http://media.peru.info/catalogo/Attach/arqueoIngles

ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDE PERU >>> Tourist

1

2 Beatrice Velarde

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDE

Tourist

3 Walter Wust

Michael Tweddle / PROMPERU

Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU

Esta es una publicación de Editorial Team: Direction: César A. Vega Text and Research: Cárlos Del Águila, Fernando Fujita Additional texts: Pepe Alva Edition: Ketty Ordoñez Design and layout: Luisa Julián /Equipo Inkafotos Cartography: Inkafotos team Coordinations: Rosario Rojas Prepress and Printing: xxx Photography: Cárlos Del Águila, Mylene D’Auriol, Alejandro Balaguer, Rodrigo Cabrera, Omar Carbajal, Luis Gamero, Walter Hupiu, Chris Kleihege, Wilfredo Loayza, Mayu Mohanna, Archivo PromPerú, Jacques Rostand, Daniel Silva, Walter Silvera, Magalí del Solar, Michael Tweddle, Archivo Renzo Uccelli, César A. Vega, Beatrice Velarde, Walter Wust, Willian Zanatta.

Inkafotos Ediciones Calle Brigadieres 1008, dpto. 403, Urb. Neptuno, Lima 33 Teléfono: (01) 998-528-456 E-mail: vega@inkafotos.com www.inkafotos.com (c) Peru Export and Tourism Promotion Board.

Hecho en el Depósito legal en la Biblioteca Nacional de Perú Nº xxxxxxxxxx ISBN: xxxx-xxx-xx Todos los derechos reservados de acuerdo con el D.L. 882 (Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor).

4

5

Beatrice Velarde

6

7 CĂŠsar A. Vega

8 CĂŠsar A. Vega

Presentation

Peru is recognised Worldwide for its great historical legacy. As a testimony of the great civilizations and powerful kingdoms that populated ancient Peru, prevail along all our territory archaeological remains that impress Peruvians and foreigners and they are still researchers’ matter of study, who try to figure out the enigmas of those remote periods.

According to the marketing research, most tourists who visit Peru do it motivated by the idea of knowing about its culture and history. The tourist today is interested in knowing about countries that preserve their history, their culture in harmony with their environment, considering “authenticity” as a principal attractive.

It is just authenticity what Peru can offer our visitors. Thanks to the devoted task of our archaeologists and researchers, three great geographical espaces, that received the prehispanic cultures, have been identified: the fertile north, the arid south and an intermediate region dominated by the central coast of Peru. The remains left by these civilizations are inumerable, the ones which due to their important and historical richness, take part of the most relevant tourist tours of our country. Ceramics, textiles, metals, human rests successfully conserved and monumental buildings take part of our past legacy.

PromPerú, which is an effort to promote archaeological and cultural tourism, puts this Archaeological Guide at your disposal, the one which by means of a variety of theme routes starting from its archaeological monuments, offers an unforgetable journey alternative.

9

10

11 CĂŠsar A. Vega

Prehispanic cultures of Peru

What Archaeology says about the Andean World

stand out for their hierarchization,

As a consequence of an increase in the

uniqueness. They are proof of it. The

archaeological and historical research,

present guide offers a new way of

Peru is considered nowadays as one of

knowing Peru, from its archaeological

the fewest focus of complex civilization

monuments, venturing in the thematic

in the world. In the last years, from their

variety of the set out routes.

monumentality

and

ideological

scientific interpretations, studious have warned a peculiar, multiethnical, diverse and considerably developed universe,

Autonomous Cultures of Peru

to an extent of getting the landscapes

The territory that the andes mountain

transformed and transversely and

range dominates, permits to generate

longitudinally

through

diverse ecological levels, on which,

three great geographical areas: the

the ancient Peruvian settler took part

fertile north, the arid south and an

by understanding, experimenting and

intermediate region dominated by the

transforming it rationally. This is a first

central coast of Peru.

great lesson that the archaeological

The advance in Archaeology, as

interpretation lets us perceive. In this

a

territorial variety, we have extreme

discipline

connected

of

social

sciences,

has allowed to see new complex

landscapes,

interpretative

the

dry deserts such as Sechura and

origin of civilizations, as well as to

Paracas, to the most canyoning such

characterize an attractive research

as Conchucos, Huaylas, Colca and

area in the world. Among the Peruvian

Urubamba; from fabulous oasis, as

archaeological

cultures

a result of the peculiar fenomena of

or formations such as Caral, ChavĂ­n,

hillocks such as Lachay, Malanche and

Paracas, Nasca, Moche, Wari, Chincha,

Atiquipa, to the very varied, nearby

ChimĂş, Tiahuanaco and the Incas,

ecological levels such as the valleys

12

speeches

about

evidences,

from

the

very

arid

13 Beatrice Velarde

14 Alejandro Balaguer / PROMPERU

Prehispanic cultures of Peru

of Santa, Chillón, Tambo and Ilo;

the same time, from the understanding

and from the high rugged accidents

of the social processes in a transversely

such as the circum-lake region of

way, that means, along these three

Altiplano, to the wooded, cloudy,

Macro Regions. And the wise Tello

humid lush groves such as the region

was not mistaken. The archaeological

of Chacha, Huánuco, including, the

research and the latest discoveries are

amazing savannahs of the Amazon.

showing and confirming little by little

All these spaces were, no doubt, used

his statements.

successfully by the ancient Peruvian.

From this focus, we will present

In this context, we can understand the

different archaeological routes, some

andean civilizatory process in different

of them are working with significant

ways: from the theorization of the

success.

origin of civilization in the world, where

Along the current guide, we will know

Bandurria, Caral, Chavín and Kotosh,

the North, the World of the Moche, and

just to mention some of them, take a

through them, we will know about their

fundamental role in its explanation; or

ancestors and heirs. A tour along their

even from the particular understanding

principal monuments and museums

of explaining processes from the

that hold their treasures. It will be an

regional scope, in which, we will find

excellent starting point so that we can

innumerable

the

discover later other destinations such

explanation of them. Julio César Tello

specifications

in

as the late complexes of the Chimú

Rojas, the “father of the Peruvian

and Lambayeque realms. We also

archaeology”, had perceived it along

have Gold as a leading thread, which

all his studies and expeditions, and he

is an integrative element of the route

had proposed a complex explaining

that lets us appreciate the different

formula starting from cultural trunks

uses and works of this precious metal

involving the current Northern, Central

that the ancient Peruvians knew how to

and Southern Macro Regions, and at

handle. What is more, from the feline

15

Prehispanic cultures of Peru

figure, it is developed an interesting

Cities, they let us have a more integral

route that permits to explain the

background of the monumentality

fundamental roles that this amazing

and cultural complexity that the andes

animal

precolonial

settlers were able to reach through an

ideology. We will have a similar model

over 15 thousand-year accumulated

in the South Region, where the Feline’s

experience.

South Route, permits to link different

The material transformation, the use

cultures,

expansive

of resources and the rational use of

developments, the ones which used

space are lessons that must let us

this element to explain their origins.

identify with a cultural heritage which

Finally, along these three regions, the

is real evidence of what Peruvians are

routes of The Origins and the Andean

able to do.

16

played

in

periods

the

and

17 CĂŠsar A. Vega

CONTENTS Routes of the prehispanic cultures

22

The Origin Route

24 28 34 40 46 50

Chavín de Huántar Caral Bandurria El Paraíso Paracas

North Archaeological Route

Moche Route

Tumbas Reales Museum Huaca Rajada Pampa Grande Huacas del Sol y de la Luna El Brujo Complex San José de Moro

56 58 60 64 68 72 76 80

Others of importance: Túcume Batán Grande Chan Chan Huaca El Dragón

84 88 92 96

The Cloudy Town Route

Karajía Kuélap Revash Macro La Jalca- Jalca Grande Museum Leymebamba Museum Laguna de los Cóndores La Congona

Center Archaeological Route

138

140 142 146 150

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route / Archaeological Lima

18

102 104 108 112 116 120 124 128 132

Huaca Pucllana Huallamarca Mateo Salado

Maranga Paramonga Puruchuco Cajamarquilla Pachacรกmac

South Archaeological Route

Feline Route

Nasca Lines Cantayoc Paradones Cahuachi Saywite Choquequirao Limatambo Cusco City Pikillacta Chinchero Maras Ollantaytambo Machu Picchu Tipรณn /Oropesa Andahuaylillas Raqchi Pucarรก Sillustani

The Imperial Cities Route

154 158 162 166 170 178 180 184 188 186 190 200 204 208 212 216 220 224 228 232 236 240 244 248 252

Cajamarca Marcahuamachuco Wiracochapampa Wari Huanucopampa Vilcashuamรกn

258 262 266 270 274 278 282

Others of importance: Chan Chan Cajamarquilla Pachacรกmac Pikillacta

92 166 170 216

Participatory Archaeological Tourism

Willian Zanatta

286

19

Tumbes Piura Amazonas

Amotape

LAURICOCHA PAIJANENSE

Amazon

Puno Arequipa Moquegua Tacna

Loreto San Martín Ucayali Madre de Dios

Jaywa PUENTE Pacaicasa

Omagua Shipibo Amahuaca Amuesha Campa

COLLPA LUPAQA Puquina Collagua ARICA

Hupa-Iya Nazarátegui

TRAPICHE

TIWANAKU

PUKARA

NASCA Waru

HUARPA

Rancha Qasawirka TOPARÁ (Necrópolis) Chanapata Wichqana Muyu Orqo PARACAS Marcavalle

3000

20

WANCA CHACHA CHINCHA INCA

MOCHE Cajamarca 1-3 Higueras RECUAY LIMA Salinar Layzón Sajara Patac HUARAZ Baños de Boza Huaca Prieta Galgada Kotosh-Mito Áspero-CARAL Bandurria Paraíso

VICUS

Jambelí

b.C. XX

Piqui CHILCA Otuma

a.C.

Tumbes Tallán CHACHA SICHES

III

9000

Junín, Pasco Ica, Ayacucho Huancavelica Apurímac Cusco

CHAVÍN (Cupusnique, Ancón) GUAÑAPE

III

5000

Lambayeque La Libertad Cajamarca Huánuco Áncash, Lima

CHORRERA Ñañañique

VI

X

Arid South

WARI EMPIRE

X

0

Fertile North

Andes South Central

TAWANTINSUYO EMPIRE

XVI

XIII

Central Andes

Northern Andes

CHIMOR LAMBAYEQUE Chupachu CAJAMARCA CHANCAY

centuries

Principal cultures of Peru

Cusipata

Shakimu

QALUYO

Tutishcainyo

Awari Chinchorro ASANA IV ASANA I

?

Chronology according to John H. Rowe

Years

Chronology according to Luis G. Lumbreras

1532 Tawantinsuyo Empire

Late Horizon

Late Intermediate

1200 Wari Empire

Medium Horizon

a.C.

Regional States

500 Regional Development

Early Intermediate

100 0

Early Horizon

2000 Archaic

Initial Period

b.C.

Formative

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

1470

3000 5000

Lithic

Pre-ceramic

9000

21

Routes of prehispanic cultures The Origin Route 1 2 3 4 5

Chavín de Huántar Caral Bandurria Paraíso Paracas

North Archaeological Route Moche Route 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tumbas Reales Museum Huaca Rajada Pampa Grande Huaca del Sol y de la Luna El Brujo Complex San José de Moro Túcume Batán Grande Chan Chan Huaca El Dragón

The Cloudy Town Route 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Karajía Kuélap Revash Macro La Jalca Leymebamba Museum Laguna de los Cóndores La Congona

Center Archaeological Route The Metropolis Ancients’ Route 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

22

Huaca Pucllana Huallamarca Mateo Salado Maranga Paramonga Puruchuco Cajamarquilla Pachacámac

South Archaeological Route Feline Route 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Nasca Lines Cantayoc Paredones Cahuachi Saywite Choquequirao Limatambo Cusco City Pikillacta Chinchero Maras Ollantaytambo Machu Picchu Tipón / Oropesa Andahuaylillas Raqchi Pucara Sillustani

Route of the Imperial Cities 50 51 52 53 54 55

Cajamarca Marcahuamachuco Wiracochapampa Wari Huanucopampa Vilcashuamán

Others of importance 30 31 40 14

Cajamarquilla Pachacámac Pikillacta Chan Chan

COLOMBIA

ECUADOR

TUMBES

IQUITOS

PIURA

CHICLAYO

6

7

YURIMAGUAS

16

12 13 8

CHACHAPOYAS 17 19 18 20 50 23 21 22

BRASIL

11 CAJAMARCA 10 15 51 52 14 TRUJILLO 9

PUCALLPA

CHIMBOTE HUARAZ

28 HUACHO

1

54

HUÁNUCO

2 3

4 29 26 30 27 LIMA 24 25 31

PACIFIC OCEAN

5

HUANCAYO 44 43 53 AYACUCHO 37 42 41 CUSCO 36 39 45 38 55 40 46 ABANCAY 47

ICA 32 33 35 34 NASCA

48 JULIACA 49 PUNO

N International limit Regional limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port Airdrome Archaeological center

AREQUIPA

BOLIVIA

0

100

200 km

CHILE

23

The Origin Route

24

Chris Kleihege

Chavín de Huántar, Caral, Bandurria, El Paraíso, and Paracas.

This route has the aim of standing out the places that characterize the Andes complex civilization origins and according to several interpretative hypothesis, they point out the places and evolution of the first human groups who gave birth to the great adventure of the Andean civilization, extended along the territory of what is currently Peru. The places where you can see these beginnings are: Chavín de Huántar, Caral, Bandurria, El Paraíso and Paracas.

25

The Origin Route 1 Chavín de Huántar The archaeological monument of Chavín, consists of a series of solid-look buildings that belonged to temples, due to the religious role that was played there.

2 Caral Caral-Supe represents the most ancient civilization of America, developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India y China. It is a city that belongs to the pre-ceramic period.

3 Bandurria At present, it is being recovered to put a value on it. It stands out the domestic sector (Sector I) that was the first identified area in the archaeological site and its research defined the small-village character of Bandurria.

4 El Paraíso Chuquitanta was a religious, political and administrative center of a society of farmers and fishermen. The archaeological site has an extension of 50 hectares. It consists of nine great structures with a great ceremonial square in the central part.

5 Paracas It is a Group of cemeteries and necropolis associated to Paracas culture. It is presented as a sacred space, very connected to nature (Nature Reserve) whose water gathers a series of hydrobiotic resources.

26

TIME LINE 2600

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

200

Paracas

Caral Bandurria

b.C.

Chavín

CHIMBOTE

a.C.

ÁNCASH HUARAZ

1

BARRANCA

N

2 3

HUACHO

LIMA 4

LIMA

PACIFIC OCEAN

PISCO

Detailed area

5

ICA

ICA NASCA

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

The Origin Route 1 Chavín de Huántar 2 Caral 3 Bandurria 4 El Paraíso 5 Paracas 0

50

100

27

150 km

The Origin Route

Chavín de Huántar

César A. Vega

Chavín is one of the most studied archaeological sites of the Peruvian archaeology. Research has even permited identified it as an occupation place that goes back to the Archaic period, even earlier, in the Lithic period.

28

Chavín de Huántar

CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR

Other names: Castillo de Chavín

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 261156.89 N 8939415.94

Google Earth W 77 10' 36'', S 9 35' 46''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Huántar District: Chavín de Huántar

Province: Wari Region: Ancash

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Iquitos, 104

Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

Chavín, 3 141

TIME LINE b.C. 2000

1750

1250

1500

1000

750

500

250

a.C. 0

250

500

750

Chavín de Huántar 1800 b.C.

200 b.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Fluvial or Maritime

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

By Plane

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has a site museum and the Museo Nacional de Chavín.

29

30 CĂŠsar A. Vega

LLAMELLÍN

YUNGAY

PAUCAS

CHACAS CARHUAZ

HUARI

JANGAS

NATIONAL PARK HUASCARÁN

HUÁNTAR

HUARAZ

SAN MARCOS

Río t San a

ANCASH

LLATA

1

CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR

RECUAY CÁTAC

LA UNIÓN HUALLANCA

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

1 Chavín de Huántar

CONOCOCHA

CHIQUIÁN 0

10

20

30

40km

The impressiveness and mystery of Chavín, considered to be the magicreligious center of the most advanced civilization of the preinca age, was built approximately in 1800 b.C. Being given its declension in 200 b.C., within the period known as Formative. Chavín archaeological monument, located in Huantar, Ancash province of Wari, is composed by a set of solid appearance buildings that belonged to temples, due to the religious role that they played.

These constructions had a strong batter on its walls, the one which gave them a pyramidal profile. Those buildings were made progressively by adding platforms to their original structures.

Chavín is one of the most studied archaeological zones of the Peruvian archaeology. Research has even permitted identified it as an occupation place that goes back to the Archaic period, even earlier, in the Lithic period (research in La Banda).

31

Chavín de Huántar

CARAZ

The Origin Route of high quality iconographic vessels in a systematic and organized way. It is also notable the lanz贸n gallery which constitutes a central point in almost all the ceremonial complex and holds the monolith The Lanz贸n, represented by a feline in an aggressive attitude.

Other remarkable galleries are: The Cantilever gallery, which is the biggest, and the Conches gallery, where 21 strombus offerings, carved some of them, were recently identified and they were used as important ritual musical instruments.

C茅sar A. Vega

What calls attention the most is the well-defined functionality of its ceremonial center, the one which is preferably ritual, standing out a set of underground galleries that store offerings brought from different parts of the Andean territory. The most important and studied is the Offering Gallery, investigated since the late 60s by the archaeologist Luis Lumbreras.

This has allowed to identify different ethnical groups that gave offerings to the temple, in a very complex ritual that included the intentional breaking

32

Chavín was developed in the narrow valley of Callejón de Conchucos, formed by the Mosna river, which is fed with the thaws from the White mountain range and leads its water towards the Marañón river.

Two mountainous chains separate Chavín from the sea: the White and the Black nountain ranges; and there are two other mountainous chains that separate it from the Amazon jungle: the central, which rises between the Marañón and the Huallaga basins, and the eastern, which establishes the water separation between the Huallaga and the Ucayali rivers. This geographical situation creates serious Communication difficulties among the villages which are settled there, whose relative proximity is measured by the irregularity of the ground.

Chavín is located in a crucial east-west and north-south connection point of an extensive territory. It is a sort of “road knot” of a region that covers the coast and the highlands of Lambayeque, La Libertad, Cajamarca, Ancash, Huánuco and Lima. Furthermore, from Chavín, you can reach the Amazon jungle by following the course of the Marañón river.

According to Antonio Raimondi (1873: 205), in the XIX Century, he kept on the export of maize to Huaraz and Huamalies (Huánuco) and flour to Huánuco and Cerro de Pasco, in the same way, as a coastal man, he went there to get cattle every year. He also remarks that there is gold in the district of Uco, near the mouth of the Marañón.

Chavín is located over an alluvial terrace, associated to a greater river, the Pukcha, that flows down from the south, and a tributary, the Wacheqsa, that flows down abruptly from the White Mountain Range, whose eastern foothills hold it.

33

Chavín de Huántar

César A. Vega

Geographical means

The Origin Route

Caral

Chris Kleihege

Caral-Supe represents the most ancient civilization in America. It was developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. It is a monumental architectural complex that belongs to the archaic period.It covers an area of approximately 66 hectares and it is believed that at a certain time, it held about 3 thousand inhabitants.

34

Others names: Centro Ceremonial de Caral - Centro Ceremonial de Chupacigarro B

Caral

CARAL

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 224359.79 N 8795017.3

Google Earth W 77 31' 21'', S 10 53' 35''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Chupacigarro District: Supe

Province: Barranca Region: Lima

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Pacific Ocean, 0

Caral, 357

Huaraz, 3 091

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 2600 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

Caral 2500 b.C.

1600 b.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an interpretation center and an archaeological office.

35

The Origin Route ceremonial type that presents in its evidences a great deal of information of the first settlers’ lifestyle of this zone, preferably fishermen and shellfish collectors, apart from being connected to rituals associated to music and fire.

The constructions of Caral complex are of different magnitude and functions.

So far, 6 pyramidal buildings have been identified and a set of middle-sized and small-sized constructions such as temples, residential areas, public squares, amphitheatres, warehouses, a circular coliseum, tombs, altars and streets.

In accordance with its main researchers,

Chris Kleihege

For about a decade, the result of some archaeological research, has led to the conclusion that the buildings of Caral, located in Supe valley in Lima, represent the most ancient civilization in America. It was developed almost simultaneously with the ones of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. Visitors and students can admire this complex that belongs to the archaic period and covers an area of approximately 66 hectares. It is believed that at a certain time, it held about 3 thousand inhabitants.

