African youth fulfiling their potential

2012 Ibrahim Forum Facts & Figures

Adaptability Courage e Mobility Resilience Cr eativity Integrity Thoughtfuln ess Equity Autonomy Anticipa tion Strategy Participation Conne ctivity Potential Future Transforma tion Intuition Freedom Independence Strength Purpose Pride Adaptability Cou rage Mobility Resilience Creativity Integrit Connectivity Thoughtfulness Equity Auton omy Anticipation Stra tegy Participation Con nectivity Potential Futu re Transformation Intuition Freedo m Independence Strength Purpose Pride Adapta bility Courage Mobility Resilience Creativity I ntegrity Tho ughtfuless Equity Au utonomy

African Youth: Fulfilling The Potential Dakar, November 2012

DYNAMICS….

In less than 3 generations, 41% of the world’s youth will be African By 2035, Africa’s labour force will be larger than China’s In some African countries, secondary school achievement has regressed The median age of African leaders is 3 times the median age of the African population At the end of the century, Africa will have the lowest dependency ratio in the world Africa’s powerhouses are already ageing Literacy is growing, but Africa still lags behind the rest of the world Young Africans are more literate than their parents, but more unemployed Current African educational levels are lower than China’s and India’s By 2050, over 1/4 of the world’s labour force will be African Nearly 9 million primary school-age children are out of school in Nigeria Between 2010 and 2020, Africa will add 163 million people to its potential labour force Only 2/3 of students progress from primary to secondary education in Africa “Youth is a process of becoming rather than being” Education is not compulsory in Ethiopia Over the next 10 years, there will be 108 million more school-age children in Africa In around 1/2 of African countries there are almost 40 pupils per teacher Africa spends more on secondary education than the global average The youngest athlete in the 2012 Olympic Games was a 13 year-old Togolese swimmer The informal sector represents more than 80% of total employment in sub-Saharan Africa Youth unemployment increases with education level in Africa Africa has the lowest share of engineering graduates in the world Sectors that drive GDP growth do not create the most jobs Renting an office in Lagos is more expensive than in Manhattan or Dubai West and Central Africa’s literacy lags behind East, Southern and North Africa Heroin markets are expanding in Africa, noticeably in Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and Tanzania “Job readiness” is lacking in Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt Almost 1/2 of the world’s out-of-school children live in sub-Saharan Africa Current projects in extractive industries are capital intensive and create few jobs 1/2 of primary school-age children are out of school in Niger

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AfricAn Youth: fulfilling the PotentiAl 2012 ibrahim forum | Agenda Dakar, Senegal | 11th november 2012 introductory Session - African youth: An asset or a liability Africa is the only continent with a significantly growing youth population. In less than three generations, 41% of the world’s youth will be African. By 2035, Africa’s labour force will be larger than China’s.

How do we ensure that Africa benefits from this imminent demographic dividend? How do we ensure that African youth will compete at the global level not only due to sheer numbers? What is the future that we are creating for our most precious resource?

This introductory session will outline the main trends and issues at stake, setting the scene for the subsequent discussion: How to allow and empower Africa’s youth to gain economic autonomy, to acquire social and political responsibility and to share ownership of their continent’s future.

Panel 1 - employment outlook: Setting the global and regional context of the potential demand Africa has become an important player within the global economic system. Sub-Saharan African growth prospects outperform the Middle East & North Africa, Latin America and Europe. Meanwhile, demographic shifts, the western world’s financial crisis, and the development of technologies, are impacting the shape of the global job market.

In this new international context, what will global job demand look like, at the world level and in Africa? How will this impact on youth employment prospects? Do we need to design development policies around job creation rather than economic growth?

Panel 2 - ensuring African youth competitiveness: Developing the right skills and providing adequate tools African youth are better educated but less employed than their parents. On the continent, too many African young people are neither employed, nor studying, nor looking for a job. Is this forced “idleness” sustainable? What needs to be done to increase the global competitiveness of African youth? What is missing: health, education, skills, financial help, employers’ motivations? Should the skilled diaspora be enticed back? How do we deal with the “lost generation” from various civil wars?

Panel 3 - Acquiring social and political responsibility The continental median age is 20 years old and the median age of African leaders is 62. Electoral turnout has been falling among African youth.

How committed are Africa’s youth to shaping the environment around them? How committed are policy makers to listening to and including African youth in policy decisions? Does democracy need new tools? How can we promote an intergenerational dialogue of substance and meaning? Is the Arab spring to become an African summer?

1

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

contentS

Youth: A trAnSition

4

Varying age brackets

5

A transition: “Becoming rather than being”

6

Several entry points into adult life

7

AfricA'S DeMogrAPhY: froM BurDen to DiViDenD

8

From now on, Africa remains the only continent with a significantly growing youth population

8

By the end of the century, 41% of the world’s youth will be African

9

By 2035, Africa’s labour force will be larger than China’s

10

By 2050, over a quarter of the world's labour force will be African

10

By the end of the century, Africa will have the lowest dependency ratio in the world

11

Emerging powerhouses are already ageing

12

Spotlight: Lost assets…

13

heAlth & Well-Being: froM gloBAl to locAl iSSueS

14

Youth-specific health risks are the same all over the world

14

Life expectancy differs across the continent, from 75 in Libya to 47 in Lesotho

15

Nutrition: Undernourished children, malnourished young people?

15

Reproductive health: Early sex, early marriage, early pregnancy…

17

Communicable diseases

18

HIV/AIDS

19

Addictions: A growing concern

20

Violence

23

Orphans

24

Spotlight: Young champions

25

eDucAtion: Better But not gooD enough

26

Literacy levels differ across the continent

26

At a global level, Africa’s literacy lags behind

27

Almost half of the world’s out-of-school children live in sub-Saharan Africa

28

School completion rates remain a concern

29

Spotlight: Tertiary education – distorted Africa

30

Children without schools in Africa vs. schools without children elsewhere?

31

Despite significant efforts, education remains a huge financial challenge

33

Spotlight: A highly mobile generation

34

2

eMPloYMent: DileMMAS, DYnAMicS, DeciSionS

36

Dilemma # 1: Low unemployment, but highly vulnerable employment

37

Dilemma # 2: The more educated, the less employed

38

Dilemma # 3: The largest employers, the most vulnerable jobs

39

Dynamic # 1: Africa's GDP is growing fast

40

Dynamic # 2: By 2040, Africa's labour force will be the largest in the world

42

Dynamic # 3: Development shapes a country's workforce landscape

43

Decision # 1: Job creation or economic growth?

44

Decision # 2: Agriculture as the new driver for development?

46

Spotlight: “African Agriculture: From Meeting Needs to Creating Wealth”

48

Decision # 3: Brain drain or brain retain?

49

What is the current employment situation for African youth?

51

Spotlight: The poor (‘s) choice… unemployed or badly paid

53

The main obstacles to employment

55

PArticiPAtion: toWArDS neW DeMocrAtic toolS

57

A failing belief in democracy

57

Young Africans are rather optimistic, and more interested in the economy than in freedom

58

A highly connected generation

59

Spotlight: The median age of African leaders is three times the median age of the population

62

Young coMMitMentS…

63

Millennium Development Goals

63

Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development

63

African Youth Charter

63

African Peer Review Mechanism

63

Youth ministries

65

Spotlight: e-Government

67

Annex

68

Annex 1: Regional Economic Community (REC) factcards

68

Annex 2: Employment definitions

71

References

72

Acronyms

76

A range of sources have been used in the creation of this document – see References at the end of the report for a full list. Many of the facts and figures have been reprocessed by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation.

Data were correct at time of research. In some instances, the numbers may not add up to the total due to rounding.

The Mo Ibrahim Foundation is committed to making data freely available and accessible to all citizens of the continent and interested stakeholders. We welcome and encourage any accurate reproduction, translation and dissemination of this material. The material must be attributed to the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, but not in any way that suggests that the Foundation endorses you or your use of the material.

To request additional copies of this or other publications, contact media@moibrahimfoundation.org.

For a list of any errors or omissions found subsequent to printing, please visit www.moibrahimfoundation.org The Mo Ibrahim Foundation gives special thanks to Yaa Ofori-Ansah and Jonathan Lalude for contributing their time and knowledge to this research.

3

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Youth: A trAnSition

Youth: A trAnSition

Africa's youth map

tuniSiA Morocco

AlgeriA liBYA

egYPt

MAuritAniA cAPe VerDe

MAli

niger

SenegAl

chAD

gAMBiA guineA-BiSSAu

guineA

SierrA leone

eritreA

SuDAn

BurkinA fASo

DjiBouti nigeriA

côte D'iVoire

ethioPiA

liBeriA ghAnA

togo Benin

centrAl AfricAn rePuBlic

cAMeroon

South SuDAn

equAtoriAl guineA

ugAnDA

gABon DeMocrAtic rePuBlic of congo

congo

SoMAliA

kenYA

rWAnDA BurunDi

São toMé AnD PrínciPe

tAnzAniA

SeYchelleS

% of population aged 15-34

AngolA

30-32

zAMBiA

32-34 34-36

ziMBABWe

nAMiBiA

BotSWAnA

36-38

MAlAWi

coMoroS

MADAgAScAr MozAMBique

SWAzilAnD

38-40 South AfricA

40-42

leSotho MAuritiuS

No data available Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

4

Ma Sey uritiu che s Tunlles Alg isia e SouMoro ria th cco Afr ic Lib a Egyya Ca Lesot pt pe ho Bo Verd tsw e Dji ana b Na outi mi bia S Gh Cô wazi ana Gu te d' land ine Ivo i a Ma -Biss re u a Ca ritan u me ia r Ga oon mb i Tog a o CA Eq. Nige R Sie Gu ria rra ine L a Co eone mo r Kenos Er ya Rw itrea an Ga da Gu bon in S ea Tan udan zan i ZimLiber a Ma bab ia da we gas An car Sengola Somegal São ali Toma Be é nin MaDRC l Bu Co awi rki ng na o Bu Faso run C di Mo Eth had zam iopi bi a Zamque bi Maa Nig li Ug er an da

Au Age 80

Age 35

Source: CIA, CIA World Factbook, data for 2011

5

AU

Ma li B en Ma i n da gas ca Rw r an Bu d rki na a Fas Ca me o roo n Gh an a Gu Guin ine ea a-B iss a Les u oth o L Sie iberi a rra Leo n Sw e azi lan d Bo tsw an a Nig eri a Nig er An go l Ga a mb ia Ke nya Ma uri tiu s Na mi b ia Sey che lles So ma lia Alg eri a Tun isia Ug an d Bu a run Ca di pe Ve rde L Ma ibya uri tan Tan ia zan ia Tog o UN

Au • • • •

un

Varying age brackets

For the African Union (AU) young people are individuals aged between 15 and 35 For the United Nations (UN) young people are individuals aged between 15 and 24 Many African countries apply national definitions The median ages of all African countries fall within the AU definition of youth Youth age brackets: institutional vs. domestic definitions

Youth: A trAnSition

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

––––– Life expectancy

Source: Country and institutional websites

Median age of population

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Youth: A trAnSition

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

A transition: "Becoming rather than being" •

In contrast to age-static definitions of youth, youth can be seen as the transition from childhood to adulthood, one that would be defined by the acquisition of social, economic and political autonomy and responsibility. Youth is the “process of becoming rather than being”1. Youth become adults through the gradual accrual of roles and responsibilities that define them as such

•

The timing of this transition is usually aligned with the attainment of an individual’s ‘natural prime’: when one has the greatest expectations and the most energy to expend

children ● acquire their basic values and norms during the first 3 years of life ● are not fully developed physically or mentally ● are in the process of developing their identity ● are in a learning process ● learn fast and are open to new ideas ● are highly dependent on their parents or other adults ● need protection ● live with their parents ● in most cases do not decide for themselves ● are poorer that adults ● may not vote ● cannot be charged for a crime ● are not financially responsible

Young people ● are at their prime physically subject to adequate nutrition and care ● are in the process of developing their identity ● are in a learning process ● question ideas and perceptions of (adult) society ● are flexible, open-minded and quick to adjust ● are sexually active ● most often still live with their parents, but are about to establish a family and find a place to live

● compete with adults for learning opportunities and jobs ● are often dependent on their parents or other adults ● do in many cases decide for themselves, however not in all (e.g. economic, marriage) ● are poorer than adults ● often contribute to the income of the family ● may have the right to vote ● can be charged for a crime but are not always considered financially responsible Adults ● are fully developed physically - or beginning to deteriorate ● have developed their identity ● are not in a formal learning process ● often become more conservative as they grow older ● are less flexible and quick to adjust ● are in control of finances ● decide for themselves ● are responsible for income of the family ● have the right to vote ● can be charged for a crime

Source: The World Bank, Who are Youth?, 2012 1 James. A, Childhood Identities: Self and Social Relationships in the Experience of Childhood, 1993. Cited in Honwana, A & De Boeck, F, Makers & Breakers: Children & Youth in Postcolonial Africa. 2005

6

Several entry points into adult life Developed from Gallup and Afrobarometer survey data, the following graphs display youth age brackets in several African countries, if marriage or becoming head of the household are considered to be the end of youth Age 60

if end of youth = beginning of marriage Female

50

Male

40 Au

30 20 10

Bo

tsw an Co a ng Ga o bo An n g Sw ola azi lan d So uth CAR Afr ic Alg a eri a Mo Tun zam isia biq ue Sie Sud rra an L Ca eone me r Mo oon roc Les co oth Lib o er Nig ia eri Dji a bo uti Zim Togo ba b Rw we an d Gh a an a Ke Co nya mo ros DR G C Ma uine uri a ta Tan nia zan ia Ma M da ali ga Ma scar u Bu rki ritius na Fa Zam so bia Eg yp Be t nin Ch Bu ad run Ma di la Sen wi ega Ug l an da Nig er

0

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2011

if end of youth = becoming head of household

Age 60

rural vs. urban

50

Rural Urban

40 Au

30 20 10

Ca

Tan

zan ia

law i Ma

r sca Ma

da ga

Ve rde pe

bia

Nig e

Zam

Ug an da

ria

e biq u

ibia

Mo zam

Na m

Zim

Bo tsw an a

ba bw e

ica Afr Sou th

Les oth o

Ke nya

Gh an a

l Sen ega

Be nin

Ma

li

0

if end of youth = becoming head of household

Age 60

female vs. male

50

Female Male

40 Au

30 20 10

Source: Afrobarometer, Afrobarometer Round 4, data for 2008

7

e iqu

Mo zam b

Zam bia

eri a Lib

ica Afr

Sou

th

Ken ya

ibia Na m

e Ve rd pe

Fas o

Ca

na

Bu

rki

Nig eri a

law i Ma

oth o Les

bw e Zim ba

da Ug an

an a Gh

tsw an a Bo

gas car

nia

Ma da

Tan za

ega l Sen

nin Be

Ma li

0

Youth: A trAnSition

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

From now on, Africa remains the only continent with a growing youth population Youth population trends (15-24)

Millions 800

Projected 4

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 ––– Africa - - - Asia - - - Europe - - - Latin America - - - North America - - - Oceania

2050

2060

2070

2080

2090

2100

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

• • •

Of the 50 least populated countries in the world, 17 are African, with less than 30 inhabitants per km2 Meanwhile, Mauritius and Rwanda rank in the top 20 most densely populated, with more than 400 inhabitants per km2 Of the world's 20 countries with the most occupied households, 6 are African, 4 of which are in North Africa Population density World rank 11th 18th 32nd

Highest Africa in top 50 Mauritius Rwanda Burundi

Lowest World rank Africa in top 50 4th Namibia 8th Mauritania 10th Botswana 12th Libya 13th Gabon 15th Central African Republic 17th Chad 21st Congo 22nd Niger 23rd Mali 29th Somalia 31st Algeria 32nd Angola 37th Sudan 37th Zambia 48th Democratic Republic of Congo 49th Mozambique

People/km2 636.8 403.4 301.2

Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013

Households with 6 or more occupants World rank 5th 8th 10th 11th 15th 20th

Country Algeria Morocco Nigeria Tunisia Egypt South Africa

Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013

8

% 45.6 39.5 37.6 35.0 26.8 19.0

People/km2 2.8 3.4 3.5 3.6 5.6 7.0 8.7 11.8 12.2 12.4 14.6 14.9 15.3 17.4 17.4 28.1 29.2

By the end of the century, 41% of the world’s youth will be African • • •

In the 21st century, Africa will be the only continent whose youth population will continue to significantly expand Between 2000 and 2100, Africa will gain 340 million young people, compared to a net increase of 137 million in the whole world, due to diminishing cohorts in Europe, Latin America and Asia This will increase its share of the global youth population from 15% to 41% Distribution of global youth population

