Mesa Highlights Magazine 2021

MESA+ HIGHLIGHTS 2021

1 PREFACE 2 NANOLAB 3 CENTRES OF EXPERTISE 4 HIGHLIGHTS PI’S

PREFACE Dear MESA+ colleagues, The end of the year is approaching. It was another year of challenges and demands on everyone’s creativity, flexibility and resilience. Although we did our work within the measures in place, we achieved many great results in 2021. We are proud of these results!

In this magazine, we look back at 2021 and share several highlights from PI’s, the NanoLab, our Centres of Expertise and MESA+.

MESA+ is on the move. The growth and development of MESA+ have led us to review our mission and vision. Our strengthened mission and vision:

MISSION GROUND-BREAKING NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR SOCIETAL CHALLENGES We develop ground-breaking nanotechnology that contributes to solutions for actual societal challenges. Driven by our fascination with the smallest possible scale, our researchers build materials and components that provide sustainable and unexpected solutions to many of these challenges. We offer top talent the team spirit and infrastructure that enables them to flourish.

VISION

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE WITH ROOM FOR TOPTALENT We are convinced that research at the nanoscale is the key to applications that contribute to the quality of life and make our society more sustainable and safer.

Thanks to their small scale, these applications have a minimum footprint. They lead to lower use of raw materials and energy. They also lead to more humanfriendly, less invasive medical technology. They lead to radically new solutions for our digitalised society.

We realise that in order to make this possible and to maintain and strengthen our ‘cutting edge’ position, we have the responsibility to invest in young talent.

Of course, we are proud of all our colleagues who won a prize or award. Any prize or award means recognition of our scientists’ work. In particular, we want to congratulate David Fernandez Rivas again for being awarded the title of ‘Engineer of the Year’.

Also, we congratulate David Blank and Alexander Golubov for being elected as APS Fellows, and David Marpaung for being elected as an Optica Fellow.

Growth fund proposals We also wish to thank everyone who has been writing so-called proposals for the National Growth Fund (“groeifondsvoorstellen”) very much for their time, energy and passion. It is great that we have worked together on this. With the approved Quantum Delta proposal from the first round and with the submitted proposals for PhotonDelta, sustainable Materials NL, NXTGEN HighTech and MedTechNL in the second round, MESA+ has firmly positioned itself on all these fronts, and these proposals will offer great opportunities for the near future. opportunities for the

near future.

MT update We are pleased with the appointment of Timo Meinders as business director. He will fulfil this function together with Pieter. A great addition to our MESA+ team. A heartfelt welcome to you, Timo!

Besides all this positive news, we unfortunately also received news that is not so good. Pieter Telleman fell ill following, and is now recovering from a medical procedure. We wish him a lot of strength and we hope that he will recover and join our MESA+ MT again in 2022.

We were hoping to see you all at the MESA+ Meeting, which was scheduled for December. We wanted to look back on 2021 together, celebrate nanoscience and technology with inspiring talks and lively poster sessions, and raise our glass to our achievements and successes. Instead, we are doing this with this magazine. It shows selected highlights of 2021. We proudly look back at the past year and want to thank you all for your hard work, flexibility and commitment.

Enjoy reading, and see you all back in good health in 2022!

Albert, Guus, Pieter en Timo

NANOLAB

NanoLab's positioning is becoming increasingly stronger, both within and outside the UT. This is due to a motivated team working daily on the growth and further development of the NanoLab. On the following pages, you'll find an overview of five new facilities that have recently been installed.

Quantes Dual Scanning X-ray Photoelectron Microprobe Two monochromated X-ray source (Al Kα and Cr Kα) for traditional XPS and HAXPES measurements; Dual-source Ionbeam (Ar+ and GCIB); X-ray induced secondary electron image (SXI).

Spectra 300 STEM An inside view of the new Thermo Scientific probe-corrected Spectra 300 S/TEM at MESA+ NanoLab with an ultimate spatial resolution of 50 pm, and various exciting advanced features, including the ability to image the lightest elements down to hydrogen.

Helios FIB The Thermo Scientific Helios 5 UX DualBeam FIB is the new MESA+ Nanolab standard in TEM sample preparation and 3D imaging and analytical EDSmaps.

Synapse Oxide etcher A new plasma etch tool has been installed in the NanoLab Cleanroom, being the SPTS Synapse module. The module is equipped with a dedicated high-density plasma source for etching of dielectrics like fused Si, SixNY, and SiO2. Endpoint detection and optical emission spectrometer modules are installed to guaranty reproducible processing for scientific applications and small volume processing.

TCO TOPdamper An adaptive PVD system – equipped with an 8-pocket ebeam evaporator, a thermal evaporator and an end-hall ion source – greatly extending processing capabilities in the cleanroom; designed and built in-house in close collaboration between research groups, the NanoLab and TCO.

MESA+ CENTRES

ORGAN-ON-A-CHIP FOR PERSONALIZED HEALTH Organ-on-Chip Center Twente Organs-on-chips, miniaturized models of human organs in microengineered chips, have become a game-changer in many different fields, providing data that is directly relevant for human health and disease.

