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Gener(ai)tive- Igniting cultural diversity through digital making

DESIGN RESEARCH COMPENDIUM THE UNIFIED DECEPTION Understanding Cultures through Experience, Not Algorithms

S3994519 VIGNESH RAJAMANI

Vignesh Rajamani Architect/designer

Content Abstract Research Framework

About I’m Vignesh Rajamani, an architect from India practicing architecture for more than an year. I’m passionate about making interesting and functional spaces. My name is Vignesh and I’m an architect driven by my fascination with parametric architecture and computational design. In my journey in the world of architecture, I merge art and technology to redefine spaces and create structures that go beyond conventional design. With every project, I strive to push the boundaries of what is possible, crafting fluid and dynamic forms that capture the imagination. My work showcases my unwavering commitment to both aesthetics and functionality, reshaping our built environment in ways that embrace the limitless possibilities of parametric architecture.

R. FOR D. ....................................................... Background research Common Ground Future scenarios Inference R. ON D. ........................................................ Renering Plausible Scenario Investigation on potential design Typologies R. THROUGH D. ............................................ Midjorney explorations AI reacts to cultural diversity Exhibition design ......................................... Big Idea Design layout Fabrication and Prototyping Research Methods and Techniques ........... Methods and Techniques Adopted Contribution Learning Reflections

Abstract The project called “The Unified Deception” is a narrative set in the year 2070 that takes place in the built environment of Riyadh. Its purpose is to start a conversation about the possibility of cultures from Riyadh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu coming together and blending into one. The story explores this cultural blend and looks at it through the lens of Al Integration, which is expected to present itself as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, people can adapt to the conventional means of understanding cultures by drawing upon traditional wisdom and credible resources. Designers and architects can use databases of historical texts, artifacts and expert analysis to generate an accurate interpretation of the cultures coming together. This allows for a profound appreciation of the heritage, promotes cross-cultural understanding and fosters a sense of belongingness. On the other hand, the story highlights the heavy reliance of society on Al tools as the dominant search engine in 2070. This can lead to potential misinterpretations and misunderstandings. Algorithms, while powerful, lack the depth of human intuition and cultural sensitivity. This can lead to a distortion of cultural products and fail to capture the intricacies of heritages. The main message of the concept is to showcase the importance of understanding cultures through experiences, not algorithms. Through the exploration of Al tools such as ChatGPT and Midjourney, the project will explore the capabilities of Al Tools in deciphering cultural amalgamation by acknowledging its capabilities versus its limitations. The project concludes with the fabrication of a balcony to demonstrate Ai’s understanding of cultural diversity. 4

Research Framework

RESEARCH FOR DESIGN 8

Introduction

Combining 3 artifacts

Our journey started by selecting three artifacts from different regions: Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Saudi Arabia. Over the first four weeks of the semester, we analyzed one artifact from each culture. We utilized various theories such as Fmeling’s model to analyze the artifacts from different aspects including cultural, aesthetic, material, and interactive analyses. We conducted the analysis using a combination of desk research and AI software such as ChatGPT and Midjourney. ChatGPT is an AI software based on a language module that helped us critically analyze and question the artifacts from different perspectives. On the other hand, Midjourney generated images based on text descriptions to help us visualize the artifacts.

Our next step is to combine three distinct artifacts from different regions - Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Saudi Arabia. These artifacts include the Chettinad column, Jarokha from Rajasthan, and Nadj door. Each artifact possesses unique characteristics and features that speak volumes about their cultural identity.

Fleming’s artifact analysis model

Understanding ChatGPT To analyze the artifacts using ChatGPT, we utilized various techniques such as acting in different roles, considering the tone and dialogue, applying futurist perspectives, and conducting STEEPLE analysis. This allowed us to view the artifact through different lenses such as that of an anthropologist, archaeologist, architect, and historian, thus obtaining diverse opinions about the artifact.

Nadj door

Signals

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1. Architectural Door acting as a focal point for guest direction. 2. Distinct Pattern with intersecting lines, inner rings, triangles, circles inspired from nature with prime colours as red, yellow, blue and black. 3. Status of Wealth was dictated through the choice of materials, design complexity and quality of door adornments. 4. Cultural & Spiritual Beliefs would be reflected by the patters & artistry on the door.