The research in Caral has determined that it is a monumental complex of

36

Caral

COCHAS

N

Río Pativilca

PATIVILCA

PARAMONGA

BARRANCA

SUPE

SUPE PORT

Río Sup

2 CARAL

e

COCHAMARCA

LIMA

PACIFIC OCEAN VÉGUETA HUAURA

HUACHO 0

10

Río Huaura

20km

SAYÁN

D

OA

commanded by the archaeologist Ruth Shady, the buildings in Caral, that occupy 66 hectares, have a core zone and an outlying ones.

In the core zone, you can appreciate the pyramidal constructions, a sunken circular Square, two areas for massive public meetings, apart from the officials’ domestic and storing units, and an amphitheater. Meanwhile, in the outlying zone, there are groups of houses along the valley.

It is amazing to see how they made

AR

AN

RIC

ME

2 Caral

NA

PA

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

LOMAS DE LACHAY NATIONAL RESERVE

great buildings with the bag system (Shicras), filled with pebbles, creating such solid enough, antiseismic stuff that let them raise great platforms. This is the most remarkable of the site. What is more, it was an experimental place of sea product processing as well as the beginnings of plant and animals’ domestication. That is why it takes part of the route, for being the most extensive and studied place about the origins of civilization in Peru.

37

Luis Gamero / PROMPERU

Chris Kleihege

The Origin Route

38

The lack of water of the river Supe for most of the year and the scarce soil land suggest interesting questions about the support of the great ceremonial civic centers of early dating. It is evident that the geographical conditions, apparently unfavourable at present, wouldn’t have been like that then.

Being Supe a small valley, without much gradient, they could have taken advantage of the water of the river by means of small irrigation channels, furthermore, the freatic layer is very close to the surface. Nowadays, some lagoons and ponds can even be formed in some depressions, covered with vegetation. In the drought period, the plantations are watered by means of channels fed by the reception wells of this water source from the subsoil.

The natural resources are very rich and varied. The valley gives life to a dense natural vegetation, which still exists in some strongholds, called «riverside mount», the one which is a real wood tangled by tree and herbaceous plants, such as huarango, caña brava, annato, guava, pacae, etc. It has a typically coastal flora, which holds a variety of birds, viscachas and deers that used to cover great extensions of the valley a few years ago.

On the other hand, the hills of the andean chain, have a border with both banks of the valley, turning into hillocks during the winter Season and they are still used by the settlers, who get through them in order to look for deers and viscachas. It is possible that in the past, they covered a much larger extension offering vegetable and animal resources, as well as the extensive swamps that are still there.

39

Caral

César A. Vega

Geographical means

The Origin Route

Bandurria

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Bandurria is an extensive ceremonial center, spread along 54 hectares. It has its origins in the Archaic period. At present, a group of researchers are working there to make it worthwhile.

40

Bandurria

BANDURRIA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 217293.53 N 8762078.5

Google Earth W 77 35' 19'', S 11 11' 12''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Playa Chica District: Huacho

Province: Huaura Region: Lima

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Bandurria, 28 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 2600 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

Bandurria 1430 b.C.

2500 b.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It presents minimal signposting and an archaeological campsite.

41

CĂŠsar A. Vega

The Origin Route

identified whose investigation defined the village character of this important place. This sector belongs to an up to five meter-deep densely domestic occupation that has residential structures and remains of food and daily activities that have been accumulated throughout the time.

Unfortunately, Santa Rosa irrigation destroyed two thirds of this zone, and devastated archaeological evidence.

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Bandurria archaeological site, is located at 141 kilometer of Panamericana Norte highway, on the Northern-Central Coast and consists of an extensive ceremonial center, spread along 54 hectares. It has its origins in the Archaic period. At present, a group of researchers are working there to make it worthwhile.

Bandurria is composed by a domestic sector (Sector I), which was the first

42

Bandurria

PATIVILCA

N

BARRANCA

SUPE

SUPE PORT

CAUJUL Río S

COCHAMARCA

CARAL

upe

NAVAN

LIMA HUAURA

HUACHO

SAYÁN

N PA AM

3

D

OA

AR

N ICA

Bandurria

ER

PACIFIC OCEAN

Río Huaura

20km

ay nc

3

ha

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

LOMAS DE LACHAY NATIONAL RESERVE

oC

10

Bandurria

Rí

0

HUARAL CHANCAY

On the other hand, the sector of Monumental architecture (Sector II) exists, composed by main mounds that represent a very pronounced relief, with an average height from 10 to 15 meters. You can also observe that the sides of several of these mounds are quite regular, denoting the presence of underlying structures. It is probable that several sides of these mounds present terraced façades, and these projections constitute platforms detached to their mounds.

In addition to these rounds, there are several emerges of ash hills and shell hills located in open, flat spaces that are around them associated with small stone alignments that must belong to emerging walls too, the ones which would indicate the connection of housing areas (maybe, elite residences), with the pyramids and buildings of the monumental area.

The mounds and pyramids were built by using as main raw material pebbles Joint with mud mortar to raise the Retailing walls of the platforms and the stairs of the pyramids. The use of pebbles, is singular and distintive of Bandurria, as the other contemporary archaeological sites related to this place were built by using

43

The Origin Route north coast of Peru. The “shicra” is a knitted bag as a net by using vegetal fibers (reed or totora). It was used to hold a large quantity of earth and stones. On the other hand, in Bandurria the stuff was placed directly by using grave, rubble and sand. (Chu Barrera 2008).

César A. Vega

blocks of carved stones. Though, in the neighbouring site of Áspero, there is a constructional phase, in which, pebble was also used as raw material.

Another distinctive element of Bandurria is the absence of “shicras” as a platform stuff technique, which was commonly used by contemporary sites of the central, north-central and

44

The first humans who settled the Peruvian territory by 12 000 b.C. Found an ecosystem different from the current one. Around the year 3 800 b.C., The cold current of the Pacific, the Humboldt current, approaches the Peruvian coast and rises until latitude 5° south, transforming the Peruvian coast weather from tropical to mild, attracting at the same time, very close to the beach cold water fish such as anchovy, that became the basis of food of the coast villages in that historical period.

For some researchers such as Michael Moseley, it was the fish abundance, brought by the Humboldt current, that allowed the sedentarism of the human groups on the coast of Peru, before the use of agriculture as a means of subsistence (Moseley 1975). This proposal has been accepted by many other researchers, such as the Peruvian archaeologist Alejandro Chu, who reaffirms that the subsistence base don fishing and marine collection, permitted the construction of permanente settlemens and the emerge of monumental architecture, postulating Bandurria as one of the first and the most ancient (Chu Barrera 2008).

However, as the same archaeologist reports, they also used and consumed other crops, but they couldn’t compete with the marine products. These crops were fruit, tubers, mate (pumpkin) and especially cotton, which was used to knit nets and fishing string.

45

Bandurria

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Geographical means

The Origin Route

Ceremonial Center ParaĂ­so -Chuquitanta-

Walter Hupiu

ParaĂ­so has an extension of 50 hectares and consists of nine great structures with a large ceremonial square in the central part. The main temple reaches up to 5 m high and in its height period, about 1800 years b.C. It was lit up and perhaps with polychromed walls.

46

Paraíso

PARAÍSO

Other names: Chuquitanta

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 269309.75 N 8677653.22

Google Earth W 77 07' 06'', S 11 57' 14''

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Chillón

Province: Lima Region: Lima

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Paraíso, 73 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Huaraz, 3 091

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 2600 2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

Paraíso 2500 b.C.

1600 b.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no services.

47

Walter Hupiu

The Origin Route

Located in Lima district of Chillon, Chuquitanta was a religious, political and administrative center of a society of farmers and fishermen at the end of the late Archaid period.

The archaeological site is formed by a group of eight buildings in and extension of 50 hectares and it has nine great structures with a great ceremonial square in the central part.

The main temple is more than 400 m long and, 100 m wide and its stone walls, reach up to 5 m high. In its height period, about 1800 years b.C. It was plastered and possibly with polychromed murals.

48

A few years ago, Chuquitanta temple was considered to be the most ancient sanctuary on the Peruvian coast, but 2001, it was known the antiquity of Caral Main Temple, 2600 b.C. However, due to its monumentality, its particular architecture on stone and because of its special floor, it deserves to be included in this tour as everything indicates that this place hasn’t been thoroughly assessed and it could show older evidences than the current ones, becoming in this way, in one of the foundational sites of the central coast culture origins.

HUAURA

HUACHO

Río Huaura

SAYÁN

Rí

oC

ha nc ay

LOMAS DE LACHAY NATIONAL RESERVE

Paraíso

ACOS

N

illó n

HUARAL

Río

Ch

CHANCAY

PACIFIC OCEAN

TRAPICHE

ANCÓN SANTA ROSA

0

10

YANGAS

LIMA

20km

Provincial limit Capital regional Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

4

Paraíso

4

PARAÍSO

CHOSICA

LIMA CIENEGUILLA

Geographical means The inhabitants of Paraíso, settled down in a coastal valley which was very bountiful for agriculture and a few kilometres away from the sea.

That’s why their main activity was fishing, especially shell collecting. The enormous abundance of this resource, allowed them to support such a large population that it held and give them economic stability. Weaving and basketry were two activities broadly spread in Paraíso, in general, in all the pre-ceramic places.

The rugs are all made of white or brown cotton. Sometimes, they are both mixed up getting a decorative aspect. Farming was an activity that completed the marine diet. They grew butter bean, bean and pumpkin, and mainly: cotton. The collection of wild fruit, roots and tubers, as well as the hunt of wild animals, close the circle of this well balanced diet they were fed with.

49

The Origin Route

Paracas

Jacques Rostand / PROMPERU

It is a set of cemeteries and necropolises from the Formative period associated to Paracas Culture. It presents itself as a sacred place. It is linked to nature. In its water, there are a series of hydrobiotic resources that differ the peninsula considerably from the whole coastal desert.

50

Paracas

PARACAS

Other names: Necrópolis de Arena Blanca, Cabeza Larga, Warikayan and Cerro Colorado

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 362190.08 N 8466588.89

Google Earth W 76 16' 31'', S 13 52' 02''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Bahía Paracas District: Paracas

Province: Pisco Region: Ica

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

Paracas, 26 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 400

300

200

100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Paracas 200 b.C.

600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESIBILIDAD

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an on-site museum and a visit circuit.

51

The Origin Route of hydrobiotic resources that differ the peninsula considerably from the whole coastal desert.

In these cemeteries, the men from Paracas culture were identified in two well-defined phases: Paracas Caverns and Paracas Necropolis. The first ones had bottle-shaped burials, with a tubular entrance and gathering real mausoleums of bundles where the instruments related to vessel offerings with very representative post - firing stand out. The second phase, Necropolis, presents more superficial structures, defined by their pebble and/or caliche walls, gathering a large number of better prepared bundles.

Jacques Rostand / PROMPERU

Paracas magnificence and history are necessarily associated with the scientist Julio C. Tello, known as “The father of Peruvian archaeology�, who discovered this set of cemeteries and necropolises from the Formative period connected to Paracas culture.

It was doctor Tello, who between the years 1925 and 1930, identified and characterized this culture, famous for its beautiful polychrom mantles, which were given to know worldwide.

Paracas, located in the bay of the same name, in the iqueĂąa province of Pisco, presents itself as a sacred place. It is linked to nature, as it is part of a Nature Reserve, whose water meets a series

52

Paracas

SAN CLEMENTE PISCO

N

HUMAY

SAN ANDRÉS

PARACAS 5

GUADALUPE

PACIFIC OCEAN

ICA PARACAS NATIONAL RESERVE

10

20km

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

5

Paracas

Archivo PROMPERU

0

53

The Origin Route studies establish along the whole Paracas peninsula, a remarkable sector of Paracas early evidences and Pre Paracas that still need to be investigated.

Jacques Rostand / PROMPERU

In this case, about 476 funerary packets have been identified, the ones which are wrapped up with fine textiles that represent a notable iconography of this culture.

Archaeological

54

Paracas society occupied the valleys of Chincha, Pisco, Ica and RĂ­o Grande on the south coast of Peru. This zone is a deserted territory, with hot dry weather in summer, and slightly humid in winter. The society survived thanks to the fishing, hunting fruit and shell collecting and the growing of their valleys. To counteract the limitations that the environment offered for the development of agriculture, the Paracas used an agricultural technique known as hollows or sunken fields. This technique consisted of digging a hole till humid ground was reached, which was necessary to grow.

Additionally, irrigation channels, which started from a water inlet, located in the upper part of the valley to the rest of it, were built.

Paracas National Reserve is a unique place on the Peruvian coast due to its exceptional biological diversity, generated by the Humboldt current and the coastal outcrop, making of this sea one of the most productive and rich in the world. In this natural space, we can find 216 species of birds, more than 180 species of fish and 20 species of cetaceans. Furthermore, the reserve also has cultural and historical values that are evident in 114 registered archaeological sites, which are the testimonies of the successful interaction between the ancient inhabitants of Paracas and the sea. Paracas National Reserve is the only protected national area of Peru that keeps a sample of the coastal marine ecosystem and it was declared Ramsar Site by the wetland Convention, of International importance in 1991.

55

Paracas

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Geographical means

Archaeological North Route

56

Michael Tweddle / PROMPERU

The archaeological richness in the north of Peru has canalized a fluent tourist current with the aim of letting know the monumental and artistic richness of other cultures different from the Inca, the ones which settled down in this area of the country. It is true that the referent of the Moche Route is being implemented successfully in this region, it is also valuable the Cloudy Wood, which was the ecological place, chosen by Chachapoyas prehispanic society to establish their domains by the year 1000 a.C. There, recent works on the monumental architecture are preparing the conditions to become a new pole of tourist attraction in the archaeological field. For this reason, it is interesting to intertwine the existing routes, to offer them to the thousands of tourists that arrive in this region.

57

Moche Route 6

Tumbas Reales Museum This is perhaps the principal thematic museum that exists in our country. It houses the collections recovered from the place Huaca Rajada, in charge of the archaeologist Walter Alva.

7

Huaca Rajada It is a monument made of adobe bricks that belongs to the period of the Regional Developments expressed by Moche culture.

8

Pampa Grande It is an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it spreads until Wari period.

9

Huacas del Sol y de la Luna In this monumental group stands out two truncated pyramids or with platforms, with sacred spaces in their interior.

10

El Brujo Complex Famous walls that represent scenes and iconographies of a religious worship sustained in the vital element of human blood.

11

San José de Moro It stands out the priestess’ tomb of San José de Moro, the one which shows an impressive funeral trousseau which gave support to the study of the iconographic interpretation.

Other important places 12

Túcume

13

Batán Grande

14

Chan Chan

15

Huaca El Dragón

58

All the splendor and richness of this civilization is present in this archaeological tour that selects Moche culture’s principal height sites, the one which was developed from 100 b.C. to 300 a.C. This period corresponds to the Regional Developments in the Andes. It is amazing the funerary evidences of great complexity and ritualism and the representations of embossed friezes of gods and the Moche governors’ special scenes.

In this route, we can find important places such as the Tumbas Reales de Sipán Museum, Huaca Rajada, Pampa Grande, Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, El Brujo Complex and San José de Moro.

TIME LINE 1200

b.C.

1000

800

600

400

a.C.

200

0

200

400

600

Sipán - Huaca Rajada El Brujo - San José de Moro Pampa Grande

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Túcume Huacas del Sol y de la Luna Chan Chan - El Dragón

N

LAMBAYEQUE

Detailed area

TÚCUME 12 6

LAMBAYEQUE CHICLAYO

8

13 7

GUADALUPE

CHONGOYAPE

ZAÑA 11

PACIFIC OCEAN MAGDALENA DE CAO

CAJAMARCA

10 14 15

HUANCHACO TRUJILLO

9

LA LIBERTAD

MOCHE

Moche Route Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tumbas Reales Huaca Rajada Pampa Grande Sol y Luna El Brujo San José de Moro Túcume Batán Grande Chan Chan Huaca El Dragón

0

25

50

75 59

100 km

Moche Route

Tumbas Reales de Sipán Museum

César A. Vega

It holds the collections that were recoverered in Huaca Rajada place. In the mid-1980s, the news of a scandalous pillage, forced the specialists of the Brünning Museum to perform works of archaeological rescue, the ones which allowed to identify one of the most amazing funerary contexts that has been identified in the world.

60

Tumbas Reales de Sipรกn

MUSEO NACIONAL TUMBAS REALES DE SIPร N GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 621648.55 N 9258717.12

Google Earth W 79 53' 58'', S 6 42' 19''

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Lambayeque

Province: Lambayeque Region: Lambayeque

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Tumbas Reales, 18 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 400

300

200

100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Sipรกn 0

600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has a museum, a research center and craft workshops.

61

Moche Route

Daniel Silva / PROMPERU Michael Tweddle / PROMPERU

Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU

This is perhaps, the principal theme museum in the country. Its spectacular architecture looks like Moche pyramids. It holds the collections that were recovered in Huaca Rajada place, in charge of the archaeologist Walter Alva.

Remember that in the mid-1980s, the news of scandalous pillage forced the specialists of the Brünning Museum to perform works of archaeological rescue, the ones which allowed to identify one of the most amazing funerary contexts that has been identified in the world. In this way, two big mausoleums have been able to be recovered: The “old” and the “new” Lord of Sipán. All these evidences that have been conserved and restored, are shown permanently in this museum, which is especially prepared for these wonderful pieces.

The beginning of the tour Moche Route, might well start from this point, as a starting place to understand the whole complexity of Moche society.

62

Tumbas Reales de Sipán

LAMBAYEQUE BATÁN GRANDE

MÓRROPE

TÚCUME

FERREÑAFE

N

6

LAMBAYEQUE SAN JOSÉ

PACIFIC OCEAN 10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

Río

PIMENTEL

20

30km

ETEN PORT

e

u Req

ZAÑA

6

Tumbas Reales

CHÉRREPE

CHEPÉN

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

0

CHICLAYO

63

Moche Route

Huaca Rajada, Sipรกn

Walter Wust / PROMPERU

This archaeological site has this name because of the cut it suffered during an old pillage: Huaca Rajada. Later, it was modified by muchik: Sipรกn, as it is known now.

64

Huaca Rajada

HUACA RAJADA, SIPÁN GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 0654542 N 9247980

Google Earth W 79 36'06'', S 6 48' 05''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Huaca Rajada District: Zaña

Province: Chiclayo Region: Lambayeque

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Huaca Rajada, 92 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 400

300

200

100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Huaca Rajada 0

600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It also has a small information center assossiated to the Museo de Tumbas Reales, located in the city of Lambayeque.

65

Moche Route

Walter Wust

This archaeological site has this name because of the cut it suffered before with the aim of being pillaged -Huaca Rajada-, which was modified by the name in muchik language, SipĂĄn, as it is known at present. This monument or pyramid is composed by adobe brick constructions, with several architectural spaces and volumes such as squares, terraces that belonged to the Regional Development period represented by Moche Culture (Âą 0 to 600 a.C.).

The one that outstands of Huaca Rajada is the presence of a series of tombs of ancient local Moche lords, as it was the beginning of one of the best stages of archaeological research on the North Coast, from then and on, they have found many intact tombs.

The site museum Huaca Rajada - SipĂĄn, has been built next to the archaeological zone. It was designed in base of the most modern museography techniques regarding to exhibition, conservation, restoration and safety. The place includes a laboratory, basic services and a police station.

It takes part of the Moche Route, for being a resting place of a lineage of Moche governors, the one which allows, from its archaeological research, to rebuild many representative aspects of this prehispanic society.

66

Huaca Rajada

N

FERREÑAFE LAMBAYEQUE

TUMÁN

CHICLAYO

SAN JOSÉ

LAMBAYEQUE PÁTAPO

7

PIMENTEL

Río

e

u Req

Huaca Rajada CAYALTÍ ETEN PORT

PACIFIC OCEAN

ZAÑA MOCUPE

10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

20

PACANGA

30km 7

Huaca Rajada

GUADALUPE

CHEPÉN Río

JEQUETEPEQUE

ue

peq

ete

u Jeq

SAN JOSÉ

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

Beatrice Velarde

CHÉRREPE 0

67

Moche Route

Pampa Grande

Beatrice Velarde

It is an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it spreads until Wari period (Âą 0 to 800 a.C.). Perhaps it is the largest site of Moche society.

68

Pampa Grande

PAMPA GRANDE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 668613.17 N 9252241.12

Google Earth W 79 28' 28'', S 6 45' 45''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Pampa Grande District: Chongoyape

Province: Chiclayo Region: Lambayeque

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Pampa Grande, 210 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Huaraz, 3 091

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Pampa Grande 0

800 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no services.