1950

2000

2050

2100

43

164

391

505

263

670

631

502

g Europe

95

101

75

76

g Latin America

32

101

92

73

g North America

26

44

55

61

Millions g Africa g Asia

Youth total 2100 1,217 million

Africa 41%

Youth total 2050 1,245 million

Africa 31%

Youth total 2000 1,080 million

Africa 15%

Youth total 1950 459 million Africa 9%

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

9

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

By 2035, Africa’s labour force will be larger than China’s • • •

Between 2010 and 2020, Africa will add 163 million people to its potential labour force By 2040, Africa's labour force will be larger than India’s By 2050, Africa’s labour force will be at least 3 times bigger than Europe’s Working age population (15-64 years)

Millions 1400

Projected 4

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1970

1975

––– Africa

1980

1985

- - - China

1990

- - - India

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

- - - Japan - - - South-East Asia - - - Europe - - - Latin America & the Caribbean - - - North America

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

By 2050, over 1/4 of the world's labour force will be African Labour force total 1970 1,899 million 10%

Labour force total 2000 3,385 million

Labour force total 2050 5,010 million

13% 27%

g Africa g China g India g Japan g South-East Asia g Europe g Latin America & the Caribbean g North America Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

10

2050

By the end of the century, Africa will have the lowest dependency ratio in the world • • •

Africa's dependency ratio1 is currently the highest in the world, due to the high child dependency ratio2 In less than 2 generations, Africa will have the lowest dependency ratio, due to increasing labour force, declining child dependency ratio, and a low old-age dependency ratio3 Meanwhile, due to a soaring old-age dependency ratio, Latin America will become the region with the highest dependency ratio, closely followed by Europe and North America

Child dependency ratio

% 90

Projected 4

80

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

1990

2010

2030

Projected 4

80

70

0

Old-age dependency ratio

% 90

2050

2070

0

2090

1990

2010

2030

2050

2070

2090

Total dependency ratio

% 100

Projected 4

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

2070

––– Africa ––– Asia ––– Europe ––– Latin America & the Caribbean ––– North America Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

1 Number of dependents aged 0-14 and aged 65+, per 100 persons of working age 15-64 2 Number of dependents aged 0-14, per 100 persons of working age 15-64 3 Number of dependents aged 65+, per 100 persons of working age 15-64

11

2080

2090

2100

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Emerging powerhouses are already ageing •

At the global level, ageing Asia vs. youthful Africa Asia

Age 90-94 75-79

75-79

60-64

60-64

45-49

45-49

30-34

30-34

15-19

15-19

0-4

0-4 200

•

150

100

50

Africa

Age 90-94

0

50

100

150

200

150

100

50

0

50

100

150

100

150

At the continental level, ageing North Africa vs. youthful sub-Saharan Africa North Africa

Age 90-94 75-79

75-79

60-64

60-64

45-49

45-49

30-34

30-34

15-19

15-19

0-4

0-4 20

•

10

Sub-Saharan Africa

Age 90-94

0

10

20

150

100

50

0

50

Among African countries, maturing regional powerhouses South Africa

Age 90-94

Egypt

Age 90-94

Nigeria

Age 90-94

75-79

75-79

75-79

75-79

60-64

60-64

60-64

60-64

45-49

45-49

45-49

45-49

30-34

30-34

30-34

30-34

15-19

15-19

15-19

15-19

0-4

0-4 4

2

0

2

4

0-4 5

2.5

0

2.5

5

Population pyramids (in 100,000s) g Male g Female gg 1950

gg 2000

gg 2050

gg 2100

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

12

Kenya

Age 90-94

0-4 30

20

10

0

10

20

30

7.5

5

2.5

0

2.5

5

7.5

Spotlight: Lost assets…

• • • • • •

In 10 African countries, the population has known between 9 and 45 years of conflict Human Rights Watch (HRW) estimates that 100,000 children are currently serving in armed conflicts across 10 African countries Tens of thousands of children have left armed forces and groups since 2004 Many were demobilised through Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes, but the majority self-demobilised Inadequate provision for long-term reintegration of former child soldiers was reported for post-conflict Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and South Sudan Official DDR programmes made no provision at all for children and discouraged their participation (in Central African Republic 26 children out of 7,500 child soldiers were DDR beneficiaries)

Countries Chad Eritrea Sudan Angola Somalia Uganda Congo, Dem. Rep. Mozambique Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire

Years of Conflict 45 years (1965-2010) 30 years (1961-1991) 28 years (1983-2011) 27 years (1975-2002) 26 years (since 1986) 25 years (since 1987) 16 years (since 1996) 15 years (1977-1992) 11 years (1991-2002) 9 years (2002-2011)

Source: CIA World Factbook, BBC World News

Child soldier use Country Central African Republic Chad Côte d'Ivoire Congo, Dem. Rep. Eritrea Libya Rwanda Somalia South Sudan Sudan Uganda

In national army

In state security forces

x x x

x

x

x

x x x x

In irregular paramilitaries x x x

In armed opposition groups

x

x

x x

x

x x

x x

x

x

x

Source: Child Soldiers International, Louder than Words, 2012

13

AFRICA'S DEMOGRAPHY: FROM BURDEN TO DIVIDEND

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

Youth-specific health risks are the same all over the world Risk

What happens

What can be done

Early pregnancy and childbirth

- globally, 16 million girls aged 15-19 years give birth every year - this represents 11% of all births worldwide - the vast majority of adolescents' births occur in developing countries - the risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes is much higher for adolescents - the lower the age, the higher the risk

- too early pregnancies can be decreased by: - the formulation and enforcement of laws that specify a minimum age of marriage - mobilisation of community support for these laws - better access to contraceptive information and services - provision of quality antenatal care and skilled birth attendance - where legal, access to safe abortion

HIV

- 15-24 year olds account for 40% of all new HIV infections worldwide - every day 2400 young people are infected - more than 5 million young people are living with HIV - currently only 36% of men and 24% of women have the comprehensive and correct knowledge to protect themselves

- provision of knowledge to protect and means to do so: access to condoms and clean needles - better HIV testing and counselling - HIV prevention strategy that takes into account social, economic and cultural conditions

Malnutrition

- undernourishment makes young people more prone to disease and - provision of food and micronutrient supplementation early death - prompt and effective identification and management of problems - overweight and obesity are increasing among young people in both (such as anaemia) low- and high-income countries - knowledge about adequate nutrition, healthy eating and physical exercise habits as foundations for good health in adulthood

Mental Health

- in any given year 20% of adolescents will experience a mental health problem, most commonly depression or anxiety - risk is increased by experiences of violence, humiliation, devaluation and poverty - suicide is one of the leading causes of death of young people

Tobacco use

- the vast majority of tobacco users start when they are adolescents - banning tobacco advertising - globally, 150 million young people use tobacco - raising the price of tobacco goods - and the number of young smokers is increasing, particularly among - laws prohibiting smoking in public places young women - half of those users will die prematurely as a result of tobacco use

Harmful use of alcohol

- 14% of girls and 18% of boys aged 13-15 years in low- and middleincome countries reportedly use alcohol - it reduces self-control and inceases risky behaviours - it is the primary cause of injuries (including traffic accidents), violence (especially domestic violence) and premature death

- banning alcohol advertising - regulating access - advice and counselling

Violence

- one of the leading causes of death of young people, particularly

- reducing access to alcohol and lethal means, such as firearms - care for young victims and support for the physical and psychological consequences of violence

males: 430 10-24 year olds die every day through interpersonal violence - every day between 8,600 and 17,200 youths require hospital treatment for violence-related injuries

Injuries

- road traffic injuries kill 700 young people every day

- psychosocial support in schools and community settings

- advising young people on driving safely - increasing access to public transportation - laws that prohibit driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol

Source: WHO, Young people: health risks and solutions (Fact sheet N째345), [accessed October 2012]

14

Life expectancy differs across the continent, from 75 in Libya to 47 in Lesotho • •

Of the world’s 20 countries with the lowest life expectancy, 19 are in Africa The only non-African country in the bottom 20 is Afghanistan Current life expectancy at birth

Years 75 70 65 60 55 50

Lib y Ca Tuni a pe sia V Sey erd che e lles Ma Egyp uri t t Al ius Mo geria Ma ro da cco g São asca Tom r Gh é a Ga na Na bon mi Eri bia Co trea mo Sen ros E ega Ma thiop l uri ia t Ga ania m Dji bia bo Tan uti zan Co ia ngo Tog Ken o Lib ya er Be ia R Bu wa nin rk n Cô ina F da te d'Iv aso oir Ni e Gu ger i Ug nea a Ma nda la B Souotsw wi th ana Afr N ica Ca iger me ia roo n M Som ali Eq. a Gu lia in An ea B gola Zim urun Mo ba di zam bw biq e u C e Zamhad Sw bi azi a lan Gu ine D d a-B RC iss au Sie rra CAR Leo Les ne oth o

45

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, data for 2010

Nutrition: Undernourished children, malnourished young people?

• • •

Sub-Saharan Africa is the 2nd poorest performer in the 2012 Global Hunger Index (GHI), after South Asia The situation has improved in the majority of countries since 1990 However, GHI scores in Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, Comoros and Swaziland have deteriorated since 1990 2012 Global Hunger Index

GHI 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

‘90

‘96

‘01

‘12

‘90

World

g Under-five mortality rate

‘96

‘01

South Asia

‘12

‘90

‘96

‘01

‘12

Sub-Saharan Africa

g Prevalence of underweight in children

‘90

‘96

‘01

‘12

‘90

Southeast Asia

g Proportion of undernourished

Source: IFPRI, 2012 Global Hunger Index

15

‘96

‘01

Near East & North Africa

‘12

‘90

‘96

‘01

‘12

Latin America & Caribbean

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

He Lib rz E ya Ge gypt or Syr Sou Ser gia ian th A bia Gu Ara frica ine b R a-B ep. is Mo Arm sau nte eni Kaz ne a ak gr Mo hstao Aze ngo n rba lia ij B an Dji elize bo A u São lger ti Tomia Sw Ben é a i Bo zilann tsw d Mo ana ro Sie Nig cco rra eri Ca Leo a me ne roo C n Ma hile l Ku awi wa Tun it isi C a Co AR Za ngo Th mbia a Lesiland o Bu Rw tho rki and na a Fas D o Ch RC in Zim Gha a ba na b Tan we za Sudnia Gu an Cô K inea te en d'Iv ya Ug oire an da SomMali alia Na Togo mi Mo Li bia zam ber biq ia ue Ge Nige rm r Sen any Ga egal E mb Ma thio ia uri pia ta Tu nia Uk rkey rai ne

a&

sni

Bo

% 30

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, data for 2005-2011

16 ine

Gu

Lib eri a

ire

PD R Rw an da Tim orLes te

ad

• Rural

Lao

Ch

60

Be nin

a Nig eri a Som alia Tan zan ia Mo zam Pap biq ua ue Ne wG uin ea

Source: UNESCO, 2012 Education for All, data for 2005-2010

'Ivo

Ma li

% 70

Cô te d

% 70

Ken ya Ca me roo n

DP

ras RK ore a

du

iti

Ha

Er Bu itrea Co rund mo i Zamros An bia Eth gola iop ia CA Mo R zam Cha Sie bi d rra qu L e Tan eone zan Ken ia Lib ya Rw eria an d Zim Tog a ba o b Ma we Dji lawi B bo Ma otsw uti da ana ga Gu Cam scar ine ero a-B on iss Su au Ug dan a Ga nda mb Se ia Sw nega az l Na iland mi b Gu ia ine a Cô te Nige d'Iv r o Les ire ot Co ho ng Be o nin Ca Ma p e Bu Ve li rki rd Ma na Fa e u so Sey ritan che ia Nig lles e Alg ria er Eg ia Ga ypt b Gh on an a Ma Liby uri a t Mo ius S roc Souão To co th mé Afr Tun ica isi Eq. DR a Gu C in Sou Som ea th alia Sud an

• • • •

Ho n

Me xic o Sen ega l El S alv ad or Be lize Nic ara gua Ga mb ia Gh an a

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

In 15 African countries more than 30% of the population is undernourished All North African countries have the lowest % of undernourishment Undernourishment is a greater problem in rural areas Malnutrition also leads to overweight children Undernourished population

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, data for 2010

Moderate or severe stunting rate –– Total

• Urban

50

40

30

20

10

0

Prevalence of overweight (children under 5)

25

20

15

10

5

0

Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2008/9

17

a

Rw an d

a

Gh an

ega l

Sen

a

Nig er C Mo zam had biq ue Ma Sie rra li Leo ne Gu ine a Co Ca ngo m Cô eroo te n d Ma 'Ivoir e da gas car Lib eri Nig a eri Ug a Do a mi nic nda an Re p.

Ha iti Ma l Co awi lom bi Zam a b Tan ia zan ia Nic ara gua Be nin Ken Eth ya io Ho pia nd ura s Ind ia Gu yan Sen a e São gal Tom é Gh an Les a o Bu rki tho na Fa Na so mi bia Ne pa Bo l l Sw ivia azi lan Rw d an Zim da ba bw e

% 45

Ug an d

% 60

i Ma da gas car

% 80

Ma law

li

Ma

Mo zam biq ue

Nig Ch er ngl Maad a l G de i Mo uinesh Bu zam CA a rki biq R na ue M Fas Ma Yealawo d Sie ag meni rr a Ca a Lesocar me ne E roo Ugritrena an Nic In da ara dia Z gu Etamb a Do mi hiopiia nic Ne a an pa NigRep.l er D ia HoSenegRC nd al Ma Liburas uri eria t GuTanzaania ate ni a Tri nid S Bmala ad ão eni & T Tomn Cô Gobagé te ab o d'Iv on Cooire Zim Tongo ba go bw Co Ha e mo iti El S Me ros alv xico a Suddor Kenan G y Pakhana ista a LesBrazni ot l Co Turkho lom ey E Indcuadbia on or es ThBolivia Ca aila ia m Par bodnd agu ia a Bu Peruy run E di PhMorogypt ilip cc Sri pineo VieLank s tn a Bo Jordam tsw an Uk ana r Tu ain Albnisiea Na ani Sou Rwmibiaa t an Swh Afr da azi ica lan d

• • • •

Ba

Reproductive health: Early sex, early marriage, early pregnancy…

In at least 13 African countries, over 15% of girls have sex before 15 In at least 9 African countries, over 15% of boys have sex before 15 In Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea and Mozambique, over 15% of both boys and girls have sex before 15 In at least 7 African countries, over 20% of girls are mothers or pregnant at 18. In Mozambique and Mali it is more than 50% Sex before age 15

40 Female

35 Male

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2003-2011

Married women at 18

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2003-2011

Mothers or pregnant at 18

40

20

0

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Communicable diseases • •

Malaria is perceived by young people as a higher risk than HIV/AIDS Since 2000, Africa’s average IIAG score for immunisation against measles and DPT has improved

Most serious diseases as perceived by youth1

MALARIA Nigeria Tanzania Ghana Benin Madagascar Angola Mali Mauritania Niger Senegal Burkina Faso Sierra Leone Burundi Chad Congo Djibouti Liberia Togo

HIV/AIDS

Kenya Uganda South Africa Botswana Mozambique Rwanda Zambia Cameroon Zimbabwe

TB

Egypt Algeria Tunisia

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2011

Immunisation: 2012 IIAG scores

% 100

–––– Africa ---- Sub-Saharan Africa ---- Central Africa ---- East Africa ---- North Africa ---- Southern Africa ---- West Africa

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Source: Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG)

1 Question: Which of the following diseases are serious problems in your country? Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Malaria

18

2009

2010

2011

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

• •

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

HIV/AIDS An African problem: more so for Southern Africa, more so for women, more so in cities 10 million young people live with HIV/AIDS: 6.2 million of them in Africa HIV/AIDS prevalence: Worldwide

68%

Central Asia & Eastern Europe 630,000

32%

30%

High income countries 188,000

70%

East Asia & Pacific 351,000 72%

69%

31%

28%

71%

29%

Middle East & North Africa 118,000

Caribbean 125,000

Sub-Saharan Africa 6.2 million

Latin America 610,000

24%

38%

40% 60%

South & South East Asia 1.8 million

62%

76% Source: UN, At the Crossroads: Accelerating Youth Access to HIV/AIDS Interventions, data for 2004

HIV/AIDS prevalence: Africa

% 18

g Female g Male

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 0

Algeria Egypt Tunisia Comoros Madagascar Morocco Mauritius Mauritania Eritrea Mali Niger Somalia Benin Liberia Senegal Burkina Faso Guinea DRC Ghana Sudan Côte d’Ivoire Sierra Leone Angola Rwanda Djibouti Guinea-Bissau Burundi CAR Togo Gambia Chad Congo Nigeria Gabon Cameroon Tanzania Kenya Uganda Eq. Guinea Namibia Malawi Zimbabwe Mozambique Zambia Botswana South Africa Lesotho Swaziland

2

Source: UNAIDS, 2010 Report on the Global Aids Epidemic, data for 2009

HIV/AIDS prevalence: Selected countries

% 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Female Male Lesotho

g Rural

Female Male Malawi

Female Male Mozambique

Female Male Swaziland

g Urban

Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2003-2011

19

Female Male Zambia

Female Male Zimbabwe

Addictions: A growing concern

Alcohol consumption under 151 Africa

The Americas

Benin

Anguilla

Botswana

Antigua & Barbuda

Ghana

Argentina

Kenya

British Virgin Islands

Malawi

Cayman Islands

Mauritius

Chile

Namibia

Colombia

Senegal

Costa Rica

Seychelles

Dominica

Swaziland

Equador

Tanzania (Dar es Salaam)

Grenada

Uganda

Guatemala

Zambia

Guyana

Zimbabwe (Bulawayo)

Montserrat

0

10

20

30

40%

St Lucia St Vincent/Grenadines Suriname Trinidad & Tobago Uruguay

g <1 or 1 drink

g 2-3 drinks

Venezuela

g 4+ drinks

Source: WHO, Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), latest data available

0

10

20

30

40

50%

Smoking under 15

% 50 40 30 20 10

g Have smoked a cigarette

g Currently smoke cigarettes

Source: WHO, Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), data for 2006-2011.