After analyzing the current use case of the artifacts, it was found that none of the three artifacts are being used for their original purpose. Instead, only an abstract of them are being utilized. The Nadj door patterns are being used as wall art, printed pattern bags, and keychains. The Jarokhas are being used for wall art, shelf design, and display niches. Lastly, the Chettinad columns have been repurposed as interior decorative elements, room dividers and door frame designs.

Wall Art

Jarokha

Rajasthan, India 1. Architectural Door acting as a focal point for guest direction. 2. Distinct Pattern with intersecting lines, inner rings, triangles, circles inspired from nature with prime colours as red, yellow, blue and black. 3. Status of Wealth was dictated through the choice of materials, design complexity and quality of door adornments. 4. Cultural & Spiritual Beliefs would be reflected by the patters & artistry on the door.

Patterns as Wall Art Printed Patterns On Product Shelf or Display Niche

Nadj door

Interior Decorative Columns

Room Dividers

Door Frames

Common-ground

Future Scenarios Searching Prompting, Analyzing and Sorting of ChatGPT future scenarios and the future signals, when asked to act in the role of “Futurist”. The following mapping showcasing the percentage of theme that ChatGPT was predicting when prompting for future scenarios while considering the amalgamation of our cultures.

The output from ChatGPT is concised and sorted into three major categories: positive signals, negative signals, and neutral signals. They are also further analyzed to get different streams of design approach, such as technology-based, design-based, and sustainability-based.

Futures Wheel Deriving connections between themes

After conducting a thorough analysis, ChatGPT was employed to create a futures wheel in order to comprehend the potential cause and effect that the design could have in the future. From the futural wheel and signals, four distinct themes have been identified to advance the design.

Future Scenario Detecting theme

Based on the synthesis of the ChatGPT predictions, we anticipate an emergence of four major themes.

After conducting a comprehensive analysis of ChatGPT’s future scenarios and conducting desk research on the current signals that may lead to design requirements, we have identified four major themes. These themes include a focus on design cohesion and communal interactions, an emphasis on achieving sustainable practices, and two themes that discuss futuristic technologies that can shape the design, such as technology-driven designs. 20

Inference

Insights about the tools Following are the inferences we got from using the AI tools, ChatGPT and Midjourney.

ChatGPT

Midjourney

Exact Interpretation: The narratives were in inline with the prompt that was given but did not add any additional “fact” or “information”.

Commands: Prompts like /imagine, /blend, /describe are used to generate and understand an image.

Emotionally Intact: What was commendable was its ability to add jargon and a theatrical element to the narrative which gave us a grand titles and amusing scene setting.

Exact interpretation: Midjourney uses the keyword in a prompt to search in its database and gives an output based on that. It does not understand the users needs.

Imaginative Scenes: When asked for multiple dialogues or screen play, it gave interesting point of views and visions such as “whispering doors” “musical windows” etc.

Misinterpretations: Midjorney analyzes cultural artifacts only based on their visual aspects without considering their cultural significance and values, resulting in similar but not always culturally accurate images.

RESEARCH ON DESIGN 24

Rendering Plausible Scenario After analyzing initial signals, “Cultural integration” emerged as the most viable option due to strong indicators of feasibility.

• The lack of job opportunities in India. • The strengthening of economic ties between Saudi Arabia and India. • People becoming hyper independent and disconnecting from the society. • People’s trust on online search engines and AI, and lack of doing desk research on any topic. were the major signals which lead to the unified deception.

Due to a lack of job opportunities, people moved from India to Saudi Arabia in search of jobs. In this process people getting isolated and lack of cultural knowledge were the main signals which drove this speculative design.

Finalizing Scenario Connections and Predictions

Investigation on potential design Typologies What are the possible directions for the finalised scenario? After finalizing the scenarios, they led to various outcomes. Using ChatGPT, a futures wheel was generated for this scenario. The futures wheel comprised of various aspects, such as cultural fusion in terms of language and festivals, enhanced diversity, cross-cultural relationships, social cohesion, community identity, cultural learning, conflict resolution, and architectural harmony.

Architecture fusion What are the critical consequences & factors?

Since we were drawing parallels from the artifacts from their home, designers and architects; we started deep diving into the “Architectural Harmony” of things and explored possible tangents that can really define the future amalgamation.

Investigation of Typology What could be the different typologies that represent the cultural fusion?

Cultural pavilion

Housing style

Shaping typology Planning Implications

Symbolic installation

What could be the different elements that represent the cultural fusion?

Fusion of hallways, corridors and colonnaded

Material based colors –locally sourced.

