-mile-long bicycle

12

trail near Washington, DC. President Dwight Eisenhower designated the C&O Canal a national

13

monument in 1961, and President Richard Nixon designated it as a national historical park in 1971

14

(Mackintosh 1991; Johnson 2021:144–145). The initial federal acquisition of the canal and the

15

subsequent establishment of the national historical park officially placed the southern end of the ANST

16

Maryland Segment within federal lands and created a protected corridor for the Trail along the canal’s

17

towpath as it did since the original A.T. routing.

18 19

A.T. Protected Corridor

20 21

In 1938 and 1939, the Appalachian Trailway Agreement (ATA) between the NPS and the US Forest

22

Service (USFS) created a zone extending 1 mile on each side of the A.T. to protect it from road

23

construction and development and established a system of shelters for hikers on public land. Until the

24

mid-twentieth century, the management and protection of the A.T. was largely overseen by local and state

25

organizations, such as the PATC in the ANST Maryland Segment, in partnership with the NPS and ATC

26

(A.T. Project Office [ATPO] 1981, 1982).

27 28

After World War II, the ATC faced management challenges regarding the A.T., which prompted its

29

leadership to redouble efforts to establish greater protection of the corridor. Much of the Trail was in

30

disrepair from storm damage and neglect during the war. Some private landowners stipulated that the

31

A.T. be move off their property, which led to rerouting the A.T. in those areas. The expanding post-war

32

economy resulted in new highways, second (e.g., vacation) homes, communications towers, and land-use Section 8 page 43

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activities that encroached on lands along the Trail’s route. A.T. maintainers realized that the zone created

2

by the ATA was insufficient to ensure long-term protection of the A.T. (Olausen et al. 2022).

3 4

In 1968, under President Lyndon B. Johnson, Congress passed the National Trail Systems Act (NTSA)

5

(82 Stat. 919; 16 U.S.C. 1241), which designated the entire A.T. as the Appalachian National Scenic

6

Trail—America’s first National Scenic Trail—and placed it under the management of the NPS as a unit of

7

the National Park System. The NTSA provided the federal government with the authority to acquire

8

(primarily through purchases, but also with donations) land to establish a permanent protected route and

9

corridor for the Trail. It also authorized formal agreements between federal and non-federal entities to

10

jointly operate, develop, and maintain the Trail (Foster 1987:154; Mittlefehldt 2010:643; Olausen et al.

11

2022). In 1978, Congress passed the Appalachian Trail Amendment of the NTSA, which provided

12

$90 million for the permanent protection of the A.T. and authorized the NPS to “engage in the protection

13

and acquisition” of land associated with and surrounding the Trail (Foster 1987:154; Olausen et al. 2022).

14 15

In the early 1970s, Maryland became the second state (New Jersey was the first) to pass legislation

16

specific to A.T. protection (see State Conservation Along the A.T. above). Congressman Goodloe Byron,

17

for whom the footbridge at the south end of the segment is named, was the primary supporter of the

18

legislation signed into law by Governor Marvin Mandell. It directed the state to acquire land (including

19

privately owned parcels) specifically to create a protected corridor for the A.T. Acquisition was overseen

20

by the PATC, including Ruth Blackburn (see biographical information below), in collaboration with the

21

state’s Department of Forest and Parks (Johnson 2021:376–377; Adkins 2015:46–48). By the mid-1970s,

22

land acquisition became more difficult because of “a patchwork of land ownership” in some areas along

23

South Mountain. Wood lots in these areas were owned by several hundred individuals; some of the land

24

was owned by the City of Hagerstown as its watershed; and some of parcels on the mountain were owned

25

by the state and federal governments (Strain 1993:81).

26 27

In 1973–1981, some rerouting of the ANST Maryland Segment was done to move the Trail off roads and

28

onto forested and protected lands. One change was moving the Trail between the Pennsylvania–Maryland

29

border and High Rock where hikers traversed boulder fields off the road between Pen Mar and High Rock

30

and onto its present-day corridor. The Dahlgren Backpacker Campground was established at Turners Gap

31

and, in 1973–1981, the Trail along Weverton Cliffs was relocated onto a more sustainable route of

32

switchbacks along the steep slope (PATC 1973–1981; Adkins 2015:46–48; Strain 1993:81; Johnson Section 8 page 44

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2021:376–377). In 1984, the state established South Mountain State Park from lands it owned along the

2

ridge and slopes of the mountain. The state park followed the approximately 40-mile-long route of the

3

Segment from the Pennsylvania–Maryland border to the Potomac River and NPS’s C&O Canal National

4

Historical Park (Strain 1993:78; MDDNR 2006, n.d.).

5 6

By 1993, approximately 20% of the land adjacent to the Trail within the ANST Maryland Segment was

7

still privately owned in parcels of a few acres each (Strain 1993:75). Establishing the remaining A.T.

8

corridor required a multi-decade process of various proposed and rejected plans of land acquisition and

9

Trail rerouting by the PATC and state and federal governments. In 1989, the State of Maryland issued a

10

draft A.T. land acquisition and relocation plan, with a final plan issued in 1991 that focused on the

11

outstanding land acquisitions and Trail reroutes along the ridge of South Mountain and to create a safer

12

crossing of the Trail at State Route 77 in Smithburg (between Raven Rock Hollow and Wolfsville Road).

13

Partially due to local opposition of the proposed rerouting, the state abandoned the plan with no proposed

14

alternative (Riechmann 1991; Meyer 1992).

15 16

By 1991, 31.6 miles of the 37.6-mile-long ANST Maryland Segment was on public lands, including four

17

state parks and one national park. The outstanding 6 miles contained over 160 small privately owned

18

parcels. Acquiring these parcels required the assistance of the federal government, under the A.T. Land

19

Acquisition Office, and the PATC’s Ruth Blackburn (Johnson 2021:440–442). Through a memorandum

20

of understanding (MOU), the State of Maryland and the NPS allocated $7 million to acquire the

21

remaining 6 miles of A.T. corridor along South Mountain (Riechmann 1991; Meyer 1992). By 1997, the

22

ANST Maryland Segment contained only 36 parcels of private land, and 12 of those parcels were in the

23

process of being acquired through federal eminent domain that year (Price 1997). In 1998, the NPS

24

announced its planned acquisition of an additional 42 acres along South Mountain’s ridge once owned by

25

Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence (News & Record 1998).

26 27

Minor Trail rerouting continued through the 1990s and into the early 2000s to fully place the ANST

28

Maryland Segment onto protected lands. In 1992–1995, the Trail between the Washington Monument and

29

Turners Gap was rerouted off a road and to its current alignment (PATC 1992, 1995). In 1998–2002, the

30

Trail between Raven Rock and Raven Rock Hollow was rerouted more directly over the ridge and away

31

from a secondary road. This reroute altered where the Trail crossed Raven Rock Road and Little Antietam

32

Creek, rejoining the earlier Trail route as it climbed Buzzard Knob to the south. The Hemlock Hill shelter Section 8 page 45

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was replaced by the Cowall shelter on the northeast side of Wolfsville Road, and the Ed Garvey shelter

2

was constructed along the ridge of South Mountain in 2000–2001 (PATC 1998, 2002; PATC 2015a:96).

3 4

In 2002–2006, the Trail between Warner Gap Road and Wolfsville Road was rerouted onto a mix of state

5

and federal lands and federally protected lands, including agricultural land managed through a special use

6

permit (PATC 2002, 2006, 2009; APPO 2022). This reroute was the last major piece of the Trail within

7

the ANST Maryland Segment that remained outside the protected corridor. In 2006, the Segment was

8

entirely within a protected corridor, except for small road crossings and coalignments that are within the

9

corridor and unavoidable (PATC 2006, 2009; APPO 2022).

10 11

Land transfers and acquisitions have continued since 2006, as is common along the entire A.T. In

12

Maryland, these acquisitions are under the authority of the DNR’s Open Space Program. Most have been

13

small parcels and in places where the corridor was excessively narrow or where landowners with parcels

14

contiguous to the corridor have sold or donated their land for the Trail. Relocations continue within the

15

A.T. protected corridor to respond to land use changes and land control measures often related to erosion,

16

fire damage, flood damage, and plant and wildlife management. In 2013–2022, the Trail between Foxville

17

Road and the Cowall shelter was rerouted to the current alignment ( PATC 2015a:51–52; PATC 1987–

18

2015; APPO 2022).

19 20

Management of the ANST Maryland Segment

21 22

Since 1984, when the US Department of the Interior formally delegated the daily responsibilities of

23

maintaining, managing, and monitoring the A.T. and its protected corridor; federal, state, and

24

private/public partner organizations have cooperatively managed the ANST Maryland Segment (APPO

25

2002). Currently, a MOU between the NPS; Maryland’s DNR, State Police, and Department of

26

Transportation; Washington County; and the ATC and the PATC determines management of the Segment

27

(APPO 2002). Through the MOU, the various signatories agree to work cooperatively to protect and

28

manage the A.T., and it stipulates their roles and responsibilities. The DNR is designated as the lead

29

agency in the state for the Trail within the State’s jurisdiction. The PATC has the responsibilities of

30

developing, operating, monitoring, and maintaining the Trail and its corresponding Trail corridor lands.

31

The other state agencies involved with the A.T. provide protection and management of the lands

32

containing the Segment in coordination with other managing parties (APPO 2002; PATC 2015a:36–37).

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CRITERION A – SOCIAL HISTORY

3 4

The ANST Maryland Segment is significant for its association with the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club

5

(PATC). In addition to the PATC, the Maryland Appalachian Trail Club of Hagerstown (MATC) and

6

Mountain Club of Maryland (MCM) were established in the state as a result of the ANST Maryland

7

Segment’s development and under the direction or through the influence of the PATC. These clubs

8

contributed to the reroutes/relocations and maintenance of the Trail and the development of organized

9

outdoor recreation in the state. The PATC remains the maintaining club of the ANST Maryland Segment

10

(see Criterion A – Entertainment/Recreation and Criterion A – Conservation). Brief histories of the

11

three clubs and significant individuals from them are discussed below.

12

Potomac Appalachian Trail Club (PATC)

13 14 15

At the urging of ATC Chair Judge Arthur Perkins, the PATC was founded in 1927 in Washington, DC, to

16

build the A.T. along the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains from the Pennsylvania border to the south end

17

of Shenandoah National Park (established 1926) in Virginia. Myron H. Avery, who was eager to initiate

18

A.T. construction in the southern Mid-Atlantic states, Perkins, J. Frank Schairer, and a few others

19

organized the PATC, and Avery was elected its first president. 18 The club focused much of its early

20

efforts on building the ANST West Virginia and Virginia Segment; in 1928, it hosted the ATC conference

21

in Washington, DC, solidifying its role as a leading trail club in the South and as a developer of the A.T.

22

(ATC 2000:8; Niedzialek 2013; PATC n.d.a; Olausen et al. 2022; Johnson 2017:55; PATC 2015a:36–

23

38).

24 25

Lacking the history of trail building and active hiking of trail club members in the Northeast, PATC

26

leaders learned by experimenting and applying time-tested techniques for building trail, making effective

27

blazes, and conducting seasonal maintenance, often with inexperienced work crews. In 1929, the PATC

28

published a manual on standards of trail construction and maintenance based on those of the New

29

England Trail Conference (NETC) and the American Mountain Club (AMC) and adapted to their

30

experience in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Avery reissued this document as the ATC’s trail manual, ATC 18

See ANST West Virginia/Virginia NR Nomination for biographical information about Avery.

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Publication No. 1, in 1931 and it became the leading source of information for establishing a protocol for

2

Trail building and maintenance (PATC 1931; PATC n.d.a; Olausen et al. 2022; Bates 1987:24; PATC

3

2015a:36–38; Andrade et al. 2019).

4 5

Many in the A.T. community lauded the PATC’s efficient trail building, and the club was one of the

6

largest and most productive trail clubs involved with the A.T. (Bates 1987:20; Johnson 2017:73). In

7

1928–1932, the PATC organized large work crews and constructed approximately 260 miles of the A.T.

8

from the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, to Rockfish Gap in Shenandoah National Park (SNP) in

9

Virginia (Niedzialek 2013; PATC n.d.a; Olausen et al. 2022). During the first year, club members learned

10

that the Trail had to be continuously maintained to avoid successional vegetation growth. The forest in the

11

Mid-Atlantic region grew particularly fast, and the PATC formed an overseer system for Trail

12

maintenance, with Walter Jex as the first official Trail overseer, and he was responsible for the 18-mile

13

portion of Trail from Harpers Ferry to Bluemont, Virginia. Trail overseers were assigned to sections of

14

the ANST Maryland Segment as they were constructed in 1931–1932. After the ANST Maryland

15

Segment was complete in 1932, the PATC’s focus shifted to shelter building and minor rerouting of the

16

Trail (Johnson 2017:72; PATC 2015a:114; Andrade et al. 2019).

17 18

In 1931, the PATC had 272 members (159 men and 113 women). Women were instrumental in the work

19

trips along the A.T. and contributed greatly to the club and the overall A.T. construction and maintenance

20

and often made up at least half of the participants in club activities. Kathryn Fulkerson, who worked for

21

the Justice Department, served as the PATC’s general secretary from 1936 to 1942. Fulkerson and Marian

22

Lapp served as the first Trail overseers for the southern section of the ANST Maryland Segment between

23

Crampton Gap and Weverton Cliff. They later donated their Trailside house, known as Highacre, in

24

Harpers Ferry to the PATC (Loose 2020:20–24; 33).

25 26

The club organized many hikes before World War II; from 1946 to 1948, it held 20 hikes that spanned the

27

entire length of the PATC’s portion of the A.T. and pieces of the A.T. in the Northeast (Niedzialek 2013;

28

PATC 2015a:36–38). The PATC was also instrumental in the land acquisition efforts across their

29

managed portions of the A.T. and worked directly with the federal government on the project. As of 2015,

30

the PATC (headquartered in Vienna, Virginia, near Washington, DC) had more than 7,200 members,

31

making it the third largest Trail club that maintains the A.T.; the two largest are the Appalachian

32

Mountain Club in New England and the Green Mountain Club in Vermont. The PATC is responsible for Section 8 page 48

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maintaining 240 miles of the A.T. (in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia, including all

2

of the A.T. in SNP) and over 900 miles of non-A.T. trails. The club also operates a mountaineering

3

section, ski touring section, Shenandoah Mountain rescue group, and a trail patrol ( PATC 2015a:36–38;

4

PATC n.d.a; Andrade et al. 2019).

5 6

John Frank Schairer

7 8

Frank Schairer (1904–1970) was instrumental in the development of the ANST Maryland Segment and

9

the PATC. He was born in Rochester, New York, and was a Yale University-educated chemist who

10

earning his Ph.D. in 1928. He went on to be a leader in experimental mineralogy and petrology. After

11

moving to Washington, DC, in the 1920s, he joined the Wildflower Preservation Society (WPS), but

12

became dissatisfied with the club’s activities. He was part of the first meeting, and co-founder, of the

13

PATC in 1927 and served as its first treasurer and supervisor of trails. Schairer was also secretary of the

14

Maine Appalachian Trail Club and a member of the ATC’s Board of Managers (Sutherland 2012; Yoder

15

Jr. 1995:288–315).

16 17

Schairer played an important role in scouting, building, and maintaining of the A.T. in the Mid-Atlantic

18

and Southern regions and in Maine. Under his leadership, the PATC constructed and blazed

19

approximately 260 miles of the A.T., including the ANST Maryland Segment, in 1928–1932. In 1933, he

20

led efforts to build and blaze the A.T. along Mount Katahdin and in the 100-Mile Wilderness in the

21

ANST Maine Segment. Schairer’s contributions to the A.T. and PATC have been honored through the

22

naming of a PATC Trail Center Cabin in Elkton, Virginia, and a posthumous induction into the A.T. Hall

23

of Fame in 2012 (Sutherland 2012; Yoder Jr. 1995:288–315).

24 25

Ruth E. Blackburn

26 27

Ruth E. Blackburn (1908–2004) was a notable figure in the ATC and PATC and was crucial to their

28

collaborative Trail rerouting efforts in the late twentieth century, especially within Maryland. She joined

29

the PATC in the 1940s with her husband, Fred Blackburn. Both held offices in the ATC and PATC and

30

were recognized for their contributions at the local and national levels. In the 1970s, Ruth ran Trail

31

protection efforts in Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia and often led NPS survey teams. She

32

frequently conducted research in these three states for land and tax records and worked with landowners Section 8 page 49

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through whose land the A.T. traveled. Ruth became the chair of the ATC in 1981 and served for three

2

years. In 1981 and 1982, she testified before a Congressional committee to continue the Trail’s relocation

3

onto protected lands. In 1983, she was awarded the Conservation Service Award from the US Department

4

of the Interior for her work on the A.T. in the Mid-Atlantic region. Her hard work and success contributed

5

to the NPS’s decision to grant the ATC primary management of the A.T. in 1984. After her term as chair,

6

she served on ATC committees and as the primary overseer of the Bear’s Den Hostel in Virginia. Fred

7

Blackburn died in 1990 at age 88, and Ruth moved to Arizona to live with one of her sons. The PATC’s

8

Blackburn Trail Center OUA (a contributing resource to the ANST West Virginia–Virginia Segment) in

9

Round Hill, Virginia, was dedicated to her and Fred’s service to the PATC and A.T. (ATC 2000:35;

10

Brunton n.d.; Loose 2020:72–105).

11 12

Collaboration with the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC)

13 14

The ATC worked closely with the PATC in Trail building and maintenance in the mid-twentieth century,

15

largely due to Avery’s involvement in both groups for over 20 years and because the ATC’s Virginia

16

headquarters has been a major hub of A.T. activities since the 1930s. While Avery was its president, the

17

PATC hosted the annual ATC conferences several times at Skyland Resort in SNP (Johnson 2017:63;

18

Olausen et al. 2022; Adkins 2009:7). The ATC was the overarching organization for all the Trail clubs

19

and was the leader of partnerships between the NPS, USFS, and other entities. Even after Avery’s death

20

in 1952, the ATC worked closely with the PATC. The ATC’s headquarters are in Harpers Ferry, West

21

Virginia, and the NPS Appalachian Trail Park Office (ATPO) moved from Boston to Harpers Ferry in

22

1974 to be closer to the ATC headquarters. Its land-acquisition headquarters was established in

23

Martinsburg, West Virginia, by 1978 (ATC 2000:31–35; Olausen et al. 2022; Adkins 2015:18–22).

24 25

Maryland Appalachian Trail Club of Hagerstown

26 27

In April 1934, as a high school senior, Herbert Robertson, established the Maryland Appalachian Trail

28

Club of Hagerstown (MATC) after he learned about the A.T. from the PATC. Initial club membership

29

consisted of 28 people, and they conducted the first club hike soon after forming. Avery was instrumental

30

in establishing the MATC, and the club joined the PATC in its Trail building and maintaining activities

31

along the ANST Maryland and Pennsylvania segments in the 1930s (MCM n.d.; Strain 1993:74;Beck

32

1937). In 1984, revisions were made to the formal NPS-ATC Volunteers-in-the-Parks Agreement to Section 8 page 50

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include the MATC of Hagerstown as an ATC member club. At that time, the MATC maintained an

2

11.58-mile-long section of the ANST Maryland Segment under the direction of the PATC (NPS and ATC

3

1984). By 1993, the MATC maintained the 5.4-mile-long portion of Section 3 of the ANST Maryland

4

Segment between Wolfsville Road and Black Rock. The club never exceeded 200 members and thus was

5

small compared to other A.T. clubs such as the PATC and the Mountain Club of Maryland (MCM)

6

(Strain 1993:74). At some time in the 1990s to 2022, the club appears to either been integrated into the

7

PATC or disbanded.

8 9

Mountain Club of Maryland

10 11

The idea of creating a Maryland A.T. club began in the 1930s, when hiking enthusiasts and PATC

12

members from Baltimore decided they would rather conduct hikes in their local area instead of

13

commuting to Washington, DC. Preliminary meetings to create the club occurred in the summer of 1934,

14

and Orville Crowder (see below) led a hike on October 20, 1934, with a group of 27 men and women

15

along the A.T. route from Crampton Gap, in present-day Gathland State Park, to Weverton Cliffs. In

16

December 1934, Crowder led a meeting at the Enoch Pratt Library in Baltimore to establish the club and

17

draft its bylaws and served as the its first president. The MCM was an affiliated club of the PATC;

18

members of each received the benefits of both (PATC 1936:21).

19 20

In 1935, the MCM was officially recognized as an A.T. trail clubs and has maintained portions of the

21

ANST Maryland and Pennsylvania segments since then. It first maintained the portion of the ANST

22

Pennsylvania Segment between Pine Grove Furnace and the Susquehanna River to the north. It has

23

maintained the northernmost 10 miles (Sections 1 and 2) of the ANST Maryland Segment (where the

24

Trail travels through Pen Mar Park from the Pennsylvania–Maryland border to Wolfsville Road) and 32

25

miles of Trail in the ANST Pennsylvania Segment in two sections, including its original portion of Trail.

26

The MCM schedules regular work trips for its volunteer Trail crews and club members, who often

27

perform general trail maintenance to improve or repair the treadway and repair or rebuild OUAs ( PATC

28

2015a:63–69; MCM 2022).

29 30

The club conducts an annual “Anniversary Hike” along the route of the first hike between Crampton Gap

31

and Weverton Cliffs. Every two years, the club has hosted a southbound marathon hike of the ANST

32

Maryland Segment. As of 2009, membership of the MCM exceeded 800 people, and the club remains an Section 8 page 51

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active A.T. maintaining club, with Trail assignments along the southern portion of the ANST

2

Pennsylvania Segment (Strain 1993:74–75; Wiley 2019; MCM 2022).

3 4

Orville Crowder

5 6

Orville Wright Crowder (1904–1974), served as the MCM’s first president and was important to the early

7

development of the ANST Maryland Segment. He was born in Baltimore, and resided in both Baltimore,

8

and Harpers Ferry, in his later years of life. He attended City College in Baltimore. In 1933–1974, he was

9

a historian and guide for the C&O Canal Association and founded the MCM, World Nature Tours, and

10

World Nature Association. He served as the MCM’s president until 1938.

11 12

Crowder traveled extensively throughout the world and hiked to the highest elevation in each state within

13

the continental United States (The Evening Sun 1974; Williams 2009). He learned about the A.T. from a

14

friend about 1933. He joined the PATC and the ATC and worked on A.T. scouting and building trips.

15

Avery assigned him as a trail work leader for portions of the A.T. construction in 1933 and 1934. In 1937,

16

he became the third person to hike the entire length of the Trail (The Evening Sun 1974; Williams 2009).

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______________________________________________________________________________ 9. Major Bibliographical References Adkins, Leonard M. 2009 Images of America – Along Virginia’s Appalachian Trail. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC. 2015

Images of America - Along the Appalachian Trail: West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.

Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, SC.

Anderson, Larry 2002 Benton MacKaye: Conservationist, Planner, and Creator of the Appalachian Trail. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Andrade, Melissa J., Steve Olausen, Virginia H. Adams, Michelle Johnstone, Gretchen M. Pineo 2019 Draft National Register Nomination, West Virginia/Virginia Appalachian National Scenic Trail Segment. On file, The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc., Pawtucket, RI. 2022

Draft National Register Nomination, Pennsylvania Appalachian National Scenic Trail Segment.

On file, The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc., Pawtucket, RI.

Appalachian Mountain Club (AMC) 1920- Appalachia. Multiple Volumes. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, MA. 1942 Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC) 1931 Appalachian Trail Conference, Publication No. 1. Appalachian Trail Conference, Harpers Ferry, WV. 1934

The Appalachian Trail, Publication No. 5. Second Edition. Appalachian Trail Conference, Harpers Ferry, WV.

1939– Appalachian Trailway News. Appalachian Trail Conference, Washington, D.C. On file, 1985 Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 1964

The Appalachian Trail, Publication No. 5. Seventh Edition. Appalachian Trail Conference, Washington, DC.

2000

Trail Years: A History of the Appalachian Trail Conference. Special Issue of Appalachian Trailway News. Appalachian Trail Conference, Harpers Ferry, WV.

Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) n.d.

Appalachian Trail Communities, Electronic resource, http://www.appalachiantrail.org/home/conservation/a-t-community-program, accessed April 2022.

1986 Appalachian Trailway News. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Washington, D.C. –present Sections 9-end page 53

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Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment

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County and State

Appalachian Trail Park Office (APPO) 2002 Memorandum of Understanding for the Appalachian National Scenic Trail in the State of Maryland. Electronic document, https://www.patc.net/PATC/Library/Club-Documents.aspx, accessed June 2022.

2022

GIS Data of the Appalachian Trail – Maryland. On file, APPO, Harpers Ferry, WV.

Appalachian Trail Project Office (ATPO) 1981 Comprehensive Plan for the Acquisition, Management, Development and Use of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. Prepared for the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Harpers Ferry, WV. 1982

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Case Study Final Report. Prepared for the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Harpers Ferry, WV.

Appalachian Trail Project Office (ATPO) 1981 Comprehensive Plan for the Acquisition, Management, Development and Use of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. Prepared for the US the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Harpers Ferry, WV. 1982

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Case Study Final Report. Prepared for the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Harpers Ferry, WV.

Avery, Myron H. 1930 Report of the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club to the Fourth Annual Trail Conference Held at Skyland, VA. – May. On file, Potomac Appalachian Club, Vienna, VA. Bates, David 1987 Breaking Trail in the Central Appalachians – a Narrative. PATC, Washington D.C. Beck, Ben 1937 Ten Days on the Appalachian Trail from Harper’s Ferry to Skyland. Maryland Appalachian Trail Club, Hagerstown, MD. Bolgiano, Chris 1998 The Appalachian Forest. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA. Brinkley, Douglas 2016 Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America. Harper Perennial, New York, NY. Brunton, Chris n.d.

History of the Blackburn Trail Center. PATC. Electronic resource, http://www.patc.net/PATC/Library/PATC_-_History/Blackburn_Trail_Center.aspx, accessed June 2022.

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Cooper, Sarah L. and A. Eleanor Sewell (Editors) 1984 MCM First Person, 1934–1984. Mountain Club of Maryland, West Friendship, MD. Decker, Sarah 2020 The Appalachian Trail: Backcountry Shelters, Lean-Tos, and Huts. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. The Evening Sun 1974 Obituary for Orville W. Crowder, Naturalist, At Age 70. 9 August. Baltimore, MD. www.newspapers.com, accessed June 2022.

Foster, Charles H. W. 1987 The Appalachian National Scenic Trail: A Time to be Bold. Appalachian Trail Conference, Harpers Ferry, WV. Gross, Wayne E., ed.

2009 Guide to the Appalachian Trail in Pennsylvania. Eleventh Edition. Keystone Trails Association, Harrisburg, PA. Johnson, Thomas R. 2017 History of the Appalachian Trail – Unpublished Manuscript. On file, Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Vienna, VA. 2021

From Dream to Reality: History of the Appalachian Trail. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV.

The Living New Deal n.d.

CCC and WPA in Maryland. Electronic resource, https://livingnewdeal.org/, accessed April 2022.

Loose, Gwenyth L. 2020 We Were There Too: Pioneering Appalachian Trail Women. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. MacKaye, Benton 1921 An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning. Journal of the American Institute of Architects 9:325–330.

Mackintosh, Barry 1991 C&O Canal: The Making of a Park. US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC. Electronic document, https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/parkhistories.htm#c, accessed August 2022.

Maryland Department of Natural Resources (MDDNR) n.d.

Maryland State Park History. Electronic resource, https://dnr.maryland.gov/publiclands/Pages/history.aspx#:~:text=The%20Maryland%20Park%20 Service%20operates,the%20Maryland%20Board%20of%20Forestry, accessed June 2022.

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2006

Celebrating our Past, Creating our Future – Celebrating the Centennial of Forestry and Parks in Maryland, 1906–2006. Electronic resource, https://dnr.maryland.gov/centennial/Pages/Celebrating-100-Years.aspx, accessed August 2022.

2022

South Mountain State Park. https://dnr.maryland.gov/publiclands/pages/western/southmountain.aspxm accessed July 2022.

Meyer, Eugene L. 1992 No Easy Path Through MD. Washington Post. 30 March. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1992/03/30/no-easy-path-through-md/, accessed June 2022.

Mittlefehldt, Sarah 2008 The Tangled Roots of the Appalachian Trail: A Social and Environmental History. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 2010

The People's Path: Conflict and Cooperation in the Acquisition of the Appalachian Trail.

Environmental History, Vol. 15, No. 4, October, pp. 643-669.

Mountain Club of Maryland (MCM) n.d.

History. Electronic resource, https://www.mcomd.org/about/history/, accessed July 2022.

2022

Who Maintains the Appalachian Trail? Electronic resource, https://www.mcomd.org/getinvolved/at-maintenance/, accessed June 2022.

National Park Service and Appalachian Trail Conference (NPS and ATC) 1984 Amendment to the NPS-ATC Volunteers-in-the-Parks Agreement. On file, PATC, Vienna, VA. News & Record 1998 Park Service Plans to Add Land to Appalachian Trail. 21 July. https://greensboro.com/parkservice-plans-to-add-land-to-appalachian-trail/, accessed July 2022.

Niedzialek, Carol 2013 A Short History of the PATC. Electronic document, http://www.patc.net/PublicView/About_PATC/History/PATC_History/Short_PATC_History/Pub licView/Custom/Fee_Events/More_about_PAT/PATC_History_files/Short_History.aspx, accessed March 2022.

Olausen, Stephen A., Virginia H. Adams, Jenny Fields Scofield, Quinn Stuart, and Kathleen M. Miller 2022 National Register Nomination, Multiple Property Documentation Form - Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. On file, The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Pawtucket, RI. Outerbridge, George W. 1939 ‘Maine to Georgia’ – All the Way. Appalachia, Vol. V No. 12, December, pp. 447–455.

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Parish, Mrs. Preston 1972 Washington Monument National Register Nomination, NRIS No. 72000588. Electronic file, https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/fdf800f1-6c5c-45e9-953b-4551c7fd31fc/, accessed May 2022.

Potomac Appalachian Trail Club (PATC) n.d.a About the PATC. Electronic document, http://www.patc.net/, accessed June 2022. n.d.b

PATC Shelters: A History. Unpublished manuscript. Copy on file at The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc., Pawtucket, RI.

Var.

Potomac Appalachian Trail Club Bulletin. On file, PATC, Vienna, VA.

1929

Trail Construction and Maintenance with Special Reference to the Appalachian Trail. Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Washington, DC.

1931

Guide to Paths in the Blue Ridge. First Edition. Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Washington, DC.

1934

Guide to Paths in the Blue Ridge. Second Edition. Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Washington, DC.

1942

We had Some Marvelous Times in the Old Days. Electronic document, http://www.patc.net/PublicView/Custom/More_about_PAT/JF_Schairer_Interview.aspx, accessed May 2022.

1933–2013 Maps of the Maryland Appalachian Trail. On file, PATC Archives, Vienna, VA. 2015a Appalachian Trail Guide: Maryland and Northern Virginia. Eighteenth Edition. PATC, Vienna, VA. 2015b Appalachian Trail Guide: Maryland and Northern Virginia Maps. Eighteenth Edition. PATC, Vienna, VA. Price, Debbie M. 1997 Landowners Losing to Appalachian Trail Acquisition. Baltimore Sun. 29 January. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-01-29-1997029103-story.html, accessed June 2022.

Riechmann, Deb 1991 MD. Seeking Right Mix for Appalachian Trail. Washington Post. 29 December. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/12/29/md-seeking-right-mix-forappalachian-trail/, accessed June 2022.

Scherer, Glenn and Don Hopey 2013 Exploring the Appalachian Trail: Hikes in the Mid-Atlantic States, 2nd Ed. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.

