Chemical Engineering

Master of Science Chemical Engineering

Programme guide 2012 – 2013

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Since the contents in this programme guide had to be delivered early, the information in this guide is based on a combination of what was known at date of publication and the information that can be expected within the academic year. Although this guide has been composed with care, the editors cannot be held responsible for inaccuracies or incompleteness of the contents.

Therefore, no rights can be derived from the contents of this programme guide.

Editors Carmen Edelijn Kristianne Tempelman Marijke Stehouwer Ben Betlem Edition September 2012 Circulation: 150 Made available by Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente De Horst PO box 217 7500 AE Enschede

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WELCOME Welcome at the University of Twente and more specifically at the graduate programme dedicated to the MSc in Chemical Engineering (ChE). The objective of our graduate programme is to educate chemical engineers for careers in industry, academia and government, and to advance research in Chemical Engineering.

This year we welcome a new group of foreign students for the Erasmus Mundus Master on Membrane Engineering. Six European universities join in this master, amongst which the UT’s programme in Chemical Engineering. These Students visit three or four different universities.

From experience, we learned that students require two varieties of information most: • Information that they can base their choices on, for the near future.

For example: what are the interesting graduation research groups or electives ?, • Information about the procedures and regulations.

For example: what are the procedures for the master exam and for obtaining a master assignment?, what are the “rules for distinction”?, or the “rules concerning insufficients”?.

Yearly, we bundle all information, procedures and regulations in one study guide. This guide describes all basic information necessary for the master student and refers to the concerning websites. The procedures and regulations are defined principally in the Course and Examination Regulations (CER, or in Dutch:“OER”) which can be found on our website. In several chapters of the guide this is elaborated and explained further. The table of contents is the best guide for the different subjects discussed. Important changes in the curriculum or regulations during the year are mailed to all concerning students and published on the internet. Be aware, this booklet is not a regulation; no rights can be derived from its text.

The education in the master is strongly related to the research activities of the faculty. This is expressed in the courses and especially during the final year of the master when the student fulfils his assignment in one of 15 Chemical Engineering research groups. The standard graduation programme has two tracks: Process Technology (PT) and Molecules & Materials (M&M). The research in the process technology is accommodated by a cluster of groups dedicated to sustainable energy. The M&M track is closely related to the research institutes Mesa+ and Mira. Mesa+ is one of the largest nanotechnology research institutes in the world. Their research areas are nano-fabrication, molecular science, organic and inorganic material science. The M&M-group studying biomaterials, participates in the Mira institute where all research activities in the biomedical and technical medicine fields are brought together.

I hope this guide will be helpful in selecting an appropriate curriculum and in finding your way during the course of your study.

On behalf of the lecturers and other staff members of the Chemical Engineering school, I wish you a pleasant and successful participation in our graduate programme.

Ben Betlem, Programme director.

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Table of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS t > KD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ϯ d > K& KEd Ed^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ϰ ϭ͘ t, d /^ , D/ > E'/E Z/E'͍ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ϴ ϭ͘ϭ͘ ϭ͘Ϯ͘ ϭ͘ϯ͘ ϭ͘ϰ͘

DK> h> ^ E D d Z/ >^ ;DΘDͿ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϴ WZK ^^ d ,EK>K'z ;WdͿ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϴ Z ^Dh^ DhE h^ D ^d Z /E D D Z E E'/E Z/E' ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϵ dt Ed 'Z h d ^ ,KK> ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϬ

Ϯ͘ ^dh z ^d ZdͲhW ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϮ Ϯ͘ϭ͘ Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ Ϯ͘ϯ͘ Ϯ͘ϰ͘ Ϯ͘ϱ͘ Ϯ͘ϲ͘

D/^^/KE E EZK>D Ed dK d, WZK'Z DD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϮ KDWK^/d/KE K& W Z^KE >/^ D ^d Z͛^ hZZ/ h>hD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϮ ,KK^ D ^d Z͛^ dZ < E Z ^ Z , 'ZKhW ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϮ W> E ^ d K& KhZ^ ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϮ EZK>D Ed &KZ KhZ^ ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϮ ZKhd ͛ϭϰ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϮ

ϯ͘ EdZz Z Yh/Z D Ed^ ʹ D/^^/KE Θ EZK>D Ed ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϰ ϯ͘ϭ͘ ϯ͘Ϯ͘ ϯ͘ϯ͘

' E Z > , Ͳ D/^^/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϰ EZK>D Ed &KZ d, D ^d Z WZK'Z DD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϰ dh/d/KE & ^͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϰ

ϰ͘ ^dZh dhZ K& d, D ^d Z͛^ WZK'Z DD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϲ ϰ͘ϭ͘ ϰ͘Ϯ͘ ϰ͘ϯ͘ ϰ͘ϰ͘ ϰ͘ϱ͘ ϰ͘ϲ͘ ϰ͘ϳ͘

D ^d Z dZ <^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϲ D ^d Z͛^ hZZ/ h>hD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϲ WZK'Z DD &KZ , K ^dh Ed^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϳ ,KK^/E' zKhZ D ^d Z͛^ hZZ/ h>hD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϳ ^ , h> &KZ DΘD dZ < ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϴ ^ , h> &KZ WdͲdZ < ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϮϬ KhZ^ ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϭ

ϱ͘ ' E Z > ^dh z /E&KZD d/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϰ ϱ͘ϭ͘ ϱ͘Ϯ͘ ϱ͘ϯ͘ ϱ͘ϰ͘ ϱ͘ϱ͘ ϱ͘ϲ͘ ϱ͘ϳ͘ ϱ͘ϴ͘ ϱ͘ϵ͘ ϱ͘ϭϬ͘ ϱ͘ϭϭ͘ ϱ͘ϭϮ͘ ϱ͘ϭϯ͘ ϱ͘ϭϰ͘ ϱ͘ϭϱ͘ ϱ͘ϭϲ͘

d/D ^ KW E tKZ<>K K& d, WZK'Z DD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϰ ^ , h> K& d, D/ z Z ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϰ KhZ^ ^ , h> ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϰ KhZ^ /E&KZD d/KE E KEd Ed^ ;K^/Z/^Ϳ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϰ Ks Zs/ t K& > dhZ ,KhZ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϰ ^dh z >K d/KE^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϰ h d/KE > EEKhE D Ed^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϱ > < K Z ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϲ ^^ dK d, /Ed ZE d͕ hdͲt WW>/ d/KE^ E D />͘ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϲ d ,/E' D d,K ^ &KZ KEd d ,KhZ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϲ ^dh z D d,K ^ &KZ ^ >&Ͳ^dh z ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϲ ^dh z D d Z/ > ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϲ KEsK d/KE ;WZ ^ Ed d/KE K& d, /W>KD Ϳ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϳ , E' K& W Z^KE > KEd d /E&KZD d/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϳ ^dh Ed ^ Zs/ ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϳ d > W,KE ͕ D /> E E dtKZ< KE d, DWh^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ Ϯϳ

ϲ͘ y D/E d/KE E Kd, Z hd WK>/ / ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϬ ϲ͘ϭ͘ ϲ͘Ϯ͘ ϲ͘ϯ͘ ϲ͘ϰ͘

Z/',d^ E hd/ ^ ʹ ^dh Ed͛^ , Zd Z E Z ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϬ dzW ^ K& y D/E d/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϬ ^ E ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϬ y D/E d/KE^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϬ 4

Table of contents ϲ͘ϱ͘ ϲ͘ϲ͘ ϲ͘ϳ͘ ϲ͘ϴ͘ ϲ͘ϵ͘ ϲ͘ϭϬ͘

Z '/^dZ d/KE͕ t/d, Z t > E ^ , h> ^ &KZ y D^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϭ EKd/&/ d/KE E s /> />/dz K& y D/E d/KE D Z<^ ;K^/Z/^Ϳ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϭ Z/',d K& W Zh^ > E s >h d/KE K& y D^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϮ WZK hZ ^ hZ/E' y D/E d/KE ^ ^^/KE^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϮ WZK hZ ^ Z ' Z /E' ^^/'ED Ed^ E W W Z^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϮ ydZ E ^W / > WK^^/ />/d/ ^ &KZ y D/E d/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϮ

ϳ͘ ^ & dz E , >d, ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϰ ϳ͘ϭ͘ ϳ͘Ϯ͘

^ & dz ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϰ , >d, ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϰ

ϴ͘ ^W / > ZZ E' D Ed^ d d, hE/s Z^/dz ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϲ ϴ͘ϭ͘ ϴ͘Ϯ͘ ϴ͘ϯ͘ ϴ͘ϰ͘

hd , ^dh Ed 'Z Ed^ ;^dh / &/E E / Z/E'͕ d DWK hZ^ E WZ ^d d/ hZ^Ϳ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϲ dKWͲ > ^^ ^WKZd ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϲ ^dh z/E' t/d, /^ />/dz ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϲ /E /s/ h > ZZ E' D Ed^ &KZ ^dh Ed d/s/^D ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϲ

ϵ͘ ^dh z & />/d/ ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϴ ϵ͘ϭ͘ ϵ͘Ϯ͘ ϵ͘ϯ͘ ϵ͘ϰ͘ ϵ͘ϱ͘ ϵ͘ϲ͘ ϵ͘ϳ͘ ϵ͘ϴ͘ ϵ͘ϵ͘ ϭϬ͘

KDWhd Z & />/d/ ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϴ >K < Z^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϴ ^dh Ed Z E ,/W Z ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϴ KWz E WZ/Ed ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϴ KK<^͕ > dhZ EKd ^ E Kd, Z ^dh z D d Z/ >^͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϴ hE/s Z^/dz >/ Z Zz ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϵ Ed Eͬ hͲ & ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϵ EKd KK< ^ Zs/ EdZ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϵ E'>/^, KhZ^ ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϯϵ D/ E W Z^KE > ^hWWKZd ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϮ

ϭϬ͘ϭ͘ ϭϬ͘Ϯ͘ ϭϬ͘ϯ͘ ϭϬ͘ϰ͘ ϭϬ͘ϱ͘ ϭϬ͘ϲ͘ ϭϬ͘ϳ͘ ϭϬ͘ϴ͘ ϭϬ͘ϵ͘ ϭϭ͘

WZK'Z DD /E&Z ^dZh dhZ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϲ

ϭϭ͘ϭ͘ ϭϭ͘Ϯ͘ ϭϭ͘ϯ͘ ϭϭ͘ϰ͘ ϭϭ͘ϱ͘ ϭϭ͘ϲ͘ ϭϭ͘ϳ͘ ϭϭ͘ϴ͘ ϭϮ͘

^dh Ed s/^KZ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϮ ^dh Ed ^hWWKZd d hd > s >͘ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϮ /E&KZD d/KE ^< &KZ ^dh Ed KhE^ >>/E' ;^ΘK Ϳ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϮ K&&/ K& ^dh Ed W^z ,K>K'/^d^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϮ , >d, Z ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϮ KDD/dd &KZ ;&/E E / >Ϳ 'Z h d/KE ^hWWKZd ; s Ϳ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϯ /E&Kd, < ^d/>> &KZ WZ d/ > /E&KZD d/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϯ ^dh Ed hE/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϯ /Ed ZE d/KE > ^dh Ed^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϯ & h>dz dEt ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϲ KDD/dd ^ E K Z ^ K& d, ^dh z WZK'Z DD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϲ hE/s Z^/dz KhE /> ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϲ & h>dz KhE /> ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϲ WZK'Z DD KDD/dd ;K> Ͳ^dͿ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϲ K Z K& y D/E Z^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϳ s >h d/KE E Yh >/dz K& s >h d/KE ;K< Ͳ , Ϳ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϴ ^dh Ed /E&>h E KE ^dh z WZK'Z DD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϰϴ

KZ' E/^ d/KE t/d,/E d, , WZK'Z DD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϬ

ϭϮ͘ϭ͘ ϭϮ͘Ϯ͘ ϭϮ͘ϯ͘ ϭϮ͘ϰ͘ ϭϮ͘ϱ͘ ϭϮ͘ϲ͘ ϭϮ͘ϳ͘

WZK'Z DD /Z dKZ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϬ dZ < KKZ /E dKZ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϬ ^dh Ed s/^KZ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϬ KKZ /E dKZ /Ed ZE d/KE >/ d/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϬ /Ed ZE^,/W KKZ /E dKZ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϭ ^ Z d Zz͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϭ ^dh Ed^ E h d/KE D/E/^dZ d/KE ;^ΘK ͲdEtͿ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϭ 5

Table of contents ϭϮ͘ϴ͘ ϭϮ͘ϵ͘ ϭϮ͘ϭϬ͘ ϭϯ͘

^dZh dhZ K& /Ed ZE^,/W ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϰ

ϭϯ͘ϭ͘ ϭϯ͘Ϯ͘ ϭϰ͘

K : d/s ^ E Z Yh/Z D Ed^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϴ ,K/ E ^d Zd K& d, D ^d Z͛^ ^^/'ED Ed ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϵ WZK'Z ^^ E K ,/E' ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϵ KDW> d/KE K& ^^/'ED Ed ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϲϬ dtK 'Z ^ &KZ d, D ^d Z͛^ ^^/'ED Ed ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϲϮ ^/'E Khd d ^ E / '͕ E ^dKW 'Z Ed^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϲϮ Z /d WK/Ed^ hZ/E' D ^d Z^ ^^/'ED Ed ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϲϮ , <>/^d &KZ WZK hZ ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϲϮ

Z ^ Z , /E^d/dhd ^ E 'ZKhW^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϲϲ

ϭϱ͘ϭ͘ ϭϱ͘Ϯ͘ ϭϲ͘

/Ed ZE^,/W ^ dͲhW ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϰ , <>/^d &KZ WZK hZ ^ Z ' Z /E' d, , Ͳ/Ed ZE^,/W͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϰ

d, D ^d Z͛^ ^^/'ED Ed ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϴ

ϭϰ͘ϭ͘ ϭϰ͘Ϯ͘ ϭϰ͘ϯ͘ ϭϰ͘ϰ͘ ϭϭ͘ϵ͘ ϭϰ͘ϱ͘ ϭϰ͘ϲ͘ ϭϰ͘ϳ͘ ϭϱ͘

^ / Ed/&/ ^d && ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϭ ^dh z ^^K / d/KE ͘d͘^͘' > D / ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϭ d ,/E' ^^/^d Ed^ ;^dh Ed ^^/^d Ed^ , WͿ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϱϮ

/E^d/dhd ^͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϲϲ Z ^ Z , 'ZKhW^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϲϲ

KhZ^ /E&KZD d/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϴϮ

WW E /y ϭ ʹ D W K& d, hE/s Z^/dz ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϵϴ WW E /y Ϯ ʹ KZ' E/^ d/KE > , Zd dEt & h>dz ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϵϵ WW E /y ϯ ʹ ^d && KEd d /E&KZD d/KE ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϬϬ WW E /y ϰ ʹ ZͲdEt ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϬϮ WW E /y ϱ ʹ D ^d Z͛^ ^^/'ED Ed &KZD^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϬϯ ϱ͘ϭ ϱ͘Ϯ ϱ͘ϯ

'Z h d KEdZ d ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϬϰ 'Z h d KEdZ d ʹ dEt ͬ , ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϬϱ K>>KYh/hD &KZD ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϬϳ

WW E /y ϲ ʹ h^ &h> t ^/d ^ ͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘​͘ ϭϬϵ

6

1. What is chemical engineering?

What is Chemical Engineering?

7

1. What is chemical engineering?

1.

WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING?

Chemical Engineering is a broad discipline involving a lot more than just chemistry. Chemical Engineers are creative problem solvers who use their scientific and technical expertise to develop innovative chemical processes, materials and products for a wide variety of applications.

Studying ‘Chemical Engineering’ at the University of Twente (UT) offers you an excellent opportunity to further develop your knowledge and skills in a first-rate research and educational environment. You will be at the forefront of the research and development of innovative chemical processes, novel materials and new products. You will become acquainted with designing safe and sustainable production processes, as well as the development of new materials for application in, for instance, health care, space travel, water purification, fuel cells or IT. Working in such an environment requires expertise in chemistry, physics, mathematics and equipment engineering and competencies such as project management skills and familiarity with the economic/environmental aspects of process/product development. The UT’s Chemical Engineering Master’s degree programme concentrates on these very themes.

This Chemical Engineering Master’s programme is divided into two tracks: • Molecules & Materials (former Chemistry and Technology of Materials) • Process Technology There is another master programme that the UT participates in, named Erasmus Mundus. The information about this master can be found below.

1.1. Molecules and Materials (M&M) In this track the focus is on design, preparation, processing, application and analysis of novel materials with high tech properties.

This includes materials chemistry of polymers with defined molecular and mesoscopic structures, inorganic and organometallic polymers and the engineering and analysis of polymer surfaces and interfaces. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers are investigated in tissue engineering as scaffolds for blood vessels and bone, and polymeric nanoparticles with surface-attached functionalities are studied as carriers for targeted drug or gene delivery. Also environmentally safe biodegradable polymers, various aspects of rubber technology and engineering of polymers with excellent properties at high temperatures are investigated.

In the area of inorganic materials, topics are studied such as metal/ceramic composites with special electrical properties, thin film technology and controlled preparation of (nano-sized) particles for porous membranes for liquid filtration, gas separation and catalysis. (Bio)molecular technology is developed in the controlled preparation of large, molecularly defined, organic assemblies (2D and 3D, for instance DNA, proteins) by reversible interactions between the constituents with the aim to study such nanoparticles at the individual level, to manipulate their shape and functions, and to communicate with such assemblies.

Track coordinator: Rob Lammertink Email: r.g.h.lammertink@utwente.nl Phone: 053 489 2063 Room: Meander 314

1.2. Process Technology (PT) In this track the focus is on the design of processes that function optimally in their technological, economic, environmental and social aspects. This requires integration of transport phenomena, chemical reactor design, separation technology, plant design, process development, process control and economic and social sciences.

Several research themes are studied, like multiphase and other novel reactors, reactive separation processes and development and design of specific processes that find direct applications in the chemical or process industry, like melt polycondensation processes.

In separation technology, various processes that use solid or liquid separating agents are studied including membrane technology, adsorptive separations of gas- and liquid mixtures, extraction, absorption technology, and separation processes based on ion exchange materials. Novel membranes are developed for selective gas separation, sub-micron filtration processes, affinity separation for selective protein recovery, and facilitated oxygen transport. Other research themes

8

1. What is chemical engineering? include study of photo-catalytic fuel systems, catalytic processes and catalytic materials, biomass conversion processes, optimization and modelling of processes.

Track coordinator: Louis van der Ham Email: a.g.j.vanderham@utwente.nl Phone: 053 489 5430 Room: Meander 218

1.3. Erasmus Mundus Master in Membrane Engineering Our master Chemical Engineering started in 2011 with a ground-breaking Joint Master Course: Erasmus Mundus Master in Membrane Engineering (EM3E). This programme offers an advanced education in the field of Membrane Science and Engineering at the interface of materials science and process technology and focused on several application areas such as water and energy. EM3E is offered by a consortium of 6 universities from 5 different countries: • • • • • •

University of Twente (Netherlands), University of Lisboa (Portugal), University of Zaragoza (Spain), Institute of Chemical Technology Prague (Czech Republic), University Paul Sabatier (Toulouse, France) University Montpellier 2 (France).

Université Montpellier 2 holds the coordination. All partners join the European Research Network of Excellence: NanoMemPro. It is expected that the number of students that will enroll yearly is about 25: 15 from European countries and 10 from non-EU countries. For European students, a limited number of scholarships of 10 k€/year are available.

The MSc programme of two years consists of 4 semesters of 30 EC each. The student will visit 3 or 4 different universities from 3 or 4 different countries. The scientific programme will be completed by compulsory courses on: • Safety, security, health and environmental regulations, • Quality assurance and laboratory practice, • International and European labour law, • Intellectual capital management, • Valorisation, marketing and entrepreneurship.

For more information: http://www.em3e.eu/. Especially tabs: Poster and Flyer.

9

1. What is chemical engineering?

1.4. Twente Graduate School The Twente Graduate School (TGS) offers a growing number of high-quality educational research programs that are centered around key research subjects of the research institutes of the University of Twente such as Nanotechnology, Sustainable Energy or Technology Assessment. The programs are led by world-class research professors. The progress of graduate research students is closely monitored. The graduate research programs must meet a set of quality criteria to guarantee the high level of our degrees.

A Graduate Research Programme consists of a coherent set of integrated Master and Doctorate courses that covers a period of, at most, six years. These programs are aimed at students with an interest in scientific research, so that they are able to start focusing on their PhD-thesis during their MSc. All programmes focus on an important research topic. They include a substantial amount of advanced post-master courses (30 EC), and a selection of general subjects such as Science Communication, Philosophy or Entrepreneurship etc.

The TGS has advanced research programs on the following topics: - Behavioral Research - Telematics and Information Technology - Innovation and Governance Studies - Energy and Resources - Nanotechnology - Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine If you obtained your Bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree with excellent results, wish to pursue a career in research and would like to start your scientific career while obtaining your Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree, you might be able to join one of the Twente Graduate Research Programmes.

For an up-to-date overview of Graduate Research Programmes and more information about the Twente Graduate School, visit our website: http://www.universiteittwente.nl/education/tgs/. On this website you will the specific requirements for admission to a programme. For direct information you can contact the Twente Graduate School Office in the Horst Building, room Horstring Z106, phone + 31 53 489 5210, email tgs@utwente.nl

10

2. Study start-up

Study start-up

11

2. Study start-up

2. STUDY START-UP Prior to starting the Master’s programme, a number of steps have to be taken by the (future) Master’s student. The list below can be regarded as a first indication. More extensive information can be found in chapter 3 of this guide.

