From Skylines To Treelines

FROM

SKYLINES TO

TREELINES Addressing Our Environmental Impact by Immersing Ourselves in the Natural World

By: Victoria E. Rossin

© 2016 Victoria E. Rossin ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FROM

SKYLINES TO

TREELINES Addressing Our Environmental Impact by Immersing Ourselves in the Natural World

A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of

The NewSchool of Architecture & Design In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture By: Victoria E. Rossin June 2016 San Diego, Ca

ABSTRACT

This research attempts to understand and strengthen the relationship between architecture and the natural environment. As a response to the declining health of the plane, the field of architecture has created the realm of sustainable design. While the discipline of sustainability seeks to implement improved building practices, it fails to address the problem of over-consumption, and the health of the planet continues to diminish.

This design will provide a recreational space that re-establishes a connection between humanity and nature. By implementing three unique structures into the Anza-Borrego desert, this project can offer the opportunity for visitors to experience the allure of nature, and in turn regenerate their attraction and desire to save these wild spaces. Each structure will be located along an eighteen-mile journey which brings the visitors deep into the wilderness over a three-day venture. As the users get further into the backcountry, access to typical amenities becomes more limited and users are forced to rely on their understanding of the natural environment.

Throughout their journey visitors will have the opportunity to reflect upon their place within the natural world.

FROM

SKYLINES TO

TREELINES Addressing Our Environmental Impact by Immersing Ourselves in the Natural World

A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of

The NewSchool of Architecture & Design In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture By: Victoria E. Rossin June 2016 San Diego, Ca

Approved By:

Undergraduate Chair: Len Zegarski

Date

Undergraduate Coordinator: James Enos

Date

Dedication To those who encourage and inspired me throughout my journey.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1: Introduction

2: Thesis Essay

3: Research

Critical Position Introduction Background Problem Statement Intention Development Thesis Statement

Consumer Culture Sustainability Nature Scope of Study Rational for Study Feedback/Evaluation

Case Study Analysis

P, 1

P. 14

P. 26

4: Conceptual Development

P. 42

5: The Design

P. 66

Location Development Program Development Concept Directions

Appendix

Trail Information The Big Horn: Site 1 The Lone Ranger: Site 2 Vista Point: Site 3 Green Technologies Summation of the Journey Bibliography Image Citations

P. 120

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION “In wildness is the preservation of the world” -Henry David Thoreau

CRITICAL POSITION Growing up near the ocean and spending part of my adult life in the mountains, I have acquired a deep attraction toward all spaces wild. Throughout my studies at NewSchool of Architecture and Design, I have grown a modest resentment toward the way sustainability is understood within Architecture. Which results in buildings that still fail to address their environmental impact.

I feel that as a global population we need to rethink the direction in which we are headed in terms of sustainable design by re-establishing truer connections with what we believe in.

2

INTRODUCTION

Nature and Architecture Our bond between nature and the built environment has been prevalent since the earliest renditions of architecture. For example, when the Pantheon (Figure 1) was originally constructed in 27 BC, it paid significant attention towards the sun and how it can be used to generate a hierarchy in the design (Cornell, ND). Similarly, in 1964, Frank Lloyd Wright, designed one of the most iconic homes in architectural history, which focused strongly on the incorporation of natural elements (Figure 2) (Grupico, 2011). Furthermore, in 2014, Sustainability Treehouse, designed by Mithun and BNIM (Figure 3) was awarded the AIA’s Committee on the Environment’s Greenest Building Award, demonstrating how architecture of this time must be responsible for the environment (Architectural, 2014). Many argue that architecture can not exist without the understanding of nature, such as David Gissen whom states that all architecture is in one way or another a “reconstruction of nature” (2011). Contributing to this understanding, nature will become the inspiration, justification, and motivation for design in this thesis.

Figure 1: Cornell

Figure 2: Grupico

Figure 3: Architectural Digest

BACKGROUND

Abandonment of the Wild

Prior to 10,000 BC humans roamed the earth in search of subsistence for survival. They used the knowledge of the natural environment to live off the land as it was (Davis, 2012).

Around 10,000 BC humans discovered that by altering the landscape they could create their own food and eliminate the need to hunt and gather.

Farming became the new way of life (Davis, 2012). In 4,000 BC with an abundance of food and leisure time people began moving to cities where instead of relying on knowledge of the natural environment, knowing a trade would provide better survival (Davis, 2012).

Today over one-half of the global population lives in urban areas, and this number is increasing rapidly (World, 2014). As we move into a more urbanized society many tend to lose their connection as well as understanding of the natural world.

4

Danko: Solar Reserve

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Downfall of “Sustainability”

“We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.”

-Albert Einstein Even with increased societal awareness, cultural influence, and governmental legislation, CO2 emissions have continued to rise, and the threat of real climate change persists (Intergovernmental, 2014). This may be due to sustainable initiatives and cultural trends that maintain consumerism as the driving force. While sustainability focuses on energy efficient consumption and environmentally conscious development, it does not address the main problem: consumption. Furthermore, these concepts of sustainability neglect the most important aspect of the environmental movement: nature.

6

1830’s Cheap Mass Produced Nails

Timeline

Average Household 7

Global CO2 (the leading cause of global warming) levels continues to rise despite the increase of political, social, and economic efforts.