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County and State

Strain, Paula M. 1993 The Blue Hills of Maryland: History Along the Appalachian Trail on South Mountain and the Catoctins. Potomac Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Vienna, VA.

Strain, Paula M. and Carol Niedzialek 2000 PATC’s Trails and Property, 1927–1999. Unpublished document. On file, Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Vienna, VA. Sutherland, Robert 2012 Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame Inductees for 2012. Electronic resource, https://appalachiantrail.com/trail-mix/appalachian-trail-hall-of-fame-inductees-for-2012/, accessed June 2022.

US Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1940 National Forests in the Southern Appalachians. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. US Forest Service (USFS) 2011 Weeks Act Centennial 2011. Electronic resource, http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/weeks-act.html, accessed April 2022.

Waterman, Laura, and Guy Waterman 1989 Forest and Crag. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, MA. Wiley, Linda 2019 Mountain Club of Maryland: Working Hard at Having Fun! Maryland Natural Resource Magazine. Vol. 22, No. 1, Winter Issue.

Williams, Patty 2009 Thank You, MCM: In Celebration of our 75th Anniversary. Mountain Club of Maryland, West Friendship, MD. Yoder Jr., H. S. 1995 J. Frank Schairer, 1904–1970. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – Biographical Memoirs. Volume 66. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Electronically accessible, https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4961/chapter/16, accessed June 2022.

___________________________________________________________________________ Previous documentation on file (NPS): ____ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested Sections 9-end page 58

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County and State

____ previously listed in the National Register ____ previously determined eligible by the National Register ____ designated a National Historic Landmark ____ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #____________ ____ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # __________ ____ recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # ___________ Primary location of additional data: _____ State Historic Preservation Office __X__ Other State agency __X__ Federal agency ____ Local government ____ University __X__ Other Name of repository: Appalachian Mountain Club, Bretton Woods, NH; Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Vienna, VA Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): N/A ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property 4,337 acres Use either the UTM system or latitude/longitude coordinates Latitude/Longitude Coordinates (decimal degrees) Datum if other than WGS84:__________ (enter coordinates to 6 decimal places) A. Latitude: 39.719498 Longitude: -77.507681 B. Latitude: 39.690119

Longitude: -77.529191

C. Latitude: 39.692306

Longitude: -77.518693

D. Latitude: 39.652796

Longitude: -77.544618

E. Latitude: 39.642691

Longitude: -77.536388

F. Latitude: 39.630418

Longitude: -77.541467

G. Latitude: 39.635005

Longitude: -77.552339 Sections 9-end page 59

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H. Latitude: 39.627477

Longitude: -77.569004

I. Latitude: 39.572553

Longitude: -77.588515

J. Latitude: 39.573682

Longitude: -77.598098

K. Latitude: 39.563921

Longitude: -77.596548

L. Latitude: 39.553678

Longitude: -77.590122

M. Latitude: 39.533676

Longitude: -77.614900

N. Latitude: 39.497821

Longitude: -77.624588

O. Latitude: 39.487819

Longitude: -77.611755

P. Latitude: 39.470453

Longitude: -77.617233

Q. Latitude: 39.463051

Longitude: -77.630716

R. Latitude: 39.447636

Longitude: -77.621328

S. Latitude: 39.447851

Longitude: -77.636124

T. Latitude: 39.404033

Longitude: -77.637872

U. Latitude: 39.332425

Longitude: -77.675005

V. Latitude: 39.331688

Longitude: -77.687169

W.Latitude: 39.327917

Longitude: -77.680891

X. Latitude: 39.323427

Longitude: -77.692209

Y. Latitude: 39.323971

Longitude: -77.728444

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ANST Maryland Segment Coordinate Map.

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Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.)

The ANST Maryland Segment is a roughly linear feature with side trails through the Appalachian Mountains in Maryland for approximately 41 miles. The route, boundary, and landownership categories of the ANST Maryland Segment are shown on the accompanying Map Sheets 1–8 at a scale of 1 inch to 2,000 feet. These electronic GIS-based maps can be adjusted to a scale of 1 inch to 200 feet.

The National Register boundary of the ANST Maryland Segment is a maximum of 500 feet on either side of the centerline of the A.T. treadway, and its official connected side trails, for a total maximum width of 1,000 feet, in the state of Maryland with end points at the Pennsylvania-Maryland state line (north) and the Maryland-West Virginia state line (south). The maximum boundary applies in areas where the A.T. runs through publicly (state) owned parks and forests, as well as lands that are federally owned and managed as “A.T. lands.” The width of the boundary is less than 1,000 feet in areas where the Trail, or a side trail, goes through lands that are not publicly owned or managed. The minimum boundary width is 4 feet, the standard width of the A.T. treadway and prism where the A.T. passes through privately owned land not under NPS easement. The boundary is drawn to exclude any private land, not under easement, that partially falls within the potential maximum 500-foot corridor. Throughout its length, the A.T. boundary conforms to landownership categories, as follows (section numbers, names, and mileage are consistent with PATC 2015a): MD Section #1 PA–MD State Line to MD 491, 5.9 miles • Begins at the PA–MD state line and the Mason-Dixon Line, travels generally southwest through a corridor of mostly state land and federally protected land, extending through Pen Mar Park, then through a corridor of federally protected lands to MD 491 (Raven Rock Road); MD Section #2 MD 491 to MD 17, 4.1 miles • Travels southwest through a federally protected corridor in forested terrain, turns west, traversing agricultural fields, and through forests in a mix of federally protected and federal lands, and proceeds to MD17 (Wolfsville Road); MD Section #3 MD 17 to I-70, 8.6 miles • Continues west/southwest along the forested ridge of South Mountain through a corridor of state and federal land to the east side of Interstate 70; MD Section #4 I-70 to US 40 Alt (Turners Gap), 4.9 miles • Travels across I-70 on an A.T. footbridge within state protected land, travels southwest through a forested corridor of mostly state land, crosses through Washington Monument State Park, and crosses US 40 Alt in Turners Gap; MD Section #5 US 40 Alt (Turners Gap) to Gathland Road (Crampton Gap), 7.4 miles • Continues south through forested state and federal lands along South Mountain’s ridge, reaches Gathland Road in Crampton Gap at the Gathland State Park;

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MD Section #6 Gathland Road (Crampton Gap) to Weverton Road, 6.7 miles • Continues generally southwest along the forested ridge through Gathland State Park and through state and federal lands, then travels along switchback to the west along Weverton Cliffs to a residential area; MD Section #7 Weverton Road to Harpers Ferry, WV, 3.3 miles • Continues generally west in a developed area, crosses US 340 and active railroad tracks, and enters the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park and travels west toward Harpers Ferry along the Potomac River to the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers, crossing the river on the Goodloe Byron Memorial Footbridge, where the Trail, where the Trail reaches the MD–WV state line.

Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.)

The National Register boundary of the ANST Maryland Segment conforms to the boundary of the A.T. as defined in the Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail MPDF (Olausen et al. 2022).

This corridor embodies established A.T. standards for both a simple footpath design and a natural and scenic setting within lands that are federally owned and managed as “A.T. lands.” The maximum width of the boundary on all public lands, including A.T. lands, is 500 feet on either side of the centerline of the Trail, for a total width of 1,000 feet. In cases where the property line of a parcel of public land is less than 500 feet from Trail treadway, the boundary conforms to the limit of the publicly owned parcel. When the Trail goes through privately owned lands or is collocated on publicly owned rights of way such as bridges, sidewalks, roads, or other paths that were constructed for purposes other than recreational hiking, the boundary is 4 feet wide (2 feet on either side of the centerline), the standard width of the A.T. treadway and prism as further defined below. The 4-foot-wide boundary also applies to portions of A.T. Side Trails that extend beyond the 1,000-foot (500 feet on either side) boundary of the main Trail.

______________________________________________________________________________ 11. Form Prepared By name/title: _Melissa J. Andrade, Architectural Historian; Jill Chin, Associate Architectural Historian; Stephen Olausen, Executive Director/Senior Architectural Historian organization: __The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc. (PAL)________________ street & number: __26 Main Street________________________________________ city or town: Pawtucket________ state: _RI____ zip code:_02860____ e-mail_solausen@palinc.com___ telephone:_401.728.8780__ date: January 2023_ ___________________________________________________________________________

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Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: • Maps: A USGS map or equivalent (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location.

•

Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to this map.

•

Additional items: (Check with the SHPO, TPO, or FPO for any additional items.)

Photographs Submit clear and descriptive photographs. The size of each image must be 1600x1200 pixels (minimum), 3000x2000 preferred, at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Key all photographs to the sketch map. Each photograph must be numbered and that number must correspond to the photograph number on the photo log. For simplicity, the name of the photographer, photo date, etc. may be listed once on the photograph log and doesn’t need to be labeled on every photograph.

Photo Log Name of Property: ANST Maryland Segment City or Vicinity: See Section 1–6, page 3 County: See Section 1–6, page 3 State: MD Photographer: Melissa J. Andrade and Jill Miller Date Photographed: November 2–4, 2021 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera:

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Photo 1 of 45. Mason-Dixon Line, north end of Maryland Segment, and border of Pennsylvania and Maryland (Section 1), facing northwest.

Photo 2 of 45. Pen Mar Park Viewpoint (Section 1), facing northwest.

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Photo 3 of 45. A.T. and High Rock Parking Area Side Trail junction (Section 1), facing north.

Photo 4 of 45. High Rock Viewpoint (Section 1), facing west.

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Photo 5 of 45. A.T. crossing Little Antietam Creek (Section 2), facing southeast.

Photo 6 of 45. Puncheons along Trail (Section 2), facing south.

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Photo 7 of 45. Willard Property SUP Viewpoint (Section 2), facing south.

Photo 8 of 45. Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA shelter (Section 2).

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Photo 9 of 45. Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA campsite (Shelter 2).

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Photo 10 of 45. Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA privy (Shelter 2).

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Photo 11 of 45. Trail near Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA (Section 2), facing east.

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Photo 12 of 45. MD Rte 17 (Wolfsville Rd) Parking Area Side Trail (Section 2), facing south.

Photo 13 of 45. Black Rock Viewpoint (Section 3), facing northwest.

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Photo 14 of 45. Annapolis Rock Viewpoint (Section 3), facing northwest.

Photo 15 of 45. Pine Knob OUA Side Trail (Section 3), facing north.

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Photo 16 of 45. Pine Knob OUA shelter (Section 3).

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Photo 17 of 45. Trail and representative stair construction (Section 3), facing east.

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Photo 18 of 45. Trail along Interstate 70 (Section 3), facing north.

Photo 19 of 45. I-70 Footbridge (Sections 3 and 4), facing west.

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Photo 20 of 45. A.T. and Washington Monument Observation Tower Side Trail (Section 4), facing north.

Photo 21 of 45. Washington Monument (Section 4), facing southwest.

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Photo 22 of 45. Washington Monument Observation Tower Viewpoint (Section 4), facing west toward Antietam National Battlefield.

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Photo 23 of 45. Trail southbound through Washington Monument State Park (Section 4), facing southeast.

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Photo 24 of 45. Dahlgren Field Viewpoint, Church of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart of Jesus on right (Section 4), facing northeast.

Photo 25 of 45. Trail south of Dahlgren Field (Section 5), facing north toward Old National Pike crossing.

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Photo 26 of 45. Trail near Dahlgren Backpacker Campground OUA (Section 5), facing south.

Photo 27 of 45. Dahlgren Backpacker Campground OUA (Section 5).

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Photo 28 of 45. Major General Jesse Reno Monument at Reno Monument Road (Section 5), facing east.

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Photo 29 of 45. Trail toward Rocky Run OUA (Section 5), facing west.

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Photo 30 of 45. Rocky Run OUA shelter (Section 5).

Photo 31 of 45. Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail (Section 5), facing northeast.

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Photo 32 of 45. Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail Bridge (Section 5), facing north.

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Photo 33 of 45. Crampton Gap OUA shelter (Section 5), facing northeast.

Photo 34 of 45. National War Correspondents Memorial Arch (Section 6), facing southeast.

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Photo 35 of 45. Trail through Gathland State Park (Section 6), facing north.

Photo 36 of 45. Trail through Gathland State Park (Section 6), facing southeast.

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Photo 37 of 45. Ed Garvey OUA Side Trail (Section 6), facing east.

Photo 38 of 45. Ed Garvey OUA shelter (Section 6).

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Photo 39 of 45. Trail between Ed Garvey OUA and Weverton Cliffs (Section 6), facing north.

Photo 40 of 45. Weverton Cliffs Viewpoint (Section 6), facing west toward Harpers Ferry, WV. Sections 9-end page 89

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Photo 41 of 45. Switchbacks from Weverton Cliffs (Section 6), facing northeast.

Photo 42 of 45. A.T. coaligned with Chesapeake & Ohio Canal (Section 7), facing southwest.

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Photo 43 of 45. A.T. coaligned with Chesapeake & Ohio Canal along the Potomac River (Section 7), facing west.

Photo 44 of 45. A.T. coaligned with Chesapeake & Ohio Canal (Section 7), facing east from north end of Goodloe Byron Memorial Footbridge.

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Photo 45 of 45. Goodloe Byron Memorial Footbridge (Section 7), southern end of Maryland Segment, facing northeast from Harpers Ferry, WV, overlooking the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers.

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Figures

Figure 1. 1933 Route of the A.T. in Maryland, North Half (PATC 1933).

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Figure 2. 1933 Route of the A.T. in Maryland, South Half (PATC 1933).

Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.).

Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC.

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NPS Form 10-900-b

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National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B).

Complete each item by entering the requested information. ___X____ New Submission

________ Amended Submission

A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.)

The Appalachian Trail, 1921–Present C. Form Prepared by: name/title Stephen Olausen/Sr. Architectural Historian, Virginia H. Adams/Sr. Architectural Historian, Jenny Fields Scofield/Architectural Historian, Quinn Stuart/Architectural Historian organization The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc. (PAL) street & number 26 Main Street city or town Pawtucket state RI zip code 02860 e-mail solausen@palinc.com telephone 401-728-8780 date September 2016 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation.

_______________________________ Signature of certifying official

______________________ Title

_________________________ Date

_____________________________________ State or Federal Agency or Tribal government

I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register.

________________________________ Signature of the Keeper

__________________________________ Date of Action

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State

Table of Contents for Written Narrative Create a Table of Contents and list the page numbers for each of these sections in the space below.

Provide narrative explanations for each of these sections on continuation sheets. In the header of each section, cite the letter, page number, and name of the multiple property listing. Refer to How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form for additional guidance.

E. STATEMENT OF HISTORIC CONTEXTS ..................................................................................................... 1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 I. The Appalachian Trail From its Conception in 1921 to the Present................................................................................ 1 A. Outdoor Recreation and the Hiking Club Movements in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries......... 1 B. Benton MacKaye and the Appalachian Trail Project, 1921–1924 ............................................................................. 5 C. Appalachian Trail Conference and the Extension of the A.T., 1925–1937 .............................................................. 13 Locating and Constructing the Appalachian Trail .................................................................................................... 16 The Civilian Conservation Corps and Completion of the Original Appalachian Trail ............................................. 19 D. Management of the Appalachian Trail, 1938–1967 ................................................................................................. 21 E. Creation of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, 1968–1977 .............................................................................. 24 F. Land Acquisition and the National Trails System Act Amendments, 1978–present ................................................ 27

F. ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES ............................................................................................................... 30 Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) State Segment ............................................................................................. 30 Description .................................................................................................................................................................... 30 National Register Boundaries ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Contributing Resources within an ANST State Segment.............................................................................................. 31 A.T. Treadway .......................................................................................................................................................... 32 A.T. Side Trail .......................................................................................................................................................... 34 A.T. Bridges .............................................................................................................................................................. 34 A.T. Viewpoints ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 A.T. Overnight Use Areas......................................................................................................................................... 36 Statement of Significance ............................................................................................................................................. 37 Period of Significance ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Registration Requirements ............................................................................................................................................ 39 Location .................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Setting ....................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Design ....................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Feeling....................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Association ................................................................................................................................................................ 41

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Abandoned Original Appalachian Trail Section ............................................................................................................... 42 Description .................................................................................................................................................................... 42 Significance Statement.................................................................................................................................................. 43 Period of Significance ................................................................................................................................................... 43 Registration Requirements ............................................................................................................................................ 43

G. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA .............................................................................................................................. 44 Maine Segment ................................................................................................................................................................. 44 New Hampshire Segment.................................................................................................................................................. 45 Vermont Segment ............................................................................................................................................................. 46 Massachusetts Segment..................................................................................................................................................... 47 Connecticut Segment ........................................................................................................................................................ 47 New York Segment ........................................................................................................................................................... 47 New Jersey Segment ......................................................................................................................................................... 48 Pennsylvania Segment ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 Maryland Segment ............................................................................................................................................................ 50 West Virginia Segment ..................................................................................................................................................... 50 Virginia Segment .............................................................................................................................................................. 51 North Carolina and Tennessee Segments .......................................................................................................................... 52 Georgia Segment ............................................................................................................................................................... 54

H. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION METHODS ..................................................... 55 I. MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 57 GLOSSARY OF TRAIL TERMINOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 76

Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 460 et seq.).

Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 250 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503.

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E. STATEMENT OF HISTORIC CONTEXTS Summary 1 The Appalachian Trail (“A.T.” or “the Trail”) is an approximately 2,184-mile-long continuous, skyline hiking path that traverses scenic wooded, pastoral, wild, and culturally resonant lands of the Appalachian Mountains between Katahdin in Maine and Springer Mountain in Georgia. The A.T. is significant at the national level as the nation’s oldest, best-known, and most popular multistate long-distance recreational hiking trail. It has a single historic context, the Appalachian Trail from Conception to the Present, which is composed of six sections that document in chronological order the important events, trends, and people that influenced the history of the Trail. The first section, A. Outdoor Recreation and the Hiking Club Movements in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, summarizes the evolution of the outdoor recreation movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century in response to increasing urbanization in the Northeast and led to the establishment of the nation’s first hiking clubs and the initial promotion of a long-distance hiking trail in the Appalachian Mountains. The following three sections, B. Benton MacKaye and the Appalachian Trail Project, 1921–1924; C. Appalachian Trail Conference and the Extension of the A.T., 1925–1937; and D. Management of the Appalachian Trail, 1938–1967 discuss the conception and construction of the original A.T. and its early use and management. The final two sections, E. Creation of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, 1968–1977 and F. Land Acquisition and the National Trails System Act Amendments, 1978–present, focus on the federal legislative effort to incorporate the A.T., along with a number of other prominent historic and recreation trails, into a national trail system and subsequent amendments to the 1968 National Trails System Act that provided funding for land acquisition to relocate vulnerable sections of the A.T. onto a protected corridor of publicly owned lands.

I. The Appalachian Trail From its Conception in 1921 to the Present A. Outdoor Recreation and the Hiking Club Movements in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries The idea to develop a long-distance hiking trail along the spine of the Appalachian Mountains was conceived during the American Progressive Era (late 1890s to early 1920s), a period of intense social activism and political reform. During the successive administrations of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson a wide range of new federal laws and programs were initiated to address societal ills, including political corruption, monopolistic business practices, labor abuses and unrest, immigration, poverty, food safety, and public health deficiencies. Progressive social scientists applied scientific methods in attempts to modernize government, industry, finance, and education. Labor activists worked to implement reforms to restrict child labor, implement shorter work weeks, reduce hazardous working conditions, and 1

Definitions of terms used to describe various aspects and features of the Appalachian Trail are included in the “Glossary of Trail Terminology” at the end of this Multiple Property Documentation Form.

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increase wages. Several reform movements that had their roots in the early nineteenth century, including the temperance and women’s suffrage movements, culminated in the ratification of amendments to the U.S. Constitution (Chambers 2000; Gould 1974).

The deleterious effects of industrialization and urbanization on people and the natural environment were among the top concerns of the Progressives. The onset of the period occurred on the heels of the proclamation by the head of the 1890 federal census that the traditional concept of the American frontier no longer existed due to the coast-to-coast settlement of interior lands. In his influential thesis delivered during a meeting of the American Historical Association during the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” Frederick Jackson Turner posited that concept of the frontier, with its promise of abundant land and opportunity available to anyone willing to risk everything on a new start, was the key factor in shaping the American experience to that point and that its closure would profoundly alter the character of future generations. Turner’s thesis was used by conservationists like the Sierra Club, founded by John Muir in 1892, to lobby the U.S. Congress to create additional national parks beyond those that existed at the time, including Yellowstone, established in 1872, and Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant (now Kings Canyon) established in 1890. In 1906, Congress passed the Antiquities Act, which gave the president the power to create national monuments on federally owned or controlled lands of historic or scientific interest. President Theodore Roosevelt and his immediate successors used the act to set aside millions of acres of forest, grass, and range lands in federal preserves. Several states also began their own park systems for the purposes of preserving wild landscapes and historic sites for the recreational enjoyment of their citizens (Landrum 2004:17–18; Lewis 2007:159–160).

Progressive reformers and social scientists added their voices to the preservation movement by portraying wild lands as a place of refuge from the increasingly complicated demands of city life.

The number of people living in cities increased substantially during the Progressive Era, and by the period’s end in the early 1920s more people lived in urban areas than in rural ones. This massive population shift produced overcrowding and a host of attendant problems, such as poverty, slums, industrial pollution, and sanitation issues, in many cities, particularly those in the heavily industrialized Northeast. The monotonous repetition of factory work and many other forms of late nineteenth-century employment added to the daily drudgery of urban life. For many reformers of the period, the preservation of the forests, fields, and streams was vital to the health of the nation.

Even short periods spent outdoors in the wild could reintroduce the inherent values of nature, renew spirits, and provide perspective and optimism that urban dwellers needed to face the circumstances of their everyday lives in the city (Dulles 1965:202–203; Lewis 2007:160).

The importance of providing outdoor recreational programs to children living in urban-industrial centers gave rise to fresh air programs, organized summer camps, and scouting. Christian-based benevolent societies took the lead in the late nineteenth century in creating homes and camps in the country where underprivileged city children could spend several weeks during the summer away from their unhealthy urban environments. Scouting was developed in Europe and had its origins in military survivalist training but was adopted in the United States to inculcate American

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values and active participation in outdoor life over idle leisure. The Boy Scouts of America, established in 1910, and the Girl Scouts of America, founded in 1912, both featured programming that encouraged participation in outdoor sports such as hiking, camping, and canoeing as healthy, character-building activities (Holt 1992:17; Macleod 1983:xi–xii).

Until the late nineteenth century the ability to travel for pleasure and participate in outdoor recreation was largely confined to the wealthy. Labor reforms and the general economic prosperity that was spurred by industrial development and corporate expansion created more leisure time and discretionary income for a burgeoning American middle class. The nation’s extensive railroad system put previously remote destinations within easy reach of metropolitan areas. The emergence of the automobile in the early twentieth century gave Americans more freedom to decide how and where they spent their free time. These economic and mobility factors made vacation travel possible for greater numbers of Americans than ever before and produced a huge demand for resort development in areas that offered contrast to urban surroundings (Aron 1999:46–47).

For a growing number of people, hiking and camping in the wild offered a preferred rugged alternative to comfortable resort vacations. “Roughing it” recalled the self-reliance of the pioneer settlers and fit neatly with the national infatuation with early American lifestyle that characterized the Colonial Revival period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Appalachian Mountains became a popular destination for sportsmen and recreational campers from Northeastern cities. Railroad-sponsored promotional literature and guidebooks that featured information about hiking and camping excursions were abundant by the 1880s. Sports Afield, which was first published in 1887, was the first nationally distributed magazine to focus on hunting, fishing, and camping. It was followed by two other successful magazines—Field & Stream (1895) and Outdoor Life (1898)—with similar themes. After he assumed the U.S. presidency in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became a national figurehead for participation in what he called the “strenuous life” through hiking, camping, and hunting in the wild (ATC 2012b:21; Miller 1918; Stradling 2009:109).

The increasing amount of leisure time afforded by the shortening of work weeks during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries allowed many urbanites the opportunity to pursue recreation on a regular basis. This trend led to the proliferation of yachting, country, and outing clubs that were founded to provide organized recreational opportunities close to home. Yachting and country clubs were usually developed by the wealthy groups who purchased land and built clubhouses and facilities for outdoor sporting activities such as boating, hunting, fishing, polo, golf, and tennis. Outing clubs, which drew their membership primarily from the middle-class, usually established offices or clubhouses in the city, but sometimes maintained no physical clubhouse space at all. They functioned to bring together people interested in the social aspects of organized outings to wild or rural areas where they could engage in specific recreational pursuits.

Bicycling, rod and gun, hiking, and mountaineering clubs were among the various types of outing organizations that became popular during the period.

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The organized hiking movement that provided the impetus for the development of the A.T. traces its roots to the establishment of the Appalachian Mountain Club in Boston in 1876. The oldest non-profit conservation and recreation organization in the nation, the club was founded by noted Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) astronomer and physicist Edward C. Pickering to “explore the mountains of New England and adjacent regions both for scientific and artistic purposes, and in general to cultivate an interest in geographical studies” in New Hampshire’s White Mountains. The club’s Tuckerman Ravine Trail to the peak of Mount Washington was completed in 1879, making it one of the first recreational hiking trails constructed in the United States. By the early 1920s, the club maintained more than 200 miles of trails in the mountains of New Hampshire and Maine. It established a permanent clubhouse at 5 Joy Street in Boston in 1922 and had chapters in New York City; Worcester, Massachusetts; Manchester, New Hampshire; Providence, Rhode Island; Meriden, Connecticut; and Asheville, North Carolina (Appalachian Mountain Club [AMC] 2013a).

As the enthusiasm for hiking increased in the early twentieth century, a large number of clubs that followed the AMC model were established in the Northeast. They included the Patterson Ramblers, founded in 1904 in Haledon, New Jersey; the Dartmouth Outing Club, founded in 1909 at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; the Green Mountain Club, founded in 1910 in Burlington, Vermont; the Randolph Mountain Club, founded in 1910 in Randolph, New Hampshire; and the Blue Mountain Eagle Climbing Club founded in 1916 in Reading, Pennsylvania. Their missions typically included constructing and maintaining trails for group hiking and hosting social events in the nearby mountains. A measure of the extent of the hiking movement by that time was included in the New York Walking Book, which was published in 1923, and enumerated more than 60 outdoor clubs and organizations that held regular hiking events in the New York Metropolitan Area (Torrey et al. 1923:186–191).

Like other types of social clubs, many of the hiking organizations operated under bylaws and charged nominal admission fees and yearly dues. They were selective in determining the makeup and size of their membership. People who applied to join were usually invited to a hiking event that served to introduce them to the existing members. Based on the outcome, a vote was held to either accept or deny the application. The more popular clubs that restricted the number of members often had long waiting lists of applicants. The early clubs were composed of white male professionals who had the means and time to devote to recreational hiking. The AMC was dominated by scientists and academics from New England universities and colleges. The Dartmouth Outing Club comprised students and faculty at the college. The Blue Mountain Eagle Climbing Club was exclusively male and limited its membership to 100 “community leaders” from the area. With the growth of sentiment in favor of equal rights between the sexes, particularly following the ratification of the nineteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution that gave women the right to vote in 1920, women were increasingly invited to join hiking clubs. New York’s chapter of the AMC, established in 1922, was expressly “organized to promote an outdoor and social spirit among congenial people of both sexes.” The Georgia Appalachian Trail Club formed in 1930 attracted a large number of affluent young single men and women and in 1932 adopted

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bylaws that included a provision that membership never be dominated by either sex (Foresta 1987:79–80; Wright 2005:27).

On December 15, 1916, many of the existing hiking clubs and representatives of several state park and forest commissions attended the initial meeting of the New England Trail Conference (NETC).

The meeting was organized by James P. Taylor of the Green Mountain Club; Allen Chamberlain, a journalist and former president of the Appalachian Mountain Club; and New Hampshire state forester Phillip W. Ayers, who had been a leading proponent for the establishment of White Mountain National Forest. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss how the hiking groups might begin to link existing trails to create a cohesive regional system. The attendees voted to establish an organization bearing the conference name and hold regular meetings to promote its goals. The NETC began a series of publications identifying best practices in trail construction and other guidance that were later adapted for use on the A.T. (ATC 2000:2).

Among the ideas broached at the initial and subsequent meetings of the NETC was one that envisioned the extension of the Northeastern trails to the southern Appalachian Mountains. Will S. Monroe, a professor at Montclair State Normal School and president of the New York chapter of the Green Mountain Club, proposed linking several trails in the Northeast to produce a continuous trail from the Delaware Water Gap in New Jersey to the Long Trail in Vermont. The Long Trail, which was begun in 1910 by the Green Mountain Club, was the nation’s first true longdistance recreational hiking trail, stretching 273 miles through Vermont between its borders with Massachusetts and Canada when it was completed in 1930. Albert M. Turner, field secretary of the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission, began exploring the practical possibilities of constructing a “grand trunk” trail through the Appalachians in the late 1910s and reported on his progress at several subsequent meetings of the NETC (Mittlefehldt 1999:53; Torrey et al.

1923:170–172).

B. Benton MacKaye and the Appalachian Trail Project, 1921–1924 While the members of the NETC were discussing the feasibility of building a long-distance trail through the Appalachian Mountains, Benton MacKaye (1879–1975), a forester, planner, and environmental and social activist, was developing plans for an ambitious experiment in regional planning he called the Appalachian Trail Project (A.T. Project). In an article in the October 1921 issue of the Journal of the American Institute of Architects, MacKaye proposed the construction of a long-distance hiking trail that would serve as a link between a series of utopian recreationaland agricultural-based communities in the underutilized lands of the Appalachian Mountains.

These communities would provide restorative recreational opportunities for the workforce of the eastern Unitied States, as well as employment for those who wished to settle in the region and participate in communal camp life. MacKaye’s proposal drew the interest of member clubs of the NETC, state and federal park and forest agencies, and MacKaye’s colleagues in the emerging profession of regional planning, all of whom were instrumental in bringing the A.T. idea to its fruition (MacKaye 1921; Torrey et al. 1923:172).

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MacKaye came of age at the beginning of the Progressive Era and he found inspiration in its ideals when he began his professional career. He was born in Stamford, Connecticut, in 1879, but spent most of his youth in rural Shirley Center, Massachusetts. His extended family included several accomplished dramatic and literary artists and Progressive-minded thinkers. From an early age MacKaye cultivated an interest in the outdoors and in “big ideas.” By the age of 14, he had begun to explore the natural environment around his home. MacKaye later said that the notion of the A.T. grew from his youthful hiking adventures in the Northeast and hearing geologist Major John Wesley Powell speak about his historic 1869 expedition through the Grand Canyon (Anderson 2002; Fisher 1972:5).

MacKaye’s education, experiences, and circle of friends and acquaintances during his 20s and 30s further shaped his intellectual approach and core values. During his undergraduate years at Harvard University in the 1890s, he was introduced to the works of environmentalist George Perkins Marsh, geologist Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, and landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. and Charles Eliot Jr. MacKaye hiked extensively in the White Mountains and Green Mountains with companions that included his brother James and fellow Harvard student James Sturgis Pray, who later became a prominent landscape architect and city planner. MacKaye’s interest in forestry led him to enroll in Harvard’s School of Forestry and, in 1905, he became the first student to graduate from the program (Anderson 2002:34–38).

Like many of his contemporaries who became involved in the wilderness conservation movement, MacKaye was heavily influenced by the writings of Henry David Thoreau. As a young man he read Walden (1854), Thoreau’s seminal thesis on the relationship between man and nature.