69

Walter Wust

Moche Route

70

LAMBAYEQUE

N

CHONGOYAPE

FERREÑAFE LAMBAYEQUE SAN JOSÉ

CHICLAYO

PIMENTEL

Río

TUMÁN

PÁTAPO 8

Pampa Grande

e

u Req

CAYALTÍ

ETEN PORT

PACIFIC OCEAN

ZAÑA MOCUPE

CHÉRREPE 0

10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

20

PACANGA

30km 8 Pampa Grande

GUADALUPE

CHEPÉN Río

JEQUETEPEQUE

ue

peq

ete

u Jeq

SAN JOSÉ PACASMAYO

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

71

Pampa Grande

The amazing monumentality of this archaeological complex is near the wells of water that are Lambayeque valley basin, where the Moches developed irrigation channel systems for their use.

It is considered that Pampa Grande was an extensive monumental complex of the Regional Development period and it Spreads until Wari period (± 0 to 800 a.C.).

Perhaps it is the largest site of Moche society. It was composed by large places made of stone and adobe brick. The central part, is fortified, and represents the civic-ceremonial sector, the one which has the two largest pyramid buildings of the complex. The first one has an area of 140 sqm and is 35 m high. The other one has an area of 70 sqm and is 37 m high.

This complex also presents two large sectors or domestic areas full of stone and mud structures, forming real neighbourhoods adjacent to the civic-ceremonial sector.

It takes part of Moche Route for its extention, monumentality and because it is extensive evidence of a settlement of this culture.

Moche Route

Huacas del Sol y de la Luna

CĂŠsar A. Vega

The research performed at the Huacas del Sol y la Luna complex, have determined that they were the center of power of the mochicas, whose extension area covers about 60 hectares.

72

Huacas del Sol y de la Luna

HUACAS DEL SOL Y DE LA LUNA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17L E 721216.82 Google Earth N 9100468.71 W 78 59' 26'', S 8 08' 05'' ALTITUDE

Spot: La Campiña District: Moche

Province: Trujillo Region: La Libertad

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Huacas del Sol y de la Luna, 36 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 1000

750

500

250

a.C. 0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

Huacas del Sol y de la Luna 800 b.C.

1600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an information center on site, as well as signage in its visit tour.

73

Moche Route as Huacas del Sol y de La Luna.

At present, the del Sol pyramid has an implementation programme of investigation and conservation, but it still has a restricted tour only to scientists; but the Huaca de la Luna is the one that has a larger investigated, consolidated and conserved exhibition area, which has generated a wide visit tour for everybody. The thing that attracts the attention the most is the exhibition of varied polychromed fritzes representing gods and divinities of the Moche’s religious world.

It takes part of the Moche Route for the monumentality of its fritzes, furthermore, because it is one of the principal representative and investigated places of this culture.

César A. Vega

The research performed at the Huacas del Sol y de la Luna complex, have determined that they were the center of power of the mochicas, whose extensión area covers about 60 hectares.

This monumental complex is composed by several terraced pyramids made by adobe bricks, squares, roads, with a large occupation that started from the Formative period (± 800 b.C.) to the Transitional period (± 1600 a.C.), but the most notable belongs to the Regional Development period with Moche Culture (± 0 to 800 a.C.).

The things that outstand in this complex are the two truncated pyramids, with platforms, sacred spaces inside, and with a series of important redesignings that have been known for many years

74

ASCOPE

PAIJÁN CHOCOPE

Río

ama

Chic

CHICAMA

MAGDALENA DE CAO

LA LIBERTAD

SANTIAGO DE CAO

TRUJILLO

HUANCHACO

9

PACIFIC OCEAN

SALAVERRY 0

10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

20

30km 9

Huacas del Sol y de la Luna

VIRÚ N CHAO

75

Huacas del Sol y de la Luna

Walter Wust CHICAMA

Moche Route

El Brujo Archaeological Complex

Daniel Silva / PROMPERU

The thing that outstands in this monumental complex is the presence of not only the famous walls, that represent iconographic scenes of a religious worship supported in the vital element of human blood, but also for the latest findings related to female characters of Moche elite.

76

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 687014.05 N 9124833.62

Google Earth W 79 18' 13'', S 7 54' 54''

ALTITUDE

Spot: El Brujo District: Magadalena de Cao

Province: Ascope Region: La Libertad

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

El Brujo, 10 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Huaraz, 3 091

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

El Brujo 0

600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has a system of small information centers in the same place, as well as an acceptable signposting in its visit circuit. The Cao Museum has recently been implemented.

77

El Brujo

EL BRUJO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

Moche Route represent iconographic scenes of a religious worship supported in the vital element of human blood, which is a characteristic of Moche culture, but also for the latest findings related to female characters of Moche elite.

This is a topic that is recently being investigated. It seems to be that one of these women was of the highest class because of her skin decorated with paint and tatoos, apart from a magnificent trousseau and objects she was buried with. This woman, called the Lady of Cao, is shown at the redesigned Museum, where you can also see Moche’s textiles and ceramics.

It takes part of the Moche Route, because it also stands out another place of complex iconographic representation in its polychromed fritzes.

Daniel Silva / PROMPERU

This mythical archaeological complex is composed by the Huaca Prieta in the south extreme, the Huaca Cao Viejo and the Huaca El Brujo, which are the most remarkable buildings in this part of the north of Peru. It is composed by several terraced pyramids made of abobe brick, and public spaces with a large occupation that starts from the Lithic (± 20000 b.C.), Archaic (± 6000 to 2000 b.C.) with the important site of Huaca Prieta, and its occupation reaches until the colonial period (± 1532 to 1821 a.C.).

But the most notable occupation, currently known of this part of the country belongs to the Regional Developments period with Moche Culture (± 0 to 600 a.C.) with the monumental complex of El Brujo.

The thing that outstands of this monumental complex is the presence of not only the famous walls that

78

N CHICAMA

ASCOPE

PAIJÁN CHOCOPE

LA LIBERTAD

10

SANTIAGO DE CAO HUANCHACO

0

10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

ama

Chic

CHICAMA

MAGDALENA DE CAO

PACIFIC OCEAN

Río

20

TRUJILLO

30km 10

El Brujo

SALAVERRY

VIRÚ

79 CHAO

El Brujo

Walter Wust

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

Moche Route

San JosĂŠ de Moro

Mylene D’Auriol

From all the tombs, the most remarkable is the priestess of San JosĂŠ de Moro tomb, the one which not only has an impressive funerary trousseau, but it also gave more support to the study of the iconographic interpretation related to the matter of genre which had never been registered or published before up to the moment of its finding.

80

San José de Moro

SAN JOSÉ DE MORO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 672500.19 N 9205872.61

Google Earth W 79 26' 16'', S 7 10' 57''

ALTITUDE

Spot: San José de Moro District: Guadalupe

Province: Pacasmayo Region: La Libertad

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

San José del Moro, 122 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

San José del Moro 0

600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellente

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has a system of small information centres in the same place, as well as an acceptable signposting in its visit circuit.

81

Moche Route mounds dating from prehispanic periods. The most important findings have been great chamber tombs, two of them contained the priestesses of the “Sacrifice Ceremony”, through the excavations performed in 1991 and 1992. Everything indicates that it is about a woman who took part in the sacrifice rituals by presenting a vase that contained the victims’ blood. Her presence symbolize reproduction in her society.

Mylene D’Auriol

San José de Moro is a small community located on the bank of the river Chamán in Jequetepeque valley, to the north of the city of Chepén, which is a region of La Libertad, on the Peruvian northern coast. This place holds one of the most important cemeteries and ceremonial centres of Moche society and subsequent cultures. This archaeological site is an extensive hill that rises over the farming fields of the area, on which you can find several

82

SAN JOSÉ PIMENTEL

MONSEFÚ

SAN JOSÉ

San José de Moro

TUMÁN

CHICLAYO

PÁTAPO OYOTÚN

CAYALTÍ

REQUE

NANCHOC

ZAÑA PUERTO ETÉN

MOCUPE

BOLÍVAR

N PACANGA

CHÉRREPE

11

GUADALUPE

PACIFIC OCEAN

CHEPÉN Río

JEQUETEPEQUE

Je

TEMBLADERA e

equ

tep que

Gallito Ciego dam

SAN JOSÉ 10

20

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

30km 11

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

San José de Moro

LA LIBERTAD CHICAMA

Mylene D’Auriol

0

PACASMAYO

83

Moche Route, other important

TĂşcume

Daniel Silva / PROMPERU

The monumentality is given by great pyramids made of adobe tricks, platforms, stuff, finish with adobe bricks and quincha structures, plaster that some time was painted contrasting with the green of Pomac wood and the agricultural zones.

84

Other names: Túcume, Huaca Larga, Huaca de las cornisas, Illimo, Mochumí, Pomac, Huaca el oro, Cerro Purgatorio

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 628078 N 9279301

Google Earth W 79 50'40" S 6 30'50"

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Túcume

Province: Lambayeque Region: Lambayeque

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Túcume, 60

Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

a.C. 0

100

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

Complejo Arqueológico Túcume 700 a.C.

1350 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has one of the best on-site museums of America and a good craft center. It also has nearby accommodation at all prices.

85

Túcume

TÚCUME

Moche Route, other important Antonio.

In the center, it is located the Sacred Mountain known as La Raya or Purgatorio hill. It has a beautiful view of the valley. Furthermore, it is surrounded by 26 pyramidal buildings made of adobe tricks that had different

Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU

Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU

The Pyramids of Tucume are one of the principal monumental centres of the northern region of the country.

The archaeological complex has an extension of 220 hectares. It is surrounded by fertile farming areas and by the hamlets of la Raya and San

86

wide. It had a local importance for the Chimús and then for the Incas, who used it as a center of political power, by building successive superimposed temples such as the Ave Mítica Temple and the Inca Temple. Furthermore, it is the Inca Temple which is located in the central upper part, superimposed over the Ave Mítica Temple in Huaca Larga.

It presents a corridor where an Inca administrator burial was discovered with two male companions and 16 weaver women.

LAMBAYEQUE BATÁN GRANDE

MÓRROPE

TÚCUME

12

FERREÑAFE

N

LAMBAYEQUE SAN JOSÉ

PACIFIC OCEAN 0

10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

CHICLAYO

PIMENTEL

20

30km

ETEN PORT

Río

e

u Req

ZAÑA

12

Túcume

CHÉRREPE

CHEPÉN

87

Túcume

functions, from ritual and housing to big warehouses. The construction of these pyramids or huacas started in the VII century being the year 700 a.C. When the first “Callac” buildings were founded, descendants from Naylamp.

In its surroundings we can see other huacas such as: Huaca Larga, Las Estacas, La Raya, Del Pueblo, Las Balsas, Huacal; los Gavilanes and las Grandes, etc.

Among them, it stands out Huaca Larga which is 280 m long and 30 m

Moche Route, other important

Batán Grande

Magalí del Solar / PROMPERU

It is believed that it was the development center of Lambayeque or Sicán culture. The development of this culture took place by the year 750 a.C., having as influence and background the local Mochica culture, as well as contemporary cultures from other regions, such as Cajamarca and Wari.

88

Batán Grande

BATÁN GRANDE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 648900 N 9281787

Google Earth W 79.653433° S 6.495866°

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Pitipo

Province: Ferreñafe Region: Lambayeque

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Batán Grande, 50

Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

a.C. 0

100

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

Batán Grande 750 a.C.

1350 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICIOS It has a modern museum in the form of truncated pyramid, guided service, cafe and shops regards.

89

Moche Route, other important

Daniel Silva / PROMPERU

This 20 -pyramid- mud archaeological complex is distributed in an area of 46 sqkm, inside Batán Grande farm. It is believed that it was the development center of Lambayeque or Sicán Culture (muchik word that means “house or temple of the moon”). The development of this culture took place by the year 750 a.C., having as influence and background the local Mochica culture, as well as contemporary cultures from other regions, such as Cajamarca and Wari.

It is composed by the huacas Botija, Colorada, Horno de los Ingenieros, Huaca Loro, La Merced, El Santillo, Las Abejas, La Ventana, Rodillona, La Facho, Cholope, Arena, Corte, hmong others.

According to the archaeological investigation works that started in 1978 in the place, Sicán culture can be divided into three periods: Early Sicán (750 - 900 a.C.), Middle (900 - 1100 a.C.) and Late (1100 - 1375 a.C.). In its moment of great height, it took control of the most part of the Peruvian northern coast, in a distance of more than 400 kilometers, that go from the current city of Trujillo (La Libertad) to the province of Sullana (Piura).

The evidences point out that the development of a basically religious art that moved around a god and lord of Sicán. Among this, the technology in metal and ceramic works are especially notable. 90% of the golden pieces that were found in Lambayeque culture, come from this complex.

90

JAYANCA

N

BATÁN GRANDE 13

TÚCUME

MÓRROPE CHONGOYAPE

FERREÑAFE

LAMBAYEQUE

PACIFIC OCEAN

SAN JOSÉ

CHICLAYO

TUMÁN

PIMENTEL

e

u Req

ZAÑA

ETEN PORT Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

Río

13

Batán Grande

CHÉRREPE 0

10

20

30km

91

Batán Grande

Mayu Mohanna / PROMPERU

LAMBAYEQUE

Moche Route, other important

Chan Chan

CĂŠsar A. Vega

This is the largest mud complex of Iberoamerica. It consists of a group of small cities. It is located at 25 meters above the sea level, getting close to the sea shore, in a place called sunken chacras or totora huachaques in an approximate area of 5,60 sqkm.

92

Chan Chan

CHAN CHAN GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 712190 N 9103435

Google Earth W 79 04'28" S 8 06'34"

ALTITUDE

Spot: Chan Chan District: Huanchaco

Province: Trujillo Region: La Libertad

Huascar谩n mountain, 6 768

Chan Chan, 25 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 50

a.C. 0

50

1050

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1450

Huaca El Drag贸n 1100 a.C.

1450 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has a relatively modern information center and some more information points.

93

Moche Route, other important Chan are orthogonal, being the servant and the craftman areas, built-up ones that locate around the palaces.

It seems that the palaces were built just for the use of a great Lord, being built and abandoned when this one died.

Only stayed his relatives and servants, the ones who would keep the benefits of the dead monark’s ‘properties’.

Some researchers state that after the Inca conquest, Chan Chan was pillaged and destroyed -approximately in the year 1470- and when the Spaniards, commanded by Pizarro, arrived, it was just a devastated city, without the bright and splendour that it once had .

At the moment, great efforts are being made to put a value on it. Its complexity and size make Chan Chan one of the principal landmarks of this proposed route.

César A. Vega

This complex is considered to be the largest mud city of Iberoamerica. It consists of a group of small cities. It is located at 25 m above the sea level, getting close to the sea shore, in a place called sunken chacras or totora huachaques in an approximate area of 5,60 sqkm.

The date of construction is in the Regional State period and culturally Chimú (1100 to 1470 a.C.) with small Inca occupations in some sectors; as constructive material, they used claying mud (got from the huachaques and from the hillocks?) to form big fences of mud walls that demarcate inside a palace, a funeral area associated to the founder; administrative areas and warehouses, worship areas, rooms, public areas, corridors and streets, with beautiful naturalistic fritzes. Maybe they were plastered and lively painted.

The floors of the buildings of Chan

94

N CHICAMA

PAIJÁN

ASCOPE

Río

CHOCOPE

ama

Chic

CHICAMA MAGDALENA DE CAO

PACIFIC OCEAN

LA LIBERTAD

SANTIAGO DE CAO HUANCHACO 14

0

10 Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

20

30km

TRUJILLO

14

Chan Chan

SALAVERRY

VIRÚ

95 CHAO

Chan Chan

César A. Vega

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

Moche Route, other important

Huaca El Drag贸n

Magal铆 del Solar / PROMPERU

This huaca has been called El Drag贸n because of the importante and notoriety of a high relief figure that exists in one of the principal walls. This figure is double-headed, it looks like a dragon, with a great number of legs, the same as a centipede.

96

Huaca El Dragรณn

HUACA EL DRAGร N

Other names: Huaca Arco Iris

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17L E 715070 N 9106737

Google Earth W 79 02'56" S 8 04'35"

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: La Esperanza

Province: Trujillo Region: La Libertad

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Huaca El Dragรณn, 80 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 50

a.C. 0

50

1050

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1450

Huaca El Dragรณn 1100 a.C.

1450 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It is signposted properly and has basic services.

97

Moche Route, other important the development of regional cultures’ period that are between the Horizonts Chavín and Tiahuanaco.

The presence of 14 store rooms or “colcas”, stand out as spaces associated to the building, where seeds and other products were kept.

About decoration, its walls show mud high relief figures, with zoomorphic and anthropomorphic representations.

What is more, 25 wooden idols (balsa stick, chonta, carob tree) have been found. They have a hunchback aspect, with shell inlay in different parts of the body. They were possibly used as amulets.

This huaca has been called El Dragón because of the importante and notoriety of a high relief figure that exists in one of the principal walls.

Wilfredo Loayza / PROMPERU

It is one of the most important buildings of the Moche valley. It is a truncated pyramidal structure. It is considered to be the first settlement of Wari culture in the Moche valley. It consists of a total area of 3 245 sqm, 59 m long, 55 m wide and 10 m high. It is an adobe brick and mud building that allows to appreciate the high grade of development that Wari reached in engineering as all the structure is antiseismic. It is supposed that originally it must have had three floors and one of its functions was to perform religious celebrations in honour to the rainbow or other natural fenomenal related to rain and soil fertility.

The american researcher Richard Schaedell considers that the place is 1100 years old, being located in

98

Huaca El Dragón

César A. Vega

SAN PEDRO DE LLOC

N CHICAMA

PAIJÁN

ASCOPE

Río

CHOCOPE

CHICAMA

MAGDALENA DE CAO

PACIFIC OCEAN

ama

Chic

LA LIBERTAD

El Brujo SANTIAGO DE CAO 15

HUANCHACO

TRUJILLO 15

Huaca El Dragón

SALAVERRY

VIRÚ 0

10

20

30km

CHAO César A. Vega

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

99

Heinz Plengue / PROMPERU

Moche Route

Geographical means The cultural societies that were developed in the valleys of the northern coast of Peru, such as Moche, Chimú, Vicus, initially occupied the valleys of Moche, Chicama and Virú, among others, in La Libertad. Then they covered an area of influence from the valley of Piura (in the north) to the valley of Nepeña (in the south). This scenery has an arid-deserted geography, with valleys of great agricultural potencial, due to the presence of rivers that come down from the andes and were used by the different human settlements that were located there.

No doubt, the desert plains on the coast wouldn’t have any life possibilities if there weren’t rivers that come down from the Western mountain range of the Andes bringing water of life that was well used by settlers of this zone by developing hydraulic systems of irrigation that are still admired nowadays.

We can’t put aside the importance that the Pacific Ocean had in the feeding of these civilizations. It is source of life and a generator of symbology and religion, in addition to its civilization process.

100

101

Daniel Silva / PROMPERU

The Cloudy Town Route 16

Karaj铆a It is 1 000 years old, it takes part of Chipuric archaeological complex, characterized by the unique way of burial in the world of their deads.

17

Ku茅lap It had a political, religious, administrative military role, composed by two platforms over which raised a populated center with passages, accesses and grounds.

18

Revash It is a funeral center that belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture composed by up to three-storey buildings.

19

Macro It is a pre-inca residential complex composed by five platforms that support huts and towers built with stones and mud mortar in a 3 hectares area.

20

La Jalca - Jalca Grande Museum This museum has several materials, part of Chachapoyas, Inca evidences and a group of early colonial materials.

21

Leymebamba Museum It houses more than 200 mummies and their funeral offerings, recovered in 1997 in Laguna de los C贸ndores by means of an emergency archaeological projectect.

22

Laguna de los C贸ndores This archaeological complex is composed by six mausoleums with characteristics of Chachapoyas and Inca cultures and decorated with cave paintings.

23

La Congona This residential complex built with cut stones and placed in a symmetrical form with mud mortar. We can appreciate external decoration with rhomboid ornamentation and square niches inside.

102

The proposal of this route is the archaeological circuit that has as a topic of connection the development of Chachapoyas culture in Amazonas city, which was developed in the Regional State Period (1200 - 1470 a.C.), in the Cloudy Forest region in the northern jungle of Peru.

The cloudy town route is characterized by presenting an impressive chullpas system, sarcophagus and mausoleums, apart form villages with circular buildings, whose main representative is the archaeological complex Kuélap.

The places that are being discovered in this route are Karajía, Kuélap, Revash, Macro, La Jalca - Jalca Grande Museum, Leymebamba Museum, Mausoleums of Laguna de los Cóndores and La Congona.

