Utah Historical Quarterly Volume 21, Number 1-4, 1953

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY A . R. MORTENSEN EDITOR

Vol. X X I 1953

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 337 STATE CAPITOL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH

1953

COPYRIGHT 1953 Utah State Historical Sodety

C O N T E N T S ARTICLES

Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor, March 6, 1859September 23, 1863, edited by A. R. Mortensen 1, 137, 237, 331 The American Tradition of Democracy, by John D. Hicks 25 Museums and Collections in Utah Open to the Public, compiled by Patricia L. Tull and Helena B. Stites.... 43 Recollections of Fort Douglas at the Turn of the Century,

by O. W . Hoop 57 Report of the Utah State Historical Society for the Biennium July 1, 1950 to June 30, 1952 67 The Provo Woolen Mills: Utah's First Large Manufacturing Establishment, by Leonard J. Arrington.... 97 Ramah, New Mexico, 1876-1900: An Historical Episode with Some Value Analysis, by Irving Telling 117 Grand Canyon Mystery, by Harry Aleson

169

Miles Goodyear and the Founding of Ogden, by Dale L. Morgan 195, 307 Chief Hoskaninni, by Charles Kelly "The Mountain Bound Vallies": Traveler of 1859

219 Two Letters by a 227

Mormonism in Idaho Politics, 1880-1890, by Grenville H. Gibbs 285 Medical Notice EDITORIAL

361 193

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

79, 171, 267, 3 6 3

HISTORICAL NOTES

93, 183, 2 8 1 , 375

INDEX

385

ILLUSTRATIONS ELIAS SMITH

3

LUCY BROWN SMITH AND DAUGHTER EDITH ANN

3

MILES GOODYEAR CABIN

199

HOSKANINNI-BEGAY, SON OF OLD CHIEF HOSKANINNI

222

ISTORICAL J A N U A R Y ,

UTAH

STATE

QUARTERLY 1 9 5 3

H I S T O R I C A L

S O C I E T Y

Utah State Historical Society BOARD OF CONTROL

(Terms Expiring April 1, 1955) C. HENRY ANDERSON, Ogden A. B. GIBSON, Pleasant Grove CHARLES B, MABEY. Salt Lake CKy

WILLIAM R. PALMER. Cedar City LEVI EDGAR YOUNG. Salt Leke City

(Terms Expiring April 1. 1953) JtJANITA BROOKS, St. George LELAND H. CREER, Salt Lake City ROBERT J. DWYER, Salt Lake City

JOEL E. RICKS, Logan RUSSEL SWENSEN, Provo

OFFICERS 1951-53 JOEL E. RICKS, President ROBERT J . DWYER, Vice-President

A. R. MORTENSEN, Secretary-Editor

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE JOEL E. RICKS, Chairman ROBERT J. DWYER C. HENRY ANDERSON

LELAND H. CREER CHARLES R. MABEY LEVI EDGAR YOUNG EDITORIAL BOARD

JOEL E. RICKS. Chairman ROBERT 3. DWYER LELAND H. CREER

C. HENRY ANDERSON LEVI EDGAR YOUNG RUSSEL SWENSEN

EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS The Society was organized essentially to collect, disseminate and preserve important material pertaining to the history of the state. To effect this end, contributions of manuscripts are solicited, such as old diaries, journals, letters, and other writings of the pioneers; also original manuscripts by present-day writers on any phase of early Utah history. Treasured papers or manuscripts may be printed in faithful detail in the Quarterly, without harm to them, and without permanently removing them from their possessors. Contributions for die consideration of the Editorial Board, and correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to the Secretary-Editor, Utah State Historical Society, State Capitol, Salt Lake Cry 1, Utah.

The.Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to this publication.

MEMBERSHIP Membership in die Society is $3.00 per year. The Utah Historical Quarterly is sent -free to all members. Non-members and institutions may receive the Quarterly at $3.00 a year or 75 cents per quarter for current numbers. Life membership, $50.00. Checks should be made payable to the Utah State Historical Society and mailed to the Secretary-Editor, State Capitol. Salt Lake City, Utah.'

Application for entry as second-class matter is pending.

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY A . R. MORTENSEN EDITOR

Volume XXI, Number 1 January, 1953

COPYRIGHT 1953

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 337 STATE CAPITOL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH

CONTENTS Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor, March 6, 1859September 23, 1863, edited by A. R. Mortensen

1

The American Tradition of Democracy, by John D. Hicks

25

Museums and Collections in Utah Open to the Public, compiled by Patricia L. Tull and Helena B. Stites Recollections of Fort Douglas at the Turn of the Century,

by O. W . Hoop

57

Report of the Utah State Historical Society for the Biennium July 1, 1950 to June 30, 1952

67

43

Reviews and Recent Publications Wallace and Hoebel, The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains, by S. Lyman Tyler

79

Harris, John Colter: His Years in the Rockies,

by Edgar I. Stewart Gregg, The Road to Santa Fe, by Dale L. Morgan

81 82

Watters, The Pioneer Jews of Utah, by Leland H . Creer.. 84 Other Publications Historical Notes

87 93

ILLUSTRATIONS Elias Smith

3

Lucy Brown Smith and daughter Edith Ann

3

Utah State Historical Society State Capitol—Salt Lake City, Utah Vol. XXI

January, 1953

No. 1

ELIAS SMITH JOURNAL OF A PIONEER EDITOR March 6, 1859 - September 23, 1863 1 EDITED BY A. R. MORTENSEN*

INTRODUCTION

W„

'HEN ELIAS SMITH came to the editorial chair of the Deseret News, the paper already was nearly nine years old, and so hardly could be called a fledgling journal. Furthermore, Smith had been associated with the paper since shortly after arriving in the valley of the Great Salt Lake in the fall of 1851. He served in the paper's business office under both Willard Richards and Albert Carrington, his editorial predecessors. In addition. Smith had been in charge of the printing office at Nauvoo from the spring of 1843 until the exodus of the Saints in the winter and spring of 1846. While the Deseret News had made its debut in the newly established Mormon capital on June 15, 1850, it, too, literally had a long background of forebears in the form of the many papers and journals which the Latter-day Saints had published prior to coming to the Great Basin. The Evening and Morning Star, which began publication at Independence, Missouri, in 1832; the Latter-day Saints Messenger and Advocate, printed at Kirtland, Ohio; the Times and Seasons, which appeared from 1839 to 1846 at Nauvoo, Illinois; and more than a dozen other miscellaneous journals were all literary predecessors of the Intermountain West's first newspaper. W i t h this relatively long experience and relationship, what should seem more natural than eventually to find the legend, "Elias Smith Editor and Publisher" on the editorial page of the Deseret News.2

*A. R. Mortensen is executive secretary of the Utah State Historical Society and editor of this Quarterly.

1 The journal will appear serially in this and the next three issues of die Quarterly. This installment covers the period March 6-August 31, 1859.

2 March 9, 1859.

2

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Cousin of the Prophet Joseph Smith and baptized by his other cousin, Hyrum, into the Latter-day Saint faith in 1833, Elias closely identified himself with the peregrinations and fortunes of the Church from then until his death in 1888. H e was born September 6, 1804, in Royalton, Vermont, not far from Sharon, where his prophet cousin was born the following year.

W h e n still a small child he moved with his family to Stockholm, New York, where he grew to manhood.

In the year following his conversion he moved, along with other members of his father's family, to Kirtland, Ohio. Two years later he was among the leaders in the move to Far West, Missouri. As a result of persecution in the latter place, he moved with the main body of the Church to Nauvoo, Illinois, settling at Nashville, Lee County, Iowa, four miles west of the Mormon capital city. In the spring of 1843, he moved into Nauvoo, where he managed the press of the Times and Seasons until the exodus of the Saints three years later. H e intended to trek west with the main body of the Saints, but remained in eastern Iowa for a number of years, finally emigrating to Utah in 1851. Shortly after his arrival in Salt Lake City, he bought a house in the Third W a r d where he lived the first winter. In the following May he moved into the Seventeenth W a r d , half a block west of the Temple grounds on North Temple Street. Here he lived the remainder of his life.

A man of varied talents and abilities, Elias was immediatdy absorbed into the life of the young Mormon capital dry. On November 26, 1851, less than two months after arriving in the valley, his journal records: "Reed a note from Dr. Willard Richards in the morning requesting me to take charge of the Post Office till brother Joseph Cain who is very sick gets about once more." As Willard Richards was editor of the News as well as postmaster at this time, and as the same office was used for both functions, it is clear that the appointment was the beginning of Smith's many years with the Deseret News. In January following, he received a commission from Governor Young as one of a board of three code commissioners, the other members being William Pickett and Albert Carrington. On March 12, Smith received his commission as probate judge for

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JOURNAL OF ELIAS SMITH

3

Great Salt Lake County. It was in this capacity that Elias served longest and became best known. H e was continually re-elected to this office until 1882, just a few short years before his death.

Elias Smith was past forty before he married. On August 6, 1845, he married Lucy Brown, at Nauvoo, who bore him four children, including Elias A., his father's successor on the bench in Salt Lake County, and Edith Ann, born August 5, 1861, who is the only surviving child of her father (November, 1952). On April 15, 1856, he married Amy Jane King, by whom he had twelve children. This numerous posterity has now multiplied until the descendants of Elias Smith number well over a hundred, many of whom occupy places of trust and respect in the communities in which they live.

The journal of Elias covers a period of more than fifty years and for much of that time includes daily entries. It began May 7, 1836, on the day he left Stockholm, New York, for Kirtland, Ohio. For the next five years it is very brief and sketchy, bearing no entries for the years 1841 and 1842. Unfortunately, the critical years in Nauvoo are only referred to in brief entries, which apparently were written subsequent to the events described.

They record his move on May 10, 1843, from Nashville, Iowa, to Nauvoo to take care of the printing office. His appointment as postmaster at Nauvoo on January 1, 1845, is also recorded, as is his move from Nauvoo, May 11, 1846, back to Nashville. As a daily diary the journal really begins on August 5 of that same year.

His move west from Nashville on August 17 is recorded, and also the arrival at Iowaville on August 25, where he and his family intended to remain for the winter, but where they stayed until the final removal to Utah five years later. His daily recordings of events during that first and succeeding winters among strangers are a mirror in miniature of the hardships suffered by thousands of Saints in their struggle toward their final home in the Rockies.

Long, cold winter days and nights, hot, dry, dusty days succeed one another nearly indefinitely, it seems, as one follows Elias as he exchanges his labors with one neighbor after another for fodder, food, and some kind of housing for his family. As plague follows illness, and trial piles upon trial, one is inclined to breathe a blessing upon the memory of the occasional gentile neighbor

4

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

who treated with kindness these Mormon pariahs sojourning in their midst. The soil of Iowa holds the body of Elias' mother, Elizabeth, who died that first fall after the removal from Nauvoo, as it also does that of his father who died two years later.

The journal gives a brief day-by-day account of events crossing the plains to the valley of the Great Salt Lake. Through Smith's eyes the reader comes down the last canyon and out upon the bench overlooking the valley bdow, which is to be his home for the remainder of his life. His feelings at the reunion with his long-separated brethren are briefly but happily described. For the next eight years Smith hardly misses making an entry. The struggling years of the Deseret News, troubles with the gentile officials, the stirring yet tragic times incident to the so-called Utah War of 1857-58 are all recorded.

Smith's journal, although kept daily, is really quite brief as far as each entry is concerned. While it illuminates the times in which Smith lived, it does tend to turn inward and consequently gives considerable insight into the character and personality of its author. Here was a man apparently obsessed by poor health, for he records nearly every ache and pain of his life. He must have been a man who was very cautious and reticent, for he failed to confide even to his diary details of considerable interest which occurred to him and around him. As a judge, reference is made to case after case with the concluding statment, "judgment rendered," but for that judgment the reader has to turn dsewhere. Brigham Young tends to bear out this assessment of Smith when he says: "Brother Elias Smith, I can say, is a man possessed of as much judgment and discretion in his feelings as any man I know. He is filled with wisdom. He is filled with judgment and with counsel, if he would dare to let it out."3 Smith's journal also reflects a man who rendered respect and obedience to those in authority. He also had a great love and concern for his family as evidenced by his solicitous reference to thdr illnesses, sorrows, and joys. As history records him a wise and just judge, he was also a kind and loving father.

8 Remarks by Brigham Young made in die Bowery, August 2, 1857, in die Journal of Discourses (26 vols., Liverpool, 1854-86), V, 97.

JOURNAL OF ELIAS SMITH

5

The portion of the journal here reproduced covers the years of Elias Smith's management of both the business and editorial affairs of the Deseret News. This period, March 1859 to September 1863, was critical for a number of reasons. In addition to the troops of General Albert Sidney Johnston, considerable numbers of non-Mormons had flocked into the territory, greatly increasing thereby the gentile-Mormon conflicts. This period also was characterized by renewed troubles with the federally appointed gentile judiciary which had earlier contributed to the outbreak of the Utah W a r . These years of Smith's editorship witnessed many other stirring events. T h e inauguration of the Pony Express and its demise when the overland telegraph was completed in October 1861, the election of Lincoln, the outbreak of the Civil W a r and subsequent events were all recorded in the pages of the paper Smith edited and also were reflected briefly in his journal. Of equal importance to the war in the east was the arrival of troops for the second time, ostensibly to guard the overland mail and telegraph lines. T h e Deseret News and other printed sources quite adequately describe the arrival of General Patrick Edward Connor and his Third California Volunteers. Their establishment of Camp Douglas on the east bench overlooking the city in October 1862 began another period of gentile-Mormon relations. Unfortunately this initial Connor period is lacking from Smith's journal for reasons which Smith himself describes. In addition to references to the external stimuli affecting the life of the Mormons, the journal sheds light on the social, economic, and religious aspects of Mormon community affairs.

JOURNAL* Sunday [March] 6 [1859].—Met with the circle in the morning then went to the office to write some letters and fix some other things. W e n t home to dinner then back to office again At about 5 P M I reed a note from Presidents B. Young and D H Wells informing me that they wished me to take *For purposes of brevity certain portions of Smith's journal have been deleted. For the most part they are references to the weather, attendance at or failure to attend church, or odier innocuous references to his own personal life. In some cases an entire daily entry has been deleted; in others a portion

6

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the charge of the Editorial Department of the Deseret News in addition to the financial Department which I have managed for some 4 years aside from the time I was with bro J Cain prior to 1855 This announcement somewhat surprised me as it was so unexpected I immediately replied to the note and then went home with feelings I can hardly describe not knowing exactly what influences had produced the result. I slept but little during the night as I was thinking so much about the circumstances, the change in some measure of my employment would place me Monday 7th.—The County Court was in session and I had to attend, tho there was not a quorum till afternoon. I also made some movements in relation to the News in order to have it out early on the day of publication. 6 Bro R Miller spent the night with us I was in the News office till late in the evening Tuesday 8.—I was up early and went to the office to write my Salutatory or opening address "to the readers of the 'News'.

Spent the afternoon in the County Court after making a visit to President Youngs office and having a very agreeable interview with him Wednesday 9th.—The 1st No of Vol IX was issued "Elias Smith Editor and Publisher" 7 and the surprise of the public was manifested at so unexpected a change in the Editorial supervision, to a considerable extent. 8 And I was somewhat astonished when thereof. Smith's original spelling, punctuation, and capitalization have been retained.

The original journal is in die possession of Miss Edith A. Smith, of Salt Lake City, die only surviving child of Elias, who graciously gave permission for its publication. Microfilm copies of tibe journal are in die possession of die Utah State Historical Society Library and die Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.

5 Joseph Cain became associated with the Deseret News shordy after his return to Utah from California on September 29, 1850. He was die first government-appointed postmaster of Salt Lake City and may be classed as die first business manager of die News.

6 The News appeared on Wednesday of each week.

7 Smith's salutatory announcing his elevation to the editorial chair and his policies for the future conduct of die paper appeared in a column headed "To Our Readers," Deseret News, March 9, 1859.

8 "I received the Deseret News this evening and find Elias Smith is now the Editor. A Happy change." Hosea Stout journal. March 10, 1859, a typescript copy of which is in the files of the Utah State Historical Society.'

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

7

I really found that I had been installed as the Editor of the principal organ of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in these last days, still I felt gratified to think that I had the confidence of the Saints and especially of the Presidency of the Church to that extent that I was considered worthy of the station I had been called to fill. My prayer to my Heavenly Father is that I may be humble and obedient to those He has set to preside over His Church and Kingdom on the earth and that I may give heed to the voice of the Holy Spirit that I may be able faithfully to accomplish the work devolving upon me in this respect as well as in relation to every other work I may have to perform on the earth during my sojourn in the flesh I spent part of the day in the County Court and the balance in the office The weather stormy cold and uncomfortable.

Thursday the 10th.—The County Court finished its session and adjourned I was at my post in the office during the morning and after the Court adjourned The business very lively I was at the Presidents office in the evening Sat. 12th.—Occupied as usual. The mail from the South arrived in the evening bringing me two letters from brother Silas9 giving an account of the proceedings of the District Court at Provo which commenced its session at Provo on Tuesday last without authority of law. The proceedings have been superlatively ridiculous thus far. A company of Infantry consisting of about 100 men from Camp Floyd are encamped around the Court House to protect the Court from attack of some kind but I do not know what A no[v]el proceeding to say the best of it10 Sunday 13th.—Attended the circle meeting in the morning in the morning [sic] as usual and spent the balance of the day in the news office drawing up some accounts to send off for collection by bro Patrick Lynch who is going out on a collecting trip for the Trustee in Trust 11 as well as the news office. Bro Alfred Bell spent the afternoon and evening with us and tarried over night 9 A much younger brother born at Stockholm, New York, in 1822. He remained at Kanesville, Iowa (Council Bluffs), until 1852, arriving in Salt Lake City on September 9. That same month he moved south to Provo to make his home.