Inspiration directly related to his later involvement in the A.T. Project was drawn from Thoreau’s The Maine Woods (1864) and the essay “Walking” (1862), which focused on the experience of simple outdoor living. In his writing later in life, MacKaye often acknowledged his debt to Thoreau. His long-time friend Lewis Mumford stated that MacKaye was “an avowed disciple of Thoreau” and that the author’s influence on MacKaye’s thinking on the value of the environment and landscape could not be overestimated (Anderson 2002:34–35; Mumford 1931:31).

After leaving Harvard, MacKaye worked as a surveyor and analyst with the newly established U.S. Forest Service (USFS) headed by Gifford Pinchot. His interest in labor issues was developed through a position with the U.S. Department of Labor in Washington, DC, and a brief stint as a journalist and editor at the Milwaukee Leader, a daily newspaper founded by the avowed socialist Victor Berger. Through his time at Harvard and his various occupations, MacKaye cultivated an extensive list of professional contacts that included leaders in the fields of city planning, landscape architecture, social science, politics, and journalism. Many of MacKaye’s professional contacts would later endorse his ideas for an Appalachian greenway. In 1915 he married Jessie H. (Betty) Stubbs, a noted suffragist and women’s rights activist. About that time, MacKaye began working on two projects that provided the basis for the major ideas he later presented in his proposal for the A.T. (Anderson 2002:1–3, 150).

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In the mid-1910s, while participating in a joint study between the USFS and the U.S. Department of Labor, MacKaye proposed a “new homestead principle” that would encourage the development of experimental communities on federal forest lands. Loosely tied to the concepts of the English garden city movement, the utopian scheme was designed to “connect the needs and potential of both land and man.” 2 These new federally controlled agricultural settlements would provide employment through farming, grazing, mining, and lumbering on underutilized public lands. A National Colonization Board would offer individuals or families long-term leases to develop farms or ranches, provide comprehensive community plans for water and road infrastructure, and administer working conditions and standards. Ohio Democratic Congressman Bill Crosser introduced MacKaye’s “National Colonization Bill” in February 1916. The bill found support among a few socially progressive legislators and city planning advocates, including Benjamin Marsh and Elwood Mead, but was never brought to a vote in the House of Representatives (Anderson 2002:91).

MacKaye’s other planning initiative focused on recreation in national forests. In “Recreational Possibilities of Public Forests” in the October 1916 issue of the Journal of the New York State Forestry Association, he proposed a nationwide scenic trail and waterway system that would extend from the East Coast to the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. Among the trail routes suggested by MacKaye was one that would extend from New England south through the Appalachian Mountains, the essential route he would later propose in his 1921 plan for the A.T. Project. The article was based, in part, on a recent paper by his friend Allen Chamberlain, who had been a member of the Appalachian Mountain Club since 1897 and frequently wrote hiking and outdoor sports articles for the Boston Herald, Boston Post, Boston Transcript, and Appalachia.

Chamberlain’s paper suggested linking the trails of the Appalachian Mountain Club, Green Mountain Club, and several college outing clubs in the region to form a long-distance trail from Quebec, Canada, to northern New Jersey (Anderson 2002:99).

Over the next several years, while at the USFS, MacKaye continued to work on a variety of proposals that tied forestry to labor and employment issues, including a new version of his colonization bill designed for returning World War I veterans. In January 1918, as his radical proposals for the colonization of the national forests grew increasingly at odds with USFS policies, MacKaye requested and was granted a transfer to the Labor Department. That year he made a trip to Canada to study initiatives concerning public lands, resources, and government-planned communities. While in Ottawa he met with Scottish landscape architect and city planner Thomas Adams, who had previously served as the executive secretary of Letchworth in Hertfordshire, England, the world’s first garden city. Adams was then serving as planning advisor to the Ottawa Commission of Conservation and had recently completed a report titled Rural Planning and Development (1917), which became an influential thesis on community planning principles and 2

The garden city movement was based on ideas espoused by Ebenezer Howard in his To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Reform (1898). A garden city is a fully planned community that is designed to combine the best aspects of rural and urban life. Garden cities made use of zoning to keep industrial and residential areas separate and were surrounded by a permanent belt of rural land. All of the land in the city was in public ownership or held in trust for the community.

Howard’s ideas were adopted in towns throughout the world and had a major influence on future town planning.

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techniques. MacKaye later referred to the meeting as “the bridge to my regional planning efforts in the 1920’s” (Anderson 2002:114).

After returning to Washington, DC, and with his term position with the Labor Department set to expire in July 1919, MacKaye worked to complete his Employment and Natural Resources.

Influenced by Adams’ work, MacKaye proposed to end the practice of transferring public lands to individuals and corporations. Those lands, he believed, could be better used to support federally managed cooperative communities based on agricultural and timber production in well-managed forests. While the report had no impact on federal land policy and was quickly forgotten, some of the social engineering ideals and principles it contained formed the basis of his subsequent work in the area of regional planning (Anderson 2002:114–119).

MacKaye suffered a severe emotional blow after the death of his wife, Betty, from an apparent suicide in the spring of 1921. Afterwards, he retreated to the farm of his friend Charles Harris Whitaker, in Mount Olive, New Jersey. Whitaker was an architectural critic and editor of the AIA Journal and shared MacKaye’s socialistic political and economic views. That summer MacKaye worked on proposals for three progressive regional planning projects: a six-point industrial survey of Vermont, a survey of industrial localities throughout the Appalachian region, and a survey and plan for an outdoor recreation system in the Appalachian Mountains. Intrigued by the latter concept, Whitaker arranged a meeting on July 10, 1921, at the Hudson Guild Farm in Andover, New Jersey, with architect and urban planner Clarence Stein, chairman of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Committee on Community Planning. MacKaye explained his concept for the A.T. Project, and Stein and Whitaker contributed ideas that MacKaye incorporated into “An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning,” which Whitaker published in the AIA Journal in October 1921 (Anderson 2002:144; McCullough 2012).

MacKaye intended to show how regional planning might be employed to solve what he called the “problem of living” in American society. The problem, as he saw it, was primarily an economic one in which the “high powered tension” of making a living in a competitive capitalistic economy dominated the existence of most American workers. The situation was made worse by soaring prices and unemployment as a result of the worldwide economic depression that occurred after World War I. Antagonism between capital and labor and the monotonous drudgery that characterized many occupations in both urban and rural areas produced additional stresses on the physical and mental well-being of the workforce. MacKaye hoped to alleviate some of those stresses by establishing a “strategic camping base” in the “wild lands” of the Appalachian Mountains where workers could find respite from the “grinding-down process” of modern life (MacKaye 1921).

The Appalachian Mountains represented the closest and most extensive outdoor resource available to the urban population centers of the East, which contained more than half of the nation’s population. People in that region were underserved by the “playgrounds” of the National Park System, which, with the exception of Sieur de Monts National Monument (later Acadia National Park) in Maine, were all located west of the Mississippi River and were inaccessible to most

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Easterners. The workforce and man hours necessary to develop the recreational potential of the Appalachian Mountains could be drawn from the spare time that was available to workers in all classes through vacations, unemployment, or underemployment. MacKaye calculated that each worker had an annual average of two weeks of spare time and hoped to redirect the use of that time from trivial, non-productive pursuits to purposeful recreation. If one percent of the workers devoted their spare time to the one job of developing the recreational opportunities of the Appalachians, it would equate to a full-time labor force of 40,000 individuals (MacKaye 1921).

The A.T. Project had four components. The first was the development of a 1,700-mile hiking trail along the Appalachian Mountain skyline from Mount Washington in New Hampshire to Mount Mitchell in North Carolina. MacKaye noted that the beginning of such a trail had already been established through the efforts of hiking clubs in the Northeast. The Trail would be divided into sections, preferably defined by lengths within the boundaries of each state. Responsibility for each section was to be placed under the charge of a local group. MacKaye acknowledged that difficulties would likely arise over the use of private property for the trail and that it “might be sometimes necessary to obtain a State franchise for the use of rights of way.” Since it would take several years to construct each section of the Trail, MacKaye believed that completed portions should immediately be opened to local use and rigorously maintained to prevent its reversion from disuse.

“A trail,” he wrote, “is as serviceable as its poorest link.” When all the sections were completed and joined into one continuous pathway, MacKaye thought the Trail should be placed under some “sort of federated control,” but did not elaborate on the form of that organization (MacKaye 1921).

The second element of the A.T. Project was the development of shelter camps that would form the Trail’s “equipment for use.” Like those previously established by the hiking clubs in the White and Green Mountains, the shelter camps would be located within a comfortable day’s walk of one another. All would be equipped with sleeping accommodations, and some would offer meals “after the function of the Swiss chalets.” While he stressed the benefits of spending time in the woods, MacKaye was conscious that most Americans did not want to “return to the plight of our Paleolithic ancestors,” but wished to have the strength of progress and convenience without their “puniness” or “fopperies.” MacKaye hoped that the blazing of the Trail and construction of camps would be a volunteer effort conducted in the spirit of work as play. The entire enterprise was to be undertaken without motives for profit and be “well-guarded––against the yegg-man and against the profiteer” (MacKaye 1921).

The final two elements of the Project comprised the major utopian aspects of MacKaye’s plan.

Once the shelter camps were built, he envisioned that small “community groups” would naturally grow up around them. These would be located on or near the Trail and consist of private domiciles where people could live for indeterminate periods. The community group would hold title to all the land, as much as 100 acres, and no lots would be sold to individuals. Use of the domiciles would be made without profit. Overcrowding would defeat the purpose for which the communities were created, so MacKaye proposed that demand should be met by establishing more, not larger groups. The location of the community camps would form the “regional planning and architecture” of the A.T. Project and their function would be to promote various forms of activity related to

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recreation, recuperation, and educational study. “The community camp should be something more than a mere recreation ‘playground,’” MacKaye wrote, “it should stimulate every line of outdoor non-industrial endeavor” (MacKaye 1921).

“Food and farm camps” constituted the final aspect of the A.T. Project’s development. Coming later, after the establishment of the other elements, these cooperative agricultural and forestry camps would provide the food and materials necessary to sustain the Trail as a self-sufficient operation. They would be established as adjuncts of the community camps and offer long-term employment opportunities for workers who wished to “work out by actual experiment a fundamental matter in the “problem of living” by “getting ‘back to the land.’” MacKaye cited the Hudson Guild Farm, where he, Stein, and Whitaker had met to discuss the A.T. Project, as an example for the type of camp he had in mind. The Hudson Guild Farm was acquired by the Hudson Guild of Chelsea, New York, a socially progressive neighborhood improvement organization that grew out of the Settlement House movement in 1920 and was operated as a working camp where urban residents could experience rural agricultural life. Another example was Camp Tamiment, which was operated in Pennsylvania’s Pocono Mountains by the People's Educational Camp Society as a retreat for socialists and their families (MacKaye 1921).

MacKaye summed up his new approach to the problem of living by enumerating its several benefits. Two weeks spent each year out in the mountains would provide the perspective and “oxygen of optimism” to sustain workers “during the other fifty weeks down below.”

Contemplation of the awesome forces of nature would help put industry in its “true perspective–– as a means in life not an end in itself.” The availability of 40,000 jobs through the development of the recreational opportunities in the Appalachians could help solve the nation’s unemployment problem. The camp communities would form a refuge for those who chose to settle in the mountains free from the “scramble of every-day worldly commercial life.” By serving as “a retreat from profit,” the camp community would be a place where “cooperation replaces antagonism, trust replaces suspicion, emulation replaces competition.” Participation in the scouting life might provide an outlet for the primal militaristic instincts of man, which MacKaye believed were the root cause of war: “Militarism has been made colorful in a world of drab. But the care of the countryside, which the scouting life instills, is vital in any real protection of ‘home and country.’

Already basic it can be made spectacular. Here is something to be dramatized” (MacKaye 1921).

MacKaye’s A.T. Project proposal found a receptive audience among the members of the NETC, and he was invited to present his proposal at a meeting of the Conference in December 1921. The meeting was attended by professionals in the fields of city planning, architecture, landscape architecture, and forestry who were interested in the community planning and wild lands preservation aspects of the A.T. Project. Among the attendees were MacKaye’s long-time friend James Sturgis Pray, landscape architect Arthur Comey, horticulturist Harlan P. Kelsey, and noted city planner John Nolen Sr. After the meeting, Nolen wrote MacKaye that the A.T. “presents a planning project of real significance,” and New Hampshire forester Philip Ayres commented, “The interesting thing about your plan is that it is inherently likely to be carried out. The trend of the times is likely to enforce it” (Anderson 2002:150–153; ATC 2012b:27–28).

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Momentum began to build for the A.T. Project following the 1921 NETC meeting. Stein and the AIA Committee on Community Planning spearheaded a publicity campaign that involved professional networking and newspaper coverage. MacKaye’s article was reprinted in brochure form as A Project for An Appalachian Trail, with an introduction by Stein that lauded the A.T. Project as a “new theme in regional planning” that was “not a plan for more efficient use of labor, but a plan of escape.” The brochure was distributed to a list of reformers compiled by MacKaye.

The A.T. Project was also publicized by members of the hiking clubs that belonged to the NETC, including journalists Allen Chamberlain and Raymond H. Torrey. Torrey wrote for the New York Evening Post and, in a regular column called “The Long Brown Path,” described hiking and trail building activities in and around New York. Along with Major William A. Welch, General Manager of the Palisades Interstate Park, Torrey had founded the New York-New Jersey Trail Conference (NY-NJTC) in 1920 to organize trail building activities in Harriman and Bear Mountain state parks in New York (American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration n.d.).

In 1922, NETC member groups identified about 350 miles of existing hiking trails in the Northeast that could be linked together and incorporated into the A.T. Representing the AIA Committee on Community Planning, MacKaye traveled extensively in the states along the Appalachian corridor to promote the project. Among the most important purposes of the trip was to encourage the formation of hiking organizations in the South, which did not have any organized hiking clubs like those in the Northeast. In Washington, DC, MacKaye brought together a group of friends and acquaintances to form the Appalachian Trail Committee of Washington, which was the precursor of the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club that would have a major impact on the development of the Trail. He also met with hiking enthusiasts from other southern states who suggested locations for the Trail. Paul M. Fink, a well-known hiker from Tennessee, greeted the idea of the A.T. with enthusiasm: “Speaking from the viewpoint of a Southerner, this trail is needed, for we have no routes for a long trip anywhere in our mountains, at least none marked either by signs or on maps, and each tramper must lay his own itinerary” (Anderson 2002:160–161).

In December 1922, MacKaye reported in the Appalachian Mountain Club’s publication Appalachia that the existing scattered trail networks across New England and New Jersey, along with the portions that would be routed through publicly owned national forests in the South, which at that time consisted of Nantahala (established [est.] 1907) in Georgia; Cherokee (est. 1920) in Tennessee and North Carolina; Pisgah (est. 1916) in North Carolina; and Shenandoah (est. 1917, renamed George Washington in 1932) in Virginia, constituted about one-third of the proposed A.T. route. He noted that trail building was ongoing in all regions and that the “bright idea, is to combine these local projects––to do one big job instead of forty small ones.” In January 1923, MacKaye was again the featured speaker at a meeting of the NETC. By that time, MacKaye had more fully developed the details of his original proposal, envisioning the Trail as the central element of a publicly owned “super national forest.” The Trail could be built in sections and managed by local organizations that would be joined together in a federation akin to the “original Thirteen States of the Union.” He also stressed that the larger purpose of the A.T. Project was not

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merely to “cut a path and then say ‘Ain’t it beautiful!’” but to “open up a realm” or environment of “trail and camp” that would provide “human access to the sources of life.” “The task at hand,” he stated, “is an Appalachian Trail; the goal is an Appalachian Domain” (Anderson 2002:165; ATC 1964:29).

In the spring of 1923, Clarence Stein formed the Manhattan-based Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA). Along with MacKaye, charter members included Charles H. Whitaker; cultural critic and author Lewis Mumford; architect Henry Wright; real estate promoter and philanthropist A. M. Bing; economist Stuart Chase; and architects Frederick L. Ackerman, John Irwin Bright, Robert D. Kohn, and Frederick Bigger. This group was later joined by architects and planners Tracy Augur, Catherine Bauer, Russell Black, Robert Bruère, Joseph K. Hart, Clarence A. Perry, and Edith Elmer Wood. The essential concept of regional planning was to view development from a macro perspective that considered the social, economic, and geographic implications of land-use decisions on a greater scale than a single town or city. While the mainstream field of city planning focused on addressing the social, physical, and economic challenges of developing metropolitan areas, the RPAA looked at broader regional issues such as the availability of labor, power generation, water supply, and highways to link population centers to one another. MacKaye’s A.T. Project presented an opportunity to put regional planning concepts into practice and it was selected as the first project undertaken by the RPAA. The RPAA Program Committee, which consisted of MacKaye, Mumford, Stein, and Chase, assumed control over the A.T. Project from the AIA Committee on Regional Planning and defined a mission to reconnoiter, survey, scout, and organize trail building within the Appalachian Mountains between Maine and New Jersey. For the next two years, the RPAA was the driving force for the development of the A.T. (McCullough 2012:28–29; Parsons 1994).

In October 1923, the members of the RPAA Program Committee attended a meeting co-sponsored by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission and the NY-NJTC at the Bear Mountain Inn in New York. The attendees included MacKaye, Stein, Mumford, Major William A. Welch, Raymond Torrey, Allen Chamberlain, Albert Turner, Harlan Kelsey, the state foresters of New York and New Jersey, and representatives of other hiking clubs. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the New York and New Jersey segments of the A.T., which stretched from the Hudson River south to the Delaware Water Gap, and to walk the first completed sections. Torrey, Welch, and J. Ashton Allis had scouted the first new section of the A.T. from the Ramapo River to Fingerboard Mountain in Harriman and Bear Mountain state parks in the spring of 1922 and volunteers from the Adirondack Mountain Club, which was founded in December 1922 for the purpose of constructing and maintaining hiking trails in New York’s Adirondack Mountains, had completed the first 6 miles. During the meeting, Welch introduced a design for a uniform copper trail marker with shared crossbars of the letters “A” and “T.” The group approved the design and it later served as the basis for the official galvanized iron trail emblem that was adopted in 1931. New Jersey State Forester C. P. Wilber reported that in addition to the completed section of trail in the Palisades Interstate Park, progress had been made in marking the A.T. on existing hiking trails on Kittatinny Mountain in Stokes State Forest. According to MacKaye, the meeting “did for the Hudson-

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Delaware section what the January NETC meeting did for the New England section” (Anderson 2002:165, 176–177; ATC 1964:29, 2012b:31; Torrey et al. 1923:172–173).

C. Appalachian Trail Conference and the Extension of the A.T., 1925–1937 While the member groups of the NY-NJTC and the NETC made progress toward developing the A.T. by linking trails in the Northeast between 1922 and 1925, the lack of similar organized activity elsewhere threatened to derail the A.T. Project. By 1925, it was clear that the early enthusiasm for the Trail had died out and that a new organized approach was needed to encourage its extension through the Mid-Atlantic and Southern regions. In early 1925, the RPAA contacted Harlean James, the executive secretary of the recently formed Federated Societies on Planning and Parks, to ask if she would take the lead in organizing a national meeting of individuals and organizations interested in the A.T. Project. James, who also served as the executive secretary of the American Planning and Civic Association and the National Conference on State Parks, had extensive connections across the spectrum of national and state organizations interested in recreational development. The first meeting of what was called the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC) was held at the Raleigh Hotel in Washington, DC, on March 2 and 3, 1925 and was attended by an impressive array of key federal, state, and local agency representatives and influential volunteers from local trail clubs in all A.T. regions (ATC 2000:6).

The stated purpose of the ATC was to organize “a body of workers (representative of outdoor living and of the regions adjacent to the Appalachian Mountains) to complete the building of the Appalachian Trail.” The ATC was to function as an umbrella organization to interact with governmental agencies, promote standardized trail construction and design, and coordinate activities among local trail clubs that were given responsibility for building and maintaining segments of the A.T. in their regions. In his presentation, MacKaye described the projected route and organization of the A.T., predicting that construction of the Trail could be completed within 15 months. Under the plans adopted at the meeting, the Trail’s “main line” would run an estimated 1,700 miles from Mt. Washington in New Hampshire to Cohutta Mountain in Georgia. Extensions were proposed northward to Katahdin in Maine and as far south as Birmingham, Alabama.

“Branch lines” linking to other trails and states were projected in Vermont, New Jersey, West Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. To the extent possible, the A.T. was to follow ridgelines and traverse the tallest peaks to “attain highest clarity, of both atmosphere and mind.” The proposed creation of Great Smoky Mountains and Shenandoah national parks, both of which would be authorized by Congress the following year, were discussed as providing the opportunity to construct some of the most scenic and challenging sections of the A.T. on protected federal lands. To improve management of A.T. construction, the route was cut into five divisions: New England; New York and New Jersey; Pennsylvania; the central Appalachian states from Maryland through Virginia; and the southern Appalachian states from North Carolina to Georgia (ATC 1964:31, 2000:6–7, 2009c:5; Brown et al. 2008:11; Foresta 1987:79; Foster 1987:12; MacKaye 1921; Muench 1991:xii).

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MacKaye also outlined a cooperative management structure that combined government administration and volunteer maintenance and protection of the Trail through the ATC and its member hiking clubs. MacKaye clarified the importance of the A.T. Project: Its ultimate purpose is to conserve, use, and enjoy the mountain hinterland…. The trail (or system of trails) is a means for making the land accessible. The Appalachian Trail is to this Appalachian region what the Pacific Railway was to the Far West––a means of ‘opening up’ the country. But a very different kind of ‘opening up.’ Instead of railway we want a ‘trailway’…as an escape from civilization. The path of the trailway should be as ‘pathless’ as possible; it should be the minimum consistent with practical accessibility (ATC 2000:6).

Other conference attendees spoke about environmental protection, creating tributary trails to connect the A.T. and urban centers, traveling light on the Trail, and the need to protect the Trail from encroachment as East Coast cities expanded. Among the speakers were Francois E. Matthes of the U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service (NPS) Director Stephen Mather. The key outcome of the conference was a vote to establish a permanent non-profit organization called the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC). A 15-member executive committee was established, and a provisional constitution was adopted. Major William Welch was elected chairman; Raymond Torrey, treasurer; Harlean James, secretary; and Benton MacKaye, field organizer. The executive committee of the ATC consisted of two members from each of the five regions and five at-large members. The committee included influential individuals and representatives from the local trail clubs and major participating organizations and federal agencies. By drawing members from the local, state, and federal levels, the composition of the initial committee reflected the principles and traditions of the A.T. Project, which has been variously described as an experiment in participatory democracy, the cooperative management of natural resources, and a unique partnership between the public and private sectors. The organizational structure of local groups connected by a modest guiding central organization to work and play on the terrain they knew and loved for a common goal was the key to the A.T.’s eventual completion and enduring success (Anderson 2002:189; ATC 1964:29–30; 2000:6–7, 2012b:32–34).

MacKaye later declared the first meeting of the ATC a success in achieving its purpose of organizing a body of workers to build the A.T. It also marked, however, the point when he and the other members of the RPAA began to lose influence over the direction of the A.T. Project. While MacKaye continued to perform his role as the ATC field organizer, much of his energy over the next few years was devoted to finishing his book, The New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional Planning, which was published in 1928 and served as a manifesto in support of regional planning and wild lands preservation initiatives. The RPAA dissolved in the 1930s, largely due to the opportunities available to its members through work on federal housing projects and other programs of interest that emerged as a result of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal initiatives. In 1935 MacKaye co-founded the Wilderness Society and later became president of the organization with the goal of protecting and inspiring Americans to care for wild places. By that time, the ATC leadership had completely abandoned the utopian aspects of MacKaye’s A.T.

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Project in favor of the more practical goal of completing the Trail (Anderson 2002:186–189; ATC 1964:28, 2012b:34; MacKaye 1928; McCullough 2012; Sussman 1976:41–43).

In the three years after the initial ATC meeting in 1925, detailed planning and publicity for the A.T. continued, but construction slowed considerably. In many areas, construction was hampered by the remoteness of the Trail route, rugged nature of the landscape, and a lack of existing clubs and volunteers. Welch’s heavy workload as chief engineer and general manager of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission limited his attention to the ATC, and he relinquished his chairmanship to G. Arthur Perkins in 1928. Perkins was a retired judge who had become a hiking enthusiast and joined the Appalachian Mountain Club in his 50s. In 1925, he filled a vacancy as the ATC’s New England representative and was voted to serve on the executive committee in 1926. That same year, he began scouting trail routes in northwest Connecticut and in Maine. He was elected supervisor of the overall A.T. Project at the second ATC meeting, held in 1928, and became chairman of the ATC later that year. Perkins traveled extensively up and down the A.T. route between Maine and Virginia, enlisting workers and forming trail clubs. He participated in scouting the proposed extension of the Trail through Maine and personally led many work parties, including one marking a trail down Katahdin’s Great South Basin in 1928. Under Perkins’ leadership large sections of trail were constructed and opened in Maine, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. He subsidized trail building activities with his own money and paid for MacKaye’s travel expenses on A.T. business trips (ATC 2000:7–9, 2012:34–35; Foster 1987:12; Waterman and Waterman 1989:488).

One of Perkins’ most significant contributions to the A.T. was recruiting Myron H. Avery to the project. A native of Lubec, Maine, a Harvard Law School graduate, and a one-time employee at Perkins’ Hartford, Connecticut, law firm, Avery moved to Washington, DC, in the 1920s to take an admiralty-law position with the federal government. An avid hiker, Avery was easily persuaded to get involved in the A.T. Project. Within weeks of being approached by Perkins in 1927, Avery formed the Washington, DC-based Potomac Appalachian Trail Club (PATC), which became the model organization on which most of the A.T. clubs formed afterwards were based. From his initial trip leading a group of friends in hiking and marking the first sections of the A.T. in northern Virginia in 1927 until his death in 1952, Avery remained at the forefront of all planning and pragmatic aspects of the A.T. He was a highly energetic and industrious trailblazer and devoted himself to forming new clubs, recruiting volunteers, and plotting routes—including flagging, cutting, constructing, blazing, and measuring them himself—to complete the Trail (ATC 2000:8– 9, 22–23, 2012b:37–38, 2013).

Perkins also instituted a regular meeting schedule for the ATC, which had not gathered since the initial meeting in 1925. Sponsored by Avery’s PATC, the second ATC meeting was held in Washington, DC, on May 19–20, 1928. Its purpose was to revive the dwindling progress on the A.T. by clearly defining its goals and to encourage participation in the project. The members authorized the rewriting of the ATC’s constitution to create a more formal organization for the federation. Ratified the following year at an ATC meeting in Easton, Pennsylvania, the new constitution included the institution of a 16-member Board of Managers, with a smaller executive

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committee. Welch was elected honorary president of the ATC, but Perkins assumed the key role for the Trail’s development through his election as chairman and trail supervisor. Ashton Allis of the NY-NJTC was elected treasurer and Avery was named to the board and the executive committee. The reworded purpose statement of the organization made clear that that the utopian community aspects of MacKaye’s vision had been abandoned in favor of the more achievable goal of completing the Trail solely for recreational enjoyment. The ATC’s mission going forward was to “promote, establish and maintain a continuous trail for walkers, with a system of shelters and other necessary equipment…as a means for stimulating public interest in the protection, conservation and best use of the natural resources within the mountains and wild lands areas of the East” (ATC 2000:8).

An estimated 500 miles of the A.T. was open to hiking by the time of the 1928 ATC meeting.

Nearly all of that mileage was in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, where the vast majority of the preexisting trails and established hiking clubs were located. To catch up, Perkins and Avery focused their efforts on the Southern sections of the Trail. By 1931, under Avery’s leadership, the PATC completed 260 miles of trail between the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania and Rockfish Gap in Virginia. Publicity for the A.T. and the progress being made by the PATC encouraged the involvement of existing hiking groups and the formation of new organizations. Among the existing groups that had formed during the initial excitement for MacKaye’s A.T. Project in the early 1920s were the Carolina Mountain Club, which was founded in Asheville, North Carolina, in 1923 as a spinoff of the Southern Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club and completed segments of the A.T. in the North Carolina-Tennessee region. Another was the Smoky Mountains Hiking Club, which was founded in 1924 and began building the stretch of the A.T. between Indian Gap and Mount Guyot in Great Smoky Mountains National Park in 1928. New ATC clubs founded during the early 1930s included the Georgia Appalachian Trail Club (1930), Natural Bridge Appalachian Trail Club (1930), and the Roanoke Appalachian Trail Club (1932). Once it gained momentum the enthusiasm for the A.T. in the South produced significant results. As early as 1930, Avery had remarked during a talk before the Appalachian Mountain Club that while it was the generally accepted view that continuous marked hiking trails in the South were non-existent, “the rapid development of the Appalachian Trail has created such a startling reversal of conditions that it is probably true today that the extent of marked Appalachian Trail south of the Mason-Dixon Line is greater than that in the North.” This was certainly true two years later when the Southern clubs reported that their one-third share of the A.T. was completed (AMC 1930:199).

Locating and Constructing the Appalachian Trail The construction of the A.T. was unlike any other project developed in the United States to that time. On its face, once the utopian aspects of MacKaye’s original plan had been discarded, it was a straightforward process of locating a route and marking and clearing a narrow footpath that was meant to be as unobtrusive as possible. In practice, however, the job was far more complicated, involving extensive negotiating with public officials and private landowners, building sections of trail in remote and rugged areas, and organizing and training loosely affiliated volunteer groups committed to assisting in the construction and maintenance of the Trail. More than three-quarters

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of the A.T.’s ultimate length of approximately 2,184-miles was constructed from 1928 to 1937, a period that included the most calamitous years of the Great Depression and a massive expansion of federal involvement in recreational development and conservation through investment in national and state parks. The public-private relationship that was part of the Trail’s development since the early 1920s grew closer as the opportunities to locate the trail on publicly protected lands increased.

After Perkins suffered an incapacitating stroke in 1930, the responsibility for completing the A.T. fell to Avery, who was elected chairman of the ATC the following year. One of Avery’s first priorities was to issue guidance to standardize trail construction practices. The sectional approach to developing the A.T. produced variation in trail design and, with the mobilization of new and inexperienced hiking clubs in the South, Avery decided it was prudent to issue guidance that would apply along the entire length of the A.T. He produced the first Trail Manual for the Appalachian Trail, which was officially adopted by the ATC in 1931. Most of the information for the manual came directly from a previous PATC manual that Avery published in 1929, which in turn borrowed heavily from trail construction guidance previously issued by the NETC and the Adirondack Mountain Club in various publications in the 1910s (ATC 1931b:1; PATC 1929:1).

The ATC manual laid out a multi-phase process for locating and constructing the Trail and defined quality standards for incorporation into the A.T. In enumerating the “first principles” of the Trail, Avery made it clear that its “sole purpose” was to “afford pleasure and recreation” and that those considerations should be paramount in selecting its route. Avery also made a distinction between the traditional meaning of “trail” and the “Appalachian Trail.” A trail was a “route passable for foot or horse travel but not for vehicles,” while the Appalachian Trail was “for foot travel only, without improving the footway.” The initial phase of A.T. building involved the selection of a prospective route using topographic maps and a field reconnaissance. Because the A.T. was “by nature a sky-line trail,” it was to “connect as many high points, affording wide views of surrounding country, and as many places of beauty, as lie within its course, consistent with accessibility and practicable grades.” These ideals could not always be met, however, due to practicalities and safety considerations. For instance, the Trail had to run where there was an ample supply of water available to hikers. Bridging was expensive and time consuming, so the route over wide water courses required the use of existing bridges. To the extent possible, the Trail was to avoid swampy areas, edges and bases of bluffs where slides could occur, and grades more than 25 percent (ATC 1931b:1–2).