2.1. Admission and enrolment to the programme The admission requirements to start a Master’s programme are presented in chapter 3 of this guide and enrolments are centrally organised at the Central student administration (CSA). Additionally, this chapter explains the terms and fees and possibilities of finance for enrolment.

2.2. Composition of a personalised Master’s curriculum The Master’s programme of Chemical Engineering at the University of Twente (UT) is characterized by its specialization and depth in a particular part of the global research area. This allows the Master’s student to create a personalized Master’s curriculum. To ensure the quality of the programme, the composition of this curriculum has to comply with a number of programme rules, which will be explained in paragraph 4.4. This requires a number of steps to be taken by a future student before and at the start of the programme.

2.3. Choose a Master’s track and research group Prior to or shortly after starting a Master’s programme, students are advised to sort out their interests and abilities in order to determine a fitting Master’s track. At that point you can select one of the UT’s research groups at which you will do your Master’s assignment. Chapter 4 provides information about the Master’s tracks in the programme. Chapter 15 gives a description of the available research groups.

2.4. Plan a set of courses The professor of the chosen research group can be consulted to plan the courses you want to take within the Master’s track. This set has to consist of five or six compulsory courses and a number of elective courses, which has to comply with some general rules and some specific demands of the professor of the chosen research group.

The schedules for the Master’s programme consist of the compulsory courses and the courses that are primarily intended as elective courses for ChE students.

2.5. Enrolment for courses Enrolment for the Master’s courses needs to be completed via Blackboard at least 6 weeks prior to the start of the course (except for those beginning at the start of the year) so that lecturers are able to prepare their courses for the expected number of students.

2.6. RoUTe’14 RoUTe ‘14 is the project that the University of Twente launched in 2008 in order to develop a new vision regarding education, research, valorisation and the campus. To date, it has resulted in the following vision: ”The University of Twente is a young, entrepreneurial research university, leading in the area of new technology and its significance to people and society. We devote ourselves to the true technologies of the future: ICT, bio- and nanotechnology. In certain areas, we are absolutely worldclass. But we do more than this. What makes Twente unique is that we interrelate these areas.” So far, educational reforms mainly influence the BSc tracks. Since the end terms of the BSc-diploma remain the same, this has no implications for the Master tracks. Furthermore, a new corporate style has been developed for the University of Twente to demonstrate that we are on a new road.

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2. Study start-up

Entry Requirements â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Admission and Enrolment 13

3. Entry requirements – admission and enrolment

3. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS – ADMISSION & ENROLMENT 3.1. General ChE-Admission The ChE Master’s programme is programme that follows the Dutch Bachelor’s programme “Scheikundige Technologie” (ST). Students with the following background are, without further notice, admitted to the programme: - ST Bachelor’s degree of the University of Twente, Eindhoven or Delft; - A degree appointed by the Executive Board (CvB), whether or not distributed in the Netherlands, that is equal to the ST Bachelor’s degree.

- A degree from the Bachelor education of Chemical Engineering of Dutch Universities of Applied Sciences (hogescholen), supplemented by a pre-master programme and homologation courses appointed by the programme director.

- A degree of another educational institute, appointed by the programme director as being an adequate preparation programme, possibly with additional demands, that have to be fulfilled prior to starting the programme, or other demands that have to be fulfilled during the Master programme.

- A statement of the programme director, stating that adequate education is proven in a different manner.

- Non-Dutch speaking students have to demonstrate that they have mastered the English language, orally and in writing.

3.2.

Enrolment for the Master programme

Formal registration for a Master’s programme at the University of Twente must be submitted to CSA. S&OA will inform CSA on whether enrolling students meet the requirements for the specific Master’s programme, which is based on the decisions of the programme director. On application for the Bachelor’s exam, S&OA-TNW asks Bachelor’s students with which Master’s programme the student wishes to continue. S&OA communicates this to CSA. For every year at the university, students have to renew their enrolment. In due time before the start of the new academic year, CSA will contact you by email or regular mail. Enrolments are based on the provisions of the Higher Education and Research Act (WHW) and must be completed before the first of September. Only after a student meets all obligations for enrolment, including payment of tuition fees, enrolment will be completed.

On the enrolment forms of the UT, students can indicate whether they want to enrol for a second study. This is only useful when a degree or exam of this second study programme is desired. Extra courses at other programmes can be taken by any Master’s student. In that case, the study results will be registered to the student’s “first” study programme. CSA will communicate enrolments with IBG (only of interest for Dutch students).

Note that the pre-Master’s programmes concern a different programme for which a separate enrolment is required! More information for admission and enrolment can be found at the following website: http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentservices/en/enrolment/

3.3.

Tuition fees

An overview of the tuition fees of Twente University can be found here: http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentservices/en/money_matters/tuition_fee/ Other financial regulations account for enrolment for second study programmes: consult CSA or DUO. See also: http://www.graduate.utwente.nl/finance/ for possible exemptions, scholarships, refunds and conditions for payment.

14

3. Entry requirements â&#x20AC;&#x201C; admission and enrolment

Structure of the Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Programme 15

4. Structure of the master’s programme

4. STRUCTURE OF THE MASTER’S PROGRAMME 4.1.

Master tracks

The Master’s programme Chemical Engineering (ChE) takes two years (120 EC) of normal study. The programme ChE comprises three main Master’s tracks in which students can specialize.

• Molecules & Materials (M&M, successor of CTM) • Process Technology (PT)

4.2.

Master’s curriculum

The total Master programme consists out of at least 120 EC. The Master tracks Process Technology and Molecules & Materials have a general setup. See figure below.

4.2.1. Molecules & Materials As shown in the figure above, the track is divided in different blocks. For this track each block consists of the following courses: Compulsory courses: • AMM – Characterization (193700010) 5 EC • AMM – Molecular and biomolecular chemistry and technology (193700020) 5 EC • AMM – Structure and Properties of Organic materials science (193700030) 5 EC • AMM – Structure and Properties of Inorganic materials science (193700040) 5 EC • AMM – Applications (193700060) 5 EC Compulsory project: • AMM Project Organic Materials (193700050) 5 EC • AMM Project Inorganic Materials & Molecular S&T (193700070) 5 EC Elective courses: • 15 EC selected in close consult between chairman of the Master assignment committee and the student.

• Additional courses to make a master program of 120 EC total. Maximum of 5 EC nontechnical courses are allowed to facilitate the international study tour.

For more information about the courses see paragraph 4.9 and chapter 16.

16

4. Structure of the master’s programme 4.2.2. Process Technology (PT)

Compulsory courses*: • Chemical Reaction Engineering (193715020) 5 EC • Thermodynamics & Flow Sheeting (193735010) 5 EC • Multiphase Reaction Technology (193720020) 5 EC • Process Equipment Design (193750030) 5 EC Compulsory project: • Process Design Assignment (193790010) 10 EC Elective courses: • 15 EC selected in close consult between chairman of the Master assignment committee and the student.

• Additional courses to make a master program of 120 EC total. Maximum of 5 EC nontechnical courses are allowed to facilitate the international study tour. *

Some courses are compulsory prior knowledge for other subjects. More information on this can be found in the course information (chapter 16)

4.3. Programme for HBO students HBO students with a certificate in ‘Chemie’ or ‘Chemische Technologie’ can participate in the master of Chemical Engineering only after they have completed a pre-master programme. This pre-master programme encompasses approximately 25 European Credits (EC) and consists of Chemical Engineering bachelor courses. It is formally done as a bachelor student.

The master programme for HBO students differs from that of regular students. Because HBO students have already done an internship, it is not compulsory to do another one. However they have to follow an additional programme of at least 20 EC Chemical Engineering bachelor courses.

Listed below are the courses that together make up the pre-master and the replacement for the internship. The master tracks M&M and PT contain different courses. The premaster programme of each track is a selection from these courses, including the mathematics courses and encompassing approximately 25 EC. The remaining courses can be followed during the master.

Code 191512001 191512021 201000181 191355400 191340150 191350010 191335310 191355390 191340201 201100114 191399500 191300080 191370091 191370070 191315131 191385061

4.4.

Courses Name Calculus A Calculus B Lineaire Algebra voor ST Voortgezette Materiaalkunde Evenwichten Evenwichten II Chemie en technologie van Anorganische Materialen Chemie en Technologie van Organische Materialen Fysica van Atomen en Moleculen Katalyse en Reactiekinetiek Academisch informatie verwerven Inleiding Materiaalkunde Inleiding Fysische Transport verschijnselen Fysische Transportverschijnselen Duurzame (Proces-) Technologie Scheidingsmethoden excl. practicum

Quarter 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 1 4 3 2 3+4 3 1

EC 4 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 4 5 2 5 4 4 5 4

HBO M&M PT √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Choosing your Master’s curriculum

To compose a suitable Master’s curriculum by choosing a set of courses, the following topics are important: - What do you want? This will result in the specialisation of the Master’s programme: track and research group. The choice for the research group does not have to be made before you start the

17

4. Structure of the master’s programme

-

programme, but helps you to create a planning. Before you start the Master’s programme you should have chosen a track.

How do you want to plan your programme? The study programme concludes with a Master’s assignment, but also the internship regards a planning. The checklist on the next page represents the formalities regarding planning of the curriculum:

Checklist planning Master curriculum Quarter Planning Bachelor phase • Orientation Master tracks • Master information meeting Before start programme • Master track choice • Research group choice (advised) • Planning of courses st 1 quarter • Orientation on internships 2nd quarter • Selection and planning of internship th 4 quarter • Orientation Master’s assignment At least 1 month before • Selection and planning Master start Master’s assignment assignment At least 1 month before • Planning date for Master graduation assignment colloquium th 8 quarter • Graduation

Relevant information

Paragraph 4.2 Chapter 15

Chapter 13 Chapter 12

If you have made your final choice on for your Master track contact the track coordinator.

• M&M-track Rob Lammertink Email: r.g.h.lammertink@utwente.nl Phone: 053 489 2063 • PT-track Louis van der Ham Email: a.g.j.vanderham@utwente.nl Phone: 053 489 5430 Once you have chosen a research group for your Master’s assignment contact the research group as soon as possible to discuss which courses are relevant in order to start your Master’s assignment.

4.5. Schedule for M&M track Below the schedule for the first and second year of the M&M track is given. Here only the obligatory courses are mentioned. More information on the elective courses can be found in section 4.7.

First year (M1) Molecules & Materials M&M M1 Quarter

M&M M2 Quarter

M&M M3 Quarter

M&M M4 Quarter

AMM Molecular and biomolecular CT, 5 EC Huskens

AMM Structure & properties of organic materials, 5 EC Vancso

AMM Structure & properties of inorganic materials, 5 EC Rijnders

AMM Applications, 5 EC Lammertink

AMM Project organic materials, 5 EC Hempenius

AMM Project inorganic materials & molecular s&t, 5 EC Koster

AMM Characterization 5 EC Schön

18

4. Structure of the master’s programme

Second year (M2) DŽůĞĐƵůĞƐ Θ DĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ DΘD Dϭ YƵĂƌƚĞƌ

/ŶƚĞƌŶƐŚŝƉ ϮϬ

DΘD DϮ YƵĂƌƚĞƌ

DΘD Dϯ YƵĂƌƚĞƌ

DΘD Dϰ YƵĂƌƚĞƌ

DĂƐƚĞƌ ƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ ϰϱ

19

4. Structure of the master’s programme

4.6. Schedule for PT-Track Below the schedule for the first and second year of the PT track is given. Here only the obligatory courses are mentioned. More information on the elective courses can be found in section 4.7.

First year (M1) Process Technoloy PT M1 Quarter

PT M2 Quarter

Chemical reaction engineering, 5 EC Brilman

PT M3 Quarter

PT M4 Quarter

Multiphase reaction technology, 5 EC Kersten

Thermodynamics & flowsheeting, 5 EC vd Ham

Process plant design, 10 EC, vd Ham / vd Berg

Process equipment design, EC co-ordinator vd Ham

Second year (M2) WƌŽĐĞƐƐ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ Wd Dϭ YƵĂƌƚĞƌ

/ŶƚĞƌŶƐŚŝƉ ϮϬ

Wd DϮ YƵĂƌƚĞƌ

Wd Dϯ YƵĂƌƚĞƌ

Wd Dϰ YƵĂƌƚĞƌ

DĂƐƚĞƌ ƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ ϰϱ

20

4. Structure of the master’s programme

4.7.

Courses

The courses are listed below per Master track and research group. Some elective courses can also be selected from other tracks. For more information check the course information in Osiris for the most up to date and correct information.

C X ? n.s.

Legend compulsory track elective not scheduled not known not scheduled EC’s

Quarter

PT

M&M

5

1

Course code

M&M-groups

Lecturer

193700020

AMM – Molecular and biomolecular chemistry and technology

Huskens (coord.)

193775020

Physical organic chemistry

Jonkheijm

X

5

3

193700080

C.S. Biomolecular NanoTechnology

Cornelissen (BNT)

X

5

n.s.

193770000

C.S. Inorganic Materials Science

Ten Elshof

X

5

n.s.

193700040

AMM – Inorganic materials science

Rijnders (coord.)

C

5

3

193770030

Lab Course Advanced Materials

Ten Elshof

X

5

n.s.

193700070

AMM Project Molecular S&T

Koster (coord.)

C

5

4

193770090

Chemistry of Nanostructures

193770070

Imperfections

193730070 193700010

Inorganic Inorganic

Materials Materials

& and

C

C.S. MTP: Macromolecular Nanotechnology

Vancso e.o. (MTP)

X

5

4

AMM – Characterization

Schön (coord.)

C

5

1

193700030

AMM – Organic materials science

Vancso (coord.)

C

5

2

193730040

Polymers & material science pract.

Hempenius

X

5

1

193700050

AMM Project Organic Materials

Hempenius (coord.)

C

5

3

193730060

Polymer Physics

Vancso

X

5

4

193740020

Biomedical Materials Engineering I (BMT)

Truckenmüller

X

5

1

193740030

Biomedical Materials Engineering II (BMT)

Grijpma

X

5

3

193740050

Biochemistry

Poot

X

3

4

193742000

C.S. Biomedical Chemistry

Engbersen e.o. (BMC)

X

5

n.s.

193740010

Controlled drug and gene delivery

Engbersen

X

5

2

193740040

Organic Chemistry of Polymers

Dijkstra

X

5

n.s.

193775000

C.S. Molecular Nano Fabrication

Huskens

X

5

n.s.

193775030

Che, Strat, Protein Labeling, Immobiliz.

Jonkheijm

X

5

n.s.

Course * code

M&M / PT groups

Lecturer

193735000

C.S. Membrane Technology

Nijmeijer e.o. (MTG)

193735010

Thermodynamics and Flowsheeting

Van der Ham

193700060

AMM – Applications

Lammertink (coord.)

193735030

Chemical Product Development

Nijmeijer (MST)

Quarter

1 1

EC’s

5 5

PT

X X

M&M

Ten Elshof Koster

X

X

5

4

C

5

2

C X

5

4

5

n.s.

21

4. Structure of the master’s programme 193750010

Advanced Molecular Separations

Benes

X

5

193750030

Process Equipment Design

Van der Ham (coord.)

C

5

3

193735060

Colloids and Interfaces

Lammertink

X

X

5

1

193737000

C.S. Inorganic Membranes

Nijmeijer e.o. (IM)

X

X

5

n.s.

193737010

Advanced Ceramics

Winnubst

X

5

n.s.

193737020

Biomaterials, mat. replacements (BMT)

Winnubst

X

5

3

193765000

C.S. Catalytic Processes and Materials

Lefferts e.o. (CPM)

X

X

5

n.s.

193765020

Catalysis for Sustainable Technologies

Seshan

X

X

5

2

193765030

Catalysis in the Process Industry

Seshan

X

X

5

4

193780000

C.S. Mesoscale Chemical Systems

Gardeniers e.o. (MCS)

X

X

5

n.s.

201000264

C.S. Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces

Lammertink

X

X

5

n.s.

201200115

Microfluidic Concepts & Devices

Lammertink

X

X

5

n.s.

201200117

Membranes for Gas Separation

Nijmeijer (MTG)

X

X

5

n.s.

201200119

Batteries, Fuel Cells & Electrolysers

Bouwemeester

X

X

5

n.s.

193799700

Contract research

X

X

5

n.s.

201000218

Masteronderzoek Sciencie Communication Scheikunde

X

X

30

n.s.

for

hard

tissue

Education

&

Coenders

1

Quarter

EC’s

PT

M&M

PT-groups

Lecturer

193715020

Chemical Reaction Engineering

Brilman

C

5

1-2

191141700

Transport Phenomena

Van der Meer (CTW)

X

5

1

193720020

Multiphase Reaction Technology

Kersten

C

5

3-4

193720040

Intro. to Computational Fluid Dynamics

Lammertink

X

5

2

193720050

Theory of Phase Equilibria

Van der Hoef

X

5

1

193785000

C.S. Thermo-Chemical Conv. of Biomass

Kersten e.o. (TCCB)

X

5

n.s.

193790010

Process Design Assignment

Van de Berg, Van der Ham

C

10

3-4

201200118

Membrane Project Plant Design

Van der Ham

X

5

n.s.

Course code

Elective course not coordinated by ChE

Lecturer

195740060

Hydrogen Technology (SET)

Seshan

4

4

191141700

Transport Phenomena

Van der Meer (CTW)

5

1

195740030

Energy from Biomass (SET)

Bramer, Kersten

4

2

194110140

Cost, Management and Engineering

Kroon

3

2

X

EC’s

Quarter

Course code

22

4. Structure of the masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s programme

General Study Information

23

5. General Study Information

5. GENERAL STUDY INFORMATION 5.1. Time scope and workload of the programme The Master’s programme ChE is a full-time English-taught programme of two years: M1 and M2. The workload per year consists of 60 European Credits (EC). One EC equals 28 hours of study time for the average student, which corresponds to 1680 study hours per year. The workload for most courses is 5 EC (140 hours for the average student), which includes lectures, tutorials, project work, reports and assignments, selfstudy, examination, etc. Although the official language of the Master’s programme is English, courses may be taught in Dutch if only Dutch-speaking students participate. This will always be discussed with the students.

5.2. Schedule of the academic year ChE operates on a semester basis, in which an academic year of 40 weeks is divided into two semesters. Each semester comprises two blocks (quarters). One quarter consists of eight weeks of classes and two weeks of examinations. Most courses cover one quarter; other courses cover a complete semester.

5.3. Course schedules The curriculum of Master’s courses differs per student as explained in chapter 4.

The locations, times, exams and days that all courses will be taught, can be found in the course schedules, also called semester schedules. The locations of the campus buildings can be found in paragraph 5.6 and on the map of the campus in Appendix 1 of this guide. The schedules can be found on the UT website: http://www.utwente.nl/so/student/onderwijs/roosters/. This site contains up-to-date versions of all schedules.

Note: Not all elective courses are represented in the schedules. When the course is not represented on the schedules, the schedules for this course can be retrieved via the appointed contact of this course or the Blackboard site of the course. Since schedules may change, it is recommended to check the educational announcements regularly, see paragraph 5.7.

5.4. Course information and contents (Osiris) Besides this programme guide, the content of a course, its objectives, teaching methods, teachers and literature are provided by the Twente Course Information System, called Osiris (http://www.utwente.nl/so/osiris/). Osiris is also the site where students register for exams. Information on exams, like the date or location, can be found in the exam schedule via studentportal my.utwente.nl. Furthermore, Osiris is considered to be the main information source for everything to do with education at the UT. Please note: The unique course code for each course makes searching on Osiris much easier.

5.5. Overview of lecture hours Lectures, tutorials and lab courses usually cover standard lecture hours, which are represented below: 1: 8.45-9.30 6: 13.45-14.30 11: 18.45-19.30 2: 9.45-10.30 7: 14.45-15.30 12: 19.45-20.30 3: 10.45-11.30 8: 15.45-16.30 13: 20.45-21.30 4: 11.45-12.30 9: 16.45-17.30 14: 21.45-22.30 5: 12.45-13.30 (Lunch) 10: 17.45-18.30 (Dinner)

5.6. Study locations The study activities of the Master’s programme and offices of the lecturers can be located in several UT buildings on campus. The home basis for ChE can be found in the Horst building (no. 20-28 on the campus map in Appendix 1).

The offices of many lecturers of the ChE programme can be found in the “Meander” or in “Carré”. In Appendix 3, a list of ChE staff members with their offices, telephone numbers and email addresses can be found. Moreover, contact information of all UT personnel is listed in a central address book, which can be accessed through the internet: http://webapps.utwente.nl/telefoongids/nl/telgidsservlet.

Since lecturers are often away from their office, email is the general medium for making appointments.

The Educational Affairs Office of the faculty of TNW (S&OA-TNW) is also located in the Horst: Horstring Z-204.

24

5. General Study Information

Abbreviations of the buildings are: Name Abbreviations Capitool CA Carre CR Citadel CI Cubicus CU Oosthorst OH Meander ME Ravelijn RA Spiegel SP Sportcentrum SC Temp TE Vrijhof VR Waaier WA Zilverling ZI

Horst: Horstring Horsttoren Noordhorst Westhorst Zuidhorst Horstkelder Hal-B

HR HT NH WH ZH ZC HB

For a map of the University see Appendix I.

5.7. Educational announcements Important general announcements for the Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s programme (the so-called educational announcements) are published in three ways: announcements at Osiris and the student portal (http://my.utwente.nl) and at notice boards in the Horst. These can be considered as the most recent announcements. Making it a habit to regularly check these announcements is strongly recommended.

Potential changes to the schedules are also published through these media.

25

5. General Study Information

5.8.

Blackboard

Each Master’s course requires enrolment through Blackboard. Blackboard provides course-specific information on a Blackboard-page for that concerning course. Blackboard is a digital learning environment, which covers news, general course information, the schedule of activities, email addresses, etc. Blackboard can be accessed through blackboard.utwente.nl.

Access to Blackboard requires an internet connection and a Blackboard account (student number + password). Account information will be automatically sent to students’ home addresses after admission to one of the study programmes at the UT, for more information see next paragraph. At the main page of Blackboard, user manuals can be found.

Note: For taking the final exam of a course, registration using a different medium, called Osiris, is required. The regulations regarding examination are included in chapter 6.