1 In the last 30 days

20

a tre Eri

da Rw an

e Ve rd Ca pe

ĂŠ Tom SĂŁo

di run Bu

ine a Eq.

Gu

Gu

a ine

ad Ch

Ken ya

a Bo tsw an

ngo Co

Na mi bia

ica Afr th Sou

lles

0 Sey che

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Drugs under 151 Africa

The Americas

Botswana

Antigua & Barbuda

Ghana

Argentina

Kenya

Cayman Islands

Malawi

Chile

Mauritius

Colombia

Namibia

Dominica

Senegal

Equador

Seychelles

Grenada

Swaziland

Guyana

Tanzania (Dar es Salaam)

Montserrat

Uganda

St Lucia

Zambia

St Vincent/Grenadines

Zimbabwe (Bulawayo)

Trinidad & Tobago

0 g Female

20

40%

Uruguay Venezuela

g Male

Source: WHO, Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), latest data available

0

20

40

60

80%

Drug use in Africa: A fast growing concern • • • •

The most commonly used drugs in Africa are cannabis and ATS (amphetamine-type stimulants, not including “ecstasy”).

In West and Central Africa, prevalence of cannabis use is much higher than the global average.

Cocaine use is reportedly high in West, Central and Southern Africa, as a result of increased trafficking through coastal countries in West Africa.

Heroin markets are expanding in Africa – increased heroin seizures in East, West, Central and North Africa – Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania specifically.

Source: UNODC, 2012 World Drug Report

1 In the last 30 days

21

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

BOX: What can be done - anti-tobacco policy The African Youth Charter (2006): “States Parties shall…take legislative steps such as banning advertising and increasing price in addition to instituting comprehensive preventative and curative programmes to control the consumption of tobacco, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and alcohol abuse.”

Policy interventions Taxation Advertising Smoke-free Health Cessation Monitoring bans policies warnings programs

Taxation: Share of tobacco-specific taxes in the price of a widely consumed brand of cigarettes ≤25% 26-50%

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde CAR Chad Comoros Congo Côte d'Ivoire DRC Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé & Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Togo Uganda Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe

49% 10% 2% 30% 12% 41% 20% 20% 16% 18% 71% 16% 35% 27% 19% 47% 32% 30% 15% 55% 32% ...

28% 46% 14% 47% 49% 15% 26% 69% 36% ...

29% 28% 50% 52% 21% 79% 20% 32% 20% 15% 56% 20% 46% 34%

||||| –– |||| ||||| –– –– || ||||||| –– | ||| ||| –– |||||| –– ||||||||||||||| |||||||| –– ||| ... |||| –– –– ...

–– |||||||||| –– |||||| –– ||||| ...

–– |||||| –– –– –– |||||||||| –– ||||||| –– –– –– || –– |||||

||| –||–| ||| |||||| ||| –||–| ||| –||–| ||| ||| –||–| –||–| –||–| –||–| ||| ||||| –||–| –||–| ||| –||–| ||| –||–| –||–| .||.|.

–||–| ||| –||–| ||| –||–| |||||| .||.|.

–||–| ||| ||| –||–| –||–| –||–| ||||||| –||–| ||||| –||–| –||–| |||||| –||–| .||.|. ||||||

51-75%

...

...

... ... ...

>75%

...

No data

Advertising bans: Bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship Health warnings: Health warnings on tobacco packaging Cessation programs: Treatment of tobacco dependence No policy Minimal policy Moderate policy Complete policy

... ... ...

No data

Smoke-free policies: Policy on smoke-free environment Complete absence of smoke-free legislation or absence of smoke-free legislation covering either healthcare or educational facilities

... ...

Smoke-free legislation covering both healthcare and educational facilities, as well as one or two other places or institutions

... ...

Smoke-free legislation covering both healthcare and educational facilities, as well as three, four or five other places and institutions

... ...

Smoke-free legislation covering all types of places and institutions assessed

...

No data

Monitoring: Prevalence data Recent but not representative data for either adults or youth Recent but not representative data for either adults or youth; or recent but not representative data for adults but not for youth; or recent but not representative data for youth but not for adults

... ...

Recent data for both adults and youth but missing representative data for either adults or youth

...

Minimal requirements met for recent and representative adults and youth data

...

No recent data or no data

Enforcement*: Enforcement of bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and smoke-free policy

|-|| |||-||||||| ||||||||-|||||||||| ...

––

Minimal enforcement (0/10 to 2/10) Moderate enforcement (3/10 to 7/10) Complete enforcement (8/10 to 10/10) No data/not available No data/not applicable

*Based on a score of 0-10, where 0 is low enforcement.

Source: WHO, MPOWER, data for 2001

22

Violence •

Violence against women remains ‘normal’ in too many countries. In at least 6 countries between 20% and 60% of young women have experienced physical violence In Ethiopia, Mozambique and Zambia 50% of 15-19 year olds agree that a husband’s violence is justified In Mali, Ethiopia and Liberia between 45% and 85% of 15-29 year old women have experienced female genital mutilation In conflict zones, sexual violence is a common weapon Africa has the world’s highest rate of homicides of young women Africa has the highest rate of child and youth mortality as a result of road accidents

• • • • •

% 90

Young women who have experienced violence

% 90

80

80

70

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

0

0 Nigeria

g Physical

Kenya

Ghana

Zambia

Uganda

DRC

Madagascar

g Sexual

•

70 60

•

50 •

40 30

•

20

•

10

g 15-19

g 25-29

Liberia

Ethiopia

Mozambique

Zambia

Ethiopia

g Male (15-19)

In the DRC approximately 1,100 rapes are being reported each month, with an average of 36 women and girls raped every day. It is believed that over 200,000 women have suffered from sexual violence in that country since armed conflict began.

The rape and sexual violation of women and girls is pervasive in the conflict in Darfur.

Between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.

Sexual violence was a characterising feature of the 14-year long civil war in Liberia.

Recently in Northern Mali, worrying cases of the abduction and rape of girls have been reported.

Sources: UN, UNITE to End Violence against Women: Violence against women: the situation, [accessed October 2012] and Human Rights Watch, Mali: War Crimes by Northern Rebels, April 2012

0 Senegal

Liberia

Sexual violence as a weapon in conflict zones

80

Nigeria

Ghana

Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2008/9

Prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting

Kenya

Malawi

g Female (15-19)

Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2008/9

% 90

Youth who agree that a husband is justified in hitting his wife

Mali

Source: MEASURE DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys, data for 2003-2008

23

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Road traffic injury mortality (0-20 years old) (rate per 100,000)

Child and youth homicide

50 45 40

Western Pacific (6.4)

35 Per 100,000

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

30

Africa (19.9)

25 Eastern Mediteranean (17.9)

20 15 10 5 0

Female Male

Female Male

Female Male

Female Male

Female Male

Africa

Latin America & Caribbean

North America

Europe

Asia

g (15-17)

g (10-14)

g (5-9)

Europe (6.75)

South East Asia (7.4)

Americas (8.2)

g (0-4) years Source: WHO, 2010 World Report on Child Injury Prevention, data for 2004

Source: WHO, World Report on Violence and Health, data for 2002

Orphans • •

Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where the number of orphans has increased in recent years An increasing % of them are orphaned as a result of AIDS Children who are orphans

% 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1990 g Sub-Saharan Africa

g Asia

1995 2000 g Latin America & the Caribbean

% 35

2005

2010

2005

2010

Orphans due to AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

1990

1995

2000

Source: UNAIDS and UNICEF, data for 2006

24

Spotlight: Young champions • • •

34 African champions brought medals home to their African countries from the 2012 Olympic Games The youngest athlete in the whole 2012 Olympic Games was a 13 year old from the Togolese team who competed in swimming The oldest athlete from an African team was a 46 year old from the South African team who competed in archery. The oldest athlete in the entire games was a 71 year old Japanese equestrian 2012 Olympic Games: Young champions in African teams

Global rank

Country

by gold

team

Gold medals

Silver medals

Bronze medals

Total medals

Median age

Age of youngest

of team

athlete on team

medals won 23rd

South Africa

3

2

1

6

25.4

18

24th

Ethiopia

3

1

3

7

23.5

18

28th

Kenya

2

4

5

11

24.8

17

45th

Tunisia

1

1

1

3

25.3

17

50th

Algeria

1

0

0

1

24.4

14

50th

Uganda

1

0

0

1

23.8

15

58th

Egypt

0

2

0

2

24.4

17

69th

Botswana

0

1

0

1

23.8

18

69th

Gabon

0

1

0

1

21.8

16

79th

Morocco

0

0

1

1

25.4

18

Source: London2012, The Guardian

Young African champions in UK Premier League football • •

50 young Africans played in the Premier League in the 2011-2012 season 13 young Africans played in the top 4 teams: - Chelsea - 1 Ghanaian, 2 Ivorians, 1 Nigerian - Manchester City - 3 Ivorians, 1 Togolese - Manchester Utd - 1 Senegalese - Arsenal - 2 Ivorian, 1 Cameroonian, 1 Ghanaian

Player nationality Nigeria Côte d’Ivoire Senegal Cameroon Ghana Algeria Mali Morocco South Africa Egypt Congo Benin Togo DRC

Number of players 10 8 8 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Source: Football Lineups website and The Telegraph, Premier League: which countries are the players from? August 2011

•

•

•

Africa’s Youth Football Talents The desire among young Africans to become professional footballers is evident in the number of children who attend continent-wide trials to get into professional football programmes. The 2008 trials to enter the Aspire sports academy in Qatar saw around 750,000 African children compete for only 23 places FIFA created the Transfer Matching System, to restrict the illegal transfer of underage players. “The system will stop unscrupulous agents from luring children with false promises of contracts and then dumping them in the streets of European cities” said former Ghana captain Anthony Baffoe Other initiatives involve the creation of training centres and football academies that help young footballers to develop. Such centres with new and modern facilities prevent the best young players from having to go abroad - In Morocco, the Mohamed VI Academy is home to 60 youngsters from all over the country - The Algerian Football Association receives state funding for professional youth coaches - Successful programmes in Tunisia and Egypt contributed to Esperance de Tunis’ CAF Champions League win in 2011 and Egypt’s 3 consecutive Africa Cup of Nations wins - Cameroon boasts the Kadji Sport Academies, which have produced stars like Samuel Eto’o

Source: FIFA 2012, The Guardian, 2008

25

HEALTH & WELL-BEING: FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL ISSUES

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

literacy levels differ across the continent • •

In 4 countries of the Sahel, less than 50% of youth are literate In 16 countries, mostly in North and Southern Africa, at least 90% of youth are literate youth literacy rate

TUNIsIA mOROCCO

AlGERIA lIByA

EGypT

mAURITANIA CApE vERDE

mAlI

NIGER

sENEGAl

CHAD

GAmBIA GUINEA-BIssAU

BURkINA fAsO

GUINEA

sIERRA lEONE

ERITREA

sUDAN

DjIBOUTI NIGERIA

CôTE D'IvOIRE

ETHIOpIA

lIBERIA GHANA

TOGO BENIN

CENTRAl AfRICAN REpUBlIC

CAmEROON

sOUTH sUDAN

EqUATORIAl GUINEA

UGANDA

GABON DEmOCRATIC REpUBlIC Of CONGO

CONGO

sOmAlIA

kENyA

RwANDA BURUNDI

sãO TOmé AND pRíNCIpE

TANzANIA

sEyCHEllEs

youth (15-24) literacy rate (%)

ANGOlA

Less than 50

zAmBIA

50-60 60-70

zImBABwE

NAmIBIA

BOTswANA

70-80

mAlAwI

COmOROs

mADAGAsCAR mOzAmBIqUE

swAzIlAND

80-90 sOUTH AfRICA

90-100

lEsOTHO mAURITIUs

No data available

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

26

At a global level, Africa’s literacy lags behind • • • • •

With the exception of the DRC, young Africans are generally more literate than their parents Africa's education level still lags behind the rest of the world Currently, Africa’s education level is worse than India’s and China’s West and Central Africa are lagging behind East, Southern and North Africa in literacy rates Gender disparity is high, but varies across the continent proportion by age and level of education

Age 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6

OECD countries

% 100

sub-saharan Africa

Education levels1 (% of total population) Africa Africa 2010 2020 India

China

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 100 80 g Primary

60 40 20 0 20 40 g Secondary g Post-secondary

60

80

100 %

0 g Pre-primary or primary

g Secondary

g Tertiary

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at work: Job creation and inclusive growth, 2012

Source: UNESCO, Overcoming inequality: Why governance matters, EFA Global Monitoring Report 2009, data for most recent year available

youth literacy levels

% 100

In mali, 22.4% more young men than young women are literate

80

In Uganda, 4.2% more young men than young women are literate

60

In Cape verde, 1.7% more young women than young men are literate

40 20 0

Africa 2000

East Africa g Literate

southern Africa

North Africa

Central Africa

In lesotho, 12.3% more young women than young men are literate

west Africa

g Illiterate

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2010

Gender disparity in youth literacy

% 25

0 = equal

20

Female youth literacy higher

15

Male youth literacy higher

10 5

Sie

Ma li Be rra nin Leo n An e gol Zam a bia Gu ine CAR a Mo -Biss zam au biq ue Ch a Gu d ine a Cô Niger te i d'I a voi Ga re mb ia DR C Ma Egypt uri tan ia Sud an Eri tre Ug a an d Ga a bo n Gh an Tan a za Co nia mo ro Ma s law i Lib y a Bu Eq rundi .G u Sey inea che ll Rw es a n Zim da ba b São we T o Ca pe mé Ve Ma rde uri tiu s Ke Sw nya azi Bo land tsw a Na na mi bi Lib a eri Les a oth o

0

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2010 1 Percentage of population with at least some of the given level of education

27

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Almost 1/2 of the world’s out-of-school children live in sub-saharan Africa • • •

1/2 of the world’s out-of-school children are concentrated in 15 countries, 8 of which are in sub-Saharan Africa Almost 9 million children are currently out-of-school in Nigeria, which is more than 1/3 of its primary school-aged children No compulsory education in Ethiopia and few African countries make 11 or more years of education compulsory Out-of-school primary school-age children %

45%

g Sub-Saharan Africa

45

g South & West Asia

24

g East Asia & the Pacific

12

g Arab States

9

g Latin America & the Caribbean

4

g North America & Western Europe

3

g Central & Eastern Europe

2

g Central Asia

1

Source: UNESCO, 2011 World Atlas of Gender Equality in Education, data for 2009

Out-of-school primary school-age children (% of school-age population) 8.6 million out-of-school 37%

Nigeria

7.3 million out-of-school 36%

Pakistan

5.6 million out-of-school 5%

India 2.7 million out-of-school 21%

Ethiopia

50%

Niger

1.2 million out-of-school

18%

Kenya Phillipines

1.1 million out-of-school

8%

1.0 million out-of-school

27%

1.0 million out-of-school

Yemen Mozambique

21%

0.9 million out-of-school

Burkina Faso

36%

0.9 million out-of-school

24%

Ghana

0.8 million out-of-school

Thailand

12%

0.7 million out-of-school

Brazil

5%

0.7 million out-of-school

South Africa

0.5 million out-of-school

7% 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 millions

Source: UNESCO, 2011 Education for All Global Monitoring Report, data for 2008

years of compulsory education African countries

Ethiopia

Equatorial Guinea, Madagascar

Cameroon, Benin, Gambia, GuineaBissau, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone

Non-African countries

Cambodia

Bangladesh, Pakistan

Iraq, Malaysia, Belize, Chile Columbia, Costa Rica

0

5

6

Botswana, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Congo, Dem. Rep., Ghana, Guinea, Namibia, Seychelles, Togo

Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Congo, Gabon, Liberia, Djibouti

Mauritius

Mexico, Guatemala

Uzbekistan, Chile

10

11

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for most recent year available

28

12

Argentina, Ecuador

13

Peru

Puerto Rico

14

17 years

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

• • •

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

school completion rates remain a concern Only 2/3 of African students progress from primary to secondary school. This is 20 percentage points behind the world average and has remained unchanged since 2000 Though steadily rising, primary school completion rates in Africa have been the lowest in the world since 1984 In 1970, primary school completion rates in sub-Saharan Africa were higher than in Arab States and South & West Asia Global primary completion rates

% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 1970 1975 ––– South & West Asia

1980 ––– Arab States

1985 ––– Sub-Saharan Africa

1990 ––– World

1995

2000

2005

2009

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics

progression to secondary school: selected African countries

% 100 80 60 40 20

Burundi

Cameroon

CAR

Comoros

Côte d'Ivoire

Source: World Bank, 2012 World Development Indicators, data for 2009

Burkina Faso

Uganda

Senegal

Congo

Djibouti

Lesotho

Zimbabwe

Benin

Morocco

Tunisia

Eritrea

Cape Verde

Swaziland

Algeria

Sudan

Seychelles

0

secondary and tertiary enrolment ratios % 100 80 60 40 20 0

Sub-Saharan Africa

g Secondary

South Asia

East Asia & Pacific

Middle East & North Africa

g Tertiary

Source: World Bank, 2012 World Development Indicators, data for 2009

29

Latin America & Caribbean

Europe & Central Asia

North America

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Spotlight: Tertiary education - distorted Africa Tertiary education enrolment

Tertiary education spending

Source: (c) Copyright SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan), data for 2006

30

Children without schools in Africa vs. schools without children elsewhere?