10 See Smith's entry for Wednesday, March 23rd and succeeding days.

11 President of the Latter-day Saint Church. In diis case Brigham Young.

8

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Monday 14—This being the regular day for the sitting of the Probate Court I had to attend to it in addition to my other duties. Decided three cases Cooley vs Caldwell, Cooley vs Holden and Cooly vs Maxfield and adjourned to the next morning at 10 a.m. Preparing copy for the next issue of the News on Wednesday the balance of the time that I was not otherwise engaged in the current business of the office Tuesday 15.—Held Court. Several cases were either settled or adjourned and only one, a divorce case Elizabeth Sanders vs Thomas Sanders was investigated and that not decided. The boys in the office were late with the paper and did not get to press till late in the evening Wednesday 16th.—An unusually busy day in the office on issuing the 2d N o of the News Reed a letter from Silas in the evening giving an account of the late proceedings of the Court at Provo The roads drying up a little Friday 18.—Attended a party at Union Hall in the evening with Lucy and Amy Jane 12 and had supper at my house for the boys in and connected with the printing office, at which all present had a good time13 Tuesday 22.—Another snow storm in the forenoon Evening pleasant, with some prospect of fair weather Being behind time with the "News" the hands in the printing office worked all night in order to get to press as early as possible and in order to have every thing move along and not stop, I remained in the office with them to help read the proof and assist in any way to forward matters Wednesday 23d.—We got the paper to press about 9 a. m. and rushed business as fast as possible in order to get ready for the mails next morning 12

Smith's plural wives. is Probably a party to celebrate his becoming editor.

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

9

Gov Cumming 14 returned from Provo with the mail coach arriving about ten in the evening whither he had went some ten days since. J. M. Bollwinckel16 who went to Provo on Monday last returned Territorial Marshal Kay also came down with an express arriving several hours in advance of the mail Judge Cradlebaugh 1 * who has been holding Court at Provo, since the eight inst. dismissed the Grand Jury that had been summoned empanneled and sworn to inquire into offences against the laws of the United States and of this Territory within the Third Judicial District of the United States Court on Monday forenoon, and the Pettit Jury in attendance on the Court, in the evening because they did not do as he wished them and the Judge is now holding Court in chamber or with out a Jury, issuing warrants for the arrest of every person that apostates and scoundrels denounce or accuse. Such a state of things being well calculated to produce excitement among the people there exists much feverishness in the public mind in and about Provo and more or less wherever these unusual proceedings are announced Missouri, Carthage and Nauvoo 17 are still fresh in the minds of thousands and with a Mob Court held without authority of law backed up by the army of the United States, a detachment of which, consisting of about 100 men has been encamped around and some of them quartered in the building occupied by the Court from the commencement of the session, they have no fellowship and they feel like preparing for the worst In addition to the Detachment at Provo another force of about 1000 men marched from Camp Floyd on Sunday or Monday last and have encamped at the mouth of Provo Canion 14 Alfred Cumming was the second territorial governor of Utah, succeeding Brigham Young. He was appointed in July, 1857, and along with other "gentile" officials accompanied Johnston's Army to Utah in 1857-58. In contrast widi many other federal officials of die period, he got along well with the Mormon people during his term of office.

15 John M. Bollwinckel ran a stage line (which also carried die mail) between Salt Lake City and Fillmore twice weekly on a diree-day schedule. lfl Among the officials who came into the territory with Governor Cumming, John Cradlebaugh especially managed to make himself obnoxious to the Mormons, as indicated by both die Deseret News and Elias Smidi in this and succeeding diary entries. The other judges, D. R. Eckles, who held court at Camp Floyd, and C. F. Sinclair, who spent most of his time in Salt Lake City, were not so successful in irritating the Mormon citizenry.

17 Scenes of early Mormon troubles.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

evidently to awe the people into submission to the will or the Court &c18 Friday 2 5 . - W e a t h e r fine and Springlike The Typos were busy in getting out an Extra for the Eastern mail and to accomplish it had to work all night Saturday 26.—A fine day but some cloudy W e got the Extra 19 ready for the mail and distributed a few in the City It contained the petition of the Citizens of Provo to the City Council for the removal of the United States troops from that city. The letter or petition of the Mayor in behalf of the Council to Judge Cradlebaugh for the removal of the troops from the vicinity of the Court and beyond the limits of the corporation of Provo The Judge's reply and the re-joinder of the Mayor Hon B. K. Bullock, also a petition of the Citizens of Spanish Fork to the Court for the removal of the Military, and protesting against such unhallowed proceedings; T h e minutes of the proceedings of the Court during Monday the 21st inst. T h e discharge of the Grand Jury by Judge Cradlebaugh and the Petition and Memorial of the people of the Territory to his Excellency Alfred Cumming, Governor of Utah Territory in relation to the existing state of things with a few other items and all together it was a very strong document 20 Monday 28.—A cold stormy day Snow falling at intervals from morning till evening. After the hands had left the office, Gov Cumming sent a proclamation 21 to the office to be published 18 Smith's concern with the Cradlebaugh episode is indicated in diis and several following entries. T h e trouble in greater detail is found in B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church (6 vols., Salt Lake G t y , 1930), IV, 472 ff.; H. H. Bancroft, History of Utah. 1540-1886 (San Francisco, 1889), 558-62; and Leland H. Creer, Utah and the Nation (Seatde, 1929), 218-23.

The voluminous official correspondence of die trouble is found in Senate Executive Document No. 2, 36 Cong. 1 sess., II, 139 ff. T h e episode as viewed by a soldier participant is found in The Utah War: Journal of Captain Albert Tracy, in the Utah Historical Quarterly, XIII (1945), 58-67. T h e observations of an attorney before the court are especially interestinq. See Hosea Stout journal, March 8 - A p r i l 5, 1859.

19 While "extras" appeared early in die history of the Deseret News, they were very infrequent until the Pony Express was established which brought news from the East quicker and more often.

20 All the letters, petitions, and memorials here referred to also appeared in the regular issue of the Deseret News. March 30 1859 21 Ibid.

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

11

and as it was desirous to have it done immediately I sent for the foreman and one or two of the hands and had it set up and printed which took till after midnight The proclamation was virtually a protest against the unprecedented course pursued by Gen. Johnstone in relation to the movement of the troops under his command by ordering Detachments to Provo, where one John Cradlebaugh an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States for this Territory has been holding some kind of a tribunal which he has called a court for the last three weeks The proclamation was an able document and the first one that I have seen eminating [sic] from a Governor who did not belong to the household of faith that favored Israel to that extent that this did, and if occasion requires may it not be the last Wednesday 30.—Got the paper to press about nine oclock, after which the boys kept it rolling till late in the evening getting off nine tokens [sic] Thursday 31st.—Wintry weather cold and chilly. Spent part of the afternoon at bro F. D. Richards' 22 in company with him and S W Richards 23 talking over matters and things connected with the operations at Farmington by E. Smith & Co 24 Friday April 1st.—Clear cold day. In the evening the Typos got out an Extra or rather they set it up and printed it after midnight I had my hands full to get the copy ready Jesse J. Fuller came down from Provo with an express 25 from H. Stout 26 to S M Blair27 22 Franklin Dewey Richards, nephew of Willard Richards, was for fifty years a member of the Council of the Twelve Aposdes. He was also a prominent lawyer and jurist, and in 1889 became historian and general recorder of the Latter-day Saint Church.

23 Samuel Whitney, a younger brother of Franklin Dewey, was active also in civic and religious affairs. During 1852-54, as president of die British Mission, he edited and published the Millennial Star.

24 The enterprise was a molasses mill.

25 Hosea Stout journal, April 1, 1859.

28 Hosea Stout was identified closely with the fortunes of the Latter-day Saint Church from his conversion in 1838 to his death in 1889. His activities and interests were widespread and numerous. He was prominent as a police officer, soldier, legislator, and lawyer. In die latter capacity he took a leading role in defense of the Mormons before the court of Judge Cradlebaugh which was holding forth in Utah County during this time. His keen observations and diverse activities are revealed in his voluminous journals and diaries.

27 Seth M. Blair was die first U. S. district attorney for the Territory of

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Saturday 2.—Had two cases before me in court Taylor vs Yeats & Hoyt vs Hunt & a Habeas Corpus case James L Bess vs Fullmer Sunday 3.—Went to the Circle meeting in the morning then I went home and spent most of the day there preparing copy for the News After supper went to the office Lucy and Amy Jane accompanying me with thdr boys 38 who had a fine treat in the office & in going and returning The weather quite Springlike Monday 4th.—The Municipal election29 came off Living up to a principle I have ever endeavored to carry out. I attended and voted A very busy day with me, as I had my hands full of business, besides attending to the Editorial duties, devolving upon me Tuesday 5.—The Court at Provo having adjourned on Monday morning at nine oclock some of those from this city who have in attendance on its sittings came home last evening & others during the day The prisoners that were arrested for alledged crimes viz A. F. McDonald & H. S. Kearns [?] were taken to Camp Floyd by the Army on the adjournment of Court the whole force that had been near Provo to aid the Court in its diabolical course marching into the dty that morning to guard them so that the peaceable citizens should not rescue them from the officers A full detail of those proceedings will be made in the history of the Court The hands in the office had to work all night to get the paper ready for the press and lest there might be some failure I was with them most of the time and all excepting going to a feast made by Joseph F. Smith,30 son of Hyrum Smith, the Utah and a prominent early police officer. He was co-founder and editor along with Hosea Stout and James Ferguson of the pioneer newspaper. The Mountaineer. See Smidi's entry for August 27, 1859; also J. Cecil Alter, Early Utah Journalism (Salt Lake City, 1938), 324-26. At this time he was attorney general for the territory, having received his commission from the legislature.

See Deseret News, January 26, 1859.

28 Lucy's boy was Elias Asahel, just over two years old at diis time. Amy Jane had two sons, Silas Thomas and Jesse Moroni, die former slightly less than 29two years, and the latter an infant of four months.

See the Deseret News, April 6, 1859.

30 Joseph F. Smith was die sixdi president of die Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, holding die office from 1901 to his death in 1918.

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

13

martyred Patriarch on the occasion of his taking to wife Lavira Smith daughter of Samuel H Smith which feast was at bro.

A Randall's in the evening the marriage having taken place in the afternoon at Prest Youngs office David Taylor also on the same occasion took to wife Mary Jane Thompson a cousin of Joseph. President Kimball G. A. Smith and most of the kinsfolk and acquaintances were present on the occasion Wednesday 6.—Got the News to press about nine A.M. and I was busy till late at night getting the papers ready for the mail and for delivery in the city The annual conference commenced in the Tabernacle but I could not leave my post to attend neither at the Quorum Meeting at night Tuesday 12th.—Snowing most of the day It must have fallen to the depth of a foot or nearly from day light of the 12 to the morning of the 13th. It was one of the most gloomy days I ever remember seeing in April. Got the News ready for press about ten in the evening Wednesday 13.—The Pressman exerted himself, to get off as many papers as possible but but [sic] after all not enough to supply the City subscribers after doing up those for the next mornings mails Cloudy & Stormy Saturday 16.—Held Court part of the forenoon to investigate a case submitted by B. T . Mitchell & Samuel Mulliner which was set for last Saturday, and adjourned over till this day. The Defendant Mulliner not appearing I proceeded to examine what witness were present in relation to the differences between the parties and held the matter under advisement Spring like Tuesday 19th.—Having been waiting for the arrival of the Eastern mail as long as it would answer in order to get the latest news for the paper on its failure to arrive I went to work this morning in good earnest to get up copy enough for the compositors so that the paper could go to press in the evening which I accomplished tho not with out much exertion Wednesday 20.—Got the papers ready for the mails and for the city subscribers

14

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Saturday 23.—Very quiet as a general thing since the negro fight a few days since 31 Tuesday 26th.—Unusually busy getting the News ready for the press very cool Thursday 28th.—The California mail came in. Some of the California papers very hostile believing all the lies that have been sent out from the valley by our enemies respecting the Courts Sc Monday [ M a y ] 2.—There was a big cattle drive for the purpose of gathering up strays belonging to people in the dty that had been out during the winter. I was fortunate enough to find two yearlings Tuesday 3rd.—I had to exert myself in order to get the News ready for the Press which was not accomplished till after midnight Rainy in the evening Thursday 5th.—J. M. Bollwinckel started for Fillmore in the mail coach to arrange some matters relative to the mails &c Hdd court in the afternoon case between C. Crismon & J. B. Kimball 6 Co to wit J. B. Kimball and Henry W . Lawrence was called up.3s The Defendants by their counsel H . Stout and A. Miner Esqrs. filed a demurrer which was argued at length by the Defendants' Counsel, and S. M. Blair Esqr counsel for Plaintiff. I sustained the demurrers so far as to direct a more spedfic statement, as to the position plaintiff assumed to occupy relative to Defendants whether as a partner or a contractor as the complaint savored of both and then adjourned till next morning at nine o clock Friday 6th.—Held court according to adjournment. Ptffs Counsel filed an amended complaint. Defts Counsel app[lied] 31 Tom Coulbourn, a negro slave belonging to J. H. Johnson, had shot and seriously wounded Shep, a negro slave belonging to W . H. Hooper.

"The negroes had got into a row about two wenches belonging to T. S. Williams and love & jealousy was die main cause of the fuss. Like their masters under such circumstances would probably do they went to shooting each other." Hosea Stout journal, April 21, 1859.

32 Charles Crismon, a pioneer of 1847, built die first gristmill in Utah near the mouth of City Creek Canyon in 1848. He later sold it to Brigham Young.

Heart Throbs of the West (12 vols., Salt Lake City, 1939-51), III, 2-3; Utah Historical Quarterly. X I V (1946), 110.

John B. Kimball and Henry W . Lawrence were prominent merchants who operated under the name of Kimball & Lawrence for many years on die corner of Main and First South Streets. See Salt Lake City Directory and Business Guide for 1869 (Salt Lake City, 1869).

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

15

for time to examine the same so that this might be prepared to plead answer or demur. Court adjourned till two at which time & demur was filed argued and overruled Time was asked to prepare an answer which was granted and the Court adjourned to 9 a m next day The eastern mail started out in a stage but the coach came back next day Saturday 7.—The Defendants having filed their answer, in the case that had been before the Court for the last two days, the trial commenced as soon as the jury which had been summoned could be empannelled and sworn At about 8 P M the jury were charged and at about ten brought in their verdict 33 The Eastern mail arrived in the morning; the coach that went out yesterday brought back the mail to day.

Sunday 8.—I had intended to have gone to meeting to day but owing to being hindered so much by the Court operations I was in a fair way to be behind with the News. So after attending the Circle meeting I went to the office and prepared copy for the News by using my pen and by clipping34 Monday 9th.—The boys in the office pushed things as fast as they could in order to get the papers out in season and I was very busy of course Tuesday 10th.—The Type for this weeks issue was up by noon but wishing to publish a communication from Dr. Forney relative to his mission South 35 and also an order proclamation or injunction issued by Gov Cumming commanding the Territorial Marshall to disperse certain armed bodies of men that somebody has imagined were assembled at or near Goshen or in the mountains around Salt Lake Valley. W e delayed making up, till we got those documents the setting of which took till in the night 33

1859.

34

Verdict of $6,896.73 against defendants. Hosea Stout journal, Mav 7,

The use of "borrowed" material from exchange papers was a common practice of the pioneer editor, not only in Utah but elsewhere.

35 Jacob Forney, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Utah, had gone to the southern part of die territory to investigate die Mountain Meadows Massacre affair which occurred September, 1857, and to bring back die surviving children of that tragedy. Deseret News, May 11, 1859.

16

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Wednesday 11th.—Distributed the papers and got those for other parts of the Territory ready for the mail. My head ached severdy during the fore part of the day and I went to bed and took a good sound nap in the afternoon which made me fed much better. Spent part of the day at President Young's office & also the evening. J. M. Bollwinckd returned from Fillmore this evening with the mail Saturday 14th.—Pleasant after the wind storm. Bro Joshua Arthur who is assisting me in the office and has been since the commencement of this volume had the good fortune to meet with his family who arrived from Cedar City in the evening.

He left them there last fall, and came to the City, where he used to reside and sent for his family to come up.

Tuesday 17th.—Kirk Anderson finished his editorial career as editor of the Valley Tan 3 ' Got the News ready for the press in the evening Thursday 19.—A very warm day and the streams are rising rapidly from the effects of the snow thawing so fast in the mountains California mail arrived Friday 20th.—'Weather warm. Eastern mail arrived. The news first rate confirming the reports that the course of Judge Cradlebaugh and his cronies had been and was disapproved by the President & and [sic] his Cabinet and that he would be removed37 Saturday 21.—Plenty of water coming down from the mountains. All day in the office Monday 23d.—Cooler. The News crowding me close I had to move lively tho I was very ill most of the day Tuesday 24th.—Got the News ready for the Press about dark Spent the evening at President Youngs office Wednesday 25.—Cool Held court part of the day decided two cases Standish vs F. D. Gilbert & D. M. Graft [?] vs Gilbert 36 Utah's second newspaper, first published November 6, 1858. It was violendy anti-Mormon and obtained most of its circulation at Camp Floyd, although it was printed in Salt Lake City. The paper continued to appear until February, 1860. The strange thing is that never once did die Deseret News give hint of the existence of die Valley Tan. *"Deseret News. May 25-June 29, 1859; A. R. Mortensen, "The Deseret

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

17

Friday 27.—Weather cool J Bull38 returned from California Tuesday 31st.—Late in getting the News to press and it was nearly midnight before I went to bed Wednesday June 1.—The News ready for distribution early.

I was out of sorts most of the day things not going to suit me Friday 3d.—Very warm Held Court part of the day to hear and determine a replevin case between D. H . Green and a couple of Germans about a Mule. After that I went to the New Court House and gave some directions about having it fixed a little so that it could be used for holding Court Monday 6th.—The June session of the County Court being in order I attended most of the day on its sitting as the presiding officer thereof. The Eastern mail arrived and with it the Hon. J M. Bernhisel late Delegate to Congress Wednesday 8.—A beautiful day The distributing of the News kept us all busy and besides I had many other matters to see to Saturday 11th.—Held Court part of the day and enquired into and decided a case between O. N . Harmon and R. H . Porter concerning an ox Monday 13th.—Commenced the regular June term of the Probate Court in the New Court House. A Grand Jury having been summoned they were empannelled and sworn to inquire into into [sic] violation of the penal statutes of this Territory within this country and were then charged and proceeded to the discharge of their duties Decided the case of Jas. L. Bess in relation to the custody of his child James L. Bess in which I ordered that the mother should retain for the present News and Utah, 1850-1867" (Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1950), 164-65.

38 Joseph Bull spent over fifty years in die mechanical department of die Deseret News. He originally was employed in 1852 by Willard Richards, the paper's first editor. Elias Smith had sent him to California early in 1859 to purchase printing supplies and he just now was returning. Deseret News, June 1, 1859; Andrew Jenson, LatterrDay Saint Biographical Encyclopedia (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1901-36), I, 653 ff.