The Organ-on-Chip Center Twente is a center of expertise supported by the MESA+ Institute and the TechMed Centre of the University of Twente. It brings together organ-on-chip researchers from multiple disciplines and enables interaction with societal stakeholders, including clinicians, pharmaceutical industry and platform manufacturers.

Milestones of the past year were publication of over 15 peer-reviewed papers on organ-on-chip, successful funding of several projects, the strong embedding of organ-on-chip manufacturing in the submitted national growth fund proposal NXTGEN HIGHTECH, the kick-off of the SMART OoC program (funded by NWO Perspective scheme) with 8 academic and no less than 26 societal partners, and a leading role in the European efforts towards standardization for organs-on-chips.

Opening QUANT UT Partner in QLSI consortium

See

utwente.nl/quantum

(Quantum Large Scale Integration with Silicon)

12x12 quantum Processor

Taballione et al., Mater. Quantum.

Technol. 1, 035002 (2021)

Josephson junction for photon Bose-Einstein condensates

Vretenar et al., Phys. Rev. Research 3, 023167 (2021)

QUANT

Center for Quantum Nanotechnology Twente Pepijn Pinkse & Floris Zwanenburg (directors)

Name Research Chair & name group

• • • •

De Ingenieur, April Trouw, June De Ingenieur, November Dr. Kelder en Co, December

MOLECULES CENTRE Opened 1st November 2021 TO CONNECT AND EDUCATE SCIENTISTS WITH A MOLECULAR PERSPECTIVE TO ADDRESS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES WITH A HIGH SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIETAL IMPACT

MOLECULES CENTRE Jeroen Cornelissen, Christian Nijhuis, Nico Overeem

SOLAR CENTRE Under the umbrella of MESA+ Institute in collaboration with Faculty of Engineering Technology (ET), Faculty for Science and Technology (TNW), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Faculty of BMS and Center of Energy Innovation (CEI)

Our mission: Being an excellent academic partner in solar research and product development over the full value chain Three program lines: 1. Materials science for solar energy conversions 2. Smart system integration and optimization 3. Design of improved product-service combinations Present volume (2017-2021): ~35 staff members, ~6

postdocs, ~15 PhD students & 8,5 million € of external funds

Representation: Rebecca Saive, Monica Morales, Angèle Reinders, Jurriaan Schmitz

1 TCO

2

3

LOW DATA CENTRE

PHOTONICS

SENSING MATERIALS Strategic Impulse Programmes MESA+ coordinates these four strategic impulse programmes to empower strategic research

HIGHLIGHTS PI’S

Ion transport through graphene Soft Matter Fluidics and Interfaces Prof. Rob G.H. Lammertink

The ion selective transport through perforated graphene layers is experimentally and theoretically investigated. Surface-ion equilibrium can explain the ion selectivity dependency on salt concentration and acidity.

Few modes interferences

e

𝑙𝑙 = 2 𝑙𝑙 = 1 𝑙𝑙 = 0

Topological Transition tuned by electric gate ICE/QTM – Chuan Li

Induced superconductivity in Dirac semimetal has great interests for investigating topological states. The subbands in electron surface states are revealed by oscillations of critical current in parallel magnetic field. And the superconductivity is enhanced by gate tuning from electron to hole conduction, which is attributed to the topological transition from gapped surface subbands to a gapless surface band.

Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 027001 (2021)

Rotational Glass Transition Physics of Complex Fluids group Dr. Michel Duits

• • •

Colloidal spheres with strong surface roughness show spectacular slowdown of thermal motions at high concentrations: asperity interlocking

100 nm period, 250 nm thick, free-standing transmission gratings for high-resolution EUV spectroscopy Muharrem Bayraktar - XUV Optics Group

VIEWING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A

VIRUS AND A CELL SURFACE Molecules Centre, Department of Molecules & Materials, Molecular NanoFabrication group, Jurriaan Huskens

We study how the flu virus binds to surfaces coated with sugars to understand infections, to learn to predict zoonoses, to develop analytical tools and to make antiviral materials (ACS Cent Sci 2020, 6, 2311; Small 2021, 2007214, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 8525)

Clean water, thanks to new plastics Prof. Dr. Wiebe M. de Vos & Membrane Surface Science (MSuS)

The complexation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes leads to new plastic materials with a high degree of internal ionic crosslinking. Supported ultra-thin polyelectrolyte coatings function as nanofiltration membranes that effectively remove organic pollutants, such as hormones and medicines, from our water. As films (see photo, collaboration with Dr. Saskia Lindhoud, MnF) these polyelectrolyte-based plastics function as ion-exchange membranes that can (selectively) remove ions to provide desalinated water. Especially promising is that these materials can be made completely in water, allowing much more sustainable membrane production.