• • • •

Over the next 10 years, there will be 108 million more school-age children in Africa By 2020, the number of school-age children in sub-Saharan Africa will be twice the number in North America and Western Europe The pupil-teacher ratio ranges from 12.5 in Seychelles to 81.3 in Central African Republic In around 1/2 of African countries there are almost 40 pupils per teacher Growth in school age population, 2010-2020 Sub-Saharan Africa

+108m +16m

Arab States

+37m

South & West Asia North America & Western Europe

+2m

Latin America & the Caribbean

-4m -1m

Central Asia East Asia & the Pacific Central & Eastern Europe

-53m -20m -15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25%

Source: UN Population Division, data for 2010

pupil-teacher ratio in primary schools seychelles Tunisia mauritius Algeria Cape verde world liberia Gabon Botswana Egypt morocco Equatorial Guinea são Tomé & príncipe Namibia Comoros south Africa Ghana sierra leone swaziland senegal lesotho Djibouti somalia Nigeria Gambia DRC

 Å 12.5  Å  Å17.0  Å  Å 21.5  Å  Å  Å23.3  Å  Å  Å23.6  Å  Å  Å24.2  Å  Å  Å24.3  Å  Å  Å24.5  Å  Å  Å25.4  Å  Å  Å26.3  Å  Å  Å26.4  Å  Å  Å27.2  Å  Å  Å 29.8  Å  Å  Å 30.1  Å  Å  Å 30.2  Å  Å  Å 30.7  Å  Å  Å 31.0  Å  Å  Å 31.3  Å  Å  Å 32.3  Å  Å  Å  Å33.7  Å  Å  Å  Å33.8  Å  Å  Å  Å35.2  Å  Å  Å  Å35.5  Å  Å  Å  Å36.0  Å  Å  Å  Å36.6  Å  Å  Å  Å37.0

mauritania Eritrea Niger madagascar Togo Guinea Cameroon Angola Benin kenya Burkina faso mali Uganda Côte d'Ivoire Congo Burundi Tanzania Guinea-Bissau Ethiopia mozambique zambia Rwanda Chad malawi CAR

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, latest available data

31

 Å  Å  Å  Å37.2  Å  Å  Å  Å 38.0  Å  Å  Å  Å 39.0  Å  Å  Å  Å 40.1  Å  Å  Å  Å 40.6  Å  Å  Å  Å 42.2  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å45.5  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å45.8  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å46.4  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å46.8  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 48.2  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 48.5  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 48.6  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 48.8  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 49.1  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 50.6  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 50.8  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 51.9  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å54.1  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å55.4  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 58.0  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 58.1  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å62.2  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 79.3  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 81.3

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Average number of pupils per textbook in selected African countries Cameroon 11.2 Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  CAR 8Å Å  Å   Å  Å  Å  2.9 Angola Å  Å  Å  Å  Å Å  Chad 2.7 Å  Å  Å  Å  Å Å  2.4 Togo Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  2.4 Uganda Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  2.3 Gambia Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  2Å Côte d'Ivoire Å  Å  Å  Å  Å   pupils per 1.8Å Congo Å  Å  Å  Å  Å   1.8Å DRC Å  Å  Å  Å  Å   reading 1.5 Ethiopia Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  1.3 Mozambique Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  textbook 1.1 Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  São Tomé & Príncipe 1.1 Benin Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  1 Guinea Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 1 Niger Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 1 Mali Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 1 Cape Verde Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 0.8 Madagascar Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 0.8 Burkina Faso Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 0.4 Rwanda Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  0.3 Mauritius Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2011

13.1 Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å  Å 7.9 Å  Å3 Å  Å2.6 Å  Å 3.6 Å  Å 3.2 2.1 Å  Å Å 2 pupils per 2.1 Å  Å Å 1.9 mathematics Å 1.5 Å 1.3 textbook 1.1 Å  1 Å  1.1 Å  1 Å  1.1 Å  1 Å  Å 1.4 Å 1.3 0.8 Å  1 Å 

schools without toilet facilities 0

10

20

30

Niger Chad Equatorial Guinea Madagascar Côte d’Ivoire Togo Congo Mali Benin Central African Republic Senegal Ghana Cameroon Gabon Eritrea Guinea Burkina Faso Congo, Dem. Rep. Cape Verde Burundi Ethiopia Mauritius Rwanda Tanzania

40

50

60

70

80%

More than 1/2 of schools have no toilet facilities 30-50% of schools have no toilet facilities Less than 30% have no toilet facilities

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for most recent year

32

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

• • •

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

Despite significant efforts, education remains a huge financial challenge Africa spends more on secondary education than the global average (as a % of GDP per capita) Eritrea, Algeria, Angola and Central African Republic spend less on education than on defence Globally, there has been significant education support from donors and foundations % GDP per capita 35

Education budget: African average

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2000 g Primary

2001

2002

g Secondary

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

World average (secondary)

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics

Education and defence spending

% 15

20.9% Education

10

Defence 5

Les ot Bu ho run Dji di bo Na uti mi Bo bia tsw Sw ana azi lan Ken d Tun ya is Co ia n Ta go Sou nzan i th Afr a i Ma ca law S i Ca eneg pe a Ve l rd Gh e a Mo na Sey rocco Mo che zam lles biq Ga ue m Eth bia iop ia Cô Rwan te d d'Iv a oir e Be nin Ma li Sie rra Togo Leo ne A Ma lgeri a Bu urita rki nia na Fas o Nig er Ga bo n Ca Egyp me t roo n Ma Ango da l gas a Ug car Ma anda uri tiu s Ch ad Zim DRC ba bw Gu e ine Eri a tr Zam ea bia CA R

0

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, data for 2011; UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2010

Education funding: donors and foundations $911m

United Kingdom

$888m

United States

$567m

Open Society Foundations

$61m

$59m

$52m

$36m

$61m

Switzerland

New Zealand

Finland

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Source: UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report, 2012

33

Carnegie William Corporation & Flora of MasterCard Hewlett Ford Foundation Foundation Foundation New York

$21m

$15m

$13m

$9m

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Spotlight: A highly mobile generation • • • •

15-29 year olds constitute 1/2 of the world’s total migration flows In sub-Saharan Africa, the top 10 emigration countries (in % of total population) are: Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Eritrea, Congo, Dem. Rep. and South Africa Almost 2/3 of sub-Saharan emigration takes place within the continent. 1/4 of it goes to high-income OECD countries Almost 2/3 of students who go abroad still go to North America and Western Europe, except in Southern Africa, where they go to South Africa

FRANCE ITALY SPAIN

MOROCCO

JORDAN ALGERIA

EGYPT

LIBYA

SAUDI ARABIA

MALI

BURKINA FASO

ERITREA

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA UGANDA

CôTE D’IVOIRE CONGO, DEM. REP.

RWANDA

KENYA

ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIqUE g Top sub-Saharan corridors Top North African corridors g Within Africa g Outside of Africa

LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA

34

Africans as a % of migrants (15-24)

% 60 50 40 30 20 10

ly Me xic o Lux em bo urg Jap an Fra nce Gre ece

Ita

Tur key Po lan d Hu nga ry No rw ay Fin lan Ne d wZ ea l an d Sw ed en De nm ark Ire lan d Spa in Ne the rla nd Un s ite dS tat es Sw itze rla Un nd ite dK ing do m Au str ia Ca na da Au s tra Slo lia vak Re pu Cze blic ch Re pu blic Be lgiu m Po rtu gal

0

Source: OECD, StatExtracts

Africans (15-29) with European citizenship Spain Germany Netherlands Switzerland Sweden Austria Norway Denmark Finland Czech Republic Hungary Slovakia Poland Latvia Slovenia Lithuania

269,242 92,150 31,302 12,267 11,375 8,453 8,140 5,414 3,838 805 445 140 37 31 29 23

sub-saharan Africans studying abroad (%)

2.9

3.1

2.8 0.8

0.01 g North America & Western Europe g Sub-Saharan Africa

6

g East Asia & the Pacific g Arab States 22.5

61.5

g Central & Eastern Europe g Latin America & the Caribbean g South & West Asia g Central Asia

Source: Youth in Europe, A Statistical Portrait, 2009, Eurostat European Commission, data for 2007

Source: UNESCO, Global Education Digest 2011

% Total population 0.007

African students overseas1

0.006 g Studying outside Africa

0.005

g Studying in other African countries

0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001

Ca

pe Ma Verd e Sey uritiu che s São lle To s Ga mé Co bo Eq. mor n G os Bo uine tsw a a Tu na Dji nisia Mo bout roc i co Ca Cong me o r Gu Se oon ine ne a-B gal iss a Lib u Alg ya G er Ma ambia u i Zim ritan a ba ia b Gu we ine a Sw Tog azi o lan Be d n Ken in An ya g Cô Gh ola te d'Iv ana Na oire m Zamibia b Ma Nige ia da ria ga Somscar alia Ma li Rw CAR an Bu Eri da rki tre na a Fa Sou Lib so th eria Afr Sie Eg ica rra yp L t Tan eone z Bu ania run Ug di an d Ch a ad N Les iger ot Sudho Mo Ma an zam law b i Eth ique iop ia DR C

0

1 Total population figures used due to no age limit among African students Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2009

35

EDUCATION: BETTER BUT NOT GOOD ENOUGH

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

“The demands of leadership have changed. The highest levels of leadership require mastery of a new task: job creation” “Job creation is the new currency of all world leaders” Source: Clifton, J (Chairman of Gallup), The Coming Jobs War, 2011, p3 and p186

BOX: Definitions, definitions1 Are you between the ages of 15 and 64?

No You are not part of the working-age population

Yes You are part of the working-age population2 Yes You are employed

No

Do you work?

Are you looking for work?

Yes You are unemployed Paid employment: Continued receipt of a wage/salary Assurance of return to work Includes apprenticeships and Armed Forces Self-employment: Employers Own-account workers Unpaid family workers People producing goods/services for family consumption Includes: Vulnerable employment Working poor Informal employment/sector Those temporarily absent from job but with formal job attachment, e.g. maternity leave Underemployment Can include: Students/homemakers who satisfy above criteria

Without paid or self-employment Available to work Actively looking for work Includes: Those temporarily absent from job but with no formal job attachment Can include: Students/homemakers who satisfy above criteria Not in employment, education or training who satisfy above criteria

You are part of the labour force / currently economically active population Measured by labour force participation rate (short-term measure)

No You are inactive Discouraged No work, available for work, but not looking Can include: Students/homemakers who satisfy above criteria Not in employment, education or training who satisfy above criteria

You are currently economically inactive

The ILO concept of “Decent Work” and the “Decent Work for All Agenda” Decent work is defined as “opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity”.

The ILO’s Decent Work for All Agenda is a policy approach based on 4 strategic objectives: 1 Fundamental principles and rights at work and international labour standards 2 Productive and freely chosen employment 3 Social protection 4 Social dialogue The ILO has defined Decent Work indicators to measure the different dimensions of the concept and to track progress over time. In 2010, the UN Summit on the MDGs included a new target under Goal 1 (Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger): “Achieve full and productive employment and Decent Work for All, including women and young people”. The Decent Work indicators are being used to help countries measure progress and establish priorities. A limited set are used to monitor progress toward the MDG target.

Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2013

1 See Annex 2 for further definitions 2 Age ranges can be country specific

36

Dilemma # 1: Low unemployment, but highly vulnerable employment • • • •

In most sub-Saharan African countries, people have to make a choice between being unemployed or taking a vulnerable job The employment rate in sub-Saharan Africa (47.5%) is higher than the world average (42.6%) and much higher than in North Africa (24.1%) But, in sub-Saharan Africa, non-wage employment represents more than 80% of total employment for women and more than 60% for men In North Africa there are more stable jobs but fewer employment prospects Employment rate % 70

90 60

Mali Zambia

Ghana

70

Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & the Caribbean World

40

Sierra Leone Ethiopia Burkina Faso Tanzania Madagascar Niger Cameroon Liberia Uganda

Benin

80

East Asia 50

Vulnerable employment rates (VE) vs. unemployment rates (UE)

VE% 100

Lesotho Kenya Zimbabwe

60

South Asia 50

30

40

North Africa Middle East

20

Morocco

Algeria Tunisia

30

10

Botswana

Egypt Namibia

20 Mauritius

10

0

0

Source: ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) data for 2011

South Africa

0

5

A job does not always come with a wage

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

Wage employment Self-employment Farming

East Asia & Pacific

0

SubSaharan Africa

Men Women

g Unemployment

g Vulnerable employment

g Stable employment

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, data for 2010

Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2013

37

Burundi

40

Middle East & North Africa

30 UE%

Sierra Leone

50

Ethiopia

50

Zambia

60

South Asia

25

Cameroon

60

Kenya

70

Morocco

70

Namibia

80

Algeria

80

South Africa

90

Tunisia

90

Latin America & Caribbean

20

Labour force employment status

% 100

Europe & Central Asia

15

Egypt

% 100

0

10

Source: AfDB OECD UNDP UNECA, African Economic Outlook, 2012

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Dilemma # 2: The more educated, the less employed â&#x20AC;˘

In many countries, the most educated people are the least employed - Tertiary educated people in Algeria and Madagascar (as in Pakistan) are the most unemployed - Secondary educated people in Botswana, Mauritius and South Africa (as in Brazil and Chile) are the most unemployed - Since 2005, unemployment among university graduates has increased in Tunisia Unemployment by educational level

% 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 South Africa

Algeria

g Pre-primary or primary

Botswana

Russian Federation

g Secondary

United Kingdom

Brazil

Mauritius

Chile

g Tertiary

Source: ILO, KILM, latest data available

% 35

Unemployment rates among university graduates in Tunisia

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2013

38

2010

2011

Pakistan

Macau, China

Madagascar

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

• • • •

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

Dilemma # 3: The largest employers, the most vulnerable jobs Agriculture is the largest employer in Africa, providing 185 million jobs in 2010 Almost 90% of jobs provided by the agricultural sector are vulnerable The 2nd largest employer, retail and hospitality, creates more vulnerable jobs than it does stable The most stable employer, government and social services, represents only 10% of the labour force

Stable and vulnerable job distribution across sectors (population)