87% of world population lived in rural areas

Human Impact on the Planet

1 Bill Global Population

1800

1850’s Reinforced Concrete Becomes Major Building Material

2 Global Tons CO2 Emitted 1.2 Bill

1850

Thoreau publishes WALDEN "In wilderness is the preservation of the world."

Clean Air Act

1867 Steam Powered Elevator

1879 Carbon Filament Bulb Invented

1890’s Forced air heating became widely available

38 Global Tons CO2 Emitted

1920’s Air Conditioning & Insulation

END OF WWII

7.4 Bill Global Population

Birth of the AMERICAN DREAM

983 ft2

1740 ft2

1.6 Bill

1900

Bill is passed to create the first National Park Yellowstone

1950 Ansel Adams Began Photographing Yosemite

1892 Sierra Club

2000

Clean Water Act

1951 Nature Conservancy

2600 ft2

2.5 Bill

More than 1/2 world population living in urban areas URBAN

Average Household 2.6

Average Household 4.5

2 Global Tons

10 Global Tons CO2 Emitted

AIA Committee On Energy

Al Gore Releases AIA An Inconvenient Truth Committee On the Environment

Energy Policy Act MONTREAL PROTOCOL (Global)

1890-1995 26 National Parks Established

Environmental Defense Fund

Braungart & McDonough Cradle to Cradle

Wilderness Preservation Act 1970 Environmental Protection Agency

KYOTO PROTOCOL (Global)

2009 Leaders in Energy and Environmental Design 1995 National Association of Home Builders: Green 1970 Natural Resource Defense Council

2004 Green Building Initiative

8

INTENTION

Nature and Architecture (Rekindled) This project seeks to use the built environment as a portal for the reconnection of humanity and nature. Because we now live in a world where material goods, technology, and manufactured dwellings are prevalent in our daily routine, these amenities assume to give people a sense of security and comfort. By creating a space which encompasses these comforts and introducing them into nature, this project can begin to rekindle an attraction towards the natural environment. Fostering long lasting emotional connections will help people rethink and act with more consideration for the health of the planet.

Natural immersion can promote long lasting emotional concern for the environment. Rather than continuing in our current lifestyle with “good� consumption.

Crowe: Critics and Supporters

DEVELOPMENT

The Reintroduction of Wild

The conceptualization of this project began with an investigation into the way in which people spend time in nature. Case study analyses helped form an understanding of which architectural typologies best promote lasting connections with the user and the natural environment. After gaining a better understanding of which typologies were more likely to foster long term behavioral change, three design directions were explored. Those directions were: The Journey, Mobile Structures, and the implementation of Cross Cultural Integration. Each concept was then applied to two different scenarios. Simultaneous

to the conceptual development, three sites were analyzed in order to better understand how proximity to urban centers effects these typologies. The final design further explored the development of The Journey, building on the idea that direct immersion into nature and the opportunity for self discovery helps obtain a more pure understanding of the natural environment.

10

THESIS STATEMENT True “Sustainability”

This thesis will challenge current sustainable practices by seeking to influence lifestyle changes towards a culture more harmonious with nature. The design will use the familiarity of the built environment in order to encourage users to venture into the wilderness, thus providing a safe environment where users can truly experience nature. Each structural implementation will find a balance between nature and the user’s acquaintance with the built environment. As a result of the user’s experience in nature, such a journey has the opportunity to promote a lasting emotional connection with nature which will in turn promote more environmentally conscious living.

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Chapter 2

THESIS ESSAY

CONSUMER CULTURE

Since the 1800’s, industrialization has influenced the culture of America by constructing social and economic systems that link consumption with self-worth and happiness (Todd, 2012). Consumerism has become our way of life (Todd, 2012). Excess in consumption has lead to the pollution of our atmosphere, the diminishment of our natural resources, and to the destruction of the ecosystems we depend on (Wells et al., 2011). Aside from having detrimental affects on our planet, mass consumerism has made countries dependent on petrochemical-fueled manufacturing which contributes significantly to the release of greenhouse gas emissions (Trevors, 2011).

The field of architecture has also played its part in condoning such attitudes towards consumption. In 1975 in the United States, an average of four people were living in less than 1,600 ft2. Today an average of two and a half people are living in over 2,600 ft2 (U.S. Census Bu-

reau, 2010). The occupation of more space per person leads to a higher demand being placed on earth’s natural resources.

Larger homes will inevitably require more energy over the life-cycle of the structure. Access to non-traditional materials such as exotic woods and quarried stones, the constant advancements of technologies, as well as constantly evolving architectural “trends,” contribute further to our culture of architectural consumerism.

As architects, we have attempted to solve this problem under the umbrella of sustainable design. Organizations such as the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program (2009) act as a systematic rating system for green design. The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Energy Star Rating has provided energy efficiency information to individuals so that they can become more conscious consumers. We have become a gen-

eration of “green,” “sustainable,” and “environmental” design.

“Energy efficiency,” “renewable” and “recycled” are now common discourse among architects and other professionals. But are these strategies truly having a positive environmental impact or are they simply contributing to consumer culture?

16

SUSTAINABILITY

The term “sustainability” was first used early in the 18th century by a German lumber businessman Hans Carl von Carlowitz to describe the negative environmental effects of clear-cutting. He realized that in order to have long term economic prosperity he must also sustain environmental prosperity (Gottschlich, 2014). Although the term was officially coined in the early 1800’s its significance began to develop after the Industrial Revolution.

