VVater - DPR - Plum Creek - Case Study 2025

Case Study PLUM CREEK DIRECT POTABLE REUSE

CITY OF K YLE , TEX AS

CLIENT’S OBJECTIVE In cooperation with BVRT, VVater ran a 12 month DPR proof of concept to demonstrate the capabilities of its Farady Reactor to produce potable-grade water from standard residential wastewater effluent (Direct Potable Reuse). This campaign successfully showed that our technology through our mobile solution ALPHA Unit can: • Replace conventional disinfection methods, reducing OPEX in chemicals, training, and chemical storage.

• Polish widely fluctuating effluent quality, lowering phosphorus, ammonia, and nitrates well below permit requirements.

• Produce potable-grade effluent meeting EPA/TCEQ standards.

PROJECT BACKGROUND The Plum Creek Utility District operates twin wastewater treatment facilities serving the Kyle community. Effluent from the secondary treatment process (before chlorination) was selected as feedstock for VVater’s test campaign.

VVater’s ALPHA Unit (MDP100) was connected directly to the discharge channel before chlorination, ensuring that the system received challenging real-world influent conditions.

Over the course of the campaign, VVater: • Treated millions of gallons of wastewater effluent.

• Conducted 10,804 laboratory tests across 45 parameters, monitored by VVater scientists and verified by independent third-party labs (Aquatech, SPL).

• Compiled datasets across turbidity, TOC/DOC, nitrates, phosphates, microbial counts, and disinfection byproducts.

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Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

Plum Creek Utility

CHALLENGES 1. Influent Quality Variability – Effluent had elevated TOC (4–5 mg/L), nitrates above 20 mg/L, and pathogens (E. coli, fecal coliform etc). Attention was also given to BOD, TSS and TDS so as to comply to guidelines.

2. Regulatory Stringency – VVater needed to show consistent 6–7 log microbial reduction (as per Aqua Lab test protocols) and compliance with EPA 2018 Drinking Water Standards.

3. Public & Utility Confidence – As DPR involves potable introduction, VVater mandated rigorous third-party validation.

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Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYED: VVATER ALPHA MOBILE UNIT (MDP100) • Capacity: 100,000 gallons/day • Hydraulic Retention: under 8 minutes • Zero chemicals, membranes, or filters powered by VVater Farady Reactors™ & ALTEP™ • Rapid deployment (operational in under 2 hours) • Onboard mobile lab for immediate verification

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Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

PROJECT OUTCOMES Microbial Destruction • E. coli & Fecal Coliform consistently reduced from influent levels up to 34.5 CFU/100mL → non-detect in treated water.

• Total Coliform Bacteria: complete inactivation.

• Log reduction: Verified via 3rd Party laboratory results (per Aqua Lab data).

• Independent validation: All samples met or exceeded EPA/TCEQ potable standards.

Organics and Nutrient Reduction • TOC/DOC reduced from ~4.5 mg/L to 1.0–2.7 mg/L. • Nitrate/Nitrite reduced from >23 mg/L to ~3.5–6.9 mg/L. • Ammonia reduced to <0.5 mg/L consistently.

• No HAA5’s or THM’s exceeded the guidelines.

• All regulated contaminants were below EPA and TCEQ guidelines.

Physical Parameters

• Turbidity: consistently <1 NTU vs. influent peaks up to 6 NTU. • pH stabilized 7.0–7.8.

• Dissolved Oxygen raised >8 mg/L. Operations & Duration • Campaign spanned 12 months, but operation was intermittent (daytime runs, with off-weeks).

• Each run demonstrated repeatable reductions across contaminants.

• Energy: <70 amps average - 3 Phase Power

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Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

PROJECT OUTCOMES

© VVater 2025 - All Rights Reserved - Proprietary & Confidential

Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

PROJECT OUTCOMES

© VVater 2025 - All Rights Reserved - Proprietary & Confidential

Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

PROJECT OUTCOMES

Plum Creek Utility Company: Residential Wastewater Effluent VS ALPHA MDP100 ALPHA MDP 100 Parameters: HRT = 08min 34 secs

V

= 100 000-Gal p/d

Plum Creek Utility Company: Residential Wastewater Effluent VS ALPHA MDP100 ALPHA MDP 100 Parameters: HRT = 08min 34 secs

V

= 100 000-Gal p/d

© VVater 2025 - All Rights Reserved - Proprietary & Confidential

Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

PROJECT OUTCOMES

Plum Creek Utility Company: Residential Wastewater Effluent VS ALPHA MDP100 ALPHA MDP 100 Parameters: HRT = 08min 34 secs

V

= 100 000-Gal p/d

Plum Creek Utility Company: Residential Wastewater Effluent VS ALPHA MDP100 ALPHA MDP 100 Parameters: HRT = 08min 34 secs

V

= 100 000-Gal p/d

Plum Creek Utility Company: Residential Wastewater Effluent VS ALPHA MDP100 ALPHA MDP 100 Parameters: HRT = 08min 34 secs

V

= 100 000-Gal p/d

© VVater 2025 - All Rights Reserved - Proprietary & Confidential

Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

PROJECT OUTCOMES

Plum Creek Utility Company: Residential Wastewater Effluent VS ALPHA MDP100 ALPHA MDP 100 Parameters: HRT = 08min 34 secs V

= 100 000-Gal p/d

Plum Creek Utility Company: Residential Wastewater Effluent VS ALPHA MDP100 ALPHA MDP 100 Parameters: HRT = 08min 34 secs V

= 100 000-Gal p/d

© VVater 2025 - All Rights Reserved - Proprietary & Confidential

Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

COMPARISON TO PREVIOUS CASE STUDIES The data obtained is congruent with the data obtained from a previous case study which was conducted over three years to determine level of effectiveness in the destruction of common micro-organisms as illustrated here below:

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Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

CONCLUSION The Plum Creek 12 month DPR proof of concept was a success. The VVater Alpha Unit: • Demonstrated its ability to replace standard disinfection methods.

• Reduced nutrients and contaminants to well below permit requirements.

• Produced potable-grade effluent verified by independent third-party labs.

This campaign was not a formal Texas State Pilot Program, nor a continuous operational trial. Instead, it served as a proof-of-concept that validated VVater technology under real-world wastewater conditions.

© VVater 2025 - All Rights Reserved - Proprietary & Confidential

Case Study • Plum Creek 2025

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