Solar cell front contacts Solar irradiance and ground albedo

•

Fabrication and comp. simulation of optimized contacts

• •

Spectrum and angle dependent measurements and comp. simulations

• •

Photonic Materials for Light-Energy Conversion Inorganic Materials Science (IMS) | Rebecca Saive

Piezo-Photomotion

DIRECT

Free-space concentration of diffused light Nanophotonic metamaterials for angle and spectrum dependent emission control (picture)

On-chip coupling of photodiodes and piezos Light-induced mechanical motion at the nanoscale Light-driven, time-resolved scanning probe microscopy

Next-Generation Batteries Fast charging due to lithium nanochannels

Prof.dr.ir. Mark Huijben, Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage

By using a fully new material, nickel niobate, for the anode of lithium-ion batteries, the charging speed can be improved by ten times. This is possible without the risk of damaging the anode material, causing battery breakdown or reducing its lifetime. The researchers published their first results using batteries with the new anode in the Advanced Energy Materials journal.

3D cell microenvironments

Department of Molecules and Materials, Biointerface chemistry Prof. dr. ir. Pascal Jonkheijm

• Magnetic manipulation • Host-guest interfacial binding • Cell specific adhesion

MICRO SENSOR INTEGRATION Dennis Alveringh − Integrated Devices and Systems

Microtechnology allows us to fabricate sensors with better specifications.

The force sensor on the right has a unique combination of high sensitivity and high bandwidth. It can therefore sense the impact force of microdroplets. It may one day be the heart of an instrument that monitors rain erosion or tests needleless injectors. We are currently working on the integration of sensors with electronics: a single chip that – in the future – translates any physical parameter from the real world into a digital signal.

ATS Heat and mass transfer in cryogenics

Srinivas Vanapalli, Applied Thermal Sciences

The group focuses on studying heat and mass transfer phenomena at cryogenic temperatures to explore fundamentals and applications of thermal sciences in space and time domains.

Our societal goal is to draw on "the art of cryogenics" to advance the health of human beings and planet earth.

Separation by complexation

Dr. ir. Saskia Lindhoud & Phase Separation in Complex Systems

The cellular fluids are highly organised. Droplet-like structures ensure that the right molecules are present at the right time, participating in complex biological processes. As chemists we are inspired in achieving such spatiotemporal organisation. In our group we use model systems, based on polyelectrolyte complexes with similar properties as the cellular droplet-like structures, to separate molecules. We have shown that the enzyme lysozyme can be extracted from an egg white protein mixture and after back extraction lysozyme is retains its catalytic function.

Lysozyme Other egg white proteins Polycations Polyanions Substrate for lysozyme

Functional nanowires by electrospinning PI Han Gardeniers, Mesoscale Chemical Systems group Co-axial electrospinning is used to fabricate inorganic nanowire networks, decorated with metal nanoparticles. The materials are applied in (electro)catalysis and optoelectronic devices.

A promising demonstration of the concept was given for color-tuning in electrochromic devices.* *DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c02231

Interface states

Hot Carrier Injection

∆Nit∝∆VT ∝ exp(-Ea/kT)

• • • •

Gate current

Recovery of Stress Induced Leakage

•

Gate voltage

• • • •

SELF HEALING MOSFETS

Enhancing lifetime by repairing HCI and SILC damage

Cora Salm, Integrated Devices and Systems

Recovery of HCI

as low as 50 oC not above ~400 oC… add H reservoirs to chips high-pressure

interface traps created H/D isotope effect H can re-passivate Temperature dependent

Enhanced wind farm performance using windbreaks Richard J.A.M. Stevens - Physics of Fluids group • • • •

L. Liu, R.J.A.M. Stevens, Phys. Rev. Fluids 6, 074611 (2021) – Editor suggestion Visualization by Srinidhi N. Gadde (Twente) Featured in Science News Featured in Physics Magazine

BRILLOUIN INTEGRATED PHOTONICS David Marpaung – Nonlinear Nanophotonics

We harness coherent light-sound interactions in integrated photonic circuits to make next generation light sources, ultra-precise sensors, and advanced signal processors.

Composite Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage WAX+ • •

Computational Multiscale Modeling of heat transport Phase change materials described by • Molecular Dynamics of Paraffin-Graphene Interfaces • Diffusive and Stefan problems for macroscopic dynamics • Homogenization for large-scale coarsening

•

Synthesis and Characterization of composite material

•

Validation of modeling against physical experiments

•

Models guide the experimental design

•

TUE-UT Collaboration – NWO-TTW Open Technology

Multiscale Modeling and Simulation/WAX+ team:

Maarten Boomstra, Kevin Redosado, Lisette Wijkhuijs, Peter Bobbert, Heiner Friedrich, Henk Huinink, Alexey Lyulin, Bernard Geurts

Semiconductor devices Jurriaan Schmitz, group Integrated Devices and Systems

• • • •

Microfabrication Device characterization Reliability Integrated circuits, light from silicon, photovoltaics

Materials and Concepts for Energy-Efficient ICT Hans Hilgenkamp, Interfaces and Correlated Electron Systems (ICE)

• Brain-Inspired NanoSystems (BRAINS) • Memristors and Resistive Switching Devices • Vanadium-oxide based Reconfigurable Circuitry (Xing Gao et al., submitted for publ., 2021)

Photons demonstrating ‘social’ behaviour Jan Klärs, Adaptive Quantum Optics, Photonic Simulations

In this research highlight, our group demonstrates that photon Bose-Einstein condensates are capable of minimizing losses and destructive interference in their environment by adjusting their frequency. See M. Vretenar, C. Toebes, J. Klaers “Modified Bose-Einstein condensation in a photonic quantum gas‘, Nature Communications 12, 5749 (2021).