The new millennium has seen sustainability become a major influence in all aspects of life, political, cultural, and social. In 1997 the first international action to attempt to combat climate change took place with the initiation of the Kyoto Protocol (Ansari, 2004). In 2006, Al Gore released his influential documentary to the masses, An Inconvenient Truth, displaying the effects of global warming upon our planet. Climate change is being addressed by nearly every major U.S. com-

pany, policy maker, and public school system. Coca-Cola has established goals for addressing sustainability through “sustainable packaging”, “water stewardship” and “climate & energy protection” (Coca-cola, 2015).

Additionally, President Obama passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, establishing a $50 billion budget for the implementation of clean energy throughout the U.S. (Natural, 2010). In 2013, the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) established sustainability and climate issues as curriculum requirements in participating K-12 schools (Pruitt, 2015).

In 2004, buildings were responsible for 39% of CO2 emissions and 70% of the electricity load in the U.S., more than any other sector (Environmental, 2004). Because buildings place such a large demand on the environment, sustainability has become a major factor in recent design. According to LEED standards, a sustainable structure can be rated on six categories:

sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, and innovation in operations. In his book Green Metropolis, David Owen (2008) argues that the key to ultimate sustainability is the city. He calls New York the greenest city in the U.S. claiming that by living in proximity, we not only reduce the demand for driving vehicles but tend to occupy less square footage per person (Owen, 2008). He argues that by building in one dense area, we can better preserve other natural spaces.

As the global population continues to advance the impact being placed on the environment, urgent consideration of how to react is being considered by nearly everyone. Whether that be to truly reverse the detrimental effect which humans have hindered on the planet, or only to find a balance which will sustain the current lifestyles for the near further.

18

NATURE

Throughout history “nature” has taken on many forms.

The perception of nature has changed over time and throughout different cultures. It is very complex and therefore nearly impossible to define. Take a tree for instance; it is nature when converting carbon to oxygen in the rain forest and it is nature when it provides shelter for insects and monkeys. When the tree eventually dies and falls to the ground is this still nature?

It gets tricky! Is it nature when that log is picked up by a native tribe and carved into a canoe?

Is it nature once the canoe travels upstream with fishermen on board casting out their nets? Are humans nature?

In a study by Vining, Merrick, and Price (2008), participants were asked to identify as being part of or separate from nature, a remarkable 76.9% considered themselves to be part of nature while only 12.1% answered separate. In his book Last Child in the Woods, Richard Louv, defines the term Nature

Deficit Disorder as the physical and emotional reaction to spending less time outdoors (Louv, 2005). In their Wilderness Stewardship Plan, The National Park Service defines natural as being “free from the effects of modern civilization” (National, 2014). And the Webster’s Dictionary defines nature as “the physical world and everything in it that is not man made by people” (Nature, 2015). Thus, for the purpose of this thesis “nature” will be defined as a space or environment which preserves our humanistic senses. Such as a space where sight, smell, touch, taste, and sound have been notably unaltered by human impact.

20

SCOPE OF STUDY

This thesis will concentrate on understanding sustainable practices as it relates directly to American culture.

Across the globe, diverse economics, politics, cultural traditions, and geographic limitations result in a very different understanding of human/nature interaction. Although such issues are also very diverse just within North American, by focusing on this smaller region it can help create a more coherent project.

Rusty Areias, Director of the Department of Parks and Recreation, states that the natural landscape preserved by the California State Park system was established to be enjoyed by everyone (California, 2001). Therefore, when building within the delicate realm of nature it became important to consider people on both sides of the “nature/consumer spectrum� (Figure 4). By addressing opposing sides of this spectrum it was understood that everyone in the middle would be considered as well. On one end of the spectrum, the naturalists, address individuals whom are already connected with nature, these people may be skeptical of anything being built in their wilderness. On the other end of the spectrum, the consumers, are the individuals whom desire comforts provided by the built environment. The individuals who identify closer with the consumer are the most important to consider in this project because they will typically have little connection to the natural world. This project will afford them the opportunity to gain a new awareness of their relationship with nature.

Naturalist ie. John Muir

Consumer ie. Paris Hilton

Figure 4

22

RATIONAL FOR STUDY As generations shift, values and ideals will also change with time. We are currently living in a generation which drastically differs from the past. Trends show that generation Y, also referred to as millennials, are less likely to buy homes, have babies, and start careers early in their lives (Wiedmer, 2015). With more time, money, and access to information, millennials are traveling, exploring, and seeking fulfillment outside of traditional work and family life (Wiedmer, 2015). Where the WWII generation desired family values

and the comfort of routine, millennials are more likely to explore and discover new things (Wiedmer, 2015). This project is relevant to the time in that it will give our generation the opportunity to leave their comfort zone and seek novel experiences.

FEEDBACK/ EVALUATION

Through the evolution of this project there have been many key discussions that have shaped the understanding of the design. The dominant concern since the conceptualization of the project has been the perceptual relationship between the natural and built environment, specifically how to place structure into nature while not destroying the pureness of that natural space. Other concerns included logistics, practicality, human impact and specific effects on various communities.

24

Chapter 3

RESEARCH

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

This thesis considers the notion that in order to promote lifestyles more compatible with nature, a relationship with humans and the wild must be reestablished. Case study analysis was used to better understand the ways in which architecture can be used to bring people into nature. Three categories were established: Temporary, ShortTerm, and Permanent, which relate to the amount of time the user is immersed in nature. Rather than focusing on the actual design of these facilities, it was more important to understand and analyze the functionality, programmatic, and contextual relationships between the user, nature, and architecture.