Millions 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

loy ed Un

em p

es liti Uti Uti

rce s Re sou

sin Finan ess ce ser & vic es bu

T com ransp mu ort nic & ati on

Co

nst

ruc

tio

n

ng uri fac t nu Ma

Re ho tail & spi tal ity

ure ult ric

Re sou rce s

g Stable

Ag

G & s over oci nm al s en erv t ice s

0

g Vulnerable

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, data for 2010

Stable jobs and distribution of the labour force, by sector (%)

% 60 50 40 30 20 10

g Stable jobs

g Labour force

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, data for 2010

39

loy ed em p Un

es liti

sin Finan ess ce ser & vic es bu

ctio nst ru Co

T com ransp mu ort nic & ati on

n

g rin nu fac tu Ma

Re ho tail & spi tal ity

ure ult ric Ag

G & s over oci nm al s en erv t ice s

0

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Dynamic # 1: Africa's GDP is growing fast • • •

Sub-Saharan Africa is the world’s 2nd fastest growing region, after Asia However, at an estimated $1,785 billion in 2017, the whole of sub-Saharan Africa will still only equate to just over 1/2 of India's GDP and around 14% of China's At an estimated $496 billion in 2017, the continent’s biggest economy, South Africa, will still amount to less than 1/2 of Turkey, less than 1/3 of Indonesia, and just less than Thailand and Argentina

GDP growth

% 12

–––– World ---- European Union ---- Central & Eastern Europe ---- Developing Asia ---- ASEAN-5 ---- Latin America & Caribbean –––– Middle East & North Africa –––– Sub-Saharan Africa

Projected 4

10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Source: IMF, IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012

Africa’s 10 largest economies (GDP) $ billion 500

–––– South Africa –––– Nigeria –––– Egypt –––– Algeria –––– Angola –––– Morocco –––– Libya –––– Kenya –––– Ethiopia –––– Ghana –––– Sudan

Projected 4 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Source: IMF, IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012

40

2014

2015

2016

2017

•

Many African countries now rank among the world’s best performers for economic growth - Of the 20 fastest growing economies in the world between 2000 and 2010, 8 were African - Of the top 20 countries with the highest services growth, 7 were African - Of the top 15 countries with the highest growth in industrial output, 8 were African - Of the top 20 countries with the highest growth in agriculture, 8 were African World’s highest growth rates 2000-2010 (Annual increase in real terms) GDP

World rank 1st 5th 8th 9th 10th 12th 15th 18th

Country Equatorial Guinea Angola Sierra Leone Nigeria Chad Ethiopia Mozambique Rwanda

Services Annual GDP growth (%) 17.0 11.3 9.5 8.9 8.6 8.3 8.0 7.8

World rank 1st 3rd 6th 8th 9th 10th 14th

Country Lesotho Equatorial Guinea Nigeria Ethiopia Angola Congo, Dem. Rep. Namibia

Agriculture output

Industrial output World rank 2nd 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 14th 15th

Country Equatorial Guinea Angola Sudan Zambia Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Malawi

Annual growth (%) 22.5 14.8 13.4 12.1 11.7 11.6 10.0

World rank 1st 3rd 5th 6th 9th 12th 14th 17th

Annual growth (%) 14.3 11.4 11.2 9.8 9.5 9.2 9.1 9.0

Country Angola Mozambique Ethiopia Nigeria Senegal Gambia Morocco Mali

Annual growth (%) 14.4 8.2 7.2 7.0 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.5

Source: The Economist, Pocket World In Figures, 2013

BRICS GDP ($ billion) BRICS GDP Brazil Russia India China South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa

2010 2,143 1,487 1,630 5,930 363 1,091

2011 2,493 1,850 1,827 7,298 409 1,231

2012 2,425 1,954 1,947 8,250 391 1,281

2013 2,504 2,109 2,117 9,039 402 1,367

Source: IMF, IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012

41

2014 2,685 2,308 2,315 9,926 422 1,454

2015 2,864 2,529 2,547 10,928 445 1,555

2016 3,053 2,755 2,836 12,021 469 1,663

2017 3,254 2,977 3,171 13,212 496 1,785

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Dynamic # 2: By 2040, Africa's labour force will be the largest in the world • • • •

By 2035, Africa’s labour force will be larger than China’s By 2040, Africa’s labour force will be larger than India’s By 2100, Nigeria’s labour force will almost equal China’s Nigeria, Tanzania, DRC, Uganda and Kenya should be the biggest African labour force providers by 2100

Working age population (15-64 years) World

Millions 1400

Projected 4

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1970

1975

––– Africa

1980 - - - China

1985

1990

- - - India

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

- - - Japan - - - South-East Asia - - - Europe - - - Latin America & the Caribbean - - - North America

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

African countries, China, India Millions 1200

Middle African countries

All African countries

(without Nigeria, Tanzania, DRC)

Millions 1200

Millions 1200 Nigeria

1000

1000

Uganda

1000

India

800

800

800

Kenya Ethiopia Niger Zambia Malawi Sudan Egypt

600

600 China Nigeria

400

600

Burkina Faso Madagascar

400

Mali Mozambique Somalia Ghana

Tanzania

400 DRC

200

0

Tanzania

Uganda Kenya

200

Other African countries

1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

200

Other African countries

0

1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

Source: UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

42

0

Other African countries

1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

Dynamic # 3: Development shapes a country's workforce landscape • •

In Africa’s pre-transition countries - Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, DRC, Mali - workforce landscapes compare to that of Thailand in 1960 In Africa’s transition countries - Rwanda, Uganda, Madagascar, Cameroon, Ghana, Tanzania, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal - workforce landscapes compare to that of South Korea in 1965 In Africa’s diversified economies - Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia - workforce landscapes compare to that of Brazil in 2001 As development level increases, employment and vulnerability tends to spread more evenly across all sectors

• •

Employment status % Vulnerable

Thailand, 1960

Stable

Stable

Employment status % Vulnerable

Africa pre-transition countries, 2010

Sector employment, % of total labour force

Sector employment, % of total labour force South Korea, 1965

Employment status % Stable Vulnerable

Employment status % Stable Vulnerable

Africa transition countries, 2010

Sector employment, % of total labour force

Sector employment, % of total labour force Brazil, 2001 Employment status % Stable Vulnerable

Employment status % Stable Vulnerable

Africa diversified countries, 2010

Sector employment, % of total labour force

Sector employment, % of total labour force

Stable1 employment g Agriculture g Transport & communications g Retail & hospitality g Construction g Manufacturing g Finance & business services g Vulnerable2 employment in each sector •

Pre-transition countries – per capita GDP between $200 and $600 in 2010, but growing very rapidly. Private sector nascent, agriculture and natural resource account for much of GDP.

•

g Resources g Utilities g Government & social services

Transition countries – lower GDP per capita than diversified economies, but growing rapidly. Agriculture and resource sectors account for up to 35% of GDP and 2/3 exports. Service industries expanding.

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, data for 2010 1 Stable employment includes wage and salary employees and business owners 2 Vulnerable employment includes subsistence farming, informal self-employment and work for a family member

43

•

Diversified economies – largest and most advanced economies, significant manufacturing and service industries, least volatile GDP growth in Africa.

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Decision # 1: Job creation or economic growth?

• •

Sectors that drive GDP growth do not create the most jobs In comparison to other sectors, the extractive industries create more growth than jobs, unless they include a value adding process

GDP growth

Stable job creation

GDP growth ($billion) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -0.5

0

0.5

Number of stable jobs, 2010 n Utilities n Construction n Agriculture n Natural resources

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Stable jobs added 2002-2010 (million)

n Manufacturing n Retail & hospitality

n Government & social services n Finance & business services

n Transport & communication

This covers the 10 countries which account for 70% of Africa’s GDP in 2010: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, 2012

44

4.5

Current projects in extractive industries Country

Project (sector or resource)

Investment, % of 2010 GDP 237.0

Papua New Guinea

LNG Project (natural gas)

Mongolia

Oyu Tolgoi (copper, gold)

74.2

Botswana

20.2

Papua New Guinea

Jwaneng Cut 8 Project (diamonds) Ramu Mine (nickel)

Mozambique

Benga Mining (coal) 13.6

Tanzania Namibia

Mchuchuma (coal) Husab Mine (uranium)

12.2 11.9

Zambia

Lumwana Mine (copper) Reko Diq Mining (copper, gold)

9.3

Conga Mine (gold)

2.6

Pakistan Peru

19.0

4.0

Africa in the world’s top 10 producers

Direct employment 9,300 during construction; 1,000 afterwards 14,800 during construction; 3,000-4,000 afterwards 1,000 5,000 during construction; 2,000 afterwards Currently 150; 4,500 afterwards 5,000 5,200 during construction; 1,200 afterwards 4,700 during construction

World rank 1st 2nd 4th 5th 1st 3rd 4th 8th 5th 6th 7th 7th

Country Côte d’Ivoire Ghana Nigeria Cameroon South Africa Kenya South Africa Ghana Ethiopia South Africa Zambia South Africa

Commodity Cocoa

Platinum Tea Gold Coffee Raw wool Copper Coal

Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013, data for 2010 and 2011

2,500 during construction; 200 afterwards 6,000 during construction; 1,700 afterwards

Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2013

Job creation within Sierra Leone’s mining industry • • • • • • •

Sierra Leone’s mining sector is the 2nd most important sector for employment and income generation in the country. Post-war mining revenues have increased, with contributions to GDP averaging about 5.5% for the last five years Currently over 60% of employees in this sector are youth under the age of 35 With the new Mines Act in place, the mining sector is expected to offer more employment opportunities, especially for youth Most jobs require unskilled labour, however professional and technical specialists are needed in engineering, geology and operating heavy machinery Multinational mining firms have stated that practical experience and specialised degrees are lacking among the local labour force Companies are compensating for this by providing in-house training themselves. One company is in the process of re-building an on-site training centre equipped with the necessary technology Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies do not currently include a specific focus on youth employment or youth issues

Opportunities • In the next 12 to 18 months, the number of new hires is expected to be 1,580 with at least 80% of new jobs likely to be held by the local youth labour force • Companies in the sector are still predominantly involved in raw materials extraction with no value-added production. However companies see some future in downstream manufacturing in the mining sector, which would create further jobs Source: ILO, Promoting Job Creation for Young People in Multinational Enterprises and their Supply Chains: Sierra Leone, 2010

45

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Decision # 2: Agriculture as the new driver for development?

•

• • •

Agriculturally productive countries also rank among those with the largest GDP - World’s top 10 agricultural producers also rank amongst the world’s largest economies - African countries with highest growth in agriculture also have the highest GDP growth However, less than 2% of African youth are studying agriculture Moving from rural areas to cities does not always create economic growth In rural areas, 53% of occupied rural youth are not in agriculture, but engaged in other activities Highest agricultural output growth (world rank)* +14.4 (1st) Angola Mozambique +8.2 (3rd) +7.2 (5th) Ethiopia +7.0 (6th) Nigeria

GDP rank 2nd 9th 1st 18th 7th 3rd 17th 45th 11th 5th

Agricultural output world rank China 1st India 2nd United States 3rd Indonesia 4th Brazil 5th Japan 6th Turkey 7th Nigeria 8th Russia 9th France 10th

Highest GDP growth (world rank)* +11.3 (5th) +8.0 (15th) +8.3 (12th) +8.9 (9th)

*% annual increase in real terms, 2002-2010 for agricultural output, 2000-2010 for GDP (world rank) Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013

Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013, data for 2010 and 2011

Rural youth: occupation % of total occupied 7

g Agriculture

6

g Sales

17

g Business Owner

47

g Services g Construction & Manufacturing

12 11

g Professional

Source: AfDB OECD UNDP UNECA, African Economic Outlook, 2012

Link between economic growth and urbanisation1 Increased urbanisation = increased economic growth

Urbanisation rate, %

75 Liberia

60

Cameroon Nigeria

Ghana

45 Guinea-Bissau

30

Madagascar

15

Zimbabwe Kenya

Ethiopia

0 80

800 GDP per capita, $

Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2013 1 All data correspond to changes between 1985 and 2010

46

Students that study agriculture

% 4

3

2

1

0 Sub-Saharan Africa

North Africa

Asia

Latin America

OECD

Source: UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, data for 2010

How to make African agriculture ‘swag’?

“Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world where the proportion of rural youth is increasing, and will continue to increase until 2030 or 2040. For many young rural people in Africa, their futures will doubtless lie in one of the continent’s rapidly growing cities. 16 of the 20 fastest growing cities in the world will be in Africa by 2025. But in sub-Saharan Africa the demographics indicate that a very large number of the rural population will remain in rural areas for at least another generation or longer.

The agricultural sector already offers critical employment opportunities for Africa’s rural youth. Gallup World Poll Data from 2010 shows that 38% of working youth in Africa are in agriculture (compared to 2% in OECD countries). The proportion also changes dramatically from country to country, according to whether it is a low-, lower middle- or an upper middle income country. The poll data also shows that the proportion of young people engaged in agriculture is greater that the number of adults.

The good news is that Africa needs human capital now and in the future to drive a home-grown agricultural revolution. The potential for African agricultural growth is extensive. Africa has the world's largest share of arable land and African average yields per hectare are a quarter of those seen in East Asia.

Making African agriculture more productive, resilient, and accessible is about much more than simply alleviating hunger or creating shortterm employment opportunities. It is the continent's most effective high-growth investment strategy. The World Bank states that GDP growth originating in agriculture is at least two times as effective in reducing poverty as GDP growth originating outside agriculture.

But the bad news is that agriculture still has a terrible image problem. This stems in part from lack of political support and societal recognition of the importance of agriculture. But perhaps crucially, agriculture is still not generally viewed as a business opportunity to build a sustainable and profitable livelihood. As Edwyn Odhiambo Odeny, chairman of the Kenya Youth Foundation stated at the 2012 African Green Revolution Forum, ‘How can we make a farm swag?’

Without a clear policy strategy for engaging this growing group of rural youth to harness the opportunities in African agriculture, Africa’s leaders risk creating an economic time bomb for themselves and their populations. Government time and financial investment is needed in training and educating the agri-business entrepreneurs, agricultural scientists, and agricultural economists of the future, and driving economic development through agriculture. If policymakers fail to find finance for, include, and incentivise rural youth in rural policy and development planning processes, their legacy in rural sub-Saharan Africa will be a missed opportunity to transform the lives of this and the next generation.”

Liz Wilson, Agriculture for Impact

47

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Spotlight: “African Agriculture: From Meeting Needs to Creating Wealth" Action Points (2011 Ibrahim Forum)

Policy

Infrastructure

Land

Research, Information and Technology

Policy

Trade

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

Land

•

Food Security

• •

Aid

•

Education Land Trade

• • • •

Finance

• •

Land

•

Policy

•

Land Data

• •

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Promote agriculture as a primary policy concern Ensure integration of agriculture policy with other public policy sectors: education, research, trade, and infrastructure Promote employment in modern agriculture for the young Fulfil Maputo commitment: 10% of national budget to agriculture Include nutrition, climate change and sustainability in education programs Develop storage, logistics and transportation links Prioritise rural investment (especially in rural roads and electrification) Prioritise irrigation projects and mechanisation of farming practices Address customary land rights, with particular attention to women, small holders and the young Strategically plan land use and address competing uses of land Ensure transparency in all contracts and land deals Establish and boost agriculture-specific training programs Support research and data collection Invest in ICT for data transmission and efficiency Facilitate access to fertilisers, pesticides and bio-technologies REGIONAL COMMUNITIES Establish regional value chains that integrate processes across country borders Identify comparative advantages in production and strategically direct national policy according to these Establish a regional “fund of funds” to direct capital into a specific agriculture pool of resources Unlock barriers to trade and enable free movement of goods Establish trading standards to be implemented through regional bodies Establish a free-trade zone for staple goods Establish a commodity exchange to address price instability and ensure regulated and transparent markets Incorporate environmental sustainability into the agricultural agenda and cooperate with governments to establish a continental voice for negotiations regarding climate change Build a regional body dedicated to land investments and land “grabbing” that supports transparency and fairness of deals within Africa and outside Establish a database of land data and statistics that brings together regional statistical authorities Establish a regional food security net INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Ensure a stronger share of aid towards agriculture and agriculture-linked policies (agro-education, research, infrastructures) Build and shape specific partnerships: education and training in agriculture and agricultural universities Promote partnerships that focus on sound administration and best practices (land surveys, legal frameworks) Create a level playing field, especially where EPAs are concerned, including dealing with distorting agreements, protectionism, subsidies and tariffs Address sanitary and phytosanitary standards as a constraint to trade PRIVATE SECTOR Establish and strengthen links with multilateral institutions, private equity funds and development banks to focus on connecting national producers to regional and global markets Devise specific support for, and enable access to, affordable finance for farmers, specifically small holders, women and youth Ensure transparency and accountability in all contracts and land deals ADVOCACY LEVEL Promote research at the academic level on the following linkages: agricultural growth/global economic growth, food security/social safety, nutritional security/health Incorporate land in natural resource transparency advocacy programs Strengthen capacities to collect data on agriculture and infrastructure and promote sharing of this data to all stakeholders to improve development and productivity

48

Decision # 3: Brain drain or brain retain?