OCEAN CARBON CYCLE

STUDIED BY SINGLE CELL IMPEDANCE FLOW CYTOMETRY ON CALCIFYING ALGAE Unicellular Coccolithophores (~5 µm)

• Carbon fixation by - photosynthesis: particulate organic carbon (POC) - calcification: particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) • PIC/POC ratio determines net release or uptake of CO2 • This ratio can be calculated by measuring - cell volume - electrical opacity • Using differential impedance measurements Douwe de Bruijn, Wouter Olthuis, Dedmer van de Waal, Albert van den Berg

CLIMATE CHANGE

limiting global warming to < 2°C requires fixation of massive amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere by mid century

NEGATIVE EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES GT’s of CO2 need to be converted to products or stored in geological reservoirs

cCOOL: Pathways towards Negative Emission Technologies Understanding Materials and Developing Novel Processes

Frieder Mugele – Physics of Complex Fluids (in collaboration with SPT group) A.R. Rao et al. Advanced Functional Materials 2021

CO2 mineralization

• precipitation of CaCO3 leads to various polymorphs • Non-classical nucleation involves amorphous carbonate • organics steer precipitation process

Biogas separation

• Biogas: CO2–CH4 mixture • optimized clay minerals as selective CO2 sorbents  upgraded product for commercial use

TOPOLOGY Can a vortex have charge?

Quantum Transport in Matter – Alexander Brinkman An array of superconducting islands was created on top of a crystalline flake of a topological insulator. The modulation of the supercurrent by a magnetic field is designed to reveal whether the topological vortices have a fractional charge of e/4. No fractional signal was detected but we keep on pushing.

Nanotechnology 32, 435001 (2021).

NANOPLASTICS Dr. Christian Blum - Nanobiophysics

• • • •

Finding nanoplastic particles in water Ultrasenstive detection and single particle tracking Quantification <fM particle concentrations Size determination

Molenaar et al. Environ. Sci.: Nano 2021

PRINTABLE 2D MATERIALS

André ten Elshof, Inorganic & Hybrid Nanomaterials

• Ink-jet process for 2D material-based devices • Printable batteries and microsupercapacitors • Various combinations of conductive & chargestoring 2D phases demonstrated

Hierarcical PlasmonicPhotonic Microspheres Jan Eijkel Nanofluidics for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications On microspheres, self-assembled from SiO2 nanoparticles, Au is deposited followed by hightemperature dewetting. The particles show a highly tunable morphology and strong Raman scattering (inset).

By Juan Wang with Hai le The, Pepijn Pinkse, Loes Segerink and Lingling Shui (SCNU).

Microfluidic Handling Systems Joost Lötters − Integrated Devices and Systems

Many applications in for instance the medical, chemical and biological fields show a need for modular microfluidic handling systems. These systems enable accurate, real-time and in-line flow control and analysis of small quantities of (mixtures of) gases and liquids.

We work on microfluidic handling systems which are integrally designed from the system perspective. Different functionalities, such as modules for flow measurement, -control, -dosage and -analysis, can therefore easily be integrated.

BuBble Gun

Impact of A Microfluidic Jet onto A Droplet

BuBbles vs Problems

• • • •

Mesoscale Chemical Systems & PI : David Fernandez Rivas

… …. … …

In situ characterization of faceted semiconductor nanoparticles for improved H-production Dr. Igor Siretanu- Physics of Complex Fluids (in collaboration with PCS group)

• advanced scanning probe technologies • sub-particle resolution • facet-dependent surface charges, isoelectric points and hydration structure • surface defects and atomic resolution in liquids • rational design of new materials and optimized operation conditions Shaoqiang Su et al. Advanced Materials (2021)

Plasmonic Tunnel Junctions

- NanoScale light sources - Interface optics & electronics - UltraFast devices

Molecular Hardware for Neuromorphic Electronics

Plasmonic-Electronic Transducers Plasmon detector

- Multi-functional molecular switches - Reduction of energy consumption - Molecular-scale synapses

Waveguide gap

Plasmon source

2 µm

Nat. Photon. 2017 Nat. Photon. 2016

CMOS Compatible, Spatial Control

Science 2014

Light: Sci. & Appl. 2021 Small 2021

Opto-Electronics based on Quantum Effects Christian A. Nijhuis / Hybrid Materials for OptoElectronics (HMOE)

Nat. Mater. 2020; Nat. Nanotech. 2017; Nat. Nanotech. 2018

EXCITONS IN HETEROGENEOUS PEROVSKITES Computational Chemical Physics | Linn Leppert