18

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The Troops that went to Fort Hall some three or four weeks since returned and at night encamped in Mr [John] V a n Cotts wheat field in the South East part of the City 39 Tuesday 14.—Bro Silas arrived from Provo to spend a few days in the city Held court. T h e Grand Jury presented a true bill of indictment against Deloss Gibson for the murder of James Johnson in this city about the middle of May last Wednesday 15th.—In Court. A case between Margaret Harrington and Elizabeth Gordon was tried by a jury. Verdict in favor of Plaintiff40 Sunday 1 9 . - W e n t to the circle meeting in the morning and then to the Tabernacle, where service was performed according to the rites and ceremonies of the Episcopal Church by the Rev. W m Vaux, Chaplin at Fort Laramie. 41 After the reverend gentleman had finished his discourse the congregation were addressed by Presidents Kimball and Young I spent the afternoon in the office Tuesday 21st.—Held court part of the day At night being late with the News I did not go home to rest but what little sleep I got I took on the office floor while the hands were making up the form Wednesday 22.—After revising the News and getting the hands at work I went home to breakfast, then back to the office from there to the Court House and h d d a Session of Court entering six or eight judgments by confession or default. Then took a nap and Spent the balance of the day in the office Friday 24th.—About the office in the forenoon and in the afternoon I went in company with N . V . Jones and R. Miller42 to let some jobs on the road South of the City but did not succeed to our wishes so we only let one and I returned home at night very weary indeed. The weather extremely hot At the office of Prest. Young in the evening 39 See Hosea Stout journal, June 13, 1859; also Van Cott's own statement of the affair in the Deseret News, June 15, 1859. *o Deseret News. June 22, 1859.

41 Ibid.

42 Nathaniel Vary Jones and Reuben Miller were county selectmen (commissioners), the latter holding diat office for over thirty years.

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19

Tuesday 28,—Held a Session of Court in the forenoon. The balance of the day preparing copy for the News and doing other unavoidable things connected with public and official duties Wednesday 29.—Late this morning in getting the press in motion the consequence was that we were late in getting the papers distributed and ready for the mails. T h e weather was extremely hot Sunday [July] 3.—Went to the Circle meeting and the balance of the day in the office having been behind time with the the [sic] "News" and other matters Took supper with Lucy and Amy Jane at br Joshua Arthurs Monday 4.—The fore part of the day I spent in celebrating the birth day of American Independence. The balance in various duties. In the evening attended a Mercantile meeting at the Historian's office43 Tuesday 5.—I was unusually busy in preparing copy for the "News" At the Historians office in the evening Wednesday 6.—Did not get to press till late in the morning which made everything late during the day Sunday 10.—Horace Greely Editor of the New York Tribune arrived with the Eastern mail from the East which came in late in the evening44 Tuesday 12th.—Busy as usual in getting the News ready for the press Wednesday 13th.—Held Court part of the day In the afternoon I spent a short time at the house of President Young and was present at an interview he had with Horace Greeley Saturday 16th.—Held Court and attended to my other duties and in the evening attended a party or reception given by the Deseret Typographical & Press Association to Horace Greeley Esquire of the New York Tribune in the Court room of the Council House and took supper or refreshments afterwards at the Globe with a large and respectable party but not of all those 43 The Church Historian was George A. Smith, who used a portion of his home for the office. It was located on East South Temple where the Medical Arts 44building now stands and was located there until 1907.

The Deseret News of July 13 noted Greeley's arrival.

20

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

who were at the meeting in the Council House. Lucy Amy Jane & Sister Burbidge were with me and the evening passed off very agreeably Speeches were made by Mr. Greeley, O. Hyde, J. Taylor, G. Clements and John Banks and songs were sung by W . C. Dunbar and H Maiben. Ballo's Band was also in attendance45 Monday 18th Held a Short Session of the Court The case of the people vs Gibson for murder was called up. A motion to quash the indictment filed by counsel for prisoner and Wednesday next set for having the argument Wednesday 20th.—Somewhat late in getting the press started in the morning consequently we were behind hand all day and did not get through with the work of the day till late in the evening Mr Gredy left yesterday for Camp Floyd and intends to depart for California by the mail which left here this morning Attended a convention in the evening at President Youngs office Heard the arguments on the motion to quash the indictment in the case of the people vs Gibson. Motion overruled A venire for a Jury was issued and the trial set for Friday next at ten a m Friday 22.—Most of the day was occupied in arranging a jury in the case of the people vs Gibson and the introduction of testimony was postponed till the next day Saturday 23.—The case of Gibson was proceeded with, and a verdict of Guilty was rendered by the jury. At 12 o dock at night Lucy & [illegible] went to Provo Monday 25th.—Held court part of the day the balance of the time I was attending to other duties. The District Court commenced its term Thursday 28th.—The District Court commenced setting in the Council House arranged the Grand Jury without complying with the law, and commenced business having previously done nothing but to meet and adjourn «This event, along with Greeley's departure for California was noted in the local press. See Deseref News. July 20, 1859; also Horace Greeley, An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco (New York 1860), 243.

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21

Friday 29th.—Went with brother N . V . Jones out on the State road south, to let out a job of turnpiking in the afternoon Extremely warm and I was very weary on my return Monday August 1st.—Attended the general election and that with other duties kept me busy all day Tuesday 2.—The "Deseret N e w s " engrossed more than any other matter during the day T h e little behind with the typesetting and the form was till after Midnight All the sleep I had at night floor and that was but little

my attention, hands were a not locked up I took on the

Wednesday 3.—Assisted the County Clerk John G. Lynch In canvassing the Election returns for Great Salt Lake County and the balance of the day I was in the office assisting in distributing and mailing the papers. Very warm Thursday 4th.—For the first time since the return of the people to the City last season 48 the monthly fast was kept in the Tabernacle but I was not in attendance Friday 5.—The District Court continues its setting in the Hall of the Council House and the Grand Jury occupies the North West Corner room between the consequence of which is that there is considerable noise and confusion about the Printing Office Yesterday, because a negro who was a witness in a case wherein another negro was on trial for the murder of a black man, could not be found at the time he was wanted the Court discharged the jury that had been empanneled to try the case after having kept them in confinement or together during the previous night and after all the testimony but that of the missing negro had been introduced on the part of the prosecution & ordered the prisoner to jail to be kept there till the witness was discovered, a proceeding arbitrary in the extreme to say the least of it but in keeping with the general proceedings of the Courts of the United States in this Territory 46 Early in the spring of 1858, and prior to die entry of Governor Cumming and Johnston's Army, die city was evacuated by the Mormons. After die army was established at Camp Floyd and peace of a sort had come to the territory, the people returned to Salt Lake City.

22

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

A man named Mr. Ned was shot at the California House last night by some one unknown but supposed to be by a man named Rhodes who had had a quarrd with M r N d l the night previous, and shot at him then but without effect47 Saturday 6th.—Very warm Held court part of the day and decided two cases Rickets vs Rickets Divorce and Bess vs Bess in relation to the custody of a child Tuesday 9th.—As usual very busy and the hands were at work most of the night in the office as they were behind with the News Amy Jane went on a visit to her fathers Wednesday 10th.—Got the papers distributed earlier than common and I retired to rest early Thursday 11th.—The case of the People vs Phelps and Spires indicted for Roberry last fall was tried the Jury not agreeing the Court after taking recess after recess, till nearly twelve o clock at night adjourned leaving them in t h d r room Friday 12th .—The jury found Spires and Phelps guilty and sentenced the former to two years and the latter to three years hard labor in the Penitentiary. A new trial was asked for and granted on the ground that one or both of Defendants counsd looked into the Jury room through a window before they agreed upon their verdict Took a walk in the forenoon with prest Young to see his Blacksmith's shop. Washing machine (wheat) GC. Monday 15th.—The weather extremely hot. H S Eldredge, J. W Coward, J W . Young and others arrived from the States in the evening Saturday 20th.—Spent the afternoon in Court tho there was no business done excepting a reconciliation between Alvah Keller & wife the latter having sued for a Divorce Monday 22d.—In the afternoon rode out with prest. B. Young in company with Prest Wells. P. H. Young & H. Stout with H B Clawson for coachman. W e n t to his son's B. Young jr. at his Mill South of the City. After driving through Several Streets and visiting a field of Hungarian millet belonging to the 47

Deseret News. August 10, 1859.

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

23

President the best that I ever saw Returning at sunset. I went to the House of Sister J. Cain where Lucy was visiting and took supper and at a late hour retired to rest Tuesday 23d.—Performed the usual duties of an editor the day previous to publication and did not get through till the next morning just at dawn of day Wednesday 24th.—Read the revise of the "News" (25th Number) before I went home to breakfast after sitting up and working all night.

Thursday 25.—A little after nine this morning I left the City for the purpose of making a visit to bro. King's 48 in Davis County and bring home Amy Jane and her boys, who has been there on a visit some two weeks, Lucy accompanied me taking with her our little daughter Lucy E. W e arrived at Farmington about noon where we stopped an hour or two as I wished to examine the mill and other things connected with the business of E. Smith & Co. Took dinner in the mill with bro S. W . Richards who has part of his family there cooking for the hands who are working for the company. After leaving Farmington we proceeded to bro Kings where we arrived about 5 o clock found Amy Jane and the children well as also her father's folks. T h e day was cool and we had a pleasant journey which I enjoyed but was a little weary at night Friday 26th.—Remained at bro Kings in the forenoon, and in the afternoon took a carriage ride through the neighborhood calling at William B Smith's making a short visit, and taking supper, and returned late to bro. Kings having enjoyed our excursion first rate Saturday 27th.—We came home by the bottom road, having a pleasant ride, arriving about 5 P.M On my arrival I ascertained that a newspaper had [been] issued called the Mountaineer edited and published by Blair Ferguson & Stout.49 This I had anticipated as it was underway 418 49

Elias Smidi's father-in-law.

In contrast to treatment accorded the Valley Tan, The Mountaineer not only was announced properly but received aid and comfort in the form of material assistance. See die Deseret News, August 24, 31, 1859; Mortensen, op. cir., 55-56; Edward W. Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City (Salt Lake City, 1886), Appendix, 5-6; Elias Smith journal, May 17, 1859; and Hosea Stout journal, August 27, 1859.

24

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

when I left home on Thursday C. M. Drown killed

A shooting affair in the evening

Monday 29th.—Busily engaged in the News office during the day Capt. J. Brown & Co arrived with his emigrant company Wednesday 31.—The press was started early in the morning and we proceeded rapidly with the papers but did not get through with the labors of the day till late in the evening. T h e mail carrier from the South brought the intelligence that the Grand Jury and the traverse Jury in attendance upon the Court at Nephi had been discharged and gone home most of them being from Camp Floyd McKenzie was tried on Saturday & found guilty that on Monday he was brought into Court and sentenced by the Judge to two years imprisonment in the Penitentiary and to pay a fine of fifty dollars [Journal to be continued in April issue]

THE AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY 1

BY JOHN D. HICKS*

an honor for me to be invited to address this first annual meeting of the Utah State Historical Society. I know a little of your state, for as a resident of California I have several times driven through it, and many more times I have looked down upon its impressive mountains, plains, and waters from an airplane.

As a student of the W e s t in American History, I also know something of its origins, and of its almost miraculous development.

Most important of all, I suspect, I know it from the consistently capable young men and women who have come to the University of California from Utah to continue their graduate studies in history. I am not sure that I have taught them anything, but they have certainly taught me a great deal.

I T IS INDEED

Today, with Professor Creer as my guide, I have seen the sights of your capital city, and have been impressed anew with the fact that yours is not a static, but a dynamic, society, full of vitality, and growing in a thousand fruitful ways. One sees on every hand the evidence that your progress is not confined to materialistic things alone, but reaches over eagerly into the realms of the mind and of the soul.

I want to talk to you a little while tonight about the American tradition of democracy. This is a trite phrase and a trite subject, but quite possibly I could cite no better reason for giving it careful scrutiny. W e have a habit of using words the meanings of which we do not take the pains to clarify. W e also use combinations of words, particularly such resonant polysyllables as these, to cloak some emotional sentiment that we may feel deeply, but fail utterly to define, even to ourselves. For most of us, I suspect, my subject, "The American Tradition of Democracy," is a mere *John D. Hicks is professor of'history, University of California, Berkeley, and formerly dean of die graduate school of that institution.

J An address delivered at the first annual meeting of the Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City, October 17, 1952. A few paragraphs in this address are taken from an article by Professor Hicks, "Faith of our Fathers," California Monthly, September, 1950, and are reprinted by permission.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

shibboleth—an expression more or less devoid of meaning for which we are willing to fight and argue very hard.

For a shibboleth can be very potent, and even the way in which we pronounce the sacred words—a wrong tone of voice or a revealing curl of the lip—may become almost a matter of life and death, as indeed it was in the days when Jephthah, the Gileadite, was judge over Israel. Now Jephthah, as every citizen of Utah must know, had gathered all the men of Gilead to fight against their insolent kinsmen, the men of Ephraim. And the Gileadites, as was proper, prevailed mightily against the Ephraimites, so much so that when the battle was done the Gileadites beat the retreating Ephraimites to the River Jordan, across which the latter sought to flee. W h e n some of the Ephraimites, pretending that they were Gileadites, tried to cross the stream in peace, the Gileadites were too shrewd for them. T o each suspect they said, "Say now Shiboleth." But the "sh" sound was too much for the poor Ephraimite, who said instead, "Siboleth," for, as the Bible tells us, Judges 12:6, "he could not frame to pronounce it right." And so the Gileadites "took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan; and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand." So even today when a shibboleth is involved we must watch our accents, or perchance we may join the "forty and two thousand."

Let me hasten to assure you, I am not here to scoff or sneer at the fighting words I have taken for my text. I bdieve in the American tradition of democracy. It represents the finest in thought and deed that our American ancestors have handed down to us, and that we in turn should hand down with much accrued interest to our posterity. All I am asking is that we give real meaning to these words, that when we say them we have in mind a clear picture out of our experience as a nation, rather than a mere thrill of emotion such as we feel when we see the flag raised, or hear the Star Spangled Banner played. The phrase should not be a mere shibboleth; if properly interpreted it says a great deal.

T o begin with, let us see what our dictionary will do for us.

The word "American" has, unfortunately, a double meaning, according to my dictionary, "pertaining to. or situated in, America,

T H E AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY

27

or, specifically, the United States." Well, of course we mean "pertaining to the United States." W e apologize to other Americans, and we mean to pretend no superiority. Our forefathers, in their wisdom, called our country the United States of America. W h e n we seek for an adjective we can no more say "United-States-an," or "United-States-ite," than the Ephraimites could say shibboleth; so we say American. That's all there is to it, and no offense intended. North American is no better, for it confuses us with Canadians, Mexicans, and possibly Central Americans. Unless we are to involve ourselves in awkward circumlocutions, we simply have to say American. Normally the context can be trusted to set the record right.

As for "Tradition," we can do a little better there, for my dictionary defines the word as the "handing down of information, opinions, doctrines, practices, etc., through successive generations."

That is clear enough, although some who use the term seem not to realize that a tradition is a living, moving, growing thing, not something absolute, unalterable, and forever fixed. The very essence of the idea of tradition is change. Originally, tradition was transmitted orally, and grew mightily as the exploits of the primitive peoples to whom it belonged grew also, and were recited from father to son. W e smile at our entering freshmen, and sometimes also at our graduating seniors, for their oft-repeated statement, "We are going to start a new tradition." But they are more than half right. The world, as Thomas Jefferson took pains to emphasize, belongs to the living generation, not to the dead, and each new generation leaves its mark on the American tradition.

Let me repeat. Tradition is not something that ended with Benjamin Franklin, or George Washington, or James Monroe, or Abraham Lincoln, or even, let us say, with Herbert Hoover. Tradition keeps right on picking itself up. W e are grinding it out right now.

It is when I come to the word "Democracy" that my troubles really begin. My desk dictionary, excellent as an aid in spelling, and once in a while capable of a meaty definition, lets me down with "government by the people; as, the United States is a democracy." I shop around among dictionaries, and dig up Lincoln's phrase, "government of the people, by the people, for

28

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the people." I glance on down the column to see what is a Democrat, and find that I may choose between "A member of the Democratic party in the United States," and "A high, light wagon with several seats and without a top." If we forsake our dictionaries, and listen to the Communists, the only real democracy, they tell us, exists in Russia, where a handful of party members tell all other Russians what they must do, or else. This does not seem to help us much, nor do we find any light in the brain child of a recent cartoonist who draws a stern-faced Uncle Sam pointing to a map of the United States, and saying, "This is a Republic, not a Democracy." Back to the dictionary we go again for the word "Republic," only to come up with this gem, that a republic is "a state or country in which the supreme power is held by the people." Now, as a matter of fact, we are not interested, any more than the compiler of the dictionary seems to have been, in finespun distinctions. W e have little need to debate the differences between pure democracies, and others not so pure, or maybe only representative. W e may as well go back to the beginning. What do we mean by democracy if not government by the people, as in the United States?

The only trouble with that definition is that it requires a pretty fair knowledge of the history of our country, something that altogether too few Americans seem to possess. But there is no help for it; to find a definition of American democracy that will really define, we must search the national record. This, to me, has never seemed such a bad idea, anyway. W e could learn a lot that way. It was E. L. Godkin, I think, who said once: "He who cannot see very far backward cannot be trusted to see very far forward."

The first thing we learn from the record is that American democracy did not start from scratch. The English colonists who crossed the Atlantic in the seventeenth century may have come almost empty-handed, but they did not come empty-headed. They brought with them the political ideas then current among Englishmen. The little band of Pilgrims who founded Plymouth drew up the Mayflower Compact, a very creditable instrument of selfgovernment, before they had so much as landed. They already knew something of democracy when they come to America; so

T H E AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY

29

also did the founders of Jamestown, mere money-grabbers though they were. These pioneers knew their rights as Englishmen, and they insisted on having them. So with other newcomers to the New World. They began in America where they left off in Europe. And most of them, as Englishmen, were already far advanced along the pathway of democracy.

Here in America special conditions bent and moulded the course that our particular brand of democracy was to take.

Early New Englanders, accustomed as town dwellers to managing their own affairs, contributed a strong emphasis on local selfgovernment. They accepted readily the principle of majority rule, and drove troublesome minorities into exile to the West.

Most of them were Calvinists who believed firmly in contracts.

They had them with God and they had them with the government —written contracts, when it came to politics or constitutions, that defined exactly what each party to the agreement was expected to do. And the government, once constituted, was expected to do things. No worry here about a strong government. It was supposed to be strong. Nor was theirs a classless society. They had no objection to aristocrats, and expected a good deal of them.

They denounced warmly such misconduct as speaking evil of ministers or magistrates. But always one thing was clear; ultimate authority rested with the people.