5.9. Access to the internet, UT-Web applications and Email.

Once your enrolment to the UT is processed, you will get a student account with an email address, your own specific student number and a password. This student number and password can be used for almost all web applications of the UT. All web applications for UT-students, including Blackboard, can be accessed through the Student Portal of the University, called My University. (http://my.utwente.nl). All lecturers and staff members have an email address too, which is listed in Appendix 3, or can be found through http://webapps.utwente.nl/telefoongids/nl/telgidsservlet.

5.10. Teaching methods for contact hours The schedule, the programme guide and course information on Osiris indicate how each course is taught. There are different teaching methods at the faculty: lectures (HC), tutorials (WC), practical courses, projects and assignments. Lectures are sessions during which a lecturer presents an explanation of and/or additional information on the subject matter for a group of students. These lectures generally last two academic hours of 45 minutes, with a 15-minute break in between.

A more intensive type of education is provided in tutorials. Tutorials usually take up the same amount of time, but are more interactive. During tutorials, small groups of students work on applying the subject matter, often by doing small assignments. Tutorials are supervised by a lecturer and intended for assimilation of the subject matter. Individual problems/questions can also be discussed. Generally, attendance at the lectures and tutorials is not compulsory, although it is highly relevant for a good understanding of the subject matter. It is therefore strongly recommended to include these lectures and tutorials in your time schedule and to attend as many as possible.

Some courses are taught on a project basis, in which a specific case has to be solved. Within a small group of students, tasks have to be independently divided and planned and the required information and knowledge have to be listed and acquired. Sometimes, such a project has to be concluded with an official presentation of the project’s results. The project will then be presented to fellow students, supervisors and interested parties of your study programme.

Practical courses (or laboratory courses) are sessions in which the individual student or small groups of students learn to perform specific actions or exercises. They last at least an entire morning or afternoon. Usually, the practical work is reported in a laboratory journal completed with a discussion.

5.11. Study methods for self-study In the Master’s programme, it is expected that you can determine your own effective study method.

Lecturers often explicitly advise a way in which that course can be studied most effectively during the first hours of the course. It is also wise to discuss the best way in which you can prepare for the final exam with the lecturer.

When you have doubts about your study method, talk to fellow students, your mentor or the study advisor (Marijke Stehouwer for Dutch students, Rik Akse for international students).

You can also check out the website “Vragenlijst Studiemethoden” (http://vsm.cs.utwente.nl, in Dutch).

5.12. Study material Courses are supported by different types of study materials, e.g. lecture notes (course material), books, hand-outs and PowerPoint presentations of the lectures. These are either available at the Unionshop located in the Bastille, Study association C.T.S.G. Alembic, general book stores or Blackboard. See paragraph 9.5 for more information.

26

5. General Study Information

5.13. Convocation (presentation of the diploma) In general, students receive their Master’s diploma immediately upon completion of their MSc assignment. Application for the Master’s degree is required in ample time once all demands for graduation are met, except for the final Master’s assignment. The application form can be found on the S&OA website http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/organisatie/organisatie/SenO/onderwijszaken/formulieren/chemical_enginee ring/ See Appendix 5 for an example.

The form can also be used to arrange the closing MSc assignment colloquium. As a result of this form, the Board of Examiners will decide whether students can graduate for their Master’s exam. After graduation, the enrolment in the ChE programme is terminated. In special circumstances this may not be desirable. In that case, it is also possible to arrange the colloquium without applying for the Master’s exam. Further information about the procedure of the Master’s assignment and colloquium can be found in chapter 13.

5.14. Change of personal contact information Experience has taught us that students regularly move house and/or change telephone number.

However, students often forget to communicate their new contact information to the official bodies with risk of missing important information. So, students are strongly advised to pass on the new contact information to Central Student Administration (CSA), Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs (DUO), study association and other communities they have joined, this can be done through the Student Services website http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentservices/en/.

5.15. Student Services Central student administration (CSA), also referred to as Student Services, is a service that controls all administration of UT students, including enrolments. All changes to contact information after your enrolment have to be communicated to this service, see paragraph 5.14. Students can turn to CSA for several courses of events: a change to another study programme, enrolment for a second programme, (temporarily) quitting of a programme, potential refunds of tuition fees (paragraph 3.4), regulations for enrolment as extraneous, validity of (foreign) diplomas, and questions concerning student cards.

For specific questions about the Dutch study grants system (studiefinanciering) you can turn to the regional office of the DUO (http://www.duo.nl/) or to the Information desk of the student counsellors, also referred to as “the red desk”. For information, forms and changes in addresses, the website of student services is of interest (http://www.utwente.nl/so/en/).

5.16. Telephone, email and network on the campus All over the campus, landlines can be used to call other telephone numbers on campus free of charge.

In this case only the four digit extension should be dialled. If an outside line or mobile phone is used the phone number starts with 053-489 followed by the extension. So if the internal phone number is 1234, the official phone number is 053-4891234.

In general, all persons associated to the university have an email address that ends with “@xxx.utwente.nl”, with xxx showing their relation to the university. All computers on campus are part of the university network and have IP-addresses that start with “130.89”. One of the advantages is that, in this way, special rights can be assigned to all computers on campus, such as licenses for scientific articles.

Computers connected to the wireless network of the campus, are automatically assigned a campus IP-address. Connecting to the wireless network is only possible with help of a valid account, see paragraph 5.9.

27

5. General Study Information

28

5. General Study Information

Examination and other UT policies

29

6. Examination and Other UT Policies

6. EXAMINATION AND OTHER UT POLICIES 6.1. Rights and duties – Student’s Charter and CER The regulations for examination, like passing, failing etc., are stated in the Student’s charter. This charter contains specific regulations for the complete UT as an institute (only available digitally), for the faculty and for the programme. This charter describes all rights and duties for UT-students.

The combination of the rights and duties for Master’s students at the Faculty TNW is embedded in the Course and Examination Regulations (CER or in Dutch:OER) and for ChE students concerns the MSc OER-TNW with a programme-specific supplement OER-ChE, since the rules of the board of examiners contain different rules and regulations for ChE students. The complete student’s charter is available at S&OA-TNW, the programme-specific parts are published in appendices 4, 5 and 6 and these hierarchically arranged regulations are available at the following websites: UT: http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/regelingen/studentenstatuut/ TNW+ChE: http://www.utwente.nl/che/education/regulations/

6.2. Types of examination There are different types of examinations. The most common method is a (written) examination at the end of each quarter. In principle, the lecturer of each course will provide the necessary course-specific information concerning examination. Furthermore, study associations provide useful information, for instance in the form of providing old exams which can help to test yourself. For mock exams of the ChE programme, please check the website of the study association Alembic (http://alembic.tnw.utwente.nl/content/tentamenbank in Dutch). Besides written exams, students are tested based on assignments, papers and their contributions to group work and oral presentations.

6.3. Absence If you are unable to attend a compulsory practical course, compulsory tutorial or an exam, due to illness or circumstances beyond your control, this may have consequences. It is therefore essential to inform your lecturer or supervisor as soon as possible. When an exam is missed beyond the student’s control and the student is severely disadvantaged by this, the Board of Examiners may decide to permit the student to take an extra exam at a later time. In this case, the Board of Examiners will consult the student advisor. Nevertheless, a special treatment is not always required since it is generally possible to join the next exam session.

A long-term illness or other personal circumstances may hinder your study progress. In this case, contact your student advisor Marijke Stehouwer (m.a.stehouwer@tnw.utwente.nl), who may be able to prevent disadvantageous consequences for your Dutch government grant (studiefinanciering).

In some exceptional cases of illness and circumstances (in your family) - or in a broader sense: situations beyond your control - you may be financially compensated by emergency funds, medicalsocial funds or university funds. For such cases, contact the information desk for student counselling (“red desk” located at the Bastille), preferably after consulting with the student advisor of your study programme.

6.4. Examinations For most courses, a quarter (or semester) is concluded with an exam. For all courses there are two exam sessions per year: one in the two week exam period directly following the lectures and one in the two week exam period of the following quarter. Consult the schedules, Osiris, my university or the lecturer for the dates of exams. When you take the same exam more than once, the highest grade applies.

In order to take a written exam, students have to register. This is compulsory in order to divide the available space that is suited for examination, which is a service that is centrally arranged for all study programmes at the UT. For more information on the closing dates for exam registration you can visit the website of CSA (http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentservices/).

Exam registration is arranged by Osiris (http://www.utwente.nl/so/osiris/). After the registration period closes you can find exam locations on my.utwente.nl and Osiris.

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6. Examination and Other UT Policies An exception to the two possibilities to finish an exam per year is formed by courses that are taught on a project or practical basis. Generally, these types of courses can be completed only once a year.

Students are recommended to use that opportunity.

6.5. Registration, withdrawal and schedules for exams If you want to register for or withdraw from an examination, registration via Osiris (http://www.utwente.nl/so/osiris/) is required. Use your personal codes (student number and email password) as discussed paragraph 5.9 to login to this web application. Osiris can also be used to request an examination schedule for the entire year or for an overview of examinations for which you have already registered.

Registration for examinations in Osiris is compulsory and independent from course enrolment. You are able to register for each examination. For more information on exam registration you can visit the website of CSA (http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentservices/). Being registered in time means having the right to participate (provided that the student meets the requested demands for that course). For these students, sufficient seating will be arranged in the examination room and sufficient copies of the exam will be available. In extraordinary circumstances, extra examination possibilities may be offered, see paragraph 6.10.

Advice: Each examination is entered into Osiris well in advance to allow you to register for it. If something goes wrong, inform your Educational Affairs Office (S&OA) as soon as possible, either by email or by telephone so they can take action if possible. Once the registration period has ended, S&OA will not be able to help you. For more information see paragraph 12.7.

The examination schedule may change after you have registered, e.g. an examination may be moved to a different location. Before the examination, consult the educational announcements on my.utwente.nl, Blackboard or the examination schedule available on Osiris for any changes.

Please also withdraw in time from an examination to prevent unnecessary work for teachers and S&OA, you can withdraw by sending a mail to studentservices@utwente.nl until 24 hours before the exam. If you do not withdraw in time, you have officially participated in the exam and you will have one chance less for a re-sit.

6.6. Notification and availability of examination marks (Osiris) After an exam the result should be known after a maximum of 20 working days. The results of written exams will be available on Osiris after this period. Also, lecturers occasionally place a list of grades by student number on Blackboard directly after all exams have been marked. Once the Educational Affairs Office (S&OA) has processed the grades, you can retrieve all your grades from Osiris. Login with your personal codes (student number and email password) as discussed in paragraph 5.10.

The procedure in which the grades are communicated is as follows: • S&OA (course administration) supplies a list of participants in an examination to the lecturer, this list is based on Osiris data of enrolment; • After the exam, the lecturer writes the grades on this list, and signs it for approval; • S&OA archives the approved list; • S&OA registers the grades in Osiris; • In conformity with the CER students can view their grades using Osiris; • If a student suspects that a grade has not been registered correctly, he or she can contact S&OA in order to verify said grade using the approved list; • The student can receive an authorized verification of obtained grades from ‘Student Services’; • With the diploma students receive an authorized diploma supplement, the grade list is part of this supplement.

The list that has been signed by the lecturer counts as “proof” as mentioned in the WHW act, art. 7.11 paragraph 1, that the student can revert to. The grade lists in Osiris can also be used as valid proof.

For oral exams and individual assignments (internships, bachelor assignments, etc.) the lecturer writes the student a grade-slip. A copy of this grade-slip is sent to BOZ, who make sure that the grade is registered according to the procedure described above.

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6. Examination and Other UT Policies

6.7. Right of perusal and evaluation of exams Upon request, graded work plus the examination criteria that were used to mark it may be reviewed (right of perusal) over a period of six months after grade notification (art. 23 in OER-TNW). An appeal against the individual examiner order can be lodged at the Board of Examiners and an appeal against the Board of Examiners order at the Board of Appeal for Examination (art. 7.61, Dutch law). With a perusal request, a subsequent evaluation of the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exam with the examiner can be requested.

When the examiner decides that the nature of the work allows it, students are allowed to make copies of the exam and graded work. The examiner sees to it that written examinations are kept archived for at least two years after the examination date. In some cases, a lecturer organises a general exam evaluation. It is recommended to make use of your right for inspection in case you did not pass your exam while you have put sufficient time in taking the course and revision. In this way, you will obtain a better idea of the course demands and of the gaps in your knowledge.

6.8. Procedures during examination sessions At each examination session, one supervisor is present that can clarify any issues during the exams. If the supervisor requests so, you must be able to identify yourself with a student ID card. During examinations, no contact with other students is allowed. You are expected not to disturb your fellow students and therefore you should be on time for the examination session.

During the first half an hour after the start of the examination session, latecomers will be allowed to participate. After that time they will not be allowed in. Due to this rule, students cannot leave the exam within this first half hour. The examination session ends at the set time, also for latecomers. At the end of your exam, every paper that you hand in must include a name and student number. If present, the attendance list should be signed.

In case of fraud, the exam will be termed invalid. The Board of Examiners may decide on further penalties like expelling the student from that exam for up to one year or even exclusion from the study programme.

6.9. Procedures regarding assignments and papers A number of courses will be taught on project basis and concluded with an assignment or paper.

Using these assignments and papers, students demonstrate to what extent they have become acquainted with the subject matter and are able to apply it to more complex cases. For these types of examinations, copying (parts) of work from others and presenting it as your own, is as severe as fraud during written exams. Consequently, the same type of penalties may be taken as for other cases of exam fraud. To detect plagiarism, lecturers may use specially designed software.

6.10. Extra and special possibilities for examination For the courses with scheduled written exams, in general, there are no possibilities for individual exams (oral or written). Only in highly exceptional cases can this rule be deviated from and deviation is only possible after consultation with the study advisor and the Board of Examiners. For physically or sensory disabled students, the facilities will be arranged to take the exams in a way that is suited for their specific disability. If necessary, the Board of Examiners will consult experts on this matter.

Students with dyslexia can turn to S&OA. When students have a medical certificate for dyslexia, it may, for instance, be possible to arrange extra time in a separate room for a written exam.

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7. Safety and Health

Safety and Health

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7. Safety and Health

7. SAFETY AND HEALTH The personnel department provides information about safety and health. The major topics and regulations around safety concerning students are discussed in the paragraphs below.

7.1. Safety In case of emergencies, it is essential to react effectively. Therefore, all students are expected to be familiar with: • The central alarm number of the UT: (+31 53-489) 2222. In case of any emergency, the first thing to do is call this number. (The central Dutch / European alarm number is 112. However, on campus you should use 2222) • The information on the “in-case-of-emergency” signs in the UT buildings • All emergency exits and escape routes.

A frequent and critical check of the latter two is therefore necessary. Safety regulations concerning practical courses (with lasers, chemicals, electricity, etc.) will be provided at the beginning of these practical courses. Different practical courses may have different regulations concerning protection of humans and equipment.

7.2. Health The highest health risk for students concerns computer work during which repetitive movements in a static pose are inevitable. An increasing number of students suffer from repetitive strain injury (RSI) which comprises of complaints to upper back, fingers, hands and wrists. All students are well advised to gather information about the risks and ways of prevention of RSI. Information can be found at the website of the Personnel Department(1) (and at the site of the RSI association(2), information on both sites is in Dutch and English).

A correct posture and micro breaks are essential. The UT now has licenses for two break exercise reminder software programs, which can be downloaded from the website of the Personnel Department:(1) - Workrave (micro breaks, rest periods, daily limit and exercises) - Twitch (micro breaks).

The use of a laptop support and separate keyboard is stimulated by the University.

(1) http://www.utwente.nl/hr/info_voor/medewerkers/arbo/VGM/Gezondheid/rsi_beeldschermwerk /Medewerkers/ (2) http://www.rsi-vereniging.nl/

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8. Special arrangements at the university

Special Arrangements at the University

35

8. Special arrangements at the university

8. SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY 8.1. Dutch student grants (studiefinanciering, tempobeurs en prestatiebeurs) The regulations around Dutch study grants: ‘studiefinanciering’, managed by the national Dutch grant fund the “Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs” (DUO), is often complex and liable to changes. Personalised information for the (specific) regulations that account for each situation can be requested at the Information desk of the student counsellors or DUO can be contacted directly. (http://www.duo.nl/, phone: 050 599 77 55) These regulations alter per situation and year that you first received ‘studiefinanciering’. Do not automatically rely on stories of fellow students or more senior students and sort out your specific case.

Also HBO-students are recommended to gather thorough information.

8.1.1. “Langstudeer regeling” The reforms of the Dutch government include a fine of approximately €3000,- per year for students who pay the statutory tuition fees (often Dutch or EU students) and who incur more than 1 year of study delay. More information (for Dutch students) can be found on the red desk student counselling website: http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/omstandigheden/langstuderen/

8.2. Top-class sport The combination of following a study programme on academic level and commitment to top-class sports or cultural activities can be difficult. Postponing one of the two, however, is generally not an option. Therefore, the UT has created special policies for top-class athletes. More info on this topic can be found on http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/studievertraging/ondersteuning/ (in Dutch).

8.3. Studying with a disability Following a study programme can be difficult to combine with a disability. Therefore, the UT offers several facilities to enable the combination. More information can be found on: • http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/studievertraging/handicap/ (in Dutch) • http://www.handicap-studie.nl • The red desk (student counsellors) in the ‘Bastille’

8.4. Individual arrangements for student activism The UT encourages extra-curricular activities to allow students to develop themselves in a broader sense. To prevent or compensate possible study delay, students may be eligible for special adjustments in the study programme if their activities match the following conditions: • The activity benefits the university and/or the student’s personal development. In general, committees and organisational work for a student body on campus (society or study programme) meet this requirement.

• A study plan is provided to the student advisor. This plan has to prove the study delay that will be caused by the specific activity or position. Also, this plan has to show which programme adjustments are possible in order to minimise the delay.

• The study plan has to be discussed with the student advisor two quarters prior to the expected study delay.

It is recommended to consult your student advisor well before any expected study delay. The following adjustments are optional: • Alternative and/or supplementary assignments; • Exemption of compulsory attendance; • Shifting of the date of exam/ extra possibilities for (oral) examination.

Whether or not you are eligible for special treatment on grounds of the conditions above will be considered by the board of the study programme. When you disagree with a decision that was made, you can turn to the student advisor for mediation.

Optional adjustments have to meet the following preconditions: • The educational level of the courses must be maintained • The work load of the course stays intact • No excessive efforts are demanded from the teaching staff.

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9. Study facilities â&#x20AC;˘

Study Facilities

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9. Study facilities

9. Study facilities 9.1. Computer facilities During the study programme and after graduation, computers will be part of the general requirements.

Computer facilities in the Horst building are available. However, students taking part in a practical course at that location have a higher priority. Furthermore, a personal laptop computer is recommended for the Master’s programme (not compulsory).

9.2. Lockers In the Horst, many lockers are available for students. Keys for one of these lockers (€ 30 deposit) can be arranged at the financial administration of the faculty CTW (Horst N258).

9.3. Student card and chip card At admission to a study programme at the UT (after you had your digital photo taken at the Student Services desk in the Vrijhof between 12:30 and 16.00), all students receive a student card (also often referred to as “collegekaart”). The student card serves as proof of enrolment and as general identification card at the UT, also at examination sessions. Also, the card contains information that guarantees its functioning as library card, Union card (representing the automatic membership of the Student Union upon enrolment) and Xtra-card, formally known as the Student Union Activity Card (SUAC), when use of campus facilities (sports and culture) was indicated at terms of (re-)enrolment. In case of transfer or termination of study programmes within the academic year, the card has to be replaced or returned. In case of loss, Student Services (Vrijhof, 239B) can be contacted for a new card, but first enquire whether your card was found at a canteen, reception or S&OA-TNW. On most Dutch bank cards a chip is present for electronic pre-paid payments for printing, vending machines and meals in the canteens. If your bank card does not have a chip, one can be requested free from your bank. The pre-paid payment system is called ‘chipknip’ and charging stations are located throughout the University. You can also buy pre-paid cards at the canteens. If you still have an old university chip-card, the residue on the chip cards can be retrieved at special machines located at the Bastille.

9.4. Copy and print In all educational buildings, printers and copy machines can be accessed after a card registration (e.g.

Entrance card or student card). A manual for using these printers is available at: http://www.utwente.nl/icts/en/handleidingen/printer/xeros.doc/.

Besides these self-service printers and copy machines, a number of Xerox service points (e.g. Carré), the Union Shop (Bastille) and a digital service desk are available for extended copy facilities. Check the site of the Facility Department for further information, office hours and prices: http://www.utwente.nl/fb and search for “Kopieer en reprofaciliteiten” (Dutch). Alternatively, there are printing offices in Enschede and Hengelo for large orders. Additionally, the ITBE service offers use of a number of scanners in the computer facilities at the central library (free of charge).

9.5. Books, lecture notes and other study materials Books for study purposes can be obtained at reduced prices from the study association Alembic, located on the 5th floor of the Horsttoren. (http://alembic.tnw.utwente.nl) The book committee of Alembic sends a quarterly email that notifies members of the final date for book ordering at the Integral Book Ordering System. For more information, contact Alembic (email: bestuur@alembic.utwente.nl, phone 2866, paragraph 12.9). Alternatively, books can be ordered by internet or regular book stores.

Lecture notes (course material) for all study programmes are available at the Union Shop in the Bastille, which also sells general office accessories. The website (http://www.unionshop.nl) provides more information for availability of lecture notes. Handouts are generally provided by lecturers of the concerning course and are usually accessible through Blackboard.

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9. Study facilities

9.6. University library The University Library is part of the Library and Archive. The library serves two purposes: • Information services: books and magazines on a great number of research areas are available in different ways: on-line, hard copy, loaning, only on inspection.

• Study facilities: the library offers several study facilities: study areas, private study rooms, study rooms for groups and computer facilities.

With a valid student card, students are entitled to use all library facilities including signing out of books of the full university collection. Information about lending or ordering publications outside the regular university collection can be requested at the library information counters.