The methods for locating and constructing the Trail were defined in the manual, but a large amount of discretion was given to the volunteers who did the work. Once the general route was selected, a team usually consisting of an experienced leader and two assistants could proceed to locate its specific route on the ground. Starting at the beginning of the segment, the three spread out and walked forward to look for the best route. Grocer’s string trailed behind or rags tied to tree limbs were preferred temporary markings that could easily be moved if the Trail needed to be relocated.

Once the Trail was satisfactorily located it could be blazed with more permanent markings. The Trail path was then roughed and cleared. A trail was considered “cleared” when vegetation and

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other obstructions had been sufficiently removed to allow a “hiker walking erect, with a backpack and blanket roll” to “encounter no obstruction to any part of himself or his pack and…[to]…see the footing a few steps ahead.” Marking and signing the Trail could commence during the clearing process or after it was completed. Marking identified the route through standardized A.T. blazes, trail markers, arrows, and cairns. Signage was installed at trailheads, forks, and crossings to supply hikers with information. It was recommended that the signs start with the name “Appalachian Trail” and include the objectives of the Trail section. A lettered arrow pointing the direction toward and distance to the objective was to be included, along with the name of the organization responsible for constructing and maintaining that section of the Trail. The section was considered to be “Standard Appalachian Trail” only after it was properly cleared, marked, and signed in accordance with the definitions and directions contained in the manual (ATC 1931b:2–6).

The ATC and its constituent groups had no legal authority to take land or otherwise compel landowners to allow trail construction through their properties. It was therefore important to locate the Trail on publicly owned national and state park, forest, and conservation lands to the greatest practicable extent. The federal and state employees who managed those entities were almost universally supportive of the A.T. Project and generally offered assistance in locating and constructing sections within their jurisdiction. Fortunately for the ATC, the construction of the Trail coincided with a substantial commitment by the federal and state governments in the eastern United States to acquire and set aside land for conservation and park purposes. Trail development in the South benefited from the establishment in the mid-1930s of Shenandoah National Park and Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which together contain more than 180 miles of the A.T. 3 The Trail was also routed to take advantage of new national forests established during the period, including Green Mountain in Vermont (est. 1932), Allegheny in Pennsylvania (est. 1923), Mountain Lake (est. 1935, later renamed Jefferson) in Virginia, and Chattahoochee (est. 1936) in Georgia, where the Trail’s southern terminus on Springer Mountain was established (Mittlefehldt 2008:80).

While the patchwork of publicly owned lands was extensive, long stretches of trail in between had to be routed on private lands or along existing public roads. The 1931 ATC trail construction guide cautioned that the use and permanence of the Trail on private lands, as well as the availability of assistance to hikers in need, was often dependent on the “good will and cooperation of the owners and residents along the route” and that “obviously such good will and cooperation should be reciprocal.” The guide directed that private landowners were to be contacted after the Trail was located, but before it was blazed, to explain the “nature and purpose of the trail” and gain their “express permission” to run it through their land. This approach proved successful as most 3

Although some of the land for the national and state parks, forests, and preserves through which the original route of the A.T. passed was acquired using the power of eminent domain or other practices that affected landowners found objectionable, the original A.T. Project had no such authority. This held true until the passage of the National Trails System Act in 1968 and the National Trails System Act Amendments in 1978 provided the federal authority and funding for the establishment of a protected A.T. corridor. The acts included provisions for acquiring land through condemnation when in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior the land was vital to establishing the corridor and all other options to acquire it had been exhausted.

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landowners along the route initially supported the Trail, often granting their ascent by handshakes or an oral agreement. There were, however, instances where permission could not be obtained or was later revoked, and the Trail was forced onto public roads and sidewalks. This was more common in areas where trail use was heavy, and owners objected to damage, litter, or bad behavior of hikers. The inability to effectively protect and maintain sections of the Trail on private land ultimately led to the successful lobbying efforts to create a protected publicly owned corridor for the Trail in the late twentieth century (ATC 1931b:1–2; Mittlefehldt 2008:80).

At the annual meeting of the ATC in 1934, the member clubs reported that 1,937 miles of the A.T. had been completed. By that time, the southern terminus in Georgia had been reset to extend about 50 miles farther south from Cohutta Mountain to Mount Oglethorpe and the northern terminus was established on Katahdin in Maine. The northern extension was more than 200 miles and represented a particularly difficult section because of its remoteness and topography. For expediency, some ATC leaders considered withdrawing the northern terminus to the original Mount Washington point, but Avery refused to abandon the section through his native state. He and other members of the PATC joined with some trail enthusiasts in Maine to form the Maine Appalachian Trail Club (MATC) in 1935. The PATC members of the MATC traveled to the state during the summers of the next few years to work on the Trail (ATC 1931b, 2000:7–9, 2012b:37– 38, 2013; Brown et al. 2008:2,11; Foster 1987:12; Muench 1991:xi–xii).

The Civilian Conservation Corps and Completion of the Original Appalachian Trail The construction of the Maine trail segment, as well as other portions of the Trail, was substantially aided by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) after the USFS and the ATC were successful in placing the A.T. on the CCC’s agenda in 1935. Created under the Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) Act of 1933, the CCC was one of the first and most popular of the New Deal relief programs established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s administration to combat the effects of the Great Depression (1929–1939). Its purpose was to provide work for unemployed young men on public works projects, including conservation and recreation projects in national and state parks throughout the country. The CCC was placed under the control of the U.S. Army and was operated with military discipline in a camp structure. By the mid-1930s, overseers of the program became aware of the potential for using CCC labor toward the development of the country’s city, state, and national parks and the CCC shifted its focus from forest conservation to recreational development. Subsequently, CCC project management was divided between the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior. Throughout the nine years in which the CCC was active, the USFS retained supervision of 50 percent of the CCC camps in the country, while the remainder were split among other federal entities. The establishment of the CCC coincided with a reorganization of the executive branch by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and a massive expansion of the National Park System in 1933. As part of the expansion, all the battlefields and other historic monuments administered by the War Department and other agencies were transferred to the NPS. The system continued to expand throughout the 1930s and nearly every park in the system benefitted from CCC labor. When Congress ended the CCC program in 1942, the Corps had employed more than 600,000 men in the construction of approximately 13,000 miles

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of hiking trails, 8,000 associated pedestrian bridges, 3,470 fire towers, and 97,000 miles of forest roads and had planted 3 billion trees throughout the United States (ATC 2000:10; Carr 1998:262– 263; Maher 2008:27–28; McClelland 1993:200–203; Jarvis 2009; Unrau and Williss 1983:n.p.).

The CCC completed more than half of the total mileage of the Maine trail segment. Camps were established in Millinocket, Greenville, Flagstaff, and Rangeley. The CCC also improved previously cleared trail, repainted blazes, cut previously blazed portions of the Trail, built side trails to viewpoints and springs, and constructed shelters. A problematic canoe ferry across the Penobscot West Branch at Nesowadnehunk Falls was avoided through the construction of a wire cable bridge. The combined efforts of the MATC and CCC resulted in the development of 265 miles of the A.T. in Maine by the summer of 1936 (AMC 1936:120–122).

The CCC figured prominently in the development of sections of the A.T. in the South, particularly in Virginia, where the construction of Skyline Drive and the Blue Ridge Parkway required the relocation of nearly 130 miles of the A.T. that the PATC and other clubs had recently completed.

The construction of Skyline Drive began in 1933, two years before the surrounding Shenandoah National Park was established. The scenic auto route overlapped the A.T. for about 10 miles between Thornton Gap and Skyland Resort, and CCC crews were assigned the task of reconstructing the section on a new alignment. Construction of the Blue Ridge Parkway, which was an extension of Skyline Drive designed to connect to the newly established Great Smoky Mountains National Park, commenced in 1938. Once again, the CCC was involved in relocating nearly 120 miles of the A.T. (Brown et al. 2008).

Examples of CCC work on the Trail that are listed in the National Register are the Mount Greylock Summit Historic District (NR-listed 1998) in Massachusetts and the Washington Monument (NRlisted 1972) in Washington Monument State Park in Maryland. CCC resources that contribute to the Mount Greylock Summit Historic District include Bascom Lodge, Summit Garage, Thunderbolt Ski Shelter, Notch Road, and systems of stone walls and stone culverts. The CCC camp at Washington Monument State Park was established in 1934 and over the next two years its workers rebuilt the park’s stone monument to George Washington that was originally erected by citizens of nearby Boonsboro in 1827. The CCC also contributed to the surrounding state park infrastructure by erecting shelters, a parapet wall, and picnic tables (Parish 1972; Parsons 1994).

Trail-specific resources constructed by the CCC include structures such as bridges, puncheons, and corduroyed bog crossings that carried the Trail over obstacles. The CCC also constructed well over 100 shelters and fire towers, the survivors of which are among the most distinctive buildings and structures developed as part of the A.T. Before the CCC disbanded in 1942, its contributions to the development of the A.T. had extended throughout most of the Trail route (McCahon 1985; Maher 2008:72; Good 1999:155–156).

The construction of the auto routes in Virginia and the intervention of the federal government in the development of the A.T. led to a permanent rift in the relationship between Avery and MacKaye in 1935. The two had always held divergent opinions on what the A.T. should be, with

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MacKaye holding out hope that some of its communal social aspects would be realized and Avery working doggedly to complete it solely as a hiking trail. Avery and a majority of the other ATC members supported the construction of Skyline Drive in the belief that it was important to maintain a strong, positive relationship with the federal government, which was the only real hope for securing the long-term future of the A.T. Although he had long been a proponent of federal protection for the Trail, MacKaye, along with a number of other key ATC leaders, opposed the road construction projects, arguing that automobile traffic and its attendant infrastructure would compromise the setting of the A.T. The clash in personalities that had characterized the relationship between Avery and MacKaye since the beginning was readily apparent in competing articles each published on the subject of the auto roads and in private correspondence. After Avery’s view won out, the two broke off communication with one another. MacKaye removed himself entirely from involvement in the A.T., devoting much of his time in the coming years to founding and promoting the Wilderness Society (ATC 2000:11, 2012b:60–65).

At the beginning of 1937, two sections of the Trail remained incomplete: one mile between the Davenport Gap and the Big Pigeon River in Tennessee and two miles along a high ridge between Sugarloaf and Spaulding mountains in Maine. The Tennessee section was completed in the spring and, on August 14, 1937, a six-man CCC crew completed the Maine section, thereby opening the A.T. to its full extent between Katahdin and Mount Oglethorpe (ATC 1931:7–9; Brown et al.

2008:2, 11; Foster 1987:12; Muench 1991:xi–xii).

D. Management of the Appalachian Trail, 1938–1967 At an ATC meeting in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, two months before the A.T. was completed, Avery acknowledged the significance of the pending accomplishment with caution about its future maintenance. “Rather than a sense of exultation,” Avery stated, “this situation brings a fuller realization of our responsibilities. To say that the Trail is completed would be a complete misnomer. Those of us, who have physically worked on the Trail, know that the Trail, as such, will never be completed.” At that point Avery was probably more familiar than anyone else with the A.T., having walked nearly its entire length at various times and having become the first “2,000 miler” on the Trail. He knew the Trail existed at the pleasure of hundreds of landowners––both public and private––who at any time could choose to refuse access or force its relocation to make way for other land uses. To secure protection for the Trail, Avery and other A.T. proponents resurrected and transformed MacKaye’s idea for a super national forest into a concept for creating a public recreational corridor called the “Appalachian Trailway” (ATC 2000:11–12).

The first targets of the Appalachian Trailway initiative were the sections of the A.T. on federal lands. With Avery’s backing, Edward B. Ballard, a NPS field coordinator and Appalachian Mountain Club member, spearheaded negotiations with the NPS and the USFS. On October 15, 1938, the agencies executed an agreement designating a one-mile protective zone on either side of the A.T. in the national parks and forests. The agreement directed that new roads or other incompatible development would not be allowed, and timber cutting was prohibited within 200 feet of the Trail. The A.T. would be relocated where necessary to keep it at least one mile

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from roads, and construction of campsites, lean-tos, and shelters on land by the Trail was authorized. At the time it was executed, the agreement applied to eight national forests and two national parks containing about 875 miles of the A.T. 4 (ATC 1964:3, 2000:12; 2012b:73–76).

The NPS further assisted the ATC in striking similar agreements with the managers of state reservations through which the A.T. traveled. Because the state parks and forests were smaller than their federal counterparts, the protective buffer in those areas was generally limited to one-quarter mile from both sides of the Trail. By 1940, Appalachian Trailway agreements were in place in all states except Maine, where the only state-owned land was Baxter State Park, which was already protected as a permanent state preserve. The progress made toward developing a protected corridor for the Trail prompted the ATC to update its guidebooks and issue its first newsletter (the Appalachian Trailway News) in 1939 (ATC 1964:37, 2000:12, 2012b:93; Foster 1987:13).

Despite the progress made in fostering the Appalachian Trailway concept, several events in the late 1930s and early 1940s threatened the future of the Trail. In 1938, Congress authorized construction of the Blue Ridge Parkway, a 469-mile automobile road through the Blue Ridge Mountains designed to connect Skyline Drive in Shenandoah National Park with Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Although Avery had supported the construction of Skyline Drive in the early 1930s, he was unhappy with the decision to build the parkway because of the impact it would have on the newly completed A.T. The construction of the parkway required the relocation of about 120 miles of the A.T., prompting Avery to comment that the parkway project was “the major catastrophe in Appalachian Trail history.” Worries over the impending relocation of the A.T. in the South were compounded by a September 1938 hurricane that rendered hundreds of miles of the Trail in New England impassable. Additional gaps in the continuity of the Trail were caused when some private landowners rescinded permission to cross their property (ATC 2000:12).

Maintenance of the Trail, including the work necessary to fully repair the hurricane damage, was largely deferred during World War II. The last general ATC meeting before the war was held in 1941 and the meetings did not resume until 1948. Many of the A.T. leaders were enlisted in the defense effort, and sections of the A.T. adjacent to sensitive military installations, power plants, and strategic transportation routes were closed. One of the few maintenance programs was undertaken by the New York Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club in 1942 to reforest denuded stretches of the A.T. with 2,000 pine seedlings purchased at cost from the State of New York. It was hoped that the reforestation idea would be adopted by other clubs to create cool fragrant woods along lengthy bare sections of trail (AMC 1942).

After the war, the numerous challenges that the ATC faced in managing the A.T. prompted the leadership to redouble efforts to establish greater protection over the corridor. Much of the Trail was in disrepair, and parts in New England had not recovered from the 1938 hurricane. A robust postwar economic expansion produced demand for new highways, ski resorts, second homes, 4

The eight national forests were Chattahoochee, Nantahala, Cherokee, George Washington, Mountain Lake (Jefferson), Allegheny, Green Mountain, and White Mountain, and the two national parks were Great Smoky Mountains and Shenandoah.

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communications towers, and timber cutting in the Appalachian Mountains. An Appalachian Trailway News editorial in 1945 identified a large slate of impending postwar development projects, warning that they would “vitally affect the few remaining wilderness areas we have in the east.” It became apparent to the A.T. caretakers that the existing 1938 Appalachian Trailway agreements were insufficient to ensure long-term protection of the A.T. (ATC 2012b:97).

In 1944, during discussions for the Federal-Aid-Highway Act of that year, Congressman David K. Hoch of Pennsylvania, president of the Blue Mountain Eagle Climbing Club (BMECC), introduced an amendment to authorize the establishment of a national system of foot trails that would be 10,000 miles long and include the A.T. Although unsuccessful, the proposal introduced the concept of total public ownership of the A.T. Avery supported the idea, writing in a 1946 edition of Appalachian Trailway News that “Any Trail route which is to survive must be in public ownership...This objective, that of carrying the Appalachian Trail into public ownership, is the primary and fundamental problem of the Conference” (ATC 2000:13; Foster 1987:13–14).

Failing health forced Avery to step down as chairman of the ATC in 1952. His successor was Murray H. Stevens, a former chairman of the NY-NJTC; during his term, serious threats posed by encroaching development forced the relocation of a number of Trail sections, some up to 150 miles long. In his final report to the ATC in 1961, Stevens echoed both MacKaye and Avery when he wrote, “I consider the only solution for the permanence of the Appalachian Trail as a ‘wilderness footpath’ is in public ownership. The ever-increasing population and constant expansion of the seaboard, with resultant growth in rural living and development, leaves no alternative. I would propose a ‘green belt’ of public lands with the Trail acting as the spinal cord linking them together” (ATC 1964:42, 2000:13, 30–31, 2012b:86; NPS 2007:3).

Stanley A. Murray of Kingsport, Tennessee, took over as ATC chairman in 1961 and served in that position until 1975. Under his tenure, the organization was streamlined, and its offices were moved to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, where they were staffed by the ATC’s first paid employees. Murray guided the ATC in its push for federal protection of the A.T. and promoted Avery’s green belt concept by proposing the creation of an “Appalachian Greenway,” to consist of a “primitive” zone of mostly public land immediately adjacent to the A.T. and a “countryside” zone that would extend up to 10 miles on either side composed predominantly of private lands subject to local land-use controls. The greenway concept became the heart of the ATC’s efforts to protect the viewshed along the Trail. Murray actively cultivated the support of individuals, groups, and corporations to back the passage of federal legislation to protect the A.T. and encouraged states along the route to work on their own protection efforts (ATC 2000:31–33).

The economic and social forces that had initiated the outdoor recreation movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries evolved substantially during the immediate post-World War II period to produce an unprecedented thirst among Americans for recreational opportunities.

The scenic beauty and abundant natural resources of the Appalachian Mountains made it a recreational destination before the A.T. was completed, but its popularity escalated with the nationwide promotion of parks, forests, and tourism and the increased leisure time and travel

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flexibility that were available during the prosperous postwar period to more Americans than ever before. The wholesale adoption of the automobile as the dominant form of transportation in the United States fostered the outdoor movement by making previously remote areas accessible.

National parks were among the most popular destinations during the period and the massive increase in visitation taxed the system, which had suffered from deferred maintenance during the war years. The situation led NPS Director Conrad Wirth to propose and ultimately get funding from Congress for the Mission 66 Program, which led to dramatic improvements throughout the National Park System and raised general awareness of the importance of national parks and public lands in American culture (Appalachian Trail Project Office [ATPO]1987:28–29; Dulles 1965:318–324).

Like the national parks, the A.T. experienced a significant increase in use after World War II. As MacKaye had envisioned, the majority of Trail users accessed it for day excursions or short camping trips and usually selected their hikes based on local proximity or some significant scenic attraction. Longer hikes covering large sections of trail were relatively rare and the idea of hiking the entire trail was slow to take hold. Earl V. Shaffer made the first documented thru-hike of the A.T. in 1948. Shaffer undertook the hike as a therapeutic to the stresses he endured during his service as a soldier in the South Pacific during World War II. In a diary that he kept during his hike he noted that the trip “was planned and executed to have no exact schedule, but to be completed in approximately four months.” Shaffer’s accomplishment was widely known in the hiking community and helped to boost the popularity of the Trail. Over the next 20 years about 50 other hikers reportedly completed thru-hikes. In 1981, Shaffer’s diary was officially published by the ATC under the title Walking with Spring (Emblidge 1996:92).

E. Creation of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, 1968–1977 The events that eventually led to the protection of the A.T. occurred within the context of the environmental and conservation movements of the second half of the twentieth century. The inherent dangers of nuclear testing, pollution issued from American factories, and the widespread use of chemical agents such as DDT were among the principal motivators for the development of a national environmental movement. The Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which approved federal funding for state and local governments to ensure interstate water quality, was one of the first major pieces of legislation passed by Congress to combat the ills of pollution. The following year, Aldo Leopold established a new basis for evaluating environmental change in his widely read A Sand County Almanac. Leopold proposed a new “land ethic” founded on an expanded definition of community that included not only people and constructed elements like buildings and roads, but also “soils, waters, plants, animals, or collectively the land.” He asserted that “a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community.” Leopold had a long association with Benton MacKaye that went back to their co-founding of the Wilderness Society in 1935, and his work provided philosophical and scientific underpinnings for the nation’s environmentalists, including those involved in trying to protect the A.T. (Merchant 2002).

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The environmental movement expanded in the 1960s as concerns over quality-of-life issues became the major drivers of growing environmental activism. In 1962, scientist Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which exposed the environmental impact of pesticides. Her work was among those that influenced environmental legislation of the 1960s, including the Clean Air Act (1962), the Wilderness Act (1964), and the Water Quality Control Act (1965). The Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577 [16 U.S.C. 1131–1136]) established a new legal definition of “wilderness” and mandated the unimpaired preservation of federal lands covered by its provisions. Eight years of debate by conservation advocates preceded the act’s passage. Section (c) of the act defined wilderness in part as “...an area where earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.” The act further defined federally owned wilderness lands to consist of areas that retain their “primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions.” The act created the National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS), which initially consisted of all lands within the national forests that had been classified before September 1, 1964, by the Secretary of Agriculture or the Chief of the Forest Service as “‘wilderness’, ‘wild’ or ‘canoe’” lands. The secretaries of agriculture and the interior were tasked with conducting a study to identify other lands within their jurisdictions that met the wilderness definition. The findings of the studies were to be provided to the President of the United States who, in turn, was to advise the Congress about his recommendations for wilderness areas to be added to the NWPS. The Wilderness Act contributed to the ongoing national debate about the definition of wilderness by setting a standard that excluded any noticeable signs of human habitation or activity. While the act was not specifically directed at the A.T., lands protected as wilderness under its provisions included many parcels containing the A.T. within national parks and forests (Merchant 2002).

The growing popularity of the A.T. encouraged political backing for the ATC’s campaign to secure its protection. In 1964, U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin introduced Bill S.2862 because of his belief that “there is no hope of maintaining the present 2,000-mile continuous foot trail through a primitive environment close to our eastern cities without public protection of the route and adjoining lands” (quoted in Foster 1987:15). Although the bill did not pass, it attracted the attention of President Lyndon B. Johnson who, in a February 1965 message to Congress, remarked, “In the back country, we need to copy the great Appalachian Trail in all parts of America.” Johnson then directed Department of the Interior Secretary Stewart Udall, an experienced A.T. hiker, to prepare a cooperative program to encourage a national system of trails. The ensuing report, Trails for America (1966) prepared by the new Department of the Interior Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, contained a special chapter on the A.T. written by agency specialist Donald Shedd with input from Stanley Murray and other ATC officials (Foster 1987:15–16).

The Trails for America report established the basis for the National Trails System Act (NTSA, Public Law 90-543 [16 U.S.C. 1241–1251]), which was signed into law by President Johnson on October 2, 1968. The NTSA authorized the establishment of a national system of scenic, historic, and recreational trails to “provide for the ever-increasing outdoor recreation needs of an expanding population and in order to promote the preservation of, public access to, travel within, and

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enjoyment and appreciation of the open-air, outdoor areas and historic resources of the Nation.”

The A.T. and the unfinished Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) were designated National Scenic Trails, making them the initial two components of the new National Trail System. 5 The A.T. was to be administered by the Secretary of the Interior, while the responsibility for the PCT was placed with the Secretary of Agriculture. The NTSA provided for the study of numerous other trail routes for inclusion in the National Trails System and, since the passage of the act in 1968, 29 additional scenic and historic trails have been added (Brown et al. 2008:11; Foster 1987:16–17; PCTA n.d.).

The enactment of the NTSA marked the culmination of more than a decade of advocacy by the ATC, volunteers, and governmental managers to gain federal protection for the A.T. A provision to establish advisory councils for all prospective trails resulted in the formation of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail Advisory Council (ANSTAC). As with the advisory councils established for other trails, the ANSTAC was authorized to exist for a period of 10 years. Its membership included the heads of agencies with jurisdiction over lands through which the Trail passed, a representative from each state on the Trail route, and one or more members appointed to represent private organizations, including corporate and individual landowners and land users with a recognized interest in the Trail. Congress included special provisions for the membership of the ANSTAC to ensure that the ATC had adequate representation from the different regions traversed by the Trail.

The law directed the Secretary of the Interior to submit to Congress a comprehensive plan for the acquisition, management, development, and use of the A.T. within two years of the NTSA’s passage. The Secretary of the Interior was granted broad authority to preserve and protect the A.T., including acquiring land through purchase, exchange, or donation and establishing scenic and other protective easements. That authority also extended to initiating condemnation proceedings when, in the Secretary’s judgement, “all reasonable efforts to acquire such lands or interest therein by negotiation have failed” (ATC 2000:53; U.S. Congress 1968).

Management of the A.T. devolved from the Secretary of the Interior to the NPS and the Trail became a unit of the National Park System. To administer the Trail, the NPS created the Appalachian Trail Park Office (ATPO) at its Northeast Regional Headquarters in Boston. One of the most significant provisions of the NTSA was the ability to execute formal agreements with non-federal entities to “operate, develop, and maintain” the Trail. On May 13, 1970, the ATPO and the ATC signed a Memorandum of Agreement recognizing the ATC’s role under Section 7(h) of the NTSA, which encouraged volunteer citizen involvement in the planning, development, maintenance, and management of national trails. Under the agreement, the NPS retained responsibility for administering the A.T. in accordance with the NTSA, while the ATC was given the authority to define policies and practices for management and stewardship and to coordinate the activities of 31 of its member trail clubs, which continued to undertake the maintenance and operation of the A.T. in their jurisdictional sectors. The agreement between the NPS and ATC established a ground-breaking public-private partnership (ATC 2000:53–54).

5

Planning for the Pacific Crest Trail commenced in 1926 and construction began in the 1930s, but the 2,650-mile trail through California, Oregon, and Washington was not completed until 1993.

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The passage of the NTSA of 1968 and the designation of the A.T. as a National Scenic Trail boosted efforts to place the Trail within a permanently protected corridor. In 1968, 1,032 miles, or roughly half the A.T., was located either on private land or roads, some of which were paved and heavily used. To support the land acquisition program and establish the official route of the A.T. as required by the NTSA, the NPS sponsored a flyover of the A.T. at 9,000 feet to take aerial photographs of a continuous line of white panels that volunteers had laid out along the treadway.

Completed in 1970–1971, the resulting aerial photographs were used to prepare the official A.T. route map that was published in the Federal Register on October 9, 1971. This action began a twoyear period during which state and local entities along the A.T. were to acquire the privately owned corridor lands in their jurisdictions. Between 1971 and 1975, the NPS signed agreements with 10 of the 14 A.T. states that defined the terms of A.T. management on state lands and encouraged the states to acquire new land for the corridor. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, became the administrative center for the A.T. after the ATC relocated its headquarters from Washington, DC, in 1972 and the NPS ATPO moved there in 1974. (ATC 2000:53; 2012b:113–114).

The ANSTAC met annually from 1969 to 1975, but the progress of acquiring lands for the A.T. protective corridor was slow. The USFS was only slightly more successful in its efforts to acquire private tracts around the A.T. in the national forests. The popularity of long-distance hiking, or “backpacking,” increased immensely during the 1970s as new durable, lightweight equipment became available. More than 230 people traversed the whole length of the A.T. in the early 1970s, compared to only about 10 in 1969 and less than two per year in the preceding years. By the end of the 1970s, an estimated 2.5 million people a year visited the A.T., creating unanticipated issues of overuse of the treadway and support facilities (ATC 2000:31, 52, 2012:82, 110; ATPO 1987:28; Emblidge 1996:76–78; 92; Foster 1987:14).

F. Land Acquisition and the National Trails System Act Amendments, 1978–present To speed up the land acquisition process and acknowledge the elevated importance of the A.T. in American culture, Congress passed the Appalachian Trail Legislative Amendments to the National Trails System Act (Public Law 95-248) in March 1978. Often referred to as the Appalachian Trail Act, the legislation authorized $90 million for land acquisition along the A.T. At the time, more than 600 miles of the A.T. were located on private property and another 200 miles on public roads and highways. The legislation directed the NPS to acquire land along the A.T., wherever it did not already pass through federally or state-owned land, to establish a permanent, protected, and continuous A.T. corridor from Georgia to Maine. The authors of the NTSA amendments envisioned 125 acres of protected land per mile figured on an average corridor width of 1,000 feet (500 feet on either side of the center of the treadway) (ATC 2009e:5; Foster 1987:23–61; U.S. Congress 1968).

The A.T. land protection program was successfully implemented under the leadership of David A. Richie, who became deputy regional director of the NPS’s Northeast Regional Office in 1974, and Charles Rinaldi, who headed the A.T.’s Land Acquisition Office established in 1978. The effort is often cited as being the most complicated public-land acquisition program in U.S. history. The

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first private land acquired under the new program was the Henry Beinart tract in Dutchess County, New York, in 1978. While the goal was to gain government ownership in fee simple of the properties, the complexities of dealing with landowners with a wide breadth of expectations and desires prompted the leaders of the A.T. land acquisition program to experiment with a variety of flexible and creative less-than-fee protection measures such as easements, development rights, life interest and special use reservations, term estates, purchase and leaseback arrangements and, occasionally, purchase and sellback provisions. About 20 percent of the property transactions required some form of customized land transaction to meet the needs of specific property owners.

Negotiations at this fine-scale level of detail were possible due to the innovative assistance of local volunteers in the A.T. community for both private and public property transactions. There were, however, a number of cases where owners objected to what they saw as a federal incursion on their personal property rights. Whenever such objections were raised, an alternative approach was sought, but sometimes the Land Acquisition Office deemed it necessary to implement condemnation proceedings. Especially from 1978 to 1990, there were a number of controversies over the condemnation of land for the A.T. corridor that were reported by the local press, and some cases ended up in federal court (ATC 2013a; Foster 1987:142–144).

The 1970 agreement in which the NPS delegated A.T. maintenance and many aspects of management to the ATC was supplemented by a cooperative management system that was set forth in the Comprehensive Plan for the Protection, Management, Development, and Use of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail adopted by the Secretary of the Interior in September 1981.

The comprehensive plan, which was reaffirmed in 1987, defined the governing principles and processes for the overall management and maintenance of the A.T. in light of its growing use and various developmental projects that threatened its integrity. The plan was supplemented by local management plans that provided more specific policy and program direction for the management of particular sections of the Trail and by agreements that defined the roles and responsibilities of the volunteer and governmental agencies involved in management of each trail section. Together, these documents and agreements formalized and strengthened the volunteer-based system of stewardship that has been an important aspect of the Trail’s history since it was conceived (ATC 2000:16; Birchard Jr. and Proudman 2000:131; Brown et al. 2008:3, 12; Foster 1987:23–61, 76– 77, 106–107, 115–122).

A pivotal moment for the A.T. occurred in November 1984 with the signing of Cooperative Agreement No. 0631-81-01 by the NPS and the ATC. The event took place in Washington, DC, at the headquarters of the American Institute of Architects, the organization that had published Benton MacKaye’s seminal article in 1921. Secretary of the Interior William P. Clark and ANSTAC Chairman Arthur W. Brownell were among those who witnessed the signing by NPS Director Russell E. Dickenson and ATC Chairman Raymond E. Hunt. This landmark occasion had far-reaching public policy implications by establishing a precedent for the formal delegation of federal responsibilities for the management of public lands. At the conclusion of the ceremonies, Dickenson noted, “Our signatures on this agreement evidence faith on the part of the Government and private partners alike that extensive public lands can be safely entrusted to a private

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organization.” Through execution of the agreement, the ATC and its 31 member clubs accepted management responsibility for the A.T. corridor (Foster 1987:97, 157–158).

The most intensive period of land acquisition for the A.T. corridor occurred during the late 1980s.

Supported primarily by federal Land and Water Conservation Fund appropriations, the USFS, NPS, and the A.T. states acquired land to establish a new protected corridor around a total of 1,480 miles of the Trail. By 2010, a total of 187,435 acres of this land had been acquired: 111,485 acres by the NPS, 56,457 acres by the USFS, and 19,493 acres by the A.T. states. Combined with the parts of the Trail that were already on publicly owned lands, the total area of the A.T. corridor amounted to more than 250,000 acres (Birchard Jr. and Proudman 2000:131).