• •

Tertiary-educated people have the highest migration rate More than 1/2 of the tertiary-educated population in Cape Verde (67%), Gambia (63%), Mauritius (56%), Seychelles (56%) and Sierra Leone (52%) leave their country Between 1/3 and 1/2 of the tertiary-educated population in Ghana (50%), Mozambique (45%), Liberia (45%), Kenya (38%) and Uganda (35%) leave their country Within Africa, Rwanda has the highest attractiveness - ability to retain and attract talented people Remittances: sub-Saharan African received $21.5 billion in 2010, increased from $8 billion in 2004

• • •

Highly-skilled migrants Highly-skilled immigration, % of highly-skilled labour force

Highly-skilled labour emigration, % of highly-skilled native labour force

% 0-4.99 5.00-9.99 10.00-19.99 20.00-29.99 30.00-100 no data Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2013

Country attractiveness* 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Switzerland United Kingdom Sweden Rwanda Germany Brazil India China Botswana South Africa Nigeria Liberia France Ghana Morocco Pakistan Gabon Mauritius Kenya Zambia Benin Senegal Mozambique Côte d'Ivoire Namibia Seychelles Malawi Ecuador Cameroon Cape Verde Tanzania Uganda Guinea Mali Zimbabwe Chad Burkina Faso Madagascar Ethiopia Mauritania Libya Swaziland Sierra Leone Egypt Lesotho Burundi Algeria

0

*1= no, the best and brightest normally leave to pursue opportunities in other countries; 7= yes, there are many opportunities for talented people within the country.

Question: “Does your country retain and attract talented people?”

Source: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report, 2012-2013 49

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

-

Sector brain drain: The example of physicians Between 20% and 30% of physicians trained in sub-Saharan Africa have left the region, mainly to work in OECD countries In 2000, the proportion of country-trained physicians who emigrated reached 54% for Cape Verde, 35% for Liberia, 25% for Ethiopia and Somalia, more than 20% for Ghana, and between 12% and 20% for Uganda, Zimbabwe, Gambia, Angola, Malawi, South Africa and Togo In 2000, South Africa lost 4,400 physicians, and Egypt lost 3,000

-

Country brain drain: The example of Cape Verde More than 1/3 of the population leaves the country They mainly go to the African continent (Mozambique, Angola, Senegal, Nigeria) and Portugal, France, USA, Netherlands, Italy and Spain 2/3 of the tertiary-educated population leaves the country More than 1/2 of physicians and 40% of nurses leave the country

-

Remittances Top 10 recipients $ bn, 2010 Nigeria Egypt Morocco Sudan Algeria Tunisia Kenya Senegal South Africa Uganda

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

10.0 7.7 6.4 3.2 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.5

Top 10 recipients % of GDP, 2009 Lesotho Togo Cape Verde Guinea-Bissau Senegal Gambia Morocco Liberia Sudan Nigeria

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

25.0 10.3 9.1 9.1 9.1 7.8 6.6 6.2 5.6 5.6

Source: World Bank, Migration and Remittances Factbook, 2011

Inward remittance flows $ millions 10,000

–––– Algeria –––– Egypt –––– Ethiopia –––– Kenya –––– Lesotho –––– Mauritius –––– Morocco –––– Nigeria –––– Senegal –––– South Africa –––– Sudan –––– Tunisia –––– Uganda

9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2003

2004

2005

2006

2009

Source: World Bank, Migration and Remittances Factbook, 2011

50

2008

2009

2010

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

• •

•

•

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

What is the current employment situation for African youth?

The African youth are currently more unemployed than their parents, but this is also the case in OECD and East Asian countries Youth unemployment rate is higher in North and Southern Africa - Youth unemployment is around 50% in South Africa and Namibia - Youth unemployment is above 30% in Lesotho and Tunisia Almost 40% of the continent's youth is "occupied" in agriculture, with important differences between countries - In most of North Africa, less than 10% of youth work in agriculture - In most Sahelian countries, more than 60% of youth work in agriculture Many of them hope to work in government or be self-employed - 20% are dissatisfied with farming - In North Africa, where unemployment is highest, many hope to work in government or be self-employed - After prolonged unemployment, 61% of youth are willing to re-train and 48% are willing to relocate within the country

ES A

SH

IG H

% 60

TW South Africa

AS

AL EQU

Namibia

40 Lesotho Tunisia

30 Egypt

Ethiopia

20 OECD Ghana 10

0

East Asia Tanzania 0

10

20

30 Adult unemployment

40

50

60%

Source: AfDB OECD UNDP UNECA African Economic Outlook, 2012

Youth and adult unemployment rates

% 70

Youth

60

Adult

50 40 30 20 10

Source: ILO, KILM, latest data available 2000-2010

51

Be nin

r

aga sca r

Nig e

Ma d

Fas o na

Lib

eri a

rki Bu

Sen ega l Tan zan ia Zim ba bw e Sie rra Leo ne

an a Gh

Sey che lles

s

ia Mo roc co

Zam b

tiu

Ma uri

Alg eri a

pt Egy

ia op Eth i

isia Tun

ica

oth o Les

Afr

Sou

th

ibia

0 Na m

Youth unemployment

TH

RE

ET

IM

50

E

IC

GH

HI

African youth by occupation

% 40 30 20 10 0

Agriculture

Services

Business owner

Sales

Construction & manufacturing

Professional worker or manager

Other

Source: AfDB OECD UNDP UNECA African Economic Outlook, 2012

Where do young Africans work?

% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Burkina Faso Burundi Togo CAR Niger Guinea Mali Madagascar Benin Rwanda Lesotho Tanzania Malawi Liberia Sierra Leone Congo Uganda DRC Cameroon Ghana Chad Kenya AFRICA TOTAL Nigeria Senegal Comoros Sudan Botswana Zambia Zimbabwe Swaziland Egypt Gabon Mauritania South Africa Angola Morocco Djibouti Mauritius Algeria Tunisia

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

g Farming, fishing or forestry g Construction, manufacturing & installation g Transportation

g Professional & clerical g Sales g Other

g Business owner g Service

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2011

Where would young Africans like to work?

% 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Egypt g Government

Tunisia g Private business

Djibouti g Self employment

Mauritania g Non-profit organisation

Source: Silatech Index, based on Gallup World Poll, data for 2009

52

Sudan

Algeria

Morocco

Spotlight: The poor (‘s) choice… unemployed or badly paid High unemployment in Brazil, low paid work in Cameroon “Comparing a middle income country such as Brazil with a low income one such as Cameroon illuminates how youth disadvantage in the world of work can take different forms.

In Brazil, youth unemployment is a big problem. Of the 63% of youth who participate in the labour market, nearly 1 in 5 is unemployed. Youth unemployment is around 3 times that of adult unemployment. Female and urban youth are particularly affected, as are those with less education.

In Cameroon the story is quite different. Most young people are working, including many who are still in education. In rural areas the unemployment rate is only around 1%, although it rises to 9% for urban males and 14% for urban females. It is particularly high among youth with higher levels of education. Those who are unemployed are generally among the better off in Cameroon. While they face real difficulty in finding work, they can afford to wait for what they consider acceptable work. For survival reasons, the poor can rarely choose to wait.

The bigger issue in Cameroon is working poverty, as it is for many youth in low income settings. Agriculture provides jobs for large numbers of young people with lower levels of education, but many are poorly paid. Two-thirds of rural youth with no education work for less than US$1.25 per day, with rural, uneducated young women worst off. Even though education makes a difference, around 40% of those with secondary education in rural areas are in working poverty. Urban residents do better, whether they have education or not – 1 in 5 of those with no education are in working poverty, compared with 1 in 10 of those with secondary schooling.

In Brazil, by contrast, working poverty is much less of a problem. Very few youth with at least secondary education work for less than US$1.25 per day. But here, too, there are around 1/3 of rural youth with no more than primary education, mostly working on farms, whose earnings are not enough to take them out of poverty.”

Youth working poverty

Youth unemployment Male Female Urban Rural Primary Secondary 0

10

20

g Brazil

g Cameroon

30%

0

10

Source: UNESCO, Education for all Global Monitoring Report 2012

53

20

30

40

50

60%

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

BOX: Starting a business (Gallup World Poll findings) • • • •

•

In the next 3 years, 34% of youth who do not own a business are planning to start one1 50% of youth who have thought about starting a business are planning to start one in the next 12 months2 23% of youth who already own a business have formally registered it3 Young business owners were more likely than adults to say that a very important reason they started their business was that they could not find suitable work (66% compared to 59%); while adults were more likely to say that they had seen an opportunity to make more money (70% compared to 66%)4 To become a young entrepreneur, access to professional finance is the main obstacle How many businesses have you started?

1 2 3 4 0

10

20

30

40

50%

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2009, 2010, 20115

Access to start-up capital for African youth Proportion of youth who have access to the money they need to start a business % 35

Imagine you wanted to start a business and needed money to do so. Where would you primarily go?

30 25 20

12%

15

g Savings group

16%

10

65%

5 0

g Friends & family

7%

g Banks g Others

Algeria Mauritius Botswana Liberia Tanzania Swaziland Chad Tunisia South Africa Malawi Kenya Somaliland Mauritania Angola Mozambique Morocco Lesotho Uganda CAR Nigeria Comoros Ghana Zambia Congo Gabon Cameroon Egypt Congo Dem. Rep. Niger Guinea Sierra Leone Mali Rwanda Burundi Burkina Faso Djibouti Togo Madagascar Senegal Benin

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 20116

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2011

1 Questions: "Do you currently own a business?" and "Are you planning to start a business in the next 3 years?"

2 Questions: "Do you currently own a business?" and "Are you planning to start your own business in the next 12 months, or not?"

3 Questions: "Do you currently own a business?" and "Have you formally registered your business, or not?"

4 Questions: "Please tell me if the following was a very important reason why you started this business: "You could not find a suitable job" and "You saw an opportunity to make more money."

5 Question: "How many businesses have you ever started? Please also include any that no longer exist."

6 Question: “Do you have access to the money you would need if you wanted to start a business?”

54

The main obstacles to employment •

The main obstacles to opening a business are access to finance, lack of electricity and red tape - African companies cite limited access to finance and lack of energy infrastructure as the main obstacles - Risk factors and corruption aside, all companies (including foreign), cite administrative red tape and living costs or conditions - Of the 15 countries in the world with most delays to register a company, 6 are African - Renting an office in Lagos is more expensive than in Manhattan or Dubai1 - 10 African cities feature in the world’s 20 worst for ‘city liveability’: Lagos (3rd), Harare (4th), Algiers (5th), Tripoli (7th), Douala (8th), Abidjan (9th), Dakar (11th), Lusaka (14th), Nairobi (16th), Cairo (19th)

•

The main obstacles to hiring a "young, valuable candidate" are cost, experience and job readiness2 - The most cited obstacles are “too expensive”, “lack of work experience”, “job readiness” (particularly in Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt), and “technical skills” (particularly in South Africa and Senegal)

African enterprises citing factor in their top 3 obstacles for growth 0

20

30

40

50

2012 IIAG results in “Access to Electricity”

60% •

Macroeconomic conditions & instability Political instability Limited access to financing Lack of electricity

•

Expensive labour Limited space to expand

22 countries score 0: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe.

Only 3 countries score 75 (the highest for the indicator): Lesotho, Seychelles, Tunisia

Source: Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2012 IIAG

High costs to operate (excluding labour) Lack of business support services No opportunities for growth

Difficulty of doing business: Number of days taken to register a new company

Poor transport infrastructure Insufficient skills or education of employees

World rank 2nd 4th 10th 12th 14th 15th

Regulatory & administrative obstacles Lack of telecom Tight labour laws Other legal obstacles

Country DRC Equatorial Guinea Zimbabwe Eritrea Angola Namibia

Source: The World Bank, Doing Business Survey, 2012

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, 2012

1 Source: The Economist, Pocket World In Figures, 2013 2 For example, punctuality and dependability

Number of days 161 135 90 84 68 66

55

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

EMPLOYMENT: DILEMMAS, DYNAMICS, DECISIONS

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Obstacles to recruitment as cited by employers (%) African average

Senegal

56

Good candidates too expensive Lack work experience

38

Lack technical skills

Lack job readiness1

28

Lack work experience

Lack technical skills

27

Lack job readiness

21

Lack education

68

Good candidates too expensive

33

38 29

1

28

Lack education

South Africa

Egypt

24

Lack technical skills

56

Good candidates too expensive

22

Good candidates too expensive

34

Lack job readiness1

18

Lack work experience

32

Tight labour laws

16

Lack technical skills

31

Lack job readiness1

16

Lack education

Lack work experience

Nigeria

28

Kenya

61

Good candidates too expensive Lack job readiness

42

Lack work experience

34

Lack work experience

75

Good candidates too expensive

39

1

27

Lack job readiness1

Lack technical skills

24

Lack education

Have high turnover2

23

Lack technical skills

20 17

Source: McKinsey Global Institute, Africa at Work: Job Creation and Inclusive Growth, 2012

Key labour market barriers for youth Demand

Supply

Job skills

Mismatch in technical skills Mismatch in non-technical skills

Slow job-growth economy Employer discrimination

Aggregate and labour demand

Inadequate job matching

Search

Poor signalling

Lack of access to capital (financial, physical or social)

Source: ILO, Global Employment Trends for Youth, 2010

1 For example, punctuality and dependability 2 Reduces employer willingness to invest in hiring/training new employees

56

Start-ups

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

a failing belief in democracy • • • • •

Less than a 1/4 of African youth surveyed by Gallup think their country is a full democracy, and less than 1/2 are satisfied with their democracy1 Less than 1/2 of the youth have confidence in the honesty of elections Since 2000, youth voter turnout has declined in most countries, except Tanzania, Uganda and Malawi In some African countries, youth have more confidence in the military than in government While a majority believe that violence is not justified in politics, youth are in general more likely to believe that it is than adults (South Africa, Lesotho and Nigeria are exceptions) Youth confidence in elections Gabon Chad Morocco Angola Comoros Kenya DRC Zambia Congo Zimbabwe Mauritania Swaziland Madagascar Sierra Leone Uganda Senegal Tunisia Malawi Liberia Mozambique Lesotho Algeria Tanzania Togo Burkina Faso Cameroon Nigeria Mali CAR Benin Egypt Mauritius Djibouti Niger Guinea Ghana South Africa Botswana Burundi

0

20

40

60

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 20072

Youth voter turnout

% 100 80 60 40 20 0

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

––– Botswana ––– Ghana ––– Lesotho ––– Malawi ––– Mali ––– Nigeria ––– South Africa ––– Tanzania ––– Uganda ––– Zambia ––– Zimbabwe

Source: Afrobarometer, Afrobarometer Round 1 - 4, data for 2001, 2004, 2005, 20083

1 Questions: “In your opinion how much of a democracy is your country today?” and “Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in your country?”

2 Question: “In your country, do you have confidence in the honesty of elections?”

3 Question: “With regard to the most recent election, did you vote?”

57

80

%

ParticiPation: towards new democratic tools

ParticiPation: towards new democratic tools

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

ParticiPation: towards new democratic tools

Young africans’ confidence in...

can violence be justified in politics?

Government Judiciary Police Military 0

20

40

60%

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 20074

Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth Adult Youth

Botswana South Africa Lesotho Malawi Ghana Zimbabwe Senegal Nigeria Zambia Kenya Tanzania Namibia Uganda Mali Mozambique Cape Verde g Yes g Neutral g No Source: Afrobarometer, Afrobarometer Round 2, data for 20045

Young africans are rather optimistic, and more interested in the economy than in freedom • •

56% of African youth are interested in current affairs. Urban youth have a higher level of interest than rural youth Across a majority of countries, the economy is perceived as the most important national priority, followed by freedom economic conditions

living conditions Youth

Youth 0

20

40

60

80

100%

0

20

40

60

80

100%

g Better g Same g Worse Source: Afrobarometer, Afrobarometer Round 4, data for 20086

interest in current affairs Rural Urban

Female Male 0-8

9-15 Years in education

Level of interest g Low g High

15+

Youth

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 20077

First priority

second priority Youth

Youth 0

20

40

60

80

100%

0

20

40

60

80

100%

g Order g Giving people power g Freedom g Economy Source: Afrobarometer, Afrobarometer Round 4, data for 20088 4 Questions: “In your country, do you have confidence in the national government?”, “In your country, do you have confidence in the judicial system and courts?”, “In your country, do you have confidence in the local police?”, “In your country, do you have confidence in the military?”.