The on-line catalogue of the university library, comprising the full collection of the university, can be accessed through the internet (http://www.utwente.nl/ub). Furthermore, other catalogues, online databases and search engines can be found at this site. Most magazine volumes of recent years and even some books can be digitally accessed all over the campus. Further digitalising is in progress.

At the moment, the University collection is spread over a number of faculty libraries and one central library. In time, all faculty libraries will be transferred to the central library. The collection concerning ChE is located in the central library in the Vrijhof.

Opening hours Library: Mon. to Fri: 8.30 – 22.00 Sat: 9.00 – 16.30, Sun: 9:00 – 16:30 (The Library is closed on holidays) Contact: Phone: (053 – 489) 2777 Email: InfoUB@utwente.nl

9.7. Canteen/Edu-café Many university buildings have their own canteen. In the Horst, the canteen is located in the central hall, which is part of the Educafé. Outside lunch time, this café is meant for self-study and group meetings. The canteen is opened from 9.00h to 15.00h, except for holidays in which alternative opening hours may be adopted. Orders in advance (coffee, lunch, etc.) can be requested daily at the canteen (tel. 2386). Additional to the canteen in the Horst, a more extensive meal can be obtained in the Mensa. The Mensa is located in the Waaijer (nr. 12 in Appendix 1). The Mensa is opened from 10.00h to 19.00h on Monday to Thursday and from 10.00h to 18.00h on Friday.

9.8. Notebook service centre For the most recent information about laptop discounts, contact information, manuals for printer and scanner installation the website of the Notebook Service Centre can be consulted http://www.utwente.nl/icts/nsc/. The Notebook Service Centre is located in the Horstring W-122 and is open from Monday to Friday between 8.30h−17.00h. This centre can also be contacted for services and repairs. The phone number of this centre is 5577.

9.9. English courses Because the Master of Chemical Engineering is in English, it is useful to speak, read, write and understand English well. TCP language centre offers different kind of courses for students to learn English properly. For more information about the English courses, registration, dates and times you have to go to the internet site of TCP language Centre, http://www.utwente.nl/so/tcp/. Keep in mind a small fee is required in taking these courses.

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9. Study facilities

40

10. Academic and personal support

Academic and Personal Support

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10. Academic and personal support

10. ACADEMIC AND PERSONAL SUPPORT 10.1. Student advisor The student advisor can be consulted for all issues that concern your study programme and studying in general. She can help to evaluate your study methods, draw up an effective study plan, consider the situation you are in, and may help to switch or combine different study programmes. She can help arrange special treatments by discussions with the concerning lecturers and the programme director.

The student advisor of Chemical Engineering is Marijke Stehouwer for Dutch students and Rik Akse for international students. (email: m.a.stehouwer@tnw.utwente.nl or h.a.akse@utwente.nl)

10.2. Student support at UT level The various services for general study support, offered by the university, can be found at the Student Counselling Desk, which is an actual information desk, called the “Red Desk” located in the Bastille, floor 2 (http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/en/).

The three main services are described in the following paragraphs. These services concern the Information desk for student counselling, the office of student psychologists and the committee for (financial) graduation support (CvA).

10.3. Information desk for student counselling (S&OB) The information desk for student counselling can be consulted for: • Affairs concerning the grant system for Dutch students: studiefinanciering, prestatiebeurs, etc.; • Switch from HBO (university of applied science, BSc programmes) to university; • Extension of ‘studiefinanciering’ due to disabilities; • Financial arrangements of the UT, like: RAVIS (for international students), etc.

• Possibilities for enrolment other than as student; • Procedures of protest (DUO, Higher Education Appeals Board) • Taxes and social laws (like applications for social security benefit, work permits) • Personal problems • Change of study programme or study track The student counsellors have office hours for which an appointment can be made at the Red Desk, located at the Bastille, floor 2 (http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/en/)

10.4. Office of student psychologists At the student psychologists office, all students who need to talk about something are welcome. All matters such as study or personal problems, problems in relationships with parents, friends or fellow students can be discussed. No registration or referral is required to consult a psychologist. So, an appointment can be made on your own. Besides individual consults, also group activities are organised. This concerns self-management training, personal support group, graduation support, therapy group. Both Dutch and English groups are available. All consultations that you have at the psychologists are confidential and free of charge. Further information can be found at the website. http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/en/

10.5. Health care The University of Twente offers students a general medical service at the University Campus. These services are provided by a dentist, a physiotherapist and a doctor, who is a general practitioner. The doctor and the dentist are located at the back of the ACASA building, number 58 “de Sleutel”. The location of the physiotherapist differs per day (http://www.fysiotherapie-enschede.nl/) See appendix 1 for locations General: http://www.studentunion.utwente.nl/students/ut-guide/healthcare.html General practitioner: http://www.campushuisarts.nl/en/

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10. Academic and personal support

10.6. Committee for (financial) graduation support (CvA) On behalf of the executive board (CvB), the committee for graduation support (CvA) considers the applications for financial support. Application forms can be (digitally) requested at the “Red Desk”. The rules and regulations for graduation support are discussed in the Student’s Charter and can also be found on the red desk website: http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/en These regulations concern: • Regulation Graduation Support: either recognised for special circumstances or agreed terms for committee functions in the period of acknowledged right for at least the basic grant of ‘studiefinanciering’ (only for Dutch students).

• Support Athletes: personalised study counselling inclusive or exclusive of financial support for athletes at national, international or Olympic level (top-class sports).

• Supplementary ‘studiefinanciering’ Transferees: in case of delay caused by changing between study programmes.

• Supplementary reimbursement insufficient educational feasibility.

• Graduation Support for International Students (RAVIS): in case of delay caused by illness and death of partner or family in the first degree or by agreed terms of student activities for foreign Bachelor’s- or Master’s students.

10.7. Infotheek Bastille for practical information The Information desk of student advisors and Office of student psychologists together run a special small “library”, called the “Infotheek Bastille” (room 207 in the Bastille). This Infotheek contains a lot of practical information: following academic or HBO study programmes (in foreign countries), studying with disabilities, taxes and social laws. Also the Infotheek offers the possibility to orientate on the labour market. There is information available on several companies and institutes and information on applying for a job in industry. Furthermore, the Infotheek has several materials available like folders and brochures on study counselling, cultural activities etc. For more questions you can make an appointment via the desk for study counselling (Bastille, room 207) or by phone: 053 4892035.

10.8. Student Union The Student Union supports students on a different level by creating an environment in which students can relax and further develop their competencies during their university years. About 90 student organisations are affiliated with the Student Union. These organisations can be divided into five sectors: culture, social, sports, study, and other. Every sector, apart from 'other', has its own board of representatives and provides information about the embedded societies. The Student Union provides information about all sports and cultural activities, but also provides centrally arranged student services, like a site for student rooms. For more information see the website: http://www.studentunion.utwente.nl/en

10.9. International Students A lot of facilities are available for international students at the University of Twente, for example housing and ESN Twente (a student network which organizes activities for international students in particular.

The University of Twente also offers a lot of support to International Students by means of counsellors, the Student Service desk, and language courses. The contact person for students of MSc tracks the contact person is Rik Akse (h.a.akse@utwente.nl).

The University of Twente’s International Office (http://www.utwente.nl/internationalstudents/) also provides extensive information and support for our international students. Their ‘Living and studying at UT’-handbook (can be downloaded from the site in .pdf) is very useful.

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10. Academic and personal support

44

11. Programme infrastructure

Programme Infrastructure

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11. Programme infrastructure

11. PROGRAMME INFRASTRUCTURE 11.1. Faculty TNW The study programmes of the UT are the responsibility of one of their faculties. Each faculty has a dean as chairman. The ChE programme is part of the Faculty of Science and Technology (TNW). The Dean of TNW is Prof. dr. ir. G. van der Steenhoven. The executive director is Mr. M.M. van Aken. An organisational chart of TNW can be found in Appendix 2. The (management) staff of the ChE programme will be discussed in the next chapter.

Faculty TNW The Faculty Science and Technology comprises of several Bachelor and Master programmes.

Bachelors (Dutch): - Advanced Technology - Biomedische Technologie - Scheikundige Technologie - Technische Geneeskunde - Technische Natuurkunde

(AT) (taught in English) (BMT) (ST) (TG) (TN)

Master’s programmes (English): - Applied Physics - Biomedical Engineering - Chemical Engineering - Nanotechnology - Technical Medicine

(APH) (BME) (ChE) (NT) (TM)

11.2. Committees and boards of the study programme Several committees are essential for the functioning of the study programme. Within the faculty TNW, these are in descending order: • University Council University level • The Faculty Council per faculty • Programme Committee per programme (ST+ChE) • Board of Examiners per programme (ST+ChE) These committees are discussed in the following paragraphs.

11.3. University Council The University Council (UR) consists of nine elected staff representatives and nine elected student representatives. The Executive Board requires the approval of the UR for a number of issues, including the strategic plan and administrative agenda for the years to come. Its responsibilities are: • the establishment or termination of programme courses, • regulations concerning the rights of students, • policy concerning the quality of education.

For more information see: http://www.utwente.nl/uraad/ (in Dutch)

11.4. Faculty Council The Faculty Council (Faculteitsraad) of TNW consists of an equal number of staff representatives and students and advises the Dean on all management aspects (finances, personnel, education and research) and is the highest participation body within the faculty. The Faculty Council must approve changes in several subjects, such as reorganisation and the Student’s Charter. The difference with the Programme Committee, next paragraph, is that the latter can only influence matters concerning education and that this is bound to the right of advice. The Faculty Council, however, operates at a higher level of abstraction. For more information see: http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/fr/ (in Dutch)

11.5. Programme Committee (OLC-ST) The Programme Committee (Opleidingscommissie) consists of (an equal number of) students and staff members/lecturers, and is appointed by the dean. This committee advises the programme

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11. Programme infrastructure director concerning the regulations for examination, the study programme and the execution of it.

Legally, this committee has the right to advise (at request or unsolicited) the Programme Director and the Dean. These advices are binding for the concerning persons unless they have well-grounded reasons to do otherwise. This is the official way in which students can influence the study programme.

At the moment, the Programme Committee consists of the following members: Staff members • Dr. W. Verboom • Dr. K. Seshan • Dr. ir. J.E. ten Elshof • Prof. dr.ir. R.G.H. Lammertink Students • F.T. de Groot • M.A. Sikkink • 2 vacancies Advisors • Dr.ir. B.H.L. Betlem • Drs. H.J. van den Hengel • M.A. Stehouwer, MA For more information: http://www.utwente.nl/st/organisatie/olc_st/ (in Dutch)

11.6. Board of Examiners The Board of Examiners consists of staff members, including at least two professors, and appointed by the dean. The board has substantive authority for all matters concerning examination and holds responsibility for a proper course of affairs during examinations, lays down the relevant regulations, and may provide guidelines and instructions to the examiners. The Board’s tasks include arranging for the admission of students, the assessment of proposals for a flexible programme, the evaluation of requests for exemption from certain units of study (examinations, practical courses, etc.), and assuring the overall quality of the study programmes. If you want to contact the Board of Examiners it is useful to consult your study advisor and/or the secretary of the Board of Examiners first.

The ChE Board of the Examiners comprises the following members: Staff members • Prof. dr. ir. L. Lefferts (chairman) • Dr.ir. L. Winnubst (secretary) • Dr. H.J.M. Bouwmeester • Dr. W. Verboom • Prof. dr. Ir. J. Huskens (vice-chairman) • Dr.ir. D.W.F. Brilman Advisors • M.A. Stehouwer, MA • Dr.ir. B.H.L. Betlem

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11. Programme infrastructure

11.7. Evaluation and quality of evaluation (OKC-ChE) For the quality of a study programme, the opinions of students regarding the organization and content of the curriculum are of the utmost importance. To systematically monitor these opinions, ChE utilises a structured quarter-based evaluation system with the working group for Programme Quality as central part. The committee consists of students and lecturers and is responsible for the course and track evaluation of the Master’s programme. At the end of each quarter a discussion with a student panel is scheduled. The course-specific information will be presented to the teachers afterwards, so they can propose changes.

At the moment, the OKC-ST consists of the following people: Staff Members • Henk. van den Hengel (chairman) • Marijke Stehouwer (study advisor) • Martin van der Hoef • Arie van Houselt • Pascal Jonkheijm Students • Rick Driessen • Thije Harbers • Ruben Menke • Lydwien Mathijssen • Kristianne Tempelman • Iris Smal • 1 vacancy For more information: http://www.tnw.utwente.nl/che/organisation/

11.8. Student influence on study programme Besides students in the Programme Committee, Faculty Council and the Committee for Programme Quality, all students are of importance to monitor and improve the quality of education. All suggestions and comments concerning the study programme and other related educational affairs are welcome!

You can directly address the lecturers, your mentor, the student advisor, programme coordinator and/or programme director.

Moreover, the ChE programme has a structural system of evaluation, based on course evaluation forms and group interviews. Like the other committees, this system can only exist because of student’s contributions.

48

12. Organisation within the ChE Programme

Organisation within the ChE Programme 49

12. Organisation within the ChE Programme

12. ORGANISATION WITHIN THE ChE PROGRAMME 12.1. Programme Director Within the Faculty each study programme has its own organisation with a programme director in charge. For ChE this is Ben Betlem. He bears the final responsibility for the curriculum and admission requirements of study programme. This concerns the overall policies, regulations and performance in the programme, but also the daily management. The Programme Director forms the board of the study programme and plays an important role in the development of new courses and monitoring and improving of the existing tracks and courses.

Name: Dr.ir. B.H.L. Betlem (Ben) email: b.h.l.betlem@utwente.nl Phone: +31 53 489 3043 Room: Horsttoren 607

12.2. Track Coordinators Each of the tracks that comprise the Master of ChE has their own coordinator. Their contact information is shown below: Process Technology Master: Louis van der Ham Email: a.g.j.vanderham@utwente.nl Phone: 053 489 5430 Room: Meander 218 Molecules & Materials: Rob Lammertink Email: r.g.h.lammertink@utwente.nl Phone: 053 489 2063 Room: Meander 314

12.3. Student Advisor The student advisor can guide students during study problems that they might encounter. At ChE, this is Marijke Stehouwer. Besides discussion of programme-related problems, students can talk to her about experiences with studying, planning, complaints, educational and examination regulations, legal position and possible other suggestions concerning the personal programme. The student advisor is the confidential advisor for students.

Name: email: Tel: Room:

M.A. Stehouwer (Marijke) m.a.stehouwer@utwente.nl +31 53 489 2678 Horsttoren 707

12.4. Coordinator Internationalization Students can consult coordinator internationalization about following courses abroad. Information is available about: • Associated foreign universities; • Existing international (exchange) programs like the Socrates/Erasmus exchange • programs of the European Union; • Support for taking courses in foreign countries in your Master’s curriculum; • Organisation of staying abroad; • Admission of EC’s and grades that are acquired abroad.

The coordinator internationalization is also the study advisor for foreign students of ChE Name: Ing. H.A. Akse (Rik) email: h.a.akse@utwente.nl Phone: +31 53 489 2886 Room: Horsttoren 615

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12. Organisation within the ChE Programme

12.5. Internship Coordinator The Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s programme includes an internship during which the student is located at a company, research institute or university. International internships are optional. Arrangements for internships have to be made with the internship coordinator, Ms. Betty Folkers. The regulations regarding internships are discussed in chapter 12.

Name: E-mail: Phone: Room:

ing. A. Folkers (Betty) stage@tnw.utwente.nl 053-489 2772 Horsttoren 609

12.6. Secretary The secretary provides the first contact to the educational staff. At ChE, this is Mrs. Bartie BrugginkDe Braal. The secretariat is opened from Monday till Wednesday from 8:30 hours till 17:15 hours.

Name: Mrs. B.A. Bruggink-De Braal (Bartie) email: b.a.bruggink-debraal@utwente.nl Phone: +31 53 489 2082 Room: Horsttoren 605

12.7. Students and Education Administration (S&OA-TNW) S&OA-TNW was previously known as BOZ-TNW. For all affairs regarding the direct organisation within the study programme, like discrepancies in schedules, your grades registration or course admissions. At the office of S&OA of the faculty TNW Nienke Oesterholt is the staff member who is in charge of the ChE study programme. To make things easier, most of the (information) forms required are available on the internet (http://www.tnw.utwente.nl/organisatie/organisatie/SenO/, in Dutch).

Name: email: Phone: Room:

Ms. Nienke Oesterholt boz-ct@utwente.nl +31 53-489 3000 / 2925 Horstring Z 204

S&OA is the service of students and education, more information on www.utwente.nl/diensten/so/en.

12.8. Scientific staff The education within the study programme is the responsibility of the scientific staff, which includes primarily professors, academic lecturers, research members, educational members and PhD candidates (AIOs). Besides providing lectures, these lecturers also contribute in research projects. A list of all mentors, lecturers and professors is included in Appendix 3.

12.9. Study Alembic

association

C.T.S.G

C.T.S.G. Alembic is the study association of Chemical Engineering. The association is the oldest of the University of Twente and has about 220 members.

Alembic attends to the study interests of all Chemical Engineering students by getting involved in the continuous development of the educational programme and by taking action when students report problems.

Alembic also provides help through supporting services, such as maintaining an exam- and summary database and selling textbooks at low prices. Last year Alembic even facilitated in the creation of an exam bundle! There are also other (fun) activities organized

by Alembic with- and by members. Most of these

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12. Organisation within the ChE Programme activities have an educational value, such as excursions, lectures, symposia and study tour. Other activities are of a more relaxing nature, such as social drinks, festivities and galas: The ideal way of interacting with fellow students, reports of which can be found in the bi-monthly “the Cat”.

All Chemical Engineering students and employees of the University of Twente can become a member of Alembic for € 7.00 per year. If you are already a member of another study association membership is reduced to € 4.25 per year. If you have questions visit the Alembic-room (Horsttoren, floor 5, room 511). The openings hours from our Alembic-room are from 9am to 5pm, our mailing address is bestuur@alembic.utwente.nl and we are reachable by phone; 053-4892866. Lastly don’t hesitate in visiting our website http://www.alembic.utwente.nl.

12.10. Teaching assistants (studentassistentschap) Many activities at the faculty and the UT in general are taken care of by students. Also for small jobs concerning education and research, students are frequently needed. For instance, student assistance at practical courses or tutorials during a quarter or semester for half a day or more in the week is part of the daily routine at the UT. When interested, students can contact study association Alembic.

Alternatively, it is possible to turn to lecturers of courses for which you have achieved high grades.

Payments are centrally organised at the personnel department (PA&O) of the UT. The administrative system for payments registration is called UT-Flex. More about this can be found at the website of PA&O: http://www.utwente.nl/pao/info_over/utflex/ (in Dutch).

The site refers to the web application of UT-flex, which also lists more general types of jobs available for students.

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Structure of Internship 53

13. Structure of the internship

13. STRUCTURE OF INTERNSHIP 13.1. Internship set-up The internship (19379900) is a compulsory part of both Master’s tracks, with exclusion of the tracks by HBO-continuants. The internship covers 13 weeks (20 EC) during which the student is stationed at a company, research institute or university. The objective of the internship is to obtain experience in the future working field by performing a relevant assignment at an external organization. In this way a student can also find out whether or not a certain field or type of company is interesting for a future study or career. During this assignment, gained knowledge and skills at the study programme can be applied in an actual working environment.

Two supervisors are assigned: Ͳ An internship post supervisor: a daily supervisor of the organization that provides the internship Ͳ An UT-supervisor: member of the scientific staff of the programme.

Students are assessed in terms of their daily work and scientific level of research, which shows from the internship thesis. All internships are coordinated by the internship coordinator. Orientation for internships has to start half a year prior to national internships and a year prior to international internships. This time is required for actual arrangement of the internship, accommodation and all formalities. Application for the internship has to be submitted to the Student Mobility System (https://webapps.utwente.nl/srs/en/srsservlet,).

At Blackboard, the site of the international office and the UT internship site, all relevant information and every required form for internships is available at course code and name: Ͳ Ͳ

“19379900 Internship ChE” (for Blackboard – please note: under „Organizations‟ not „courses‟).

International Office: http://www.utwente.nl/internationaloffice/ UT Internship website: http://www.utwente.nl/stage/

Blackboard comprises: Ͳ Many links to companies and several of useful organizations concerning arrangements and finances of internships; Ͳ Summaries and reports of several internships by ChE students, mostly performed in foreign countries.

Possible intern posts in the Netherlands are: AkzoNobel, Dow, DSM, Shell and Unilever. Make an early appointment with the internship coordinator to discuss all possibilities and procedures concerning internships. A checklist of the procedure from start to end to organize the internship is represented at in following paragraph.

Internship coordinator: Name: Eng. A. Folkers (Betty) E-mail: stage@tnw.utwente.nl Phone: 053-489 2772 Room: HT 609

13.2. Checklist for procedures regarding the ChE-internship At least 3 months prior to the internship: 1. Student fills in the Application Form through the Student Mobility System (SMS): https://webapps.utwente.nl/srs/nl/srsservlet 2. Student makes appointment with internship coordinator 3. Student chooses out of three options for finding an appropriate internship: a. Help from Internship coordinator b. Internship via lecturer/professor c. Internship personally arranged by student 4. Internship coordinator and student agree on actions to be taken and keep each other informed.

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13. Structure of the internship 5. Student checks possibilities for grants and other information at the site of the International Office, http://www.utwente.nl/internationaloffice/ , http://www.nuffic.nl/nederlandse-studenten/ and the UT Internship site http://www.utwente.nl/stage Intern post is found: 1. Student submits Assignment Form through the Student Mobility System (SMS) 2. Student arranges insurances and visa (if necessary) 3. Student submits: forms for grants available at the site of the International Office. For the “Twente Mobility Fund” a signature of the internship coordinator is required.

4. Dutch students can temporarily turn in their “OV-kaart” at the DUO and request refund from DUO. 5. Student arranges housing and trip.

At intern post: 1. Student announces presence by submitting Notification Form as soon as possible and within maximally two weeks via SMS: https://webapps.utwente.nl/srs/nl/srsservlet 2. Internship coordinator files all data and sends the e-mails to the concerning supervisors.