Down in Virginia and thereabouts democracy was built along somewhat different lines. Here the main emphasis, always excepting the institution of slavery, was upon the freedom of the individual. "The less government the better," words incorrectly attributed to Jefferson but certainly well attuned to his views, gave classic expression to this idea. The common people of the South, as long as they weren't bothered too much by the government, were more content than the New Englanders could possibly have been to leave governmental functions to their more interested and more aristocratic betters. Among the governing planters, however, there was a very lively spirit of democracy. One man was as good as another, for as the saying had it, "everybody who was anybody was somebody in Virginia."

The Middle Colonies also made important contributions to the growing pattern of American democracy. They had people

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of many bloods—Hudson Valley Dutch, Pennsylvania Germans, and Scotch-Irish as w d l as English; also of many religionsQuakers, Dutch Reformed, Lutherans, Mennonites, Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians; migrants, too, from other American sections, espedally New Englanders in search of better soils and climate. Out of these differences in blood and tradition came tolerance and the necessity of compromise^—'no one group could have everything its own way; also an indpient nationalism, for on one thing only could all agree, they were all Americans.

Compounded of all these varied ingredients, and many others besides, the pattern of early American democracy began to emerge. It was something to conjure with at the time of the American Revolution, and no more 'winged words were ever spoken on the subject than those embodied by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. " W e hold these truths to be selfevident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." Actually the American Revolution was fought primarily to conserve these rights, rights long asserted and long respected on both sides of the Atlantic. T h e mistake of the British government was to assume that a people which had long governed itself could be governed in any other way.

Mellin Chamberlain, a wdl-known nineteenth century American historian, once shed fight on this subject in an historical address. Nearly seventy years after the Battle of Lexington, he claimed to have interviewed one of its partidpants, Levi Preston, a minute man of Danvers, trying to find out what were the real reasons why the Americans fought.

"Oppressions," said the veteran, in answer to a question on that subject. " W h a t were they? I didn't feel any."

"Stamp Act? I never saw one of the stamps."

"Tea tax? I never drank a drop of the stuff. T h e boys threw it all overboard."

T H E AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY

31

"Then what did you mean by going into that fight?"

"Young man, what we meant in going for those redcoats was this: we always had governed ourselves, and we always meant to. They didn't mean we should."

But the American definition of democracy was not frozen with the Revolution. It continued to grow. Modifications had already come because of the existence of a colonial frontier, and still further modifications came from the same type of "cutting edge" on the fringe of settlement, wherever it might be. Throughout the first two and a half centuries of American history, society perpetually went primitive again somewhere to the W e s t , and the American tradition of democracy, transplanted to new soil, grew rank and strong. Out in the West, whether the frontier was of the Appalachians, or of the Rockies, or in the great Mississippi Valley that lay between the mountain ranges, or beyond them both, conditions that approached genuine equality always existed for a time. Here democracy of a down-to-earth, man-to-man quality dare raise its head. From such a frontier brand of equalitarian, individualistic, conquering pioneers came the early settlers of Utah, men and women of heroic determination who, with infinite patience and resourcefulness, sought and found a promised land.

It is the fashion now to scoff at Frederick Jackson Turner and his emphasis upon the significance of the frontier in American history. That should not surprise us. Turner in his day was a young scoffer, too; youth must almost of necessity be against what age is for. W h a t worried Turner was that the older scholars of his time, mostly easterners, would not concede that anything important had ever happened, or could ever happen, west of the Hudson. So Turner wrote a strong brief for the West. Now, other bright young men, of an age to be Turner's grandchildren, are fanatically eager to prove that Turner was wrong. The East and the cities, they argue, had far more to do with the making of American democracy than the rural and primitive West. Well, these bright young men are merely repeating the Turner performance, although, possibly, without showing quite the striking originality that Turner showed. For it is a fact that many of us, including quite possibly Turner himself before his day was done, have been

32

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

willing for a long time to concede that American democracy was not wholly a product of the forest. Perhaps in another generation the pendulum will stop swinging on this issue, and we can at least agree, without heat, that millions of Americans did go west, that the conditions of fife they endured in their new homes did alter their behavior, that the frontier, after all, did make a difference.

But in citing the frontier influence we have by no means finished with our search for the various ingredients of American democracy. W e must not neglect the immigrant contribution. It is •worthwhile, occasionally, for us to remind oursdves that we are all, save only a few of Indian blood, the descendants of immigrants, of men and women 'who for the most part deliberately chose to transplant themsdves to a new environment in search of a richer and better fife. But when we speak of immigrants we mean usually the non-English stocks: in colonial times the Scotch-Irish and the Pennsylvania Germans; in the middle decades of the nineteenth century, the Celtic Irish and still more Germans; later on, Scandinavians, Italians, Russians, Poles and other Slavs, Magyars, Jews, and Greeks. Nor should we forget the unwilling immigrants from Africa, the Negro slaves. All these people brought Old W o r l d cultures with them that wrought many subde changes in our democracy—an added note of contentiousness, perhaps, from the Scandinavians, a sense of orderliness and goodhousekeeping from the Germans, an assurance that England must always be wrong from the Irish, a dash of cheerful skeptitism from the southern Europeans, a brooding fear from the Slavs, a melancholy memory of bondage from the Negroes. The Old Country ideas and ideals did not so much five on in America; Louis Adamic in his Nation of Nations tends to overemphasize this point. Rather, the earlier American heritage was modified; it was the old American ideals, the old American institutions that lived on, but they were never quite the same again.

The coming of the immigrants suggests another factor that helped to shape our democracy—the Industrial Revolution. Many of these newcomers came to work in our factories, to build our cities and our railroads, to help transform our nation from a rural to an urban republic. The presence of a large d t y population,

T H E AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY

33

composed mainly of people dependent always on the wages they earned for their daily bread and never very far removed from want, made a notable change in our concept of democracy. As early as the age of Jackson the city workers were undoubtedly playing a tremendous role in the fashioning of our democratic tradition. Later on city politicians devised political machines that made politics pay. City bosses learned to exchange a crude sort of social security for votes. Neither Franklin D. Roosevelt nor his brash young braintrusters should be credited with instructing social security into the United States. Hard-boiled city political organizations had something of the kind all worked out years before anyone had ever heard of the New Deal. If you were out of a job, disabled by sickness or old age, or in any kind of trouble, you could see your local party leader, and he would help you out.

In return, all you had to do was to vote the way your block leader told you to vote. As a famous Middle Western columnist used to say, " W h a t more could be fairer?" But there was a fairer way; the American tradition of democracy came to recognize that government itself, not the exploiters of government, owed this kind of service to society. Call it paternalism, if you like, but it is with us to stay.

One other development we cannot ignore. The United States was once somewhat isolated from the rest of the world—never so much as some people tried to make out, but at least relatively it stood apart and alone. Over a hundred years ago Ralph Waldo Emerson called attention to this fact. "Our day of dependence," he said, "our long apprentice-ship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close. Let us have done with Europe and dead cultures, let us explore the possibilities of our own new world." During the century and more since Emerson's address we have rounded a circle. Today we must recognize the interdependence of all nations. Two world wars in which the United States has been obliged to intervene have taught us at last that American democracy cannot "have done with Europe," and, for that matter, that European cultures are far from dead. W i t h means of communication what they are today, we must live in close proximity with all the nations of the world. Their ideas infiltrate America, and our ideas are everywhere insistently proclaimed. W e have an interest in preserving democracy wherever it exists; if it dies

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

in other lands, it may also die in ours. So American democracy, whether we like it or not, now carries the brand of internationalism.

After even this hasty glance at the record, it takes a good deal of courage to try to produce a simple definition of American democracy. The dements that have gone into its making are too many and varied. It is complicated by historical contradictions, by sectional differences, and by many Old W o r l d nuances, the contributions of our immigrants. It was not made according to pattern or formula, but is the result, rather, of a long evolutionary process, a process which still goes on. American democracy is an ever-changing organism, a living tree •whose roots, leaves, and branches are all growing at the same time.

And yet we ought to be able to concentrate on a few enduring principles that, in the light of our historical experience, we can agree upon as fundamental to our concept of democracy. I have singled out four for spedal attention; no doubt there are others.

But first of all, it seems to me that Americans have come to believe, with great intensity, in majority rule. It cost us a Civil W a r to establish this principle along national lines, but nowadays there are not many who would be so bold as to question it. Secondly, we adhere firmly to the concept of individual freedom, the inalienable rights of the Dedaration of Independence and the first amendments of the Federal Constitution. There are certain things that government may not do to men because men are men and deserve to be respected as such. Third, we give a good deal more than lip service to the idea of equality of opportunity.

W e have always been quick to admit that the equality which is our birthright might not long persist—some get on in the world, and others do not. But we are devoted to the principle of the even chance. T h e cards must not be stacked. And finally, we bdieve in the right of democracy to survive and to grow. This does not mean that we should spend our fives and our fortunes in an effort to take new territory for democracy; but it does mean that we must be on guard to prevent the contraction of democracy, and to keep the evolutionary process alive and in full vigor.

Eventually, the fittest should survive. W e have something, we believe, that the world will want.

I, for one, believe that these four fundamental principles of

T H E AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY

35

democracy are in no danger of extinction, however much they may be discounted in certain sophisticated circles. Sometimes I think we pride ourselves too much on our critical faculties, and concentrate too intently on what is wrong with the world, with our nation, with the society in which we live. W e appear to have a perfect passion for self-abasement. If our children misbehave, we the parents must be at fault. If there is crime and evil anywhere, then somehow the good people of the world are really responsible. Above all, if the Russian leaders, in blind misanthropy, deliberately set out to destroy the world's hope for peace, then for a certainty the American State Department must be to blame. Personally I deplore this nonsense. Some years ago Norman Thomas, of all persons, published an article in the Reader's Digest, of all places, on " W h a t ' s right with America."

It was a good article, and deserves to be republished and reread.

We are rightfully troubled about the application of the four principles I have stated to our extremely complicated society, but we are worried far more than the facts justify by the charges that those who hate our way of life continually level against it. T o lose our faith is not the way to deal with such defects as exist; rather, we should stand fast in our faith, and work without ceasing to reconcile our performances with our ideals.

That principle of majority rule, for example, is not the easiest thing in the world to apply, at least for a nation so large and diversified in its interests as our own. Critics of the American system of government are apt to speak scornfully of the fact that our two major political parties rarely point up their differences clearly, and often seem to be trying to crowd each other off the same platform. Replace the words " W e point with pride" with the words " W e view with alarm," and in almost any presidential campaign the platforms of the two major political parties could be exchanged without serious embarrassment to either party.

What chance, one might ask, is there for majority rule when the issues are so consistently blurred? But the point is that to make majority rule effective in our country the process of compromise must be endlessly maintained. W h a t may be meat for one section is pretty sure to be poison for another. W h a t may satisfy one class of society may antagonize another. Somewhere the process of working out an accommodation that can command a majority

36

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

must go on. W e do it in political platforms at our national nominating conventions. W e do it in Congress where the representatives of every class and section fight it out in committees and in behind-the-scenes deals to line up their majorities. W e do it in the Presidency, where, if the office is to be fully effective, we must have a man perculiarly sensitive to public opinion, and able to shift his position convincingly to fit the changing needs of the times. Indeed, the interests of the nation would probably be served best if each of our two major parties could be trusted at all times to represent every important segment of our population, and every important point of view.

W e do not need to apologize for our party system. It serves our needs w d l . As a recent writer, Herbert Agar, effectively maintains, it is the price of union. If each of our parties were a party of intense devotion to principle, instead of having only two of them we should have to have ten or a dozen different parties, as the French do, with results totally unpredictable. The virtue of our system is that, whichever party wins, it will probably represent the interest of the whole people rather than only a mere fraction of the people. W h a t better assurance of majority rule could we have?

On the second great aspect of American democracy—individual freedom—there is such universal consent that I need do little more than state the case. In the last hundred years we have maintained with fair consistency the guarantees of the first few amendments of the Federal Constitution, and the similar guarantees that have found their way into the Bills of Rights of our various state constitutions. W e bdieve in freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom to petition the government for the redress of grievances, freedom of assembly, freedom of religious worship, freedom from unreasonable search and sdzure, and a long list of other freedoms, including the broad guarantee that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. W e know, of course, that these are limited freedoms. Freedom of speech does not mean freedom to make irresponsible and unprovable statements damaging to the character of another citizen—that is, unless one chances to be, let us say, a member of the United States Senate, and protected by senatorial

T H E AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY

37

immunity. Freedom of the press does not mean freedom to print libelous and untrue statements. Freedom of assembly does not mean the the right to start a riot. And so on. But these freedoms do mean that the government of the United States and the governments of the various states may not resort to the police state methods that exist everywhere behind the iron curtain. Liberty flourishes in the United States to a degree that would be regarded as intolerable in any totalitarian nation. Freedom, too, means protection for the minority. There is no principle more vital to the maintenance of our democratic way of life than the one which guarantees to a defeated minority the right to hold steadfastly, and without penalty, to its opinions.

The third great principle of American democracy, equality of opportunity, has found the going rather tough during the past hundred years, but it has survived far better than many critics of our society are willing to concede. The economic revolution that accompanied the Civil W a r and continued after its close brought about great and unanticipated changes. New machines for production and new means of transportation and communication created in a short time a new world, one in which the modern business corporation because of its size and wealth wielded great power. How could the ordinary individual compete with these huge agglomerations of capital? W h a t was to happen to equality of opportunity in America while a smaller and smaller number of larger and larger corporations were taking over the direction of American economic life? Perhaps a people less accustomed to freedom and equality might have bowed humbly before the storm, but not so the American people. They stood up and fought. In the nineteenth century the Grangers and the Greenbackers and the Populists carried the ball. In the twentieth century the drive for greater equality of opportunity was the principal objective of Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism, Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom, and Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. In many aspects, certainly, the victory is not yet won, and the battle goes on. But in one fashion or another, through governmental regulation, through limited public ownership, through the deliberate encouragement of labor organization, through corporation taxes and graduated income taxes, through a vast network of social security legislation, the trend toward the elimination of equality

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of opportunity that for a time seemed so threatening has been arrested. Low incomes have been brought up, high incomes have been brought down. Frederick Lewis Allen, in a book just off the press. The Big Change, brings out with startling darity how far this process has progressed. The United States, without resort to socialism and with the utmost disdain for communism, seems well on the way toward the creation of a classless society.

I come now to the fourth item that I have induded in my historical definition of American democracy, the right to survive.

W e used to have no doubts on this score; now, after two devastating world wars, doubts do exist. W e had dreamed of one world, a world of united nations that would keep the peace and give democracy real hope for the future. But instead of one world we now have two, one in which the prindples we believe in have a chance to survive, and one in which most of these prindples, at least, are denounced and ruthlessly suppressed. Behind the iron curtain there is no such thing as majority rule. There a small but disdplined minority, frantically devoted to an intensely reactionary creed, gives the law, like an oriental despot, to all the rest Behind the iron curtain there is no such thing as individual freedom. There, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of thought, and every other freedom hits the discard, save only freedom to obey the dictates of the state. For the common people only one rule is certain: "Theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do or die." Behind the iron curtain irresponsible rulers give lip service to economic equality, but they insist that to promote an even chance for all, such priceless treasures of democracy as majority rule and individual freedom must go. The surrender of liberty, people are told, is the price of economic security. Sadly enough, what actually happens is that the great masses of the people are exploited for the benefit of the ruling clique to a degree quite impossible in such a country as ours. In reality, behind the iron curtain the great masses of the people have neither liberty nor security.

Furthermore, those who occupy the driver's seat in the Soviet Union and its satellite states have set out to rule the world.

They want one world, to be sure, but it must be one communist world. They overcame western Europe's great barrier to the

T H E AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY

39

east right after the second World W a r and turned its free peoples into slave. They have achieved a similar conquest of China, and their dreams of expansion know no bounds. In every country they have their fifth columns, their spy networks, their agents of red imperialism.

In the face of this challenge what can the people of the American nation do? Shall we sit by supinely while the warlords of Russia prepare our ruin, or shall we do something about it?

Fortunately the makers of American foreign policy (and, whatever impassioned campaign orators may now assert, they were for a long time bipartisan) were and are determined to turn back the red menace. When it was about to engulf Greece and Turkey in 1947, the President of the United States announced without reservation that it was our policy "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure"—the Truman Doctrine. Following close on the heels of this notable departure from traditional American foreign policy came the Marshall Plan, by which the United States agreed to grant financial aid to the efforts of European nations to speed up recovery. For communism, it was well understood, could feed best on chaos and misery; with economic recovery in sight, the danger of its triumph would be slight. After that came the organization of European defense through the North Atlantic Treaty.

Then came Korea, and the long-drawn-out fight in that unhappy land to turn back the tide of communist aggression. One thing we have learned out of that experience. Americans still believe in democracy enough to fight for it. They will not permit democracy's chance to grow, even in an imperfect embryo country like Korea, to be utterly destroyed if they can help it. They know that if democracy is to survive, even here at home, they can never again remain supine, indifferent, and isolated when it is attacked anywhere in the world.

W e here in this group represent, I suspect, nearly all the various shades of opinion current in the United States today.

What we could agree upon, Americans in general could agree upon. When it comes to fundamentals, the differences among us would be slight. Probably we would all agree upon the four basic principles I have featured. But if our brand of democracy

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is to five these good old principles must be continually readapted to the difficult and pressing needs of our times. W e must ask ourselves, in season and out of season, what we can do to make democracy work. How can we preserve the blessings of majority rule under the complications of our present age? How can we maintain our ideals of individual freedom and equality of opportunity when so many people who give lip service to those ideals are really ready to undermine them at every turn? How can democracy survive and grow if, here in the United States at its source and center, we cannot reconcile its behavior in fact with its idealistic theories? And how can we falter and turn back in our international obligations, and not at the same time surrender to those forces which wish to destroy our democracy at home? Democracy must advance, not retreat; it must make converts, not suffer apostacy.

I suppose that Longfellow is outmoded today, but I recall that during the second W o r l d W a r , Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt were not above quoting him back and forth across the Atlantic. In closing, I can think of no better words than these: Thou, too, sail on, O ship of State!

Sail on, O Union, strong and great!

Humanity with all its fears, W i t h all the hopes of future years, Is hanging breathless on thy fate!

W e know what Master laid thy keel, W h a t Workman wrought thy ribs of sted, W h o made each mast, and sail, and rope, W h a t anvils rang, what hammers beat.

In what a forge and what a heat, W e r e shaped the anchors of thy hope!

Fear not each sudden sound and shock, 'Tis of the wave and not the rock; 'Tis but the flapping of the sail,

T H E AMERICAN TRADITION OF DEMOCRACY

And not a rent made by the gale.