5 Question: “Which of the following statements comes closest to your view: The use of violence is never justified in politics; or, it is sometimes necessary to use violence in support of a just cause”.

6 Questions: “Looking ahead, do you expect the economic conditions in your country to be better or worse in twelve months’ time?” and “Looking ahead, do you expect your living conditions to be better or worse in twelve months’ time?”.

7 Question: “With respect to how much attention you pay to current affairs, would you say that you... Do not pay much attention, …, Pay a lot of attention”.

8 Questions: “What is the most important national priority?” and “What is the second most important national priority?”

58

a highly connected generation •

radio: much more influential than newspapers - In the countries surveyed by Gallup, radio is the preferred source of information with a 70% preference, followed by TV with 19%.

Internet remains far behind with only 2% of young users relying on it as a primary source of information - South Africa is the only country in which radio is not the preferred option, as 61.2% of youth prefer TV as the primary source of information - TV is the secondary source of information for most youth. In Zimbabwe 39.3% of the youth use it as a primary source of information; 37.7% in Cameroon; 30.2% in Ghana and 27.9% in Senegal Youth media consumption newspapers Some attention

A lot of attention

No attention

Some attention

radio A lot of attention

No attention

Some attention

A lot of attention

7

7

Days of radio per week 6 5 4 3 2 1

Days of television per week 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 7 654 3 2 1

Days of newspapers per week

0

No attention

television

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 20079

•

internet: still limited by bandwidth - Cyber cafes are youth’s most frequent internet connection locations in the following surveyed countries: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda. In Senegal, almost 40% of youth use cyber cafes - The workplace is widely used as an internet connection location in South Africa

Bits per internet user

international internet bandwidth 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 50,000 0

Africa

Arab States

87,395

Asia & Pacific

World

Europe

Source: ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database, 2011

Have you used the internet in the past 12 months?

% 50 40 30

g Adult

g Youth

20 10 a Ug an d

tsw an a Bo

Ken ya

ica Afr Sou th

ria Nig e

a an Gh

l ega Sen

roo n Ca me

Tan zan ia

ne rra

Leo

ad Sie

Ch

a eri

R CA

Ma li

Lib

na Bu

rki

Nig e

r

Fas o

0

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2010 9 Questions: “With respect to how much attention you pay to current affairs, would you say that you... Do not pay much attention, …, Pay a lot of attention”, “In a typical week, how many days in a week do you read daily newspapers?”, “In a typical week, how many days in a week do you listen to the radio?” and “In a typical week, how many days in a week do you watch TV?”

59

ParticiPation: towards new democratic tools

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

•

mobile phones: a striking rise, especially in mobile-banking - The extraordinary rise in mobile cellular subscription continues - Mobile phone ownership remains higher among adults, except in Mauritius where youth ownership exceeds that of adults by 25% - However, ownership might mask household usage, and mobile ownership and subscription are not necessarily related - Of the top 20 countries using mobile banking, 15 are African - In Kenya, Sudan and Gabon, more than 1/2 of the population use mobile banking

Per 100 inhabitants

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular subscriptions

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

–––– Mobile-cellular subscriptions, developed regions –––– Fixed-telephone subscriptions, developed regions –––– Mobile-cellular subscriptions, developing regions –––– Fixed-telephone subscriptions, developing regions Source: UNDP, MDG Report 2012

CAR

Niger

Nigeria

Chad

Cameroon

Tanzania

Burkina Faso

g 2 mobile phones

Botswana

g Adult is higher

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2011

Uganda

g Youth is higher

Mali

0

South Africa

5

Ghana

10

Liberia

15

Sierra Leone

20

Kenya

% Proportion of mobile phone owners with more than one phone 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

mobile phone ownership: Youth vs. adults

Senegal

% 25

Mauritius Lesotho Sierra Leone Ghana CAR Gabon Nigeria Guinea Botswana Burundi Swaziland DRC Mali Malawi Angola Cameroon Togo Kenya Mozambique Madagascar Rwanda Tanzania Senegal Chad Benin Congo Niger Zambia Uganda

ParticiPation: towards new democratic tools

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

g 3 or more mobile phones

Source: Gallup, Gallup World Poll, data for 2011

mobile banking users world rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 13th 15th 20th

• •

country Kenya Sudan Gabon Algeria Congo Somalia Uganda Angola Tanzania Swaziland Liberia Mauritania Chad Nigeria

% Population 68 52 50 44 37 34 27 26 23 20 19 19 18 13

Source: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2013

sms: a modern weapon?

Many analysts consider hate text messages to have exacerbated ethnic violence during the Kenyan 2007 elections Political parties in Kenya now require the approval of state regulators in order to send bulk text messages to voters

Source: BBC News Africa

60

•

twitter: african users younger than elsewhere - The majority of Africa’s Tweeters are younger than elsewhere – 60% are 21-29 years old (average worldwide is 39) - 22% of Twitter users in Africa ‘rely on Twitter as a primary source of information on employment opportunities’ - 76% use it for international news - At world level, Arabic is the fastest growing language on Twitter. Its message volume has multiplied by 22 in the past year. It is now the 8th most used language on Twitter, and Arabic messages represent 1% of all public tweets Global heatmap of twitter users

number of tweets (top 20 african countries) morocco 745,620

algeria 103,200 mali 34,916

Burkina Faso 6,536

tunisia 61,920 libya 3,096

niger 7,052

egypt 1,214,062

sudan 25,284 ethiopia 6,450

nigeria 1,646,212 cameroon 30,444

Ghana 2,150 Gabon 2,322

congo 2,408

rwanda 92,880

Kenya 2,476,800

angola 14,620

Source: Beevolve

namibia 12,384 south africa 5,030,226

•

Facebook: world's lowest penetration Source: Portland Communications and Tweetminster, How Africa Tweets, 2012

Facebook statistics World rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

Continent Users (millions) Penetration (%) Europe 241.8 29.8 Asia 234.4 6.1 North America 227.8 43.1 South America 129.3 32.6 Africa 44.2 4.7 Australia & Oceania 14.1 40.5 africa: User age distribution on Facebook egypt

nigeria

drc

Age g 13-15 g 16-17 g 18-24 g 25-34 g 35-44 g 45-54 g 55-64 g 65+ Source: Socialbakers

61

south africa

ParticiPation: towards new democratic tools

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

ParticiPation: towards new democratic tools

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Spotlight: The median age of African leaders is 3 times the median age of the population • •

The gap between the leader’s age and the median age in his country is highest for Zimbabwe (70 years), Kenya (61 years), Cameroon (60 years), Zambia (58 years) and São Tomé (57 years) It is the lowest for Madagascar (20 years), DRC (21 years), Swaziland (24 years), Togo (27 years), Gambia (28 years), Lesotho (26 years) and Morocco (22 years) age and tenure of african leaders and prominent global leaders MUGABE Zimbabwe KIBAKI Kenya BIYA Cameroon POHAMBA Namibia BOUTEFLIKA Algeria DA COSTA São Tomé and Príncipe SATA Zambia CONDE Guinea JOHNSON SIRLEAF Liberia AL-MAQARYAF Libya DOS SANTOS Angola OUATTARA Côte d'Ivoire OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO Eq. Guinea TRAORE Mali ZUMA South Africa GUEBUZA Mozambique SASSOU-NGUESSO Congo MICHEL Seychelles AL-BASHIR Sudan MUSEVENI Uganda MARZOUKI Tunisia BOZIZE Central African Republic ISAIAS AFEWERKI Eritrea RAMGOOLAM Mauritius GUELLEH Djibouti FONSECA Cape Verde BANDA Malawi KIKWETE Tanzania COMPAORE Burkina Faso MORSI Egypt KIIR South Sudan YAYI Boni Benin DEBY Chad ISSOUFOU Niger KHAMA Botswana KOROMA Sierra Leone MAHAMUD Somalia ABDEL AZIZ Mauritania KAGAME Rwanda NHAMADJO Guinea-Bissau JONATHAN Nigeria BONGO ONDIMBA Gabon DRAMANI MAHAMA Ghana DHOININE Comoros SALL Senegal LETSIE III Lesotho MOHAMMED VI Morocco NKURUNZIZA Burundi HAILEMARIAM DESALEGN Ethiopia JAMMEH Gambia Length of tenure (to 2012) GNASSINGBE Togo MSWATI III Swaziland Median age of population KABILA Congo, Dem. Rep. RAJOELINA Madagascar MUKHERJEE India JINTAO China ROUSSEFF Brazil PUTIN Russia OBAMA USA CAMERON UK 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Source: CIA, CIA World Factbook

62

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Millennium Development goals - 2000

goal 1. goal 2. goal 3.

Millenium Development goal "eradicate extreme poverty and hunger" "Achieve universal primary education" "Promote gender equality and empower women"

goal 4. goal 5. goal 6.

"Reduce child mortality" "improve maternal health" "Combat HiV/AiDs, malaria and other diseases"

goal 8.

"Develop a global partnership for development"

Direct or indirect youth-specific target Indirect Target 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds Target 9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Target 10. Ratio of literate women to men, ages 15-24 Indirect Indirect Target 18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women ages 15-24 years Target 19. % of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive and correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS Target 20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years Target 45. Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years, by sex

Source: World Bank, World Development Report, 2007

Rio+20 un Conference on sustainable Development - 2012 Rio+20 statement in “the Future We Want”: “We stress the importance of the active participation of young people in decision making processes as the issues we are addressing have a deep impact on present and future generations, and as the contribution of children and youth is vital to the achievement of sustainable development. We also recognise the need to promote intergenerational dialogue and solidarity by recognising their views.”

African Youth Charter - 2006 The African Youth Charter is a political and legal framework for youth empowerment and development activities at continental, regional and national levels.

The Charter was informed by research commissioned by the African Union Commission (AUC) on the state of African youth. Following consultations with member states and youth organisations, the charter was adopted by youth, experts and ministers and finally endorsed by Heads of Government in July 2006.

Key issues affecting youth in the areas of employment; sustainable livelihood; education; skills development; health; youth participation; national youth policy; peace and security; law enforcement; youth in the diaspora and youth with disabilities, among others, are addressed. The Charter calls on state parties to ensure freedom of movement, expression, private life and property. The Charter outlines a number of shared responsibilities for the AUC and youth.

•

The AUC will: collaborate with governmental, non-governmental institutions and developmental partners to identify best practices on youth policy formulation and implementation, encourage the adaptation of principles and experiences among States Parties, and invite States Parties to include youth representatives as part of their delegations to the ordinary sessions of the African Union and other relevant meetings of the policy organs, in order to broaden channels of communication and enhance the discussion of youth-related issues.

•

Youth will: contribute to the promotion of the economic development of their countries and the continent by placing their intellectual and physical abilities at its service. The Charter is a unique opportunity to unite the youth movement in Africa to speak the same language and move along the same strategic programming lines.

Source: African Union

African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) 2 Youth focused questions: • “What concrete measures have been taken to promote and protect the rights of the youth?”

• “What policies and strategies are put in place for combating unemployment, particularly among the youth?”

Source: African Union, Revised Country Self-Assessment Questionnaire for the African Peer Review Mechanism, 2012

63

Young CoMMiTMenTs…

Young CoMMiTMenTs…

Young CoMMiTMenTs…

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Ratification of the African Youth Charter

Madeira

TUNISIA

MOROCCO Canary Is.

A L G E R I A

L I B Y A E G Y P T

M A U R I TA N I A

M A L I

SENEGAL GAMBIA GUINEA BISSAU G U I N E A SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA

N I G E R

CHAD

BURKINA FASO BENIN GHANA IVORY TOGO COAST

ERITREA

SOMALIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CAMEROON EQUATORIAL GUINEA São Tomé & Principe

DJIBOUTI

S U D A N

NIGERIA

ETHIOPIA

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

GABON CONGO

UGANDA K E N Y A

RWANDA BURUNDI

SEYCHELLES

TANZANIA A N G O L A Z A M B I A NAMIBIA

ZIMBABWE

LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA

g Not signed (5 member states) Source: African Union

64

Farquhar Is.

MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCAR

Mauritius Réunion

SWAZILAND

g Signed (39 member states)

COMOROS

MALAWI

BOTSWANA

g Ratified and deposited (30 member states)

Aldabra Is.

Youth ministries • •

Cape Verde has the youngest Minister with responsibility for this portfolio (33) The oldest Minister with responsibility for this portfolio is in Burundi (63)

Country CAPE VERDE UGANDA LIBYA ZIMBABWE MOROCCO NIGERIA CÔTE D'IVOIRE CONGO GABON BENIN NAMIBIA SENEGAL BOTSWANA GAMBIA TOGO ALGERIA KENYA LIBERIA ANGOLA BURKINA FASO SIERRA LEONE TANZANIA SOUTH AFRICA GHANA BURUNDI CAMEROON CAR CHAD COMOROS DJIBOUTI DRC EGYPT EQUATORIAL GUINEA ETHIOPIA GUINEA GUINEA-BISSAU LESOTHO MADAGASCAR MALAWI MALI MAURITANIA MAURITIUS MOZAMBIQUE NIGER RWANDA SãO TOMé SOMALIA SOUTH SUDAN SUDAN SWAZILAND TUNISIA ZAMBIA

Ministry portfolio Youth, Industry and Human Resource Development Youth Youth and Sports Youth Development, Indigenization, and Empowerment Youth and Sport Youth Development Youth and Civil Service Promotion Civic Education and Youth Education, Culture, Youth, and Sports Youth and Sports Youth and National Service, Sport, and Culture Youth, Training, and Employment Youth, Sport and Culture Youth and Sports Grassroots Development, Crafts, and Youth Employment Youth and Sports Youth and Sports Youth and Sport Youth and Sport Employment, Professional Development, and Youth Youth, Employment, and Sports Information, Youth, Culture, and Sports Women, Youth, Children, and People with Disabilities Youth and Sports Youth, Sport and Culture Youth and Civic Education Youth, Sports, and Culture Culture, Youth, and Sports National Education, Research, Culture, Arts, Youth and Sports Youth, Sports, Recreation and Tourism Youth and Sports Youth Youth and Sports Women, Children, and Youth Affairs Youth and Youth Employment National Education, Culture, Science, Youth, and Sports Gender, Youth, Sports, and Recreation Youth and Leisure Youth, Sports, and Civic Education Youth and Sports Culture, Youth, and Sports Youth and Sports Youth and Sport Youth, Sports, and Culture Youth and ICT Press, Youth, and Sports Youth and Sports (Somalia, Federal Republic of) Culture, Youth, and Sports Youth and Sports Sports, Culture, and Youth Affairs Youth and Sports Youth and Sport

Source: Birmingham University, Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC)

65

Minister Janira Isabel Fonseca Hopffer Almada Jessica Alupo Fathi Tarbil Savior Kasukuwere Mohammed Ouzzine Bolaji Abdullahi Alain Michel Lobognon Anatole Collinet Makosso Seraphin Moundounga Didier Aplogan-Djibode Kazenambo Kazenambo Aly Koto Ndiaye Shaw Kgathi Sheriff M. L. Gomez Victoire Sidemeho Tomegah-Dogbe Mohamed Tahmi Helen Jepkemoi Sambili S. Tornorlah Varpilah Gonçalves Manuel Muandumba Achille Marie Joseph Tapsoba Paul Kamara Fenella Ephraim Mukangara Lulu Xingwana Kofi Humado Jean-Jacques Nyenimigabo Ismasël Bidoung Kpwatt Desire Kolingba Djibert Younous Mohamed Issimaila Hasna Daoud Barkat Banza Mukalayi Sungu Osama Yassin Francisco Pascual Obama Asue Zenebu Tadesse Sanoussy Gbatama Sow Artur da Silva Thesele 'Maseribane Jacques Randriatiana Enoch Chakufwa Chihana Hameye Foune Mahalmadane Cisse Mint Cheikh Ould Boide Satyaprakash Rittoo Pedrito Fuleda Caetano Kounou Hassane Jean Philbert Nsengimana Maria De Cristo Da Costa Carvalho Mohamed Jirte Hussein Cirino Hiteng Ofuho Al-Fatih Tag-Alsir Abdullah Hlobsile Ndlovu Tarik Diab Chishimba Kambwili

Age of minister 33 38 40 41 43 43 44 47 48 49 49 49 50 52 52 53 53 53 55 56 56 56 57 59 63 unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown

Young CoMMiTMenTs…

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Young CoMMiTMenTs…

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Best practices...