Currently, 99 percent of the A.T. is located on protected corridor lands. The 250,000 acres of the A.T.’s protected corridor (a swath of land averaging about 1,000 feet wide) makes it one of the largest units of the National Park System in the eastern United States. The trail passes through more than 75 public land areas, including 6 units of the National Park System; 8 national forests (which contain 1,015 miles, or 47 percent of the Trail); 2 National Wildlife Refuges; 3 Tennessee Valley Authority properties; 1 Smithsonian Institution property; more than 60 state park, forest, and game-management units; and several county and municipal properties. The corridor also includes lands protected by conservation easements, agricultural security zones, preferential tax assessment of farmlands, and other legal instruments (ATC 2012b:144, 158; Birchard Jr. and Proudman 2000:131; Brown et al. 2008:3; National Parks Conservation Association [NPCA] 2010:1).

The unprecedented partnership and collaboration of public federal, state, and municipal agencies with private organizations and individuals have been the cornerstone of A.T. conservation and its success as a recreational hiking trail. From the Trail’s conception as an innovative vision of regional planning and a volunteer-based initiative, volunteers affiliated with the ATC and its member trail clubs have planned, constructed, rehabilitated, and maintained the footpath, as well as a system of more than 250 shelters and associated facilities. The partners implemented a pioneering approach to land acquisition and protection and to planning for the future of adjacent lands. The A.T. operates on a decentralized, volunteer-based, cooperative management system that has developed a unique constituency over time to care for this nationally significant public resource. The ATC’s principal mission is to protect and promote the A.T. and the natural and cultural resources that form the Trail’s environmental setting. In recognition of its increased focus on land management, the ATC changed its name to the Appalachian Trail Conservancy in 2005.

Today, the A.T. is managed by the NPS, USFS, ATC, numerous state agencies, 31 trail clubs, and thousands of volunteers. An icon of conservation, even for those who have never set foot on the A.T., the Appalachian National Scenic Trail remains one of our nation’s most valuable models of cooperative partnership that preserves natural areas and provides outdoor recreation (ATC 2012b:158; Brown et al. 2008:3; Foster 1987:141–144; NPCA 2010:3; Sutter 1999:553).

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F. ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES The associated property types eligible for National Register evaluation and registration under this MPDF cover consist of the “Appalachian National Scenic Trail State Segment” (ANST State Segment) and the “Abandoned Original Appalachian Trail (A.T.) Section” (Abandoned Trail Section). The ANST comprises a single linear historic district that derives its primary significance from being the nation’s oldest and best known continuous long-distance recreational hiking path.

However, because of its length, remoteness, and the multiple federal, state, and local public land jurisdictions through which it passes, it is not feasible to survey and evaluate the entire district at one time. The ANST State Segment property type allows for a phased approach to nominating the district to the National Register by focusing on shorter state-length segments of the ANST. The Abandoned Original A.T. Section property type allows for the nomination to the National Register of intact parts of the original A.T. constructed before 1938 and Trail-related resources built by the CCC before 1942 that have been abandoned due to Trail relocations.

Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) State Segment Description An ANST State Segment is a part of the A.T. within a state between the borders of a neighboring state or states. There are 14 ANST State Segments corresponding to the 14 states through which the A.T. travels. From north to south, the segments are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. All of the ANST State Segments with the exception of Georgia and Maine, which contain the south and north termini of the A.T., border other segments on both ends of their National Register boundaries. There are two instances where two ANST state segments may be more appropriately documented and nominated using a single National Register form. These consist of the North Carolina and Tennessee segments, where the A.T. runs along the border between the states for a considerable stretch, 6 and the Virginia and West Virginia segments, where the A.T. crosses the border of the two states multiple times.

Each ANST State Segment is made up of a combination of resources consisting of the A.T. Treadway, A.T. Side Trails, A.T. Bridges, A.T. Viewpoints, and A.T. Overnight Use Areas that form the components of a long-distance hiking trail system.

The setting of the Trail consists of diverse features such as topography, geological formations, vegetation, and water courses that were formed by natural forces over long periods of time. The natural environment forms the major appeal of the Trail, which is to allow hikers the opportunity to travel through the most extensive and scenic natural and wild lands available east of the Mississippi River. Part of the character of the Trail landscape from Maine to Georgia is its diversity of natural and spatial qualities. The A.T. passes through a broad range of ecosystems along sharply 6

The A.T. runs along the North Carolina–Tennessee border for 226.6 miles. Lengths of the A.T. within the two states that are not along the border consist of 96.4 miles in North Carolina and 65.9 miles in Tennessee.

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undulating terrain that swells up to mountain peaks and drops into deep gorges accented by waterfalls. Portions of the Trail are narrow and enclosed by thick undergrowth and dense, mature forest. Woodland groves are often spatially intimate, while other portions of the Trail—those through grass fields, atop rocky mountain peaks, or along pond edges—generate a feeling of vast space through their openness.

The Trail also passes through a variety of cultural landscapes that reflect human interaction with the land. These landscapes may consist of a single farmstead, a rural aggregation of farms, a town center, a commemorative marker, or a park that evolved in a historic context distinct from the A.T. The Trail was often intentionally routed to bring hikers to culturally significant areas in keeping with the vision of the original planners to offer hikers opportunities to connect with both wilderness and settlement areas.

National Register Boundaries The National Register boundaries of an ANST State Segment vary in width according to their location on public lands and adjacent private lands. Public lands are those that are owned in fee simple or managed under a recorded easement or other legal agreement by federal, state, or local public entities. These lands include those that were acquired by the National Park Service under the Appalachian Trail Legislative Amendments to the National Trails System Act (NTSA amendments) of 1968 (referred to hereafter as “A.T. lands”) and places where the A.T. travels through national, state, or local parks, forests, or conservation lands. The maximum width of the National Register boundary of an ANST State Segment on all public lands, including A.T. lands, is 500 feet on either side of the centerline of the Trail, for a total width of 1,000 feet. This boundary is justified by the goal established by Congress in the NTSA amendments to acquire at least 125 acres of land per mile with an average corridor width of 1,000 feet (500 feet on either side of the center of the treadway) to protect the A.T. (see Section E.1.F.).

In cases where the property line of a parcel of public land is less than 500 feet from Trail treadway, the National Register boundary conforms to the limit of the publicly owned parcel. When the Trail goes through privately owned lands or is collocated on publicly owned rights of way such as bridges, sidewalks, roads, or other paths that were constructed for purposes other than recreational hiking, the National Register boundary is 4 feet wide (2 feet on either side of the centerline), the standard width of the A.T. treadway and prism as further defined below. The 4-foot-wide boundary also applies to portions of A.T. Side Trails that extend beyond the 1,000-foot (500 feet on either side) boundary of the main Trail.

Contributing Resources within an ANST State Segment Resources that contribute to an ANST State Segment consist of the A.T. Treadway, A.T. Side Trails, A.T. Bridges, A.T. Viewpoints, and A.T. Overnight Use Areas. There are many other properties located within or near the A.T. corridor that are listed or eligible for listing in the National Register. The A.T. was specifically routed to pass by historic monuments, go through

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historic battlefields, over historic bridges, or near historic hotels or stores that cater to hikers. Those properties, however, are significant for reasons other than their association with the A.T. and are, therefore, not eligible for nomination to the National Register under the historic contexts defined in this MPDF cover. The extent to which the location of a historic property influenced the routing of the A.T. should be discussed in the documentation prepared to nominate an ANST State Segment or Abandoned A.T. Section, but the property is not counted as a contributing or noncontributing resource. Similarly, non-historic buildings, sites, structures, and objects that were not constructed as part of the A.T. but are located within the National Register boundary for an ANST State Segment or Abandoned Trail Section are not counted as either contributing or noncontributing resources.

Another class of properties that is excluded from being counted as either contributing or noncontributing resources within an ANST State Segment or Abandoned A.T. Section district consists of parts of the A.T. that are collocated on transportation structures, such as roads, bridges, sidewalks, or other publicly owned paths that were built for purposes other than recreational hiking. Where the Trail is collocated on public transportation structures it is almost always out of necessity or because a more appropriate route is unavailable. Examples are highway bridges that carry the Trail over a river, a section of Trail along a highway right of way, or a route that traverses through a town on sidewalks. These sections are important links in maintaining the A.T.’s integrity as a continuous long-distance hiking path, but do not follow the design standard for the Trail and may possess significance under historical contexts that are not defined in this MPDF. A.T. Treadway The A.T. Treadway is the primary and most important contributing resource within all ANST State Segments. It consists of the approximately 2,184-mile hiking path that was conceived primarily as a “skyline track” along the crests of the Appalachian Mountains. The goal of its designers since the earliest days of trail construction was to select terrain that offered the best hiking and to connect as many tall peaks as practicable. It was, therefore, intentionally routed through rugged mountain territory with substantial and frequent elevation changes that range from a low of 124 to a high of 6,625 feet above mean sea level, with the highest point at Clingmans Dome on the border of Tennessee and North Carolina. Between the mountain peaks, the A.T. passes through a variety of forests: from the boreal in Maine to the ancient hardwoods of the Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina. It also enters cultural landscapes, including scenic valley settlements, pastoral farmlands, and historic towns, which add interest and diversity to the hiking experience.

The A.T. Treadway is counted as one structure in each ANST State Segment district. It consists of a cleared hiking path, or treadway, and a variety of constructed features that are designed to assist the hiker in safely following the path. In wooded areas, the treadway consists of a 4-foot-wide by 8-foot-high prism that is cleared of vegetation to allow enough room for backpackers to pass. For much of its route, the treadway is a compacted earthen path that was either worn naturally by hiker foot traffic or improved through grading by A.T. design and construction crews. Variations occur

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when the Trail runs over rock formations, where the treadway is defined by markers, or through wetlands, where it may be carried by bog bridging. In some circumstances, particularly when the A.T. passes through a town, the treadway is located on preexisting transportation structures, such as sidewalks, roads, bridges, or some other pre-developed path that was not specifically constructed as A.T. treadway.

Other integrated elements of the A.T. Treadway include stairs, footbridges, puncheons, and stiles that exist to carry hikers over or around obstacles and retaining walls, cribs, and culverts that protect the Trail from erosion or saturation. Usually small in scale, these features are designed to be aesthetically compatible with the natural landscape. They are often constructed of raw, native materials with intentionally simple, unornamented designs. Stairs made of spaced logs or rocks set into the ground provide traction in steep areas and prevent the creation of ruts from foot traffic.

Footbridges allow passage over small streams or alongside slippery waterfalls or gorges and are typically made of wood board or log tread and a log railing. Small bridges (less than 20 feet long) are considered to be integral to the treadway and not separately countable. Exceptions may be made for small bridges that possess significance for their design or have other important historical associations. Bog bridging, made of slightly elevated wood planks or logs, enables passage through wetland areas. Retaining walls and cribbing are typically constructed of dry-laid, native field stone and are designed to prevent exposed portions of the Trail from collapsing or eroding. Logs are occasionally used for the same purpose. Stone-capped drainage culverts divert water under and away from the Trail.

Besides the worn path of the treadway, the primary navigational aid for hikers is the 2-inch by 6inch, vertical white painted blaze that identifies the route as the A.T. There are approximately 165,000 blazes on the Trail. Most are painted on trees, rock-surfaced portions of the footpath, or boulders adjacent to the Trail. In open fields and other places where trees and rocks are not available, the blazes may be located on posts that are placed for the purpose of marking the route.

A double-blaze, painted one above the other, either in a straight line or offset fashion, serves as a warning to hikers that the Trail is changing direction. In alpine regions and other treeless areas cairns made up of short piles of stones are used to mark the Trail route.

The blazes are supplemented by markers and signs that provide distances, directions, and other types of information to hikers. Markers used to identify the A.T. are made of a 4-inch-square piece of metal oriented in a diamond shape with one corner up and include the A.T. monogram printed in black on a white background or on bare metal. The monogram consists of the letter “A” merged with the letter “T” placed vertically below it. This symbol is encircled by text that reads “Appalachian Trail Maine to Georgia.” Prior to 1968, this marker, known as the “A.T. diamond” was typically made of galvanized steel. Approximately 3.75-inch-square copper markers with embossed insignias or lettering that date from the early through mid-twentieth century may also exist on the A.T. Another marker along the A.T. is the elliptical triangle (sometimes referred to as the “pregnant triangle” because of its bulging sides) that was developed in the late 1960s to denote the A.T. as a National Scenic Trail.

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A.T. Side Trails An A.T. Side Trail is a short dead-end spur or loop trail that diverges from the mainline route of the A.T. Side Trails are employed to bring hikers to important points of interest, such as waterfalls, historic sites, A.T. Viewpoints, or trail facilities (e.g., picnic areas, shelters, cabins, water sources, and privies). A.T. Side Trails are generally constructed to the same specifications as the main trail.

Side trails that contribute to ANST State Segments are maintained as part of the ANST system and appear in the official guidebooks and maps published by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC). 7 Each side trail is counted as one structure in an ANST State Segment district. The National Register boundary for A.T. Side Trails that extend outside the boundary of main Trail is limited to the width of the footpath, which is usually 4 feet wide.

A.T. Bridges An A.T. Bridge is defined as a bridge structure of 20 feet or more in length that was specifically built and is maintained as part of the ANST and carries either the main Trail or an A.T. Side Trail.

Bridges of shorter lengths may be eligible as contributing resources if they possess significance for their design or engineering features. A.T. bridges were usually built to carry the Trail over water courses or gorges. Most are relatively simple wood stringer and deck structures, but wider spans required more elaborate designs, such as suspension or prefabricated metal truss bridges.

Some A.T. Bridges may warrant consideration under Criterion C in the area of Engineering or Architecture. Highway bridges and other types of bridges that carry the A.T. but were constructed for other transportation purposes are not eligible for listing under this MPDF cover.

A.T. Viewpoints An A.T. Viewpoint is a specific location that is identified in official trail guidebooks and maps as an ideal place from which to view an important scenic or cultural resource. Viewpoint locations are essential components of the A.T. because they add diversity to the hiking experience, which often involves long stretches in forest canopies where long-distance views are not available.

Contributing A.T. Viewpoints are directly on or immediately adjacent to the Trail or are accessible via an A.T. Side Trail. Many Viewpoint locations may be alternatively referred to in A.T. guidebooks as “Overlooks,” or “Points of Interest.” A.T. Viewpoints that are undeveloped spots on the Trail or A.T. Side Trails are counted as sites. A.T. Viewpoints that are from constructed resources, such as a fire tower or viewing platform, are counted as structures.

The nature of what is viewed from an A.T. Viewpoint can be classified as either a vista or a view.

A vista is a controlled prospect of a discrete, linear range of vision that is deliberately contrived 7 The Appalachian Trail Conservancy publishes 11 “guide sets” that consist of guidebooks and detailed maps showing all segments of the A.T. from Maine to Georgia. These publications are referred to in this MPDF as the “official guidebooks and maps” and form the basic tool for identifying significant side trails, viewpoints, and vistas, and A.T. facilities that may qualify for listing as contributing resources within an ANST Segment. The most recently published guide set should be used when preparing a segment nomination.

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and may be maintained by trimming vegetation or other means. Vistas are often in low-lying or densely wooded areas where vegetation or topographic features frame a particular subject.

Common vista subjects are streams, ponds, gorges, dams, waterfalls, and notable cultural features.

Views are uninterrupted, wide-angle panoramas of broad scenic or cultural areas. They are often had from spots on balds, open summits, ledge outcrops, lookout towers, open meadow and farmland, along the banks of ponds, and at stream crossings. Views usually take in long-distance scenery such as mountain ranges, wooded rolling hills, large lakes, farmland, or picturesque townscapes.

The scope, extent, angle, and subject of vistas and views from a given A.T. Viewpoint may vary.

They may be open or partially screened, wide/panoramic or narrow/enclosed, seasonal or yearround, and direct or indirect. Vistas and views may be oriented looking along the Trail or outward from it toward distinct landforms or other elements in the foreground, mid-ground, or background, and they will vary over time as trees grow or are blown over, broken down, or burned by weather events, or are deliberately cut for view-clearing purposes.

Some A.T. Viewpoints consist of observation towers that provide enhanced, elevated views of the surrounding area. The towers often sit atop high points or rocky outcroppings with unobstructed, long-range views of the forest and other natural features. The most common towers are fire towers constructed in national and state forests. Many of those structures were built in the 1930s by the CCC. Fire towers are typically square in plan, taper toward the top, and include a roofed, open or enclosed observation deck (also known as a cab). They vary in scale from approximately 20 to 70 feet high. Structural systems may consist of steel, log timber, or stone. Some towers have a steel or timber X-braced open frame with a cab at the top and others are completely enclosed. Enclosed towers are often constructed of stone, with the cab low to the ground. Since the towers are often located on elevated, exposed sites, they may incorporate natural (stone or wood) materials and design features intended to make them more aesthetically compatible with the natural environment.

Fire towers were often developed with accommodations for a live-in observer. These living quarters are typically incorporated at the base of the tower structure, as part of the cab, or in a separate cabin nearby.

There are also several observation towers that were built specifically for recreational observation of scenery along the trail. The most unusual is located at the Trail’s highpoint at Clingmans Dome in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Built by the National Park Service in 1959 as part of the Mission 66 program, the reinforced concrete tower has a curvilinear pedestrian ramp that winds around a central cylindrical column and terminates at a circular observation platform that provides long-range views of the surrounding mountain scenery.

Although most observation towers along the A.T. were not originally built as Trail structures, they may contribute to an ANST State Segment if they were used as Viewpoints during the period of significance and are identified as being accessible to hikers in official A.T. guidebooks and maps.

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A.T. Overnight Use Areas A.T. Overnight Use Areas are sites that were developed specifically to support the hiking experience by providing shelter, water sources, and toilet facilities for overnight camping. In his 1921 article describing the A.T. Project, Benton MacKaye called them “shelter camps” and referred to them as the “trail’s equipment for use.” An overnight use area within an ANST State Segment may include campsites, shelters, cabins, and privies. They are generally located within 10 to 12 miles (a moderate day’s hike) of one another. Those that qualify for inclusion in an ANST State Segment district are identified in the official guidebooks and maps covering the segment.

A.T. Overnight Use Area facilities have a simple rustic aesthetic designed to be visually compatible with the natural landscape. They are, for the most part, constructed of raw, locally available materials and are intentionally devoid of ornament or decorative surface treatments.

Common materials are rough or uncut, un-mortared stone; logs and wood boards; metal roofs; and concrete footers. A.T. Overnight Use Areas are generally sited near a source of water and at least 200 feet from the Trail to minimize impacts to the setting and environment of the Trail. In cases where an A.T. Overnight Use Area is located on an A.T. Side Trail that extends beyond the National Register boundary of main Trail, the boundary is defined by a line of convenience surrounding the immediate limits of the developed area.

Although it may be made up of a number of elements such as campsites, shelters, and privies, an A.T. Overnight Use Area is collectively counted as one contributing site within an ANST State Segment. This is necessary due to the ephemeral qualities of the facilities that often make up an overnight use area. Meant to be as basic and unobtrusive as possible, facilities like campsites and privies often get moved around, and shelters frequently need to be rebuilt due to damage from the elements. A.T. Overnight Use Area facilities are further described as follows: Campsites are designated places within the lands managed as part of the A.T. where hikers may rest and erect tents for overnight stays. 8 They are usually set a short distance off the main course of the A.T. and connected by narrow access trails. They exist in compact areas of clearing that are intentionally created or exist naturally and may be on flat or sloped ground. Campsites may include space for one tent or be designed to accommodate a limited group of tents. These sites are typically set back from the Trail in secluded spots within proximity of water sources.

Shelters are typically one-story, one-room, three-sided rectangular buildings with a completely open wall or a wide, open bay on the facade. They are usually built in the form of a “lean-to” with a single pitched, or shed, roof that extends outward over the opening to shelter a small picnic area in front of the opening. Shelters are most commonly of log construction, but some stone and woodframe examples exist. Most have a wood floor and a simple, unornamented interior that may include wood platform bunks. A.T. shelters are intended for overnight use, but also support day 8

Designated campsites are those designed to be used by visitors and authorized by the land manager thereon; inappropriate, user-selected sites are often called “bootleg” and are illegal along much of the A.T.

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use by hikers for picnics, resting, and relief from storms. They are usually located near a water source and have an associated privy nearby.

Cabins are one-story, enclosed buildings designed for overnight accommodations. They are most commonly of log construction, but some wood-frame, stone, and concrete block examples exist.

Cabins typically have pitched (often gable) roofs and their orientation may be either side or front gable. Cabins almost always have bunks and wood floors, and some have outdoor platforms or covered porches.

Privies are compact wood-frame or log buildings with a shed or gable roof and no foundation. A privy is an enclosure for an outdoor toilet consisting of a seat or bench located over a pit dug into the ground or a frame structure for composting wastes, a technological advancement over traditional pit privies now being used along the ANST. Privies are accessed from a single door on the facade and typically have open vents at the top of the wall.

Statement of Significance The A.T. is significant at the national level under Criterion A in the areas of Recreation and Conservation and meets Criteria Consideration G for properties that have achieved exceptional significance within the past 50 years. Significance in the area of Recreation is derived from the Trail’s association with the national outdoor recreation movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century and expanded considerably during the Progressive Era of the early twentieth century. The idea for a long-distance hiking trail along the ridges of the Appalachian Mountain Range was initially proposed in the mid-1910s but did not gain traction until Benton MacKaye’s seminal treatise “An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning” was published in the AIA Journal in October 1921. MacKaye proposed to solve the “problem of living” in the urban/industrial states of the eastern United States by providing recreational relief to workers through the development of a 1,700-mile footpath that would connect a series of communal recreational and farming camps along the Appalachian skyline. Interest in the project among MacKaye’s colleagues in the American Planning Association, hiking clubs in the northeastern United States, and state and federal conservation agencies coalesced in 1925 when the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC) was formed for the purpose of organizing the construction of the A.T. Over the next decade, MacKaye’s influence and the larger community planning aspects of his original concept faded as ATC leaders, most notably Arthur Perkins and Myron H. Avery, assumed control over the A.T.’s development and refocused the effort on completing it solely for recreational hiking purposes. Although the blazing and construction of the Trail was primarily a private volunteer effort, federal Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) projects contributed significantly to the development of the Trail’s infrastructure. On August 14, 1937, the original route of the A.T. was completed from Mt. Oglethorpe in Georgia to Katahdin in Maine.

The A.T. continues to provide a recreational retreat from the cities along the populous and industrialized cities of the eastern United States where citizens can commune with nature and

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escape the stresses of everyday life. This significance is apparent in the amount of use the Trail has seen and continues to see from both thru-hikers and day-users and ongoing efforts of trailmaintaining organizations to provide the best recreational opportunity for trail users. In addition, the Trail has served as a model for other recreational trails within the United States and worldwide.

The A.T.’s significance under Criterion A in the area of Conservation and the justification for meeting Criteria Consideration G are related to the recognition of its importance as a national recreational resource in the mid-twentieth century and subsequent efforts later in the century to secure its protection. By the early 1960s, the integrity of the A.T. was impacted by a variety of factors, including lack of maintenance during the years of World War II, hastily selected routes that incorporated large stretches of automobile roads, increasing disputes with private landowners, and encroaching development. At the same time, the use of the Trail increased significantly as a result of changing recreational patterns. In the mid-1960s, within the context of the emerging environmental protection movement, advocates for the A.T. were successful in bringing national attention to these problems and garnering support for federal protection. Those efforts led to its designation as the first National Scenic Trail under the National Trails System Act (NTSA) of 1968. 9 The NTSA made the A.T. a unit of the National Park System and established a program intended to protect the portion (more than 50 percent) of the Trail that was not already on federal or state conservation lands. The subsequent cooperative agreement between the NPS and the ATC that was authorized by the 1968 act and signed in 1970 launched an unprecedented public-private partnership for the preservation, maintenance, and management of the A.T. The NTSA did not, however, provide the level of funding needed to acquire the massive amount of land that was necessary to reroute threatened sections of the A.T. In 1978, the U.S. Congress moved to correct that problem by amending the act to make the appropriations. The NTSA amendments provided funding and authorizations, including the ability to obtain property through condemnation, that made the ensuing complex and protracted land acquisition program possible.

As a result, nearly all of the A.T. is now located on protected public lands. In 1984, the unusual public-private partnership that has always been a central aspect of the A.T.’s history was reinforced when the NPS delegated the responsibility for managing public corridor lands to the ATC (renamed the Appalachian Trail Conservancy in 2005). Since that time, the ATC has sought opportunities to expand the zone of protection beyond the boundaries of publicly owned lands by encouraging the integration of the Trail into local land-use plans. These activities hearken back to the regional planning aspects of MacKaye’s original vision for the A.T. and, together with the public lands acquisition program, have come near to establishing the protected “Appalachian Greenway” that he envisioned.

Some ANST State Segments may possess significance under other criteria and areas of significance. An example is the Virginia segment, where the CCC was particularly active in relocating large portions of the original A.T. to make way for Skyline Drive and the Blue Ridge Parkway in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Resources associated with that effort may possess 9

The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail was also created by the National Trail System Act of 1968, but the trail was unfinished at the time and was not officially completed until 1993.

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significance under Criterion C in the areas of Architecture and/or Landscape Architecture. Nothing in this MPDF precludes the nomination of an individual ANST State Segment under additional criteria or areas of significance as long as they are directly associated with the historical development of the A.T. In that event, the documentation prepared to nominate an ANST State Segment to the National Register must include historical contexts and statements of significance, as appropriate, to justify the additional criteria and areas of significance.

Period of Significance The individual ANST State Segments will have periods of significance that fall within the overarching period of significance for the entire ANST, which extends from 1921, the year that Benton MacKaye proposed the Appalachian Trail Project, to the present. The beginning date of significance for an ANST State Segment will correspond to either the time in which A.T. construction began in the state or the time when preexisting hiking trails officially became part of the A.T. The end date of significance will correspond to the year in which the process to locate the entire length of the Trail segment within a protected corridor was completed. This will usually correspond to the date of the last land acquisition and reroute of the Trail that established the unbroken protective corridor for the A.T. within a state segment as a result of funds for that purpose made available through the NTSA Amendments in 1978.

Registration Requirements To qualify for National Register listing, an ANST State Segment must be significant in the area(s) of Recreation and/or Conservation and retain integrity in terms of its location, setting, design, feeling, and association. An ANST State Segment will be eligible for listing when all of the A.T. treadway along its route is located on protected public lands managed as “A.T. lands” or negotiated rights of way through towns or over public roads and bridges, thereby producing a relatively stable route that will not likely be subject to substantial changes in the future. The integrity of an ANST State Segment should be assessed from the end date of its period of significance and meet the following standards: Location The assessment of integrity of location will take into account the overall routing of the Trail at the time of the last land acquisition that established the unbroken protective corridor for the A.T. within the state. The route of the A.T. has been in constant flux ever since its construction began in 1922 and is likely to continue to change in response to natural forces and developmental pressure. Some changes, like those required to accommodate the construction of Skyline Drive and the Blue Ridge Parkway in the late 1930s and the effort to reroute the Trail onto protected lands in the late twentieth century, affected hundreds of miles of the Trail. Other changes that may be measured in feet include relocations to skirt flooded areas or provide better routes over obstacles. Slight relocations are common and are necessary to protect the key feature of the Trail as a continuous hiking path. Such moves do not affect the integrity of the Trail’s location when

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they occur within the National Register boundary of the segment in which they are located and do not result in the abandonment of an important original constructed feature of the treadway such as a stone staircase, retaining wall, or bridge. Similarly, there is no impact to the integrity of the Trail when it is necessary to make minor changes to the route of the treadway where it runs through towns or along public transportation routes. Examples of how a relocation may affect the integrity of the Trail’s location are a movement that results in the abandonment of an original (pre-1938) section or constructed feature of the treadway or interrupts a connection between the trail and another contributing resource such as a A.T. Side Trail or A.T. Viewpoint. Reroutes of the Trail may affect integrity of location if they result in moving the trail outside the National Register boundary of an ANST State Segment.

Location is also important in assessing the integrity of contributing A.T. Viewpoints where hikers have traditionally experienced important views along the Trail. An A.T. Side Trail that leads to a contributing A.T. Viewpoint or A.T. Overnight Use Area is considered to retain integrity of location even if its route has been slightly adjusted, as long as it maintains connection to or association with the contributing resource.

Setting The A.T.’s essential function is to provide a pathway to reach, travel through, and experience the remote natural, wild, scenic, and cultural lands within the Appalachian Mountains. Views and vistas are directly associated with the A.T.’s significance as a recreational resource, reflecting both its original design intent as a skyline trail and contributing to the visitor experience by providing some of the most satisfying and exhilarating moments of a hike. Creating access to views was a paramount concern of the original and subsequent designers who routed the A.T. following the simple guiding principle of placing “the land mass below the hiker.” The many contributing A.T. Viewpoints along the Trail or A.T. Side Trails afford wide-angle panoramas that produce a sense of perspective and awe at the enormity of a given scenic tableau. They are among the chief interests of the hike, providing an opportunity to see forward to what lies ahead, study the features of the surrounding landscape, and marvel at the great distance walked to reach the viewing location (Birchard Jr. and Proudman 2000:3, 27).

Views typically occur at summits, along ridgelines, above cliffs, along stream corridors, and adjacent to other water features and refer to the prospect created by a range of vision in the landscape presented by the composition of other landscape characteristics and associated features.

Examples of landscape features within panoramic views are mountain ranges, river valleys, lakes, and cultural landscapes.

The setting surrounding the Trail corridor, particularly that which is incorporated in the viewshed of a contributing A.T. Viewpoint, is vital to an ANST State Segment’s ability to convey its historical associations under Criterion A in the areas of Recreation and Conservation. Guidance regarding setting found in the National Register Bulletin How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation should be considered in assessing integrity. Importantly, the guidance

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states that the relationships between physical and man-made features should be examined not only within the boundaries of the property, but also between the property and its surroundings. For the A.T., this is especially critical for assessing the setting surrounding mountaintop and ridge vantage points and at the contributing A.T. Viewpoints’ locations. For sections of the Trail below the ridgeline, the setting should retain natural scenery and/or cultural features that influenced the routing of the Trail, such as undeveloped ponds, waterfalls, and gorges, and historic markers, structures, and monuments.

Design The key design characteristics related to the ANST’s historical significance as a recreational resource are its great length, skyline routing, and limited constructed elements that are intentionally blended into the surrounding setting so as to be as inconspicuous as possible. The Trail extends unbroken for approximately 2,184 miles through the Appalachian Mountain Range and was deliberately routed to connect as many high peaks as possible. The ideal of A.T. builders has always been to select interesting routes and design the Trail so that it “wears lightly” on the land and reflects rather than transforms the surrounding natural environment. These principles, as upheld by the ATC trail design, construction, and maintenance manuals, are essential to maintaining the Trail’s integrity.

Feeling The feeling of an ANST State Segment is tied to the existence and protection of the overall location, setting, and design characteristics of the Trail. It is expressed through the combination of its physical features, primarily the A.T.’s intentionally primitive design as it blends into the wild, natural, or cultural setting. The feeling of being on the A.T. is also found in the grandeurs of its views and vistas; quiet and solitude that offers the chance for contemplation and respite from urban life; and the community of thru-hikers and day hikers that choose to walk the A.T. because of its location, setting, and reputation as the most famous of all American recreational hiking trails.