In spite of false lights on the shore.

Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea!

Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee, Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, Our faith triumphant o'er our fears, Are all with thee—are all with thee!

41

MUSEUMS A N D COLLECTIONS I N U T A H OPEN T O T H E PUBLIC COMPILED BY PATRICIA L. T U L L AND H E L E N A B. STITES

the society has felt the need for a listing of the museums in the state of Utah open to the public. While this present article in no way represents a complete list of these museums, it is a definite step in that direction.

FOR SOME TIME

As early as March, 1952, the society began the collection of museum information. Letters and questionnaires were sent throughout the state to newspaper editors, chambers of commerce, and individuals who it was thought were in a position to supply the needed information. Our interest included any collection, regardless of its size, so long as it was open to the public.

The following list of museums is merely a portion of the total number, and it is the purpose of this article to encourage the people of Utah to inform us of other museums or collections in the state which should be included in a final listing. Through the cooperation of our readers, we hope to bring you additions to this first article in future issues of the Quarterly, and eventually to publish a separate booklet covering all the museums in the state of Utah.

It will be noticed that several of the collections included in the following listing are under the custody of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, who should be commended for their work in this field. However, it is too early as yet, with only a portion of the total number of museums listed, to make any final conclusions or to compile any statistics. The information given includes name and location of each museum, province or field of collection, a brief history (including date founded, description of building in which collection is housed, etc.), means of support, visiting hours, and admission fee, if any.

Frequently the society receives written and oral requests for this type of information which, so far as we know, has not been published heretofore. This article is not for the tourist alone,

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though it may prove a forward step in encouraging the tourist trade, for the Utah citizen should see his own state, visit the places where history was made, and view the collections of art and pioneer relics on display.

BINGHAM CANYON WEST MOUNTAIN MUSEUM. Rear left portion of Bingham Branch, Salt Lake County Library.

Province or Field of Collection: Scientific, historical, geological, and some archaeological. D. C. Jackling, mining engineer and devdoper of the great Utah copper pit, is honored as the father of "Copper Porphyries," and the mineral display features a display of porphyry ore around his autographed picture. An atomic display features uranium minerals and atomic fission material with brief description of processes.

Brief History: June, 1946.

The W e s t Mountain Museum was founded in

Means of Support: Supported by Bingham Canyon Lions Club, Town of Bingham, and the Salt Lake County Library Association.

Admission:

Free. 3 P.M. to 9 P.M.

BRYCE C A N Y O N BRYCE CANYON MUSEUM. Near Bryce Canyon National Park headquarters in Bryce Canyon.

Province or Field of Collection: General biological, geological, archaeological, and historical; some very interesting paintings of native trees and cross section of tree trunks which aid in identification.

Brief History: The museum was founded in 1935 by the National Park Service and the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association. It is temporarily housed in a small log building, but a Park Master Plan proposes a large museum-administration building in the future.

Means of Support: Regular National Park Service appropria-

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45

tion and assistance from the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association.

Admission: Free (park entrance fee only). 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. from May 1 to September 30.

CAPITOL REEF CAPITOL REEF MUSEUM. Near Capitol Reef National Monument headquarters west of Fruita, Utah.

Province or Field of Collection: General biological, geological, archaeological, and historical. Contains a portion of the well known Bishop Pectol archaeological collection (only a small portion on exhibit).

Brief History: The museum was founded in 1950 by the National Park Service and the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association. It is temporarily housed in a small stone building, but a Park Master Plan proposes a large museum-administration building in the future.

Means of Support: Regular National Park Service appropriation and assistance from the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association.

Admission: Free. 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. from May 1 to October 31.

CEDAR BREAKS CEDAR BREAKS MUSEUM. Near Cedar Breaks National Monument headquarters at Point Supreme.

Province or Field of Collection: General biological, geological, archaeological, and historical. In the summer season an interesting cut wildflower display is maintained.

Brief History: The museum was founded in 1937 by the National Park Service and the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association. It is temporarily housed in a small frame building, but a Park Master Plan proposes a large museum-administration building in the future.

Means of Support: Regular National Park Service appropriation and assistance from the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association.

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Admission: ber 15.

Free. 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. from June 1 to Septem-

DELTA FRANK A. BECKWITH COLLECTION.

Office of the Chronicle

Publishing Company.

Province or Field of Collection: Indian artifacts and geological, fossils from west Millard County being the outstanding feature of the collection.

Brief History: The Frank A. Beckwith Collection has been accumulated over a period of years (since 1913, but mainly in the 1930's). It began as a hobby with Mr. Beckwith, who was editor of the Millard County Chronicle from 1918 until the time of his death (June 11, 1951).

Means of Support: The Beckwith Collection is maintained by the Chronicle Publishing Company.

Admission:

Free. 9 A.M. to 6 P.M.

FILLMORE STATE HOUSE MUSEUM.

City Park.

Province or Field of Collection: Utah's first capitol building (nine rooms and hallway filled with pioneer relics including pictures of pioneers and pioneer histories). The large legislative hall on the second floor is used as an art gallery. In addition to the building and relics, the surrounding plot of ground was dedicated in 1930 as Utah's first state park. This is landscaped and contains one of the three community rose gardens, as well as an A. A. R. S. test garden.

Brief History: W h e n Fillmore was named as Utah's first capital in 1851, work was at once begun on a capitol building under the direction of Truman O. Angell, architect, and William Felshaw, superintendent of construction. Red sandstone from the nearby hills was hand quarried and hauled by ox team; lumber for the woodwork was brought by ox team from Parowan.

In 1855 one wing had been completed and the legislature of 1855-56 convened there. In 1857 affairs of state were transferred

MUSEUMS AND COLLECTIONS IN U T A H

47

to Salt Lake City. The building was dedicated as a museum in 1930 by Governor Dern who appointed the Daughters of Utah Pioneers to supervise it.

Means of Support: contributions.

State appropriation and miscellaneous

Admission: Free. 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. Monday through Saturday.

JENSEN DINOSAUR NATIONAL MONUMENT HEADQUARTERS, AND DINOSAUR QUARRY. Dinosaur National Monument

MUSEUM

is located in Moffat County, Colorado, and in Uintah County, Utah, with administrative headquarters near the quarry, on Utah State Highway No. 149, 7 miles north of Jensen, Utah.

Province or Field of Collection: Paleontology and geology.

The display room contains exhibits featuring the story of the Jurassic dinosaurs and the local geology, as well as numerous maps, paintings, and photographs. The dinosaur fossil quarry, which is a short distance by foot trail from the headquarters, contains some exposed fragments of dinosaur skeletons.

Brief History: Quarry operations were begun in the summer of 1909. A dinosaur deposit was discovered on August 19th of that year. Earl Douglass of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, founded the quarry August 19, 1909, and was in charge of quarrying operations until 1922. Between the period 1915 and 1924, the quarry was worked by the United States National Museum and the University of Utah. Dinosaur National Monument was established October A, 1915, and consisted of 80 acres. Since that time the administration and control of the area have been under the National Park Service. An enlargement to the present 209,744 acres was made in 1938. The combination building, which serves as display room and office, was constructed in 1934. Accommodations for monument visitors are available at Vernal, Utah, 21 miles distant.

Means of Support: Park Service.

U. S. Department of Interior, National

Admission: Free. 8 A.M. to 5 P.M.

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KANAB MUSEUM OF SOUTHERN UTAH.

Province or Field of Collection: pological.

Archaeological and anthro-

Brief History: The museum provides an archaeological exhibit of the prehistoric American Southwest, up to and including the modern Pueblo and non-Pueblo peoples. The purpose of the exhibit is to further an understanding of the human prehistory of southern Utah and the Southwest.

Means of Support:

Donations.

Admission: 354 for adults; 20* for children. 8 A.M. to 10 P.M. daily. (Tentative date of opening set for June 1, 1953.)

OGDEN PIONEER RELIC HALL.

2148 Grant Avenue, Ogden.

Province or Field of Collection: Historical clothing and household articles brought and made by the immigrant Mormon pioneers, among whidi is a silk dress made in 1878 from silk worms fed on mulberry trees from a farm in Harrisville, Weber County, Utah. This is the only dress in Weber County made from home-grown silk. In 1893 this dress was sent to the Chicago World's Fair. Directly in back of the Relic Hall is the Miles Goodyear Cabin, oldest remaining building erected by white men in Utah.

Brief History: The collection is housed in a brick building subdivided into a home furnished with pioneer furniture. This building constituted the first relief sodety hall in Weber County, and was dedicated on July 19, 1902. The building was given to the Daughters of Utah Pioneers on September 30, 1926, and on February 22, 1929, was dedicated as the Pioneer Relic Hall.

Means of Support: laneous contributions.

Admission:

Free.

Daughters of Utah Pioneers and miscd-

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49

PAROWAN DAUGHTERS OF UTAH PIONEERS BUILDING.

Province or Field of Collection: histories.

Pioneer relics, pictures, and

Brief History: Organized in 1927 under the direction of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers. The building is the first rock church built in Parowan.

Means of Support: Organization dues from the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, money making projects sponsored by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, miscellaneous donations, W . P. A. Admission: Free. Open on request.

PAYSON PAYSON JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL.

Province or Field of Collection: clothing, china, etc.

Pioneer relics, pictures,

Brief History: Because the pioneer cabin in Memorial Park could not house their vast collection of relics, the Daughters of Utah Pioneers obtained permission from the Nebo School District to build cases in the Payson Junior High School. These consist of two cabinets with plate glass shelves and doors, one on each side of the entrance.

Means of Support: Nebo School District and Daughters of Utah Pioneers.

Admission: Free. Open to the public during school term or special celebrations.

PIONEER CABIN.

Memorial Park.

Province or Field of Collection: Pioneer log cabin, one room with fireplace for cooking and heating. The cabin is furnished with pioneer furniture, dishes, guns, etc.

Brief History: The cabin was built by Everett Richmond in 1863 from logs hauled from Payson Canyon. It was moved from its original location to Memorial Park in 1928.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Means of Support: Pioneers.

Admission: celebrations.

City of Payson and Daughters of Utah

Free. Cabin is open to the public during spedal

PRICE CITY HALL MURALS.

Province or Field of Collection: Art. Historical paintings of early-day Price.

Brief History: The paintings were done on the wall of the Price City Hall by Mr. Lynn Fausett during 1939 and the early months of 1940. Taken from old snapshots, the paintings depict historical, religious, and industrial scenes in early-day Price.

Means of Support: City of Price.

Admission: Free. 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. Monday through Saturday.

PROVO PIONEER MEMORIAL MUSEUM.

Sowiette Park, 5th West and

5th North, on U.S. Highway 91.

Province or Field of household, gardening, and furniture, clothing, dishes, pioneer cabin are adjacent

Collection: Pioneer relics such as farming articles, musical instruments, etc. A community rose garden and to the Memorial Museum.

Brief History: Original plans for the Pioneer Memorial Building were made in February, 1930, but it was not until September 2, 1937, that definite arrangements were made for the completion, opening, and management of the Pioneer Museum in Sowiette Park under the direction of the Sons and Daughters of Utah Pioneers and Provo City. The building itself is a twostory, stucco affair, the lower floor housing the relics, and the upper floor being used to exhibit paintings and to hold meetings.

Means of Support: Maintenance shared by Provo City and the Sons and Daughters of Utah Pioneers.

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51

Admission: Free. June 1st to September 1st, 1 P.M. to 5 P.M. Other times by appointment only.

ST. GEORGE DAUGHTERS OF UTAH PIONEERS COLLECTION.

Odium Building.

Province or Field of Collection: Pioneer relics, including pictures, guns, household equipment, spinning wheels, cloth of local manufacture, pottery, etc.

Brief History: The collection was begun by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers. The building in which it is housed was built and donated by Mrs. Hortense McQuarrie Odium of New York City.

Means of Support: Mrs. Hortense McQuarrie Odium, City of St. George, and the Daughters of Utah Pioneers.

Admission: Free. Afternoons during the summer.

SALT LAKE CITY BUREAU OF INFORMATION AND MUSEUM.

Temple Square.

Province or Field of Collection: The basic aim of the museum is to gather and preserve the relics of pioneer days and the anthropology of the aborigines of the region. One of the items of particular interest in the Indian section of the museum is a collection of mummies disinterred near Kanab, Utah, and thought to be of the Basket Maker II civilization. There are many unusual relics of the pioneer era and an outstanding collection of Polynesian artifacts.

Brief History: The Deseret Museum, forerunner of the present museum, was founded in 1869. The Bureau of Information and Museum was established in 1904. The. original two-story brick building was erected in 1904, with additions and enlargements made in 1910 and 1919.

Means of Support: Supported by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Admission: Free. 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. winter; 7 A.M. to 9 P.M. summer.

52

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY GEOLOGY MUSEUM.

Main floor, Geology Building, Univer-

sity of Utah.

Province or Field of Collection: Geological, mainly paleontological. Dinosaur skeleton (Allosarus) from Dinosaur National Monument near Jensen, Utah. Also skeletons of many other extinct vertebrates illustrating evolutionary advances.

Brief History: The museum was organized in 1925 by the Department of Geology, University of Utah.

Means of Support:

University of Utah.

Admission: Free. 9 A.M. to 4 P.M., Monday through Friday.

Open at other times by appointment.

LION HOUSE.

63 East South Temple.

Province or Field of Collection: Historic home of Brigham Young. Many pioneer relics are on display, as well as the original furnishings, woodwork, etc.

Brief History: The Lion House, built in 1855-56, has often been called the "Mt. Vernon of the West." Its walls are the original sunbaked adobe, and the original native pine still frames the doorway. The top floor was originally divided into 20 rooms, about 12 by 16 feet, each under a gable roof easily seen from the outside of the building. These were the bedrooms of Brigham Young's large family; the parlors were on the second floor, kitchens the first.

Means of Support: Self-supporting through cafeteria, sodal center, banquets, classes, etc.

Admission:

Free. 10 A.M. to 4 P.M.

MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY.

Building 411, Upper Campus

of the University of Utah.

Province or Field of Collection: Anthropology. This collection probably represents the most modern museum presentation of its kind in the Great Basin. It is organized around one central theme "Man in Utah," and no other materials appear therein. The specimens on display represent less than 1% of the total specimens in the University collection. The museum is

M U S E U M S AND COLLECTIONS IN U T A H

53

designed for public appeal rather than a study or research exhibit.

Throughout, ideas are subordinate to objects.

Brief History: The museum was organized some time around 1920 by the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah.

It was completely reorganized and opened to the public on April 4, 1950. The collection is temporarily housed in a remodelled army mess hall.

Means of Support: University of Utah.

Admission: Monday through Friday, 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. Open at other times by appointment.

PIONEER MEMORIAL MUSEUM.

304 North Main Street.

Province or Field of Collection: 37 exhibit rooms portrays some part pioneer library is one of the best in its manuscript room is famous for its

Pioneer relics. Each of its of pioneer life in Utah; its the western United States; early records.

Brief History: The Daughters of Utah Pioneers was founded April 11, 1901. Their new Pioneer Memorial Museum, patterned after the old Salt Lake Theatre at a cost of $600,000.00, was dedicated July 23, 1950. It has 37 exhibit rooms, a little theatre which seats 100 people, and a lecture room which seats 200 people.

Means of Support: priation.

Sale of publications and state appro-

Admission: Free (donations accepted). 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. Monday through Saturday. 1 P.M. to 5 P.M. Sunday.

UTAH MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS.

Fourth floor of Park Building,

University of Utah.

Province or Field of Collection: Art. Brief History: Included in the collection are pictures and furnishings which are the gift of Mrs. Richard A. Hudnut; old English room and furnishings, gift of Mr. and Mrs. Boyd Hatch; Mortlake tapestries, gift of Mrs. Hortense M. Odium.

This collection was founded May 6, 1951, and is administered by a committee appointed by the president of the University of

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Utah. The top floor of the building in which it is housed has been remodeled into an up-to-date gallery. It is expected that traveling exhibits will be brought in each year.

Means of Support:

Gifts and the University of Utah.

Admission: Free. Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 2 P.M. to 4 P.M. Sunday, 3 P.M. to 5 P.M. Open by special appointment.

SPRINGVILLE SPRINGVILLE HIGH SCHOOL ART GALLERY.

120 East 4th South

Street.

Province or Field of Collection: Art (paintings and sculpture).

Brief History: The collection was begun in 1903 by the Springville High School. It is composed of more than 350 paintings, including the works of many of America's outstanding contemporary artists, and such old masters as Gainsborough, Turner, Monticelli, and others, and is valued at a half million dollars.

The famous A. Merlin Steed collection of 132 paintings is part of the exhibit. Each April a national art exhibit is featured. The gallery, built in 1937, is a Spanish style stucco building with six large galleries, modern fighting, tile floors, and has rooms for art classes, orchestra, and a Little Theatre.

Means of Support: Admission: winter.

Individual contributions.

Free. A P.M. to 7 P.M. summer; 9 A.M. to 4 P.M.

VERNAL UTAH FIELD HOUSE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Province or Field of Collection: Art, science, industry, commercial, natural history, anthropological, geological, archaeological, zoological. More than a billion years of geologic and fossil history of the Uinta Mountain and Basin area, centering around Vernal, are recorded in the museum exhibits. T h e pages of the past are unfolded in the rocks of this region. The Utah Room reveals the scenic magnificence and the recreational attractions of this land of color and vacation opportunities.

M U S E U M S AND COLLECTIONS IN U T A H

55

Brief History: Tentative plans for the museum were made in 1942 under the sponsorship of the Vernal Lions Club. In 1945 the legislature passed an act authorizing the Utah State Building Board to erect a building at Vernal for the purpose of housing and displaying the fossil remains of ancient animal and plant life, and in 1947, $200,000.00 was made available by Governor Maw. The museum was opened to the public in October, 1948. It is administered by the State Board of Examiners and is the official State of Utah Natural History Museum. The collection is housed in a brick and cinder block structure 90 x 130 feet. There are three exhibit halls—Utah Room, Geology and Fossil Hall, and Natural History Hall.

Means of Support: Legislative appropriation.

Admission: Free. 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. May-September; 9 A.M. to 6 P.M. October-April.

WAYNE C O U N T Y UNNAMED COLLECTION.

W a y n e Wonderland Store, Torrey,

Wayne County, Utah.

Province or Field of Collection: Archaeological. The collection includes pottery, baskets, and other artifacts. Three buffalo hide shields, the only ones ever found in Utah, are an outstanding feature of the collection.

Brief History: The collection was started in 1923 by E. P. Pectol, and was moved to W a y n e Wonderland Store in 1952.