• First principles modelling of lead-free halide perovskites • Unusually localized and strongly bound excitons due to electronic heterogeneity • Biega et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12, 2057 (2021)

Containerless crystal growth – levitating liquid copper

The coil is water-cooled and also made of copper

Arie van Houselt – Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials

Photograph of Cu levitating electro- magnetically in a UHV setup, well above the melting temperature. The rod in the background is a seed crystal. See J.P. Witteveen, R. van Gastel, A. van Houselt and H.J.W. Zandvliet, Review of Scientific Instruments 92, 45 (2021)

Micro Sensors and Systems Remco Wiegerink – Integrated Devices and Systems

Modern micro sensors can be complete control systems in themselves. In these nano-G accelerometer chips the sensitivity is increased by compressing the curved suspension springs using a thermal actuator and a latching mechanism. Furthermore, the position of the proof mass is detected capacitively and controlled using electrostatic feedback forces.

Dr Kelder: “We have to talk about quantum”

Floris Zwanenburg (NanoElectronics Group)

• Opening Centre for Quantum Nanotechnology Twente • National Growth fund: 615 million Euro for Quantum Technology • Floris Zwanenburg talks on Dutch radio (Radio1) with Jort Kelder about how and why. See radio interview and podcast

CYTOSOLIC DELIVERY

Naomi Hamelmann, JW Paats, J Paulusse | Biomolecular Nanotechnology

• • • •

Single-chain polymer nanoparticles 10 nm in size Careful surface modification with tertiary amines Controlled cytosolic delivery of nanoparticles Currently investigating transport to the brain

Extended lifetime of respiratory droplets in a turbulent vapor puff & its implications on airborne disease transmission

The transmission of airborne diseases is a fluid dynamics problem. With the help of direct numerical simulations we showed that the classical estimate by Wells, on which the 1.5 meter distance rule for the prevention of infections is based, underestimates the lifetime of the respiratory droplets by more than two orders of magnitude. We also worked out the effect of the ambient humidity and the ambient temperature on the lifetime of the droplets.

Chong, Ng, Hori, Yang, Verzicco, Lohse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 034502 (2021)

Studying Thin Films

Alexey Kovalgin, group Integrated Devices and Systems (IDS)

The IDS group studies electronic and electromechanical components. It develops new concepts for nanoscale materials, devices and systems using nano- and microfabrication techniques. One of the group’s research directions is making and analyzing (thin) films of new insulators, metals and semiconductors of few-nanometer thickness for possible application in integrated circuits. The group has built and consequently modified the unique research platform for deposition (ALD, CVD) and analysis of

Optocoupling in CMOS Superjunction LED

Ray Hueting, Power electronics & EMC (PE) group

• On-chip datacommunication with light • Superjunction light emitting diode (LED) • Relatively high light emission for silicon, hence, efficiency

Physics related circuit&system design • • • • •

More than Moore in CMOS Photonics in CMOS: optocoupling References in CMOS Switched mode RF power in CMOS Breaking performance-cost limits

Anne-Johan Annema (ICD-EE)

SARS-CoV-2 TRIGGERS AMYLOID FORMATION Mireille Claessens – Nanobiophysics Semerdzhiev et al. ACS Chemical Neuroscience (2021)

Seawater-degradable polymers Prof. Dr. Frederik Wurm, Sustainable Polymer Chemistry

Plastic pollution and marine litter is a worldwide problem. Our research group has developed a series of polymers with accelerated degradation times, mimicking polyesters and polyethylene, with a built-in safeguard inspired by RNA to guarantee complete seawater degradation in controlled times from weeks to months.

Rheinberger et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021 Haider et al. Chem. Sci. 2021

INTELLIGENT MATTER Wilfred G. van der Wiel | NanoElectronics Group

• Noise and Machine Intelligence Small Science 202000014 (2021)

• The Rise of Intelligent Matter Nature 594, 345–355 (2021)

ADD TITLE

Name Research Chair & name group

• • • •

Add bulletpoints Add bulletpoints Add bulletpoints …

• Intelligent Matter

Start of Collaborative Research Center with University of Münster

WAFER SCALE 3D SHAPING Mesoscale Chemical Systems – 3D Integrated Nanosystems

Employing the 3rd dimension to full extent in silicon wafer based fabrication is essential for future micro and nanosystem development. A novel 3-D silicon shaping technology has been developed combining directional plasma etching, self-aligned “corner lithography” and solution based anisotropic etching, for multi-scale and high aspect ratio 3D structure formation. Complex 3D structure formation has been demonstrated in a massive parallel fabrication process.

Reference: Ni, S., Berenschot, E.J.W., Westerik, P.J., de Boer, M.J., Wolf R., Le-The, H., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Tas, N.R., Wafer-scale 3D shaping of high aspect ratio structures by multistep plasma etching and corner lithography. Microsyst Nanoeng 6, 25 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-020-0134-6.