Temporary

Short-Term

Permanent

Mission Trails Visitors Center

Saline Valley Hot Springs

Slab City

Sun Tunnels

Champion Spark Plug Mine

Outside Found Bus

28

N

Climbers Loop Trail

Oak Grove Loop Trail

Fa th

er

Ju nip

ero

Se

rra

Tra

il

San Diego River Crossing Trail

VISITOR CENTER

20 Min to Downtown

Mission Gorge Rd.

Prescribed Education The Mission Trails Visitor Center is an example of how an education facility can become a portal for experiencing nature through a critical lens. The architecture of this center facilitates a learning environment for those who may not be willing or able to immerse themselves into pure wilderness. In Harper Colophon’s book, Small is Beautiful (1973), she describes the modern man as a force which must dominate and conquer nature. Nature is something that is unfamiliar and even feared by many. A Visitors Center offers an opportunity to stay within the safety of the known while still being able to participate in nature.

The programmed learning environment limits visitors’ self discovery of Nature. Instead of embracing the wild, a Visitor Center continues to isolate the human and nature relationship by glorifying the separation.

Visitor rates will influx with school field trips and private party events. Weekends see greater visitors. All temporary.

Natural Elements: sight, sound Paris Hilton

John Muir

Nature/Consumer Spectrum

30

Johnson: Kids of all ages

Johnson: Nancy Holt

Johnson: Almost a bit Surrealistic

N

3 miles to paved road

SUN TUNNELS Earth Art

By providing a final destination or piece to view, Sun Tunnels gives people a specific reason to venture into the depths of the Utah desert in order to experience nature through a prescribed framework. Providing a “thing� gives those whom would not traditionally spend time in the wild the desire to visit. Earthworks rejected the idea of consumerism by challenging the idea of art as something that can be bought or sold for profit. This type of art is open to everyone who is willing to come see it. Site becomes an important factor for all earthworks, and how the viewer/user becomes a part of the landscape. This gives visitors the opportunity to experience nature in a different way.

People tend to visit this site only for a short period of time which may not be enough for them to fully experience the allure of nature. Nearly all visitors arrive by car and only stop to simply view the object. In some instances the piece overtakes a visitors experience of nature.

Being one of the more influential earth works, this project is visited by many people. During the solar equinox when the sun lines up with the tunnels many visitors come to the site.

Natural Elements: sight, smell, sound, taste

Paris Hilton

John Muir

Nature/Consumer Spectrum

32

Gedstorm: Saline Valley Palm

Partensky: Saline Valley Hot Springs.

Partensky: Saline Valley Hot Springs, HDR.

To Upper Spring

N

.

s ng

Rd

ri

m

ar

W

Sp

Tub 1 & 2

Restroom Tub 5

Tub 4

Kitchen Campground Host

Restroom

3hr drive to nearest town Big Pine

Recommended Camping

Recommended Camping

SALINE HOT SPRINGS Cross Culture

Volcano Tub

200 ft

The Saline Valley Hot Springs offers an opportunity for a diverse group of individuals to congregate among a common interest, nature. The ideas of leave no trace, community regulation and self reliance creates a common mentality among users. With nearly no shelter at the site this location requires visitors to be completely emerged into nature, and also be aware of their surroundings. The remoteness of this site provides the opportunity for an adventure or journey which will leave a lasting memory for those who visit.

Due to the extreme conditions of Death Valley this location is only used during Fall and Winter. A structure like this is only possible to the specific conditions provided by the hot springs, this is not the type of facility which could be applied to any location.

One resident presides over the property year-round. Holiday and seasonal visitation affects visitor rates.

Natural Elements: sight, smell, sound, taste, touch Paris Hilton

John Muir

Nature/Consumer Spectrum

34

Johnson: Black Eagle Camp

Johnson: Black Eagle Camp

Johnson: Black Eagle Camp

N

Cabin Large Cabin

Cabin Cabin

Cabin Museum

1 mile hike to Dirt Road

Cabin

SPARKPLUG MINE Honor System

50 ft

The Champion Sparkplug Mine camp is an old mining establishment which was abandoned in 1945. In recent years the structures have been re-inhabit by backcountry hikers and skiers. The cabins work on a first come first serve basis, no reservations or fees are required to stay. Access to the cabins, which are one mile from the nearest road, becomes a journey in itself. The only way in is by foot. Running water is still available, and there are wood burning stoves in every structure making it possible to visit during the cold winter months. The area is kept up completely by volunteers, people visiting are encouraged to leave behind any food or materials not used or need. This site provides a unique look into how living in the wilderness can happen with no regulation.

The cabins are older and consist of basic shelter which provide minimal protection from the harsh conditions. Little architectural design was considered when creating the camp.

Extreme cold in winter limits majority of users to summer months.

Natural Elements: sight, smell, sound, taste, touch Paris Hilton

John Muir

Nature/Consumer Spectrum

36

Vos: Slab City

Charbonneau: The Strange Desert

Damien: Overlooking Slab City

N C

oa

ch

el

la

East Jesus Gallery

The Range (Stage & Club)

C

an

al

C

oa

ch

ell

a

C

an

Rd

.

Be

al R

d.

al

Slab City Library

Ta

nk

Rd

.