TIME LINE 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

800

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Karajía - Kuélap Los Cóndores - La Congona Revash - Macro

La Jalca - Leymebamba

Detailed area

AMAZONAS

BAGUA GRANDE

N

MOYOBAMBA

16

LUYA

17 18

19

CHACHAPOYAS 20

TARAPOTO

LA JALCA

SANTO TOMÁS 21 LEYMEBAMBA 23

CHICLAYO

22

CAJAMARCA

SAN MARTÍN

The Cloudy Town Route

PACIFIC OCEAN

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

TRUJILLO

0

25

50

75

100 km

16 Karajía 17 Kuélap 18 Revash 19 Macro 20 La Jalca - Museum 21 Leymebamba Museum 22 Laguna de los Cóndores 23 La Congona

103

1600

The Town of the Clouds Route

KarajĂ­a

Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU

The sarcophaguses, known by the settlers as Purunmachos, are associated to Chachapoyas culture with 1000 years of antiquity; take part of the archaeological complex of Chipuric.

104

Other names: Purunmachos

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 168926.38 S 9309510.76 S

Google Earth W 77 59'29'', S 6 14'18''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Karajía District: Conilla

Province: Luya Region: Amazonas

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Karajía, 2 600 Amazonas, 2 236 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

200

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Karajía 1200 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has neither a type of infrastructure nor service.

105

Karajía

KARAJÍA SARCOPHAGUS

The Town of the Clouds Route laterally joined in groups of 4 to 8, leaning back to the rock. They are big 2 m high antropomorphic capsules, made of clay, mixed with sticks and stones. They only show the head and part of the chest and made in a compact way.

No doubt, they form part of the Route of Chachas for being a representative icon of Chachapoyas culture.

Luis Gamero / PROMPERU

The sarcophaguses are on the gully of KarajĂ­a or CarajĂ­a, at 200 meters high. They are known by the settlers as Purunmachos, are associated to Chachapoyas culture. With 1 000 years of antiquity, take part of the archaeological complex of Chipuric.

They characterize for the unique way of burying their deaths.

These amazing sarcophaguses are

106

NUEVA CAJAMARCA

PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA

16

JERUSALÉN

VALERA

LAMUD

COLCAMAR

RIOJA

AMAZONAS

LUYA

LONYA CHICO

YURACYACU

CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA

TINGO

Rí n ñó

ara oM

LA JALCA

SANTO TOMÁS

OMIA

LIMABAMBA

YERBABUENA

MILPUC

LEYMEBAMBA BALSAS

CELENDÍN

mba

30 km

yaba

20

Hua

10

16

Karajía Río

0

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

107

Karajía

Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU

JUMBILLA N

The Town of the Clouds Route

KuĂŠlap

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Belonging to Chachapoyas culture and with very important features, it had political, religious, administrative and military functions. It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it is the biggest settlement in its genre, and thanks to its conservation, we can imagine the real functioning of its structures.

108

Otros nombres: Purunmachos

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 176585.28 N 9289509.02

Google Earth W 77 55'24'', S 6 25' 03''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Kuélap District: Tingo

Province: Luya Region: Amazonas

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Kuélap, 3 000 Iquitos, 104 Amazonas, 2 236 Pacific Ocean, 0 TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

200

100

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Kuélap 1200 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an interpretation center, guarding and visit circuit.

109

Kuélap

KUÉLAP ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

The Town of the Clouds Route 400 buildings of circular floor, some ornaments with rhombus and zig-zag fritzes frisos in mosaic form, typical of Chachapoyas culture. In the highest level that faces the precipice, it is the “Tower” which is 6,40 m high and 9 m wide and “El Tintero”, a circular tower in an inverted cone shape. One of the most impressive details of Kuélap is its extensive wall up to 20 m high and 680 m long.

It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it is the biggest settlement in its genre, and thanks to its conservation, we can imagine the real functioning of its structures.

César A. Vega

Belonging to Chachapoyas culture (± 1200 to 1470 a.C.) and with very important features, Kuélap complex had political, religious, administrative and military functions. The platform Spreads along by almost 600 meters and flanked by a 19 meter - high wall.

Amazingly built on the cliff of a rocky promontory at more than 2 000 high, Kuélap is composed by two platforms on which was settled a populated center with landscapes, accesses and circular floor precincts, the ones which are located in two sectors called Pueblo Alto and Pueblo Bajo. In its interior, it is composed by more than

110

NUEVA CAJAMARCA

PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA

JERUSALÉN

VALERA

LAMUD

COLCAMAR

RIOJA

AMAZONAS

LUYA LONYA CHICO

CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA

TINGO LA JALCA

n

ñó SANTO TOMÁS

OMIA

LIMABAMBA

ara

oM Rí

17

YURACYACU

Kuélap

JUMBILLA N

YERBABUENA

MILPUC

LEYMEBAMBA BALSAS

mba

30 km

yaba

20

Hua

10

17

Kuélap Río

0

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

César A. Vega

CELENDÍN

111

Revash

MagalĂ­ del Solar / PROMPERU

This funerary center belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture (Âą 1200 to 1470 a.C.). It is composed by rectangular, up to three-floor constructions (Chullpas).

112

Otros nombres: Purunmachos

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 181881.39 N 9285069.91

Google Earth W 77 52'33'', S 6 27' 36''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Revash District: Santo Tomรกs

Province: Luya Region: Amazonas

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Iquitos, 104

Amazonas, 2 236

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

Revash, 2 800

TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

200

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Revash 1200 a.C.

1470 a.C.

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no services.

113

Revash

REVASH ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

The Town of the Clouds Route were offerings to their deaths. Most of these “funerary homes” have a gable roof and are located under the shelter of a rock. In the external walls, we can see very prominent cornices that are visible in the distance. What is more, you can also see squire, crossform or “T” shape niches.

It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, because it is a different type of mausoleums that can be visited.

Magalí del Solar / PROMPERU

The funerary set of Revash is located on the rocky formation of Cerro Carbón, located on the left margin of the valley Alto Utcubamba. Investigations have determined that it belonged to an archaeological complex parallel to Chachapoyas culture (± 1200 to 1470 a.C.). It is composed by rectangular, up to three-floor constructions (Chullpas) where remains of ropes, feathers, nets, collars, ceramics, bones, etc have been found. It seems that in its period, they

114

YURACYACU

PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA

JERUSALÉN

VALERA

LAMUD

AMAZONAS

LUYA LONYA CHICO COLCAMAR

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA

TINGO

Rí ñ ara

oM

LA JALCA

ón

18

SANTO TOMÁS

OMIA

LIMABAMBA

YERBABUENA

MILPUC

LEYMEBAMBA

CAJAMARCA

BALSAS

CELENDÍN

a

30 km

b bam

20

ya Hua

10

18

Revash Río

0

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

115

Revash

Magalí del Solar / PROMPERU

JUMBILLA

N

The Town of the Clouds Route

Macro

Luis Gamero / PROMPERU

Sitting on the south-east slopes of a steep spur, we find five platforms that support huts and towers built with stone and mud mortar, in an area of 3 hectares dating from the year Âą 1200 to 1470 a.C.

116

Otros nombres: Purunmachos

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 177147 S 9295197

Google Earth W 77 55'05'', S 6 22'05''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Macro District Magdalena

Province: Chachapoyas Region: Amazonas

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Macro, 1 894 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

Amazonas, 2 236

TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

200

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Macro 1200 a.C.

1470 a.C.

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no service.

117

Macro

MACRO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

The Town of the Clouds Route rhombus fritzes and vaulted niches on the walls. It is estimated that it must have held 100 people in the flourishing period of Chachapoyas culture.

Macro is the most important archaeological site of Magdalena district and takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, due to its monumental value and its particular architectural features.

Luis Gamero / PROMPERU

This pre inca residential complex is located at 50 meters from the right margin of the river Utcubamba and it is settled over the south-east slope of a steep spur. In Macro we find five platforms that support huts and Powers built with stone and mortar, in an area of three hectares. In the building of this complex, dating from the year Âą 1200 to 1470 a.C. There are several platforms and remains of houses decorated with

118

YURACYACU

CHURUJA

JERUSALÉN

VALERA

LAMUD

AMAZONAS

LUYA LONYA CHICO COLCAMAR

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS 19

MENDOZA

TINGO

Rí ón SANTO TOMÁS

OMIA

LIMABAMBA

ñ ara

oM

LA JALCA

YERBABUENA

MILPUC

LEYMEBAMBA BALSAS

CELENDÍN

ba

30 km

m yaba

20

Hua

10

19

Macro Río

0

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

119

Macro

Luis Gamero / PROMPERU

JUMBILLA PEDRO RUÍZ

N

The Town of the Clouds Route

La Jalca - Jalca Grande Museum

Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU

This museum occupies part of the catholic temple that was one of the oldest of the Region. Its presence in the tour is basically due to its almost complete chronological cycle of the daily activities of past and present periods.

120

Otros nombres: Purunmachos

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 199515.25 N 9282599.18

Google Earth W 77 43'00'', S 6 28' 59''

ALTITUDE

Spot: La Jalca Grande District: La Jalca

Province: Chachapoyas Region: Amazonas

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Iquitos, 104

Amazonas, 2 236

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

La Jalca, 2 800

TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

La Jalca 100 a.C.

500 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an on-site Museum.

121

La Jalca - Museum

LA JALCA

Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU

The Town of the Clouds Route

122

Chachapoyas, Inca and especially an interesting set of early colonial material; but more special is the incidence of natural material and its conservation; it is also interesting its attempts to preserve the presence of current cultural manifestations and the ones that it keeps in the region.

Its presence in the tour is basically due to its almost complete chronological cycle of the daily activities of past and present periods.

JUMBILLA N

YURACYACU

PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA

JERUSALÉN

VALERA

LAMUD

AMAZONAS

LUYA LONYA CHICO COLCAMAR

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA

TINGO

rañ Ma

LA JALCA

ón er

riv SANTO TOMÁS

OMIA

LIMABAMBA

20

YERBABUENA

MILPUC

LEYMEBAMBA BALSAS

CELENDÍN

ba

30 km

bam

20

ya Hua

10

20

La Jalca Río

0

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Pueblo Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

123

La Jalca - Museum

This museum, which is built over the 2 800 meters above the sea level in the town of La Jalca Grande, occupies part of one of the catholic temple that was one of the oldest of the region. At any time, it was the principal settlement and was considered as the capital of the region Turing the first decades of the Colony. It was also known as San Juan de la Frontera.

This museum has several materials which are part of the National Cultural Patrimony, such as the evidences of

The Town of the Clouds Route

Leymebamba Museum

Omar Carbajal / PROMPERU

The Leymebamba Museum, opened in June 2000, holds more than 200 mummies and their funerary offerings, that were recovered in 1997 on Laguna de los C贸ndores.

124

Otros nombres: Purunmachos

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 192227.18 N 9260378.77

Google Earth W 77 47'00'', S 6 40' 59''

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Leymebamba

Province: Chachapoyas Region: Amazonas

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 La Jalca, 2 500

Iquitos, 104

Amazonas, 2 236

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Leymebamba 100 a.C.

500 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

GRADO DE ACCESIBILIDAD Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES Community Museum, tourist lodging, research center and orchid garden.

125

Leymebamba Museum

LEYMEBAMBA MUSEUM

Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU

The Town of the Clouds Route

126

N

collection that was in danger of disappearing due to the vandalical action of huaqueros and inscrupulous visitors. From an initiative of The Bioanthropology Foundation PerúMallqui Center, the construction of the Leymebamba Museum was possible thanks to the financial help coming from a group of Austrian citizens and other private donations.

JUMBILLA

PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA

YURACYACU JERUSALÉN

VALERA

LAMUD

RIOJA

AMAZONAS

LUYA LONYA CHICO

CHACHAPOYAS

COLCAMAR

MENDOZA

TINGO

Rí n ñó

ara oM

LA JALCA

SANTO TOMÁS 21

OMIA

LIMABAMBA

YERBABUENA

MILPUC

LEYMEBAMBA

BALSAS

CELENDÍN

ba

30 km

bam

20

ya Hua

10

21

Leymebamba Río

0

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

127

Leymebamba Museum

The Leymebamba Museum, opened in June 2000, holds more than 200 mummies and their funerary offerings, that were recovered in 1997 on Laguna de los Cóndores by means of an emergency archaeological project led by doctor Sonia Guillén, Principal of Mallqui Center. The rescue tasks permitted to recover, for the local history, a valuable archaeological

The Town of the Clouds Route

Laguna de los C贸ndores

Beatrice Velarde / PROMPERU

Mausoleums of Chachapoyas and Inca features, decorated with cave paintings, where about a hundred funerary bundles were found together with fine textile, ceramics, wooden carvings, quipus, decorated pumpkins, crowns and several valuable objects.

128

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 202389.25 N 9241647.94

Google Earth W 77 41'40'', S 6 51' 01''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Laguna de los Cóndores District:

Province: Region: San Martín

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Iquitos, 104

Amazonas, 2 236

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

Laguna de los Cóndores, 3 000

TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

200

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Laguna de Los Cóndores 1200 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES Private shelter of the lagoon (owner Mr. Ullillen).

129

Laguna de los Cóndores

LAGUNA DE LOS CÓNDORES ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX Otros nombres: Purunmachos

The Town of the Clouds Route wooden carvings, quipus, decorated pumpkins, crowns and several valuable objects. We can observe an impressive lagoon where you can fish and sail by boat. It also presents typical high jungle vegetation and fauna.

It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route because it represents one of the biggest recovered funerary set of this culture.

Michael Tweddle / PROMPERU

This is an amazing archaeological complex composed by six mausoleums, located around Laguna de los C贸ndores. The archaeological evidences present features of Chachapoyas and Inca Cultures (卤 1200 to 1532 a.C.) decorated with cave paintings. About one hundred of funerary bundles were found here, together with fine textiles, ceramics,

130

YURACYACU

CHURUJA

JERUSALÉN

VALERA

LAMUD

AMAZONAS

LUYA LONYA CHICO COLCAMAR

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS MENDOZA

TINGO

Rí ón SANTO TOMÁS

OMIA

LIMABAMBA

ñ ara

oM

LA JALCA

YERBABUENA

MILPUC

LEYMEBAMBA 22

Laguna de los Cóndores

yaba

Hua

22 Laguna de los Cóndores

Río mba

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

0

10

20

30 km

131

Laguna de los Cóndores

Beatrice Velarde / PROMPERU

JUMBILLA PEDRO RUÍZ

N

The Town of the Clouds Route

La Congona

Carlos Del Ă guila

It is a residential complex built on cut stone and placed in a symmetrical shape with mud mortar. These constructions date from the years Âą 1200 to 1532 a.C.

132

Otros nombres: Purunmachos

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18M E 181573 N 9260579

Google Earth 6°40'51.73"S 77°52'47.50"O

ALTITUDE

Spot: San Cristobal de La Fila District: San Francisco del Yeso

Province: Luya Region: Amazonas

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 La Congona , 2 777

Iquitos, 104

Amazonas, 2 236

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

200

100

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

La Congona 1200 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no services.

133

La Congona

LA CONGONA

The Town of the Clouds Route present a fine manufacture in the work of dressed stone and in the development of geometric lintels.

It takes part of the Town of the Clouds Route, for being one of the few almost intact evidences that are known of this type of residential complexes of the Chachapoyas societies.

Carlos Del Ă guila

It is a residential complex, near the village of Leymebamba, built on cut stone and placed in a symmetrical shape with mud mortar. These constructions date from the years Âą 1200 to 1532 a.C. We can see external decoration with rhombus ornaments and square vaulted niches inside. These constructions

134

YURACYACU

PEDRO RUÍZ CHURUJA

JERUSALÉN

VALERA

LAMUD

AMAZONAS

LUYA LONYA CHICO

RIOJA

CHACHAPOYAS

COLCAMAR

MENDOZA

TINGO

Rí ón

ñ ara

oM

LA JALCA SANTO TOMÁS

OMIA

LIMABAMBA

YERBABUENA

MILPUC

LEYMEBAMBA 23

BALSAS

CELENDÍN

mba

30 km

yaba

20

Hua

10

23

La Congona Río

0

Provincial limit Departmental capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

135

La Congona

Carlos Del Águila

JUMBILLA N

Heinz Plengue / PROMPERU

The Town of the Clouds Route

Geographical means The investigations that have been developed in the areas where cultures like the Chachapoya and others lived, are called Amazon Andes. In accordance with the archaeologist Federico Kauffmann Doig, they belong to a mixed region: Amazon for its landscape and Andean for its accidental topography, that runs from north to south by the Eastern side of the Andes.

However, the cultural display was only performed between the 2 and 3 meters high andi t is evidente through the archaeological testimonies that are presented there.

The most important culture of this zone is Chachapoya, which was developed on the Abiseo Basin (at about 2 000 m above the sea level), in an area surronded by the rivers Huallaga (east) and Mara帽贸n (west and north), in the current towns of Bagua and Moyabamba. The Studies and findings performed, determine that they were a set of groups such as the paellas, motillones, chilchos, chillaos and chachapoyas that lined up or separated according to the circumstances and shared the same culture.

136

137

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Central Archaeological Route

138

CĂŠsar A. Vega

The Peruvian Coast And Central Highlands have characterized for presenting abundant historical archaeological information that is being known recently. As an evidence of this, we have the principal testimonies of Qhapaq Ă‘an or Tawantinsuyo Royal Road. This makes very feasible the implementation of this route that is proposed as: the Route of the Ancient of the Metropoli / Lima archaeological.

139

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route 24

Huaca Pucllana It represents the power and political control practised by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín.

25

Huallamarca It is a pyramid building with an entry central ramp to the highest part of the building. The monument has been inspected and restored most of it, which permits its visit to all the areas.

26

Mateo Salado This monumental complex consists of five pyramid wall structures, the ones that present access in ramps and define vast platforms of use.

27

Maranga Most of these buildings are located inside the territory of the current Parque de las Leyendas zoo, where they have been fitted out to be visited.

28

Paramonga Among its well-preserved and principal buildings, it stands out a four-level terraced pyramid with huge proportions, built with adobe bricks on a hill.

29

Puruchuco It presents different areas that go from great walls on the nearby mountain ridges to some more rudimentary manufacturing service areas.

30

Cajamarquilla It is considered to be the second largest mud urban complex of the Central Coast after Pachacámac, with 167 hectares of extension.

31

Pachacámac Its general and particular characteristics make Pachacámac be one of the principal cities that point out this route of coastal cities.

140

This is a theme tour that consists of the principal archaeological attractions that Lima city presents. Taking always into account that the principal sites keep a very representative local identity of the prehispanic architecture of the Central Coast. Two periods dominate in this route, the Regional Developments (100 b.C. - 300 a.C.) and the Late Intermediate period (1200 - 1470 a.C.); represented by Lima and Ichsma cultures respectively. In both cases the architectural features mark their difference in the details presented in these buildings.

The sites involved in this Route: Pucllana, Huallamarca, Mateo Salado, Maranga, Paramonga, Puruchuco, Cajamarquilla and Pachacámac.

TIME LINE 1000

800

b.C. 600

400

200

a.C. 0

Huallamarca

200

400

600

800

1000

Huaca Pucllana Maranga

1200

1400

1600

1800

Mateo Salado Cajamarquilla Pachacámac

Puruchuco Paramonga

28

PATIVILCA BARRANCA

HUACHO

N

Detailed area

LIMA CANTA

HUARAL

PACIFIC OCEAN

MATUCANA 2726 30 29 25 24 31

The metropolis ancients’ route Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

24 Huaca Pucllana 25 Huallamarca 26 Mateo Salado 27 Maranga 28 Paramonga 29 Puruchuco 30 Cajamarquilla 31 Pachacámac

SAN VICENTE DE CAÑETE

0

25141

50 km

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Huaca Pucllana

César A. Vega

It belongs to the development of Lima culture (200 -700 a.C.). It represents the power and political domain performed by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín.

142

Huaca Pucllana

PUCLLANA HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PARK

Other names: Huaca Pucllana

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 278640.12 N 8660306.61

Google Earth W 77 02'01'', S 12 06' 39''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Urbano District: Miraflores

Province: Lima Region: Lima

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Pucllana, 95 Pacific Ocean, 0 Lima, 110

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Huaca Pucllana 200 a.C.

700 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an on-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.

143

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route the left margin of the valley of Lima.

It is composed by a monumental construction built entirely of “adobitos”, architectural feature of Lima culture, conforming high terraces at different levels which had an access by ramps.

In the low part there are still some spacious places delimited by walls made of these adobe tricks and four corridors that subdivide this place into several sectors.

It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being one of the places of more archaeological intervention in the valley of Lima up to the moment.

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

The recognised Huaca Pucllana, standing in the middle of the Limeña Metropoli, belongs to the development of Lima culture (200 - 700 a.C.). It represents the power and political domain performed by a priestly group that in their period controlled the valleys of Chancay, Chillón, Rímac and Lurín.

As an archaeological center, Huaca Pucllana is associated to other sites in Lima, such as Maranga (San Miguel), Cajamarquilla (Ate) y Pachacámac (Lurín).