After the internship: 1. Student takes following actions: a. Finishing of internship report within 3 months after the internship b. Submit internship report to supervisor, internship coordinator and UT-supervisor c. Submitting to the internship coordinator i. “Supervisor Evaluation” form (filled out by the internship post supervisor) ii. Student‟s evaluation form d. When applicable, submitting of report for TMF-grants.

2. UT-Supervisor takes following actions: a. Evaluation of thesis and sending of his judgment form to the internship coordinator.

3. Internship coordinator takes following actions: a. Arrangement overall evaluation of the internship in an concluding conversation with the student b. Filing of data and arrangements for completion of the internship (email to provider of the internship)

55

13. Structure of the internship

56

13. The masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s assignment

The Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Assignment

57

13. The master’s assignment

14. THE MASTER’S ASSIGNMENT The Master’s assignment is the final part of both master tracks. The student performs individual scientific research under supervision of a member from the chosen research group in this assignment, which is completed with a master’s thesis and a defence.

14.1. Objectives and requirements Objectives During the assignment, students have to independently perform a relatively complex and large research project, which meets certain scientific criteria.

The learning objectives of the MSc.-assignment are extensively defined in the ChE OER. The student are able to: 1. Perform Chemical Engineering research at MSc level: - Formulate a research problem statement based on a global problem in a specialisation of the Chemical Technology (problem analysis), - Define the theoretical and experimental research plan and has the skills to execute the experimental work (planning and execution), - Analyse and interpret research results and draw conclusions (result analysis), - Have a scientific approach and possesses intellectual skills, (handle complexity) 2. Co-operate and communicate with specialists in the chosen track and other stakeholders: - Can write an English report of the research, - Can give an oral presentation and discussion of the research.

3. Integrate insights in the chemical and the social context into his or her scientific work.

4. Work independently: The assignment should be done with a high degree of independence, creativity, dedication, pace, commitment and in co-operation with the “problem owner” and with co-workers. The students are responsible for the progress, planning, and consultation with their supervisors.

Requirements The student has to show and develop a sufficient level of: • Scientific work, including showing considerations of the “how and why” of the research • Creativity, including making links and using of know-how from former studies and literature • Working speed and methodology • Progress of personal research contribution • Oral and written expression skills to clear report executed work.

You have to show you are considering the “how and why” of the research, and to be able to match aspects with your preceding education and information that is already known about the subject in literature. During the assignment you need to show more and more personal contribution, and a clear report on the research being done, orally and written. At the end of the assignment, founded conclusions of the research results and useful recommendations for further research have to be formulated.

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13. The master’s assignment

14.2. Choice and start of the Master’s assignment Choice Students are recommended to timely enquire about the possible assignments in the research group that they have selected to perform their Master’s assignment. This may be well before the actual planned start of the assignment, preferably at the beginning of the programme. The assignment should be performed at a research group that is associated to the ChE programme.

Starting requirements Before start of the assignment, a student should fulfil the following requirements: • Internship has been completed successfully • All Master’s courses have been completed (some exceptions may be possible, see application form).

Supervisor(s) and Master assignment committee After choosing a research group for your Master’s assignment you will decide on the topic of your assignment. Based on this topic you will be assigned a mentor, who will be your daily supervisor during the assignment. Together with the head of your chosen research group you can select useful courses in your programme.

At least one month before you start your Master’s assignment you must submit an application to the Board of Examiners. Previous students have experienced that the preparation takes quite some time, so you should start the procedure approximately three months before the start of your assignment.

You can find the forms for this on the web site with S&OA or with the secretariat of the research group.

The agreement describes the proposed assignment and the Master’s assignment committee. The committee should meet the following requirements: - The chair of the research group is part of the committee.

- The mentor is part of the committee.

- The committee should have at least one member who is a member of the scientific staff of another research group. This person may be someone of another UT faculty.

- In case of an external assignment (in a company, research institute etc), besides the abovementioned persons an extra company supervisor should be part of the committee.

In addition to the information above, the Master’s assignment application contains a full list of courses in your Master’s programme (S506-form from S&OA) and a contract between you and the research group.

You should hear back from the Board of Examiners approximately four weeks after you submitted your application. Since the actual start date might be different from the one you indicated on the application, S&OA should be notified when you start your assignment. The secretaries of the research group have forms for this.

14.3. Progress and coaching Progress •

•

•

• • •

Individual assignments require high levels of independency. In the first place, students are responsible for their own progress, planning and arrangements for coaching during the assignment.

In general, students are expected to perform the assignment at the working space of the research group (instead of working at home). In this way, a normal working rhythm can be generated which allows for social contacts and improves coaching. Potential absence has to be announced.

Students should make a good time schedule to ensure that the assignment can be finished in the planned period. This schedule can be discussed with the daily supervisor to determine whether it is realistic and should be adapted when circumstances turn out to be different.

If there is a delay of more than two weeks, the mentor should inform S&OA, and mention the reason.

Tip: start as soon as possible with the thesis. Postponing writing generally leads to delays.

Tip: for evaluation of written work (parts of thesis or other work) supply it timely to the daily supervisor.

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13. The master’s assignment Coaching •

•

•

Students should preferably have a weekly meeting with their daily supervisor to discuss progress, time schedule and scientific work: approach, theory, modelling, experiments, results, etc..

Plan all meetings of the Master’s assignment committee timely, together with the daily supervisor. At least one interim meeting is required. At these meetings, a research approach, progress (especially halfway) and results will be discussed. The draft version of the thesis or the management summary can be point of discussion during these meetings if it is sent to the committee in advance.

It is possible that the coaching you get differs from your expectations or previous agreements.

If this is the case discuss it with your mentor. If problems cannot be resolved contact the chair of the graduation committee. If this does not solve the problems contact the student advisor or the programme director.

Group presentations and social events • •

At some groups, it is also a habit to give short presentation(s) for people within the group.

The organisation of all events is strongly dependent of the size and culture within the group.

14.4. Completion of assignment Course of action The final part of the assignment consists of preparations of a final version of the thesis and preparation of the Master’s assignment colloquium. The colloquium itself is the conclusion of the Master’s assignment, during which you will defend the Master’s thesis before committee and interested others.

Furthermore, at least a month prior to the colloquium (including holidays), an application form for the Master’s exam has to be signed by the chair of the research group and student, submitted to S&OA (Horstring Zuid 204) and approved by the Board of Examiners, for an example you are referred to Appendix 5. One month is required to comply with the meeting frequency of the Board of Examiners and is required for S&OA to generate a diploma. S&OA will give her consent and provide a list of grades. Students should check this grade list for correctness and completeness. This list can be adapted, only until a week before the colloquium and only based upon formal written evidence from grade slips, formal official grade lists by S&OA and official emails.

Additionally, upon completion a digital version of the final Master’s thesis has to be handed over to S&OA-ST.

Master’s thesis The thesis must be written in English.

The number of theses has to be conferred with the mentor of your Master’s assignment committee.

• Reproduction of the report (copying and binding) has to be conferred with the secretary of the research group.

• A digital version has to be sent to S&OA (see previous). The Master’s theses are required for the accreditation of the study programme.

Points for evaluation: • Contents and structure (contents, introduction, summary, illustrations, clear formulation) • Language and style (is it suited for the people who should read it) • Discussion and conclusion of results plus recommendations for future work • References, list of symbols, description of the experimental set up, etc.

• •

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13. The master’s assignment Colloquium The sheets for the colloquium must be in English.

The presentation should be given in English. Exceptions can be made by the chair of the research group.

• The presentation is primarily meant for the scientific members of the research group (and possibly the research partners or clients) and in second place for other interested parties such as fellow students, family, etc.

• The speaking time should be approximately 30 minutes, the defence afterwards approximately 10 minutes. Exceeding the 30 minutes of presentation, limits the time for defence. However, this too is an essential part of the colloquium to be taken into account in the overall evaluation.

Arrangements: • The student is responsible for planning the colloquium with all committee members present.

• A location for the colloquium can be arranged after consent of S&OA. (All courses have to be completed. Otherwise presentation of the diploma is not possible!) Along with the formal application for the Master’s exam, the arrangements for the colloquium can be made. On the application form, the estimated number of attending persons and preference for location has to be indicated.

• The student is responsible for arranging the required presentation material (beamer, pointers, lights, etc.) at the arranged location for presentation. It is advised to check this in advance.

(Consult the secretary of the group if necessary.)

Points for evaluation: • Contents and structure.

• Message and media (selection of presented work considering the attending parties, functionality, readability).

• Explanation of used methods and results (clarity).

• Style of presentation and use of audio-visual matter (functionality, clarity).

• Presentation skills (interaction with audience, speech, maintaining public’s attention, enthusiasm).

• Discussion / answering questions.

• •

Overall evaluation The student will be evaluated on two major aspects during the assignment. At the end of the colloquium the student will receive two grades, one for each aspect. The content of both aspects will be discussed below.

Assessment research qualities: o Problem analysis (definition of the research goals) o Execution of the graduation project (theoretical skills & experimental skills) o Analysis of the results (complexity of the research, and feed-back to the research goals) o Accessibility and usefulness of the results (can the results be published?)

Assessment of the reporting and general aspects: Report (thesis): o Contents and structure, o Design and lay-out, o Language, o Discussion of results, conclusions and recommendations, o Literature references, list of symbols, description of laboratory set-up, etc.

Colloquium: o Contents, o Message, and connection to public, o Explanation about methods and results (clearness), o Style of presenting and use of audio-video support tools, o Discussion and response to questions.

General aspects: o Independence of student, o Originality and creativity, o Attitude, effort, pace, dedication, commitment, o Co-operation with “problem owner” and with co-workers.

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13. The master’s assignment After the colloquium Directly after the colloquium, the Master’s assignment committee determines the final grade for the Master’s assignment and presents the diploma and the temporary grade list at which the mark for the Master’s assignment is still missing. After a few days, S&OA sends the final grade list with the mark for the Master’s assignment to the student’s home address. The student may invite guests for a drink afterwards, which is up to the student and has to be personally arranged.

To preserve the quality of the study programme, the student is expected to cooperate in a final survey by filling in the “Exit enquete” of the Quality Assurance Committee. This concerns questions about the chosen curriculum, internship and Master’s assignment. Especially the connection of the different programme parts is of importance in this matter.

11.9. Two grades for the Master’s assignment The Master’s assignment will be separated into two parts. Objectives can be set in the following manner.

1. Execution of ChE research During the Master’s assignment students learn how to work independently on a rather complex and extensive research project, which meets scientific criteria. This research can be split into multiple stages: • Problem analysis: understanding a certain research field, recognizing problems and formulating research questions and approaches • Execution: the theoretical and experimental approach and execution • Result analysis: analyzing the results and their relevance 2. Written report of research 3. Oral presentation of research 4. General aspects of the assignment The assignment has to be carried out with a large degree of independence. The student is primarily responsible for progress, planning and discussion with supervising lecturers.

The first grade will be given on the execution of the research (1), the second grade will be based on the other three objectives (2-4).

• Execution of research (25 EC) • Report, presentation, and general aspects (20 EC)

14.5. Sign out at CSA and IBG, and stop grants S&OA will inform CSA about graduation of the official graduation dates. CSA will then inform the DUO. For students that graduate during the academic year (ending in July), it is important to sign out of the programme/university directly after graduation at CSA. In this way, the student can apply for a refund for a part of the tuition fees from the official date of signing out. This can be arranged at CSA (Student Services, Vrijhof) from the end of the month in which graduation takes place and by means of an application form for tuition refunds. The application has to be submitted within a month after graduation.

Students personally have to stop their study grants. For Dutch students this means that they should personally take care of quitting ‘studiefinanciering´ and turn in their OV-card.

14.6. Credit points during masters assignment From the moment you start the Master’s assignment (official date on the application form), study progress is monitored at S&OA. Virtual EC points are awarded to the student’s record every month, with a maximum of 36 EC. This may be of interest for study grants. The full 45 EC are only recorded to the student’s total record at actual graduation.

14.7. Checklist for procedures At least 1 month prior to starting date of Master’s assignment: o Student acquires a Master’s assignment project by consulting the staff of the chosen research group. o Student, Professor, and mentor / daily supervisor compose and agree on a project description. o Student and Professor sign an application form for the Master’s assignment, to get consent for proposed assignment and confirmation to have fulfilled all requirements for starting the Master’s assignment. (See appendix 5 for an example) o Student submits application form to S&OA, who will pass it on to the Board of Examiners.

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13. The master’s assignment Start of o o o

the assignment: Student signs safety rules provided by the secretary of the research group (if necessary) The secretary of the group registers the contact information of the student.

The daily supervisor appoints a working space to the student, introduces the other staff members and plans the assignment.

During the assignment o Student and daily supervisor have (a weekly) consultation. o Student and daily supervisor make interim colloquium plans. o Student and Master’s assignment committee plan at least two one meetings.

At completion o Student sets date and time for colloquium after consult with Master’s assignment committee. o Student returns “application form Mater’s exam” to S&OA at least one month before the planned colloquium. See appendix 5 for an example. o The colloquium is announced internally by the secretary of the group and externally by S&OA by announcements in TNW news, the University newspaper etc.. o Student / S&OA arranges room for colloquium and presence of required audio-visual materials. o Student invites guests for colloquium and may plan a drink. o Student (with help of secretariat) takes care of reproduction and distributed of the report at least two weeks prior to the colloquium. o Student hands over an electronic version of the thesis (PDF format) to S&OA. o S&OA sends admission with unsigned diploma, temporary grade list and empty grade slip to the daily supervisor and informs student. o Student clears desk, possibly dismantles experimental set-up, returns books and backs up data.

After colloquium o Student signs diploma. o Daily supervisor sends filled-in grade slip to S&OA. o S&OA sends final grade list to student’s home address. o Student signs out of programme at CSA (and IBG). o Student turns in Master’s exit survey of the Quality Assurance Committee at S&OA

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13. The masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s assignment

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13. The masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s assignment

Research Institutes and Groups

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15. Research Institutes and Groups

15. RESEARCH INSTITUTES and GROUPS This chapter describes the research institutes and groups, their interests and major research themes.

First the two research institutes that are related to the Chemical Engineering programme will be discussed. The next paragraph will discuss the individual research groups that cooperate intensively with the research institutes.

15.1. Institutes MIRA MIRA is the institute of the University of Twente where all research activities in the (bio) medical field are assembled. MIRA projects contribute to improving the quality of life of human beings, by restoring body performance whenever there is a need to, because of loss of function through diseases, accidents or age-related deterioration of human functioning. In the multidisciplinary research of MIRA eleven different groups of the University participate by combining their technical expertise with the know-how and day-to-day experiences of (bio-) medical practice. Depending on the problem, MIRA's research may focus on various issues from (early) diagnostics through medical intervention, cure, care and more rehabilitation related activities.

Through a long history of biomedical research in the University of Twente, MIRA is recognised worldwide as a leading institute in this multidisciplinary field of science where engineering concepts and methods are employed to solve and understand medical and biological problems. http://www.utwente.nl/mira/ MESA+ MESA+ is one of the largest nanotechnology research institutes in the world, delivering competitive and successful high quality research. It uses a unique structure, which unites scientific disciplines, and builds fruitful international cooperation to excel in science and education. MESA+ has created a perfect environment for start-ups in the micro- and nano-industry to establish and to mature.

MESA+, Institute for Nanotechnology, is part of the University of Twente, having intensive cooperation with various research groups within the University. The institute employs 475 people of whom 275 are PhD students or postdocs. With its NanoLab facilities the institute holds 1250 m2 of clean room space and state-of-the-art research equipment. MESA+ has an integral turnover of 45 million euro per year of which 60% is acquired in competition from external sources.

The structure within MESA+ supports and facilitates the researchers and actively stimulates cooperation. MESA+ combines the disciplines of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry and mathematics. Internationally appealing research is achieved through this multidisciplinary approach. It is strengthening its international academic and industrial network by fruitful cooperation programs.

MESA+ has been the breeding place for more than 35 high-tech start-ups to date. A targeted program for cooperation with small and medium-sized enterprises is specially set up for start-ups. Start-ups and MESA+ work intensively together to promote transfer of knowledge. http://www.utwente.nl/mesaplus/

15.2. Research groups This paragraph sequentially discusses the Chemical Engineering research groups. For each group the related Master track and research institute are indicated:

Research group 1. Biomolecular Nano Technology 2. Catalytic Process and Materials 2.1 Mesoscale Chemical Systems 3. Inorganic Materials Science 4. Materials Science and Technology of Polymers 5. Membrane Technology Group 6. Inorganic Membranes 7. Molecular Nanofabrication 8. Photo-catalytic Fuel Synthesis 9. Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials 9.1 Biomedical Chemistry

BNT CPM MCS IMS MTP MTG IM MnF PCS PBM BMC

Institute MIRA MESA+ X X X X X X X X X X X

Specialisation M&M PT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 66

15. Research Institutes and Groups 9.2 Biomaterials Science and Technology 10. Sustainable Process Technology 11. Soft Matter Fluidics & Interfaces 12. BIOS Lab on a chip

BST SPT SFI BIOS

X

X * X X

X X X

* De onderzoeksgroep Sustainable Precess Technology is onderdeel van ‘the green energy initiative’, dat een samenwerking is van de instituten MESA+, CTIT en IGS.

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15. Research Institutes and Groups 1

Biomolecular Nano Technology Internet site: Chair: Secretariat e-mail: Phone: Room:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/bnt/ Prof.dr. J.J.L.M. Cornelissen Izabel Can-Katalanc / Nicole Haitjema bnttnw@utwente.nl +31 53 489 2980 Carre 4.223

The BNT group (founded early 2009) aims at understanding some of the basic principles driving the formation of nano-sized objects and nano-structured materials that Nature has created in the course of evolution. The goal is to use biological principles as a guidance towards the design of self-assembled, multifunctional and responsive materials in which biomolecules or bio-inspired architectures are used as building blocks. Therefore we apply (macro)-molecular and supramolecular chemistry in combination with molecular biology approaches. For example, we employ protein building blocks to form nanometer-sized reactors and use the highly symmetric properties of these protein cages as scaffolds for functional materials. Techniques used in our laboratory range from synthetic chemistry and protein engineering to physical characterization using state-of-the-art facilities in the MESA+ constellation.

Our group pursues a broad range of research interests. Potential BSc or MSc projects can involve themes such as: Protein isolation, derivatization and assembly (Bio)-catalysis in nanometer confinement Hierarchical self-assembly of nanoparticles and other functional nano-objects Synthesis of novel molecular dopants for adaptive materials

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15. Research Institutes and Groups 2

Catalytic Processes and Materials Internet site: Chair: Secretariat e-mail: Phone: Room:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/cpm Prof. dr. ir. L. Lefferts, Prof.dr. Seshan, dr. Mojet, dr. van Houselt Maaike de Jong cpm@utwente.nl +31 53 489 3033 Meander 358

CPM applies fundamental knowledge on molecular diffusion and reactions in/on heterogeneous catalysts for exploration of new catalytic materials, catalytic devices and processes of relevance for industry and society. The drive towards processes is reflected in CPM’s connection to process technology, while preparation and design of micro and nano-structured catalytic materials and devices, is reflected in the participation in MESA+.

Renewable feedstocks The application of bio-related materials, like organic waste, crops like rape-seed oil and bio-oil produced via flash-pyrolysis of biomass is a promising route towards new, green fuels and chemicals.

In the conversion of biomass to a liquid bio-oil, the main challenges for applications relate to the energy density of the bio-oil, its acidity and its stability. Use of a catalyst during pyrolysis overcomes these problems. In addition, the conversion of bio-oil and related feedstocks requires new catalysts and processes, many of them in the liquid phase. This is a rather new area of significant societal relevance and CPM has been in the forefront of developments.

Liquid phase heterogeneous catalysis The application of solid catalysts in liquid phase reactions 100 µ m a becomes increasingly important because of the easy separation of catalyst and products. Concentration management is very important in liquid phase heterogeneous catalytic reactions, because mass transfer in liquids is slow which affects the catalyst’s activity and selectivity. We develop new combinations of catalyst-reactor systems that limit or prevent transport problems.

Carbon fibres (CNF) attached to structured catalyst supports, such as monoliths and metal foams, are a promising alternative for application of heterogeneous catalysis in liquid phase. The fibres create a “hairy” layer on the macrostructure thus increasing porosity and surface area. Further, carbon fibres are mechanically strong and chemically inert against acid and alkaline liquids, and can be easily used as support for catalytic active phases such as SEM micrograph of CNFs-Ni foam palladium or platinum.

Further, also the analysis of the catalyst surface in the liquid phase needs attention, and we have developed a dedicated type of infrared spectroscopy to follow the formation of intermediates and reactions on the catalyst surface during reaction. Currently we are extending this activity toward high pressure and high temperature applications for biomass applications. In addition, a transient reactor for pulse and step-change experiments in liquid phase was developed, allowing detection of multiple components during operation.

Selective Oxidation Partial oxidation reactions are a typical example of the need for high-precision catalysis, because usually oxidations have low yields caused by consecutive conversion to undesired side-products. CPM focuses on unconventional methods to achieve selectivity. Soft oxidants like CO2 and H2O are studied in a number of projects, and in future also in the liquid phase.

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Mesoscale Chemical Systems Internet site:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/mcs 69

15. Research Institutes and Groups Chair: Secretariat e-mail: Phone: Room:

Prof. dr. J.G.E. Gardeniers Jacqueline Emmerich mcs@tnw.utwente.nl +31 53 489 2099 Meander 152

Chemistry in confinement In physics and chemistry the mesoscopic scale is the length scale at which one can reasonably discuss material properties or phenomena without having to discuss individual atom behaviour.

Applied research at this scale is covered by the fields of microreaction technology, microfluidics and nanotechnology.

The research approach of MCS, a member of the MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, is to exploit downscaling to enhance conversion and selectivity of chemical reactions and product purification, and to improve chemical analysis on very small sample volumes. MCS develops micro devices with volumes of 1 nanoliter to 1 milliliter of a liquid solution or a gas, or of liquid-liquid and liquid-gas combinations.