1 hr drive to Algodones Dunes Wilderness

SLAB CITY

Salvation Mountain

Self Reliance Self-Reliance

2.5 hr drive to San Diego, Ca 500 ft

Slab City is located in the Colorado Desert in southeastern California, and is cut off from all local utilities, making residents self reliant. This idea of self-reliance forces consumers to be aware of what and how much they are consuming. When all water must be gathered by hand or purchased from a local store it is less likely that water will be wasted.

Residents settle in Slab City for many different reasons, however the underlying relocation to “the Slabs� is usually out of necessity, not out of desire. Extremely harsh summer conditions results in dangerous living: dehydration, starvation, and heat exaction are common among new residents. Some residents do not take care of their land and garbage can be seen blowing away from the slabs.

Extreme heat in summer limits majority of users to winter months. Slab City has recently become an attraction, with many tourist visiting.

Natural Elements: sight, touch Paris Hilton

John Muir

Nature/Consumer Spectrum

38

Alyssa: Outside Bus

Alyssa: Kitchen Cooking

Alyssa: Bus Photo Tour

OUTSIDE FOUND BUS Mobility

The mobility of The Outside Found Bus offers the opportunity to genuinely experience nature. By constantly changing the environment one is able to appreciate the glory of the unexpected, and un-tameable wild. Seasonal enjoyment also becomes available with mobility, it is possible to temporarily inhabit some of the most uninhabitable places in the U.S. (or rather inhabit them in a natural way).

The reality of being able to reside in a mobile structure is limited to those who have complying jobs or the financial ability to deter from traditional work.

One must also be able to disconnect with a conventional lifestyle.

As the bus travels it intrigues visitors, however when stationary the only visitors are the residents or friends.

Natural Elements: sight, smell, sound, taste Paris Hilton

John Muir

Nature/Consumer Spectrum

40

Chapter 4

CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT “Going to the Mountains is Going Home” -John Muir

Crater Lake

Redwood

Lassen

Volcanic

Reno W ee Da ken d y T Tri p rip

Yosemite

2

San Francisco

Hr

D

riv

e

1

Sequoia

WHITE MOUNTAINS

Kings Canyon

Zion

Bryce

Grand Canyon

Las Vegas

Death Valley

2

Channel Islands

ALABAMA HILLS

Los Angeles Phoenix Joshua Tree

San Diego

3

ANZA-BORREGO

LOCATION DEVELOPMENT

As a result of case study analysis, it was understood that the lasting influential relationship between the user and nature depended heavily on the sites proximity to an urban center (Figure 5). For example, the Mission Trails Visitors center saw a large number of visitors however they seemed disinterested and not engaged with nature itself. On the other hand, visitors to Saline Hot Springs, whom had to go on a journey to get there seemed to have a better understanding and connection with the natural space. For this project it is important to be able to attract people who live with in these urban centers, while still being able to preserve the understanding and connection with nature. Three separate locations which had the potential of urban proximity and environmental allure were further explored; The White Mountains, Alabama Hills, and Anza-Borrego.

ALABAMA HILLS

Mission Trails

Slab City

Figure 5: Relationship to Urban Proximity. Case study comparison to location development.

Outside Found

ANZA-BORREGO

Sun Tunnels

Saline Hot Springs

WHITE MOUNTAINS

Spark-Plug Mine

44

WHITE MOUNTAINS Isolation

Distance from Los Angeles 7 Hours 280 Miles

This site will provide the most interaction with nature, the journey to the site will give users opportunities to reflect on their place in the world as they travel high into the White Mountains.

The remoteness of this location provides a pure immersion into nature, however the distance may also discourage many people from seeking this experience.

Harsh winter conditions and road closures limit the number of visitors during that season.

6

6

6

Benton

6

Spark Plug Mine

30 Min Drive to Mammoth Lakes 6

WINTER

SITE S

ACCES

A ER MM

SU

Owens River

S ES

CC

Methuselah Grove

395

Buttermilks Rock Climbing Site

Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest Visitors Center

6 395

BISHOP Winter Access Town Wh

168

ite tain

un

Owens River

Mo

168

.

Rd

INYO NATIONAL FOREST

BIG PINE 395 Summer Access Town 168

46

ALABAMA HILLS Accessibility

Distance from Los Angeles 3 Hours 210 Miles

The Alabama Hills can provide an easily accessible as well as naturally stimulating location for this thesis. Unique rock features and the surrounding Eastern Sierra Mountains already attract many outdoorsy visitors seeking to interact with the natural elements. Just 3 hours from Los Angeles, and right of Highway 395 this location is very accessible. The accessibility of the sight could potentially hinder the experience of journeying into nature because it is so easy to get to.

2 Hr. Drive to Mammoth Lakes Manzanar Historic Site

r

ive

sR

en

Ow 395

Parking for Site

SITE

Gas Station

Market Whitn

ey Po

Lone Pine Campground

Whitney Trail

395

rtal Rd

.

Alabama Hills Recreation Area Tuttle Creek Campground

Best Western Motel 136

Lone Pine Film Museum Eastern Sierra Visitors Center

Comfort Inn Diaz Lake & Campground

136

395

s en

Ow

Boulder Creek RV Park

r

e Riv

To Death Valley

395

Cottonwood Lakes

Muir Lake Hidden Lake

INYO NATIONAL FOREST Cirque Lake

2 Miles

395

Owens Lake

3 Hr. Drive to Los Angeles

48

ANZA-BORREGO Hike In

Distance from San Diego 4 Hours 85 Miles

The Anza-Borrego location is unique in that it is easily accessible just a two-hour drive from San Diego, however by placing the end location 2.5 miles into the backcountry this allows it to become a journey to the final destination. In order to access the final location one must hike in, taking the visitor out of their car give the opportunity to truly experience the elements of nature. This is the location which will be further developed in this thesis.