Machine Learning Force Fields:

Simulating complex crystals at elevated temperatures

CMS-CCP, Dynamic Solids group (Bokdam)

• • •

Phase transitions in condensed matter Thermal conductivity of energy materials Phonon-phonon scattering processes

Lenses for X-ray micro-focus I.A. Makhotkin - XUV Optics group • • •

Compound refractive lenses (CRL) are essential for synchrotron micro- and nano- focusing beamlines In collaboration with Petra III (DESY) we are developing of thestate-of-the-art Si CRLs For the future challenges of X-ray free electron lasers and 4-th generation synchrotrons we successfully started working on SiC CRLs

ConductingPolymers

Impact Electrochemistry • • •

Current blockade Ring micro electrodes Digital detection of DNA

CMOS Nanocapacitor Arrays • • •

Stochastic Electrochemistry: Digital biosensors Serge G. Lemay, Bioelectronics

216 individual addressable nano electrodes Massively parallel single entity detection Impedance imaging at the micron scale

Atomically resolved STM image of graphene on MoS2 The image shows a moiré pattern owing to a small rotation angle between graphene and MoS2 Z. Jiao and H.J.W. Zandvliet, Appl. Phys. Lett. 118, 163103 (2021)

Moiré pattern of graphene on molybdenum disulfide Harold Zandvliet, Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials group

IMBIBITION OF FLUID MIXTURES IN PORES Wouter den Otter, MultiScale Mechanics

Simulations are used to study the flow of fluids in porous media, e.g. ink in paper.

Curiously, when a mixture of two fluids enters a pore, the component with the lower affinity to the pore walls (red spheres) is enriched at the imbibition front. This effect is caused by the component with the higher affinity (blue spheres) forming a monolayer covering the wall, thereby expelling the less-wetting component to the faster flow in the interior. The fluids remix after cessation of the flow. This work is a collaboration with Thejas Hulikal Chakrapani.

Water splitting

Oxygen evolution on TM-doped ZnO

NEM-CMS G, Brocks MSM/CCER (TU/e) Q. Liang DIFFER/CCER A. Bieberle

• first-principles DFT modeling of water splitting: the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) • Co or Ni substitutional doping reduces the overpotential of ZnO for the OER from 1.1 V to < 0.5 V • Qiuhua Liang, PhD, Dec. 2021

Crack barriers for thick SiN

Optical Sciences group, Offerhaus

• • • •

Thick layers of SiN crack due to high internal stress The cracks always start at the edge of the wafer Dicing 120µm deep barriers can be used to protect the center of the wafer Cracks are first deflected, then merge with barrier

Work done by Ruben Grootes, Meindert Dijkstra

Shallow dicing (25mm) does not stop the cracks

Quantum primacy

Jelmer Renema, Adaptive Quantum Optics group

In collaboration with the USTC Shanghai, China, we demonstrated quantum advantage: a quantum computer that outperforms a classical computer at some well-defined task. There are only three devices in the world capable of this feat. This is the first time a European group participates in a quantum advantage experiment. The UTwente provided the theoretical insights necessary to complete this experiment, demonstrating our leading role in quantum photonics

Single catalyst particle reactor

- for 3D in situ x-ray tomography

Our vision: making a 3D movie of a single catalyst particle in action at real operating conditions (>300°C, >50 bar, in a reactor volume of 130 µL).

Groups: BIOS Lab on a Chip group, Integrated Devices and Systems (IDS), Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis (ICC, @UU).

Authors: L. Carnavale, M. Werny, T. Schut, J. Groenesteijn, R. Wiegerink, W. Olthuis, A. van den Berg, M. Odijk, B.M.

Solvent exchange in a turbulent jet.

A mixture of ethanol and transanethole is injected into water, forming a jet. Due to turbulent mixing locally the trans-anethole is oversatured which causes the nucleation of oil droplets (the socalled “Ouzo effect”). This is the first time the nucleation and the local concentration of the Ouzo effect is studied in a turbulent flow.

Micro-droplet nucleation through solvent exchange in a turbulent buoyant jet You-an Lee, Chao Sun, Sander G. Huisman, Detlef Lohse

Nano- fiber tapers for sensing • • • •

Low losses High sensitivity Sub wavelength operation Optical signal processing

H Offerhaus, J.A. Alvarez-Chavez, J.R. Ek-Ek, D. Jauregui-Vazquez, J.P. Korterik, F. Segerink – Optical Sciences group

S. Michel-Souzy, N.M. Hamelmann, S. Zarzuela-Pura, J.M.J. Paulusse and J.J.L.M. Cornelissen Biomacromolecules 2021, in press.

Functional Protein Cages Biomolecules Nanotechnology

Sandra Michel-Souzy managed to design and construct bacterial protein cages with functional handles. These materials can be produced in high yields and are expected to have interesting biomedical applications.

The introduced functional loops (in blue) are shown to interact with specific cell receptors (in purple).