Pop-up Patterns from Najdi Doors

Shape and Form bringing up Rajasthani Identity.

Reviving structural member as ornament-

Jaali pattern inspired from jarokhas

Shaping style

Community Interaction Spaces

Hybrid Aesthetics

Mixed Use Developments Sustainability & Innovation

Cross- Cultural Innovations Vernacular and Sustainability

Unique Design Language Blending of Colour Palettes

Synthesis of Styles

Design elements Integration Fusion of Materials

RESEARCH THROUGH DESIGN 36

Midjourney Explorations Cultural Pavilion

Shape of Jharokha Corbelling if quite accurate

Organic shaped jaali pattern

Leaning towards Doric or Ionic column styles

Good combination of Najdi colours and Chettinad detailing.

Correct interpretation Incorrect interpretation

Midjourney Explorations Housing Styles

Arabesque Elements are not present in any of the culture

Prevalent Jaaliseen with floral or geometric patterns that represent the style as well as passive design strategies.

Resembles the color palette found on traditional Najdi doors which is Red, blue and yellow.

Correct interpretation Incorrect interpretation

Midjourney Explorations Symbolic Installations

Najdi Patterns are used with original color features.

Use of Gold plated elements when prompted for Chettinad Columns

Use of Marble and skilled craftsmanship alike Rajasthani jaalis

Prevalent Chettinad patterns inspired from nature and religious motifs from Hindu culture.

Correct interpretation Incorrect interpretation

Midjourney Explorations Material Exploration

Material Choices

Sandstone

In almost every midjourney generations, building materials have included sandstone, wood, granite, and marble. These materials were chosen due to their availability in the region. As a result, buildings constructed with these materials often have an earthy appearance. In the future, the choice of building materials will depend on what is locally available at that time. Mycelium-based materials, self-healing concrete, and liquid trees are some of the alternative materials that may be used. The materials used for construction will greatly influence the overall appearance of the city.

Wood

Granite

Marble

Misinterpretations

Captures the look and feel of the cultural artifact But analyzed in detail, it gives random forms and shapes.

When Prompted to represent “wealth” or status of “power”, it turned the artifacts into gold. Representation of the columns could lead to a different style; in this case “Doric Style”

Because the AI model is based on datasets, its pre-set notions, in this case it represents amulets or talisman that are no wear to be found in Nadi culture. When prompted for “lit” or “bright” doors, it could lead to a very different interpretation and give a completely different outputs, in this case stained glass doors.

Informed vs Uninformed Through design research established two datasets.

Our conclusions:

How does AI react to cultural diversity? In order to design a communal space from an intercultural perspective using Al, we are taking a human capability and turn it artificial. And through our design research we have concluded that the current Ai technology doesn’t take in account:

Experiences Authenticity Wisdom

Understanding Cultures through Experience, Not Algorithms

“AI can be used for social good. But it can also be used for other types of social impact in which one man’s good is an other man’s evil. We must remain aware of that.” James Hendler (2015) 54

How Would The Futurte Of Riyadh React To The Cultural Diversity In The Presence Of AI? 58

Interpretation through Experiences

Reviving structural member as ornamented elements.

Material based colors –locally sourced.

Pop-up Patterns from Najdi Doors

Shape and Form bringing up Rajasthani Identity.

Interpretation through Algorithms

The detailing on the artifact isn’t authentic and random look

Curvilinear and Arabesque elements are not present

Form and style of the Columns represent Doric

Stained glasses represented in some cases which is

EXHIBITION DESIGN 64

ExhibitionDesign Creating Interpretative Hierarchy

3 Parts of the Exhibition

Big Idea Design Journey

“Understanding Cultures through Experience, Not Algorithms”

Infographics & Mapping Narrative

Key Messages 1. What do youl ook for when you are planning an architecturalfusion of cultures? 2. What happens when you interpret cultural fusion using AI?

Critical questions 1. Are you experiencing the culture through the lens of authenticity, experiences and wisdom? 2. How do you evaluate and utilize the information provided to you by an AI bot? 3. Are you using AI as a tool or are you replacing it with the human capabilities?

Video and Story boarding

Big Idea

Physical Artifacts

Design & Layout

ExhibitionDesign

3 Parts of the Exhibition

Design Journey

Infographics & Mapping

Narrative

Video and Storyboarding

Big Idea

Physical Artifacts

Two Interpretations ExhibitionDesign

Interpretation through experiences

Parts of the Exhibition

Design Journey

Infographics & Mapping

Narrative

Video and Storyboarding

Interpretation through algorithms

Big Idea

Physical Artifacts represented in 2 parts using the typology of a Balcony because it has all three artifacts.