Association The associative qualities of an ANST State Segment are measured by the extent to which the Trail is able to convey its historical associations as the nation’s oldest and most historically significant long-distance recreational hiking trail. While scale and professionalism of the management of the A.T. has evolved over time, the essential thought and practice of locating, designing, constructing, and maintaining the Trail have remained substantially the same. Some elements of Benton MacKaye’s original vision for the Trail were realized in the Trail’s completion and its subsequent preservation through the establishment of a protected A.T. corridor. The “first principles” enumerated by Myron Avery in the original 1931 ATC manual (that the Trail is “by nature a skyline trail” and that its sole purpose is to “afford pleasure and recreation”) continue to guide trail design and construction today. Finally, the unique public-private partnership that has been an

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element of the A.T.’s management from the beginning is still alive through the combined efforts of the federal agencies, the ATC, and volunteers that oversee the Trail today.

Abandoned Original Appalachian Trail Section Description An Abandoned Original Appalachian Trail (A.T.) Section eligible under this MPDF is a piece of the original A.T. route that is no longer part of the ANST system. Abandonment typically occurs when a portion of the A.T. is rerouted to protected lands. Abandoned Original A.T. Sections must be of substantial length (generally at least one mile) and possess design characteristics and associated contributing resources similar to those that might be included in an ANST State Segment. Abandoned Original A.T. Sections were constructed between 1922 and 1937 if they are part of the initial A.T. creation, and up to 1942 if they were built by the CCC. Approximately half of the original route of the A.T. has been relocated over time. Most relocations occurred after the passage of the National Trails System Act of 1968 and the 1978 amendments that authorized the relocation of the A.T. onto a protected public corridor. As a result of the massive undertaking to relocate the A.T. onto publicly owned protected lands after the passage of the National Trails System Act Amendments of 1978, a number of original abandoned A.T. sections may survive and could warrant consideration for listing in the National Register for their association with the historical themes identified in this MPDF. The original A.T. included hiking trail alignments in a variety of settings: along existing roads, across private land, and through protected natural landscapes. These locations reflected the pragmatic approach used by the designers and builders of the original A.T., who were intent upon completing the continuous footpath from Maine to Georgia as quickly and efficiently as possible.

Abandoned Original A.T. Sections express the subsequent shifts in trail route and the transient nature of the A.T. due to a variety of environmental, physical development, economic, political, and private landowner factors. Because nature is quick to reclaim trail that is not maintained, most Abandoned Original A.T. Sections that survive are likely still active as hiking trails and may have been incorporated into other trail systems that are managed by federal, state, or local entities. 10 Abandoned Original A.T. Sections share the same features and associated contributing resources as ANST State Segments, except they are no longer marked and signed as the A.T. The trail design is compatible with A.T. standards and incorporates original treadway, trail prism, viewpoints, and overnight use areas that may consist of shelters, campsites, cabins, privies, and bridges that were constructed for the A.T., but are no longer associated with the Trail’s primary significance as a continuous long-distance hiking trail. Because they are no longer associated with the A.T., Abandoned Original A.T. Sections cannot be included in an A.T. Trail Segment district and must be nominated as a separate district. Due to the unknown number, location, extent, and nature of Abandoned Original A.T. Sections, boundaries will need to be determined on a case-by-case basis.

10

Some abandoned sections remain within the A.T. corridor and may be eligible for listing as a contributing side trail within an ANST Segment.

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Significance Statement As the components of the original A.T., Abandoned Original A.T. Sections are significant under Criterion A in the area of Recreation for the same reasons as the ANST Historic Segments. They are associated with the outdoor recreation movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century and the development of the A.T. after Benton MacKaye’s “An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning” was published in the AIA Journal in October 1921. Abandoned Original A.T. Sections, dependent on the resources associated with the section and its date of abandonment, may possess significance under other criteria and areas of significance. For instance, sections that exhibit outstanding examples that reflect the work of the CCC may possess significance under Criterion C in the areas of Architecture and/or Landscape Architecture. Nothing in this MPDF precludes the nomination of an individual Abandoned Original A.T. Section under additional criteria or areas of significance. The documentation prepared to list the section in the National Register will need to include appropriate historic contexts and statements of significance to justify the additional criteria and areas of significance.

Period of Significance The period of significance for the Abandoned Original A.T. Section property type extends from the date it was completed until the date it was abandoned. Completion dates for the original A.T. range from 1922 to 1937. Completion dates for resources that might be eligible for their association with the original A.T. and the CCC extend through 1942.

Registration Requirements To qualify for National Register listing, an Abandoned Original A.T. Section must have been part of the original trail route constructed between 1922 and 1937, or up to 1942 if built by the CCC, and identified on A.T. maps of the period. It must be of substantial length (generally at least one mile) and reflect the design principles, including associated contributing resources, and the natural and/or cultural landscape setting that make them readily identifiable as a former piece of the A.T. It must retain integrity of the characteristics that define the A.T. as a recreational hiking trail and be able to convey the design qualities and intent of the original A.T. planners and builders. It must continue to afford hikers a memorable experience of hiking along a narrow spine through scenic natural and cultural lands.

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G. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA The geographical area for the Appalachian National Scenic Trail MPDF encompasses the approximately 2,184-mile Appalachian Trail (A.T.) and associated protective corridor that averages approximately 1,000 feet wide (500 feet on either side of the center of the treadway) and contains more than 250,000 acres of land. This area was created after the 1978 Appalachian Trail Amendments to the National Trails System Act of 1968, with boundaries as listed and drawn in the NPS Geographic Information System (GIS) data. The corridor extends (north to south) through the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia.

The A.T. corridor lies within a larger universe of 7,597,289 acres of protected land delineated in the GIS data as all land surrounding the A.T. that is owned or managed by any of the partners.

The following description of the A.T. is an overview of its location, characteristics, and key features by state. Each state description includes a summary of A.T. resources that is intended to provide an idea of the scope of potential historic properties along the A.T. A comprehensive field survey will be needed within any portion of the A.T. corridor that is proposed for listing in the National Register under this MPDF. The fieldwork should verify the existence of historic features, location within the A.T. corridor, condition, and integrity.

Maine Segment The Maine Segment extends for 281 miles from its north terminus at the summit of Katahdin within Baxter State Park southwest to the New Hampshire border. Maine has the third longest portion of the A.T. among the 14 states it passes through and has steep, rocky, undulating terrain with 36 major peaks. Expansive views from summits include panoramas of surrounding mountains with sizable lakes at their bases. Sections of the Trail along ridgelines and adjacent to lakes have a feeling of vast openness. Several gorges and waterfalls along the Trail contribute to its natural scenic quality.

The character of the A.T. in Maine varies as its course progresses from north to south through Piscataquis, Somerset, Franklin, and Oxford counties. The northern 114 miles of the Trail, from Katahdin Township near Millinocket to the town of Monson, ascends the peaks of the White Cap and Barren-Chairback ranges and passes by several of the largest lakes along the A.T. At 5,267 feet, Katahdin is the highest point in Maine, the sixth highest in New England, and is surrounded by the 209,501-acre forest preserve that was established as Baxter State Park wilderness preserve in the 1930s. Maine’s legendary “hundred-mile wilderness” begins at the Abol Bridge near the south edge of the park and is considered to be the longest, most remote section of the A.T. because of its distance from the nearest town. Portions of the “hundred-mile wilderness” are crossed by access roads used for commercial logging. From Katahdin, the A.T. continues south toward Nahmakanta Lake and the west branch of the Pleasant River. Among the most striking natural features of the A.T. in Maine is Gulf Hagas, a slate canyon carved by the Pleasant River. Gulf Hagas is accessible via a side trail and was acquired by the NPS as part of the A.T. corridor as a

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scenic attraction because of its precipitous 400-foot vertical walls, five waterfalls, and distinctive rock formations. A stand of white pine trees known as the Hermitage Preserve and a former blast furnace associated with the Katahdin Iron Works are within the Gulf Hagas area.

The hundred-mile wilderness ends in Monson, where the central, 54-mile section of the A.T. in Maine begins. The A.T. continues to the east end of Bigelow Mountain and reaches its lowest elevation with a long walk along the Piscataquis River. After crossing the Kennebec River, it passes through the Carry Ponds area to the Moxie Bald and Pleasant Pond mountains. The southern 113 miles of the A.T. through Maine is defined by significant elevation changes. This section rises up 20 high peaks above an elevation of 3,000 feet. Bigelow, Crocker, Sugarloaf, Spaulding, and Saddleback mountains reach approximately 4,000 feet, forming a rigorous course of steep climbs and descents. As the A.T. approaches New Hampshire, it runs near the Rangeley Lakes and through the Androscoggin River Valley. The road crossing of the A.T. within Grafton Notch State Park is used to access the Trail’s most difficult mile through Mahoosuc Notch in the Mahoosuc Mountain Range. This section of rugged terrain is characterized by boulders and caves that hang over the A.T. treadway, requiring hikers to climb and crawl their way along the path. The A.T. exits Maine in Riley Township near Carlo Col (ATC 2012a).

New Hampshire Segment The New Hampshire Segment extends for 160.9 miles from the south end of the Mahoosuc Mountain Range, southwest through Coos and Grafton counties to Vermont. More than two-thirds of the A.T. in New Hampshire crosses through White Mountain National Forest, which was established in 1918 and currently encompasses more than 800,000 acres. The forest consists of hardwood and coniferous trees. Rocky, barren ridges divided by deep valleys with swift streams contribute to the A.T.’s rugged quality in New Hampshire. Long sections of the A.T. run along ridges above the tree line (4,200 feet), providing for sweeping views of the White Mountains .

Alpine bogs and open ledges are common in these areas of high elevation. The A.T. passes over 8 major mountain summits in New Hampshire and includes difficult sections where climbing is required. Wet, swampy sections with puncheons (wood log or plank path) and footbridges are also prevalent.

The New Hampshire Segment travels south from the Maine border through the unincorporated town of Success to the incorporated town of Shelburne, where it crosses the Androscoggin River.

Upon entering the White Mountain National Forest, the A.T. continues through the Carter-Moriah Range past Carter Dome and drops down to the AMC’s northernmost Carter Notch Hut, then up to Wildcat Mountain and down to Pinkham Notch before ascending through the Great Gulf Wilderness to the Presidential Range. New Hampshire’s highest peak, and the highest in New England, the 6,288-foot Mount Washington, is located near the center of this range and is often frequented by hikers visiting other natural attractions within the White Mountain National Forest outside of the A.T. The Presidential Range flanks the deep valley of the Great Gulf, which encompasses Spaulding Lake in the bowl of a glacial cirque with a 1,100- to 1,600-foot-high headwall. From there, the A.T. continues down to Crawford Notch State Park on the Crawford

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Path and crosses the low side of Wiley Range. 11 To the south, the A.T. passes through the Franconia Range over the 5,249-foot summit of Mount Lafayette to Franconia Notch State Park and Kinsman Ridge, after which it exits the White Mountains. The south end of the A.T. in New Hampshire passes through the town of Hanover near Dartmouth College, then descends to the Connecticut River and enters Vermont. The river lies at a 400-foot elevation and forms the boundary of the two states. This section of the A.T. winds through settled areas of Hanover, New Hampshire, crosses the river, then crosses under Interstate 91 in Norwich, Vermont, before returning to the forest (ATC 2012a).

Vermont Segment The Vermont Segment extends for 149.8 miles from the Connecticut River southwest through Windsor County, then generally south through Rutland and Bennington counties with a short elbow into Windham County at Stratton Mountain, until it reaches the northwest corner of Massachusetts. Within Vermont, the A.T. is part of a large network of trails created during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in large part due to the work of the Green Mountain Club.

A substantial portion of the A.T. in the state passes through the Green Mountain National Forest (399,151 acres, established 1932) and the southernmost 105 miles coincide with the Long Trail, which was built during the 1910s and 1920s. The landscape through which the Vermont Segment of the A.T. travels changes from intimate woodland spaces to bucolic pastures as one treks through dense verdant tunnels of vegetation and tall pine forest broken up by mountain ponds, open meadows, and abandoned roads. Forest regrowth that occurred subsequent to fires, floods, and historic periods of intensive logging has contributed to the lush, green-carpeted quality of the Vermont woodlands. Outside of the rugged, granite Green Mountain Range, the terrain in the region is moderate, requiring periods of strenuous hiking.

The northern third of the A.T. in Vermont through the Connecticut River Valley to Sherburne Pass follows a ripple of steep hills and low-lying swaths of hardwood forest, rather than a continuous ridgeline. The A.T. enters the state in the town of Norwich, continues up to Mosely Hill (1,180 feet) and crosses the White River and Interstate 89 near the town of White River Junction. It incorporates logging and settlement roads on its way to Vermont Route 12 (882 feet), then extends through the Ottauquechee River Valley to Gifford Woods State Park. This portion of the Trail has views of former farms with features such as stone walls and cellar holes adjacent to its course. The A.T. turns south when it reaches the Green Mountain National Forest and joins the Long Trail at the “Maine Junction” in Willard Gap before extending through the Coolidge Range, which includes Killington Peak at an elevation of 4,235 feet. The Green Mountain National Forest is a wooded ridge that contains Glastonbury Mountain (3,748 feet) and Glastonbury Wilderness in its southern half. From the Glastonbury area, the A.T. descends along a rock staircase to Harmon Hill and down to the Hoosic River to the Massachusetts border.

11

The Crawford Path was established in 1819 and is one of the oldest continuously used trails in the United States.

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Massachusetts Segment The Massachusetts Segment extends south through Berkshire County for 90.3 miles, from the southern terminus of Vermont’s Long Trail through the foothills of the Green Mountains and the Berkshire Highlands to the Taconic Mountains. The course of the A.T. bows slightly east, then bends west and continues straight south near the Connecticut border. Within Massachusetts, the A.T. passes through four state forests, one state park, and the Hoosic River Valley. The Massachusetts Segment’s generally moderate terrain and frequent intersections with highways and roads make it particularly well-suited for day hikes. It is popular among visitors attracted to the region for its quaint, scenic qualities and abundance of nearby cultural activities.

The A.T. enters Massachusetts in the Clarksburg State Forest and ascends the state’s highest peak, Mount Greylock (3,491 feet) within the Mount Greylock State Reservation, which encompasses 13,500 acres and has a 70-mile trail system. The Bascom Lodge is located along the A.T. at its summit. From there, the A.T. continues through the Hoosic River Valley following the Hoosic River, a tributary of New York’s Hudson River. Outside the valley, the terrain is often level and swampy. The south terminus of the A.T. in Massachusetts is in the Taconic Mountains at the north side of Bear Mountain, which straddles the state’s border with Connecticut. Glacial deposits of large boulders are common along this section of the Trail (ATC 2010a).

Connecticut Segment The Connecticut Segment extends 48.9 miles on an arc through the northwest corner of the state in Litchfield County and touches the tip of Fairfield County before continuing into New York.

Waterfalls and networks of brooks accent dense woodlands. Sweeping views from elevated points along the A.T. are defined by the green spine of the Taconic Mountains and by the Housatonic River Valley. Cleared fields and small clusters of buildings at village centers are often nestled within the hilly landscape. The terrain through Connecticut is easy to moderate, with a long, lowlying walk along the Housatonic River.

After leaving Massachusetts, the A.T. ascends to the 2,316-foot summit of Bear Mountain, then descends into a valley through the town of Salisbury. Panoramic views from Bear Mountain exist in all directions; Mount Greylock, 50 miles away, is visible to the northeast in clear weather. The trail passes through the Housatonic State Forest, Robbins Swamp Wildlife Area, and between Kent Falls and Macedonia Brook state parks. It reaches the Housatonic River at Cornwall Bridge (but does not cross there) and passes through the land of the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation at its south end (ATC 2010a:124–130).

New York Segment The 89.5-mile New York Segment begins at the Connecticut border, runs southwest through Dutchess and Putnam counties, then along the border of Westchester, Rockland, and Orange counties, and through the south part of Orange County to the New Jersey border. This segment is

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defined by its location within the picturesque Hudson River Valley and flanking highlands. It comprises the lowest-lying portion of the entire A.T. The Hudson River is the only glacial fjord located along the A.T. Low, barren, and rocky summits of gneiss swell up to 1,500 feet on either side of the broad, fertile valley. Views within the valley are expansive, while many vistas from densely forested sections of the Trail evoke a feeling of remoteness. Although the New York Segment of the A.T. traverses relatively low elevations compared with other segments, the terrain can be challenging, requiring hikers to scramble over rocky glacial deposits, traverse woodland ridges and groves, and cross swampy areas. Wooded areas contain substantial amounts of regrowth, hemlocks, and hardwoods. The New York Segment extends through four state parks, through portions of the Palisades Interstate Park, and past five lakes and ponds. It is part of a network of 1,300 miles of trails spanning from the Catskill and Taconic mountains to the Delaware Water Gap; many of these trails are overseen by the NY-NJTC, the local ATC affiliate.

The A.T. crosses the border of Connecticut and New York three times in an 11-mile section within the Taconic Mountains. It continues along the edge of Great Swamp in the town of Pawling and near the Taconic State Parkway, and then enters the Hudson Highlands. After passing through Clarence Fahnestock State Park, the A.T. meets the Hudson River. The A.T. makes a dramatic original-route crossing over the river on the historic, 2,332-foot-long Bear Mountain Bridge, opened in 1924, and reaches its lowest point just south of the bridge at an elevation of 124 feet.

From there, the A.T. continues into Harriman and Bear Mountain state parks along a portion of its original route, constructed in 1923. To the south, the A.T. follows the ridgeline of Bellvale and Bearfort mountains, passes Greenwood Lake, and continues through Sterling Forest State Park to New Jersey (ATC 2011c).

New Jersey Segment The New Jersey Segment extends 72.2 miles through Passaic, Sussex, and Warren counties in New Jersey, from the Hudson River Valley to the Delaware River. Views and terrain share similar characteristics to the New York Segment of the A.T., with a range of open areas and intimate, forested spaces, but at a higher elevation. The course of the A.T. travels along woodland ridges, through multiple valleys, and past bucolic agricultural landscapes. The Manhattan skyline is also visible in the distance from a few outcroppings. New Jersey marks a notable change in the geology along the A.T.: The mountain contours change from the worn and rolling ranges to the north to form long, linear ridges that flank striking, wide valleys.

The A.T. enters the north tip of New Jersey within the south end of the Hudson Highlands, referred to as the New Jersey Highlands. It continues west along the north border of the state through the Abram S. Hewitt State Forest and Wawayanda State Park, where it passes near a nineteenthcentury farm estate. This section encompasses a series of steep, green ridges. The A.T. extends through the Wallkill National Wildlife Refuge to the northwest of the park and is one of two such refuges along the course of the Trail. The Wallkill Valley marks the end of the New Jersey Highlands. Agricultural lands are prevalent within the Wallkill and Vernon valleys, which are part of the Great Valley of the Appalachians that extends southward into Tennessee. The A.T. rises up

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to High Point State Park, then turns abruptly and runs southwest along the stony, level crest of the Kittatinny Ridge through the Stokes State Forest and Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. The south end of the A.T. in New Jersey passes through Worthington State Forest to the Delaware River, which forms a part of the state’s border with Pennsylvania. Panoramic views of the Kittatinny Ridge exist at the 60-foot-high Catfish Fire Tower near the south end of the New Jersey Segment (ATC 2011c).

Pennsylvania Segment The Pennsylvania Segment extends for 229.7 miles southwest from the Delaware Water Gap in New Jersey to Pen Mar in Maryland and winds through 12 counties (Monroe, Northampton, Carbon, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Perry, Cumberland, Adams, and Franklin) and 57 townships. This long section of trail has dramatic open views of distinctive valleys and gaps cut through the Appalachian Mountains by several rivers. The north two-thirds of the A.T. in Pennsylvania runs along long stretches of ridge crest and dips abruptly into gaps until it reaches the Susquehanna River. The green, rounded peaks of the ridgeline in the Delaware Water Gap and angular outcroppings of quartzite, shale, siltstone, and limestone contribute to this section’s scenic character. South of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania, the A.T. crosses the narrowest point of the Great Valley of the Appalachians. This section of trail is defined by open views of expansive agricultural valleys framed by scalloped peaks. Within the state, the A.T. crosses three major rivers, passes through three state parks and one state forest, and runs adjacent to two lakes.

The A.T. enters Pennsylvania at the Delaware Water Gap (within Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area) and ascends 1,100 feet toward the gently planed summit of Mount Minsi, the sandstone eastern edge of Blue Mountain. Views of the Delaware River, which winds around the base of Mount Minsi and forms the New Jersey border, are prevalent. The trail rises and falls through Totts, Fox, Wind, Smith, and Little gaps, then continues through an open rocky area before beginning a sharp descent toward the Lehigh River. From there, the A.T. travels along 30 miles of ridge trail, dips down to Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, and ascends to the “Pinnacle,” which is considered to be one of the best viewpoints on the A.T. in the state. Views from the Pinnacle span a broad agricultural valley with pointy mountain ridges rising approximately 1,000 feet above.

Caves and rock outcroppings at the Pinnacle contribute to its attraction. The A.T. follows ridgelines near Windsor Furnaces then drops down to the Schuylkill River at the town of Port Clinton. It continues along the ridge of Blue Mountain for another 30 miles until Swatara Gap, then crosses St. Anthony’s Wilderness (a local name, not a formally designated wilderness area) and descends to the Susquehanna River. The south end of the A.T. in Pennsylvania affords longdistance views from atop Cove Mountain at Hawk Rock and crosses Blue Mountain again before entering the Cumberland Valley, the 12-mile-wide narrow point of the Great Valley of the Appalachians. The A.T. continues through Pine Grove Furnace State Park, Michaux State Forest, and Caledonia State Park near abutting agricultural land and suburban development. It exits Pennsylvania in the South Mountain Range, which is characterized by its knobby, plateau-like shape and more angular band of quartzite bedrock known as White Rocks (ATC 2009b).

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Maryland Segment The Maryland Segment extends 39.8 miles southwest through the Blue Ridge Mountains along the boundary of Washington and Frederick counties. This part of the A.T. offers easy to moderate hiking along the narrow ridgeline of South Mountain until it reaches the low-lying Potomac River on its route to Harpers Ferry in West Virginia. Mature hardwood forest covers the mountain. Oak and hickory trees are particularly common. The footpath alternates between soft and smooth to bumpy terrain and passes through three state parks. The elevation of the A.T. typically ranges from about 930 to 1,880 feet, but descends to lower elevations as the Trail enters the Potomac River Valley. Views from rock outcroppings are of the rolling forests and small lakes below.

The A.T. enters Maryland at the Mason-Dixon Line and Pen Mar (an unincorporated village, county park, and former amusement park established by the Western Maryland Railroad). The Trail rises up a portion of Quirauk Mountain, along the most difficult section of the route through Maryland, where it has extensive views from High Rock. The subsequent 4-mile section between Raven Rock Hollow and Wolfsville Road has relatively even terrain. The A.T. continues along the vertically stacked slab outcroppings of Black Rock Cliffs and Annapolis Rock, where there are views of green foothills and Greenbrier Lake below. An easy hiking section of the A.T. extends into low hills through Washington Monument and Greenbrier state parks before reaching Turner’s Gap. From there, it ascends approximately 800 feet along the south part of the ridge to the summit of Lamb’s Knoll at 1,772 feet. It continues through Gathland State Park to Crampton Gap as a crest trail through mature forest. Views of the Potomac River Gorge begin at Weverton Cliffs, from which the course of the A.T. descends. It follows the towpath of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park parallel to the river at about 350 feet and crosses the river on the Goodloe Byron Memorial Footbridge, which extends to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (ATC 2008).

West Virginia Segment The West Virginia Segment runs south from Maryland along the northeast edge of West Virginia in Jefferson County at the state’s border with Virginia. It winds back and forth over the border, but a total of 7 miles of trail are within West Virginia. The parts of the A.T. in West Virginia follow along the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains, with views of the parallel Shenandoah River below.

The Goodloe Byron Memorial Footbridge carries the A.T. over the Potomac River from Maryland into West Virginia at the river’s confluence with the Shenandoah River. Jefferson Rock, within Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, serves as a viewing point of this scenic river junction. The A.T. has mild terrain to Keys Gap and passes through Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, which houses the A.T. NPS office. The Trail follows the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains on an original section of trail built by the PATC in 1927–1928. The A.T. crosses the Shenandoah River and U.S. Route 340 in West Virginia and continues as an undulating crest trail from Keys Gap to Snickers Gap in Virginia (ATC 2008).

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Virginia Segment The 548-mile-long Virginia Segment makes up approximately one-quarter of the entire length of the A.T. The Trail enters Virginia at Loudoun and Clarke counties, where 25 miles of its course follow the state’s boundary with West Virginia. It exits Virginia through Grayson, Smyth, and Washington counties. Much of the route in Virginia is graded to mitigate steep rises, but it includes sections of rugged footpath and courses along old roads and railroad beds. A large portion of the A.T. in the state is a ridge crest trail that descends into various gaps and valleys. In northern Virginia, the Trail follows along the typically narrow ridges of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are generally covered with dense forests of oak and hickory, although a few summits have more open rocky cliffs and balds. The Blue Ridge Range broadens south of Rockfish Gap where there are multiple, scattered mountains with high gaps and steep 3,000-foot descents into valleys. After briefly cutting over the Allegheny Front at the New River, the southern end of the A.T. in Virginia rejoins a section of the Blue Ridge Mountains that continues as an undulating rocky plateau. The ridge trail is intended to bypass minor summits that do not possess year-round views of the surrounding mountains, valleys, and rivers. Views from the A.T. in Virginia include dark, mature forest; fern or grass-covered groves; rippled green river valleys; jagged outcroppings; and agricultural fields.

Almost all of the A.T. in the state is within nationally protected parks and forests. The A.T. in Virginia extends through Shenandoah National Park (est. 1935), George Washington National Forest (est. 1917), Jefferson National Forest (est. 1936), the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area (est. 1966) and the Skyline Drive National Historic Landmark District. Construction of Skyline Drive (1930–1942) and the Blue Ridge Parkway (1935–1983), which begins at the south end of Skyline Drive in Rockfish Gap and extends 469 miles into North Carolina, used long sections of the original route of the A.T. in Virginia. The following description of the A.T. in Virginia is divided by regions covered in the ATC trail guides, including Northern, Central, and Southwest Virginia, and Shenandoah National Park (ATC 2008, 2009d, 2010b, 2011a).

The northern 57 miles of the A.T. in Virginia pass through five wind and water gaps and along the edge of the historic summer resort community at Snickers Gap. This section follows side ridges and extends into wooded hollows from Crescent Rock to Ashby and Manassas gaps before crossing Interstate 66. From there, the A.T. traverses a former mountain top farm over slopes of High Knob, then descends to the west of Chester Gap. It continues through woods and fields at Harmony Hollow on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains until reaching Shenandoah National Park (ATC 2008).

Shenandoah National Park begins in the town of Front Royal, continues south to the town of Waynesboro, Virginia, and encompasses a 107-mile section of the A.T. This portion of the A.T. was constructed by the CCC from 1933 to 1937 after the construction of Skyline Drive displaced the original route of the Trail. More than 50 mountain peaks exist within the park and the elevation ranges from 600 to 4,050 feet above sea level. Upon entering the park, the A.T. extends 27.7 miles from Front Royal to Thornton Gap, where dense woods generate a sense of remoteness. Views are

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typically of the mature forest and rock outcroppings. Here the A.T. is graded and ascends the Blue Ridge Mountains. It reaches Compton Gap (2,415 feet) and Gravel Springs (2,666 feet), then continues to Little Hogback (3,083 feet), before it descends into Elkwallow Gap (2,759 feet). The A.T. rises up Pass Mountain to Thornton Gap, where it intersects Skyline Drive. From Thornton Gap to Swift Run Gap, the A.T. extends for 34.4 miles along the highest section of ridge crest in the park and crosses the summit of Stony Man Mountain at 3,837 feet. The south end of the park is the least developed. This portion of the A.T., from Jarman Gap to Rockfish Gap, runs along the main crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains and frequently crosses Skyline Drive. The route has panoramic views of the surrounding mountains. The A.T. exits Shenandoah National Park at Calf Mountain (2,974 feet) and crosses Interstate 64 slightly north of Rockfish Gap (ATC 2009d).

The central section of the A.T. in Virginia shares a narrow ridge with the Blue Ridge Parkway at Rockfish Gap. From there, the Blue Ridge Mountains widen into a broader band of peaks and the A.T. diverges from the parkway across outlying summits. The A.T. passes through the Pedlar Ranger District of George Washington National Forest from Rock Gap to the low-lying James River, then enters the Glenwood Ranger District of Jefferson National Forest and runs through Blue Ridge Parkway lands for 9 miles. North of the city of Roanoke, the A.T. descends into the portion of the Great Valley of the Appalachians in Virginia between the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Allegheny Plateau to the west. It continues through the Eastern Divide Ranger District of Jefferson National Forest and into the New Castle Ranger District (ATC 2010b).

The southwest section of the A.T. in Virginia begins at the New River near the town of Pearisburg, where the river thrusts through a narrow section of the Allegheny Front. This 167-mile portion of the A.T. follows long crests atop steep, rocky, and wooded ridges above fertile agricultural valleys.

It extends along the sinuous crest of Pearis and Sugar Run mountains between the New River and the watershed of Dismal Creek, then ascends to Glade Mountain and over Locust Mountain. The A.T. continues along the ridge of Brushy Mountain for 30 miles. After passing the edge of Burke’s Garden, an agricultural community located in a distinct, green, crater-like landform created by a ring of surrounding mountains, the Trail turns east and descends into the Great Valley at the headwaters of the Tennessee River near Interstate 81. It continues across the Middle Fork of the Holston River (a tributary of the Tennessee River) to the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area.

This area encompasses a portion of the Balsam Ridge, which is part of the Blue Ridge Plateau.

From there, the A.T. descends to cross the South Fork of the Holston River, then rises again into the Blue Ridge Mountains’ Iron Mountain Range. It traverses a series of high peaks in the Iron Mountain Range, including Pine, Stone, Whitetop, and Straight mountains. After dropping down to Laurel Creek, the A.T. climbs to Feathertop Ridge on Iron Mountain and descends into the town of Damascus, where it leaves the New River watershed and enters the Tennessee River watershed.

The A.T. exits Virginia on the Holston Mountain ridge at the Tennessee border (ATC 2011a).

North Carolina and Tennessee Segments The A.T. winds for approximately 298 miles along the west edge of North Carolina and the northeast corner of Tennessee. From Virginia, the A.T. enters Tennessee along the border of

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Johnson and Sullivan counties and continues through Carter County. It follows the shared boundary of North Carolina and Tennessee and then moves away from the state line in Swain County, North Carolina. It continues south through Graham, Swain, Macon, and Clay counties before entering Georgia. The A.T. in North Carolina and Tennessee has moderate to difficult terrain and long sections of ridge crest trail that are often at elevations above 5,000 feet. Limited road access and long distances between resupply points make the Trail feel remote. Panoramic views of broad mountain ranges and deep valleys are common along sections of ridge trail, especially from summit balds. This portion of the A.T. runs along the main spine of the Appalachian Mountains, through the Cherokee, Pisgah, and Nantahala national forests, and Great Smoky Mountains National Park The north end of this section of the A.T. is within a series of ridges east of the Tennessee Valley that is known as the Roan Highlands. The A.T. exits Damascus, Virginia, on Holston Mountain at the western edge of the Blue Ridge Mountains. From there it continues as a graded trail through the Cherokee National Forest and skirts by Watauga Lake. After passing through Laurel Fork Gorge along a logging road, the A.T. ascends into the Roan Highlands, where there are expansive views of the surrounding mountains from steep, grassy balds.