Left: Typical microreactor chip with parallel reaction loops; right: micro-plasma reactor for the study of radical interactions with catalytic surfaces (in collaboration with CPM) An important research goal is to exploit alternative activation mechanisms for chemical process control and process intensification. This deals with the study of microfluidic systems with inner dimensions in the range 5 to 500 Âľm, containing materials fabricated by nanotechnology (e.g. nanofibers) and integrated features by which controlled stimuli (electrical fields, ultrasound) can be applied in order to activate and control chemical reactions. Applications of this research can be found in miniaturized reaction screening of catalysts and process conditions to create more efficient and more selective, and therewith more sustainable and "greener" process routes for production, and in the development and understanding of new concepts for chemical process intensification and distributed small-scale chemical production.

In the analytical chemistry field research is performed on small-scale chromatography methods and integrated spectroscopic techniques. Liquid chromatography "on a chip" has clear advantages over conventional LC, because the extreme ordering and symmetry that can be obtained in an artificial column packing leads to very fast and efficient separations. Even higher performance is obtained when structures of sub-micron dimensions are used, e.g. using "nanoimprinting" methods. But separations at this small scale require special (integrated) injection and detection concepts, e.g. verylow-dead-volume interfaces with mass spectrometry. Related to this is the development of microfluidic NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), where at the moment we are able to achieve the same sensitivity and spectral resolution as in state-of-the-art conventional high-resolution NMR, but for a 1000 times smaller sample volume, i.e. in 600 nanoliter. This is very relevant for medical and biological studies where only tiny amounts of body fluids are available, but also for pharmaceutical industry in the early stages of drug development, or in organic chemistry to study reaction mechanisms and kinetics.

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Inorganic Materials Science Internet site: Chair: Secretariat

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/ims/ Prof. dr. ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders / prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank Marion Bollaan 70

15. Research Institutes and Groups e-mail: Phone: Room:

ims@tnw.utwente.nl +31 53 489 2860 CarrĂŠ 3241

The research in the group is focused on establishing a fundamental understanding of the relationship between composition, structure and solid-state physical and chemical properties of inorganic materials, especially oxides. Insights into these relationships enable us to design new materials with improved and yet unknown properties that are of interest for fundamental studies as well as for industrial applications. With the possibility to design and construct artificial materials on demand, new opportunities become available for novel device concepts. The research of the group is strongly embedded in the research orientation on nano-materials and fabrication of MESA+, and cooperates + with several research groups in MESA .

Growth of advanced functional materials by chemical and physical techniques are a core expertise of the group. Oxide nanoparticles, functional nanowires and 2-dimensional nanosheets are made by chemical and electrochemical synthesis routes, and deposited into thin films and micro/nanopatterns using soft lithographic approaches. Thin film growth studies by pulsed laser deposition are a major activity within the group. Especially complex materials, in particular oxides, are being investigated.

These belong to different functional material; classes, like ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics and multiferroics, piezoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, high-K dielectrics, transparent conducting oxides, porous oxides non-linear optical materials, ion conductors, and superconducting and related materials. Research field is in particular focussed on materials with modified properties by doping or by artificial layered structures and superstructures.

The IMS group works at the international forefront of materials science research on complex metal oxides and hybrids, and provides an environment where young researchers and students are stimulated to excel in this field.

Applications are found in, e.g., nano-electronics and spintronics, optical systems, fuel and solar cells, fluidics, bio-nano sensors.

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5 4

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6 18

Above: Micropatterned ZnO nanowires on silicon. Zinc oxide nanowires are grown selectively on a square array of micropatterned hydrophilic areas on an otherwise hydrophobic substrate.

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Materials Science and Technology of Polymers Internet site: Chair: Secretariat e-mail: Phone:

http://mtp.tnw.utwente.nl/ prof. dr. G.J. Vancso Geneviève Rietveld / Hanke van der Veer mtp@tnw.utwente.nl +31 53 489 2974 71

15. Research Institutes and Groups Room:

Carré 4241

The (MTP) group studies a range of topics, which revolve around macromolecular nanotechnology and materials chemistry of nanostructured (macro)molecular materials. MTP’s mission is to discover and establish new approaches, devise and construct tools, and synthesize materials platforms that enable studies of macromolecular structure, behavior and function from the nanometer length scale, bottom up, ultimately in a direct one-to-one control of the molecular objects. This knowledge is utilized to obtain advanced functional macromolecular materials and devices with enhanced or novel properties and functions in targeted applications.

MTP’s current research is dominated by “upstream” generic projects from the nanometer range, across the length scales, aiming at controlled macromolecular synthesis, in combination with nanoscale manipulation and fabrication of complex polymeric architectures (bottom up and top down), their utilization in stimulus responsive architectures, and in devices such as molecular motors, sensors, and actuators. Nanostructured polymers and thin polymer films obtained by MTP are also used in biomedical engineering. Our work brings techniques like Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and single molecule photonics to understand, fabricate, characterize and study functional polymer platforms and supramolecular polymeric materials.

Structure-property (morphology) studies of high-value added, nanostructured polymeric materials complement our work encompassing some direct application-oriented projects, which aim at nanocomposites, polymer surfaces and interfaces, coatings, and (molecular) adhesives and nanostructured foams (spin-off Aerotech BV). This “downstream” research component helps us to keep in touch with industries, it has significant relevance for valorization of the results of our generic research projects, it is crucial for educating future engineers, and it helps our students and graduates to find industrial employment upon graduation. Spin-offs, patents and direct industrial contacts facilitate utilization.

Specific tools and techniques, which are necessary to perform our work, are also under development in the group with a strong focus on scanning probe techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), in combination with optical near field techniques, and single optical emitters.

In recent years we further strengthened our activities in macromolecular bio-nanotechnology, including research on sensing platforms, surface engineering for controlled cell and protein adsorption (antibiofouling), vesicles, polymer-cell interactions, and polymersomes (as nanoreactors). The MTP group is embedded in the MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and enjoys collaborations with numerous leading international groups and institutes.

Scientific Staff Technical Staff

3 1

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0 10

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Membrane Technology Group Internet site: Chair: Secretariat e-mail: Phone: Room:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/mtg Dr. Kitty Nijmeijer Greet Kamminga mst@tnw.utwente.nl +31 53 489 2950 Meander 326

The Membrane Technology Group (MTG) focuses on the multi-disciplinary topic of membrane science and technology for the separation of molecular mixtures. We aim at designing membrane morphology and structure on a molecular level to control mass transport phenomena in macroscopic applications. We consider our expertise as a multidisciplinary knowledge chain ranging from molecule to process. We distinguish three application clusters, i.e. Energy, Water and Life Sciences.

Energy The research on Energy is dedicated to the molecular design and synthesis of polymer membranes for energy applications. Examples are CO2 capture, olefin/paraffin separation, biorefinery applications, fuel cells and the generation of electricity from the mixing of sea and river water (Salinity Gradient Energy or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Blue Energyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;). Relevant materials science oriented aspects are control of structure-properties relationships, separation of multi-component mixtures (binary, ternary systems, effect of impurities), interaction of the feed components with the membrane (e.g. plasticization) and performance evaluation.

Important process technological research aspects are e.g. improvement of hydrodynamics, membrane and spacer design, separation of complex mixtures, concentration polarization and fouling.

Water Within the application area Water, research addresses the development of membranes and the application of membrane technology for water treatment. In particular it investigates the relation between membrane properties, hydrodynamic conditions and fouling behavior. Research topics include mPIV, microfluidic filtration, fouling control, membrane bioreactors and biofouling.

Life Sciences Within the application cluster Life Sciences, we focus on the design of porous systems to separate complex multicomponent mixtures in pharmaceutical, food, beverage and diagnostics applications.

Important subjects are tuning the material properties and structure (e.g. pore morphology and porosity), the development of functional materials (e.g. affinity separations of biomolecules) and the creation of new and/or improved processes (e.g. faster processes, higher yields, less fouling, etc.). Other aspects related to process design and industrial implementation, such as scale-up of novel membrane fabrication methods are investigated.

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15. Research Institutes and Groups 6

Inorganic Membranes Internet site: Chair: Secretariat: e-mail: Phone: Room:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/im prof. dr. ir. Arian Nijmeijer Susanne van Rijn s.vanrijn@utwente.nl +31 53 489 2983 Meander 347

Activities of the group Inorganic Membranes revolve around energy-efficient molecular separation using inorganic membranes under extreme conditions. The latter include high temperature, elevated pressure, and chemically demanding environments. The group combines materials science on a nanometer length scale with process technology on a macroscopic scale.

Materials science topics include, amongst others: • Development of new, sol-gel derived, nano-porous ceramic membranes.

• Grafting of organic functional groups onto the pore walls of meso-porous ceramics.

• (Ultra-thin) hybrid organic-inorganic membranes.

• Dense ionic and mixed ionic-electronic conducting membranes.

• Inorganic porous scaffolds.

Process technology topics include, amongst others: • Fundamentals of transport phenomena in inorganic membranes.

• In-situ characterization of ultrathin membrane films, e.g., by ellipsometry.

• Membrane process design.

• Design and evaluation of membrane reactors and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC).

Scientific Staff Technical Staff

5 2

Post-docs PhD-students

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In-house fabricated inorganic porous hollow fibre membranes with sub-millimeter dimensions. Also shown is a commercially available Hyflux ® fibre.

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15. Research Institutes and Groups 7

Molecular Nanofabrication Internet site: Chair: Secretariat e-mail: Phone: Room:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/mnf/ Prof.dr.ir. J. Huskens Izabel Can-Katalanc / Nicole Haitjema mnftnw@utwente.nl +31 53 489 2980 Carre 4.223

The research in the MnF group is focused at fundamental and applied studies of assemblies and patterning. The group investigates the possibilities to build molecularly defined, organic and hybrid assemblies in two or three dimensions via non-covalent interactions between the constituents. Key aspects are: multivalency, materials assembly, protein assembly, surface patterning, chemistry in microfluidic channels, macrocyclic ligands for heavy metal ions, and combinations thereof.

Applications lie in areas such as: sensing, materials, (nano)electronics, biomolecule arrays and assays, and tissue engineering.

Potential BSc or MSc projects can involve themes such as: - host-guest recognition at interfaces - protein assembly at interfaces - patterning of self-assembled monolayers - chemical improvements of soft and imprint lithography - chemistry in microfluidic systems - ligand synthesis and testing for heavy metal ion complexation Scientific Staff Technical Staff

8

5 3

4 PhD-students

6 21

Photo-catalytic Synthesis

Photocatalysis is based on the use of light activated catalysts in chemical conversion. Practical application is limited because of problems in light management, such as mismatch in catalyst 75

15. Research Institutes and Groups sensitivity and solar spectrum, the limited ability of photo-excited states to induce electron transfer reactions, and lack of efficient light exposure of catalysts in reactors. We aim at understanding the role of both the physical and chemical properties of innovative materials in establishing photocatalytic transformations, targeting improved catalyst design. We also study the effect of process conditions and reactor geometry on performance, to establish operation of devices with high efficiency. The focus of the research program is on: 1. The conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, i.e. to drive thermodynamically uphill reactions such as the synthesis of hydrocarbons by reaction of CO2 with H2O 2. The high selectivities that can be obtained in alkane oxidation over photon excited catalysts 3. Photocatalytic purification of waste streams (air and water) Several new PhD students have recently started exciting projects in these application areas, funded by among others NanoNextNL, the NRSCC (Netherlands Research School Combination Catalysis), and the TBSC (Towards Bio Solar Cells) program of FOM. An example of an exciting project is the investigation of the role of metal nanoparticles in improving photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Advanced synthesis of the metal nanoparticles allows us to systematically study the effect of size and (alloy) composition, while we also investigate the effect process parameters during testing, like the light source (wavelength), effect of water (vapor), and reactant concentrations. Propane oxidation is currently used as test reaction, but one of the future goals is to react water and CO2 into hydrocarbons. The first results are promising. Improvements in conversion have been confirmed and changes in product composition by variation in metal composition have been observed.

9 9.1

Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Biomedical Chemistry Internet site: Chair: Secretariat e-mail: Phone: Room:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/bmc Prof. dr. J.F.J. Engbersen Karin Hendriks bmctnw@utwente.nl +31 53 489 2968 Zuidhorst 246

Short description of research activities: The research within the Department of Biomedical Chemistry is focused on the development of smart (=bioresponsive) multifunctionalized biodegradable materials for controlled drug and gene delivery (targeting therapeutics), and other biomedical applications like in tissue engineering, vaccination and wound dressing. Targeted delivery of pharmaceuticals to an intended site of action in the body is one of the most important issues for the next generation of therapeutics.

In our research tailor-made biodegradable and non-toxic polymers with desirable functional groups and properties are developed for the preparation of multifunctional nanoparticulate drug and gene delivery systems and other bioresponsive materials. The structural and physicochemical properties of the developed polymeric materials are closely correlated to their biological properties and targeting capabilities. Polymeric nanoparticles with surface-attached groups that specifically interact with certain receptors/cell types can function as carriers for targeted drug or gene delivery. In gene therapy, DNA or RNA is delivered to target cells in which it induces or suppresses the production of specific proteins that are intimately related with the disease. An ideal polymeric gene delivery system should be capable to act as a synthetic virus, displaying high specificity for the target cells, protecting the polynucleotide from undesired interactions and degradation, and enhancing cell binding and intracellular delivery into the cytoplasm and (for DNA) into the nucleus. These investigations form the basis for the development of efficient systems for treatment of (genetic) diseases like cancer, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, etc., and materials for e.g. chronic wound healing, vaccination and tissue regeneration.

Possible BSc and MSc projects involve: â&#x20AC;˘ Design, synthesis and characterization of multi-functionalized poly(amido amine)s for targeted delivery of small interfering RNAs. â&#x20AC;˘ Ultrathin functional multilayers for controlled release of bioactive compounds for tissue engineering.

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15. Research Institutes and Groups • • • • •

Development of multilayered nanocapsules for controlled drug delivery applications.

Development of targeting polymeric nanoparticles for MRI-PET imaging.

Development of biodegradable polymeric nanocarriers for controlled delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins.

PEGylated cationic carriers for cancer targeting gene therapy.

Bioresponsive hydrogels for controlled delivery of growth factors for tissue regeneration.

Example of a rationally designed multifunctional polymer, p(ABOL/2AMPBA), as is developed in the BMC group for targeting delivery of a therapeutic gene into the cells. The polymer in the upper left border is positively charged due to the presence of protonated nitrogen atoms in the chain (green) and forms self-assembled nanoparticles with (negatively charged) DNA or RNA. These nanoparticles have the right dimensions and surface charge to be taken up by the cells The butanol groups (blue) and the phenylboronic acid groups (pink) have additional functions. They can associate together to give the nanoparticle more stability. Moreover the butanol groups promote the delivery of the therapeutic gene inside the plasm a of the cell. The boronic acid groups help in binding of therapeutic payload (particularly siRNA) and can bind sugar molecules as are present on the cells. Furthermore the polymer chain contains disulfide groups (yellow). These groups are stable outside the cells but once the polymeric nanoparticle is taken up by the cells, the disulfide bond is cleaved. This results in break down of the polymer and release of the therapeutic nucleotides inside the cells.

9.2

Biomaterials Science and Technology Internet site: Chair: Secretariat: e-mail: Phone: Room:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/bst prof. dr. Dirk W. Grijpma Karin G. Hendriks bsttnw@utwente.nl +31 53 489 2968 Zuidhorst 246

The group conducts research on (resorbable) polymeric materials and structures for use in medical devices and in delivery of relevant biologically active compounds, (bio)artificial organs, cell-material interactions and tissue engineering. From our work on flexible resorbable materials, already one spinoff company has been created.

Current research topics include: • Preparation of resorbable polymers for medical applications by ring opening polymerization and radical photo-polymerization • Composite resorbable materials for fracture reconstruction in maxillofacial surgery.

• Development of designed advanced microstructures by stereolithography • Engineering musculoskeletal and cardiovascular tissues in bioreactors using designed anisotropic scaffold architectures prepared from biologically active materials • Membranes for artificial and (bio)artificial kidney devices and tissue eengineering scaffolds • Membranes for bioseparations and membrane chromatography.

Bachelor- and Master research assignments can be performed within these areas. Depending on the background and interest of the student, multidisciplinary projects with other research groups within the MIRA and MESA+ institutes can be defined.

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Computer designed tissue engineering scaffold built by stereolithography using a degradable polymeric resin (A). MicroCT analysis shows that the built structure precisely matches the design (B).

SEM images show the layer-by- layer nature of the building process (C). The scaffolds show excellent cell adhesion and proliferation (D).

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Sustainable Process Technology (former TCCB) Internet site: Chair: Secretariat e-mail: Phone: Room:

http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/tccb/ Prof.dr. S.R.A. Kersten Yvonne Bruggert â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ter Huurne tccb@tnw.utwente.nl (+31 53 489- ) 2879 Meander 217

The research in the chair of TCCB is mainly focused on: - New conversion processes for lignocellulosic biomass (2nd and 3rd generation biomass) and other renewable feed stock into energy, fuels and chemicals. This includes primary conversion technologies (dry- and wet gasification and liquefaction) as well as the processing/upgrading of these primary products (biomass-gas or biomass-oil) into commercial end products, for which one can think of electricity, transportation (bio-)fuels, hydrogen (for fuel cells), methane (SNG), methanol, and other chemicals.

- CO2 capture and storage. Focus on the fundamentals of new CO2 absorption systems (e.g. for flue gas applications) as well as on temporary CO2 storage. Where possible, we will work on the integrating aspects of CO2 capture and re-use in relation to biomass conversion (like in algae production processes).

- Biofuels production from Algae. Algae can be considered as a suitable candidate for biological CO2 fixation via photosynthesis and a liquid fuel producer.

- Minerals (phosphate,..) recovery from organic waste streams.

- Affinity separation of (valuable) compounds from complex mixtures - Supercritical desalination of salt water streams. The aim of this process is to produce potable water and a dry salt stream.

Examples of projects are: (a) fast pyrolysis to produce bio-oil from dry biomass, (b) catalytic reforming of pyrolysis oil towards hydrogen and syngas, (c), supercritical gasification of wet biomass streams, (d) production of biodiesel by deoxygenation and cracking of biomass, (e) New CO2 capture processes, (f) sustainable energy production using algae (closed nutrient loops and CO2 management), (g) phosphate recovery from ashes, (h) desalination of RO-brines, (i) separation of enantiomers to gain enantiopure Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and (j) separations using magnetic ionic liquids.

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11

Soft Matter Fluidics & Interfaces

Internet site: http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/sfi Chair: prof. dr. ir. R.G.H. Lammertink Secretariat Greet Kamminga e-mail: m.i.kamminga@utwente.nl Phone: +31 53 489 2950 Room: Meander 326 Research within the Soft matter, Fluidics and Interfaces group is directed at interfacial phenomena and processes that are relevant for mass and heat transport. We wish to study and exploit fundamental principles where fluid flow encounters structures on a sub-millimeter length scale.

Advanced microreactors The fabrication and operation of dedicated microreactors, amendable to scaling are investigated.

Multiphase reactor systems that incorporate membrane functionality to stabilize interfaces and perform separations are developed.

Soft interfaces Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid interfaces are crucial in many chemical processes. Interfacial phenomena, including wetting behavior, interfacial tension (gradients), interfacial curvature, are studied to gain understanding in related transport processes near these interfaces.

Micro- and nanofluidics This topic addresses liquid flow in confined geometries. Its relation to mass and energy transport are studied in both experimental and numerical ways. Special attention is given to boundary layer and concentration polarization phenomena.

Meander reactor This project aims to demonstrate the idea of achieving high reaction selectivity by combining repetitive mixing, conversion and separation functionalities inside the micro-reactor. Such an approach requires careful integration of contacting, mixing, reaction, and separation within a microfluidic format.

Microreactors with work-up functionality The aim of this project is to investigate on-chip integration of a liquid-liquid extraction step in-line with a chemical reaction. The approach will be to generate a well-defined emulsion in order to enhance mass transfer of reactants and/or products between two immiscible liquid phases. These liquid phases need to be separated further downstream.

Microfluidic solvent exchange The goal of this research is to fabricate porous ceramic microreactors via simple replication processes. The new multiphase contacting in these microreactors is studied for relevant catalytic gas-liquid systems.

Watercleaning microreactors The ultimate goal of the project is realization of a microreactor applied for water purification employing photocatalytic reaction technique (oxidation) and hydrogenation of nitride (reduction). The combination of these steps is believed to remove all contaminants form drinking water.

Hybrid materials for selective adsorption Hybrid membranes that consist of an organic skeleton surrounded by an inorganic compound (e.g. silica) offer the opportunity to unite the best of both research fields. Such a hybrid membrane promises to be mechanically flexible due to its polymeric skeleton, while exhibiting separation properties of an (functionalized) inorganic membrane.

Omniphobic surfaces The general goal of this project is to explore fabrication routes towards surfaces that repel liquids other than water. The surfaces combine chemically and geometrically heterogeneous substrates, fabricated via facile methods.

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15. Research Institutes and Groups 12

BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip group

The BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, which is a member of the MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, develops miniaturized analytical systems, or so-called Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems, for (bio)medical and environmental applications. For such purposes, LOC systems present a number of advantages such as small sample size, high level of integration, portability, disposability, lower analysis cost, and the enhancement they provide in terms of analysis scheme (e.g., fast analysis and higher sensitivity).

Research conducted in the BIOS, Lab-on-a-Chip Group is highly interdisciplinary, and combines micro- and nanoengineering, physics, electrical/electrochemical measurements, applied biology, analytical chemistry, and surface chemistry.

The research in the BIOS group is specifically organized along 5 lines, led each by a staff member: Electrochemical sensors, led by Dr. Wouter Olthuis Micro- and nanofluidics, led by Prof. Jan Eijkel Nanosensing, led by Dr. Edwin T. Carlen Cells-on-chip (& BIO-MEMS), led by Dr. SĂŠverine Le Gac

Emerging research topics, led by Prof. Albert van den Berg (Chair holder).

Examples of research currently performed in the BIOS group

Detection of single DNA probes using SECM (scanning electrochemical microscopy) and a DNA microarray surface.

Streaming current maximization by gas bubble introduction in a microdevice.