ExhibitionDesign De-constructed balcony

ExhibitionDesign Fabrication and Prototyping

Step 05: Assembly and Construct

Step 01: Selection of Materials

Step 03: Refining Prototype

Step 02: Prototyping with Scrap

Step 06: Finished Box Design

Step 04: Testing and Prototyping

Final outcome 76

Research Methods and Techniques

Contribution

Umbrella topic Our studio is dedicated to investigate cultural artifacts through the use of AI. Specifically, we are focusing on artifacts from Chettinad, Rajasthan, and Nadia cultures and working to identify commonalities between them. The first half of our project involves researching and gaining a deep understanding of these artifacts, with the assistance of AI tools like ChatGPT for analysis and Midjourney for visualization.

Our team embarked on a captivating journey to analyze a cherished artifact using AI. The success of our project was a direct result of the collaborative efforts of all three members, each of whom contributed equally to every facet of the project. My role encompassed several vital aspects, amplifying the project’s depth and comprehensiveness.

Approach In this project, two approaches were used: speculative design and exhibition design. During the second half of the studio, ChatCPT was employed to imagine a future scenario in which our three artifacts could coexist. A dialogue or scene was then created, and supporting artifacts were produced to provide an immersive experience to our audience.

Field

Firstly, I applied ChatGPT to provide various personas and angles for analyzing the artifact. This multifaceted approach illuminated distinct perspectives, offering a holistic understanding of our subject. Additionally, I crafted mid-journey prompts and meticulously analyzed over 300 images, ensuring that our visual analysis was thorough and insightful. After having numerous generations we then boiled down to handfull of images matching our theme. I played a central role in creating a mind map to analyze second and third-order consequences, culminating in the development of a futures wheel. This strategy enriched our interpretation of the artifact’s impact on history and culture.

Our artifacts namely: the Jarokha, Chettinad column, and Nadj door are primarily used as architectural features. Thus naturally we were focused on creating a future scenario where the architecture of the place can have all three elements blend and coexist and create architectural harmony.

However, my major contribution was during the fabrication phase. I meticulously designed CAD files for laser cutting, digital models for 3D printing, and rendered scenarios that brought our vision to life. Material selection also fell under my purview, ensuring an accurate recreation of the artifact.My contribution not only stopped at creating 3D files but also on all aspects of fabrication from laser-cutting to sanding, applying primer, spray painting and assembling the artifacts.

Process framework The whole project was a juggle between desk research and using AI tools ChatGPT and Midjourney. The artifact was investigated through ChatGPT from different personas and the results were verified via desk research and then midjourney is used to visualize the artifacts. Some features seen in midjourney-generated images are then checked if they exist in the culture through ChatGPT and Midjourney.

This project exemplifies the strength of teamwork, demonstrating that when each member contributes equally and leverages their unique skills, the results are transformative. Our artifact analysis, empowered by AI and supported by each team member, presents a multifaceted and immersive exploration of history and culture.

Output The design outcome involved creating a future scenario and supporting it with appropriate artifacts. The final design was demonstrated through an exploded balcony that clearly displays the three artifacts. The artifacts were fabricated using 3D printing and laser cutting techniques. The model reflects the concept of good and bad sides, where one half of the balcony displays correct interpretations and the other half exhibits incorrect interpretations.

Human research ethics risks It’s important to note that our project involves investigating cultural artifacts, which may be offensive to some individuals. However, we took great care to approach the project in a way that addresses these issues and solves them. Our aim was to conduct an experiment that uses AI to investigate artifacts for educational purposes only, without any intention of harming or offending anyone’s beliefs.