The construction of this complex is associated to the access and control of water and the channel systems of

144

CONQUISTADORES AVE.

AVE.

DE

LE

CO

JÉ

RC

STA

ITO

0

250

AV

E.

NER

AA

500 m

ANGAMOS OESTE AVE.

JOSÉ PARDO AVE.

24 Huaca Pucllana Principal Avenue Secondary streets Archaeological place

VE. Airport, port

145

Huaca Pucllana

César A. Vega .

VE ZA AC NT SA 24

ÚBLICA

AREQUIPA

MIRAFLORES

E LA REP

PASEO D

RU

N

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Huallamarca

CĂŠsar A. Vega

It is a piramidal building with a central access ramp to the highest part of the buildin. Its occupation dates from the end of the Formative period (800 - 100 b.C.), with a solid consistent occupation after Lima culture (100 - 600 a.C.) and then sporadically to the Wari and Ichsma.

146

Huallamarca

HUACA HUALLAMARCA

Other names: Huaca Pan de Azúcar

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 277909.04 N 8661838.19

Google Earth W 77 02'26'', S 12 05' 51''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Urbano District: San Isidro

Province: Lima Region: Lima

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Huallamarca, 96 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

Lima, 110

TIME LINE b.C. 800

600

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Huaca Huallamarca 800 b.C.

1470 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an on-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.

147

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

Archivo Renzo Uccelli

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

148

TE AVE.

RADO OES

JAVIER P

JR. O

SAN ISIDRO

JR. CH

OQUE

S AND

AVE.

25

JR. LO

DĂ N

NTIA

Z SOL

AREQUIPA

JR. PA

RRA

JORGE

ESES

AMOS

JR. LOS AL

JR. LOS CIPR

N AVE. BASADRE

HUAN

CA

ES

EL OLIVAR PARK

EL GOLF DE SAN ISIDRO

JR. JU

25 Huaca Principal Avenue Huallamarca Secondary streets Archaeological place

AN AN

TONIO

PEZET Airport, port

0

250

500 m

149

Huallamarca

The well known Huaca Huallamarca is in the heart of the limeĂąo district San Isidro and it is about an interesting pyramidal building with a central access ramp to the highest part of the building. It has been established that it was occupied from the end of the Formative period (800 - 100 b.C.), with a solid consistent occupation after Lima culture (100 - 600 a.C.) and then, it had the sporadic presence, in a form of bundle burials in the Wari (600 - 1000 a.C.) and Ichsma (1200 - 1470 a.C.) periods. The monument has been intervened and restored in a great part. This allows its visit to all the sectors. It is a truncated piramidal structure that generates open use terraces. These were reused later to place relatively important late burials.

The testimonies found in the tombs of Huaca Huallamarca belong to a period that goes from the VI century a.C. To the Incas advent in the XV century a.C. In the IV Century a.C. It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being a totally intervened building that allows to observe part of modern Lima city from the high part of the construction.

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Mateo Salado

Walter Hupiu

This monumental complex spreads in a 20 hectares - land that includes a perimeter of 1 400 meters. It is composed by five pyramidal wall structures, that present access ramps and that define extensive platforms of use.

150

Other names: Huaca Ascona or Cinco Cerritos

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 275353.06 N 8665267.8

Google Earth W 77 03'45'', S 12 03' 57''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Urbano District: Lima

Province: Lima Region: Lima

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Cusco, 3 399

Mateo Salado, 98 Pacific Ocean, 0

Lima, 110

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

100

a.C. 0

100

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Mateo Salado 1000 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has a tourist service and restrooms.

151

Mateo Salado

MATEO SALADO ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route along the time of its occupation. It also has the remains of an epimural road, delimited by walls that must have connected this complex with Maranga Chayavilca. It also presents places and central squares, surrounded by main structures, warehouse zones and corridors that connect the different architectural zones.

It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being together with Maranga the two unique late complexes whose structures were slightly affected.

Walter Hupiu

This monumental complex has its name because of Matheus SaladĂŠ (1528-1573), a protestant Frenchman who lived in the huaca and that, in the Viceroyal time, he was accused of heretic by the Saint Inquisition Court. He was burnt at the stake. It is also known as Azcona Ruins and Five Little Hills.

It spreads in a 20 hectares - land that includes a perimeter of 1 400 meters.

It is composed by five pyramidal wall structures, that present access ramps and that define extensive platforms of use. The volume are very high and present successive remodelings

152

Mateo Salado

ARÍA AVE. BOLLAT

I AVE.

AVE.

BERTELLO

LORETO

LIMA

TINGO M

N

26

PLAZA DE LA BANDERA

AV E.

PUEBLO LIBRE

DEL RÍO

AVE.

MARIANO CORNEJO AVE.

BR

AS

IL

BOLIVAR AVE.

SU CR

EA

VE.

26 Principal Avenue Mateo Salado Secondary streets Archaeological place

250

500 m

Airport, port

Walter Hupiu

0

153

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Maranga

Walter Hupiu

This extensive monumental complex of built-up huacas, the oldest made of “adobitos” placed in the bookcase way, and the latest walls, has more than 50 pyramidal buildings reaching most of them15 meters high on average.

154

Maranga

MARANGA CHAYAVILCA ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

Otros nombres: Huaca As

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 272760.97 N 8665501.19

Google Earth W 77 05'15'', S 12 03' 55''

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: San Miguel

Province: Lima Region: Lima

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Maranga, 64 Pacific Ocean,, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

Lima, 110

TIME LINE b.C. 200

100

a.C. 0

100

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Maranga 0

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Malo

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an on-site Museum "Ernst Middenddorf" inside Parque de las Leyendas territory.

155

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route The northernmost part is composed by earlier buildings of Lima period, such as Huaca Middenddorf, the Huaca 21, the Huaca San Marcos, the Huaca Potosí, the Huaca Concha, among others.

Some of these pyramidal buildings are ready for a tourist visit, the one which is included in the general visit to Parque de Las Leyendas.

It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for being, together with Mateo Salado, the most extensive varied monumental complexes that still exist in the city.

Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU

This extensive monumental complex, also known as Maranga-Chayavilca, that was possibly the capital of Lima Culture, has 50 pyramidal buildings, the oldest made of “adobitos” placed in the bookcase way, and the latest walls, reaching most of them 15 meters high on average. Most of these buildings are located inside the lands of Parque de Las Leyendas, where they have been fitted out for their visit and to be put a value on in general. They take part of this complex, the Huaca Tres Palos, the Huaca La Palma, an Inca Palace, the Huaca Cruz Blanca, among others.

156

AVE.

Maranga

VENEZUELA

N

SAN MIGUEL

SOR

AVE

.

BOLIVA

R AVE.

ESC

JOSÉ

ARD

DE L

O AV

E.

ES

UNIVERSITARIA AVE.

CUR

CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ UNIVERSITY

A RIV

PRE

A AG ÜERO

PARQUE DE LAS LEYENDAS ZOO

AVE.

27

LA MA

R AVE.

LA MARINA AVE. 27 Principal Avenue Secondary streets Archaeological place

250

500 m

Airport, port

Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU

0

Maranga

157

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Paramonga

Víctor Villanueva / PROMPERU

It is a construction built in the border between the Chimú and the Ichsma in the small north of Peru. It is placed between the Regional State and the Tawantinsuyo periods. It is said that it was an important worshipping place and its name is due to Paramonga town. It isn’t known its original denomination in muchik language, though.

158

Otros nombres: Huaca As

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 189140.94 N 8820932.84

Google Earth W 77 05'15'', S 12 03' 55''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Paramonga District: Pativilca

Province: Barranca Region: Lima

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Paramonga, 17 Pacific Ocean, 0

Iquitos, 104

Lima, 110

TIME LINE b.C. 200

100

a.C. 0

100

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Paramonga 1200 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES A small on-site Museum and hygienic services.

159

Paramonga

PARAMONGA ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENT

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route soldier”: (...) and another day he went to sleep in a big town called Parmunga, which is close to the sea, has a Fortified House, with five blind fences, painted inside and outside, with its well dressed façades, in the same way as in Spain, with two tigers (pumas?) at the main door (...)”.

It hasn’t suffered major modifications from the beginning of the XIX century, consequently, it allows to see original architectural details in its high part.

It is believed that it has a floor in a Feline shape and its surrounding walls in three levels, effectively look like a fortified place.

It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route, for being one of the monuments located at the entrance of Lima next to Panamericana Highway.

César A. Vega

This construction was built in the border between the Chimú and the Ichsma in the small north of Peru. It is placed between the Regional State (1200 1470 a.C.) and the Tawantinsuyo (1470 - 1532 a.C.) periods.

It is said that it was an important worshipping place and its name is due to Paramonga town. It isn’t known its original denomination in muchik language, though, which was the one that was spoken on the northern coast before the Conquest. Commonly called “Fortaleza”, it owes this nickname to one of its principal well preserved buildings, which is a terraced pyramid with 4 levels of large proportions, built of adobe bricks on a hill. It looks like a medieval European castle.

According to ancient chroniclers, like Miguel de Estete, the “chronicler

160

Paramonga

N ca

vil

ati oP

Rí 28

LIMA PAN

AME

RICA

NA R

OAD

PARAMONGA

PACIFIC OCEAN 28 Paramonga

PATIVILCA

District Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port 1

2 km

César A. Vega

0

161

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Puruchuco

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

This palacelike construction of the Late period (XV - XVI century a.C.), made of adobe tricks on a rectangular floor terrain, with Horizontal structures without artificial volume/ pyramidal.

162

Puruchuco

PURUCHUCO ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE

Otros nombres: Huaca As

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 289242.36 N 8667215.04

Google Earth W 76 56'10'', S 12 02' 59''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Urbano District: Ate

Province: Lima Region: Lima

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

Puruchuco, 324 Pacific Ocean, 0 Lima, 110

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 100

50

a.C. 0

50

1400

1450

1500

1550

1600

1650

1700

1750

Puruchuco 1450 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES On-site Museum, visit circuit, recreational areas for children, hygienic services.

163

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

164

This archaeological complex raised on wall had another name before: Vista Alegre, for being inside the limits of the farm that has the same name. However, at the moment of getting a fair name in accordance with its prehispanic legacy, it was chosen the name of Puruchuco, due to the proximity of the palace with another archaeological site located on a farm that belonged to Fransiscan priests that corresponded to the name of Puruchuca.

Researchers have determined that this palace like construction of the Late period (XV - XVI century a.C.), made in base of wall on a rectangular floor terrain, with horizontal structures without artificial volume/pyramidal. This place presents different sectors that go from great walls on the crest of the nearby hills, to some more rudimentary (stone and mud) sectors of manufacturing service.

The outstanding building is the one that has been completely restored and belonged to a local curaca who ruled this part of the valley. The characteristics and architectural details such as its vaulted niches, benches and accesses, remark its particularity in comparison of other buildings of the same period.

Another non-restored sector is the one that is known as Puruchuca, located to the south of the boundary of the spur that arranges these settlements.

ASTU ET STRE RIAS .

AVE

US

IND

OC AR HU

RA

DO ARA

AL TRI

E.

OS DE L ING ROS EET

STR 500 m

VE.

EA

ENIE

250

ESTADIO MONUMENTAL

Í AV

HIR

SEP

0

29

PROLONGACIÓN JAVIER PRADO AVE.

LÁS

NICO

ATE - VITARTE

E.

N AV

LÓ AYL

IER

JAV

ST OE

29 Principal Avenue Secondary streets Archaeological place

Puruchuco

D

PRA

Airport, port

165

Puruchuco

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

N

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Cajamarquilla

Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU

This archaeological site was built by the end of the Early Intermediate period, by the year 600 a.C., during the period of predominance in the valley of Lima culture. It is considered the second largest urban mud complex of the Central Coast after PachacĂĄmac.

166

Cajamarquilla

CAJAMARQUILLA ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

Otros nombres: Huaca As

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 292136.46 N 8674331.59

Google Earth W 76 54'33'', S 11 59' 09''

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Lurigancho

Province: Lima Region: Lima

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768

Cajamarquilla, 395 Pacific Ocean, 0 Lima, 110

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

0

a.C. 200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Cajamarquilla 600 a.C.

1450 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES The Entrance is managed from Puruchuco on-site Museum.

167

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route streets, squares, extensive yards and some sectors of considerable height composed by piramidal buildings typical of this period.

In the few archaeological interventions that this complex has had, contexts solidly characteristic of Lima and Ichsma cultures have been found.

They are represented in burials and deposit zones.

It takes part of the Ancient of the Metropoli Route for Keeling its amazing monumentality reflexed in the extension of the wall buildings, from which, some of them have been intervened for a better presentation.

Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU

The impressiveness of this archaeological site has its origins at the end of the Early Intermediate period, by the year 600 a.C., during the period of domain in the valley of Lima culture, with its 167 hectares of extension, it is considered the second largest urban mud complex of the Central Coast after Pachacamac.

The importance of Cajamarquilla as a political-urban center was increasing in accordance with the centurias, and by the year 1100 a.C. (Late Intermediate), it went on growing till it got its current configuration. Here you can see an extensive urban zone with

168

nnnn

Cajamarquilla

30

N

Principal avenue Cajamarquilla Secondary streets Archaeological place Railroad Airport, port

30

C

RQ

MA

A AJ

.

VE

AA

L UIL

LURIGANCHO LAS

TOR

RES

AVE

.

n nnn nnn n n nn RÍM n nn RÍO nnn RAMIRO PRIALÉ ROAD n n OAD nnn AL R nnn ENTR n C n nnnnn 250 500 m nnnnn nnnnnn n n n n n nnnnn

0

Walter Hupiu / PROMPERU

AC

169

n

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Pachacámac

César A. Vega

The constructive material, in early periods, was mud in the form of “adobitos” and walls and adobe bricks in later periods. Inside the places, you can see relatively public spaces, pyramidal temples with access ramps and fences, like del Sol temple and the principal which is Viejo or Pachacámac temple.

170

Pachacámac

PACHACÁMAC ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE

Otros nombres: Huaca As

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 292954.22 N 8643611.29

Google Earth W 76 54'08'', S 12 15' 29''

ALTITUDE

Spot: Pachacámac District: Lurín

Province: Lima Region: Lima

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Pachacámac, 34 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

Lima, 110

TIME LINE b.C. 200

0

a.C. 200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Pachacámac 600 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES On-site Museum, visit circuit and hygienic services.

171

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route earlier periods and walls and adobe bricks in the later periods. Inside the places, you can see relatively public spaces (e.g. Los Peregrinos Square), piramidal temples with access ramps and fences, like del Sol temple and the principal which is Viejo or Pachacámac temple.

Although it seems that the occupation of the zone starts in very early periods such as the Archaic and Formative, it is in the Regional Development (± 0 - 600 a.C.) when Pachacámac starts having importance at a regional level until the Wari empire period (± 600 - 900 a.C.)

César A. Vega

The religious importance of Pachacámac archaeological complex as god-oracle in the Andean World was Sorong during the first centuries of the colony until its transfiguration into Pachacamilla Christ. The prestige of this divinity went beyond frontiers as the years went by. Pachacámac complex is composed by two extensive fences that hold a series of places, being the main areas the ones which are between the two ways of Panamericana Sur highway (‘old’ and ‘new’). The constructive material was mud in the form of “adobitos” in

172

LURÍN

PANAMER IC

IGHWAY ANA SUR OLD H 31

PA

NA

PACIFIC OCEAN

Principal Avenue Secondary streets Archaeological place

Airport, port

ME

RIC

AN

AS

UR

31 Pachacámac

0

0.5 km

1 km

173

Pachacámac

César A. Vega .

VE

AA

LIM

N

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route associated to the priests.

In that period, the zone had more ideological power even with the Inca or Tawantinsuyo occupation (± 1470 - 1532 a.C.), who made some reforms and built del Sol Temple and Allaqwasi or las Mamaconas Temple.

Due to its generales and particular features, Pachacámac is one of the principal Archaeological Complex that take part of the Ancient of the Metropoli.

Archivo PROMPERU

when it reaches a multiregional level in almost all the Andean area. Between both periods the Pintado Temple was built as an annexed structure to the Viejo Temple. Then, during the Wari Empire fall, Pachacámac had one of its most dramatic changes, the nearby areas to the principal temples were restricted and the small temples (palaces?) called Pyramid with Ramps (C.R.) appear as symbols of power of the Ichsma elite that seemed to be

174

175

Pachacamac

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

The Metropolis Ancients’ Route

Geographical means Between the years 200 and 700 a.C . The valley of Lima had a conjunction of ecosystems that made ideal for the formation of cultures, in spite of being in the middle of the Coastal desert. There used to be woods of guarangos, taras, molles and several fruit trees. The large Lumber of irrigation ditches and open channels formed their own riverside wood. What is more, the wetlands spread in the mouths of the Rivers, overall, in the southern zone of Lima, in the current districts of Chorrillos and Villa el Salvador until the delta of the river Lurín.

In the sea, there were a great abundance of resources and its exploitation permitted a great development of the civilizations that settled down there.

The inhabitants of the coast populated hillocks and valleys, until they formed very complex worship and housing centers, the ones that gave origin to immense ceremonial centres such as Huacoy on the Chillón river, Garagay and the Florida on the Rímac river, Manchay in Lurín, Chancay, Supe and many other valleys of the north and the south.

176

177

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

South Archaeological Route

178

CĂŠsar A. Vega

The south of Peru, tends to identify as a territory full of contradictions and incredible potenciality. It is a region where you can see the magesty of the Andes mountain range, as well as the sparkling aridity of the coastal desert, whose principal tourist destination are the geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa. But the south is also scenery of the social complexity focus of the prehispanic period. It is the altiplano region, with abundant information about the origins of the Andean divinity Pan of sticks and originary source of the Inca ethnia of Cusco. In this way, we propose: The Feline Route.

179

Feline Route 32

Nasca Lines

38

33

Cantayoc

39

Paredones

40

Cahuachi

41

Some researchers consider it as the “first capital” of Nasca culture.

36

Saywite

Choquequirao This is a 2 hectares stone complex built at the beginning of the XVI century.

180

Chinchero The famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the folklore of Cusco come from this zone.

42

Maras Here we find the most famous salt mines of the region, worked since past periods.

The most remarkably known is a sculptural monolithic model.

37

Pikillacta It is a fortified city with streets that lead to productive areas, warehouses, residencies, etc.

It is represented by a group of walls made of clay and compressed mud.

35

Cusco City Archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and past splendour of the expired Incas.

Underground channel network connected to the phreatic layer.

34

Limatambo Qhapaq Ñan station set up by auxiliary structures made of stone and Andean terraces.

Several geoglyphs that represent geometric, natural, abstract figures.

43

Ollantaytambo It is a small pre-hispanic city with remainings of Tawantinsuyu.

44 8

Machu Picchu It is a kind of residency and property of the first Inca emperor.

45 9

Tip贸n/Oropesa It is a small pre-hispanic settlement with Inca characteristics.

46 10

Andahuaylillas It is a strategic point related with the store and redistribution of production.

47

Raqchi These are atypical structures made of very high mud walls, according to their period.

48

Pucar谩 It is famous for its glazed, semi-glazed or painted in green crafts, among them we find the famous 'toritos'.

49

Sillustani The most interesting are the mausoleums or 'chullpas' made of stone.

181

Feline Route This tour links from the feline iconographic presence in the archaeological collections, as well as in the same places along the whole southern territory that covers the current cities of Ica, Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Apurímac, Cusco and Puno. This feline presence predominates in the Late Periods and specially in the Inca period, but there are still some exponents in the earlier period.

The feline, constitutes, one of the principal representatives of the Andean rituality. In case of the south, this one spreads, develops and connects with the foundational origins similar to the Inca ethnia, the one which had the feline as the symbol of their beginnings. The different forms of representation are given not only in its ceramics and trinkets or textilery, but in the lythic sculptural representations associated to the principal buildings, or to the closeness of its sacred paqarinas. The feline is also present in the planning of Cusco city, the one which makes of this issue, an attractive proposal to establish this tour.

The places involved in this original Route are: Nasca Lines (Ica), Cantayoc (Ica), Paredones (Ica), Cahuachi (Ica), Saywite (Apurímac), Choquequirao (Cusco), Limatambo (Cusco), Anta (Cusco), Cusco (Cusco), Pikillacta (Cusco), Chincheros (Cusco), Maras (Cusco), Ollantaytambo (Cusco), Machu Picchu (Cusco), Tipón/Oropesa (Cusco), Andahuaylillas (Cusco), CHINCHA ALTA Raqchi (Cusco), Pucará (Puno) and PISCO Sillustani (Puno).