Microfluidic platform for studying cell membranes models: (a) device including two independent fluidic reservoirs; (b) Âľm-size aperture where membranes (c) are formed.

Overview of nanostructures (nanowires, nanogrooves and nanopyramides) developed for biomolecule sensing using electrical principles (nanowires) and SERS spectroscopy (nanopyramides & nanogrooves), towards single molecule detection.

Confocal image of a blood-retinal barrier on chip. Bovine retinal endothelial cells are stained for VE-Cadherin (red) & rat astrocytes are stained for GFAP (green).

For more information, look at http://www.utwente.nl/ewi/bios/

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Appendices

Course Information

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Appendices

16. COURSE INFORMATION In this chapter information is given for all compulsory courses given in the Master tracks M&M and PT. This information is also given at Osiris. All courses are listed alphabetically. Please note: it is possible/likely that the information given in the programme guide has changed since its publication.

You can find the most up to date information in the course catalogue/course information in Osiris, always check Osiris when making a study plan.

AMM Applications Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193700060 AMM: Applications Prof.dr.ir. R.G.H. Lammertink

Q 2B 5 EC

Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. In case the analysis of the test results gives reason for it, it is possible to deviate. (see blackboard for more details on the assessment of this course)

Course Content Materials science research often results in the development of patents. But how is a patent idea converted into a (useful) application?

In the course AMM Applications, you will discuss and evaluate an existing patent in relation to its possible applicability, how you can identify and reach the appropriate customer, and important aspects related to starting up your own company.

The course distinguishes three phases: 1. Patent technology (how to read a patent, requirements of a patent, what is protected) 2. Marketing (Segmenting and targeting your customer group) 3. Finances (How much do you need, and how can you get this) The main objective of this course is to provide students insight into the different aspects regarding commercialization of new technology.

During this course, students will work in groups of 4 or 5 people on a project. (Guest) lectures will be given about marketing and financing of the developed applications.

Each group gets a patent (preferably a UT patent) on material science. The group starts by making a mind map (showing possible applications of the patent) and a project plan for their project. Each phase of the course, the group gives a presentation to show their progress and to get feedback on their plans.

In the final report and elevator pitch, the groups show a possible application of the patent, a marketing strategy and a financial plan.

The final mark is based on the presentations, the final report, elevator pitch and peer reviews.

Learning objectives Explain the structure, requirements and content of materials technology based patent Critically evaluate the intellectual property (IP) protection of a patent Apply the basic concepts of marketing to a product idea (e.g., target group, marketing strategy) Use the basic concepts of financial requirements and possibilities related to start-up companies to set up a financial plan (e.g., costs, profit, turnover, cost price) Combine patent, marketing and financial aspects into start-up plan

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Appendices AMM Characterization Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193700010 Q 1A AMM: Characterization 5 EC dr. P.M. Schรถn, dr.ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. In case the analysis of the test results gives reason for it, it is possible to deviate.

Course Description Materials Characterization refers to the use of techniques to probe into the internal structure and properties of molecules and materials. This course includes various modern, state of the art analytical techniques to characterize structure and properties of advanced materials and molecules. It emphasizes the general applicability to organic and inorganic materials. The central goal is to provide a fundamental understanding of various aspects of molecular and continuum (macroscopic) scale characterization of organic and inorganic materials, which are divided into various problems: 1. Molecular characterization 2. Ensemble characterization - in solution - in solid state 3. Surface / Interface characterization 4. Heterogeneous systems: dispersions, particles Course Content This course is taught in lecture format using PowerPoint presentations. In the end homework problems are given. The following topics will be dealt with: - Electron Microscopy - Diffraction Techniques (XRD, ED) - Solution Caracterization (Scattering, Chromatography (GPC, HPLC) - Electronic Spectroscopy - Vibrational Spectroscopy - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Scanning Probe Microscopy Learning objectives To explain and identify the physical and instrumental principles of the following techniques used for the molecular and continuum (macroscopic) scale characterization of organic and inorganic materials and their application to specific questions: - Electron Microscopy - Diffraction Techniques (XRD, ED) - Solution Caracterization (Scattering, Chromatography (GPC, HPLC) - Electronic Spectroscopy - Vibrational Spectroscopy - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Scanning Probe Microscopy Analyze spectra/data and interpret results Estimate specific materials and molecular properties from given problems Identify and discuss which technique to use

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Appendices AMM Inorganic materials science Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193700040 Q 2A AMM: Inorganic materials science 5 EC dr.ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders, dr.ir. G. Koster Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. In case the analysis of the test results gives reason for it, it is possible to deviate.

Course Description The aim is to provide knowledge of fundamental aspects of the structure/composition in relation to the properties and performance of advanced inorganic materials. These are novel materials or modified materials with new or enhanced properties to cope with the increased demands in technological applications. These are, amongst others, electronic applications (dielectrics and ferroelectris), optical applications (tranparant conducting oxides) and materials for energy production and storage (ionic conductors, and mixid electronic/ionic conductors).

The course consists of three parts of four lectures : Ferro-Piezo electric properties, defects-doping and symmetry. Each part will be concluded with an Exam, which can count towards the final grade, depending on the actual score per exam. The course concludes with a final written exam.

The course material consist of handouts, lecture notes and a few selected articles from noteworthy journals in the field. Prior knowledge can be found in Book: R. Tilley, Understanding solids: the science of materials, Wiley, 2007

Learning objectives Derive basic relations in a selected recent noteworthy article by using concepts of Landau theory for ferroelectric materials.

Reproduce basic ferroelectric numeric properties presented in above mentioned article.

Derive basic relations in a selected recent noteworthy article by using concepts of defect chemistry in anorganic materials.

Reproduce basic defect chemistry numeric properties presented in above mentioned article

Derive basic relations in a selected recent noteworthy article by using concepts of group theory for anorganic materials and the Glazer formalism for perovskite materials.

Reproduce basic group theoretical numeric and symmetry properties presented in above mentioned article

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Appendices AMM Project Inorganic Materials and Molecular S&T Course code: Course name: st

Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193700070 Q 2B AMM: Project Inorganic Materials 5 EC & Molecular S&T dr.ir. G. Koster, dr. Ir. J.E. ten Elshof, dr. L. Winnubst, dr.

Regina Lutge, dr. P. Jonkheijm, prof. Dr. J. Huskens Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. In case the analysis of the test results gives reason for it, it is possible to deviate.

Course Content Two short laboratory projects with the duration of 4 weeks each, involving a literature introduction, an experiment and subsequent analysis and reporting. The projects will be conducted in groups of 2 students and situated in a research group laboratory supervised by a PhD candidate and (assistant/associate) professor. The available topics are chosen to represent the most important analysis techniques in materials science, such as various spectroscopies, diffraction techniques and scanning probe techniques; Each project will be judged by a short report (3000 words max) or article.

The course is compulsory within the Materials Science track and most prior knowledge is gained from the AMM courses held in earlier quarters plus all materials science courses in the bachelor phase of ST or equivalent courses.

Learning objectives Scientific reporting: write a logical and structured scientif report on the performed experiments (logica etc.)

Scientific reporting: make use of clear lay-out and supporting items (figs, refs) Scientific reporting: express himself in clear language and style Scientific content: identify the most important field specific aspects in order to describe, perform the experiments.

Scientific content: clarify the most important of concepts that are needed to understand the report for peers.

Scientific content: draw scientific conclusions with sufficient depth from the data obtained.

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Appendices AMM Project Organic Materials Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193700050 AMM: Project Organic Materials dr. M.A. Hempenius

Q 2A 5 EC

Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. The grade for each experiment is based on observation (the experimental work by the student) (30%), the report (60%), and a discussion between student and supervisor based on the report (10%). The final grade is the average of the grades obtained for the experiments.

Students have the opportunity to improve their report if a first version is not satisfactory.

Course Description This Lab course aims to broaden the knowledge and skills of students in the areas of polymer synthesis, polymer characterization and polymer properties. Seven polymer chemistry and characterization experiments are carried out over a period of about six weeks. Experiments are performed by the students who work in groups of two, under the supervision of a PhD candidate. For each experiment, a report is written. Grades are based on the experimental work, the report, and a final discussion with the supervisor. This project is obligatory for the track Molecules & Materials.

Course Content This course is an advanced Polymer Chemistry project. It contains the following topics: 1. Microcontact printing: micrometer scale surface patterning with reactive inks.

2. Controlled radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate, characterization by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography.

3. Polyimide synthesis for the fabrication of a gas separation membrane.

4. Synthesis of thermoresponsive hydrogels, measurement of their phase transition.

5. Polymer characterization in solution: viscometry and gel permeation chromatography.

6. Fabrication of a gas separation membrane and performance measurements.

7. Fabriciation of pH-responsive brushes from solid substates by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization.

Learning objectives Scientific reporting: Write a logical and structured scientific report on the performed experiments Scientific reporting: Make use of clear lay-out and supporting items (figs, refs) Scientific reporting: Express oneself in clear language and style Scientific content: Prepare for an experiment. Identify the most important field-specific aspects in order to describe, perform the experiments Scientific content: Understand and clarify the most important of concepts, has an improved knowledge and improved skills on the topic Scientific content: Draw scientific conclusions with sufficient depth from the data obtained

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Appendices Chemical Reaction Engineering Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193715020 Chemical Reaction Engineering dr.ir. D.W.F. Brilman

Q 1A&B 5 EC

Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. In case the analysis of the test results gives reason for it, it is possible to deviate.

Course Description The main goal of the course â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Chemical Reaction Engineeringâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is to present a general introduction in the physical and chemical aspects (concepts, models, definitions and solution methods) of chemical reaction engineering for both single phase and multiphase reaction systems.

At the end of the course the student is able to analyze problems on chemical reaction systems, translate the situation into idealized model representations and to solve the problem.

Course Content Part 1. The course starts with an introduction to ideal- (or model-) reactors (batch reactor, ideally mixed and plugflow reactor) and their characteristics. Setting up and solving the correct mass and energy balances plays a major role in the dimensioning of chemical reactors and is therefore a basic element of this course. With these balances, the degree of conversion, selectivity and yield for single and multiple reactions in single phase systems are calculated for stationary and instationary operation, for cascades of these modelreactors and for reaction systems of constant- and changing density.

Subsequently the concept of Residence Time Distribution is introduced and used to describe nonideal, intermediate states of mixing for continuous operated reactors, using both the tanks-in-series model and the plugflow-with-axial-dispersion model. The effects of micromixing (in addition to the macroscopic state of mixing discussed above) is discussed. The section on single phase reaction systems (and reactors) is concluded by analysing and solving problems related to combined heat effects with chemical reaction systems, especially in view of stable- and unstable operating points.

Part 2. The second part of the course deals with heat effects and mass transfer in multiple phase systems with homogeneous and heterogeneous (catalyzed-) reactions. Mass transfer models (film-, penetration- and surface renewal model) will be discussed and used in problem solving. In combination with homogeneous chemical reaction, different absorption regimes will be identified and the enhancement of mass transfer calculated. For heterogeneous catalyzed systems (including gasliquid-solid slurry systems) the various mass transfer steps will be analysed to identify dominate resistances and utilization of porous catalysts will calculated.

During the whole course, for actual problem statements (either derived from fundamental problems or practical situations) analyses of the problems will be given, the translation into corresponding problem formulations in line with the concepts and model representations discussed above will be made and solved.

Assessment: exam Learning objectives Define and apply model reactors for single phase reaction systems using self- formulated mass-, mole and energy balances.

With these, performance indicators as conversion, selectivity and yield can be calculated, reactor performance can be evaluated and compared against alternative designs. Evaluate stability of operating points Use the theory and methods to describe the residence time distribution and earliness of mixing to analyze reactor behavior and predict reactor performance for given or selected reaction systems and/or reactor configurations Analyse and evaluate problem statements for multiphase systems in terms of model reactors, mass transfer models and regimes for mass transfer accompanied by chemical reaction and solve these.

Inherently knowledge and application of mass transfer models and their interaction with (homogeneous and heterogeneous) chemical reaction is needed. Analysis and evaluation may include identification of mass transfer resistances, a catalyst effectiveness factor or developing and evaluating a mathematical model of a reactor

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Appendices Internship Chemical Engineering Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193799009 Internship Chemical Engineering ing. A. Folkers.

20 EC

The final mark should at least be ‘sufficient’.

The assessment is determined by combining the assessment of the report, the observations of the company supervisor and the discussions in the final meeting.

Course Description The internship is an integral part of the Master of Science of Chemical Engineering programme.

(Master's students with a preceding HBO-bachelor diploma have an adapted programme without an internship period. If these students wish, they may ask for an internship period as well as an additional course).

Aims of the internship for the student are: • to perform an assignment applying the principles and methods of Chemical Engineering in a practical situation, • to gain insights into the functioning of a professional organisation, • to obtain specific competencies necessary for working in a company, • to gain insights in the field of Chemical Engineering.

The TNW master programmes offer several opportunities for adding an international dimension to the knowledge and the practical experience of a student. Therefore the internship may be carried out in the Netherlands or abroad. We believe a stay abroad is a valuable component of the study; therefore stimulating measures like the Twente Mobility Fund (TMF-fund) and the Erasmus-scholarship are available.

Internships are coordinated by the internship coordinator. Orientation for internship has to start six months prior to national internship and a year prior to international internship. This time is required for actual arrangements of the internship, such as getting an accommodation, visa and all formalities.

Application for the internship has to be submitted to the Student Mobility System Course Content The internship has to be scheduled in the second year of the master, has to cover at least 13 weeks (20EC) and should be conducted preferably at a company but can also be conducted at a research institute or a university. Students may start the assignment after completing their bachelor’s degree.

Learning objectives After the internship, the student • • • • • • • • •

has sufficient disciplinary knowledge to complete the internship assignment can apply existing technological knowledge and skills to solve the problem shows sufficient critical attitude in performing the assignment shows creativity in solving the assignment can communicate about the process and product in a scientific way can describe a professional organization can perform an assignment on master level shows/has the ability to obtain competencies to work in a company/organisation has gained insight in future work field.

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Appendices Master Assignment Course code:

Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator):

Determining pass mark

MSc. assignment Molecules & Materials, - Research aspects: 19379912 (25EC), - Reporting & general aspects: 19379913 (20EC) MSc. assignment Process Technology, - Research aspects: 19379914, - Reporting & General aspects: 19379915 Master Assignment 45 EC The MSc assignment committee (MAC) is responsible for the supervision and assessment. The committee consists of minimal three persons. For the guide lines, see OER or masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s study guide.

The MSc.-assignment will be assessed with two marks. The first mark covers the quality of the research performance, whereas the second mark covers the other three mentioned objectives, concerning the reporting and general aspects of the research. For each mark a different VIST code has been assigned. No pass mark: this course can only be finished with a minimal two marks six.

Course Description The individual master assignment is the completion of the masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s programme. The main objective of the assignment is that the student learns and proves that (s)he is able to define, perform, complete and reflect a research project at a large degree of independence. The assignment is performed in one of the Chemical Engineering research chairs of the faculty of Science and Technology of the UT under the supervision of a mentor and the responsibility of a Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Assignment Committee. Conditionally, the assignment can be done (partially) at another external UT-group or an external institute or organization.

Course Content The student has to perform a substantial research or design project that meets scientific criteria. The level of profundity and complexity is defined by the chairman of the MSc.-assignment committee. The student completes the assignment with a written report (the MSc.-thesis) and an oral public presentation.

Learning objectives research aspects Is able to formulate a research problem and to define the research goals Is able to define the theoretical and experimental research plan Has the theoretical and experimental skills to execute research, works systematically and makes well founded choices.

Is able to analyse the results, draw conclusions and to link the results to the problem definition and research goals Has a scientific approach and possesses intellectual skills (can handle complexity) Is able to reflect on the contextual aspects of the research (social context, safety and environmental consequences, scientific and ethical aspects) Learning objectives reporting & general aspects Is able to report adequately about the research in English. (report is well structured in clear and correct language) Is able to present and to discuss adequately about the research in English (presentation is well structured, with a clear explanation, supported by tools) Is able to work with a high degree of independence, creativity, dedication, pace, commitment (the student himself is responsible for the progress, planning and consultation of his supervisors) Is able to communicate professionally with the supervisor (problem owner), to co-operate with the members of the research group and to communicate with others from inside and outside the community of Chemical Engineering

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Appendices Molecular and Bimolecular Chemistry and Technology Course code: Course name: st

Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193700020 Q 1A Molecular and Biomolecular 5 EC Chemistry & Technology Prof. dr. ir. Jurriaan Huskens Prof. dr. Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen Written exam (pass at 55%), existing of two parts (weighing 50% each). Within the same year, students can retake one or both parts if failing at the first occasion; retaking the exam in another study year requires redoing the whole exam.

Course Description Molecular recognition is an essential phenomenon in living systems as well as in artificial ones. It describes the specific interaction between molecules, ranging from discrete complexes to large architectures. The course will discuss supramolecular systems going from basic molecular recognition (involving single, monovalent interactions), to systems with cooperativity and/or multivalency, and finally to large polyvalent systems. For all subclasses, molecular and biomolecular examples will be discussed as well as materials applications.

Course Content Detailed setup: 1.

Noncovalent interactions, development of supramolecular chemistry (incl. the Excel modeling of thermodynamic equilibria) 2.

Host-guest chemistry I: cation-binding hosts 3.

Host-guest chemistry II: binding of guests in solution 4.

Molecular recognition in biological systems, enzyme catalysis 5.

Sensor concepts and sensor devices 6.

Cooperativity: molecular and biomolecular (e.g. hemoglobin) examples 7.

Multivalency: effective molarity concept, cyclization, cell membrane recognition 8.

Polyvalent systems I: macromolecular assembly + supramolecular polymers 9.

Polyvalent systems II: coordination polymers, MOFs 10.

Polyvalent systems III: proteins and protein folding 11.

Polyvalent systems IV: virus assembly 12.

Polyvalent systems V: DNA + artificial DNA constructs 13.

Polyvalent systems VI: layer-by-layer assembly 14.

Polyvalent systems VII: supramolecular materials Learning objectives Can build models for complex equilibria for simulation and data evaluation (of data that assess equilibrium concentrations of species), and use it for data fitting Can discuss noncovalent interaction motifs in intermolecular complexes, both structurally and energetically Can describe concepts of chelate and macrocyclic effects, cooperativity, and multivalency, and apply them in contexts presented in present-day literature examples Can recognize, describe and evaluate interaction motifs in biological and materials contexts, as described in present-day literature examples Understands the mechanisms of supramolecular catalysis and can describe these processes in models for enzyme catalysis Apply the concepts of noncovalent interactions in a macromolecular context, for both synthetic and biomolecular systems Can discuss the design parameters of DNA based and supramolecular materials and identify these in present-day literature examples

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Appendices Multiphase Reaction Technology Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193720020 Q 3A Multiphase Reaction Technology 5 EC Dr. F. Galluci, f.galluci@utwente.nl An assignment

Course description The objective of this course is the transfer of insight, and experience on selecting and using reactors/contact equipment in the procestechnology.

Course contents Topics of the different lectures: - fluidized beds, - packed bed reactors, - risers, - bubble columns, - tray columns, - slurry reactors, - stirred tank reactors, - trickle bed reactors.

The course is finalized with an assignment the two distinct groups of contactors: gas-liquid (solid) and gas-solid.

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Appendices Process Equipment Design Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator):

Determining pass mark

193750030 Q 3A Process Equipment Design 5 EC Dr Ir A.G.J. van der Ham (coordinator, ME 218)) Dr.ir. B. Betlem Prof. Dr.ir. Th. H. van der Meer Dr.ir. T.C. Bor Dr.ir. I. Racz (assignments) Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. In case the analysis of the test results gives reason for it, it is possible to deviate.

Course description The objective of this course is the transfer of insight, knowledge and experience for the technological design of (chemical) process equipment. An industrial process consists mainly of a reactor, separation equipment (for instance distillation), heat exchangers and pumps/compressors. In this course you will learn to design a compressor or pump, a heat exchanger and a distillation column including mechanical aspects for a given industrial process. The course starts with lectures to discuss the design in general and the design of the different types of unit operation in detail. Also the mechanical aspects are discussed.

Prior knowledge: ST: Introduction to Physical Transport Phenomena (19137009) and Physical Transport Phenomena (19137020).

WB: Introduction to Fluid Dynamics (19115413) and Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer I (19115414) For ChE students not familiar with mechanical design an additional introduction lecture on mechanical aspect is given.

For SET/WB students not familiar with the unit operation Distillation, an additional lecture on the principles of distillation is given.

Course contents Topics of the different lectures: - design methodology in general, - equipment for momentum transport (pumps, fans, compressors), - equipment for heat transfer, with and without phase transition, - equipment for mass transfer: focus on distillation.

- mechanical design aspects of process equipment.

The course is finalized with a group design assignment of three types of unit operations for momentum, heat and mass transfer from an industrial scale process. The group consists in general of 3 students. Finally, the mark is based on the report and an oral exam about the (group)design assignment.

Learning objectives To know the important key words of the discipline "Process Equipment Design", to explain their meaning, and to use these in the right connection and in the right way. This knowledge encompasses: • To explain the position of equipment design within the process development cycle.

• To apply the general equipment design cycle.

• To describe the mathematical representation of the design problem.

• To describe and explain the principles, types, equipment selection and design methods for momentum, heat and mass transfer types of process equipment.

To apply, for a particular (practical) situation a suitable equipment design procedure for three different process units. These skills encompasses: • To construct a process description for the particular problem.

• To select design variables taking into account various limitations and standards.

• To determine the operational conditions and mechanical aspects of the process equipment.

• To determine the detailed dimensions of the process equipment.

An oral exam based on the assignment report to elucidate on the above mentioned aspects

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Appendices Process Plant Design Course code: Course name: st Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193790010 Q 2A&B Process Plant Design 10 EC dr.ir. A.G.J. van der Ham, prof.dr.ir. H. Van den Berg Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. In case the analysis of the test results gives reason for it, it is possible to deviate.

Course Description The objective of this process design course is to transfer a systematic method for process design. The method taught for the analysis and the design of chemical processes uses methods for “conceptual” design and “process systems design” which have been developed in the last twenty years. The lectures use fundamentals of this approach and translate them into applications.