Eventually it will be placed under the control of the National Park Service at Capitol Reef National Monument.

Means of Support: Private.

Admission: Free 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. ZION CANYON ZION CANYON MUSEUM.

Near Zion National Park head-

quarters in Zion Canyon.

Province or Field of Collection: General biological, geologi-

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

cal, archaeological and historical; large relief map of Zion Canyon; interesting diorama of prehistoric Indian pueblo (Pueblo II); and numerous other historical items.

Brief History: The museum was founded in 1935 by the National Park Service and the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association. It is temporarily housed in a small stone building, but a Park Master Plan proposes a large museum-administration building in the future.

Means of Support: Regular National Park Service appropriation and assistance from the Zion-Bryce Natural History Association.

Admission: Free (park entrance fee only). 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. Open throughout the entire year.

RECOLLECTIONS OF FORT DOUGLAS AT THE T U R N OF T H E C E N T U R Y

BY O . W .

HOOP*

the U. S. Army Transport Grant, having on board the veteran 12th Infantry, butted its way into San Francisco Bay and docked at the foot of Market Street. The regiment had just completed three years of overseas duty in the Philippine Islands and was to be assigned to regular army posts at home. A messenger from local headquarters came on board with War Department orders, the contents of which quickly trickled down from the colonel's cabin to the enlisted men's deck below. Four posts in the W e s t were to be our homes for the next two years—Fort Douglas and Fort Duchesne, Utah; Fort Apache, Arizona; and Fort Bliss, Texas. Duchesne and Apache were ninety miles from a railroad and relics of Indian war days; wind-swept Fort Bliss was near El Paso, Texas. The 1st Battalion and regimental headquarters, of which I was a small fragment, were assigned to Douglas and cheered the news. The others cursed their luck and tried to find some compensating advantages, but, after a bit of investigation, the general opinion was "Let's go back."

IJOME FIFTY YEARS AGO

A stay of ten days at the Presidio permitted us to exchange tropic khaki for appropriate blues, mail letters home, along with a few bolos, bamboo hats, and native cigarettes, ride the cable cars, visit the Barbary coast, and do other things regarded as essential in the routine life of the regular soldier.

The troop train unloaded its live cargo at Salt Lake City on what was to us a cold, frosty morning. The few natives we met at the unholy hour of six didn't seem to be so chilly, and neither did we after a climb of three miles from the coaches to the post. A kindly sergeant major let me throw my blanket roll on the escort wagon carrying the band instruments and suggested that I trudge along with that favored group. I obliged a «,, !i° S C a r n W9 ' i]°°P: Professional soldier, entered the army in 1900, and S J i L wl e S TT r ° m Privatf to colonel, retiring in 1943. He also has aught history at the University of Tulsa, and was Are and police commissioner in the same city.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

him enthusiastically. In my eyes he loomed almost as big as the colonel and was not a person to offend unnecessarily. Besides, he was my immediate boss. My job was that of typist in regimental headquarters, this skill having been acquired by diligent practice in the "hunt and poke" system. In those days typists and other clerks were developed from the raw material, very raw, indeed.

The barracks on the north side of the parade ground had been prepared for our occupancy, that is, they had been swept, doused with soapy water, and the doors unlocked. However, we soon found we were not the only occupants. After an enforced famine, the bed bugs greeted us with gigantic appetites and enthusiastic greediness. For them we furnished the abundant life. The crevices in the wooden frames and seams in the cotton mattresses harbored thousands. W e managed to get a little revenge for loss of blood by taking the springs back of the barracks, drenching them with kerosene, and applying a lighted match, standing by, of course, to prevent complete cremation of government property. But for the mattresses there was no solution. Or at any rate, the one we got from the quartermaster sergeant did not work. The bugs continued to survive, breed, and eat. I wonder if they are still troublesome in those nice, comfortable-looking little villas into which those eighty-year-old barracks have been converted?

In 1902, when the 12th Infantry arrived, the garrison consisted of the 12th and 22nd batteries of field artillery commanded

by Captains S. D. Sturgis and Adelbert Cronkhite, respectively, both of whom became major generals in World W a r I. The enlisted personnd was something dse, young, impulsive, and untamed. Recruited largely from Kentucky, they were immediatdy christened "Kaywaykies" by the older and more militarily sophisticated infantrymen. The artillerymen lived in the barracks on the south side of the parade ground, a location calculated to place them nearer the guardhouse, their natural habitat, as their critics asserted. The rivalry between artillery and infantry began at once and, of course, became more intense as time went on. The artillery began the hostilities by beating our baseball team and claiming that theirs was the "higher branch of service," whatever

RECOLLECTIONS OF FORT DOUGLAS

59

that might mean. W e retaliated by saying that the Kaywaykies were as wild as their horses, which had been captured while running on the range in Wyoming. W e further enlarged on this by adding that both horses and men had been fitted with shoes for the first time when they arrived at Fort Douglas. Being a little older and more experienced in the facts of life, our boys usually got the best of individual combats. However, the caisson soldiers had a strong and well-developed loyalty to their clan and had the nasty habit of catching our best fighters alone in some secluded spot and beating them to a pulp by force of numbers. So "honors" were about even.

A typical incident occurred on a streetcar making its last trip of the night to the post. The victim, a young artilleryman, well conditioned with his state's best-known product, was sitting on the rear step singing his folklore and hillbilly songs. Finally, his thoughts turning to more immediate surroundings, he commenced his recital with the loud declaration that he "was from Knobbs County, Kentucky, his name was blood, he toted a big knife, and could whip any potbellied doughboy in the 12th Infantry." Standing nearby was a quiet, red-haired corporal from C Company, who had been eyeing him for some time. With the last words of the challenge a big number twelve shoe caught the minstrel squarely in the middle of the back and he vanished into space. Fortunately the car was climbing the hill to the post slowly, so he rolled over only twice before coming to rest in the ditch where he remained peacefully till daylight. Post life distinctly was not monotonous.

The only cooperative project that the infantry undertook was the organization of a post football team. Its originator was Lieutenant Moor N. Falls, who appointed himself manager, coach, and right halfback. After considerable effort enough players of reasonable experience were located, but it took perseverance and persuasion to unearth suitable material and keep it working.

One six-foot two-inch, two-hundred pounder was found in the guardhouse awaiting trial for desertion from another post. He measured up in physique and willingness to play and had seen two or three games which qualified him professionally. Lieutenant Falls pulled a few political strings and military legerdemain to

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

get him released without trial. H e did his part at right tackle quite acceptably for two months in the fall of 1902, and then deserted again. But the season was over and who cared?

Opponents were scarce, but we managed to schedule four games in 1902. One was with Salt Lake's Y. M. C. A., the score of which I have conveniently forgotten, and one with the University of Utah, the score of which I cannot forget, Utah 30 —Douglas 0. T h e game was played in a whirling snowstorm and our defeat was attributed to our inability to see clearly the big blonde Larsens, Hansens, Ndsens, Carlsens, and Christiansens of the university team because of protective coloration.

Two games were played with the Aggies at Logan. One was a tie 0 - 0, but the other we won by a score of 1 0 - 5 , due to the kicking ability of fullback James Cook. H e had the most accurate and devastating toe I have ever seen. H e could punt, with a little wind behind him, for sixty yards and drop kick for at least forty with the same assistance. I played quarter, the other three more important positions having been pre-empted by bigger and better players. Our strategy was to work the ball within our opponents' thirty-yard line, then call on Jim to do the rest Since a drop or place kick in those days counted the same as a touchdown, why work oursdves overtime? Many years later, at an alumni banquet in Wichita, I met the quarter of the Aggie team. Dr. W . M. Jardine, who had climbed the ladder of fame to include the rungs of Secretary of Agriculture, Minister to Egypt, and Chancdlor of Kansas Agricultural College and the University of Wichita. Naturally we compared notes and bobbed agreement with one another over our dessert until we came to the score. He readily accepted the figures of 10-5, but insisted on reversing them to make his team the winner. I presented fact after fact, such as "Doctor, you are wrong. Don't you remember?" etc., etc., but to no avail. H e rejected every fact and argument and obstinately stuck to his own twisted version. It is curious how a person of eminence and integrity can permit his loyalty to mangle and distort distant events to suit his needs and fancies. I still maintain the score was Douglas 10—Aggies 5, Cook having kicked two fidd goals.

Salt Lake City of 1902 did not offer much in the way of

RECOLLECTIONS OF FORT DOUGLAS

61

legitimate entertainment. Calder's Park in the south part of town had a dance hall, benches, a little pond or two, several stands that sold beer by the bottle and sandwiches by the chunk, with a cop to keep order. A couple of miles south of the post was a brewery where on Sunday one could buy a small keg of beer with tables, tin cups, and a bung starter thrown in without additional cost. The latter also could be used for selfdefense in personal combat. Great Salt Lake was a couple of miles closer to the city than it is now, I understand, but as the prices at Saltair were high, it was available only about once a month to those more affluent in cash.

The one place that everyone knew about was the red-light district located almost squarely in the center of town. Salt Lake did not believe in hiding its sins under a bushel. Commercial Street (well named) was an alley running north for one block from Second South, and while it didn't harbor all the sin in the world, it did its best. About twenty feet wide, it turned on the lights at sundown. Houses of prostitution, gambling halls, shooting galleries, and saloons went at full blast for the whole night, visited by soldiers, miners, sheep herders, tramps, and cowboys.

I have named enough to introduce some of the patrons; let the other half remain incognito.

One evening I remember quite well. Brown, Boyle, and I spent the early part in a legitimate show in another part of town.

We counted our cash as we started home and found it to be just fifty cents. No use going out to the post with such a small amount, so it was suggested that we visit one of the gambling halls. An hour later we emerged with seventeen dollars, due to Boyle's clever manipulation of the dice and a sleepy banker.

Near the corner of Commercial Street was a vendor of the smoothest and most subtle drink I have ever known, silver fizz.

I don't know how many we bought, but it was enough to land all three in the city bastille for the rest of the night. I can best tell the rest of the story by quoting a little ditty that appeared in the daily paper the next day: A man named Hook, some money took And went to town to spend it gadzook.

He got so filled with wine, beer and gin

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That a big cop with whiskers gathered Mr. Hook in.

The judge looked him over from head to his toe And said Mr. Hook I guess you can go.

I clipped this poem and kept it for some unknown reason. Many years later my wife found it and announced her discovery with "Is this you? You never told me about that."

President Theodore Roosevelt visited Salt Lake City during my stay. A parade was arranged in his honor and, of course, the regular troops were invited. According to regulations the army leads all military parades and was expected to be in the van in this one. That was before arrangements were completed, however. W h e n the head of the column appeared, it was led by a shouting, frenzied mob of Rough Riders, all waving their big hats, and followed by Roosevelt's carriage. Lost somewhere back in the column were a couple of hundred doughboys. In fact we were so far in the rear that we never got up in time to hear his speech.

Our target range was just north of the post with the target butts against the foot of the hill and the firing points down toward the university. W e had to fire across the streetcar track that circles around to the north of town and came into the north end of the fort. Safety was secured by danger flags and a sentry who gave the signal to "cease firing" and told the motorman to "hurry up." This he always did, pouring on the juice and clanking his gong until across no man's land. One day, when the lieutenant's eyes were conveniently closed, a harum-scarum of D Company fired an experimental shot across the bow of the fleeing car, missing it by an estimated ten feet or more. The effect was all that could be desired. The motorman jammed on his brake, the front wheels bucked, and the car slid into the ditch. It took the company two hours to lift it back on the track with pry poles and main strength, but it was worth it. Any enterprising prospector can find tons of lead, should he care to dig into the base of that hill.

The commanding officer of the post and of the 12th Infantry was John W . Bubb, who had entered the regiment as a private during the Civil W a r and who retired nearly fifty years later as a brigadier general. He was the straightest, finest, and best

RECOLLECTIONS OF FORT DOUGLAS

63

soldier I ever knew—a soldier's soldier. The adjutant was Captain C. H. Barth, who became a brigadier in World W a r I and furnished two sons with the same rank in World W a r II. The mother of these two sons was familiarly known by the enlisted men as Aunt Hattie and was beloved by all. Among the enlisted men I have mentioned already the sergeant major, highest ranking non-commissioned officer. He quit the army when the regiment left for its second tour of the Philippines in 1904, married the postmistress, and went into the office of the surveyor or state engineer. Some forty years later, while on an inspection trip through the West, I stopped at Salt Lake. While waiting for my train I tried to call up my old friend, but a glance at the list of William Andersons in the phone book showed the futility of that project.

Another highly respected member of the non-commissioned staff was Color Sergeant Peter McLoughlin. Peter was better known among the enlisted men, all of whom were deathly afraid of him, as "Old Scutts." Due to lack of early training and somewhat defective eyesight, Peter could read print only moderately well and writing not at all. As he was provost sergeant he sometimes received written notes from officers not acquainted with his disability. This difficulty usually was solved by Peter turning to a nearby soldier, holding out the missive, and saying, "Well, what do you think about that?" Whereupon the fellow would probably read it aloud, much to the satisfaction of Peter. Once, however, Peter was foiled. The recruit, not knowing the ritual or his duty, replied, "Can't you read?" The scorching he got was a classic. Peter even went back into original Gaelic for suitable words to add to his already comprehensive vocabulary. Doubt was cast on the youngster's ancestors and prophecy made as to his ultimate destination. Peter was still muttering when he came into the office an hour later.

The old-time, regular sergeant was a person to be revered, respected, and avoided. Usually a veteran of some fifteen to twenty years service, he was oracle, boss, and tyrant. W h e n Oberg, Bergmark, and Harrell (dressed in their tailor-made blue with a profusion of white stripes) set off for the city two or three days after pay day, they marched abreast down the

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

center of the walk, a sum total of dghteen and one-half feet of beef and brawn. Twenty-four hours later they made the return trip, just as straight, but a bit more careful in planting their feet, and ready to take up the job of running the company until another pay day came around.

No nation ever had a more competent and loyal group of men and at a lesser cost: privates, $13.00 per month; corporals, $15.00; and sergeants, $18.00, with a few dollars extra for long service. The real old-time, regular soldier went out during World W a r I when the draftee came in. W i t h the latter came the interest of the public in military matters. It displayed itself in better pay, better uniforms, better food, and better amusements, but not better men. T h e regular army man of fifty years ago never knew that he was discriminated against, and perhaps he wasn't. He was a product of the times. In 1943 in the officers mess in Algiers, I sat next to a young lieutenant colonel, hardly dry behind the ears, and listened to him grouch because his "plate hadn't been warmed in the kitchen before it was brought out." Shades of Bergmark! I doubt that he ever knew what made me laugh. I'm glad that I managed to keep my emotions under some control, however, for it was this young squirt, and his like, who stepped from Algiers to Sicily to Naples to France to Berlin and defeated the toughest foe that the new imperialistic America had ever known. And it was Bergmark, Oberg, and Company who stormed the trenches at El Caney, Calumpit, Bud Dajo and San Juan Hill and started us on that career of conquest and world domination for which perhaps we are not too well prepared. The soldier of both eras did his part and wonderfully well.

During the summer of 1903, a dozen officers and men headed

by Colonel Bubb and his son John, made a trip to Strawberry Valley to do a little hunting and fishing. Fishing was excellent, and a catch of two dozen trout in an hour by two or three waders in shallow Strawberry Creek was not unusual. Hunting, however, was purely imaginary and mostly by retrospection. A few sage hens were seen but none killed, so the only use we had for the shotgun was buzzards. The trip was made in the only transportation available, an army escort wagon. The distance,

RECOLLECTIONS OF FORT DOUGLAS

65

about seventy-five miles, was made easily in two days. A springless army wagon pulled by four half-tamed army mules is not the most comfortable carriage in the world, but we three young fellows (Corporal Almond of the artillery, John Bubb, and myself) didn't mind it as we lay in the bottom on the bedding rolls.

We continued past Park City, over the wooded hills, and down into the valley where we pitched a big Sibley tent and loafed for the next seven days. W e even had time the first day to catch a mess of fish before time to eat. Our supper that night consisted of fried trout, fried potatoes, and a tin cup of black coffee. I am positive that the governor of Utah did not have any better fare that night. I wonder if Strawberry "crik" is still the clear, noisy, cold little stream it was fifty years ago, or has it dwindled to a puddle one can jump across, filled with tin cans, discarded rubber tires, banana peels, and newspapers, with a generous mixture of oil and sewage.

One might gather from my comments that the inhabitants of the post and the townspeople associated but very little.

Exactly the reverse was true, however. Sunday afternoon concerts by the regimental band brought civilians out to the fort in large numbers. Dances arranged by officers and enlisted men on alternate Friday nights were always well attended. A number of the officers married Salt Lake girls and took them away to other army posts. Enlisted men took their discharge, settled in the city, secured jobs, and raised families. One appreciative captain tried to express his gratitude for social favors by riding his horse up the steps of the Alta Club. An army mother with a very plain daughter growing visibly older (with a birthday every three years) and who could neither sing, play the piano, nor ride a horse became exasperated with a city suitor who, after a visit or two, was fighting a delayed action. T o hasten matters she asked him what his intentions were. His reply was that they were "honorable but remote."

Both officers and enlisted men found they could be absorbed into the civilian population more easily if they wore civilian clothes while in the city. A tailor set up his shop in the rear of C Company barracks and made excellent suits for fifteen dollars, or he could dye a government blanket and turn it into

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

a well-fitting black or brown overcoat for the same sum. He also sat cross-legged on his bench while sewing them which insured our faith in both article and workmanship.

I have said but very little concerning the physical features or the routine life of Fort Douglas during the two years I spent there. All army posts of that day had the two lines of barracks, the half d r d e of officers quarters at one end, headquarters, hospital, guardhouse, quartermaster shops, etc. strewn nearby. Its simplicity has been changed for the worse by modern stone and stucco buildings crowded into every available niche. In later years the routine life of the soldier has been accelerated by the necessity of beating a German or a Jap. W e were in no hurry; we were not mad at anybody in particular. After a home stay of two years, each infantry regiment returned to the Philippines for a three-year tour, but by 1904 that was garrison duty dso.

Our daily life began each morning with the bugle call of "can't gettum up" at the first sign of daylight and progressed quietly throughout the day, punctuated by regular blasts of the same bugle till the last note of taps at deven P.M.

REPORT OF T H E UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY FOR T H E BIENNIUM JULY 1, 1950 to JUNE 30, 1952 LETTER O F TRANSMITTAL The Honorable J. Bracken Lee, Governor of Utah, State Capitol, Salt Lake City, Utah.