Next-generation Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Mobility Material to system re-design of SOFCs via integrated multi-scale modelling Dr.-Ing. Aayan Banerjee, Catalytic Processes & Materials

Advanced Cryogenic Technologies Marcel ter Brake: Vibration-free cooling for Big Science projects, Quantum Technology, Cryo-EM for life science, Space and ground-based optical instruments

Thin membranes for organ-on-chip Prof dr ir Loes Segerink & BIOS Lab on a Chip group

Organ-on-chips are microfluidic models to study the organ specific responses to disease state and drug testing. Often these chips consists of two compartments; one reflecting the organ side, the other the vasculature, with a membrane in between. For this purpose, we developed a sub-µm membrane fixed pore size that is thinner than conventional used membranes thereby creating a more realistic barrier.

100 µm

Low loss Al2O3 for UV PICs Integrated Optical Systems group, Sonia Garcia Blanco

• 1.5 dB/cm loss at 377 nm • Rare earth doping • Photonic integrated circuits from UV to mid infrared

AFFECTS

o Vertical velocity o Periodic motion o Kinematics REFERENCE:

Will & Krug (2021) Physics Review Letters

Inner values matter!

Introducing a slight center of mass offset to otherwise identical buoyant spheres reveals how much their rise behavior is governed by rotational dynamics.

Dominik Krug @ Physics of Fluids

RESONANCE

Coupling between the wake induced oscillations of the particle with the internal pendulum frequency due to center of mass offset

Fully resolved currents from quantum transport calculations Kelly: Computational Materials Science

First-principles quantum mechanical calculations are used to determine current distributions in thin metallic films and multilayers at finite temperatures where the effect of electronphonon scattering is included in the adiabatic approximation.

The fully relativistic calculations describe transient shunting and size effects for layers more than 100 atoms thick making it possible to search for improved interconnect materials or to study the effect of finite layer thicknesses on an effect like the spin Hall effect.

Rohit Nair PhD August 2021

Superconductors for a better future

Superconductor Science & Technology

Energy Materials & Systems & Industrial Applications of Superconductivity Marc Dhalle, Herman ten Kate, Anna Kario, Arend Nijhuis

250 µm

Ferroelectric BaTiO3 kept in order on silicon Gertjan Koster-Physics of Inorganic Nanomaterials (IMS)

Mixing Goal understand

Fast, flexible, accurate particle simulations

Virtual Prototyping

Available open-source at mercurydpm.org

the computer Methods multiscale simulations with open-source software

and control segregation Methods combine experiments, theory and simulation Applications Mixers & geophysics

MercuryDPM Particle Simulations TFE: MSM and Granular Materials groups - T Weinhart and AR Thornton

Goal design/optimise machinery on

Applications

Additive Manufacturing, Granulation

Droplet helicopters Physics of Fluids Group, Corinna Maass Non-equilibrium dynamics, leading to order spontaneously arising from disorder, is key to the activity of living systems like algal colonies or flocks of birds. However, spontaneous order and collective motion driven by similar instabilities can even be demonstrated in simple idealized model systems like active emulsions. In this picture, ensembles of self-propelling oil droplets spontaneously form regular hexagonal clusters, lift off the container bottom and rotate away.

Understanding the physical laws governing the emergence of such collective motion can help us to model more complex biophysical dynamics.

shows distorted foci and fluctuating intensities, when wavefront-shaping through one

INPUT • • •

… … …

A square-core fiber

20µm

Square is better than round

For multimode fiber imaging, sensing and spectroscopy

Adaptive Quantum Optics (AQO)

Velsink, Lyu, Pinkse & Amitonova, Opt. Express 29, 6523 (2021)

shows better foci and more homogeneous intensities than the round-core fiber

20µm

Background image from Velsink et al., Opt. Expr. 29, 272 (2021)

A round-core fiber

Ion polishing • •

Low-energy low-dose ion treatment of Si layers in W/Si multilayers Pronounced flare reduction in near specular direction

W/Si 2.5nm multilayer •

Ultra-smooth 2.5nm W/Si multilayers

Ion polishing as key to achieve low scattering for X-ray multilayer mirrors Andrey Yakshin – XUV Optics group

for collimator or focusing element in high resolution X-ray diffraction analysis

OPTOELECTRONIC MATERIALS Research • • •

Transparent Conducting Materials Vapor-deposited Halide Perovskites Materials Research for Solar Cells

Picture: inside of a wafer-based Pulsed Laser Deposition system to grow halide perovskites

Dr. Monica Morales-Masis M3 Optoelectronic Materials Group @ IMS

Capillary folds in soft solids Creases appearing in soft solids and growing biological tissues are shaped by elasticity and surface tension.

Van Limbeek, Essink, Pandey, Snoeijer, Karpitschka, PRL 127, 028001 (2021)

Wafer level optical testing Optical Sciences, Lantian Chang

Thin film surface analysis

Marko Sturm - XUV Optics group

• • • •

In vacuo film growth studies by ion scattering Ultimate surface sensitivity Growth studies of nanolayers Plasma and radical resistant protection layers

Magneto Acoustic Microrobots een deel magnetisch, een ander deel akoestisch, allebei fantastisch

Biomechanical Engineering & Surgical Robotics Lab – Sumit Mohanty

surgicalroboticslab.nl

Graphene etching by EUV H2 plasma Robbert van de Kruijs - XUV Optics group • • •

High pressure deposited Mo layer used as catalyst for graphene growth.