The middle section of the A.T. in North Carolina and Tennessee runs along the border of the two states along a high crest at the west end of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The main ridge of the Appalachians, which includes the Roan Highlands and Bald, Great Smoky, and Unaka mountains, is cut by deep river gorges. The A.T. follows the ridge of the Bald Mountain Range for several miles between Sams Gap and Davenport Gap, with brief points of respite at Meadow and Heath balds. It extends over Roan Mountain (6,285 feet) to Unaka Mountain, Big Bald, and Devil Fork Gap. The elevation of the A.T. through the Bald Mountains drops at the crossing of the French Broad River in Hot Springs, North Carolina, and at the Pigeon River near Waterville, North Carolina. South of the French Broad River, the A.T. has panoramic views from the 4,629-foot summit of Max Patch Mountain.

The south end of the A.T. in North Carolina and Tennessee extends for 72 miles through Great Smoky Mountains National Park from Pigeon River to the Little Tennessee River. This section of the A.T. was constructed by the CCC in the 1930s. Summits within the park are 5,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. Much of the land in the area was never developed or used for logging and is biologically diverse, with five different types of forest. The only road crossing of the A.T. within the park is at Newfound Gap. Slightly south of there, the A.T. reaches the highest point in the park at the 6,643-foot peak of Clingmans Dome. The section of trail south of Clingmans Dome between Doe Knob and Fontana Dam was relocated in 1946–1947 and crosses Tennessee Valley Authority property. After crossing the Fontana Dam on the Little Tennessee River, the A.T. leaves the high ridge between the two states and cuts across the Appalachian Mountains to the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Plateau, where it descends along a side ridge to Fontana Lake, the valley of the Little Tennessee River. It continues over a series of high summits within the Nantahala National Forest in North Carolina, including the Wayah Bald (5,342 feet) and Standing Indian (5,499 feet) mountains before reaching Bly Gap at North Carolina’s border with Georgia.

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Georgia Segment The Georgia Segment is located entirely within the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest and extends for approximately 76 miles along the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains from Bly Gap to Springer Mountain. The A.T. turns west after entering Georgia and runs southwest. It generally follows the border of Towns and Union counties on the northwest side of the Trail and Rabun, Habersham, White, and Lumpkin counties on the southeast side. The A.T. extends through the south tip of Fannin County and the east edge of Gilmer County. This section of the A.T. consists of a closely spaced series of low ridges that have minimal net change in elevation but form a moderate to difficult hiking course because of their roller coaster-like quality. Most of the summits are 3,000 to 3,500 feet above sea level, but some rise to more than 4,000 feet. Long-distance views of this undulating mountainous area are common from rocky outcroppings along the ridge.

The A.T. enters Georgia slightly north of Route 76, then passes Dicks Creek Gap. Some of the most strenuous climbs along the A.T. in Georgia occur in the 16.7-mile stretch between Dicks Creek and Unicoi gaps. The A.T. ascends the 4,420-foot Tray Mountain and passes through Tesnatee and Neels gaps before reaching the summit of Blood Mountain. It descends into Gooch Gap and continues toward Justus Creek, then rises up Justus Mountain. Almost all of the A.T. in Georgia north of Gooch Gap is in its original location. Several sharp ascents and drops occur in the last stretch of the A.T. between Hightower Gap and Springer Mountain, which marks the end of the Appalachian Mountain Range. The south terminus of the A.T. is at the 3,782-foot summit of Springer Mountain, where an overlook provides views of the Blue Ridge Mountains and the surrounding landscape has rolling terrain (ATC 2011b).

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H. SUMMARY OF IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION METHODS The Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) MPDF was compiled using a variety of information sources, including notably those from the National Park Service (NPS), the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC), State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs), and the National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA). No comprehensive survey of the historic resources within the A.T. corridor has been completed to date. The primary source of information for historic resources along the A.T. is a list of “contributing elements” within the A.T. corridor prepared by NPS historian Robert Grumet in 2002, as updated by the NPCA with 2008 data from the ATC. The updated list appears in a 2009 NPCA compilation and assessment of the A.T., “The Appalachian National Scenic Trail & What Came Before – A Cultural Resource Special Report” (Jarvis and Sherman 2009). This compilation of information using existing records about cultural resources associated with the entire A.T. and the non-A.T. lands and viewsheds surrounding the A.T. identifies more than 1,200 components that may contribute to the A.T.’s national significance, such as shelters, CCC camps, viewpoints, improved roads, bridges, impoundments, buildings, monuments, towers, railroad grades, and the ruins of a moonshine still.

Copies of nominations for properties identified as being in the A.T. corridor that are listed or determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) and National Historic Landmarks (NHL) were obtained, as well as surveys and eligibility evaluations of the A.T. Present-day and historical trail guides, maps, and maintenance manuals developed by the ATC and its 31 member organizations were consulted for information about individual components, features, and characteristics of the A.T. and corridor. In addition to trail maps, the NPS Geographic Information System (GIS) data for the A.T. corridor provided information on corridor boundaries and some information on historic resources within the corridor.

Additional information on historic resources was collected from publications of the ATC, notably Trail Years: A History of the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC 2000) and The Appalachian Trail: Celebrating America’s Hiking Trail (ATC 2012b). ATC publications and Appalachian Mountain Club bulletins provided primary information about construction, relocations, and maintenance. Published secondary sources (e.g., books, journal articles, and websites) provided information about the A.T. and include The Appalachian National Scenic Trail, a Time to Be Bold (Foster 1987), Forest & Crag: A History of Hiking, Trail Blazing, and Adventure in the Northeast Mountains (Waterman and Waterman 1989), and Benton MacKaye: Conservationist, Planner, and Creator of the Appalachian Trail (Anderson 2002).

The historic contexts were developed following a review of information about the A.T.’s design and history in primary historical documents and previous reports that present a historic context framework for all or portions of the A.T. Publications were consulted that address national themes and events that shaped the A.T., such as community and regional planning, the wilderness and conservation movements, naturalistic landscape and architecture design, and outdoor recreation.

The thematic organization of historic contexts reflects the continuity of the A.T.’s physical form

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and enduring legacy as a carefully designed and maintained extraordinary outdoor recreation and conservation resource.

Stephen Olausen and Virginia Adams of the Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc. are the primary authors of the Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail Multiple Property Documentation Form. Elizabeth Igleheart, NPS Northeast Region’s National Register Coordinator (now retired) served as project manager. Other professionals provided invaluable technical assistance and direction to the project, including APPA staff members Rita Hennessy, Casey Reese and Jessica Bundy; National Register program staff members James Gabbert and Paul Lusignan; ATC staff member Robert Proudman; Maine and ATC board member Dave Field; Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation Historical Landscape Architect Margie Coffin-Brown; Historic Architecture, Conservation and Engineering Program Historic Architect Susan Hollister; Maine Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Kirk Mohney; Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office National Register Coordinator Keith Heinrich; NPS Southeast Region National Register Coordinator Cynthia Walton; and NPS National Capitol Region National Register Coordinator Kathryn Smith.

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I. MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration n.d.

Raymond Torrey. Electronic document, http://www.aapra.org/Pugsley/TorreyRaymond.html, accessed December 3, 2013.

American Scenic and Historical Preservation Society 1917 Scenic and Historic America: Official Bulletin of the American Scenic and Historical Preservation Society. New York, NY. Anderson, Larry 2002 Benton MacKaye: Conservationist, Planner, and Creator of the Appalachian Trail. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Appalachian Mountain Club 1920– 1942 Appalachia. Multiple Volumes. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, MA. 1922a Appalachia Bulletin, October 1922. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, MA. 1922b Guide to Paths in the White Mountains and Adjacent Regions. Fifth Edition. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, MA. 2013a AMC History. Electronic document, http://www.outdoors.org/about/history.cfm, accessed February 20, 2013.

2013b. Timeline of Huts. Electronic document, http://www.outdoors.org/lodging/huts/125thanniversary/amc-huts-timeline.cfm, accessed February 20, 2013.

Appalachian Mountain Club Connecticut Chapter (AMCCC) 2013 History of the Appalachian Trail in Connecticut. Electronic document, http://www.ctamc.org/trails/index.shtm, accessed March 22, 2013.

Appalachian Mountain Club Berkshire Chapter (AMCBC) 2007 AMC Berkshire Chapter. Electronic document, http://amcberkshire.org/, accessed March 22, 2013.

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1931a Appalachian Trail Conference, Publication No. 1. Appalachian Trail Conference, Harpers Ferry, WV. 1931b Trail Manual for the Appalachian Trail. Appalachian Trail Conference, Washington, DC. 1931– 1969 Appalachian Trail Guides. Multiple Editions. Appalachian Trail Conference, Harpers Ferry, WV. 1934

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2009a Appalachian Trail Guide: Tennessee – North Carolina. Thirteenth Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2009b Appalachian Trail Guide: Pennsylvania. Eleventh Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2009c The Official Appalachian Trail Guide to Maine. Fifth Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2009d Appalachian Trail Guide to Shenandoah National Park with Side Trails. Thirteenth Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2009e ATC. Corridor Stewardship Field Book, A Guide for Corridor Monitoring and Maintenance for Volunteers. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2010a Appalachian Trail Guide: Massachusetts - Connecticut. Twelfth Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2010b Appalachian Trail Guide: Central Virginia. Second Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2011a Appalachian Trail Guide: Southwest Virginia. Fifth Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2011b Appalachian Trail Guide: North Carolina - Georgia. Fourteenth Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2011c Appalachian Trail Guide: New York – New Jersey. Seventeenth Edition. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2012a Appalachian Trail Guide: New Hampshire – Vermont. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV. 2012b The Appalachian Trail. Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New York, NY. 2013a History. Electronic document, http://www.appalachiantrail.org/about-the-trail/history, accessed March 22, 2013.

2013b “Safe Haven.” In A.T. Journeys, January-February 2013. Appalachian Trail Conservancy, Harpers Ferry, WV.

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Appalachian Trail Project Office (ATPO) 1987 Comprehensive Plan for the Protection, Management, Development and Use of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. 1987 abridged version of 1981 Plan. On file, National Park Service, Appalachian Trail Project Office, Harpers Ferry, WV. Aron, Cindy S. 1999 Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States. Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Bearss, Edwin C. n.d.

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Belaso, Warren James 1979 Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910–1945. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Belcher, C. Francis 1981 Tip Top House National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. On file, New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources, Concord, NH. Berg, Shary P., and Candace Jenkins 1998 Mount Greylock Summit Historic District National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. On file, Massachusetts Historical Commission, Boston, MA. Blue Mountain Eagle Climbing Club (BMECC) 2013 The History of the Blue Mountain Eagle Climbing Club. Electronic document, http://www.bmecc.org/about.html, accessed March 22, 2013.

Boatright, Sherry, and Kenneth H. Thomas Jr. 1977 Walasi-Yi Inn National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. On file, Georgia State Historic Preservation Office, Atlanta, GA. Birchard Jr., William, and R. D. Proudman 2000 Appalachian Trail Design, Construction, and Maintenance. Second Edition. Appalachian Trail Conference, Harpers Ferry, WV. Brown, Margie Coffin, Maciej Konieczny, and Robert Page 2008 Methodology for Inventorying Cultural Landscapes of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. Draft. Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, Boston, MA.

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Bryson, Bill 1998 A Walk in the Woods. Broadway Books, New York, NY. Buell, Lawrence 1995 The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Burroughs, John 1907 Camping & Tramping with Roosevelt. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA. Carolina Mountain Club 2013 History. Electronic document, http://www.carolinamountainclub.org/index.cfm/do/pages.view/id/39/page/History, accessed March 22, 2013.

Carr, Ethan 1998 Wilderness by Design: Landscape Architecture and the National Park Service. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. Carr, Ethan, Elaine Jackson-Retondo, and Len Warner.

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Division of Historic Landmarks 1985 Burke’s Garden Rural Historic District National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. On file, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Richmond, VA. Dulles, Foster Rhea 1965 A History of Recreation: America Learns to Play. Second Edition. Appleton-CenturyCrofts, New York, NY. Emblidge, David (editor) 1996 The Appalachian Trail Reader. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Engle, Reed n.d.

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Field, David B. 2011 Images of America: Along Maine’s Appalachian Trail. Acadia Publishing, Charleston, NC. Fisher, Ronald M. 1972 The Appalachian Trail. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC. Forest History Society 1981 Appendix I, The National Forests of the United States. Electronic document, http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S .pdf, accessed April 14, 2013.

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Foster, Charles H. W. 1987 The Appalachian National Scenic Trail: A Time to be Bold. Appalachian Trail Conference, Harpers Ferry, WV. Friedberg, Betsy, James Bradley, and James Parish 1987 Tyringham Shaker Settlement Historic District National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form. On file, Massachusetts Historical Commission, Boston, MA. Frothingham, Octavius B. 1965 Transcendentalism in New England, A History. Originally published in 1876. Harper & Row, New York, NY. Frome, Michael 1992 Regreening the National Parks. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. Georgia Appalachian Trail Club 2010 History. Electronic document, http://www.georgia-atclub.org/about/overview.htm, accessed March 23, 2013.

Good, Albert H. 1999 Park and Recreation Structures, Part I, Part II, and Part III. Reprinted. Princeton Architectural Press, New York. Originally published 1938, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC.

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ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, NY, NJ, PA, MD, WV, VA, NC, TN, GA Historic Resources of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail Name of Multiple Property Listing

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GLOSSARY OF TRAIL TERMINOLOGY The following terminology is used in defining and referring to elements of the A.T. throughout this document and refers only to Abandoned Original A.T. Section: One of two property types defined in this MPDF, this term applies to National Register eligible sections of the original route of the A.T. that have been abandoned and are no longer part of the ANST system. An eligible Abandoned Original A.T. Section is one that is generally at least one-mile-long and retains design elements and associated contributing resources that identify it as a former section of the original A.T. Appalachian National Scenic Trail Segment: One of two property types defined in this MPDF, this term applies to a segment that extends the length of one of the 14 states that the Appalachian National Scenic Trail (ANST) runs through. Exceptions occur at the north and south termini of the Trail in Maine and Georgia, respectively. Contributing resources within an ANST Historic Segment include the A.T. and the buildings, sites, and structures that allow it to function as a recreational hiking trail.

A.T. Bridge: A bridge structure of 20 feet or more in length that was specifically built and is maintained as part of the ANST and carries either the main Trail or an A.T. Side Trail.

A.T. Corridor: The A.T. corridor is a linear swath that is 1,000 feet (ft) wide, extending out 500 feet on either side of the center of the treadway. This 1,000-foot-wide corridor is moveable as a function of where the treadway is at any given time but always embodies established A.T. standards for a simple footpath design and a natural and scenic setting. The A.T. corridor is encompassed within the A.T. lands. The A.T. corridor serves as the boundary for eligible associated properties to be listed in the National Register under the Appalachian National Scenic Trail MPDF, as discussed in Section F. Associated Property Types.

A.T. Lands: Lands managed by the ATC under the cooperative agreement with the NPS as the A.T. protective area, including the A.T. corridor.

A.T. Overnight Use Area: Sites that were developed specifically to support the hiking experience by providing shelter, water sources, and toilet facilities for overnight camping.

A.T. Side Trail: A short dead-end spur or loop trail that diverges from the mainline route of the A.T. Side Trails are employed to bring hikers to important points of interest, such as waterfalls, historic sites, A.T. Viewpoints, or trail facilities.

A.T. Treadway: The primary and most important contributing resource within all ANST State Segments. It consists of the approximately 2,184-mile hiking path that was conceived primarily as a “skyline track” along the crests of the Appalachian Mountains.

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A.T. Viewpoint: The physical location or vantage point from which a view or vista is experienced.

These significant locations typically occur along the main treadway, often from bald or open summits, high mountain meadows, wide open farmland, and at stream crossings. They may also be called-out in trail guidebooks and designated as “Overlooks” or “Points of Interest.”

Relocated Trail Section: A treadway moved within the existing A.T. corridor or sometimes within existing A.T. lands. Trail relocation is an ongoing A.T. management and maintenance process that occurs because of erosion or other natural events that make the existing treadway unusable, particularly if a higher quality, more scenic alternative is available (the “Optimal Location”). Before the 1978 National Trails System Act amendments that authorized federal land acquisition of the corridor, relocations were most often required when landowners asked that the Trail be removed from their properties.

Rerouted Trail Section: A portion of the A.T. that has been moved onto protected land acquired after 1937.

Scenery: The general appearance of a place; all the features that give character to a landscape.

(Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. New York: Random House, Inc. 2001.)

Trail Prism: A 4-foott-wide by 8-foot-high rectangular cleared area surrounding the treadway.

The ATC adopted a “Clearing Standard” in its Appalachian Trail Fieldbook Maintenance and Rehabilitation Guidelines for Volunteers of August 1979: “The trail shall be kept clear of vegetation and obstructions that unnecessarily impede foot travel. It shall be cleared to such a width and height that a hiker with a pack can walk the Trail without difficulty” (ATC 1979:137).

Views: The expansive or panoramic prospect of a broad range of vision, which may be naturally occurring or deliberately contrived. Providing access to views of natural and cultural landscapes is a fundamental purpose and experience of the A.T. that is underscored in both its route and its design. Views typically occur at summits, along ridgelines, above cliffs, along stream corridors, and adjacent to other water features. Examples of landscape features within panoramic views are mountain ranges, river valleys, lakes, and cultural landscapes.

Vistas: The controlled prospect of a discrete, linear range of vision, which is deliberately contrived and maintained. Examples of maintained vistas are framed views to monuments, ridges, waterfalls, gorges, and other notable cultural and natural features. A particular trail alignment or vegetation management may be necessary to preserve a vista.

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F U LTO N C O U N T Y

Pennsylvania

FRANKLIN COUNTY

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

ADAMS COUNTY

Sheet Overview

LEGEND National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment)

1

County Boundary National Register Map Sheet ATC Map

Map #5 (Maryland, North Half)

MORGAN COUNTY

2

CARROLL COUNTY

3 WA S H I N G TO N COUNTY

4

Maryland BERKELEY COUNTY

Map #6 (Maryland, South Half)

5

West Virginia

NOTES FREDERICK COUNTY

Sheet order follows Trail North to South

SOURCES NPS APPA ATC 2019

6

DRAWN BY PAL July 2022

7

JEFFERSON COUNTY

K

8

HO WAR D C O U N T Y

0

2

4

Miles

PA

LOUDOUN COUNTY

CLARKE COUNTY

Virginia

MON TGOMERY COUNTY MD WV

VA

G:\Projects\4021 NPS Appalachian Trail MD Segment\Production\Mapping\Maps GIS\MD NR District Map.mxd | 7/13/2022.

2 - Pen Mar Park Viewpoint !

1 - ANST Maryland Segment Treadway

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

Sheet 1 of 11 LEGEND

National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment) Appalachian National Scenic Trail Resource

!

Side Trail Resource Federal Land Federally Protected Land State Land State Protected Land Conservation Land Private Land Guidebook Map #

NOTES See Resources List in Section 7 for detailed information Sheet order follows Trail north to south

SOURCES

5 - High Rock Viewpoint 3 - High Rock Parking Area Side Trail

!

NPS APPA Appalachian Trail Conservancy Potomac Appalachain Trail Club Maryland State Historic Preservation Offices

4 - High Rock Viewpoint Side Trail

DRAWN BY PAL July 2022

K 1 inch = 2,000 feet 0

1,000

2,000

Feet

PENNSYLVANIA 1 2 3

7 - Raven Rock OUA Side Trail

4 5

8 - Raven Rock OUA !

6 - Devils Racecourse Trail

CATOCTIN MOUNTAIN PARK

6 WEST VIRGINIA

7 8 VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

9 - Raven Rock Viewpoint Side Trail 10 - Raven Rock Viewpoint

G:\Projects\4021 NPS Appalachian Trail MD Segment\Production\Mapping\Maps GIS\MD NR District Map.mxd | 7/13/2022.

!

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

Sheet 2 of 11 LEGEND

National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment) Appalachian National Scenic Trail Resource

!

Side Trail Resource Federal Land Federally Protected Land State Land State Protected Land Conservation Land Private Land Guidebook Map #

NOTES See Resources List in Section 7 for detailed information Sheet order follows Trail north to south

SOURCES NPS APPA Appalachian Trail Conservancy Potomac Appalachain Trail Club Maryland State Historic Preservation Offices

DRAWN BY PAL July 2022

13 - Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA Side Trail

K

14 - Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA !

11 - Willard Property SUP Viewpoint

!

1 inch = 2,000 feet 0

!

1,000

2,000

Feet

12 - Powerline Right of Way Viewpoint 15 - Ensign Cowall Memorial OUA Water Source Side Trail

PENNSYLVANIA

16 - MD Rte 17 (Wolfsville Rd) Parking Area Side Trail

1 2 3 4 5 6 WEST VIRGINIA

17 - South Mtn Viewpoint 1 !

7 8 VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

!

18 - South Mtn Viewpoint 2 !

G:\Projects\4021 NPS Appalachian Trail MD Segment\Production\Mapping\Maps GIS\MD NR District Map.mxd | 7/13/2022.

17 - South Mtn Viewpoint 1

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

Sheet 3 of 11 LEGEND

National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment) Appalachian National Scenic Trail Resource

!

Side Trail Resource Federal Land Federally Protected Land State Land State Protected Land Conservation Land Private Land Guidebook Map #

NOTES See Resources List in Section 7 for detailed information

FAZENBAKER

RODGERS

JOHNS

Sheet order follows Trail north to south

CLINE

SOURCES

19 - Thurston Griggs Trail

NPS APPA Appalachian Trail Conservancy Potomac Appalachain Trail Club Maryland State Historic Preservation Offices

CHESAPEAKE CONFERENCE I NEIKIRK

DRAWN BY

CHESAPEAKE CONFERENCE II

PAL July 2022

!

K

20 - Pogo Memorial Campsite OUA

1 inch = 2,000 feet 0

22 - Black Rock Viewpoint

1,000

2,000

Feet

!

21 - Black Rock Viewpoint Side Trail

PENNSYLVANIA 1 2 3 4 5 6 WEST VIRGINIA

7 8

23 - Annapolis Rock Viewpoint Side Trail

VIRGINIA ! !

MARYLAND

24 - Annapolis Rock Viewpoint

! !

25 - Annapolis Rock OUA Side Trail 26 - Annapolis Rock OUA

EASTERDAY

28 - Pine Knob OUA !

27 - Pine Knob OUA Side Trail

G:\Projects\4021 NPS Appalachian Trail MD Segment\Production\Mapping\Maps GIS\MD NR District Map.mxd | 7/13/2022.

23 - Annapolis Rock Viewpoint Side Trail

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

Sheet 4 of 11 LEGEND

National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment) Appalachian National Scenic Trail Resource

!

Side Trail Resource Federal Land Federally Protected Land State Land State Protected Land Conservation Land Private Land Guidebook Map #

NOTES GREENBRIER STATE PARK

See Resources List in Section 7 for detailed information

30 - I-70 Footbridge !

29 - Annapolis Rock (U.S. 40) Parking Area Side Trail

Sheet order follows Trail north to south

SOURCES 31 - Bartman Hill Side Trail

NPS APPA Appalachian Trail Conservancy Potomac Appalachain Trail Club Maryland State Historic Preservation Offices

DRAWN BY PAL July 2022

K 1 inch = 2,000 feet 0

1,000

2,000

Feet

PENNSYLVANIA 1 2 3 4 5 6 WEST VIRGINIA

7 8 VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

G:\Projects\4021 NPS Appalachian Trail MD Segment\Production\Mapping\Maps GIS\MD NR District Map.mxd | 7/13/2022.

32 - Washington Monument Observation Tower Side Trail 33 - Washington Monument Observation Tower Viewpoint

!

34 - Dahlgren Field Viewpoint

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

Sheet 5 of 11 LEGEND

National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment) Appalachian National Scenic Trail Resource

!

Side Trail Resource Federal Land Federally Protected Land State Land State Protected Land Conservation Land Private Land Guidebook Map #

!

NOTES See Resources List in Section 7 for detailed information

35 - Dahlgren Backpacker Campground OUA

!

Sheet order follows Trail north to south

SOURCES NPS APPA Appalachian Trail Conservancy Potomac Appalachain Trail Club Maryland State Historic Preservation Offices

DRAWN BY PAL July 2022

K 1 inch = 2,000 feet 0

1,000

2,000

Feet

36 - Rocky Run OUA Side Trail

PENNSYLVANIA

37 - Rocky Run OUA (Shelter 2)

!

1

!

2

37 - Rocky Run OUA (Shelter 1) 3 4 5 6 WEST VIRGINIA

7 8

HARDY / HOLT

38 - White Rocks Viewpoint

VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

38 - White Rocks Viewpoint

!

39 - White Rocks Viewpoint Side Trail

40 - Rohrersville Valley Viewpoint !

G:\Projects\4021 NPS Appalachian Trail MD Segment\Production\Mapping\Maps GIS\MD NR District Map.mxd | 7/13/2022.

HARDY / HOLT

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

Sheet 6 of 11 LEGEND

National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment) Appalachian National Scenic Trail Resource

!

Side Trail Resource Federal Land Federally Protected Land State Land State Protected Land Conservation Land Private Land Guidebook Map #

NOTES See Resources List in Section 7 for detailed information Sheet order follows Trail north to south

SOURCES NPS APPA Appalachian Trail Conservancy Potomac Appalachain Trail Club Maryland State Historic Preservation Offices

DRAWN BY PAL July 2022

K 1 inch = 2,000 feet !

42 - Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail Bridge

0

1,000

2,000

Feet

43 - Crampton Gap OUA 41 - Crampton Gap OUA Side Trail

PENNSYLVANIA 1 2

ANTIETAM NB

3 4 5 6 WEST VIRGINIA

7 8 VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

G:\Projects\4021 NPS Appalachian Trail MD Segment\Production\Mapping\Maps GIS\MD NR District Map.mxd | 7/13/2022.

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

Sheet 7 of 11 LEGEND

National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment) Appalachian National Scenic Trail Resource

!

Side Trail Resource Federal Land Federally Protected Land State Land State Protected Land Conservation Land Private Land Guidebook Map #

NOTES See Resources List in Section 7 for detailed information Sheet order follows Trail north to south

SOURCES 44 - Birch Tree Overlook Viewpoint !

NPS APPA Appalachian Trail Conservancy Potomac Appalachain Trail Club Maryland State Historic Preservation Offices

DRAWN BY PAL July 2022

K

46 - Ed Garvey OUA !

1 inch = 2,000 feet

45 - Ed Garvey OUA Side Trail

0

1,000

2,000

Feet

PENNSYLVANIA 1 2 3 4 5

47 - Pleasant Valley Viewpoint

6 !

WEST VIRGINIA

7 8 VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL NHP

HARPERS FERRY NHP

48 - Weverton Cliffs Side Trail !

CHESEPEAKE AND OHIO CANEL NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK

50 - Goodloe Byron Memorial Footbridge !

49 - Weverton Cliffs Viewpoint

G:\Projects\4021 NPS Appalachian Trail MD Segment\Production\Mapping\Maps GIS\MD NR District Map.mxd | 7/13/2022.

!

Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maryland Segment National Register Historic District

Sheet 8 of 11 LEGEND

National Register District Boundary (Maryland Segment) Appalachian National Scenic Trail Resource

!

Side Trail Resource Federal Land Federally Protected Land State Land State Protected Land Conservation Land Private Land Guidebook Map #

NOTES See Resources List in Section 7 for detailed information Sheet order follows Trail north to south

SOURCES NPS APPA Appalachian Trail Conservancy Potomac Appalachain Trail Club Maryland State Historic Preservation Offices

DRAWN BY PAL July 2022

K 1 inch = 2,000 feet 0

1,000

2,000

Feet

PENNSYLVANIA 1 2 3 4 5

POTOMAC CONSERVANCY

6 WEST VIRGINIA

7 8 VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION MEMORANDUM To:

Washington County Historic District Commission

From:

Meghan Jenkins, GISP, GIS Coordinator - Historic District Commission Staff

Date:

May 25, 2023

Subj:

Residential New Construction Permit/Garage-Carport, 2023-01727

Staff Report and Analysis Property Owner: NEAL MATTHEW R &, NEAL SHELLEY K Applicant: Matthew Neal Location: 21550 LEITERSBURG SMITHSBURG Road Tax Account ID: 09013911 Map/Grid/Parcel/Lot: 26/14/401/1 Legal Description: LOT 1 1.23 ACRES21550 LEITERSBGSMITHSBGROAD Zoning: RV; A(R) Refer to Map Rural Village: Leitersburg (MHT-C) Historic Rural Village Project Description: 900 sq. ft. finished space detached two story two car garage with 457 sq. ft. unfinished space on second floor with exterior 24 sq. ft. landing and steps to grade, concrete slab, frame construction, pre-engineered trusses, Huntsberger, Gary A., Lot 1

Applicable Law and Review Criteria: The HDC is enabled through Article 20 of the Zoning Ordinance for Washington County, MD. Specifically Section 20.3.a states: "The Commission shall act upon all applications as required by Section 20.6, Historic Preservation district, Section 5D.4, Rural Village District and Article 20A, Antietam Overlay District of this Ordinance."

The HDC shall consider only exterior features of a structure that would affect the historic, archeological, or architectural significance of the site or structure, any portion of which is visible or intended to be visible from a public way. It does not consider any interior arrangements, although interior changes may still be subject to building permit procedures.

1. The application shall be approved by the HDC if it is consistent with the following criteria: A. The proposal does not substantially alter the exterior features of the structure.

B. The proposal is compatible in character and nature with the historical, cultural, architectural,

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION or archeological features of the site, structure, or district and would not be detrimental to achievement of the purposes of Article 20 of the County Zoning Ordinance.

C. The proposal would enhance or aid in the protection, preservation and public or private utilization of the site or structure, in a manner compatible with its historical, archeological, architectural, or cultural value.

D. The proposal is necessary so that unsafe conditions or health hazards are remedied.

E. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings and subsequent revisions are to be used as guidance only and are not to be considered mandatory.

2. In reviewing the plans for any such construction or change, the HDC shall give consideration to and not disapprove an application except with respect to the factors specified below.

A. The historic or architectural value and significance of the site or structure and its relationship to the historic or architectural value and significance of the surrounding area.

B. The relationship of the exterior architectural features of the structure to the remainder of the structure and to the surrounding area.

C. The general compatibility of exterior design, scale, proportion, arrangement, texture, and materials proposed to be used.

D. Any other factors, including aesthetic factors, that the Commission deems to be pertinent.

3. The HDC shall be strict in its judgment of plans for those structures, sites, or districts deemed to be valuable according to studies performed for districts of historic or architectural value. The HDC shall be lenient in its judgment of plans involving new construction, unless such plans would seriously impair the historic or architectural value of surrounding structures.

For Rural Villages, additional review criteria for applications are listed in Section 5D.5 Architectural Review of the Zoning Ordinance and include: 1. The exterior appearance of existing structures in the Rural Village, including materials, style, arrangement of doors and windows, mass, height and number of stories, roof style and pitch, proportion.

2. Building Size and Orientation 3. Landscaping 4. Signage 5. Lighting 6. Setbacks 7. Accessory structures Secretary of Interior Standards for Rehabilitation 9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction will not destroy historic materials, features, and spatial relationships that characterize the property. The new work will be differentiated from the old and will be compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale and proportion, and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its environment.

10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be undertaken in such a manner that, if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired.

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Guidelines for New Construction and Accessory Buildings 1. New construction should be sited to avoid demolition of contributing structures.

2. The design of new construction or new accessory buildings should be compatible with the form, height, scale, proportions, materials and details of the adjacent contributing structures or landscapes.

3. Consideration of the ratio of built versus open space of the site or the adjacent landscape should be given.

4. Existing setbacks, landscaping or site grading of adjacent historic resources should be preserved when siting new construction if those characteristics contribute to the historic site or its landscape. This includes circulation routes, fences, walls, and yards, etc.