ICA

ICA PALPA 32 35

PACIFIC OCEAN

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port Airdrome

182

Feline Route 32 Nasca Lines 33 Cantayoc 34 Paredones 35 Cahuachi 36 Saywite 37 Choquequirao

38 Limatambo 39 Cusco City 40 Pikillacta 41 Chinchero 42 Maras 43 Ollantaytambo

44 Machu Picchu 45 Tipón /Oropesa 46 Andahuaylillas 47 Raqchi 48 Pucará 49 Sillustani

33 34 NASCA

TIME LINE 6000

5800

b.C. 800

600

400

200

a.C. 0

Nasca / Cahuachi

200

400

Cantayoc

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Paredones Pikillacta / Ollantaytambo / Machu Picchu

Saywite / Choquequirao / Sillustani Limatambo / Cusco / Chinchero / Maras / Tipón / Oropesa / Andahuaylillas / Raqchi / Pucará

CUSCO

44

AYACUCHO

37

ABANCAY

AYACUCHO

43

OLLANTAYTAMBO 36

15

URUBAMBA

42 41 38

39 46 40 45

CUSCO

APURÍMAC

47

SICUANI

PUNO

48

PUCARÁ

JULIACA 49

PUNO

LAGO TITICACA

N Detailed area

0

25

50

75

100 km

183

Feline Route

Nasca Lines

CĂŠsar A. Vega

The geoglyphs are diverse, from trapezoids, rectangles and triangles among other geometrical figures until naturalist and abstract such as hands and spirals, going through animals, humans and plants.

184

Other names: Geoglifos de Nasca, Líneas de la Pampa de Jumana

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 485412 N 8372158

Google Earth W 75 08’06” S 14 43’01”

ALTITUDE

Spot: Pampa de Jumana District: Diversos

Province: Nasca / Palpa Region: Ica

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Nasca, 450 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

a.C. 0

1000

2000

Nasca 6000 b.C.

600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES In this zone we can find two observatories or viewpoints, one is metallic and the other is natural, in both of them there are two small souvenir stands.

185

Nasca Lines

NASCA LINES

César A. Vega

Feline Route

186

scientist Paul Kosok performed some investigstions in the place. However, the deepest investigation works started in 1946 when the geoglyphs caught the interest of the German doctor María Reiche, who devoted to their studies until the end of her life.

The surface is composed by a soft

César A. Vega

César A. Vega

These famous huge geoglyphs are located at about 450 meters above the sea level, in a plain arid zone or esplanade.

The first informs about these lines date from 1927, as a result of the first works of the Peruvian Archaeologis Mejía Xespe. Then, in 1939, the American

the Archaic (± 6000 b.C.), but it is notable the presence of geoglyphs in the Formative (± 2000 to 100 b.C.) with the Paracas, until the end of the Regional Development (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.) with the occupation of the zone by the Wari Empire. But there is hardly anything from that occupation to the present.

Nasca Lines need to be investigated more in order to be conserved and preserved, as it is the only example of this type of patrimony in Iberoamerica, which in the year 1994, was declared as Cultural Patrimony of Humanity.

SANTA CRUZ RÍO GRANDE

OTOCA

PALPA LLIPATA

rande

32

Río G

NASCA

ICA

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome

32

Nasca Lines

N

0

10

20km

187

Nasca Lines

alluvial cone with reddish material (due to the iron oxide on some stones) on layers of clay land; the “cleaning” of sco i P Río this reddish surface, allows to perceive the yellowish beige bottom, the one which was used as part of the working technique to make the geoglyphs.

The variety of these geoglyphs is LOS MOLINOS amazing, from trapezoids, rectangles and triangles among other geometrical figures, until naturalist and abstract such as hands and spirals, going ICA through animals, humans and plants.

The human occupation of the zone could have started by the end of

Feline Route

Cantayoc Aqueduct

CĂŠsar A. Vega

The aqueducts are a net of underground channels connected to the freatic napa at hundreds of kilometers towards the East, built by the Nasca society (Âą100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), and they are still in use.

188

Cantayoc Aqueduct

CANTAYOC AQUEDUCT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 509572 N 8360877

Google Earth W 74 54’36” S 14 49’35”

ALTITUDE

Spot: Cantayoc District: Nasca

Province: Nasca Region: Ica

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Cantayoc, 620 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Cantayoc 100 b.C.

600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no resources in its area but its proximity to the city makes up for the lack of services.

189

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Feline Route

190

NOS

The construction of Cantayoc aqueducts started with the location of freatic napa. Then, a channel or ditch at certain angle of depth was made. After that, the necessary branches were performed and finally, before they were covered, the necessary vents or “eyes” were made not only as air columns so that the water could run but they also worked as maintenance points.

In order to keep it, more investigation is needed. Its importante lies in the fact that it is an integral part of Nasca city and it is still in use and it can be appreciated.

SANTA CRUZ OTOCA

RÍO GRANDE

PALPA LLIPATA

NASCA

ICA

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome

33

SANTA LUCÍA

Río Nasca

33

Cantayoc

N 0

10

20 km

191

Cantayoc Aqueduct

These amazing aqueducts are about 620 meters above the sea level on the Leith side of the river known as Nasca.

It seems that the occupation took place in the Regional Developments represented locally by Nasca culture (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), and they are still in use. This group is represented by a net of underground channels connected to the freatic napa at hundreds of kilometers towards the east, with which, it is shown the Nascas’ knowledge about aquiferous technique.

Feline Route

Paredones

Rodrigo Cabrera

This group is represented by a set of beaten compressed mud walls that are popularly known as “paredones� (thick walls), distributed in levelling terraces. It is located in the outskirts of Ica city.

192

Paredones

PAREDONES GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 507139 N 8359205

Google Earth W 74 56’05” S 14 50’28”

ALTITUD

Spot: Paredones District: Nasca

Province: Nasca Region: Ica

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Paredones, 600 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 500

250

a.C. 0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

Paredones 100 b.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no resources in its area but its proximity to the city makes up for the lack of services.

193

Rodrigo Cabrera

Rodrigo Cabrera

Feline Route

This archaeological complex is located at about 600 meters above the sea level on the southern skirt of a slight spur of a hill to the Routh of Nasca city. It is practically placed in an urban area.

It seems that the occupation of

194

Paredones took place in the Regional Developments represented locally by Nasca culture (Âą100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.) but it is notable the occupation in the Regional States with Ica culture (Âą 900 to 1250 a.C.) and with the

NOS

vigilance tower and others. In some places you can still see the signs of some walls together with cut stones, and in others, the stones present the joint completed united and well fitted, typical of the inca architecture.

This place presents seven sectors, being the best conserved and the most important, sectors IV, V y VII; they present delimited paths for their visit and conservation.

Its importance lies in the fact that it is an integral part of Nasca city and it is near the aqueducts.

SANTA CRUZ

PALPA

OTOCA

RÍO GRANDE LLIPATA

NASCA 34

ICA

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome

SANTA LUCÍA

Río Nasca

34

Paredones

N

0

10

20 km

195

Paredones

incorporation to the II empire or Tawantinsuyo (±1250 to 1532 a.C.).

This group is represented by a set of beaten compressed mud walls that are popularly known as “paredones” (thick walls), distributed in levelling terraces.

Its architecture uses rectangular adobe bricks on a base of cut stone. It presents a urban planning with common characteristics to these settlements such as a large square of trapezoid floor as a central element, buildings of administrative type, warehouses, barracks, ceremonial or sacrifice area,

Feline Route

Cahuachi

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Its greatest occupation took place the first centurias of the Regional Developments period, represented locally by Nasca culture (Âą100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), with the group of great pyramids, squares, built with adobe bricks and stucco.

196

Cahuachi

CAHUACHI

Other names: Kawachi, Kahuachi.

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 487658 N 8361867

Google Earth W 75 06’58” S 14 49’07”

ALTITUDe

Spot: Cahuachi District: Nasca

Province: Nasca Region: Ica

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Cahuachi, 400 Pacific Ocean, 0

Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

a.C. 0

1000

2000

Cahuachi 6000 b.C.

600 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no resources in its area.

197

Feline Route the first centuries of the Regional Developments period, represented locally by Nasca culture (±100 - 0 b.C. to 600 a.C.), with a group of great pyramids, squares, built with adobe bricks and stucco.

The splendour period of Cahuachi is related with the apparent height of the geoglyphs of Jumana pampa or Nasca Lines.

It needs to be investigated more to be conserved, its belonging lies on its monumentality and for having been one of the principal sites of the Nasca.

Some researchers consider it as the “first capital” of this culture.

César A. Vega

This important archaeological complex is located at 400 meters above the sea level on the left side of the river known as Nasca. The occupation of the zone goes from the Archaic (± 6000 b.C.) and it goes up to now with eventual occupations of hunters and collectors’ campsites; but the massive occupation starts by the end of the Formative period represented Paracas culture (± 2000 to 100 b.C.) with some structures, burials and ceramic, Necropolis or Late Ocucaje stile, and it goes at least by the end of the first Empire or Wari manifested in the deposit site.

The largest occupation took place

198

SANTA CRUZ

PALPA

OTOCA

RÍO GRANDE LLIPATA

35

NASCA

ICA SANTA LUCÍA

Río Nasca

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome

35

Cahuachi

N 0

10

20 km

199

Cahuachi

César A. Vega

NOS

Feline Route

Saywite

CĂŠsar A. Vega

The stone of Saywite is famous because on it, you can observe the cosmogony and the religion of the last years of our Autonomous Development, planning and architecture. It is located at about 3 500 meters above the sea level on the top of hillock, at 45 kilometers on the way Abancay - Cusco.

200

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 737797 N 8501285

Google Earth W 72 48’09” S 13 32’49”

ALTITUDE

Spot: Saywite District: Curahuasi

Province: Abancay Region: Apurímac

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Saywite, 3 500 Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Pacific Ocean, 0

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 250

a.C. 0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

Saywite 1200 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no resources in its area.

201

Saywite

SAYWITE

Feline Route that represent the geography and environment of the zone. We also found stops and fountains built in an area of 1 900 m.

The sector II, the steps and fountain area, is characterized by a succession of 9 fountains, associated to a stone staircase. The sector III is the area of minor monoliths and fountains.

Regarding to sector IV, it is the area of possible constructions in the shape of truncated pyramids. The sector V, also called Ushno Sector, is a rectangular shape platform of 18 x 34 m where religious activities took place, observation and sun worship. Finally the sector VI, called Intihuatana, is a stone block carved of several forms. It was probably an astronomic observatory.

Its location, as well as its tourist and scientific atractive, make Saywite one of the jewelry of the route.

C茅sar A. Vega

It is about an archaeological complex with structures and architecture, with nearby platforms; but the most notable and known is a sculptural monolithic scale model that still remains in the place. It is famous because in it, you can observe the cosmogony and the religi贸n of the last years of our Autonomous Development, apart from the urban planning and architecture.

The stone of Saywite, as it is known, it was identified by an expedition in charge of Julio C. Tello, who performed a mould of plaster and then casting in cement at an exhibition at the Museo de la Naci贸n.

This archaeological complex that covers 60 hectares, in the place called Qonchaca, is clasified into six sectors. The sector I, is the area of the principal monolith, which is the maximum expression of the complex.

This monolith has an egg shape and it is 2,5 m high with carved elements

202

Río

Saywite

N

c

ríma

Apu

CACHORA

LIMATAMBO CURAHUASI

ANTA

36

ABANCAY

APURÍMAC PICHIRHUA

CIRCA

CHACNA CHACOCHE

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airdrome

PROGRESO

36

Saywite

CHUQUIBAMBILLA

OROPESA 0

10

20 km

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

LUCRE

203

Feline Route

Choquequirao

Renzo Uccelli / PROMPERU

This inca archaeological complex at the beginning of the XVI Century, built on base of stone. Archaeologists presume that it is about one of the many lost cities in Vilcabamba, where the Incas took refuge in 1536.

204

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 730243 N 8518381

Google Earth W 72 52’26.11” S 13 23’36.11”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District:

Province: La Convención Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Choquequirao, 3 050 Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Pacific Ocean, 0

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 250

a.C. 0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

Choquequirao 1200 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES Along the route are rest areas and restrooms. In the archaeological complex are INC campsite area and showers.

205

Choquequirao

CHOQUEQUIRAO

Feline Route by the topograpgy of the place. They had different functions and they communicated by means of pedestrian accesses to the main square. You can appreciate a complex hydraulic system destinated probably to domestic, ceremonial and agricultural use.

Having into account the geographical location of Choquequirao in comparison to other complexes of the same period, It seems that it had the function of being an inca enclave towards the hot valleys of the river ApurĂ­mac. Its inhabitants devoted to the intensive agriculture and performed ceremonias where water was an important worshipping element. Furthermore, it was a storing place of several products coming from other zones as well as a restinga place hmong the valleys of ApurĂ­mac, Vilcabamba and Vilcanota.

Renzo Uccelli / PROMPERU

The inca archaeological complex at the beginning of the XVI century, built on base of stones, occupies an extension of 2 hectares. Archaeologists presume that it is about one of the many lost cities in Vilcabamba, where the Incas took refuge in 1536.

Choquequirao is an extraordinary complex that was built in the last years of the Inca Empire (1471 - 1527 a.C.). It was possibly, one of the control points for the Entrance to the Vilcabamba region, and an administrative core with political, social and economic functions. It consists of nine architectonic groups made of stone and a system of 180 platforms, apart from residential houses, administrative, craftmen, irrigation systerm, among other constructions built in base of stone.

The sectors that from it are defined

206

AGUAS CALIENTES

WILLOC

MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY

URUBAMBA

CUSCO

37

CHINCHERO

rímac

Río Apu

LIMATAMBO

CACHORA

ANTA CURAHUASI

CUSCO

ABANCAY HUANOQUITE

37

Choquequirao

TAMBOBAMBA PROGRESO 0

OROPESA

10

20 km

Renzo Uccelli / PROMPERU

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

207

Choquequirao

N

Feline Route

Limatambo

Rodrigo Cabrera

It is related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ă‘an.

Limatambo is conformed by late auxiliary stone structures and an important walking infrastructure and andenes or growing terraces.

208

Limatambo

LIMATAMBO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 776786 N 8508375

Google Earth W 72 26’38” S 13 28’47”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Limatambo

Province: Anta Region: Cusco

Nevado Huascarán, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Limatambo, 2 700 Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 25

a.C. 0

25

50

1450

1475

1500

1525

1550

1575

Limatambo 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Complejo Monumental Necrópolis Tumba Principal

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no services in its area.

209

Luis Gamero / PROMPERU

Feline Route

This place is located at 2 700 meters above the sea level on the way Abancay - Cusco. It has an apparently long human occupation. This ancient settlement with colonial airs, is related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ñan, or Inca Road that joined all the regions of Tahuantinsuyo. It is also known by the name of Tarawasi. The historic tradition points out that this place wes ordered to be built by the Inca Pachacútec with the aimof establishing a restinga tambo in the zone, on the way to Chinchaysuyo.

The archaeological complex of Limatambo is considered to be an Inca ceremonial center, located on the principal way Chinchaysuyo, built with andesita stone, carved and refined in cushioned polygon form, whose external parameters, of fine ending, have an aesthetics disposition of stones forming rosettes.

210

In the lower extreme of the complex principal wall, superimposed on the base of the prehispanic construction, are the remains of a colonial farmhouse. In the hose in ruins, still prevails, a channel system made by the Incas in the original construction. As in Ollantaytambo or Koricancha, you can appreciate the Spanish custom of superimposing the constructions over the Incas’ monuments.

This archaeological complex is composed by late auxiliary stone structures, an important walking infrastructure and andenes or growing terraces.

Limatambo needs more research to get its longed conservation. The belonging to this route lies on being part of the way Qhapaq Ñan and being close to the archaeoturistic way that is proposed here.

AGUAS CALIENTES

Limatambo

Rodrigo Cabrera

N

WILLOC

MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY

URUBAMBA

CUSCO CHINCHERO LIMATAMBO

CACHORA

38

ANTA

CUSCO

CURAHUASI

ABANCAY HUANOQUITE PACARITAMBO 38

Río

Limatambo

Ap ac

TAMBOBAMBA

urím

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

PROGRESO 0

10

20 km

211 OROPESA

OMAC

Feline Route

Cusco City

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Capital of Tawantinsuyo, in this city we have archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and the preterit splendour of the defunct Incas.

At the same time, it is one of the fewest cities of Peru that still have the colonialism as part of its daily life and the traces of Tawantinsuyo.

212

Cusco City

CUSCO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 177519 N 8503759

Google Earth W 71 58’43” S 13 31’00”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Cusco

Province: Cusco Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399 Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 25

a.C. 0

25

50

1450

1475

1500

1525

1550

1575

Cusco 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TIPO DE ASENTAMIENTO Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has services at all prices.

213

Feline Route to the geographic, politic and sacred center of the Empire that was Cusco.

The urban design of Cusco evokes the silhouette of a crouched puma and in it converged the Incas’ road net that ran along the 40 000 sqkm of the inca territory from North to South. Because of its historical and archaeological value, Cusco was declared Patrimony of Humanity in 1983.

In Pachacútec’s time, the center of the city was organized around the double Squire of Huacaypata and Cusipata (at present San Francisco and Main Squares). These squares were surrounded by imperial palaces and temples, among the ones, stand out for their importante and richness, the Coricancha. To the north-east of Huacapata Squire, it was probably, Pachacútec Palace (Casana), from which there are still some pieces of wall.

César A. Vega

The impressive city of Cusco, “the navel of the world” as the Incas used to call it, is located at 3 500 meters above the sea level inside a protected trough in the province of the same name.

In the capital of the second Empire or Tawantinsuyo, we have archaeological evidences that send us back to the origin and splendor of the Inca culture, as well as the constructions that are surrounded such as Saqsaywaman or Q’enqo, of less Late periods corresponding to the Regional Developments. According to Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, its urban design reflects the four-part structure of organization of the inca territory and it was divided into two pairs of neighbourhoods corresponding to the four suyos of the empire (Chinchaysuyo, Antisuyo, Cuntisuyo and Collasuyo).

The territories that incorporated to the inca domains were being ascribed according to its orientation regarding

214

TRES CRUCES

CUSCO

WILLOC

URUBAMBA

OLLANTAYTAMBO

PAUCARTAMBO CALCA

MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY CHINCHERO

COLQUEPATA

PÍSAC

LIMATAMBO CURAHUASI

CAY

ANTA

CUSCO

39

OROPESA

N

HUANOQUITE

URCOS

PACARITAMBO

PARURO

39

Cusco City

ACOMAYO Río Apurímac

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

0

10

20 km

OMACHA

215 OROPESA

Cusco City

César A. Vega

AGUAS CALIENTES

Feline Route

Pikillacta

CĂŠsar A. Vega

It is a fortified city. Inside, you can identify streets that connect large productive areas, warehouses, administrative and residential areas. It is one of the principal ancient cities of Cusco and Peru.

216

Other names: Piquillakta, Piki Llacta, Mohina, Muyuna, Muyna.

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 206152 N 8493173

Google Earth W 71 42’49” S 13 36’56”

ALTITUDE

Spot: Pikillaqta District: Cusco

Province: Quispicanchi Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Pikillaqta, 3 350

Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Pacific Ocean, 0

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Pikillaqta 500 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no services.

217

Pikillacta

PIKILLAQTA

César A. Vega

César A. Vega

Feline Route

218

has its origin during the height of the first Empire or Wari (± 600 to 1000 a.C.) and in accordance with some archaeologists and ethnohistorians, the mythical characters of Manco Qapaq, Mama Oqllo and Mama Warko existed, the ones who must have come from this place.

This is one of the landmarks that remark this route, maybe, as important as the proper city of Cusco, as it would be the origin of the Inca ethnia that centuries later would turn into an empire.

TRES CRUCES WILLOC

N

CUSCO

URUBAMBA

OLLANTAYTAMBO

CALCA CHINCHERO

PAUCARTAMBO

COLQUEPATA

PÍSAC

LIMATAMBO

ANTA

CUSCO

CCARHUAYO

OROPESA

CCATAC

40

HUANOQUITE PACARITAMBO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

OROPESA

40

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

URCOS

PARURO

Pikillacta

ACOMAYO

CUSIPATA

ACCHA 0

10

20 km

219

Pikillacta

It is located at 3 350 meters above the sea level and at about 30 km to the south of Cusco. The archaeological complex of Pikillacta is a fortified city with only two accesses, probably defensive. Inside, you can identify streets that connect large productive areas, warehouses, administrative and residential areas, etc. Its design and construction is orthogonal very similar to the “new” sectors of Wari city.

Investigations have determined that Pikillacta is one of the principal ancient cities of Cusco and Peru. It

Feline Route

Chinchero

CĂŠsar A. Vega

The famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the current folklore of Cusco, come from this zone, as well as many of the people who are employed as bearers in the route that goes from this zone to Qhapaq Ă‘an.