My dear Governor Lee: I am submitting to you my report concerning the activities of the Utah State Historical Society for the period July 1, 1950 to June 30, 1952.

The Historical Society has made much progress during the last two years. The office has been reorganized to bring greater efficiency. Dr. Mortensen, our executive secretary, has proved most capable in directing the affairs of our office. W e have just added Mr. John James, a trained librarian, to our staff, and he is working very effectively in our office, providing us the indexing and cataloguing skills which we have so badly needed.

All other members of our staff have given able and loyal service.

I am now satisfied that we have as efficient a staff as any state historical society in the United States. Every cent of our appropriation has been spent only after careful, consideration, and we pledge you the same frugal use of our funds in the future.

Respectfully submitted, U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

(Signed) Joel E. Ricks, President.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

RECENT ACTIVITIES I. T„

HE U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY has enjoyed a period of phenomenal growth in the past two years. In addition to the fulfillment of mere routine functions, the sodety has made great strides in furthering interest in Utah history at both the state and local level. Its services to the public have multiplied many times; the number of persons who have consulted its files and visited the library has increased; its small but select library has grown through the addition of valuable purchases and donations; and the society has returned to a true quarterly publication program after many years of publishing book-length monographs. All of these gains have been made despite inadequate quarters, insufficient funds, and rising costs in salaries, supplies, and printing.

Much of this tremendous development can be traced to the building up of a trained staff. For although the staff of the society is smaller at the present time than it has been in many years, the addition of trained personnel has made it possible for the society to render more significant service to the people of the state than ever before.

The hope expressed in the last biennial report that the society would be able to foster the establishment of local historical societies throughout the state has been moderatdy realized. The Cache Valley Chapter of the Utah Historical Society, first local historical society in Utah, was organized October 24, 1951, under the direction of Dr. Joel E. Ricks, president of the state society. Since its rather recent organization, this Cache Valley group has been very active in holding meetings and in discussing and making plans to gather the historical material of its area. It serves as the reservoir from which is being drawn much of the h d p for the cdebration of the valley's centennial activities in the next several years. Mrs. Leona B. Gardner, secretary, reports that the organization has made definite progress toward its goal of finding and preserving the history of Cache Valley and Utah. She reports a mailing list of 105 interested persons, an average attendance of 35 at meetings, and 44 paid active members. This organization is being used as a pattern for other local groups throughout the state who are interested in uniting together to preserve the history of Utah generally and

BIENNIAL REPORT

69

their own area in particular. As a result of the success of the Cache Valley group, definite steps were taken during the early summer of this year looking toward the establishment of a local historical society in Utah County with headquarters in Provo.

At the 1951 session of the Utah legislature, a bill was passed inaugurating an archival program under the direction of the Utah State Historical Society, thus fulfilling another hope expressed in the last biennial report. This bill empowers the society to appoint a state archivist, and takes note of the increasing importance of microfilm to archival work. W i t h the passage of this act, records totalling several million items could be microfilmed at a comparatively nominal cost to the state, and since microfilm records require less than two per cent of the space occupied by the original documents, the saving in space alone would be of great value.

Several state and county agencies have already approached the Historical Society looking toward the implementation of this bill, but hampered by insufficient funds and inadequate quarters, the society has been unable to carry forward its archival program.

PUBLICATIONS Due to the pressure of war work and inadequate editorial assistance, the society found itself getting further behind in its publication program with the passing of each year. W i t h the addition to the staff in September, 1950, of Dr. A. R. Mortensen as full-time editor, the society not only resumed a true quarterly publication schedule, but has published two full-length books, Pageant in the Wilderness and West From Fort Bridger, representing Volumes XVIII (1950) and XIX (1951) respectively of the Utah Historical Quarterly. Both of these volumes have received favorable review notices in the publications of other historical societies as well as in many trade journals and newspapers.

The publication of Pageant in the Wilderness, the story of the Escalante expedition to the Interior Basin, 1776, as edited and annotated by Dr. Herbert E. Bolton, eminent historian and Spanish scholar, represents one of the most ambitious projects ever undertaken by the society. Published in an edition of over three thousand and available in three bindings, the society was

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

pleased to see the volume meet with favorable reception all over the country. Hailed as an excdlent contribution to the history of the entire Spanish Southwest as well as to the presettlement history of Utah, Pageant in the Wilderness promises to stand as a landmark in the publication program of the Historical Society. Although there have been several other translations of the Escalante diary, Dr. Bolton's translation is unique in that his historical introduction to the diary identifies each campsite of the Escalante party in rdation to present-day geographical locations, making it possible for the modern-day traveler to retrace the route step-by-step.

Wesr From Fort Bridger, the pioneering of the immigrant trails across Utah, 1846-1850, is the result of the researches of the late J. Roderic Korns, prominent citizen of Salt Lake City.

During the nearly two decades while this book was in the process of being written, his researches reached out to influence many of the new books which impinged upon his special fidd of authority, as is shown in the acknowledgments of works published by such outstanding and well-known historians as Bernard DeVoto, Charles L. Camp, Dale L. Morgan, and Charles Kelly.

For all its rich and varied history, the W e s t has few episodes more thoroughly fascinating than the pioneering of the immigrant trails across the Great Salt Lake country during the years 18461850. This single five-year period of trail history embraces the infinitely absorbing story of the Donner party, the pioneering of the Hastings Cutoff, the establishment of the Mormons in the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and the opening of the gold rush to California. West From Fort Bridger is a splendid example of the work being done by the society and constitutes one of the most scholarly and important contributions to Western Americana published in recent years.

Although much can be said in favor of these two worthwhile full-length volumes, the society feds that with the return to a true quarterly schedule it can best serve the interests of its members, for the Utah Historical Quarterly will provide an outlet for the publication of more varied topics important to the history of the Intermountain West, and will serve to stimulate interest in and increase the knowledge of the public in the

BIENNIAL REPORT

71

history of the state. The Quarterly also serves as a reservoir for Utah history which might otherwise be lost. At the present time the Quarterly is in its twentieth volume, the four publication dates being January, April, July, and October. In addition to several full-length articles, each issue of the Quarterly contains several book reviews, a list of publications dealing with the history of the West, and a section devoted to historical notes.

It is the aim of the society to bring to the readers of its publications a balance between source documents and interpretive articles by present-day writers.

Supplementing the regular publication of the Quarterly are miscellaneous Newsletters which serve to keep the society's members aware of its activities. Whereas the Quarterly is a scholarly journal, the purpose of the Newsletter is to bring the members of the society into closer contact with the office and to notify them of current historical activities in the Intermountain area.

LIBRARY The Utah State Historical Society is the only state institution legally designated to collect, preserve, and disseminate historical information. The maintenance of a reference library is, of course, a vital part of this commitment. At the present time the society possesses a small but select and growing library containing hundreds of volumes relating to the historical and cultural development of the West. In addition to published books and pamphlets, the society's collections include pictures, maps, newspapers, microfilms, original diaries and journals, reminiscences, memoirs, autobiographies—any document relating to the history of the Mormons, Utah, and the West. The society continues to add to these collections both by purchase and donation. In the past two years many important additions have been made to the library in the way of basic histories and reference works, periodicals, originals and copies of significant journals and diaries, and other manuscript materials. The society's microfilm holdings, particularly of rare books, manuscripts, and old newspapers has especially increased. Although aware of the value of "old and rare" documents, the society looks at the present with the eyes of the future and attempts to keep its contemporary collec-

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

tions up to date, to maintain a balance between standard histories and original source material.

T h e library is always a busy place. Its routine involves not only the cataloguing of its collections, but the assisting of students in locating materials needed to solve their problems. For some time the sodety has been aware of the need for attention to several projects involving the library and its usefulness to the public. In this connection the sodety has recently employed the services of Mr. John James as full-time librarian. Mr. James is not only a qualified librarian but a student of Western history, making his services doubly valuable to the sodety. It will be his duty to maintain a master classified index file of the sodety's holdings. However, besides devoting much of his time to the sorting, classifying, and re-arranging of materials, he must constantly serve researchers in the library and answer hundreds of inquiries by mail and phone.

One of the latest projects of the sodety involving the library and its collections is the compilation of a union catalogue of works rdating to Mormons and Mormonism. This catalogue is mainly the results of the researches of Mr. Dale L. Morgan in the Library of Congress and the New York Public Library, but also includes the holdings of other libraries never reported to the Union Catalogue, but which his personal researches about the country have established. Through this catalogue the sodety will eventually become the starting point for nearly all researches in Mormon history, for it will indicate not only what books have been published and by whom, but in how many editions and in what libraries they may be found.

RECOMMENDATIONS The Utah State Historical Society has operated under crowded conditions for several years. In view of the tremendous growth and progress of the society as outlined in the preceding paragraphs, it is evident that the present quarters of the sodety are now more inadequate than ever. It has been necessary to store back issues of the Utah Historical Quarterly in various storerooms throughout the Capitol Building. Under these storage conditions, it has become impossible for the sodety to main-

BIENNIAL REPORT

73

tain an accurate audit of its inventory. The constantly expanding files and ever-growing library have forced the society to store valuable resource materials wherever room could be found.

Needless to say, these files are totally valueless when inaccessible. It is therefore of the greatest importance that adequate space be found to house the ever-increasing volume of research material being acquired.

In connection with the legal responsibility of the society as the final depository for all public records and documents, legal provision should be made requiring all state offices to deposit in the archives of the society a copy of every printed publication issued by them. Should such a law be enacted, the need for larger quarters would become even more demanding.

Most other state historical societies have buildings of their own in which to house their libraries, museums, and business offices. Formal recognition of the need for more room by the Utah Historical Society was made at a recent meeting of its board of control with the formation of a W a y s and Means Committee. It is hoped that through the efforts of this committee, as well as through the cooperation of the legislature itself, that the Utah State Historical Society will eventually obtain larger and more suitable quarters.

The society should also receive a larger appropriation than it has in the past—one which compares favorably with those received by other historical societies throughout the nation. An increase in funds is necessary in order to hire additional personnel and to purchase much-needed equipment to facilitate the work of the society. The services of Dr. A. R. Mortensen and Mr. John James as editor and librarian respectively have made it possible for the society to function more effectively than at any other time in the past. Under the leadership of trained personnel, routine duties can be undertaken with less difficulty. The addition of competent help has eliminated various cumbersome methods which have hampered work in the past. However, a modest increase in the number of personnel is essential to effect a useful organization of the society's collections.

The Utah State Historical Society maintains an absolutely

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

open policy for all scholars, and source materials that come into its possession may be freely consulted in accordance with the standards that prevail in all the great libraries of the nation. Surely if this official agency of the state charged with the custody of its public records and its rich historical and cultural treasures of the past and future is to live up to its obligations to the people, it must have considerably more space and a modestly increased budget over the past biennium. W i t h more spadous quarters and an appropriation comparable to that recdved by other state societies, the Utah State Historical Society could more fully exploit the rich historical heritage that is Utah's.

Respectfully submitted, U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Jod E. Ricks, President A. R. Mortensen, Executive Secretary-Editor

BIENNIAL REPORT

75

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Statement of Appropriations and Expenditures For the Fiscal Years July 1. 1950 to June 30, 1952 OFFICE ADMINISTRATION Operations for Fiscal Year Ending June 30th Actual 1951

Actual 1952

$22,861.92

$22,500.00

Departmental Collections

1,067.97

6,418.39

Appropriation Reserve

23,929.89

SUMMARY OF APPROPRIATIONS

Appropriation—General Fund

Allotment Balances from previous Fiscal Year Total

7,086.64 $31,016.53

$28,918.39

$14,907.90

$15,288.89

384.04

609.97

14,288.34

5,710.41

1,436.25

394.35

SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES

Personal Services Travel Current Expense Capital Outlay Total Expenditures Each Year

$31,016.53 $22,003.62

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURES

PERSONAL SERVICES

No. of Positions Tune 30th lob 1951 1952 No.

Actual 1951

Classification

Actual 1952

1

1

1

Clerk ( C - l ) (Part-time)....$ 1,410.00

$1,440.00

1

1

2

Junior Clerk (C-2)

2,040.00

2,325.00

2

1

2

Typist (C-2)

1,760.65

952.91

1

1

4

Accountant (C-4)

2,310.00

2.625.00

1

1

4

Stenographer (C-4)

2,310.00

2,625.00

1

1

6

Chief Clerk (SCAF-6)

754.50

21.00

1

1

29

4,322.75

5,299.98

$14,907.90

$15,288.89

$

$

Executive Secretary-Editor (CP-4)

Total Personal Services

TRAVEL

2001—Private Automobile (In-State)

277.86

2003—Hotel and Subsistence (In-State)....

326.82 55.95

2007—Motor Pool (In-State)

6.18

127.20

2011—Private Automobile (Out-of-State)

100.00

2012—Common Carrier (Out-of-State)....

77.39

2013—Hotel and Subsistence (Out-of-State) Total Travel

22.61 $

384.04

$

609.97

BIENNIAL REPORT

77

CURRENT EXPENSE

Actual 1951 3001—Insurance Premiums

$

Actual 1952

9.25

$

3002-Printing and Binding

8,494.98

2,091.75

3003—Postage and Mailing

223.44

584.02

184.52

185.68

3004—Communications— Telephone, Telegraph 3005—Freight, Express, Cartage

14.24

3006—Utility Services

3.75

3010—Advertising and Publicity

3.19

3013-Unclassified Services

2,913.75

300.00

3014-Office Supplies

467.49

508.50

3015—Educational & Recreational Supplies

681.85

1,036.35

10.00

30.20

3024—Medical and Laboratory Supplies....

588.65

90.79

3029—Fees, Claims, etc., Miscellaneous....

154.46

50.70

3041—Dues and Subscriptions

116.10

153.87

3022—Parts, Repairs, Accessories

3042—Handicraft and Vocational Supplies

2.00

3045—Employee Retirem't Match'g Money

420.67

3046—Social Security Matching Money....

Total Current Expense

678.55

$14,288.34

$

5,710.41

CAPITAL OUTLAY

4001-Office Equipment

$ 1,436.25

$

4009—Unclassified Equipment Total Capital Outlay

366.35 28.00

$ 1,436.25

$

394.35

REVIEWS A N D RECENT PUBLICATIONS The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains. By Ernest Wallace and E. Adamson Hoebel. (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1952, xvii + 381 pp. $5.00) In the periodical Social Studies (1938), Alban W . Hoopes, author of Indian Affairs and Their Administration (Philadelphia, 1932), stated the need for a history of the American Indian.

Before such a history is possible, however, much more work must be done by the anthropologist, archaeologist, and historian to develop the available information on individual tribes.

Since 1938 some contributions have been made to our knowledge of the Indians of the United States. This work by Wallace and Hoebel is a welcome addition to the published materials that will one day reach sufficient proportion to make an objective study of the American Indian possible.

There is real need for an historical evaluation of a given Indian tribe against a background of other neighboring tribes.

To some extent tribal studies are similar to state histories. W h e n you ask a Comanche to discuss their warfare with the Ute, it is likely that he will draw his illustrations from engagements when the Comanche was victorious. A Ute, asked to discuss peace negotiations between the Ute and Comanche, answered "Ute always won. W h y should they make peace?" Many traits used to illustrate the prowess of one tribe are found to be common among several tribes of a given area.

There is an implication (p. x) that this work tells the "whole story" or gives the "salient facts" of Comanche history.

It is the opinion of this reviewer that the authors have made a truly significant contribution to the story of the Comanche since 1825, but that the period from 1700 to 1825 requires much additional spadework in the Spanish and French documents.

That the authors realize this is not a definitive work is made clear by their stating, " W e definitely have not undertaken to write an ethnographic monograph," and that they have tried to present their account "in a way that will satisfy the interests

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

and curiosity of the general reader and also the anthropologist and the historian." This is a task, I might add, that is beyond the ability of the average anthropologist or historian.

It is suggested (p. 4) that early French and American explorers knew the Comanche by the Siouan name Padouca.

There is also considerable literature on the Comanche under the French title Ietanes, or L'aitanes.

Such statements as "in fact they [the Comanches] introduced the horse into the plains and they were the medium through which most other Indians received their mounts," and "just prior to the introduction of the horse there were very few nomadic Indians out on the plains proper" (p. 34), are, in the reviewer's opinion, subject to question. The first contact of the Comanche with the Spaniard was through New Mexico. It is almost certain that the Apache, Ute, and Navaho had the horse, and that they used it to follow the buffalo on the plains before the Comanche.

Whether there were "nomadic Indians" on the "plains proper" prior to the introduction of the horse or not depends upon the use of the terms nomadic and plains proper. It is almost certain that many Indians, semi-nomadic at least, were hunting the buffalo on the plains before 1600. T h e Spanish documents indicate that the horse was used only to pull the travois and as a pack animal for several years after it was acquired.

Often the Indian name for the horse could be translated "big dog." Until they had learned to use the horse to the best advantage it is doubtful that the horse made as much difference in the way of life of the buffalo-hunting Indian as is sometimes imagined.

Enough of this. For the hundred-year period suggested above, the authors have done an admirable job of telling us the intimate details of the Comanche way of fife. They are to be congratulated for this. All who are interested in the American Indian will find real pleasure in reading this book, and will gain a wealth of information from it. This is as much as we can ask of any author.

T h e publishers can be justly proud of this new addition

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

81

to their Civilization of the American Indian Series. The pen and ink drawings, Indian style, the extensive bibliography (why didn't it include three additional studies by Alfred Barnaby Thomas, two of them from the same press and one from the University of New Mexico press?), and a good index, combined with the other qualities mentioned, make this a book that will grace the shelves of any library.

Brigham Young University

S. Lyman Tyler

]ohn Colter: His Years in the Rockies. By Burton Harris. (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1952, xvi + 180 pp. $3.50) One of the major gaps in the history of the American W e s t has been the lack of an adequate biography of John Colter, member of the Lewis and Clark expedition and probable discoverer of Yellowstone Park. Vinton's study, published over a quarter of a century ago, was inadequate and has long been out of print. For this reason, Mr. Harris has rendered a distinct service in the preparation of the present volume.

The author is to be commended for many things. He sticks to his source materials and does not graft legendary lore onto his narrative merely for the sake of a good story. And he resists the temptation to put imaginary conversation in the mouths of his characters at critical moments. Nor does he attempt to present a psychiatric explanation of their actions in times of stress. He tells the story of John Colter honestly from the day that Colter joined the Lewis and Clark expedition to that of his death. He follows the fortunes of his subject through the long trip to the Pacific and back to the Mandan villages where he received his discharge in order to join the two traders, Dickson and Hancock, for another trip into the wilderness. But the major emphasis is rightly given to Colter's experiences and adventures with Manuel Lisa's company of fur traders in the region of the Three Forks of the Missouri.