Course Content The basic disciplines taught in the undergraduate curriculum will be recapped, integrated and expanded. Many aspects of doing an industrial project design will be practized. Such as: • Systematic process design starting from ‘process overall’ to conceptual design, Index Flowsheet and Process Flow Diagram (PFD) level, • Phasing and project organization, how to handle alternatives, selection and evaluation of processes and technologies.

• Systematic literature search, • Functional analysis of existing processes and how to create concepts for improved designs • Use of programs like UniSim for process simulation and HTRI for heat exchanger design, • Basics of heat exchanger selection and heat integration (pinch technology), • Equipment selection and design (down to basic dimensions needed for costing), • Detailed design of the reactor (in collaboration with MRT) • Basics and application of process control, • Basics and application of P&ID’s • Fundamentals and application of process safety, • Basics of process economics for economic evaluation, • Generation and evaluation of process alternatives on technical and economical feasibility, • Perspectives for future developments will be discussed.

• If possible, the ACHEMA fair will be visited (2012, 2015) About half of the 10 EC is spent on the development of a process design assignment, which is carried out in teams of four students in parallel to lectures and workshops.

Each team will design a different process starting with a limited amount of information and submit their results in a final report, presentation (at the owner!) and an abstract for a conference (general NPS).

The subjects are for each team and also each year different. Subjects are from industry and different research groups within the department. In general they are related to recent developments.

The final mark is based on the quality of the progress meetings, final report, presentations and finally the participation in the lectures and workshops.

Learning objectives Presentations and workshops on: • Systematic process design • Literature search training • Separation (overview and selection) • Heat transfer (selection) and Heat integration • Process control • P&ID’s and instrumentation • Safety engineering • Process Economics • Recent developments Explain and apply important key concepts in the discipline ‘Process Plant Design’. This knowledge encompasses: • Systematic process design starting from ‘process overall’ to conceptual design, Index Flowsheet 93

Appendices and Process Flow Diagram level, Phasing and project organization, Selection and evaluation of processes and technologies.

Systematic literature search, Functional analysis of existing processes and how to create concepts for improved designs, Presentation of alternatives and choices, Use of commercial software like UniSim for process simulation and HTRI for heat exchanger design, • Basics of heat exchanger selection and heat integration (pinch techn.)

• Equipment selection and design, • Detailed design of the reactor • Basics and application of process control, • Basics and application of P&ID’s • Fundamentals and application of process safety, • Basics of process economics, • Technical and economical evaluation of process alternatives.

Final presentation to present and defend the process design.

• • • • • •

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Appendices Thermodynamics and Flowsheeting Course code: Course name: st

Lecturers (1 lecturer is examinator/coordinator): Determining pass mark

193735010 Thermodynamics Flowsheeting dr.ir. A.G.J. van der Ham

and

Q 1B 5 EC

Assessment criteria and pass mark are determined in advance. In case the analysis of the test results gives reason for it, it is possible to deviate.

Course Description Flowsheeting is the use of computer aids to perform steady-state and dynamic heat and mass balancing for chemical processes. Important aspect in this expertise are property set selection, flowsheet analysis and unit operation selection and specification. This course deals with the principles of steady-state flowsheeting, the practical use of modern flowsheeting software and the advantages, limits and pitfalls of these programs. At the end of the course we expect students to be able to work with the flowsheeting tools available. A inadequately use of flowsheeting software will eventually lead to physical impossible processes. Thermodynamic correct description of the different phase equilibria is critical for a adequate discription of the process. The course is compulsary for the Process Plant Design Assignment (19379001) where this knowledge will be applied to simulate the processes designed.

Course Content The theory is discussed in six lectures, dealing with topics as - flowsheet analysis to obtain the best calculation sequence, - models of unit operations available in the databank (model equations, applicability, specifications, etc) - models to describe the thermodynamic and physical data of pure components but also of mixtures, followed property method selection, - convergence methods and accelerators, etc.

Parallel to the lectures, 5 workshops are scheduled in which the students learn to work with an industrial flowsheeter (UniSim). The UniSim manual with examples is used for this. After a short test the students can start with the final assignment. The final assignment is for groups of two students and consists of three parts: - Analysis of a flowsheet - Simulation of an industrial process based on a process description - Simulation of a separation problem with special focus on the property method selection.

The project in this way combines simulation skills with design decissions and specifications.

The group has to submit a report discussing their simulation, assumptions, specifications and results.

They also need to submit their UniSim files. The final mark is based on the report, the simulations and an oral group exam.

Learning objectives Explain and apply important key concepts in the discipline ‘Process Simulation’.

This knowledge encompasses: • reasons for and procedures of the application of flowsheeting software • the different steps in the field of process of simulation • the property methods and the impact of property selection, • component selection and interaction.

• specification of reactions and reactors • the available unit operations and the specifications needed • procedures for optimizing unit design f.i. for a distillation column Use the following skills in solving three sub-assignments: : • Analyse a flowsheet and determine the best locations for the tear stream(s) (and consequently the calculation sequence) • Simulate an industrial process based on a process description and optimize separation units.

Report the property method selection, the methodology, the units selected and specified, and the assumptions. Discuss and critically evaluate the results.

• Simulate a separation process based on a process description. Report and justify the property method selection. Report the methodology and the assumptions. Discuss and critically evaluate the results 95

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APPENDIX 1 – MAP OF THE UNIVERSITY

98

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APPENDIX 2 – ORGANISATIONAL CHART TNW FACULTY

Research Institutes

Dean Prof. dr. ir. G. van der Steenhoven

Mesa+ Impact MIRA

Bureau of the Faculty

Faculty Counsel Adviescommissies

Kamer van hoogleraren TNW Kamer van hoogleraren TN Kamer van hoogleraren CT

Research Groups TNW

Educational Directors AT Dr.ir. J. Flokstra BMT Mw. drs. H. A. T. Miedema ST Dr. B.H.L. Betlem TG Mw. drs. H. A. T. Miedema TN Mw. dr. N.J.C. Letteboer

Managing Director M.M. van Aken

- Bureau Faculty Dean (BFD) - Human Resources - AMH (working conditions, environment & housing) - Financial Department - Communication Department - Purchase Department - ICT Service - TCO Technical Support

- Educational Coördination - Study Advice - Bureau of Educational Affairs - Study information - Science information

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APPENDIX 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; STAFF CONTACT INFORMATION Name A ing. A.H. Akse B dr. ir. N.E. Benes

Adress Phone HORSTTOREN 615 2886 MEANDER 328

4288

n.e.benes@utwente.nl

B prof.dr.ir. H. van den Berg B dr. ir. B. H. L. Betlem

MEANDER 223

4482

h.vandenberg@utwente.nl

B prof.dr.ing. D.H.A. Blank B M.A. Bochev

Email h.a.akse@utwente.nl

HORSTTOREN 607 3043

b.h.l.betlem@utwente.nl

NANOLAB 2001

d.h.a.blank@utwente.nl

2714

CITADEL H332

3396

m.a.bochev@utwente.nl

B dr. B.A. Boukamp B dr. H.J.M. Bouwmeester

CARRE 3213

2989

b.a.boukamp@utwente.nl

MEANDER 349

2202

h.j.m.bouwmeester@utwente.nl

B Prof. dr. Ir.H.J.M. ter Brake B dr. ir. D.W.F. Brilman

CARRE 2047

4349

h.j.m.terbrake@tnw.utwente.nl

MEANDER 222

6969

d.w.f.brilman@utwente.nl

B B.A. Bruggink-De Braal C Prof.dr. J.J.L.M. Cornelissen

HORSTTOREN 605 2082

b.a.bruggink-debraal@utwente.nl

CARRE 4225

4380

j.j.l.m.cornelissen@utwente.nl

D dr. R.M.J. van Damme E dr. ir. J.E. ten Elshof

CITADEL H322

3417

r.m.j.vandamme@utwente.nl

CARRE 3249

2695

j.e.tenelshof@utwente.nl

E prof. Dr. J.F.J. Engbersen prof. J. Feijen

ZUIDHORST 242

2926

j.f.j.engbersen@utwente.nl

F

ZUIDHORST 252

2976

j.feijen@utwente.nl

F Ing. A. Folkers G Prof.dr. R. Gani G prof. Dr. J.G.E. Gardeniers

HORSTTOREN 609 2772

a.folkers@utwente.nl

MEANDER 223

4482

r.gani@utwente.nl

MEANDER 149

4356

j.g.e.gardeniers@utwente.nl

G Prof. dr. D.W. Grijpma H dr.ir. A.G.J. van der Ham

ZUINHORT 235

2966

d.w.grijpma@utwente.nl

MEANDER 218

5430

a.g.j.vanderham@utwente.nl

H dr. S. Harkema H dr. M.A. Hempenius

CARRE 2053

2580

s.harkema@utwente.nl

CARRE 4239

2975

m.a.hempenius@utwente.nl

H drs. H.J. van den Hengel H dr.ir. M.A. van der Hoef

HORSTTOREN 611 2958 -

-

h.j.vandenhengel@utwente.nl -

H dr. A. Van Houselt H prof.dr.ir. J. Huskens

MEANDER 359

2999

a.vanhouselt@utwente.nl

CARRE 4221

2995

j.huskens@utwente.nl

CARRE 4229

2987

p.jonkheijm@utwente.nl

K Prof. dr. S.R.A. Kersten K Dr. M.S.T. Koay

MEANDER 216

4430

s.r.a.kersten@utwente.nl

CARRE 4213

5232

m.s.t.koay@utwente.nl

K dr. ir. G.Koster L prof.dr.ir. R.G.H. Lammertink

CARRE 3247

4710

g.koster@utwente.nl

MEANDER 314

2063

r.g.h.lammertink@utwente.nl

J

dr. P. Jonkheijm

L prof.dr.ir. L. Lefferts M ir. J van der Meulen M dr. Ir. G. Meinsma M prof.dr. G. Mul N prof.dr.ir. A. Nijmeijer

MEANDER 357

2858

l.lefferts@utwente.nl

CARRE 4009

3145

j.vandermeulen@utwente.n

CITADEL H228

3451

g.meinsma@utwente.nl

MEANDER 225

3890

g.mul@utwente.nl

MEANDER 346

2262

a.nijmeijer@utwente.nl

4185

d.c.nijmeijer@utwente.nl

2925

n.h.oesterholt@utwente.nl

2618

a.j.h.m.rijnders@utwente.nl

MEANDER 325 N dr. Ir. D.C. Nijmeijer HORSTRING Z 204 O mw. N.H. Oesterholt R Prof. dr.ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders CARRE 3243

100

Appendices R dr. Ir. G. Van Rossum S Dr. Ir. B. Schuur

MEANDER 219

3902

MEANDER 221

2891

g.vanrossum@utwente.nl b.schuur@utwente.nl

S Prof. dr. K. Seshan S mw. M.A. Stehouwer

MEANDER 361

3254

k.seshan@utwente.nl

HORSTTOREN 707 2678

m.a.stehouwer@tnw.utwente.nl

CARRE 4631

3132

b.m.tel@utwente.nl

V prof. dr. G.J. Vancso V dr. W. Verboom

CARRE 4243

2967

g.j.vancso@utwente.nl

CARRE 4219

2977

w.verboom@utwente.nl

V dr. J.W.J. Verschuur V ir. P.P. Veugelers

CARRE 4005

6136

j.w.j.verschuur@utwente.nl

CARRE 4009

2960

p.p.veugelers@utwente.nl

dr. J.B. Timmer

CITADEL H134

3419

j.b.timmer@utwente.nl

W dr. A.J.A. Winnubst W mw. E. Wisselo

MEANDER 348

2994

a.j.a.winnubst@utwente.nl

HORSTRING Z 204

3000

BOZ-CT@tnw.utwente.nl

T

T

Ir. B.M. Tel

Z

dr. H.J. Zwart

CITADEL H235

3464

h.j.zwart@utwente.nl

Z

dr. ir. G. Zwier

CITADEL H334

3411

g.zwier@utwente.nl

101

Appendices

APPENDIX 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Course and Examination Regulations (CER) At the moment of publishing of this master guide, the newest versions of the general TNW CER and specific ChE CER are not yet available. You can find the newest versions of the CER (Dutch: OER) and the board of examinersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rules on the website of ChE: http://www.utwente.nl/che/Education/regulations You can find a printed version of these regulations at S&OA TNW (Horstring Z204) and student association Alembic (HT 511).

102

Appendices

APPENDIX 5 – MASTER’S ASSIGNMENT FORMS Note that all of these forms (and more updated versions of them) can easily be downloaded from http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/organisatie/organisatie/SenO/onderwijszaken/formulieren/chemical_enginee ring/ and that these are just examples of the forms.

103

Appendices

5.1

Graduate contract

Graduate Contract – TNW / ChE

Room: Address: Zip code: City: Country: Phone: E-mail:

University of Twente S&OA-TNW-CHE Horstring Zuid 204 P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede Nederland +31 53 489 2925 boz-ct@tnw.utwente.nl

To:

Board of examination Chemical Engineering

Subject:

Approval master graduate committee, master assignment and examination subjects.

Graduate contract.

From:

Name student: Research unit:

.................................................. std. nr. …………………… ..................................................

Herewith I make a request, in accordance with section 12.5 of the Chemical Engineering Masters’s Programma Board of Examiners’ Rules (see masterguide), to get approval for the hereafter mentioned formation of the graduate committee, the defined master assignment, the defined examination subjects and the graduate contract.

Planning • Starting date of master assignment .. / .. / …. ( dd / mm / yyyy ) • At the start of the assignment I do / do not fulfill all requirements to start with the assignment.

• I plan to finalize all requirements for the master certificate in .........................(month, year) Graduate committee Chair

....................................................................................

Member from other research unit

....................................................................................

Tutor

....................................................................................

Member

....................................................................................

Member

....................................................................................

______________________________________ (Signature of student) date: .. / .. / …. ( dd / mm / yyyy)

______________________________________ (Signature of Chair master assignment committee) date: .. / .. / …. ( dd / mm / yyyy)

Note: To start with the assignment at the planned date, this request including all enclosures has to be filed at the office for educational affairs at least one month before the start of the assignment. This month is necessary to complete all administrative actions.

Enclosures are: 1. Definition master assignment 2. Examination subjects 3. Graduate contract

104

5.2 GRADUATE CONTRACT – TNW / ChE Student: Research unit:

............................................................ std. nr. ………………… .................................................................................................

Chair master assignment Committee: Tutor:

........................................................................

.................................................................................................

1. To be completed examinations and other study commitments.

total of ........ EC

Subject code

Subject name

EC

...................

................................................................ ...................

...................

................................................................ ...................

...................

................................................................ ...................

...................

................................................................ ...................

2. Extracurricular activities leading to part-time attention to the assignment. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Planned interruption (Vacation, Surgery etc.).

total of ....... weeks

…………………………………………………………………… .. / .. / …. tot .. / .. / …. …………………………………………………………………… .. / .. / …. tot .. / .. / …. …………………………………………………………………… .. / .. / …. tot .. / .. / ….

4. Planning Master Assignment (concerning point 1 to 3) Number of EC .............. M&M =45 EC, PT = 45 EC, WT =40) Date of start ( dd / mm / yyyy )

.. / .. / ….

Date of halfway discussion of progress

.. / .. / ….

Date presentation halfway report

.. / .. / ….

Are there any other reports planned?

yes / no

If yes, when?

.. / .. / ….

In which week are you starting with the end report

........................

Expected Week of graduation

........................

105

-

The research group ensures a adequate support. At the start of the master assignment a substitute tutor will be assigned.

-

The tutor shall assure that there will be enough time to complete the subjects mentioned under point 1.

-

The student notifies the mentor as soon as possible if any change in the points 2 and 3 occurs.

-

The tutor (or any other member of the graduation committee) immediately reports any changes in the planning to the office for educational affairs.

-

The student is entitled to a progress meeting every two weeks

-

The oral defense of the resulting Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thesis is the final requirement in the Chemical Engineering programme. This means that you must have passed all other requirements of the programme before the date of this oral defense.

Signed for approval, Enschede,

.. / .. / â&#x20AC;Ś. (dd / mm / yyyy)

_______________________________ Student

_______________________________ Tutor

______________________________ Chair Graduate Committee

Note: A copy of this contract is filed at the office for educational affairs (BOZ-ST/CHE) at least one month before the start of the assignment. Both the student and the research group also hold a copy of this agreement. The student uses his contract as a guide for realization of the project.

106

5.3

Colloquium Form

Room: Address: Zip code: City: Country: Phone: E-mail:

BOZ-TNW-CHE Horstring Z-204 P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede the Netherlands +31 53 489 2925 boz-ct@tnw.utwente.nl PART 1 Application form for Colloquium of Master thesis and arrangement for colloquium PART 2 Application form for Master’s exam CHE Please submit this part of the form to S&O-TNW-CHE at least four weeks before the planned colloquium.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PART 1

Application form for Colloquium of Master thesis

Please fill out the form in capitals: Name student:…………………………………………

Student number:…………………………………………

Mobile Phone:………………………………………….

MSc track: PT/ M&M/ WT Name

research

Group:…………………………………

Faculty

research

group:

……………………………..

Chair: ……………………………………………………

External member:………………………………………

Mentor: ………………………………………………….

Members:………………………………………………..

Colloquium of the MSc assignment Title: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …..

Date colloquium: ………………………………………..

Time: …………………………………………………….

Number of attendees:………………………………….

(estimated)

Preferred room: ……………………………………………….

(S&OA-TNW-ChE) makes reservation and sends confirmation.

Please fill in part 2 of this form when you want to apply for the Masters Exam CHE.

107

Appendices

Room: Address: Zip code: City: Country: Phone: E-mail: PART 2

S&OA-TNW-CHE Horstring Z204 P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede the Netherlands +31 53 489 2925 boz-ct@tnw.utwente.nl Application form for Master’s exam CHE

Please submit this part of the form to S&O-TNW-CHE at least four weeks before the graduation date.

Please fill out the form in capitals: Name

student:…………………………………………

Student

number:…………………………………………

Mobile Phone:………………………………………….

MSc track: PT/ M&M/ WT Date of birth: ………………………………………….

Place

of

birth:…………………………………………

Country:………………………………………………….

Herewith, student does apply for the final MSc. exam. The date of the last part of the exam is:……………….

Signature of student: …………………………………………………………

Date:………………………………………………….

After this part of the form is returned the exam program will be checked. A copy of the MSc thesis report must be send to S&OA-TNW, by e-mail or on CD. All MSc thesis reports will be treated confidentially and are not available for third parties.

The faculty would appreciate it if you would take the time to fill out a questionnaire, concerning the study program, and send it back to S&OA-TNW. http://www.utwente.nl/tnw/organisatie/organisatie/SenO/onderwijszaken/formulieren/chemical_engineering/ctmast erexitenquetejan200.doc

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PART 3 Filled in by the Board of Examiners Decision of the Board of Examiners:

Student is NOT graduated/ is graduated /

cum laude Signature of Dr.ir.A.G.J. van der Ham, secretary

…………………………………………………………

Date:…………………………………………………

108

Appendices

Appendix 6 – Useful websites Education: 3TU’s Cooperation of Delft, Eindhoven, Enschede University of Twente Startpage University of Twente Addressbook Red desk Graduate information at UT Central Student Administration (CSA) Student Support (counsellors, e.d.)

Student Union Sports on campus Library Student Portal Student rights and duties (Charter)

Programme rights and duties (OER) Abbreviations (in Dutch) Red desk

http://www.3tu.nl/en

http://www.utwente.nl http://webapps.utwente.nl/telefoongids/nl /telgidsservlet http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/en/ http://graduate.utwente.nl http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentservices/en/ http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/en/ http://www.studentunion.utwente.nl http://www.sport.utwente.nl http://www.utwente.nl/ub http://my.utwente.nl http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentenbegeleiding/en/reg ulations/charter/ http://www.tnw.utwente.nl/che/education/regulations/ http://www.utwente.nl/afkortingen

Faculty TNW and ChE Programme Faculty TNW http://www.tnw.utwente.nl MSc Programme - ChE http://www.tnw.utwente.nl/che/ Schedules – ChE http://www.utwente.nl/so/student/onderwijs/roosters/master/chemical_engineering/ Students and Education Administration (S&OA) http://www.tnw.utwente.nl/organisatie/organisatie/SenO/ Study association Alembic http://alembic.utwente.nl/ UT and ChE related institutes Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicin (MIRA) http://www.utwente.nl/mira/ Institute for Nanotechnology (MESA+) http://www.mesaplus.utwente.nl Practical information: General information for following an UT Master’s programme: http://graduate.utwente.nl General practical information: http://www.utwente.nl/master/international/practicalinformation/ Notebook Service Centre - Problems with notebooks & software: http://www.utwente.nl/icts/nsc/ Unionshop http://www.unionshop.nl Health and Safety: http://www.utwente.nl/pao/info_voor/ medewerkers/arbo

109

Appendices Admission and Enrolment to Programmes: Enrolment: http://www.utwente.nl/so/studentservices/en/enrolment/ International Office – studying abroad and internationalisation: http://intoffice.utwente.nl Traineeships: http://www.utwente.nl/stage/en/ Evaluation of efficiency of study methods: (Dutch) http://vsm.cs.utwente.nl Study with a disability: http://www.handicap-studie.nl Explanation of JobPayments “UT-Flex” http://www.utwente.nl/hr/en/Information_about/utflex/ Doctor: http://www.campushuisarts.nl/en Webapplications at UT-level Overview accessible at MyUniversity portal Application Use Xtra-card Activity card SMS Student Mobiliteit Systeem UT-Flex The Virtual temp agency Travel insurance: TRA Temporary Registration Internet Access WebMail Email WebFTP Storing data online SNT DAS Network card registrations Datumprikker Appointment planner

Link http://webapps.utwente.nl/sup http://webapps.utwente.nl/srs http://webapps.utwente.nl/flx http://webapps.utwente.nl/reisverzekeringen http://webapps.utwente.nl/tra http://xs.utwente.nl http://webftp.utwente.nl https://das.snt.utwente.nl http://www.datumprikker.nl

110