Anza Borrego State Park

De Anza Desert Country Club Palm Canyon Campground

SITE

RoadRunner Golf and Country Club Grocery Resupply

Palm Canyon Trail

State Park Headquarters

Hellhole Canyon

Palm Canyon Hotel

30 Min to Salton Sea

Club Circle Resort Golf Course

2 Hrs to San Diego

Borrego Springs Rd.

50

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

The following three conceptual directions (Mobility, Cross-Culture, and The Journey) differed dramatically in regards to size, typology, location, and users.

Therefore, when considering programmatic decisions three loose categories were established that would be further developed within the conceptual directions. These categories are Rest, Refuel, and Reflect.

Rest

Refuel

Reflect

A resting space should consist of an area which is quiet and away from any community locations. The purpose of the resting space is to provide the user the opportunity to disconnect from what is happening elsewhere.

Nature should still be experience within the space, however it does not need to be as prevalent as in other instances.

Refuel can consist of a place to cook, gather water, or gather supplies for a further journey. Refueling spaces can also be a space which refuels the user emotionally, a fire or table can provide small comforts which will help the user throughout the rest of their experience. All refueling spaces should be communal and provide the opportunity for people to come together and connect.

Reflection places provide the user the opportunity to reflect upon their relationship within nature. This is the space where people can withdraw from other distractions, the space which will hopefully rekindle a love for nature. Reflection spaces should be visually stimulating and obtain a strong sense of nature. There may be a communal aspect, however this should be a quiet and provide the opportunity to reflect within.

52

CONCEPT DIRECTIONS

Mobility

Unfold/Expand

Self Sufficient

Cross-Culture

The Journey

Coherent Surroundings

Short Trip

Urban Proximity

Long Trip

ts

ile

To

Cooking Station

LE

APSIB

COLL

Portable Infrastructure

54

MOBILITY Self-Sufficient The idea a self sufficient mobile structure provides users the opportunity to explore any place they desire. This allows for the freedom of self discovery, and the ability to experience the wilderness through their own interests. In order to truly understand something, one must experience it. This option provides that opportunity.

Program: Rest Refuel Reflect

Space for 1-2 adults to sleep comfortable.

Cooking Space Storage for 1 week of food.

Reflection occurs along the journey of inquiry.

Unfold/Expand

MOBILITY Portable Infrastructure Portable infrastructure will bring the comforts of home into the wilderness. This option has the opportunity to create a community following among its users, such mobile structure which can be accompanied through the wilderness as it travels. The mobility of this structure will comply to seasonal changes within nature, for example the structure can inhabit the desert in winter and mountains in summer.

Program: Rest Refuel Reflect

Users will provide own resting space.

Fresh Water, Cooking Station, Restrooms, Charging Station Zero Impact amenities will allow user to become aware of all they use at home. Access to nature will be present in every space.

ts

ile

Drink

Cooking Station

ing W a

ter

To

LE

APSIB

COLL

BLE

TOW-A

56

CROSS-CULTURE Coherent Surroundings This concept uses the unique geological conditions in the Alabama Hills in order to create a space which allows nature minded individuals to mingle with more urban minded folks. The Alabama Hills Recreation area is located right off highway 395, a road which is heavily traveled by people traveling between L.A. and Mammoth Lakes. In the summer many nature enthusiasts travel to this space for hiking, climbing and fishing which is abundant around the region.

Program: Rest

Refuel

Reflect

Padded Tent Area Room (150 Ft2 x 5) (100 Ft2 x 7) General Store (500 Ft2) Bar/Cafe (400 Ft2) PCT Storage (500 Ft2) Shower (100 Ft2) Charging Station (200 Ft2) Outdoor (500 Ft2) Indoor (500 Ft2)

CROSS-CULTURE Urban Proximity This concept will utilize the proximity to San Diego and the start of the P.C.T. (Pacific Crest Trail), in order to create a space where people can share their experiences and thoughts about nature. By creating a space where individuals from different cultural backgrounds can meet on similar conditions, this has the potential for interest about nature to become inspired.

Program: Rest

Refuel

Reflect

Padded Tent Area Room (150 Ft2 x 9) (100 Ft2 x 11) General Store (500 Ft2) Bar/Cafe (600 Ft2) PCT Storage (500 Ft2) Shower (150 Ft2) Charging Station (100 Ft2) Outdoor (600 Ft2) Indoor (600 Ft2)

58

THE JOURNEY The concept of the Jour- Program: ney takes its users on a path 30 miles through the White Mountains 14,000’ Elevation Gain of California. This experience will transform the user’s relaOption 1 tionship with the natural world Rest 6 as they are fully immersed Refuel 15 into the beauty of the wild. As Reflect 2 the user travels deeper and deeper into the backcountry Option 2 they will have the opportunity Rest 3 to discover new things about Refuel 8 themselves and their impact Reflect 2 on the natural environment.

OPTION 1

REFUEL

RE FRESHED

Start/End: Winter & Summer

Day 2

REST/REFUEL

REFUEL

REFUEL

is

ak

REFUEL

REFUEL

Pe

ob

Day 1

t.

D

Start/End: Summer

M

EXHAUSTED

EXITED

BANCROFT

e

t.