5. Locate new construction and new accessory buildings so that the existing significant visual and special characteristics of the property are maintained.

6. Locate new construction and new accessory buildings so that significant viewsheds are maintained or enhanced.

7. See also Key Themes. (p. 57)

Staff Report:

This project is in the Leitersburg Historic Rural Village which is located primarily at the intersection of Leiter Street and Leitersburg Smithsburg Road. Leitersburg is on the National Register of Historic Places and Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties and was last surveyed in 2003 (WA-I-174) The survey includes 147 contributing buildings, 5 sites and 3 structures for a total of 155 historic resources. There are 72 non-contributing resources including the property of the project. The district construction characteristics include brick, stone, wood and concrete exteriors with roofing of asphalt, metal or slate.

The architectural styles include vernacular, federal, Greek revival and more. The period of significance is 1815-1926 and it qualifying criteria for the National Register are Criteria A (association with events) and Criteria C (Distinctive construction).

The project is located at the low point between two hills in Leitersburg Smithsburg Road near the southern edge of the Rural Village resource boundary. There are contributing resources surrounding the property of varying construction types. The main house on the property is set back approximately 150 feet from the Leitersburg Smithsburg Road. The proposed construction of a 2 story brick garage approximately 30 feet by 30 feet is directly behind an existing in-ground pool on the property with a fence which will partially block the construction from view at the road. The materials indicated for construction are consistent with the existing house on the property as well as characteristic materials of the rural village.

Staff Analysis: The project proposes an accessory building of similar construction to other buildings within the rural village therefore the evaluation criteria of the Zoning Ordinance including appearance, scale, and size

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION all appear to be followed. The proposed construction also follows the applicable SOI guidelines since there is no disturbance and minimal impact to existing or nearby contributing resources due to the siting of the new construction to the rear of the existing house. This causes minimal visibility from Leitersburg Smithsburg Road. For similar reasons, the project appears consistent with the local Design Guidelines for new construction.

Staff Recommendation: Recommend approval of the Residential New Construction Permit/Garage-Carport, Permit Number 2023-01727, located in Leitersburg Historic Rural Village for the reasons stated in the Staff Analysis.

Respectfully Submitted,

Meghan Jenkins, GISP Historic District Commission Staff

Attachments: • • •

Photos provided by Staff Map showing location of construction Permit Submission Packet

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Picture 1, View from Mid Driveway

Picture 2, End of Driveway/Side of Pool Fence

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Picture 3, Area for construction

Picture 4, Pool Fence with area of construction to left of photo

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Picture 5, From Leitersburg Smithsburg, Front of Home

Picture 6, @ end of driveway looking toward Leitersburg center

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Picture 7, @ end of driveway away from Leitersburg center

HOME OWNER: Mr. Matt Neal PROJECT ADDRESS: 21550 Leitersburg Smithsburg Road Hagerstown MD

A A.1

Left Side Elevation

B A.1

Scale: 1/4" = 1'

Front Elevation Scale: 1/4" = 1'

1. General Contractor shall be responsible to meet all state and local codes as required.

2. General Contractor shall be responsible to field verify all dimensions prior to fabrication of any work.

3. Grades shown are approximate only. Field verify conditions, elevations and property lines and setbacks prior to any work.

4. All wood headers will be constructed as such: Install 2 - 2x12 above all exterior window and door openings (unless otherwise specified) 5. Owner shall be responsible to select all final colors and finishes 6. Contractor shall provide access panels or doors with frame to all attic spaces 7. All exterior walls shall be covered with an air infiltration barrier (house wrap) as required 8. Contractor shall be responsible to install any additional framing, beams posts, and/or headers not shown for a structurally sound building as required.

9. All engineered wood trusses and LVL beams shall be certified by the manufacturer and/or by a registered engineer in the state of MD

New Garage Design:

Construction Notes

Mr. Matt Neal

Revisions :

Square Footage: Garage: 802 sq. ft.

Attic Space: 457 sq. ft.

BUILDING CONTRACTOR/HOME OWNER TO REVIEW AND VERIFY ALL DIMENSIONS, SPECS, AND CONNECTIONS BEFORE CONSTRUCTION BEGINS. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM CODE: SEC.2701 MECHANICAL SYSTEM CODE: SEC.2801 PLUMBING SYSTEM CODE: SEC.2901

C A.1

Rear Elevation Scale: 1/4" = 1'

D A.1

Right Side Elevation Scale: 1/4" = 1'

To the best of my knowledge these plans are drawn to comply with owner's and/ or builder's specifications and any changes made on them after prints are made will be done at the owner's and / or builder's expense and responsibility. The contractor shall verify all dimensions and enclosed drawing.

Eby's Drafting and Design is not liable for errors once construction has begun. While every effort has been made in the preparation of this plan to avoid mistakes, the maker can not guarantee against human error. The contractor of the job must check all dimensions and other details prior to construction and be solely responsible thereafter.

DATE:

1/28/2023 SCALE:

As Labeled SHEET:

A.1

30'

4"

C L

24'-10"

4'-6"

4"

30' 23'-7"

36" High Railing Pickets to be 4" Center to Center

C L

22'-2"

Decking Materials to be determined 2x10 Pressure Treated Joist @ 16" On Center

GARAGE

C L

7'-2" 4"

3'-4"

10080

10'

2'-8" 30'

10'

3'-4"

4" 3'-7"

B A.2

Scale: 1/4" = 1'

4'-2 1/2"

2'-6"

10'-2"

C.2 A.2

Foundation Layout

Deck Detail Scale: 3/8" = 1'

Scale: 1/4" = 1'

7/16" OSB roof sheathing with H clips Pre-Engineered Roof Trusses placed on 24" Centers

29'-7 1/2"

9'-1 1/8"

Truss Clips/Hurricane straps to be installed on all trusses 6'-4"

All truss bracing to be installed according to engineering details supplied by manufacture

14'-8"

5'-0 1/2"

15ld. felt paper Architectural Shingles

14'-8" 12'

3'-7"

30'

First Floor Layout

A A.2

10'-2"

28'-8 1/2"

Aluminum Drip Edge Pre-Finished, seamless aluminum gutter 2x6 sub-fascia with aluminum trim Vented vinyl soffit

CROSS SECTION 1

C L

29'-4"

3040DH

16'-1"

3068

6'

36" High Railing Pickets to be 4" Center to Center

Window/Door Headers: 2 - 2x12spf (Leave Space for Insulation)

29'-7 1/2"

2x12PT Stair Joist @ 16" Centers 2x6pt Decking 7 3/4" Rise (Max) 10 3/4" Run (Min)

9'-5 1/8"

14'-8"

14'-8" 11'-4"

Anderson double hung windows Low-e glazing

6'-4"

29'-4"

S1 C L

2x6 exterior wall Studs @ 16" on center 7/16" osb sheeting Vapor Barrier (House Wrap) Brick Veneer R-21 Fiberglass Batt Insulation

DATE:

Garage Slab to be poured min. of 4" Thick Slab to be poured over 6 Mill plastic (Vapor Barrier) Slab to have 6x6 Wire Mat over 4" stone Base

1/28/2023 Opening to be no greater than 3 1/2" Close off stair openings as necessary

12" POURED CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALL 4" BRICK LEDGE, 2" SLAB LEDGE

C A.2

Second Floor Layout Scale: 3/16" = 1'

New Garage Design:

10080

18" x 12" Pier Footing Min. 30" below Grade

4"

4"

7'-2"

C L

3068

3049DH

28'-0" X 28'-0"

Mr. Matt Neal

28'-4" X 28'-4"

30'

30'

GARAGE

2x18pt Ledger Board to be Installed Using 1/2" Galv. Carriage Bolts @ 16" On Center Galv. Joist Hangers to be Installed Flashing to be installed behind Ledger Board

30'

15'

30'

2 - 2x10 Pressure Treated Beams 6x6 Pressure Treated Posts 1/2" Galvanized Carriage Bolts

Revisions :

3049DH

7'-2"

4"

3'-3"

4"

3068

UP

3'-2"

8" x 20" Footings 2 - #4 Continuous Rebar Footings to be 30" Below Grade (Min) Continuous Footer Drain to Daylight Footer Drain to be installed in Stone Bed (#57) Rosin Paper placed over stone bed before Backfill

SCALE:

As Labeled

C.1 A.2

Cross Section Scale: 3/8" = 1'

C.3 A.2

Stair Detail Not to Scale

SHEET:

A.2

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION MEMORANDUM To:

Washington County Historic District Commission

From:

Meghan Jenkins, GISP, GIS Coordinator - Historic District Commission Staff

Date:

May 25, 2023

Subj:

Non-Residential New Construction Permit/Commercial, 2023-00893

Staff Report and Analysis Property Owner: FIRE CO LEITERSBURG VOLUNTEER, Applicant: JOHNSON RIDGE LLC Location: 21431 LEITER Street Tax Account ID: 09017186 Map/Grid/Parcel/Lot: 0026/0014/0143/6 Legal Description: LT6 1/2 LT7 90X24021431 LEITER STFIRE STATION Zoning: Rural Village Rural Village: Leitersburg (MHT-C) Historic Rural Village Project Description: 576 sq. ft. one story pole building on concrete slab to be used for storage, (1) 9' overhead door, pre-engineered roof trusses, pole construction with metal roof and metal sides, Leitersburg Volunteer Fire Company

Applicable Law and Review Criteria: The HDC is enabled through Article 20 of the Zoning Ordinance for Washington County, MD. Specifically Section 20.3.a states: "The Commission shall act upon all applications as required by Section 20.6, Historic Preservation district, Section 5D.4, Rural Village District and Article 20A, Antietam Overlay District of this Ordinance."

The HDC shall consider only exterior features of a structure that would affect the historic, archeological, or architectural significance of the site or structure, any portion of which is visible or intended to be visible from a public way. It does not consider any interior arrangements, although interior changes may still be subject to building permit procedures.

1. The application shall be approved by the HDC if it is consistent with the following criteria: A. The proposal does not substantially alter the exterior features of the structure.

B. The proposal is compatible in character and nature with the historical, cultural, architectural, or archeological features of the site, structure, or district and would not be detrimental to achievement of the purposes of Article 20 of the County Zoning Ordinance.

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION C. The proposal would enhance or aid in the protection, preservation and public or private utilization of the site or structure, in a manner compatible with its historical, archeological, architectural, or cultural value.

D. The proposal is necessary so that unsafe conditions or health hazards are remedied.

E. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings and subsequent revisions are to be used as guidance only and are not to be considered mandatory.

2. In reviewing the plans for any such construction or change, the HDC shall give consideration to and not disapprove an application except with respect to the factors specified below.

A. The historic or architectural value and significance of the site or structure and its relationship to the historic or architectural value and significance of the surrounding area.

B. The relationship of the exterior architectural features of the structure to the remainder of the structure and to the surrounding area.

C. The general compatibility of exterior design, scale, proportion, arrangement, texture, and materials proposed to be used.

D. Any other factors, including aesthetic factors, that the Commission deems to be pertinent.

3. The HDC shall be strict in its judgment of plans for those structures, sites, or districts deemed to be valuable according to studies performed for districts of historic or architectural value. The HDC shall be lenient in its judgment of plans involving new construction, unless such plans would seriously impair the historic or architectural value of surrounding structures.

For Rural Villages, additional review criteria for applications are listed in Section 5D.5 Architectural Review of the Zoning Ordinance and include: 1. The exterior appearance of existing structures in the Rural Village, including materials, style, arrangement of doors and windows, mass, height and number of stories, roof style and pitch, proportion.

2. Building Size and Orientation 3. Landscaping 4. Signage 5. Lighting 6. Setbacks 7. Accessory structures Please note that HDC Policy No.2021-01: Review of Pole Buildings does not apply due to Review Guidelines 2.c requiring HDC review on all pole buildings associated with a commercial use.

Secretary of Interior Standards for Rehabilitation 9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction will not destroy historic materials, features, and spatial relationships that characterize the property. The new work will be differentiated from the old and will be compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale and proportion, and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its environment.

10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be undertaken in such a manner that, if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired.

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Guidelines for New Construction and Accessory Buildings 1. New construction should be sited to avoid demolition of contributing structures.

2. The design of new construction or new accessory buildings should be compatible with the form, height, scale, proportions, materials and details of the adjacent contributing structures or landscapes.

3. Consideration of the ratio of built versus open space of the site or the adjacent landscape should be given.

4. Existing setbacks, landscaping or site grading of adjacent historic resources should be preserved when siting new construction if those characteristics contribute to the historic site or its landscape. This includes circulation routes, fences, walls, and yards, etc.

5. Locate new construction and new accessory buildings so that the existing significant visual and special characteristics of the property are maintained.

6. Locate new construction and new accessory buildings so that significant viewsheds are maintained or enhanced.

7. See also Key Themes. (p. 57)

Staff Report: This project is in the Leitersburg Historic Rural Village which is located primarily at the intersection of Leiter Street and Leitersburg Smithsburg Road. Leitersburg is on the National Register of Historic Places and Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties and was last surveyed in 2003 (WA-I-174) The survey includes 147 contributing buildings, 5 sites and 3 structures for a total of 155 historic resources. There are 72 non-contributing resources including the property of the project. The main building on the property used to be a 1940’s gas station that was remodeled into the current fire hall. The district construction characteristics include brick, stone, wood and concrete exteriors with roofing of asphalt, metal or slate. The architectural styles include vernacular, federal, Greek revival and more. The period of significance is 1815-1926 and its qualifying criteria for the National Register are Criteria A (association with events) and Criteria C (Distinctive construction).

The project is located along Leiter Street approximately 650 feet northeast of the main square of Leitersburg. As you face the fire hall building there is a vacant lot to the right of the fire hall owned by the fire company and to the right of that is another non-contributing structure at 21423 Leiter Street.

To the left of the fire hall is another non-contributing structure (21433 Leiter Street) and to the rear of the fire hall is the Ruritan Community Park. There are contributing structures to the Leitersburg Historic Rural Village across Leiter Street from the fire hall.

The proposed pole building construction type is to be located to the rear of the existing fire hall. In the area of construction there is existing pavement and training apparatus related to the fire hall. The pole building is to be constructed of metal siding and metal roofing and used for storage. There will be a 9’ roll up door to access the structure.

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION

Staff Analysis: The project will result in a pole building, which has less disturbance and permanency than other construction types due to the framing members being buried in the ground rather than a full foundation. The proposed location of the building is to the rear of the fire hall and therefore minimally visible from the contributing structures which are on the opposite side of Leiter Street in the vicinity of the project. The properties directly adjacent are non-contributing and therefore would have minimal impact as is preferred by both the SOI Guidelines and local Design Guidelines. The application appears consistent with the applicable criteria in the Zoning Ordinance as well.

Staff Recommendation: Recommend approval of the Non-Residential New Construction Permit/Commercial, Permit Number 2023-00893, located in Leitersburg Historic Rural Village for the reasons stated in the Staff Analysis.

Respectfully Submitted,

Meghan Jenkins, GISP Historic District Commission Staff

Attachments: • • • •

Photos provided by Staff Map showing location of construction HDC Policy No.2021-01: Review of Pole Buildings Permit Submission Packet

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Picture 1, Parking Area Existing Conditions

Picture 2, Parking Area Existing Conditions

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION Picture 3, View of Firehall looking from Leiter Street

Gregory Smith, Chair Lloyd Yavener, Vice Chair Ann Aldrich Edith Wallace

Vernell Doyle Michael Lushbaugh Courtney Lowery Jeffrey A. Cline, BOCC Rep

HISTORIC DISTRICT COMMISSION OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND

MEMORANDUM

TO:

All Interested Parties

FROM:

Historic District Commission

DATE:

December 2, 2021

SUBJECT:

HDC Policy No. 2021-01: Review of Pole Buildings

Purpose This memorandum will serve as a policy for the review of permit submittals involving pole buildings to the Historic District Commission (HDC). This policy will apply to review of accessory structures categorized as pole buildings in the permit application for areas of HDC review such as the Historic Rural Villages, Historic Preservation Overlay, Antietam Overlay and any additional areas under HDC review.

The areas for review and review types for the HDC are outlined in the Washington County Zoning Ordinance Section 20.6-Historic Preservation, Section 5D.4-Rural Village and Section 20A-Antietam Overlay.

Definitions For the purpose of this policy the following definition(s) shall apply: Pole Building is an accessory structure that involves posts as a framing member buried in the ground to support the weight of the walls and roof.

Review Guidelines 1. Construction of pole buildings in the Antietam Overlay or Rural Village zoning districts that are designated as farm buildings are not subject to HDC or staff review per Article 20 of the zoning ordinance.

2. Permit applications for construction of pole buildings that will require HDC review: a. Construction of pole buildings in the Historic Preservation Overlay b. Construction of a pole building, associated with a residential use, on a property or portion of property which DOES contribute to Historic Rural Village.

100 West Washington Street, Suite 2600 | Hagerstown, MD 21740 | P: 240.313.2430 | F: 240.313.2431 | TDD: 7-1-1

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c. Construction of pole buildings in any of the areas reviewed by the HDC that are associated with a commercial use.

3. Permit applications for construction of pole buildings that may be designated to staff for review on behalf of the HDC: a. Construction of a pole building, associated with a residential use, on a property or portion of property which does NOT contribute to the Historic Rural Village. b. Construction of a pole building which is a direct replacement (size, location, materials) on a property or portion of property which DOES contribute to the Historic Rural Village 4. If Staff: (1) is uncertain whether or not the application meets the criteria for staff review or (2) does not support the approval of the permit application, or (3) determines that the application does not meet the criteria for staff review, the application will be placed on the next available Commission meeting agenda.

5. Any reviews completed by staff will be reported to the Commission at its monthly meeting.

Procedures 1. The applicant will file for the building permit with the Division of Permits and Inspections which will then be routed for review to the HDC. All application requirements of the Division of Permits and Inspections and those listed in the Zoning Ordinance under the respective zoning category must be met for review to proceed.

2. If the application fits with the guidelines for staff review, staff will endeavor to review and act within ten (10) business days from the date the application is deemed complete and routed for review.

3. If the application meets the appropriate guidelines for staff review, staff will issue a letter of support for the permit.

4. If the application does not meet the appropriate guidelines for staff review, staff will schedule the application for the next available HDC agenda.

This policy was adopted by the Historic District Commission at their regular meeting on December 1, 2021.

Historic Review Activity 04/20/2023 thru 05/24/2023 Record #

SP-23-004

2023-00626

2023-00893

2023-00894

PC-23-001

2023-01715

2023-01727

SP-23-011

Type

Site Plan

Non-Residential Signs Permit

MIHP#

I267

I517; I518

Non-Residential New Construction Permit

Residential AdditionAlteration Permit

Review

Review

I336

III071

Residential New Construction Permit

Site Plan

In Review

Review

Non-Residential New Construction Permit

Preliminary Consultation

Record Status

In Review

Approved

Review

I392

In Review

Open Date

01-Feb-23

06-Feb-23

16-Feb-23

16-Feb-23

14-Mar-23

24-Mar-23

27-Mar-23

03-Apr-23

Date Assigned

24-Apr-23

22-May-23

23-May-23

23-May-23

24-Mar-23

04-May-23

25-Apr-23

06-Apr-23

Location

Description

17939 MASON DIXON ROAD SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR TWO HAGERSTOWN, MD 21740 COMMERCIAL WAREHOUSES

SP-22-025 10510 VIDA DRIVE, LOT 2

150 SQ. FT. DOUBLE SIDED ILLUMINATED FREE STANDING SIGN THAT HAS LOGO ON IT AND LED MESSAGE BOARD, DIGITAL MENU BOARD, DRIVE-THRU CLEARANCE BARS, 50' FLAG POLE CHICK-FIL-A - FSU #05187 - SHARPSBURG PIKE

LOR 21431 LEITER STREET

576 SQ. FT. ONE STORY POLE BUILDING ON CONCRETE SLAB TO BE USED FOR STORAGE, (1) 9' OVERHEAD DOOR, PRE-ENGINEERED ROOF TRUSSES, POLE CONSTRUCTION WITH METAL ROOF AND METAL SIDES,

LOR 21431 LEITER STREET

300 SQ. FT. CONCRETE PAD FOR EMERGENCY GENERATOR LEITERSBURG VOLUNTEER FIRE COMPANY

APPLICATION IS FOR THE ASSOCIATED PRELIMINARY CONSULTATION AND SWCP ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 12440 BURKHOLDER LANE BURKHOLDER PROPERTY. THE INTENT OF THE HAGERSTOWN, MD 21740 DEVELOPMENT IS TO BUILD AN ACCESS ROAD THAT TIES INTO THE ROAD SECTION CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION AT THE NORTH POINT 650 SQ. FT. INTERIOR RENOVATIONS TO INCLUDE RENOVATING KITCHEN AREA, S-01-052 20313 LOCUST REMODEL MASTER BATH, RAISE CEILING GROVE ROAD, LOT 5 HEIGHT IN MASTER BATH AND MASTER BEDROOM BY 2-FT. REPLACE SINGLE WINDOW 900 SQ. FT. FINISHED SPACE DETACHED TWO S-95-051 21550 STORY TWO CAR GARAGE WITH 457 SQ. FT. LEITERSBURG SMITHSBURG UNFINISHED SPACE ON SECOND FLOOR WITH ROAD EXTERIOR 24 SQ. FT. LANDING AND STEPS TO GRADE, CONCRETE SLAB, FRAME THE PROJECT IS LOCATED AT 17137 BLACK STALLION LANE IN HAGERSTOWN, MARYLAND. THE PROPOSED PROJECT CONSISTS OF THE 17137 BLACK STALLION DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLAR FACILITY, LANE HAGERSTOWN, MD 21740 COMMUNITY ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM WITHIN APPROXIMATELY 26.0 ACRES OF EXISTING AGRICULTURAL LAND. THE

Workflow Info Folder Status

Status Date

Note

04-May-23

Revisions Required

04-May-23

Task Name Historic District Commission Historic District Commission

Days in Review:

10

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Note

22-May-23

Historical Review

Passed - Info

22-May-23

Historical Review

Days in Review:

0

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Note

24-May-23

Historical Review

Days in Review:

1

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Note

24-May-23

Historical Review

Passed - Info

24-May-23

Historical Review

Days in Review:

1

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Complete

09-May-23

Historic District Commission

Days in Review:

46

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Passed - Info

04-May-23

Historical Review

Days in Review:

0

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Note

02-May-23

Historical Review

Days in Review:

7

Folder Status

Status Date

Approved

04-May-23

Approved

10-May-23

Days in Review:

34

Task Name Historic District Commission Historic District Commission

Comments The HDC reviewed this project for comment at their May 3 meeting.

Updated by Script from EPR. Comments MIHP numbers listed on this permit are previously demolished and have been for significant time. No HDC review required as part of this permit.

Comments Due to commercial use, this does not fit into the staff review criteria for a pole building. Scheduled for the June 7 HDC meeting.

Comments Concrete pad is going where an existing building and pavement is located. This permit is more of a replacement rather than "new" based on the plans. HDC does not need to review this permit.

Comments 1. Should consider buffering through FC easement placement or appropriate site design buffering.

2. Consider HP zoning overlay when determining subdivision potential for later submission.

Comments Updated by Script from EPR. Comments Property is in Leitersburg and new construction would be reviewed by the HDC. Scheduling for the June 2023 meeting.

Comments The Historic District Commission reviewed these plans at their May 3rd meeting and had no additional comments regarding the proposed activity.

Updated by Script from EPR.

2023-02019

2023-02135

2023-02192

2023-02236

S-23-018

2023-02538

2023-02569

Residential AdditionAlteration Permit

Approved

Residential New Construction Permit

Review

Residential AdditionAlteration Permit

Residential AdditionAlteration Permit

Preliminary-Final Plat

Zoning Certification

Non-Residential Addition-Alteration Permit

Approved

II0171

III178

II0322

I440

Approved

In Review

Review

Review

12-Apr-23

18-Apr-23

19-Apr-23

23-Apr-23

05-May-23

05-May-23

08-May-23

20-Apr-23

09-May-23

02-May-23

02-May-23

08-May-23

18-May-23

22-May-23

INTERIOR RENOVATIONS AND ADDITION TO EXISTING TWO FAMILY DWELLING APARTMENT TO INCLUDE 266 SQ. FT. ONE STORY ADDITION LOR 14109 MAUGANSVILLE ON CONCRETE SLAB TO LEFT OF DWELLING TO ROAD BE USED AS A BEDROOM, 90 SQ. FT. ONE STORY ADDITION ON CONCRETE SLAB TO BE USED AS A KITCHEN, INTERIOR RENOVATIONS TO FAMILY INCLUDE DEMOLITION OF 2,332 SQ. FT. SINGLE

S-22-031 4380 LOCUST GROVE ROAD

LOR 6156 OLD NATIONAL PIKE

LOR 20148 COOL HOLLOW ROAD

2303 DARGAN SCHOOL ROAD SHARPSBURG, MD 21782

DWELLING INCLUDING FOUNDATION AND REPLACE WITH A 6,959 SQ. FT. FINISHED SPACE TWO STORY SINGLE FAMILY DWELLING ON FULL PARTIALLY FINISHED (1,638 SQ. FT.) WALK OUT BASEMENT TO BE USED AS A RECREATION ROOM, HOME OFFICE, WET BAR, AND FULL BATHROOM, GAS FIRE PLACE, ELEVATOR,

672 SQ. FT. DETACHED TWO CAR GARAGE ON CONCRETE SLAB TO REAR OF DWELLING, POLE FRAME CONSTRUCTION, PRE-ENGINEERED TRUSSES, ELECTRIC

DEMOLISH EXISTING 25 SQ. FT. FRONT PORCH AND REPLACE WITH 138 SQ. FT. COVERED FRONT PORCH ON CONCRETE SLAB, HIP ROOF WITH RAFTERS

SUBDIVIDE A 2.19 ACRE LOT OFF AROUND AN EXISTING HOME LEAVING 10.07 ACRES IN THE REMAINING LAND. ZONED RV AND EC

LOR 20230 DOGSTREET ROAD

ZONING CERTIFICATION FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FOR (6) HORSES, (11) CHICKENS BEING HOUSED IN (4) PROPOSED 160 SQ. FT. RUN-IN SHEDS AND A 400 SQ. FT. CHICKEN COOP HANS, MERWIN

11116 MEDICAL CAMPUS ROAD, SUITES 141 & 143

7,987 SQ. FT. TENANT FIT-OUT TO INCLUDE, OFFICES, EXAM ROOMS, SOILED HOLDING ROOM, BREAK ROOM, (2) PROCEDURE ROOMS, SUPPLY STORAGE ROOM, NURSES STATION, CHECK-OUT SEATING AREA, CHECK IN/OUT AREA, IT RACKING AREA, STERLIZERS AREA, INTAKE AREA, STORAGE ROOM, RESTROOMS,

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Passed - Info

02-May-23

Historical Review

Updated by Script from EPR.

Note

02-May-23

Historical Review

Maugansville RV is not an adopted RV. No HDC review required for this area. Sent no review contact letter.

Days in Review:

12

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Note

10-May-23

Historical Review

Passed - Info

10-May-23

Historical Review

Days in Review:

1

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Note

02-May-23

Historical Review

Passed - Info

02-May-23

Historical Review

Comments

Comments Upon closer review the structure is not individually listed on the MIHP nor is it contributing to Park Hall.

Its not in a Rural Village with full review either so the HDC does not need to review this demolition permit.

Updated by Script from EPR. Comments Property is in the boundary for Turner's Gap NR area, not an HDC review area for new construction.

Property is not included in contributing. No HDC review required.

Updated by Script from EPR.

Days in Review:

0

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Passed - Info

02-May-23

Historical Review

Updated by Script from EPR.

Note

02-May-23

Historical Review

Demolition is under the review sqft threshold for HDC and the new construction is not in an area for design review. Sending no review contact letter.

Comments

Days in Review:

0

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Comments

Note

09-May-23

Historic District Commission

Property has an MIHP point however the structure is clearly listed as a lesser example and the Rural village itself is not listed. This was likely required documentation for a grant application for the structure.

No pictures or detailed description are included. HDC review isn't necessary and no additional notes on the plat are necessary.

Passed - Info

09-May-23

Historic District Commission

Updated by Script from EPR.

Days in Review:

1

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Comments

Passed - Info

23-May-23

Historic District Commission

Informed customer of cemetery on the property and asked for updated plot plan to ensure it wasn't to be disturbed. Customer indicated no disturbance is planned and drew location of cemetery. Also informed them of MIHP on site and provided link to the document. Added email chain and customers provided plan to the parcel documents. No HDC review is required for this type of permitting activity on this parcel.

Days in Review:

5

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Note

24-May-23

Historical Review

Passed - Info

24-May-23

Historical Review

Days in Review:

2

Comments project is interior fit out of existing space. No historic resources remaining and therefore no review by HDC necessary.

Updated by Script from EPR.

SP-23-016

2023-02596

2023-02690

Activity Count:

Site Plan

I014

Non-Residential Addition-Alteration Permit

Residential AdditionAlteration Permit

In Review

Review

Review

08-May-23

09-May-23

15-May-23

10-May-23

23-May-23

22-May-23

17525 KELLETT DRIVE HAGERSTOWN, MD 21740

SP-07-052 14310 CASTLE DRIVE, BUILDING 304

LOR 17539 SNYDERS LANDING ROAD

REVISION TO PREVIOUSLY APPROVED SITE PLAN - COUNTY REFERENCE NO. SP-21-034

CHANGE IN USE FROM EDUCATIONAL FACILITY TO HAIR SALON, 394 SQ. FT. TENANT FIT OUT IN EXISTING BUILDING TO INCLUDE NEW BULKHEAD IN HAIR SALON AREA, HAIR CUT STATION, HAIR WASH STATION, COLOR MIXING STATION, AND NAIL STATION, WAITING AREA, BREAKROOM, RESTROOMS AND MECHANICAL ROOMS ARE EXISTING, ZONING CERTIFICATE INSTALL ROOF MOUNTED 12.80 KW SOLAR ARRAY SYSTEM CONSISTING OF (16) PANELS ON DWELLING AND (16) PANELS ON DETACHED GARAGE

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Comments

Note

23-May-23

Historic District Commission

Plan is modification of existing site plan; disturbance is proposed in an area that is already disturbed/graded previously with baseball facilities. No full structure demolition is proposed and it's not in a design review area. For these reasons staff will not be taking this to the HDC.

Passed - Info

23-May-23

Historic District Commission

Updated by Script from EPR.

Days in Review:

13

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Comments

Note

23-May-23

Historical Review

HDC does not need to review the interior changes for this building nor are exterior changes reviewable.

MHT does have review for some of these buildings and review is left up to them.

Passed - Info

23-May-23

Historical Review

Updated by Script from EPR.

Days in Review:

0

Folder Status

Status Date

Task Name

Passed - Info

22-May-23

Antietam Overlay Zone Review

Note

22-May-23

Antietam Overlay Property is located in the AO2 with no additional overlays or HDC review areas. AO2 is commercial/non Zone Review res review only so no HDC review is required for this permit.

Days in Review:

0

18

Review Activities Summary Application Type Non-Residential Addition-Alteration Permit Non-Residential New Construction Permit Non-Residential Signs Permit Preliminary Consultation Preliminary-Final Plat Residential Addition-Alteration Permit Residential New Construction Permit Site Plan Zoning Certification Total

Application Number Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total

Approved 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Complete 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Note 2 2 1 0 1 4 2 2 0 14

Passed - Info 2 1 1 0 1 5 1 1 1 13

Revisions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Total 2 2 1 1 1 5 2 3 1 18

Comments