Learning reflections Participating in this studio was a transformative experience that exposed me to a new dimension of using AI as a design tool. It deepened my understanding of AI’s capabilities in the hands of a designer. Before this course, my knowledge was limited to using ChatGPT for basic tasks like drafting documents and emails. However, this studio unlocked the full potential of AI for me. I learned how to approach ChatGPT effectively, asking precise and contextually relevant questions to elicit desired responses. This newfound knowledge has broadened my perspective, and I now see ChatGPT as a powerful tool that can significantly contribute to the design process. Moreover, the studio provided me with a comprehensive understanding of Midjourney. I learned to manipulate various elements within a prompt to achieve the specific output I desired. This insight into the intricacies of image generation within the Midjourney framework was enlightening, helping me navigate the seemingly chaotic process and harness it for creative purposes. Team collaboration Team collaboration was a significant highlight of this studio, emphasizing the immense strength of collaborative efforts. Our team members had diverse skill sets, enabling us to distribute tasks effectively, ensuring that each team member leveraged their unique talents and expertise. This equitable division of work facilitated the production of high-quality results. In a collaborative setting, the amalgamation of different talents and perspectives opened up new avenues of creativity and problem-solving. It highlighted the importance of teamwork, showcasing how a collective effort can achieve more than the sum of individual contributions. This experience taught me the value of collaboration in design and how it can lead to innovative solutions and superior outcomes. Going forward, I’m eager to apply these lessons and newfound skills to my design work, knowing that teamwork and AI can be powerful allies in pushing the boundaries of creativity and problem-solving. Challenges and surprises Throughout our project, we had a relatively smooth journey, but we did encounter some notable challenges. One of the significant hurdles we faced was using ChatGPT to envision future scenarios. Although ChatGPT generated numerous potential outcomes, it was a complex task to select the most plausible one and identify signals to substantiate it. Since we were working as a group, diverse opinions were inevitable, and we often had to navigate through different viewpoints to arrive at the most feasible option. Another challenge arose from the cultural nature of our selected artifacts. It was often difficult for us to convey the cultural significance effectively to Midjourney. As a result, we tried different approaches, such as providing detailed descriptions of the artifact’s elements, blending images, and utilizing the describe tool. These efforts helped us bridge the gap between the cultural context and the AI’s understanding, ultimately enabling us to enrich our analysis and insights. In conclusion, this studio has not only taught me how to use AI as a tool in designing but has also provided invaluable lessons on working effectively in a collaborative environment. I’ll definitely use my knowledge in AI for the upcoming semesters and also in my future designs.