Champion Spark Plug Mine

hit

M

9,000’

W

REFLECT REFUEL

REST/REFUEL

REFLECT REFUEL

Day 7

REST/REFUEL

REFUEL

e t s con ristle e Fore Pin

10,000’

5,000’

Day 6

REST/REFUEL

nt B

11,000’

6,000’

Day 5

REST/REFUEL

cie

12,000’

7,000’

Day 4

REST/REFUEL

An

13,000’

8,000’

Day 3

REST/REFUEL

REFUEL

1” = 1 Mile 14,000’

Day 2

REFUEL

REFLECT REFUEL

Day 1

HOT TUBS

Benton

START/End: Summer & Winter

Day 3

REST/REFUEL

Day 4

REST/REFUEL

OPTION 2

60

SUMMATION Subsequently to the initial research, location investigations, and conceptual developments it was decided to further develop the project at the site of Anza-Borrego, with an interpretation of the conceptual direction “The Journey�. The Journey provides an interesting opportunity for many different types of users to benefit from this architectural design, and the site of Anza-Borrego allowed for ap-

propriate proximity to the urban center of San Diego, Ca. When furthering the design, the amount of structural implementations was reduced to three, allowing for a more comprehensive project. By making the structures slightly bigger than initially proposed it will become possible to implement elements from the Cross-Culture proposal as well. The results of the final proposal will be showcased in the following chapter.

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Chapter 5

THE DESIGN

The Big Horn

This site is located approximately 1,000 feet up the south facing hillside of the canyon. To the east, visitors can see the trail head where they just traveled from, and to the west empty wilderness. This 180-degree view provides the user the opportunity to see where they have just come from as well as where they will journey in the future.

The Lone Ranger

TRAIL INFORMATION

Nestled in the flat land of the canyon, this site creates an intimate experience with the user and their surroundings. Just steps for the natural creek the area is scattered with abundant vegetation and wildlife. The site is dwarfed by the canyon walls and gives the user the illusion that they are just a small piece within the larger wilderness.

Vista Point

This site provides the most unique experience with a grand view of the Coachella Valley below. Access to the site conceals views which are only visible once you reach the Vista Point. To the south, the viewer can see past the Mexian boarder. To the east, landscapes of the fields and houses which form Borrego Springs become visible. Finally, to the north, the viewer will see the larger peaks within the Anza-Borrego wilderness.

5,800’

Vista Point

5,000’

Lone Ranger

600’

Big Horn

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

2 - 3.5 Hours 2.5 Miles

7.5 - 9 Hours 8 Miles

5.5 - 7.5 Hours 6.5 Miles

2.5 miles Big Horn

Easy 1/2 Day from Palm Canyon Campground

Palm Canyon Trail

10.5 miles

Total 17 Miles

Lone Ranger

Visitors Center Check-In

12.5 miles Vista Point

66

Conceptual Axonametric Study of The Big Horn : Site 1

THE BIG HORN Site 1

This location is the largest of the 3, being the most accessible it provides an opportunity to bring in individuals whom may not traditionally seek to experience nature. This site will be used as both a day use and overnight space which will open it up to a larger number of people. By providing a large community space this structure can offer the opportunity for people to share their experiences and learn from one another.

2.5 Miles In 1,900’ Elevation Gain

Program: Rest

Max Occupancy: 40 Day Use 20 Overnight Square Footage: Sleeping 625Ft2 Community 1,375 Ft2 Cumulative 2,000 Ft2

Refuel

Reflect

-5 Sleeping Rooms with space for up to 4 adults/ Room -Eating & gathering space with table seating up to 22.

-3 Cooking Stations with sink, cutting boars, and propane stove.

-Storage space with community and private storage.

Large community deck Indoor/Outdoor Fire Pit

68

2,010 ft

2,010 ft

2,000 ft

1,990 ft

1,980 ft

1,970 ft

1,960 ft

Trail to Site 2

1,940 ft

Site Plan 1,930 ft

1,920 ft

1,910 ft 25 ft 50 ft

Trail From Parking Lot

Gravel Drainage

Roof Slope 1:12

70

Plan: Ground Floor

Ordered Resupply Community Storage

Eating & Gathering Space

Entance/Exit From Trailhead Cooking

Fire Pit

Exit to Site 2

0’

+1’

Down

A Community Space 0’

B

5 ft 10 ft

Plan: Below Grade

Sleeping Rooms (Max 4/ Room)

-10’

-11’

A Up

B

-11’

72

2

Section A

5 ft 10 ft

Section B

74

North Elevation

5 ft 10 ft

West Elevation

76

Perspective Wall Section

A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H: I: J: K: L: M:

Tin Roof 4” x 6” Palm Lumber Beam Steel Connection Plate 2” x 4” Palm Lumber Joist 6” x 6” Palm Lumber Column 2” x 4” Palm Lumber Beam 2” x 2” Palm Lumber Joist Sliding Door Concrete Footing Steel Connection Plate Earth Fill Stone and Mortar Flooring Pebble Drainage Fill

Metal Roof

2” x 6” Palm Lumber Beam 4” x 6” Palm Lumber Beam Steel Connection Plate 2” x 4” Palm Lumber Joist

6” x 6” Palm Lumber Column

2” x 4” Palm Lumber Beam 2” x 2” Palm Lumber Joist

Sliding Palm Door

Stone and Mortor Flooring Pebble Drainage Fill

Concrete Flooring Steel Connection Plate

Earth Fill

78

Model Photos

80

Model Photos

82

Conceptual Axonametric Study of The Lone Ranger : Site 2

THE LONE RANGER Site 2

This site is meant for the more experienced hikers, individuals seeking a journey more intimate with natural spaces.