220

Chinchero

CHINCHERO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 819369 N 8517148

Google Earth W 72 03’06” S 13 23’42”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Chinchero

Province: Urubamba Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Chinchero, 3 750 Huaraz, 3 091 Pacific Ocean, 0

Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 25

a.C. 0

25

50

1450

1475

1500

1525

1550

1575

Chinchero 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no services. Handicraft fair and souvenir sales.

221

César A. Vega

César A. Vega

Feline Route

222

more, the famous neo-typical colonial costumes that characterize the current folklore of Cusco, come from this zone, as well as many of the people who are employed as bearers in the route that goes from this zone to Qhapaq Ñan.

It also stands out the church that was built during the years of the colony, where you can appreciate beautiful paintings from the Escuela Cusqueña.

On Sundays, there is a fair where traders and peasants exchange their products, even by using barter (exchange).

TRES CRUCES

AGUAS CALIENTES

CUSCO

WILLOC OLLANTAYTAMBO

URUBAMBA

PAUCARTAMBO CALCA

MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY 41

CHINCHERO

COLQUEPATA

PÍSAC

LIMATAMBO

ANTA

N

CUSCO

HUANOQUITE PACARITAMBO

OROPESA

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

URCOS

PARURO

41

Chinchero

ACOMAYO Río Apurímac

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

OROPESA

0

10

20 km

OMACHA

223

Chinchero

The settlement of Chinchero, located at about 3 750 meters above the sea level, is just 30 km to the north-east of the city of Cusco. It was probably built

by Túpac Inca Yupanqui in 1480, as a restinga palace. It is composed by a set of pre-columbian wall structures, places, andean terraces, stops, worship places, hmong others. It is perhaps, one of the archaeological complexes that is in perfect conditions in Cusco.

Chinchero is also related to one of the stops of Qhapaq Ñan. What is

Feline Route

Maras

CĂŠsar A. Vega

Maras belongs to an occupation of Tawantinsuyo and a clear colonial occupation that has been restored recently as part of the recreation and fundamentation of the historical, regional and national identity.

224

Maras

MARAS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 808058 N 8524014

Google Earth W 72 09’22” S 13 19’58”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Maras

Province: Urubamba Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Maras, 3 550 Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 25

a.C. 0

25

50

1450

1475

1500

1525

1550

1575

Maras 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has restrooms and souvenir sales.

225

Jorge Sarmiento / PROMPERU

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

Feline Route

226

ORA

a sea that disappeared in prehistoric times, leaving as remains sodium chloride and fossils.

To the west side, you can find the famous Andean terraces of Moray, which, according to some researchers, had been a genetics experimentation center of native especies such as maize, but the fact is that it was and it is still an area of production.

This set of sites must be considered as a Cultural Spot, and one of the most important for the region. That is why, this is a important route.

N

CUSCO TRES CRUCES

AGUAS CALIENTES WILLOC

URUBAMBA

OLLANTAYTAMBO MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY

CALCA

42

COLQUEPATA

PÍSAC

CHINCHERO LIMATAMBO

ANTA CUSCO

42

HUANOQUITE

Maras

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

PACARITAMBO

Río

PARURO

c

ma

urí

Ap

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

OROPESA

0

10

20 km

ACOMAYO

OMACHA

227

Maras

The settlement of Maras rises at 3 550 meters above the sea level. It is located 48 km to the north-west of the city of Cusco. It belongs to an occupation of Tawantinsuyo (it is probably much older, though) and a clear colonial occupation. It has been restored recently as part of the recreation and fundamentation of the historical, regional and national identity.

To the north-east of Maras, we can find the most famous salines of the region.

It is a zone that has been exploited from remote times and was formed by the evaporation of the salty water of

Feline Route

Ollantaytambo

Beatrice Velarde

This is a small prehispanic city with remainders of Tawantinsuyo that rearranged the space, rechannel the water from the stream, reorganized the road system and widen the Andean terrace system. This management of space goes from the East, at the end of the stream, to the west, in the joint with the river Urubamba.

228

Ollantaytambo

OLLANTAYTAMBO

Other names: Ollantaytampu

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 796525 N 8532618

Google Earth W 72 15’48” S 13 15’31”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Ollantaytambo

Province: Urubamba Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Ollantaytambo, 2 900

Huaraz, 3 091

Cusco, 3 399

Pacific Ocean, 0

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Ollantaytambo 500 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has services at all prices.

229

Feline Route a curious simbiosis with the Inca architecture, which is in particular in the gardens or orchards inside the houses.

At present, the motorway that comes from the city of Cusco practically reaches the main Squire of Ollantaytambo, and if you want to go on till Machu Picchu, you must usually go down until the right side of the river, where you can take the train. From this point, you can also take one of the roads of Qhapaq Ă‘an to this small famous city.

These reasons, make this place turn into one of the principal landmarks of this route.

CĂŠsar A. Vega

This archaeological complex is located 60 kilometers to the northwest of the city of Cusco, and it is placed at 2 900 meters above the sea level in an alluvial cone of a fertile gully. We could say that it is a small prehispanic city with remainders of Tawantinsuyo that rearranged the space, rechannel the water of the stream, reorganized the road system and widen the Andean terrace system. This management of space goes from the east, at the end of the stream, to the west, in the joint with the river Urubamba.

We can also appreciate that it has a colonial occupation that hasn’t disappeared as in other places; the colonial structures have created

230

CUSCO

HUAYOPATA

AGUAS CALIENTES WILLOC

43

MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY

URUBAMBA

OLLANTAYTAMBO

CALCA CHINCHERO

CACHORA

PÍSAC

LIMATAMBO

ANTA CUSCO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

OROPESA

43

Ollantaytambo HUANOQUITE

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

PACARITAMBO

PARURO 0

10

20 km

231

Ollantaytambo

Beatrice Velarde

MANU NATIONAL PARK

OCOBAMBA

N

Feline Route

Machu Picchu

César A. Vega

It is a citadel surrounded by andean terraces, in the middle of a dry wood or high jungle. It is believed that it was a kind of residence or property of the first Inca Emperor, Pachacútec, but this hasn’t been proved yet.

232

Machu Picchu

MACHU PICCHU

Other names: Maqchu Piqchu, Machu Pichu, Machu Pichuq

UBIGEO 18L E 765992 N 8543491

Google Earth W 72 32’43” S 13 09’48”

ALTITUDE

Spot: Machupicchu District: Machupicchu

Province: Urubamba Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Cusco, 3 399

Meters Above Sea Level

Machu Picchu, 2 460 Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Machu Picchu 500 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has services at all prices.

233

Feline Route kind of residence or property of the first Inca Emperor, Pachacútec, but it hasn’t been proved yet.

Together with Choquequirao and other places, represent the magnificence of Tawantinsuyo. The form of having access to this Inca site is by two ways.

The ancient way, following the route of Qhapaq Ñan and the modern one is by train. For being a very visited place, and one of the best conserved, it is considered as integral part of this tour.

César A. Vega

Considered as one of the seven wonders in the modern world, this citadel is located at 2 460 meters above the sea level on an artificial esplanade or ‘pata’ 112,5 km to the north-east of the city of Cusco. It is a citadel surrounded by andean terraces, in the middle of a dry wood or high jungle.

Inside, you can see extensive yards or ‘canchas’ that remark the presence of the Incas’ typical places, ‘kallankas’, warehouses, corridors, steps and accesses. It is believed that it was a

234

OCOBAMBA HUAYOPATA

CUSCO

N

LARES

AGUAS CALIENTES

MACHU PICCHU HISTORIC SANCTUARY Apu

ríma

CACHORA

TRES

WILLOC

44

Río

Machu Picchu

César A. Vega

QUILLABAMBA

URUBAMBA

OLLANTAYTAMBO

CO CHINCHERO

c

LIMATAMBO CURAHUASI

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

ANTA CUSCO

ORO

44

Machu Picchu HUANOQUITE

ANDAHUAY

PACARITAMBO

0

10

20 km

235

Feline Route

Tipón / Oropesa

Mylene D’Auriol

This is a small prehispanic settlement with Inca characteristics, furthermore, you can observe in its surroundings archaeological evidences typical of a cultural spot such as the andean terraces and the channels of irrigation that are still in use.

236

Other names: Tipón or Quispicanchi

UBIGEO 19L E 200514 N 8494505

Google Earth W 71 46’05” S 13 35’54”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Oropesa

Province: Quispicanchi Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Oropesa, 3 300 Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 25

a.C. 0

25

50

1450

1475

1500

1525

1550

1575

Oropesa 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has a guide service. Restrooms.

237

Tipón / Oropesa

OROPESA

Feline Route evidences typical of a cultural spot such as the andean terraces and the channels of irrigation that are still in use. There, you can also see Colonial and Republican evidences, such as the farmhouse located in Tipón, which is now the regional seat of the programme Qhapaq Ñan.

César A. Vega

This small settlement of Oropesa is located 24 km to the south-west of the city of Cusco at 3 300 meters above the sea level, over an esplanade together with Quispicanchis or Tipón inside the nearby gully. It is a prehispanic settlement with Inca characteristics, furthermore, you can observe in its surroundings archaeological

238

WILLOC

N

CUSCO

URUBAMBA

OLLANTAYTAMBO

CALCA CHINCHERO

ANTA

PAUCARTAMBO

COLQUEPATA

PÍSAC

CUSCO

CCARHUAYO

OROPESA

CCATAC

45

HUANOQUITE

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

URCOS

PACARITAMBO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

45

PARURO

Tipón / Oropesa

ACOMAYO

CUSIPATA

ACCHA 0

10

20 km

239 OROPESA

Tipón / Oropesa

Mylene D’Auriol

TRES CRUCES

Feline Route

Andahuaylillas

CĂŠsar A. Vega

It also seems to have originally been an Inca Llaqta that had a strategic point related with the Collection and redistribution of the production; At the same time, it is considered to be important for its near position to a junction of several roads.

240

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 210427 N 8486717

Google Earth W 71 40’39” S 13 40’28”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: Andahuaylillas

Province: Quispicanchi Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Huaraz, 3 091

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Andahuaylillas, 3 200 Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 25

a.C. 0

25

50

1450

1475

1500

1525

1550

1575

Andahuaylillas 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has services at all prices.

241

Andahuaylillas

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

Feline Route

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

The beautiful population of Andahuaylillas is located 35 km to the Routh-east of the city of Cusco at 3 200 meters above the sea level. It also seems to have originally been an Inca Llaqta that had a strategic point related to the collection and redistribution of the production; at the same time, it is considered to be important for its near position to a junction of several roads.

In Andahuaylillas it is notable the colonial presence, the one that was important in its time for the colonial, commercial administration, as well as for the catholic administration because of its temples, especially San Pedro which is considered as an artistic piece of jewellery and considered as the ‘Sixtine Chapel of America’.

This church was built over some important Inca building, possibly a “Waka” as it has been found on its foundations cut andesita, which is typical of the Inca architecture. What is more, around it, some constructions have been found, such as the Portada, of transicional architecture (transition from the Inca to the colonial) on the western side of the church, with sculptures of two quadrupeds on its lintel.

For these reasons, it is considered important and worthy to visit it in this route.

242

N

WILLOC

CUSCO OLLANTAYTAMBO

URUBAMBA CALCA

PAUCARTAMBO

COLQUEPATA

CHINCHERO PÍSAC LIMATAMBO

ANTA

CUSCO

HUANOQUITE

CCARHUAYO

OROPESA ANDAHUAYLILLAS 46

CCATAC

URCOS

PACARITAMBO

PARURO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

46

Andahuaylillas

ACOMAYO

CUSIPATA

ACCHA 0

10

20 km

243 OROPESA

Andahuaylillas

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

TRES CRUCES

Feline Route

Raqchi

Luis Gamero / PROMPERU

It is a series of atypical structures for the inca planning. They are made of mud on walls, very high in accordance with the period and at the same time long; up to now, it is believed that it is linked to Wiraqocha worshiping which is one of the first gods that the Incas adopted in their ethnical formation.

244

Other names: Urcos

R a q c hi

RAQCHI

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 244197 N 8431709

Google Earth W 71 22’12” S 14 10’27”

ALTITUDE

Spot: District: San Pedro

Province: Canchis Region: Cusco

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Raqchi, 3 480 Huaraz, 3 091 Pacific Ocean, 0

Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 25

a.C. 0

25

50

1450

1475

1500

1525

1550

1575

Raqchi 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TIPO DE ASENTAMIENTO Abrigo Rocoso Pintura Rupestre Aldea Centro Religioso

Complejo Monumental Necrópolis Tumba Principal

Monumento Ciudad Prehispánica Área Monumental

Centro Histórico Paraje Cultural Ciudad Colonial

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has services at all prices.

245

Feline Route functions including agricultural terraces, “kanchas”, “wayranas”, “qolqas”, varied temples, religious sources, etc.; it was possible an important tambo on the route to Collasuyo. Inside all the complex, it highlightens the presence of the one called del denominado “Wiraqocha temple”. According to the tradition, it was ordered to be built

by Inca Wiraqocha as a tribute to the Andeans’ invisible superior God: Apu Kon Titi Wiraqocha.

It is one of the least visited places of the zone, but one of the most important.

César A. Vega

At kilometer 123 of the highway to Puno, we find Raqchi, located at 3 480 meters above the sea level. It holds a series of atypical structures for the inca planning. They are made of mud on walls, very high in accordance with the period and at the same time long; up to now, it is believed that it is linked to Wiraqocha worshiping which is one of the first gods that the Incas adopted in their ethnical formation.

Evidences found in this place, point out that Raqchi was a complex settlement with multiple constructions of several

246

SCO

ANDAHUAYLILLAS

PARURO ACOMAYO

CUSIPATA

R a q c hi

TAMBO

CCARHUAYO CCATAC

CUSCO COMBAPATA

OMACHA

YANAOCA

47

SICUANI

LIVITACA

LANGUI

N LAYO

EL DESCANSO

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

Lgo Languilayo SANTA ROSA

47

RAQCHI MACARI

ACCOCUNCA

0

10

20 km

Beatrice Velarde

E

OROPESA

247

Feline Route

Pucará

César A. Vega

Apart from its archaeological sites, Pucará is famous for its glazed or semiglazed handicratf, painted in green, especially for its famous ‘toritos’.

248

Other names: Pukara, Pucara, Puqara

Pucará

PUCARÁ

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 353216 N 8335258

Google Earth W 70 22’03” S 15 02’34”

ALTITUDE

Spot: Pucará District: Pucará

Province: Lampa Region: Puno

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Pucará, 4 200 Huaraz, 3 091 Pacific Ocean, 0

Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 25

a.C. 0

25

50

1450

1475

1500

1525

1550

1575

Pucará 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has the Museo Lítico de Pucará, a parking area.

249

Feline Route away from the locality, it is the archaeological complex Kalasaya, considered to be the ceremonial center of Pucará culture. It was risen around the year 200 b.C., and it reached its height between the years 250 b.C. and 380 a.C. There, you can distinguish two sectors: a ceremonial area composed by nine pyramids and the other is urban. For those rehaznos, it must be included in the Feline’s itinerary.

César A. Vega

This population is located at 4 200 meters above the sea level, 106 km to the north of Puno. There you can find the Lithic Museum of Pucará, where you can see a Group of lithic sculptures such as monoliths, steles and zoomorphic sculptures, ceramics and other objects.

Furthermore, Pucará is famous for its pottery, especially for its famous “Toritos”. Aproximately one kilometer

250

PUTINA

N PUCARÁ

PUNO

48

ARAPA

Lago Arapa

PALCA

LAMPA PARATIA

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

JULIACA

PUSI

48

PUCARÁ

Lago Titicaca PUNO 0

10

20 km

251

Pucará

César A. Vega

AZÁNGARO

Feline Route

Sillustani

Renzo Uccelli / PROMPERU

The mausoleums or ‘chullpas’ made of stone and that are in almost all the postcards that we observe for Puno region, are the most interesting. These tombs Could belong to the Regional States period, represented by the Kolla (± 1200 a.C.).

252

Sillustani

SILLUSTANI GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 19L E 377292 N 8261351

Google Earth W 70 12’35” S 15 41’48”

ALTITUDE

Spot: Sillustani District:

Province: Region: Puno

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Sillustani, 3 900 Huaraz, 3 091 Pacific Ocean, 0

Cusco, 3 399

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

200

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

Sillustani 1200 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

Fluvial or Maritime

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has services and handicraft sales.

253

Feline Route risen to hold the funerary remains of the principal authorities of the ancient settlers, the Kolla (Âą 1200 a.C.). Some of them reach up to 12 meters high and they characterize because its low part is less than its higher part. A little distance from the archaeological complex, you can find the Site Museum, where there are several pieces from the cultures Colla, Tiahuanaco and Inca. For these reasons, Sillustani is included in this route.

Archivo Renzo Uccelli

This settlement is located at 3 900 meters above the sea level on a soft hillock and on the Eastern peninsula of the lagoon Umayo, 34 km to the north of the city of Puno.

As well as in other sides of the highlands and in some places of the coast, it goes from the lithic (Âą 12000 b.C.) with campsites and workshops to the Formative with Qaluyo (Âą 1000 b.C.). This place is well known for its chullpas, that are circular stone towers

254

PUTINA

ARAPA

Lago Arapa

PALCA

LAMPA N

PUSI PARATIA

JULIACA

PUNO CABANILLA 49

Lago Titicaca

Lagunas Lagunillas PUNO

CHUCUITO ACORA Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Railroad Airport

49

SAN ANTONIO DE ESQUILACHE

SILLUSTANI LARAQUERI

0

10

20 km

255

Sillustani

Archivo Renzo Uccelli

AZÁNGARO

Heinz Plengue / PROMPERU

Feline Route

Geographical means The area of Cusco, has a landscape of strong contrasts, where high alignments of mountains, combine with dilated altiplanos and plateaus of soft relief. As well as deep valleys and canyons, furthermore, part of the high jungle where man got used to. In Cusco the Incas knew perfectly about the physical nature of the territory, according to some chroniclers, they made maps in relief made of clay, marking on them the geographical accidents of a space about which they set up population sensus and production records.

The historian Luis Valcárcel points out that the Inca expeditions, whenthey reached a province, they proceded to make up a map, meanwhile, Waldemar Espinosa in his book about “The Incas”, he mentions that they made up maps of stone or material about foreign regions; with a clear intention of exploiting the resources.

The control of the geographical space in the Inca period is also shown in the extensive road nets that ran the Empitre in different directions, reaching an extension of 40 000 km.

256

257

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

Imperial Cities Route

258

CĂŠsar A. Vega

This is a route refered to the principal urban centres of the Andean area and that are associated mainly to the first and second Imperial development in this part of the American Continent.

The visit of this Imperial Cities Route will allow to admire a notable monumental patrimony that outstand due to the successful planning and rational use of the natural ecosystems.

We can even remark that the extension of these evidences overcome in some cases the principal European urban centres. This makes our monumental patrimony a valuable option of patrimonial management and social use of the different prehispanic buildings that exist and are necessary to study and conserve.

The sites involved on this route are: Cajamarca, Marcahuamachuco, Wiracochapampa, Wari, Huanucopampa and VilcashuamĂĄn. Other important places of this route are: Cajamarquilla, PachacĂĄmac, Pikillacta and Chan Chan.

259

the Imperial Cities Route 50

Cajamarca This place is located in the historical center of the same city, where the Spaniards settled directly modifying its architectural program, but we can still observe some Inca’s evidences.

51

Marcahuamachuco It seems to be that by the year 500 a.C. It was the largest urban center of all the northern highlands. At present, some studies are being developed to put it in value.

52

Wiracochapampa It is clearly a great city that possibly belonged to the end of the (Wari) empire and was built by the year 900 a.C.

53

Wari It is located in a semi-arid open area in the North-east of Ayacucho city and to the South-west of the village of Quinua, at about 3 000 meters above the sea level.

54

Huanucopampa In this occupied space there are a large amount of kallankas (The Incas’ typical architecture), depots (collcas) for food and clothes among others.

55

Vilcashuamán The work of several chroniclers (e.g. Waman Poma y Pedro Cieza) mention it since the beginning of conquest and the colony as one of the most opulent and luxurious Inca’s Llaqtas.