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CulturalPavillion Vignesh_r2023.FuturisticpavilionfusesNajdi,Rajasthanistyles,chettinadstyle,intertwiningculturesinmodernity,creatingharmoniousarchitecturaldialoguebetweenpastandfuture.[MidJourneyoutput],https://www.midjourney.com/app/ users/44583908-ca59-45d5-8a73-7a51a739fa01/?jobId=ef8d4b40-f232-41be-aa0c-0fd8d9e4aa47 Vignesh_r2023.FuturisticpavilionfusesNajdi,Rajasthanistyles,chettinadstyle,intertwiningculturesinmodernity,creatingharmoniousarchitecturaldialoguebetweenpastandfuture.[MidJourneyoutput],https://www.midjourney.com/app/ users/44583908-ca59-45d5-8a73-7a51a739fa01/?jobId=ef8d4b40-f232-41be-aa0c-0fd8d9e4aa47 Vignesh_r2023.FuturisticpavilionfusesNajdi,Rajasthanistyles,chettinadstyle,intertwiningculturesinmodernity,creatingharmoniousarchitecturaldialoguebetweenpastandfuture.[MidJourneyoutput],https://www.midjourney.com/app/ users/44583908-ca59-45d5-8a73-7a51a739fa01/?jobId=ef8d4b40-f232-41be-aa0c-0fd8d9e4aa47 Vignesh_r2023.FuturisticpavilionfusesNajdi,Rajasthanistyles,chettinadstyle,intertwiningculturesinmodernity,creatingharmoniousarchitecturaldialoguebetweenpastandfuture.[MidJourneyoutput],https://www.midjourney.com/app/ users/44583908-ca59-45d5-8a73-7a51a739fa01/?jobId=ef8d4b40-f232-41be-aa0c-0fd8d9e4aa47 N o h a 9 1 4 8 2 0 2 3. A p a v i l i o n N a j d i o l d p a t t e r n s , h o u s i n g u n i t , t r a d i t i o n a l S a u d i a r c h i t e c t u r e , v i b r a n t color fulintricategeometricpatterns,weatheredwood,tarnishedbrassmetalwork,historicalsign i f i c a n c e , c u l t u r a l s y m b o l , c h e t t i n a d c o l u m n , a m b i e n t c i n e m a t i c l i g h t , s o f t s h a d ow s , t e x t u re s , s h a l l o w d e p t h o f f i e l d , r a j a s t h a n i - i n s p i r e d : : 1 [ M i d J o u r n e y o u t p u t ] , h t t p s : / / w w w. m i d j o u r n e y. c o m / a p p / users/56517d9a-cc5f-4f77-acb4-48f374f87c5a/?jobId=81707330-4e45-4e37-a328-4e7a139058ff Housingstyles Vignesh_r 2023. Housing, mix of chettinad: : 1, rajasthani: : 1, nadji style: : 1, traditional architecture, central courtyard: : 3, biomimicry: : 4, parametric architecture: : 6, fluid: : 3, zaha hadid design: : 5 [MidJourney output], https:// www.midjourney.com/app/users/44583908-ca59-45d5-8a73-7a51a739fa01/?jobId=671b51f4-b140-4fcc-82e78aa3a46ed932 Vignesh_r 2023. Housing, mix of chettinad: : 1, rajasthani: : 1, nadji style: : 1, traditional architecture, central courtyard: : 3, biomimicry: : 4, parametric architecture: : 6, fluid: : 3, zaha hadid design: : 5 [MidJourney output], https:// www.midjourney.com/app/users/44583908-ca59-45d5-8a73-7a51a739fa01/?jobId=0fe8e537-4740-4cfa-ad41fb9d93fd9fa6 Vignesh_r 2023. Housing, mix of chettinad: : 1, rajasthani: : 1, nadji style: : 1, traditional architecture, central courtyard: : 3, biomimicry: : 4 [MidJourney output], https://www.midjourney.com/app/users/44583908-ca59-45d58a73-7a51a739fa01/?jobId=f83420e0-d2d4-4133-b0ce-5f2a38c30a78 Noha9148 2023. Housing, courtyard, Najdi old art, traditional Saudi patterns, vibrant colorful intricate geometric patterns, weathered wood, tarnished brass metalwork, historical significance, cultural symbol, rajastani window patterns, chettinad column art, ambient desert light, camera angle: eye - level, lens: wide - angle, soft shadows, textures, shallow depth of field, [MidJourney output], https://www.midjourney.com/app/users/56517d9a-cc5f4f77-acb4-48f374f87c5a/?jobId=eac4ce31-fb77-4537-9b5f-bb7702260a6d N o h a 9 1 4 8 2 0 2 3. H o u s i n g , N a j d i o l d g e o m e t r i c p a t t e r n s , t r a d i t i o n a l S a u d i a rc h i t e c t u re , v i b r a n t c o l o rf u l , w e a t h e r e d w o o d , t a r n i s h e d b r a s s m e t a l w o r k , h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , c u l t u r a l s y m b o l , a m b i e n tc i n e m a t i c l i g h t , s o f ts h a d ow s , t ex t u re s , s h a l l owd e p t h o f f i e l d , S u d u s - i n s p i re d e nv i ro n m e n t , c e n t r a l c o u r t ya rd : : 4, p a r a m e t r i c a rc h i t e c t u re : : 6 [ M i d J o u r n eyo u t p u t ] , h t t p s : / / w w w. m i d j o u r n ey. c o m / a p p / users/56517d9a-cc5f-4f77-acb4-48f374f87c5a/?jobId=9da38e66-c451-4a06-bb95-7f3bcdee84ce

References Symbolic Installation

[Signals]:

Trends in Saudi Arabia: Cook, S.A. (2023). India Has Become a Middle Eastern Power. [online] Foreign Policy. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/06/30/india-middle-east-power/.