This site is far from the main trail head and provides a small amount of shelter for the users.

10.5 Miles In 5,000’ Elevation Gain Max Occupancy: 20 Day Use 10 Overnight

Program: Rest

Refuel

Square Footage: Interior 400Ft2 Exterior 325 Ft2 Cumulative 945 Ft2 Reflect

-5 Sleeping Rooms with space for up to 2 adults/ Room.

-Day use bench seating space.

-Cooking stations with sink, cutting boars, and propane stove.

-Storage space with community and private storage.

-Charging station with solar powered plugs.

Outdoor seating space Outdoor Fire Pit

84

Site Plan

Stream Flow

25 ft 50 ft

Trail From Site 1

Gravel Drainage

Roof Slope 1:12

Trail To Site 3

86

Plan

Entrance/Exit

0’

Resupply Storage

Fire Pit

+3’

Charging Station

C

+1’

Cooking Area

Grey Water Drainage

Sleeping Lofts

B +3’

5 ft 10 ft

88

Section C

5 ft 10 ft

Section D

90

South Elevation

5 ft 10 ft

East Elevation

92

Perspective Wall Section

A: B: C: D: E: F: G: H: I: J: K: L: M:

Tin Roof 2” x 2” Palm Lumber Joist 2” x 2” Palm Lumber 2” x 4” Palm Lumber Joist Mortis and Tenon Joinery 4” x 6” Palm Lumber Beam 4” x 10” Palm Lumber Beam 6” x 6” Palm Lumber Column Stone and Mortar Flooring Pebble Drainage Fill Concrete Footing Steel Connection Plate Earth Fill

A B

C E

F

D

G

H

I K

M

J L

94

Model Photos

96

Model Photos

98

Conceptual Axonametric Study of Vista Point : Site 3

VISTA POINT Site 3

This site is intended for day use only and will provide visitors the opportunity to relax and reflect upon their journey. The structure will simply provide shelter form the hot Borrego desert sun.

12.5 Miles In 5,800’ Elevation Gain

Program: Rest

Max Occupancy: 20 Day Use Square Footage: Cumulative 700 Ft2

Reflect

-Eating & gathering space with table seating up to 10.

-Backpack storage and boot bench.

Reflection deck.

100

ft

Site Plan

25 ft 50 ft

Trail From Site 2

Gravel Drainage

102

Plan

5 ft 10 ft

104

Section E

5 ft 10 ft

Section F

106

West Elevation

5 ft 10 ft

South Elevation

108

Perspective Wall Section

A: B: C: D: E: F:

Tin Roof 2” x 4” Palm Lumber Beam Stone and Mortar Wall 4” x 8” Palm Lumber Beam Steel Connection Plate Pebble Drainage Fill

A

B

C

D E C

F

110

THE JOURNEY

Approach to The Big Horn (Site 1)

The Big Horn: Indoor/Outdoor community space

The Big Horn: Sleeping Room Daytime

The Big Horn: Sleeping Room Night Time

112

Approach to The Lone Ranger (Site 2)

The Lone Ranger: Sleeping Room

Approach Final Site to Vista Point (Site 3)

114

GREEN TECHNOLOGIES Material Consideration In order to preserve the natural feel of the structures it is important to utilize materials unique to the Anza Borrego desert region. By locally sourcing 90% of the building materials, less energy will be wasted on transit and manufacturing.

Palm Lumber

Palm Wood Floors

Palm trees are naturally occurring in the spring fed canyons of the Anza-Borrego desert. As flash floods and high winds roll through the hills and valleys, older palms become uprooted and fall. Over time, the trunks of the fallen palms dry out in the hot desert climate. This wood will be collected and used in the timber framing of the structures. Different sizes will be cut on site using a chainsaw and jig.

In some instances, the lumber will be joined with steel connections, however typical joinery will consist of mortise and tenon.

Palm wood flooring will keep a natural feel within the spaces. Trees will be sawn into vertical pieces in order to preserve the natural curvilinear feel associated with the wood.

Stone and Mortar Floor & Wall

Metal Roofing & Sidding

All stone will be collected and chiseled to size on site. Thermal massing properties will help keep structures cool from the hot summer sun. The mortar which will need to be used to secure the stone will have to be hiked in and all water used to mix it will be collected on site.

Corrugated metal will be used for all roofing material, alluding to the famous installation art pieces done by Ricardo Breceda throughout Borrego Springs. The metal will be one of the few construction elements which will have to be hiked in.

ADD CITATION

116

n r Su Shallow footprint to let in daylight

Sum

me Natural Daylight

W

un

rS

te

in

Thick thermal wall will absorb day sun and radiate heat into sleeping area during the night

Sum

me

r Su

n

The Big Horn

GREEN TECHNOLOGIES Passive Systems

The Lone Ranger

Cross Ventilation

(Prevailing Westward Wind)

Natural Daylight

Vista Point

W

un

rS

te

in

Cross Ventilation

(Prevailing Westward Wind)

Operable windows to control wind flow

Cross Ventilation

(Prevailing Westward Wind)

Fire Heating

Sum

er

Su

n

n

r Su

int

me

W

Structure will be used during peak heat of day, always keep direct sun out.

Natural Daylight

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