Other important places 30

Cajamarquilla

View page 166

31

Pachacámac

View page 170

40

Pikillacta

View page 216

260 14

Chan Chan

View page 92

TIME LINE 2100

b.C. 1800

1500

1200

900

600

300

Cajamarca

a.C. 0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

Marcahumachuco Wari

Wiracochapampa Huanucopampa

CAJAMARCA CAJAMARCA 50

N

51 52 14

HUAMACHUCO

TRUJILLO

PACIFIC OCEAN

54

LIMA

HUÁNUCO

30 31

Detailed area AYACUCHO

CUSCO 55

Route of the Imperial Cities Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

53

APURÍMAC

50 Cajamarca 514 Marcahuamachuco 52 Wiracochapampa 53 Wari 54 Huanucopampa 55 Vilcashuamán 30 Cajamarquilla 31 Pachacamac 40 Pikillacta 14 Chan Chan 0

50

100

150 km

261

40

The Imperial Cities Route

Cajamarca

CĂŠsar A. Vega

In the historical center of the city, you can see Inca evidences such as the Rescue Room on the block 7 of Amalia Puga street, the designs of Qhapaq Ă‘an, The Inca Bath, where Atahualpa stayed before he was captured. It is probably the main square now.

262

Cajamarca

CAJAMARCA GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 774285 N 9208035

Google Earth W 78 31'03" S 7 09'25"

ALTITUDE

Spot: Cajamarca District: Cajamarca

Province: Cajamarca Region: Cajamarca

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Cusco, 3 399

Cajamarca, 2 720 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 2200

2000

200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Cajamarca 2000 b.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Fluvial or Maritime

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

By Plane

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has several handicraft centers. it also has in association, nearby lodges at all prices.

263

The Imperial Cities Route Spanish occupation, the destruction of th Inca Llaqta to to turn it into the city of San Antonio de Cajamarca. For being an important part of our history, and for its legacy, is one of the principal landmarks of this cultural route. The Inca bath is located 6,40 km away from the Center of the City andi t connects the city with two possible branches of Qhapaq Ñan that are still in use.

One of the tangible examples of an inca city that you can still admire, in spite of the transformations suffered during centuries, that’s why it is important for this route.

Mylene D’Auriol / PROMPERU

Evidences of an Inca urbe are located in the historical center of the same city of Cajamarca, where the Spaniards settled down, modifying its architectural programme, but you can still observe Inca evidences, such as the Rescue Room on the block 7 of Amalia Puga street, the designs of Qhapaq Ñan, The Inca Bath, where Atahualpa stayed before he was captured. It is probably the main square of Cajamarca now.

What you can now see is the remainder of what one was an Inca llaqta (Second Empire) that occupied a zone of the Cajamarca. After Atahualpa’s death and during the first years of the

264

SUCHUBAMBA

N

BAMBAMARCA

LEYMEBAMBA

CELENDÍN LUCMAPAMPA

SAN PABLO

CAJAMARCA

NAMORA SAN JUAN

MATARÁ

SAN MARCOS

ñón Mara

50

MAGDALENA

Río

CHETILLA

ENCAÑADA

BOLÍVAR

CONTUMAZÁ CASCAS a

Río

am Chic

HUARANCHAL

0

10

20

30

40km

Provincial limit 50 Regional capital Cajamarca ProvincialCAJABAMBA capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

265

Cajamarca

César A. Vega

CHOTA

The Imperial Cities Route

Marcahuamachuco

Luis Yupanqui

It is composed by a series of places marked by walls made of quarried Stones placed in double facing of two or three floors. They contain public areas and aparently domestic with a large occupation that appears to be originated since 400 a.C.

266

Other names: Markawamachuku, Markawamachuco

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 822628 N 9138417

Google Earth W 78 04'32" S 7 47'16"

ALTITUDE

Spot: Marcahuamachuco District: Huamachuco

Province: Sรกnchez Carriรณn Region: La Libertad

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Cusco, 3 399

Marcahuamachuco, 3 200 Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 600

400

200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Marcahuamachuco 400 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Fluvial or Maritime

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

By Plane

Car trai

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has no proper infrastructure except for the Entrance and the access motorway.

267

Marcahuamachuco

MARCAHUAMACHUCO

The Imperial Cities Route public and domestic areas, with a large occupation that seems to be originary from the year 400 a.C., preceding the Wari and Inca. The occupation is given until the Inca period, but not totally and without fulfilling all its functions.

All the material for the construction of this city was obtained from the nearby hills, a quarry where the stone was carefully worked and cut, in rectangular blocks, they were placed alterning their position, vertical or horizontal.

This calls the attention of travellers and researchers who come to its borders.

At present, some Studies are being performed to put this place in value. It is an important example of pre-urban development in the north of Peru.

Willian Zanatta

When Marcahuamachuco appeared by the year 500 a.C. It was the largest urban center of all the Northern highland. The occupied territory was limit and obstacle for the expansion of the first Empire (Wari) between the years 600 and 900 a.C. They were not able to occupy the zone and it remained imperturbable until its incorporation to the Tawantinsuyo (Âą 1450 - 1532 a.C.) The place is located at, 3 km from Huamachuco, on the highlands of La Libertad. It is at 3 700 meters above the sea level. It is composed by a series of places marked by walls made of quarried stones placed in double facing of two or three floors, being notorious several kilometres away. It contains

268

SUCHUBAMBA BAMBAMARCA

LEYMEBAMBA

CELENDÍN LUCMAPAMPA

CHETILLA

GUZMANGO

CASCAS

Río

SAN MARCOS

COTO DE CAZA SUNCHUBAMBA

ñón

CONTUMAZÁ

MATARÁ

Mara

SAN JUAN

N

Río

CAJAMARCA

LLUCHUBAMBA

ama

CAJABAMBA

Chic

SARTIMBAMBA

HUARANCHAL 51

HUAMACHUCO OTUZCO

SARÍN SITABAMBA

TRUJILLO

CACHICADÁN

MOCHE

LA LIBERTAD

VIRÚ 0

10

20

30

40km

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

51

Marcahuamachuco

CABANA

269

Marcahuamachuco

Willian Zanatta

CHOTA

The Imperial Cities Route

Wiracochapampa

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

This city occupies an area of 500 meters; where there are a series of public and administrative spaces such as warehouses, watering network, means of communications, and places in a clear orthogonal planning.

270

Other names: Wiraqcochapampa, Huirakochapampa

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 17M E 825572 N 9138543

Google Earth W 78 02'51" S 7 47'17"

ALTITUDE

Spot: Wiracochapampa District: Huamachuco

Province: Sánchez Carrión Region: La Libertad

Huascarán mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

Wiracochapampa, 3 000

Iquitos, 104

Pacific Ocean, 0 LÍNEA DE TIEMPO b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Wiracochapampa 900 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

GRADO DE CONSERVACIÓN Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Fluvial or Maritime

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

By Plane

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES Nothing suitable in the locality, and fairly acceptable in the city.

271

Wiracochapampa

WIRACOCHAPAMPA

The Imperial Cities Route identified, maybe with the purpose of supporting the vegetal origin ceilings. Inside the construction, you can still see some traces of irrigation ditches, that carried the water for the population.

This city possibly belongs to the end of the first Empire (Wari) and was built by the year 900 a.C.; It seems that they didn’t finish building the city, perhaps because of the weakness of the metropoli or due to the colapse of the Empire, the same as what happened later in Huanucopampa in the second Empire.

It is one of the latest Wari cities that were built andi t is located in the Northern extreme of its expansion.

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

It is located at 3 000 meters above the sea level on an esplanade or ramp, and it forms a triangle between the city and the place of Markahuamachuco.

The city occupies an area of 500 m; in this space there are a series of public and administrative spaces such as warehouses, watering network, means of communications, and places in a clear orthogonal planning.

The constructive material employed are quarried stones, generally clear sandstone balanced and fastened with small stone wedges (pachillas o paqchas), that are placed on the walls of double facing and using clay land as mortar; in some front walls some stone corbels (perhaps quartz) have been

272

SUCHUBAMBA BAMBAMARCA

LEYMEBAMBA

CELENDÍN LUCMAPAMPA

Río

MATARÁ

SAN MARCOS

COTO DE CAZA SUNCHUBAMBA

ón

CASCAS

rañ

GUZMANGO

Ma

SAN JUAN

N

CONTUMAZÁ

Río

CAJAMARCA

CHETILLA

LLUCHUBAMBA

ama

Chic

CAJABAMBA SARTIMBAMBA

HUARANCHAL 52

HUAMACHUCO OTUZCO

SARÍN SITABAMBA

TRUJILLO MOCHE

CACHICADÁN

LA LIBERTAD

VIRÚ 0

10

20

30

40km

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

52

Wiracochapampa

CABANA

273

Wiracochapampa

Walter Silvera / PROMPERU

CHOTA

The Imperial Cities Route

Wari

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

This place is composed by a fairly multicolored, a little orthogonal core that later it adapted to this pattern by forming large streets, high perimetric walls, accesses, squares, temples, administrative areas, mausoleums, tombs, workshops, neighbourhoods.

274

Wari

WARI GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 592517 N 8555221

Google Earth W 74 08'47" S 13 04'04"

ALTITUDE

Spot: Wari District: Quinua

Province: Huamanga Region: Ayacucho

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

Wari, 3 000

Iquitos, 104

Pacific Ocean, 0 TIME LINE b.C. 100

a.C. 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Wari 500 a.C.

900 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Fluvial or Maritime

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

By Plane

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has an on-site museum, signposting and a car park.

275

The Imperial Cities Route ones with it had conflicts later. This forced its state to redesign a general policy by developing a secular form supported in a regular army. In this way it started its expansion, transformation and resource management.

As part of an expansion policy, an official language was imposed, the runa simi or quechua. An oficial ideology sustained by administration and religion; an accounting system represented by the kipu, the sistematization and formalization of roads, the creation of cities as political and military centres; furthermore, the creation of military groups, the imposition of the orthogonal pattern.

Wari turned into a metropoli (Âą 600 900 a.C.) until the Empire colapsed.

Very little is known about what happened after the year 900 a.C. with Wari, but it seems that it was abandoned and pillaged. Practically it was never occupied.

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

The citadel Wari is considered as the state capital of the same name. Before the Inca culture, it had become the first great andean Empire. Its occupation would have reached 2 000 hectares in its most important moment.

This complex is located in a semiarid esplanade to the north-east of the city of Ayacucho and to the south-west of the town of Quinua, at about 3 000 meters above the sea level.

Wari is composed by a fairly multicolored, a bit orthogonal core, that later it adapted to this pattern by forming large streets, high perimetric walls, accesses, squares, temples, administrative areas, mauloleums, tombs, workshops, neighbourhoods, etc. This characterize a city or llaqta. The origins of Wari (500 - 600 a.C.) as a city is found in a settlement Warpa which must have been the basis of its origins, together with influences by contact with Nasca y Tiwanako cultures, the

276

ac

rím

HUANTA HUANCA HUANCA

HUAMANGUILLA

LIRCAY

QUINUA

53

SAN MIGUEL

SAN PEDRO DE CACHI

N

AYACUCHO Río

AYACUCHO TOTOS

Pa m

pa

ONGOY

s

CHINCHEROS CHUSQUI

PARAS

CANGALLO

VILCASHUAMÁN CARHUANCA

HUANCAPI Provincial limit 53 Regional capital Wari Provincial capital HUANCASANCOS District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

CHILCAYOC PAICO

APONGO 0

10

20

30

40km

277

Wari

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

pu

oA

Rí

MAYOC

ACOBAMBA

The Imperial Cities Route

Huanucopampa

Mylene D’Auriol

In this occupied space there are a large number of kallankas (typical architecture of the incas), warehouses (collcas) for food and clothes among others. It was going to be a great llaqta; but due to the Spanish invasion and the breakup of the established order made it impossible to finish and occupy this city.

278

Other names: Wanukupampa, Wanuku Viejo, Huรกnuco Viejo, Huanucomarca

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 301291.96 N 8908120.57

Google Earth W 76 48'43" S 9 52'17"

ALTITUD

Spot: Huanucopampa District: La Uniรณn

Province: Dos de Mayo Region: Huรกnuco

Huascarรกn mountain, 6 768 Meters Above Sea Level

Cusco, 3 399

Huanucopampa, 3 700

Iquitos, 104

Pacific Ocean, 0 TIME LINE b.C. 200

a.C. 0

200

400

1440

1460

1480

1500

1520

1540

1560

1580

Huanucopampa 1470 a.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Fluvial or Maritime

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

By Plane

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES This place has minimal signposting in different areas.

279

Huanucopampa

HUANUCOPAMPA

The Imperial Cities Route Huánuco Pampa was going to turn into a great llaqta; but it seems that the Spanish invasion and the breakup of the established order didn’t make it finish and occupy this city. Huánuco Pampa had a short existente like Wiraqochapampa. The Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in the latest time, is carrying out research in the line of archaeoastronomy or paleoastronomy, as there is a hypothesis that the Inca Llaqtas, as well as other structures of the andean area, were designed in accordance with stellar, lunar and solar observations.

Although it was never finished, we can say that Huánuco Pampa is an important landmark to understand the route of the Imperial cities.

Mylene D’Auriol

The city of Huánuco Pampa is at 3 700 meters above the sea level on an esplanade or ramp, where comes part of its name, covering about five hectares.

This site presents between 3 500 to 4 000 visible structures. At first, the architectural programme was aimed to form four great sectors according to the Qhapaq Ñan and the Ushnu, and these sectors, at the same time, subdivided into four. Among these structures we have the large square (cancha) from which the streets start.

In the occupied space, there are a large number of kallankas, a kind of stone basis on which the houses, palaces and inca temples, warehouses (collcas) for food and clothes among others were built.

280

LLATA

PARQUE NACIONAL HUASCARÁN

CHAVÍN DE HUÁNTAR

HUÁNUCO

RECUAY

LA UNIÓN

CHAVINILLO

54

HUALLANCA

HUÁNUCO

N

JESÚS

BAÑOS

CHIQUIÁN

AMBO

TICLLOS

Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

YANAHUANCA

54

Huanucopampa

CERRO DE PASCO

OYÓN 0

10

20

30

40km

281

Huanucopampa

Mylene D’Auriol

HUARAZ

The Imperial Cities Route

Vilcashuamรกn

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

The city or llaqta of Vilcahuamรกn was used, as many Inca cities as a Tambo or collecting and distribution of material and human resources. You can observe here structures such as the Kallankas built with quarried stones, fenced places, the just mentioned ushnu and the square or trapezoid cancha.

282

Other names: Willcahuaman, Willcas Waman, Vilcas

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 18L E 613229 N 8490277

Google Earth W 73 57'11" S 13 39'13"

ALTITUDE

Spot: Vilcashuamán District: Vilcashuamán

Province: Vilcashuamán Region: Ayacucho

Huascarán mountain, 6 768

Vilcashuamán, 3 200

Cusco, 3 399

Pacific Ocean, 0

Meters Above Sea Level

Iquitos, 104

TIME LINE b.C. 600

400

200

a.C. 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Vilcashuamán 500 b.C.

1532 a.C.

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT Rocky Shelter Cave Painting Small Village Religious Center

Monumental Complex Necropolis Principal Tomb

Monument Pre-hispanic City Monumental Area

Historical Center Cultural Spot Colonial City

PRESERVATION DEGREE Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

ACCESSIBILITY

Without visible access

Pedestrian Road

Fluvial or Maritime

Asphalted road

Unpaved road

By Plane

Car trail

ACCESSIBILITY DEGREE

Excellent

Good

Regular

Bad

SERVICES It has accomodation service and basic catering.

283

Vilcashuamán

VILCASHUAMÁN

The Imperial Cities Route

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

The citadel of Vilcashuamán is located on an esplanade, at 3 200 meters above the sea level on the left side of the riverPampas in Ayacucho. The current population live on the clear superposition of the colonial and Tawantinsuyo periods, but its origins go back at least to the Formative (± 1500 b.C. - 0 a.C.), According to the latest investigations performed by a Peruvian-Japanese project, whose evidences are under the Ushnu. The city or llaqta of Vilcashuamán, was used as many Inca cities as a Tambo or collecting and distribution of material and human resources center. You can observe here structures such as the Kallankas built with quarried Stones, fenced places, the just mentioned ushnu, the square or trapezoid cancha, etc. It also seems that it had an important meaning for the Incas, as the city was built on their rivals’ territory: the Chanka.

Several chroniclers mention them in their work (e.g. Waman Poma and Pedro Cieza) they are mentioned from the beginning of the conquest and the colony as one of the most splendid and opulent Inca llaqtas. Its state of conservation, the architectural syncretism and its symbolic value make Vilcashuamán a principal component of the Imperial Cities Route.

284

ím

ur

Ap ac

LIRCAY

QUINUA

N

AYACUCHO

Río

Pa m

ONGOY

TOTOS

pa

s

CHINCHEROS CHUSQUI

PARAS

CANGALLO

AYACUCHO

55

ANDAHUAYLAS

VILCASHUAMÁN CARHUANCA

HUANCAPI

LUCANAMARCA

TURPO CHILCAYOC

HUANCASANCOS

PAICO

APONGO Provincial limit Regional capital Provincial capital District capital Town Asphalted road Unpaved route Airport, port

55

Vilcashuamán HUAYCAHUACHO

CHIPAO ANDAMARCA

SAÑAYCA

PAMPACHIN

0

10

20

30

40km

285

Vilcashuamán

Carlos Sala / PROMPERU

o Rí

MAYOC

ACOBAMBA

Participatory archaeological tourism

This is an interesting opportunity for the visitor to get involved in scientific work and at the same time, to go deeply into some knowledge additional to the conventional, that means, the one that is used to getting acquired in a traditional tourist visit.

It can be understood as a different way of perceiving the culture and mechanisms that social sciences have to develop the historical discourse. The methodologies that scientists apply, can be attractive to a certain type of specialised tourist who finds more and better emotions and learning in an archaeologist’s specialised discourse and work.

This type of participatory archaeological tourism can be tackled in three different forms:

1. Visits or archaeological explorations This tourist circuit that considers the visit of archaeological projects in progress apart from other sites connected to the scientific problems they face. It can be the case of being privileged spectators of the

286

archaeological findings that take place in this type of projects.

2. Archaeological Digs and Restorations This tourist circuit implies direct participation in field activities of archaeological digs and restorations, the one that includes, to take part of the field team in the different scientific tasks permanently supervised by professional archaeologists. This type of visit is the one that considers public specifically formed in these scientific activities.

3. Preliminary treatment of the findings and archaeological collections This tourist circuit allows you to participate in complementary Works of the archaeological projects such as the treatment of the findings and their preventive treatment for their subsequent study. It also allows you to participate in certain museums that devote permanently to the research of archaeological collections; this includes the learning of register techniques handling of all type of

287

288

Participatory archaeological tourism

collections.

For this last thematic core, we have identified the archaeological sites that currently have projects almost permanent in progress, in terms of field works as well as material process in offices or museums, the ones mentioned bellow:

REGION

PLACE

WORKS

INFRASTRUCTURE

OTHER WORKS

TIPE OF VISIT

North Coast

Huacas del Sol y de La Luna

Excavat.

Interpretation Center

Laboratory

1,2,3

North Coast

Huaca Rajada Sipán

Excavat.

National Museum and Place

Laboratory

1,2,3

North Coast

Huaca El Brujo

Excavat.

Interpretation Center

Laboratory

1,2,3

Place Museum

Laboratory

1,3

Place Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

Laboratory

1,2,3

North Coast

Túcume

North Coast

Chan Chan

Excavat.

North Coast

San José de Moro

Excavat.

Near North

Las Chicras

Excavat.

Laboratory

1,2,3

Near North

Caral, Áspero, Vichama

Excavat. and restorat.

Interpretation Center

Laboratory

1,2,3

Near North

Sechín

Restorat.

Place Museum

Laboratory

1,3

Central Coast

Pachacamac

Excavat.

Place Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

Central Coast

Pucllana

Excavat.

Place Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

Central Coast

Puruchuco

Restorat.

Place Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

Central Coast

Cajamarquilla

Restorat.

Laboratory

1,2,3

Central Coast

Mateo Salado

Excavat. and restorat.

Laboratory

1,2,3

Central Coast

Maranga Chayavilca

Excavat. and restorat.

Laboratory

1,2,3

Place Museum

289

Participatory archaeological tourism

South Central Coast

Huaca Malena

South Central Coast

Tambo de Mora

Excavat.

South Coast

Cahuachi

Excavat. and Restorat.

South Coast

Geoglifos de Palpa

South

Place Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

Laboratory

1,2,3

Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

Excavat.

Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

Chiribaya

Excavat.

Municipal Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

South

Cerro Baul

Excavat.

South

Omo, Chen Chen

North Jungle

Kuélap

Excavat. and Restorat.

North Jungle

Pinchudos

Restorat

North Jungle

Leymebamba

North Jungle

Karajía

Central Saw

Lauricocha

Central Saw

Wari

Excavat.

Central Saw

Vilcashuamán

Excavat. and Restorat

290

Laboratory

1,2,3

Museum

Laboratory

2,3

Centro de Interpretación

Laboratory

1,2,3 1,2

Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3 1 1

Place Museum

Laboratory

1,2,3

Laboratory

1,2,3

291

292