Rwanda: Raise the “HAPPi” generation government portfolio: Ministry of Youth and ICT This ministry aims to “promote youth development and to integrate and disseminate ICT through policy, strategy and action to empower both public and private sectors.”

Major youth programmes • “Agaciro Kanjye”: a mobilisation pilot programme for the 2012-2013 financial year to make youth go back to the traditional practice of Kwiharika, whereby each young person will have to own a productive asset (such as a small business, a couple of fruit trees etc.) and to be encouraged to learn about saving at an early age.

• “Neighbour’s Eye”: a campaign with a mission to empower communities, to create a safe country, responding to crises, drug abuse and violence prevention, ensuring the health and wellbeing of the youth and promoting development of good character and citizenship.

• “Youth Access to Finance”: a programme based on 2 pillars that address financial and non-financial barriers respectively. Provides enhanced financial access and improve financial literacy through capacity building and training.

• “Youth Empowerment for Global Opportunity (YEGO)”: an integrated approach to tackle youth socio-economic development issues, with a special focus on youth employment promotion.

•

Vision for the youth sector: to raise a “HAPPi” generation H: Healthy A: Attitude, Aptitude P: Patriotic P: Productive i: innovative

Source: Republic of Rwanda: Ministry of Youth & ICT [accessed October 2012]

ghana: The 2010 national youth policy The 2010 national Youth Policy is oriented around 11 key principles: patriotism, self-reliance, honesty and integrity, participation, equity, access, leadership, good-governance, gender mainstreaming, respect, coordination and collaboration. it provides a policy framework prioritising action in 19 separate areas, including education and skills training; ICT; employment; entrepreneurial development; youth in modern agriculture; gender mainstreaming; environment; Health, HIV and AIDS; networking and partnership; mentoring; arts and culture; governance, democracy and leadership; sports and recreation; youth in conflict prevention and peace building; national youth week; youth and vulnerability; youth patriotism and volunteerism; and, finally, nationalism and conscientisation of youth.

It emphasises 9 priority groups for concern: post-basic and secondary school drop-outs; students in tertiary institutions; out-of-school, unemployed and under-employed youth; female youth; pregnant adolescent youth and education; youth in crime and violence related problems; youth at risk; youth with disability and health challenges; youth with special talents.

Source: Birmingham University, Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), 2012

African economic outlook (Aeo) recommendation on how to promote youth employment “Governments must improve their response. They are showing a lot of activity to confront the youth employment challenge but many government programmes are dysfunctional and unlikely to have a significant impact on youth employment given the size of the employment problem and the barriers faced by the private sector in Africa. AEO country experts consider programmes to promote youth employment to be dysfunctional in 21 countries and well-developed only in Morocco. Initiatives providing training and promoting entrepreneurship are the most frequent government interventions. Several governments engage in temporary job creation through public works programmes. But there is little evidence of their impact on longer-term jobs. Among the big shortcomings of youth employment interventions is a general lack of knowledge on what works well and what does not, which is closely linked to the extreme paucity of employment data available for Africa. A second obstacle is a frequent lack of co-ordination between government agencies leading to scattered, sometimes even competing, efforts that are not integrated into an effective strategy.”

Source: AfDB OECD UNDP UNECA, African Economic Outlook, 2012

66

Spotlight: e-Government •

All African countries increased their e-Government performance in 2012 but declined in comparative performance around the world, with the exception of Kenya and Morocco, which gained in world rankings Countries with government websites that include “Follow us on Facebook or Twitter” Africa Côte d'ivoire DRC eq. guinea ethiopia ghana guinea Bissau Morocco nigeria somalia south Africa sudan Tunisia

Latin & Central America Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Belize Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Honduras Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela

Asia Afghanistan Azerbajan Bahrain Georgia Iraq Israel Japan Malaysia Mongolia Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Korea Saudi Arabia Singapore Thailand UAE Uzbekistan

government websites providing a statement that promotes open government data initiative Europe Asia World Americas Oceania Africa 0

10

20

30

40

50

60%

e-government development Top ranked countries in Africa e-gov. development index*

e-government development index

World e-gov.

0.8

development ranking Rank

Country

2012

2010

2012

1

Seychelles

0.5192

0.4179

84

104

2

Mauritius

0.5066

0.4645

93

77

3

South Africa

0.4869

0.4306

101

97

4

Tunisia

0.4833

0.4826

103

66

5

Egypt

0.4611

0.4518

107

86

6

Cape Verde

0.4297

0.4054

118

108

7

Kenya

0.4212

0.3338

119

124

8

Morocco

0.4209

0.3287

120

126

9

Botswana

0.4186

0.3637

121

117

10

Namibia

0.3937

0.3314

123

125

Regional Average

0.2780

0.2733

World Average

0.4882

0.4406

0.7

2010

Europe

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

Americas Asia World average Oceania

0.2 0.1 0 2003 2004 2005

Africa 2008 2010 2012

Source: UN, UN e-Government Survey 2012 * The UN e-Government development index (EGDI) is a composite indicator measuring the willingness and capacity of national administrations to use information and communication technology to deliver public services. The assessment conducted by UNDESA rates the e-government performance of countries relative to one another as opposed to being an absolute measurement

67

Young CoMMiTMenTs…

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AnnEx

AnnEx Annex: R1: REGIOnAL ECOnOMIC COMMUnITY (REC) FACTCARDS

REC Summary REC (number of countries) CEN-SAD COMESA EAC ECCAS ECOWAS IGAD SADC AMU

Total youth population (millions)

Median age (years)

Total GDP ($billion)

Average GDP per capita ($)

109 91 28 28 59 44 56 17

19 17 18 18 19 18 19 27

847 455 83 208 364 140 655 339

1533 1206 584 1501 1178 663 2338 3812

(29) (19) (5) (10) (15) (6) (15) (5)

Community of Sahel-Saharan States – CEn-SAD Total population Youth population (age 15 – 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)

552.8 million 108.6 million 19 62 52.9 847.2 billion 1532.5 + 3.3

29 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Rep., Chad, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, niger, nigeria, São Tomé & Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence

No No (not operative) No

Protocols affecting students • Holders of diplomatic passports are exempt from visa obligations within the CEN-SAD zone. To be extended to students Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa – COMESA Total population Youth population (age 15 – 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)

443.8 million 90.7 million 17 61 42.5 455.4 billion 1026.0 + 3.5

19 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Burundi, Comoros, DRC, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence

No Yes - http://www.comesa.int/ 274 likes on Facebook @comesa_lusaka

Protocols affecting students • The COMESA Treaty, although not operative, has provision for students: “encourage technical and student exchange programmes among the Member States”

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Total population Youth population (age 15 – 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)

AnnEx

East African Community – EAC 141.9 million 28.2 million 18 63 13.6 82.8 billion 584.0 + 5.0

5 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence

Yes - EAC Youth & Children Strategic Plan http://www.gender.eac.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=127&Itemid=93 Yes - http://www.eac.int/ 581 likes on Facebook @jumuiya

Protocols affecting students • Free Movement of Persons of the EAC Common Market: “student pass shall be issued free of charge and renewed annually over the duration of the study” • EAC countries have agreed to develop a framework for mutual recognition of professional qualifications Economic Community of Central African States – ECCAS (CEEAC) Total population Youth population (age 15 – 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)

138.6 million 27.5 million 18 63 13.3 207.9 billion 1500.6 + 3.9

10 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep., Chad, Congo, DRC, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé & Príncipe REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence

No Yes http://www.ceeac-eccas.org/ No

Protocols affecting students • Students are guaranteed freedom of movement Economic Community of West African States – ECOWAS (CEDEAO) Total population Youth population (age 15 – 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)

308.7 million 59.2 million 19 60 29.6 363.7 billion 1178.3 + 3.9

15 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, niger, nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence

Yes - Youth Programme under the Department of Gender Development, Youth/Sports, Civil Society, Employment and Drug Control http://www.comm.ecowas.int/dept/stand.php?id=e_e2_ brief&lang=en - The ECOWAS authority has created a Youth Centre which is currently based in Burkina Faso Yes - http://www.ecowas.int/ 967 likes on Facebook @ecowashr (not active since 2010)

Protocols affecting students • Given the existence and the operational status of the ECOWAS passport, ECOWAS’ students have mobility within the region • In 2001, ECOWAS signed the Protocol on Education and Training to harmonise education certificates

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Intergovernmental Authority on Development - IGAD Total population Youth population (age 15 – 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)

211.0 million 44.3 million 18 64 20.2 139.8 billion 662.6 + 3.9

6 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence

No Yes - http://igad.int/ 54 likes on Facebook @icpac_igad, @igaddata, @igadsecretariat (inactive since 2010)

Protocols affecting students

None

Southern African Development Community - SADC Total population Youth population (age 15 – 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)

280.0 million 55.5 million 19 63 26.8 654.8 billion 2338.3 + 3.6

15 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Angola, Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence

No Yes - http://www.sadc.int/ 220 likes on Facebook @sadcwater @sadc2010 (not active since 2011)

Protocols affecting students • The SADC Protocol on Education and Training: “to work towards the relaxation and eventual elimination of immigration formalities in order to facilitate freer movement of students and staff within the Region for the specific purposes of study” • Regarding access to universities, “Member States agree to recommend to universities and other tertiary institutions in their countries to reserve at least 5% of admission, for students from SADC nations”

Arab Maghreb Union – AMU (UMA) InACTIVE Total population Youth population (age 15 – 24) Median age within REC Mean age of leaders within REC Population (% of Africa) GDP (current US$) GDP per capita (current US$) Urban population growth (%)

88.9 million 17.4 million 27 64 8.5 338.8 billion 3811.9 + 2.1

5 member states (countries that have ratified the African Youth Charter are in green) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia REC specific youth policy Website Social media presence

No Yes - http://www.maghrebarabe.org/en/ 25 likes on Facebook @sg_uma

Protocols affecting students

None

Source: UNECA, AU & AfDB 2012; WDI, data for 2010, 2011; UNDESA, data for 2010

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2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

Employment • Working age population = persons aged 15-64 as a % of the total population.

• Labour force = persons who work or are unemployed during a reference period. Also known as current economically active population.

Usually economically active population is measured over a longer reference period (not equal to labour force).

• Participation rate = share of the working age population that is in the labour force as a % of the working age population.

• Employed population = people in paid employment or self-employed.

• Persons above a specified age who furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and services and are either in: • paid employment – continued receipt of wage/salary, apprentices, Armed Forces.

• self-employment – employers, own-account workers, unpaid family workers, people producing goods/services for family consumption.

• temporarily not at work but have a formal attachment to a job.

• informal sector.

• Includes all persons who had a job or enterprise but were absent from that job or enterprise during that period on a temporary basis, e.g. maternity leave, strike etc.

• Students/homemakers who satisfy the above criteria.

• Youth employment-to-population ratio = ratio of the number of young employed persons to population.

• Own-account worker = a person who operates his or her own economic enterprise, or engages independently in a profession or trade, and hires no employees.

• Unpaid family worker = a person who works without pay in an economic enterprise operated by a related person living in the same household.

• Contributing family worker = a person who holds a self-employment job in an establishment operated by a related person living in the same household, who cannot be regarded as a partner, because their degree of commitment is not at a level comparable to that of the head of the establishment.

• Working poor = workers who are members of households living in extreme poverty.

• Informal employment rate = share of informal employment in non-agricultural employment as a % of total employment. Informal employment includes employment in informal sector enterprises and informal jobs in formal firms. Informal employment in agriculture is generally measured separately.

• Vulnerable employment rate = share of own-account workers and contributing family workers as a % of total employment.

• Decent work = opportunities for men and women to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.

Unemployment • Unemployed population = persons not working but available to work and looking for work.

• Persons above a specified age who are available to, but do not, furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and services.

• Persons temporarily absent from their jobs with no formal job attachment.

• Persons not in employment who would have accepted a suitable job or started an enterprise during the reference period if the opportunity arose, and who had actively looked for ways to obtain a job or start an enterprise in the near past.

• Students/homemakers who satisfy the above criteria.

• Unemployment rate = share of the labour force that is unemployed as a % of the labour force.

• Youth unemployment rate = share of the labour force age 15-24 that is unemployed as a % of the youth labour force.

• Ratio of youth-to-adult unemployment rates = ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult unemployment rate.

Inactivity • Inactivity rate = share of the working-age population that is not in the labour force as a % of the working age population. By definition, the inactivity rate and the labour force participation rate will add up to 100 %.

• Inactivity rate of youth = share of all young persons who are neither employed nor unemployed as a % of total youth population.

• Youth not in school or at work = persons age 15-24 not engaged in education, employment or training.

• NEET = Not in employment, education or training.

• Youth discouraged worker rate = share of all young persons who are without work and available for work but did not seek work (and therefore could not be classified as unemployed) because they felt that no work would be available to them as a % of the youth labour force.

According to the standard classification system, the discouraged worker is counted among the inactive, although many analysts would like to see the number of discouraged workers added to the unemployed to give a broader measure of the unutilised supply of labour.

Source: ILO

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AnnEx

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

2012 Ibrahim Forum | African Youth

AnnEx

ACROnYMS

AC AEO AfDB APRM ASEAN ATS AU AUC BRICS CAR CIA CODESRIA CSR DDR DRC DFID EC EGDI FAO FIFA GEM GHI GSDRC GSHS GYTS HRW ICT IIAG IRIN IFAD IFPRI IMF ITU KILM MIF MDG OECD REC UAE UIS UN UNAIDS UNCDF UNCTAD UNDESA UNDP UNECA UNESCO UNFPA UN-HABITAT UNICEF UNODC VE WB WHO

Africa Commission African Economic Outlook African Development Bank African Peer Review Mechanism Association of Southeast Asian Nations Amphetamine-Type Stimulants African Union African Union Commission Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Central African Republic Central Intelligence Agency Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa Corporate Social Responsibility Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Congo, Democratic Republic Department for International Development European Commission E-Government Development Index Food and Agriculture Organization Fédération Internationale de Football Association Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Global Hunger Index Birmingham University Governance and Social Development Resource Centre Global School-based Student Health Survey Global Youth Tobacco Survey Human Rights Watch Information and Communication Technology Ibrahim Index of African Governance Integrated Regional Information Networks International Fund for Agricultural Development International Food Policy Research Institute International Monetary Fund International Telecommunications Union Key Indicators of the Labour Market Mo Ibrahim Foundation Millennium Development Goals Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Regional Economic Community United Arab Emirates UNESCO Institute for Statistics United Nations Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations Capital Development Fund United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic Commission for Africa United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations Population Fund United Nations Human Settlements Programme United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Vulnerable Employment International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: The World Bank World Health Organization

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DYNAMICS….

Government programmes to promote youth employment are dysfunctional in 21 countries More than 1/2 of tertiary educated people in Cape Verde, Gambia, Mauritius, Seychelles and Sierra Leone leave their country More than 20% of children under 15 take drugs in Ghana, Namibia and Zambia Agriculture is currently the main employer in Africa The main obstacles to opening a new business in Africa are finance, electricity, red tape and “city liveability” Employment in agriculture is the most vulnerable In some African countries, the youth have more confidence in the military than in government Wage employment accounts for less than 15% of youth employment in most African labour markets Less than 2% of African youth are studying agriculture Eritrea, Angola and Central African Republic spend more on defence than on education “Job creation is the new currency of all leaders” North African youth mainly hope to work in government or to be self-employed Less than 1/4 of African youth think their country is a full democracy The majority of Africa’s Tweeters are 10 years younger than elsewhere Almost 2/3 of young people living with HIV/AIDS in the world are in Africa In Kenya, Sudan and Gabon, more than 1/2 the population use mobile banking Arabic is the fastest growing language on Twitter In at least 13 countries, more than 15% of girls have sex before 15 The average pupil-teacher ratio in Africa ranges from 13 pupils in Seychelles to 81 in Central African Republic Youth voter turnout has declined in most countries, except Tanzania, Uganda, and Malawi Newspapers are the youth’s least preferred source of information Of the top 20 countries using mobile banking, 15 are African In Mozambique and Mali, almost 60% of 18 years old girls are pregnant or mothers More than 10% of boys under 15 currently smoke in at least 12 African countries African countries with the highest growth in agriculture also have the highest GDP growth Africa’s share of social sciences and humanities graduates is the highest in the world In Africa, tertiary educated people have the highest migration rate Remittances from sub-Saharan diaspora reached $21.5 billion in 2010 Of the 15 countries in the world with the highest % of households with 6 or more occupants, 4 are in North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is the world’s 2nd fastest growing region in GDP terms, after Asia Youth is a transient state…

Definitions