Noha9148 2023. Sculpture: “Cultural Nexus. “ Chettinad column cradles patterned sphere, Najdi - Rajasthani fusion, unifying cultures in 3D art, celebrating diversity through intricate design. [MidJourney output], https://www.midjourney.com/app/users/56517d9a-cc5f-4f77-acb4-48f374f87c5a/?jobId=b8e55b50-c619-4f5b-ba61-8074780aafc8 Noha9148 2023. Ornate column supports patterned sphere compass, merging Najdi, Rajasthani artistry in navigational artifact, bridging cultures through harmonious design. [MidJourney output], https://www.midjourney.com/ app/users/56517d9a-cc5f-4f77-acb4-48f374f87c5a/?jobId=140b67fb-fa42-4116-af7d-615b304d4f38 Material Vignesh_r 2023. Walking, nadji colours 2, chettinad columns, biomimicry3 [MidJourney output], https://www.midjourney.com/app/users/44583908-ca59-45d5-8a73-7a51a739fa01/?jobId=083d9c6b-d4f3-45d1-bfdb-68f7ae3a119f Yadav,T.2023.extremecloseupshotsofJharokhafromTraditionalRajasthaniHouse[MidJourney].https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1133034297759113226/1138164095586156596/Trishla_extreme_close_up_shots_of_ Jharokha_from_Traditional_Raj_b06d761a-25d2-4b6f-b85d-c4f9dbabcfee.png Yadav,T.2023.extremecloseupshotsofJharokhafromTraditionalRajasthaniHouse[MidJourney].https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1133034297759113226/1138164095586156596/Trishla_extreme_close_up_shots_of_ Jharokha_from_Traditional_Raj_b06d761a-25d2-4b6f-b85d-c4f9dbabcfee.png Noha91482023.GoldPlated,ChettinadColumns,culturalsymbol,ambientcinematiclight,softshadows,textures,shallowdepthoffield[MidJourneyoutput],https://www.midjourney.com/app/jobs/e70000ca-118d-47d1-a40c-97820 4b22118/^thegoldencolumns Noha91482023.Ioniccolumnstyles,ChettinadColumns,culturalsymbol,ambientcinematiclight,softshadows,textures,shallowdepthoffield[MidJourneyoutput],https://www.midjourney.com/app/jobs/c2108bd5-d886-4361-a9b74ab36cb926db/^theIonic Noha91482023.Najdiolddoor,traditionalSaudiarchitecture,Talismanfeature,vibrantcolorful,historicalsignificance,culturalsymbol,ambientcinematiclight,softshadows,textures,shallowdepthoffield[MidJourneyoutput],https://www. midjourney.com/app/jobs/d64b57a8-d5aa-4fcc-a112-4f15d14cedb5/ Noha91482023.Najdiolddoor,traditionalSaudiarchitecture,StainedGlass ,vibrantcolorfulintricategeometricpatterns,historicalsignificance,culturalsymbol,ambientcinematiclight,softshadows,textures,shallowdepthoffield[MidJourneyoutput],https://www.midjourney.com/app/jobs/f44a7ec5-ce83-467d-94e5-c98cbc2a01da/^stainedglass Noha91482023.Housing,cour tyard,Najdioldar t,traditionalSaudipatterns,vibrantcolor fulintricategeometricpatterns,weatheredwood,tarnishedbrassmetalwork,historicalsignificance,culturalsymbol,rajastaniwindowpatterns,chettinadcolumnart,ambientdesertlight,cameraangle:eye-level,lens:wide-angle,softshadows,textures,shallowdepthoffield,[MidJourneyoutput],https://www.midjourney.com/app/jobs/ eac4ce31-fb77-4537-9b5f-bb7702260a6d/ N o h a 9 1 4 8 2 0 2 3. A K i t b a s h i n g m o d u l a r, A s s e m b l e , N a j d i o l d p a t t e r n s : : 6, h o u s i n g u n i t , t r a d i t i o n a l S a u diarchitecture,vibrantcolor fulintricategeometricpatterns,weat heredwood,tarnishedbrassmetalwork,historicalsignificance,culturalsymbol,rajasthani-inspired,livelychatter,warmsunsetglow,sweepi n g p a n o r a m a ,1 8 m m l e n s , d e e p f o c u s [ M i d J o u r n e y o u t p u t ] , h t t p s : / / w w w. m i d j o u r n e y . c o m / a p p / users/56517d9a-cc5f-4f77-acb4-48f374f87c5a/?jobId=14be4399-7a32-44ea-bdae-46a8ea1c455e