Patterned substrates with off-axis Mo growth resulting in localized graphene synthesis with defined defect points Demonstration of preferential etching of graphene at defect sites by edge decoration with ALD-grown Al2O3

Solar powered mobility • •

IEA PVPS Task 17 ASOM, asom.solar

Performance analysis and simulations of PV systems • • •

Solar integration

Enhanced performance, sustainability and design Angèle Reinders (prof.dr.) & Dept of Design, Production and Management, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente

COST Action PEARL PV In 38 countries www.pearlpv-cost.eu

PHOTOCATHODES FOR CO2 REDUCTION • • •

In-situ femtosecond spectroscopy studies Key role of OH- surface passivation observed Impact of Cu-doping on surface vs. bulk processes

• • •

SYNERGY LIGHT& HEAT IN CO2 REDUCTION

IMPACT OF VIBRATIONAL MOTION ON PHOTODYNAMICS

Selectivity to CO vs. CH4 Photodynamics HfN nanoparticles In-situ electron transfer studies

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 2021

Photocatalytic Synthesis Group / Photodynamics Team. Annemarie Huijser

• •

METAL-HALIDE PEROVSKITE PV •

Impact of nanopatterning on photodynamics and stability

Observation of vibrational coupling to ultrafast exciton transfer New ENW grant

Model electrocatalysts

• • • •

E.g. for H2 generation With atomic-layer precision Fundamental structureproperty-relationships Operando characterization

Model electrocatalysts for green chemistry Chris Baeumer, IMS group

no bouncing

bouncing

no bouncing

BOUNCING ON SAND

Granular Matter & Interstitial Fluids Chair – Physics of Fluids

Most materials on our planet are processed in granular form, such as flour, pills, sand, and gravel. Their behaviour is very different from that of their molecular counterparts, and is poorly understood.

The research of the Granular Matter & Interstitial Fluids Chair aims at unravelling these intricate dynamics.

For example, we have shown that an elastic object (e.g., a tennis ball) impacting on sand only bounces on for intermediate values of the impact speed: It needs to deform fast compared to the impact duration, since otherwise it is still deforming when the impact is already over.

But it also needs to impact fast compared to the rate at which the sand bed yields, since bouncing needs to happen on firm ground.

Xiaoyan Ye & Devaraj van der Meer, J. Fluid Mech. 929, A24 (2021)

Mimicking and surpassing animal models for cancer drug testing on-chip

Before clinical trials the efficacy of novel cancer drugs is tested in animal models. Typically, human cancer cells are injected in a mouse, and mice are injected with the novel drug. We mimic key characteristics of the mouse model on-chip, such as dynamic, in vivo-like, drug concentrations1, and a three dimensional tumor micro-environment. The response of colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 to first line drug oxaliplatin is similar on-chip as in mice. Besides substitution of the animal model, this provides the opportunity to humanize the on-chip model with human pharmacokinetics, tumor microenvironment and immune cells.

1. Komen, van den Berg, van der Meer, Lab chip. 20, 3167 (2020)

BIOS Lab on a Chip group

Reversible polarization switching in ferroelectrics using an ionic gel induced electrostatic field effect Guus Rijnders / Inorganic Materials Science In a collaboration with Canon Production Printing Netherlands B.V. we developed a method using a transparent and free-standing ionic gel as the dielectric layer in polarization switching of leaky ferroelectric thin films. This technique is essential in studying novel piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials.

By Sizhao Huang(黃斯昭), Frans Blom, Hubert Gojzewski, Gertjan Koster and Guus Rijnders.

Accepted for publication in Applied Physics Letters

Shaping waves to travel deep inside a gap Complex Photonic Systems (COPS)

COPS has a conundrum: the best materials to house qubits and other optically active objects typically reflect incident light. By stopping externally applied light from reaching its target, this reflectivity presents a challenge for optically integrated devices. Now, COPS has demonstrated a possible solution to this problem: a way of guiding light along an arbitrary path through a mater-ial by patterning the light's phase [1]. COPS says that the method - which is applied to telecomwavelength light - work for any color of light, allowing the method to be used in devices ranging from chip-based lasers to quantum computers to photonic circuits.

[1] R. Uppu, M. Adhikary, C. A. M. Harteveld & W. L. Vos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 (2021) 177402

Crack propagation Analysis • • •

Energy based toughness evaluation 3D FEM Accounting for film buckling effect

• • • •

Controlled Rapid/slow Pure/mixed mode No substrate effect

Fast and simple • • •

Drawbridge method for free-standing thin film toughness testing Controlled fracture propagation in SiN thin films Wesley van den Beld - XUV Optics group

Standard fabrication Loading by wafer bend using drawbridge principle Batch testing