India emerging as ‘major player’ in Middle East: US magazine. (2023). The Times of India. [online] 1 Jul. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-emerging-as-major-player-inmiddle-east-us-magazine/articleshow/101417207.cms?from=mdr Trends in India: Inani, R. (2019). ‘Our land is no use any more’: India’s struggle to save its farms. [online] www.aljazeera.com. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/9/12/our-land-is-no-useany-more-indias-struggle-to-save-its-farms. Farooqui, T.S. (2023). Too few jobs, too many workers and ‘no plan B’: The time bomb hidden in India’s ‘economic miracle’ | CNN Business. [online] CNN. Available at: https://edition.cnn. com/2023/05/27/economy/india-economic-miracle-issues-youth-intl-hnk-dst/index.html. Social Behaviours: Katz, L. (2020). How tech and social media are making us feel lonelier than ever. [online] CNET. Available at: https://www.cnet.com/culture/features/how-tech-and-social-media-are-makingus-feel-lonelier-than-ever/. I‌BM Cognitive - What’s next for AI. (2015). Building Trust in AI. [online] Available at: https://www. ibm.com/watson/advantage-reports/future-of-artificial-intelligence/building-trust-in-ai.html. [Readings] Al-aithan H (n.d.) Numinous Najd, 2022, Riyadh Art, https://riyadhart.sa/en/artworks/numinous-najd-2022/, accessed 8 September 2023. ‌ uilding Trust in AI (2015) IBM Cognitive - What’s next for AI, https://www.ibm.com/watson/adB vantage-reports/future-of-artificial-intelligence/building-trust-in-ai.html. ‌ Cook SA (2023) India Has Become a Middle Eastern Power, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy. com/2023/06/30/india-middle-east-power/. ‌ Cuningham. (2021) The Shift from Sustainable to Regenerative Design, Sustainable Brands, https://sustainablebrands.com/read/product-service-design-innovation/sustainable-regenerative-design. ‌ Katz L (2020) How tech and social media are making us feel lonelier than ever, CNET, https:// www.cnet.com/culture/features/how-tech-and-social-media-are-making-us-feel-lonelierthan-ever/. ‌ Higgins C (2017) Is disruptive innovation possible in the construction industry?, Designingbuildings.co.uk, https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Is_disruptive_innovation_possible_in_ the_construction_industry%3F. 85

Annotated Bibliography Building Trust in AI (2015) IBM Cognitive - What’s next for AI, https://www.ibm.com/watson/advantage-reports/future-of-artificial-intelligence/building-trust-in-ai.html. This article delves into societal trust in AI, drawing insights from 30 AI experts. Major points include: Moral Decisions: Challenges in programming AI for ethical choices, using the example of a self-driving car’s moral dilemma. Bias in AI: Emphasis on recognizing and mitigating AI biases, primarily rooted in training data. Ethical Frameworks: The debate on universal ethical standards for AI and the biases within the AI community. Transparency: The need for AI systems to explain their reasoning, with predictions of advancements within five years. Education & Job Impact: Addressing misconceptions about AI’s capabilities and potential job disruptions, referencing historical technology-induced job shifts. Collaboration: Advocacy for a multidisciplinary approach to AI development, involving academia, industry, and government.

Cuningham. (2021) The Shift from Sustainable to Regenerative Design, Sustainable Brands, https://sustainablebrands.com/read/product-service-design-innovation/sustainable-regenerative-design. The article traces the journey from “solar architecture” in the 1970s to the prevalent “sustainable design”. Despite its achievements in energy efficiency and sustainable materials, the author argues it falls short in combatting environmental challenges. A shift towards “regenerative design” is proposed, emphasizing active restoration of natural systems. The International Living Future Institute’s approach to regenerative design is highlighted. The article calls for a transition from sustainable to regenerative design for a harmonious future with nature.

Katz L (2020) How tech and social media are making us feel lonelier than ever, CNET, https:// www.cnet.com/culture/features/how-tech-and-social-media-are-making-us-feel-lonelierthan-ever/. ‌ While technology offers the illusion of connection, it might inadvertently deepen feelings of loneliness. Dr. Elias Aboujaoude emphasizes that digital connections might dilute genuine relationships. Authors Susan Matt and Luke Fernandez, in their 2019 book, explore how perceptions of loneliness have evolved in the digital age. With social media, people often measure their lives against others’ idealized online personas, sometimes exacerbating feelings of isolation and inadequacy. A 2018 Cigna survey highlighted widespread loneliness among Americans, though the direct influence of social media remains debatable. Ultimately, the commercialization and heightened expectations of social connections today might be amplifying the age-old human experience of loneliness. Cook SA (2023) India Has Become a Middle Eastern Power, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy. com/2023/06/30/india-middle-east-power/. ‌ This article documents the author’s reflections on India’s evolving role in the Middle East, based on a speaking tour in India sponsored by the U.S. State Department. Initially, India seemed hesitant to deepen its involvement in the Middle East. However, over the last decade, this stance has shifted significantly. The article provides a detailed overview of India’s relationships with key Middle Eastern nations like Israel, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, emphasizing defense, technology, and economic collaborations. Special attention is given to the strategic implications of these relationships for the U.S., especially concerning its rivalry with China in the region. The author argues that India’s increasing influence represents changing global dynamics, hinting at a future where multipolarity becomes the norm.

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