There doubtless are some who will take issue with the author's marking of Colter's route on his famous trip during the winter of 1807-08, and during which he is supposed to have traversed the Jackson Hole country and discovered Yellowstone

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Park. The records are fragmentary and the controversies many, but Mr. Harris, who has the advantage of having spent his boyhood in the Big Horn Basin, makes out a good case for his route. He possibly may have overlooked one or two bibliographical items, but to have used them probably would not have altered his account in the slightest. There is a very good account of the habits of the beaver, and the author makes a distinct contribution in emphasizing that the hostility of the implacable Blackfeet to American trappers was not due to Meriwether Lewis, but rather to an inter-tribal battle in which Colter fought against the Blackfeet and on the side of t h d r hereditary enemies. And he correctly locates the place of the battle on the Gallatin River and not in the vicinity of Teton Pass.

The footnotes, with a few exceptions, are at the end of the book where they do not disturb the flow of the narrative, and there is an index and a bibliography. In places the text is too technical and argumentative, but the most serious defect is the lack of an adequate map. T h e end paper map, on which Colter's route is traced, will aid the reader unacquainted with the locality in keeping his bearings, but a folding map (of the type used in recent army publications) of Colter's route traced on a presentday road map, so that the reader could trace the journey as he read, would have been a big improvement. The publishers have given the volume an attractive format, worthy of its contents.

On the whole this book is robust and fascinating reading, a wellordered tale of an interesting American, plainly and honestly told, and one 'which no lover of the American W e s t can afford to miss.

Eastern Washington College of Education

Edgar I. Stewart

The Road to Santa Fe. Edited by Kate L. Gregg. (Albuquerque, The University of New Mexico Press, 1952, viii + 280 pp. $4.50) One by one the essential jobs are being done in the long, slow process of documenting the history of the early W e s t We have had to wait a long time for someone to come to grips with the story of the survey of the Santa Fe Trail in 1825-27, but

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

83

the delay turns out to have been well worth while, for Dr. Gregg has now done a first-rate job in editing the diaries of George C. Sibley, Joseph Davis, and Benjamin H. Reeves, the prime sources which record this phase of the westward movement.

The survey of the Santa Fe Trail followed remarkably soon upon the true beginnings of the Santa Fe trade in 1822. In March, 1825, John Quincy Adams signed a bill which appropriated $10,000 for surveying and marking the new "highway between nations" and another $20,000 for treating with Indians along the way. Shortly after, three commissioners were named, of whom Sibley and Reeves primarily contribute the documents for this book.

The Sibley papers, scattered through several archives, have long been a cultural mine for the history of the West, and the present book by no means exhausts them. If the reception this book is accorded opens the way for another volume of Sibley papers, especially for the period he was factor at Fort Osage, 1808-22, we will all be the gainers. But The Road to Santa Fe in itself is enough to give Sibley his permanent place in the historiography of the West. His diaries commence in St. Louis, June 22, 1825, and continue without a break to March 31, 1826, during this time describing his experiences on the trail with the commission and with the detachment he took on from the boundary to winter in New Mexico; the last diary ends as he is about to return to the States. The diary of Joseph Davis records the experiences of a part of the company which turned back in the late sumer of 1825, and covers the period September 30-October 25. Reeves, who was in company with Davis, is represented with a parallel diary for October 8-25, 1825. Finally, another diary

by Sibley, May 12-October 27, 1827, describes subsequent labors on the road. The volume is rounded out with the official report of the commissioners and an appendix of related Sibley papers.

Records of this sort always have an importance transcending the business immediately at hand, and one of the most valuable features of the book is the number of places and dates it adds to the record of personalities celebrated in the history of the West-Old Bill Williams, Joseph Reddeford Walker, Ewing Young, and the Nathaniel Pryor who was an associate of James

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Ohio Pattie are conspicuous examples. Dr. Gregg could have amplified her notes somewhat by reference to the sources on this survey used by Alpheus Favour in Old BUI Williams, Mountain Man. and she has not made maximum use of contemporary newspaper reports. But this book is far superior to the hdter-skdter job Archer B. Hulbert did on a couple of the Sibley diaries in 1933, a solid work of scholarship which I, for one, am happy to have at hand.

Salt Lake City, Utah

Dale L. Morgan

The Pioneer Jews of Utah. By Leon L. Waiters. (New York, American Jewish Historical Sodety, 1952, v + 199 pp.)

This very illuminating and interesting monograph was written, so says the author, "in order to form a permanent record of the early Jews in Utah." In this task, he has succeeded admirably.

Not only has the author presented a carefully integrated MormonJewish history, but he has prepared revealing statistics on Jewish population, occupations, and other vital facts, including the names of the earliest pioneers of that faith and even the names of those buried in the Jewish cemetery, to the year 1922. Only thirtynine adult Jews had come to Utah by 1865 (p. 18) and less than one hundred had arrived a decade later (p. 20). Of these, less than a dozen joined the Mormon faith. Yet, despite the disparity of numbers, the Jewish population influenced tremendously the resultant history of the Mormon commonwealth.

Except during the mid-sixties, when the Jews were identified with all gentiles in an anti-Mormon crusade, the relationship of these people to the Mormons was very sympathetic. In fact, the author claims that there was less prejudice in Utah against the Jews than anywhere else in the United States. Affinity of religious origins (although the Jews have never accepted the Mormon claim to Israelitish ancestorship) and the similarity of topography in Utah and Palestine may account partially for this fact. "Here, in Utah, was a desert-like land strikingly like that of Palestine; here, too, was a salt-water lake without an oudet, the Great Salt Lake, comparable to the Dead Sea of the Holy Land; here was a fresh water lake, Utah Lake, comparable to the Sea of Galilee in Palestine. Since the Sea of Galilee and

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

85

the Dead Sea in Palestine were connected by the River Jordan, the Mormons to complete the analogy, promptly designated the river connecting the Utah Lake with the Great Salt Lake, the River Jordan!" (pp. 10-11).

Referring to the Jewish migration to Utah, and comparing it with the great Mormon trek, the author has this to say: "Despite the hardships which the Mormons endured, they had some advantages over other travellers: the advantage of safety in comradeship, united in a common cause and under competent leadership. The early Jews who made the trip, on the contrary, travelled alone, or at best with one or two companions of their own faith among the group. They were strangers in a strange land, for it should be noted that almost without exception, they had been in the United States but a few years before setting out for the West" (p. 2 ) . To the Jew, even the language and customs of his adopted country were unfamiliar to him. Furthermore, all of the earliest Jewish colonists had come out W e s t as young, unmarried men. "As bachelors, these young Jews naturally missed the comforts and solace of family life and were sorely depressed by loneliness" (p. 28)..

All of the earliest merchants in Utah were non-Mormons.

This was because the Saints were essentially an agricultural people. Of the one hundred Jewish emigrants, only one took up ranching as a profession; all others were merchants or craftsmen (p. 20). The California Gold Rush (1849), the coming of Johnston's Army (1858), and the opening of the W e s t during the sixties, all accelerated the commercial development of the territory. Utah became a central mart, serving the entire Rocky Mountain West. It was during the sixties that most of the Jewish merchants came to Utah, coming chiefly from California and Nevada. At this same time, animosity between Mormons and gentiles was rapidly increasing, due largely to the inauguration of a crusade against polygomy, supported avidly by federal officials, and the determination of Mormon Church authorities to introduce a cooperative plan of merchandising as a means of controlling prices and effecting a drop in the exorbitant freight charges to the Basin area. This movement for a while threatened to eliminate entirely gentile and Jewish competition. In a confi-

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

dential letter addressed to the historian, H. H. Bancroft, Frederick Auerbach refers to this problem in this way: "Our business gradually increased until 1868, when the institution of the Z. C. M. I. was started. For a time this seemed to threaten our existence as merchants here, and had it not been for the discovery of metals here and the development of the mining industry, it would have certainly proven unprofitable for us to stay in the Territory" (pp. 132-33).

With the coming of the railroad and the resultant development of mining, less friction became evident in the Mormon and gentile commercial worlds. Jewish leaders appreciated the generosity, and for the most part, good will of the Mormon President, Brigham Young. H e gave them a tract of land for their cemetery, tendered them the use of one of the churdi edifices on the Temple grounds in which to hold their services, contributed to the building of Independence Hall, and provided Frederick Auerbach with a personal loan with which to establish his first store in Utah.

The last sixty-seven pages of the book are devoted to a series of biographical sketches of prominent Jewish colonists of Utah. The most interesting of these is that of Solomon N. Carvalho, brilliant photographer and artist of the Fremont expedition (1853-1854). Speaking of his interesting interview with Brigham Young in the spring of 1854, he writes: "I recdved a good deal of marked attention from his Excellency, Governor Young; he often called for me to take a drive in his carriage and invited me to come and live with him, during the period I sojourned there. This invitation I refused, as I wished to be entirely independent to make observations. I told Brigham Young that I was making notes, with a view to publishing them—The Mormon leader replied, 'Only publish facts, and you may publish as many as you please' " (p. 120).

The monograph is enriched with eighteen choice illustrations, including photographs of notable Jewish pioneers. A brief but adequate bibliography is appended.

University of Utah

Leland H. Creer

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

87

Southern Pacific: The Roaring Story of a Fighting Railroad. By Neill C. Wilson and Frank J. Taylor. (New York, McGrawHill Book Company, Inc., 1952, ix + 256 pp. $4.50) The growth of the entire country has depended in great measure upon the expansion of the railroad and the development of transportation. Neill C. Wilson and Frank J. Taylor, who have made a special study of the development of transportation, are particularly well qualified to tell the story of the Southern Pacific, first railroad across the Sierra. Students of railroading and the pioneering of the W e s t will find this volume especially interesting.

Turmoil in New Mexico, 1846-1868. By William A. Keleher.

(Santa Fe, The Rydal Press, 1952, xii + 534 pp. $6.00) Turmoil in New Mexico is actually four volumes in one, the subtitles of each section giving a brief description of the contents: "General Kearney Comes to Santa Fe;" "The Confederates Invade New Mexico [Baylor, Sibley and Canby];" "Carleton's California Column;" and "The Long Walk [campaign of 1863]."

Although the title would indicate that the volume is a history of New Mexico, much of the material pertains to Arizona, which was part of New Mexico until 1863. The use of extensive annotation and an excellent index lend the volume scholarly appeal.

Queen of Cowtowns. Dodge City. By Stanley Vestal. (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1952, viii + 285 pp. $3.50) Here are some of the lesser known stories of Dodge City, "The Wickedest Little City in America." For fifteen years Dodge was the wildest town in a very wild and woolly West, and Queen of Cowtowns is the story of Dodge's gunmen and gunfighters-"Bat" Masterson, W y a t t Earp, Luke Short, and Clay Allison. Stanley Vestal has recorded another phase of Western history in his usual readable and appealing style.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The Arizona Story. Compiled and edited by Joseph Miller. With drawings by Ross Santee. (New York, Hastings House, 1952) Cape Horn to the Pacific: The Rise and Decline of An Ocean Highway.

By Raymond A. Rydell. (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1952) A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Collection of Western Americana founded by William Robertson Coe, Yale University Library. Compiled by Mary C. Withington. (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1952) A Century of Mormon Activities in California. Volume II. By Leo J. Muir. (Salt Lake City, Deseret News Press, 1952) Hear the Train Blow. A Pictorial Epic of America in the Railroad Age. By Lucius Beebe and Charles Clegg. (New York E. P. Dutton and Company, 1952) Historical Prints of American Cities. W i t h comments by Larry Freeman. (Watkins Glen, New York, Century House, 1952) In a Sunlit Land; the Autobiography of John A. Widtsoe.

Lake City, Deseret News Press, 1952)

(Salt

The Indians of Colorado. By LeRoy R. Ha fen. (Denver, State Historical Society of Colorado, 1952) The Indians of Southern California in 1852. Edited by John Walton Caughey. (San Marino, California, Huntington Library, 1952) 77ie Mormon Village. By Lowry Nelson. (Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1952) Seeing the Elephant; Letters of R. R. Taylor, Forty-Niner.

Edited by John Walton Caughey. (Los Angeles, The Ward Ritchie Press, 1951) TIS

R1E Salt Lake Meridian; Nauvoo~The City City of St. George; Great Salt Lake City; Great City and Part of Salt Lake County; Five-Acre Maps compiled by Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr. (Salt The Author)

Beautiful; Salt Lake Plat "A." Lake City,

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

89

Thunder in the Southwest: Echoes from the Wild Frontier. By Oren Arnold. (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1952) Treasures of Pioneer History. Volume I. Compiled by Kate Carter. (Salt Lake City, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1952) R. O. Ackerman, "The Spur Story," Arizona Highways, tember, 1952.

Sep-

"Jo Mora's 'Horsemen of the West,' " ibid.

Edmund C. Jaeger, "Marcus Jones," Calico Print, October-November, 1952.

N. B. Johnson, "The National Congress of American Indians," The Chronicles of Oklahoma, Summer, 1952.

LeRoy R. Hafen, "Fort St. Vrain," Colorado Magazine, October, 1952.

Ann Bassett Willis, " 'Queen Ann' of Brown's Park," Part III, ibid.

George Gardner, "Lost Lead of the Santa Clara," Desert zine, September, 1952.

Maga-

"Nevills Plaque is Dedicated," Desert Magazine, October, 1952.

Randall Henderson, "Glen Canyon Voyage," ibid.

Dorothy Pillsbury, "Tribal Meeting of the Navajo," ibid.

Gilean Douglas, "The Navajos Weave Beauty," Era, September, 1952.

Improvement

Eleanor Van Orden, "One Hundred Years Without Pain" [development of anesthesia], ibid.

G. Homer Durham, "Joseph Smith and the Political World," Improvement Era, October, 1952.

Marb

a C -J o s e Pnson, " ' ' ' ' o f S u c h i s t h e Kingdom of Heaven: 1 he Primary Children's Hospital," ibid.

Claire Noall, "Southern U t a h - L a n d of Fantastic Shapes in Colored Stone," ibid.

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Annie Shackleton Bowen [autobiography], "A True Saint," Improvement Era, November, 1952.

Richard L. Evans, "Albert E. Bowen; a Lesson from One Man's Life," ibid.

Elizabeth C. McCrimmon, "The Cannons' Came from the Isle of Man," ibid.

Thomas D. Clark, "The County Newspaper as a Source of Social History," Indiana Magazine of History, September, 1952.

Ruth De Ette Simpson, "The Hopi Indians," Part VI, The Master, key, July-August, 1952.

"This Week in Missouri History: First Pony Express Started From Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, July, 1952.

Emily Ann O'Neil Bott, "Joseph Murphy's Contribution to the Devdopment of the West," Missouri Historical Review, October, 1952.

E. W . Howe, "A Bit of Weston, Missouri, History," ibid.

Robert W . Richmond, "Developments Along the Overland Trail from the Missouri River to Fort Laramie Before 1854," Nebraska History, September, 1952.

Dale L. Morgan, "Miles Goodyear Story," Ogden Standard Examiner, July 18-26, 1952.

George F. Brimlow, "The Life of Sarah Winnemucca: The Formative Years," Oregon Historical Quarterly, June, 1952.

H. Bailey Carroll and Milton R. Gutsch, "A Check List of Theses and Dissertations in Texas History Produced in the Department of History of the University of Texas 1893-1951,' Southwestern Historical Quarterly, October, 1952.

"On the North Shore of Great Salt Lake" [Bear River Bird Refuge and Promontory Point], Sunset, November, 1952.

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

91

Alma May Brookover, "Centennial of the [Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ] Latter Day Saints," Wisconsin Magazine of History, Summer, 1952.

Gustive O. Larson, "Walkara's Half Century," Western Humanities Review, Summer, 1952.

HISTORICAL NOTES The Utah State Historical Society held the first annual meeting of its membership on October 17th in the Lion House.

Plans for the dinner and program were made under the chairmanship of Russel Swensen, aided by Leland H. Creer, Levi Edgar Young, A. R. Mortensen, and Joel E. Ricks. Over one hundred persons attended the meeting, among whom were President and Mrs. David O. McKay, members of the board of control and their wives, and visitors from all over the state. Over one-third of the audience was composed of prospective members of the Provo-Utah County Chapter of the Utah State Historical Society. We were especially pleased to welcome Mr. M. A. Hortt, who came all the way from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to attend the meeting.

The program, with Dr. Joel E. Ricks, presiding, consisted of the Invocation by Levi Edgar Young; President's Report, Joel E. Ricks; and an address, "The American Tradition of Democracy,"

by John D. Hicks, the full text of which appears in this issue of the Quarterly.

This meeting was the first of what we hope will become an annual affair, and was inaugurated to bring the membership into more active participation in the affairs of the society and to make the people more aware of the great tradition which we all enjoy as citizens of Utah and the nation.

A group of scholars, meeting in a conference on onomastics in Detroit, have voted to organize the American Name Society for the purpose of promoting and encouraging the study of place names, personal names, and scientific and commercial nomenclature. In April, 1953, the new society will publish the first issue of Names, a quarterly devoted to articles on names written by members. All who are interested in the study of names are cor-

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

dially invited to become members. T h e dues are Active Member, $5.00; Sustaining Member, $25.00; Library Member, $5.00; and Patron, $1,000.00, all of which include subscription to Names.

Dues should be sent to Professor Erwin G. Gudde, Treasurer, American Name Society, University of California Press, Berkeley 4, California.

October 27, 1952, marked another milestone in the life of Mrs. Ann C. Milne, Utah's First Lady in point of age, who cdebrated her 104th birthday anniversary on this date at the home of her daughter, Mrs. E. O . Hamblin, 5758 Lindon Street, Murray, Utah. Mrs. Milne came to Utah in 1860, when she was twdve years old, and says she walked every step of the way from Omaha to Salt Lake City. She has outlived six of her children and has two living, Mrs. Hamblin and Athole J. Milne of Washington, Utah, 32 grandchildren, 97 great grandchildren, and 18 great great grandchildren. Mrs. Milne enjoys the modern-day mirade of tdevision and has herself appeared on T V .

W h e n Shddon Jackson died in 1909, he bequeathed his personal library, including account books, letters, and scrapbooks, to the Presbyterian Historical Sodety. Students interested in the history of the Presbyterian Church in Utah will want to read the "Bibliography of the Sheldon Jackson Collection in the Presbyterian Historical Society," by Harrison A. Brann, appearing in the September, 1952 issue of the society's Journal. Mr. Brann refers to a scrapbook of clippings about Utah and Wyoming, 1868-1895, induding artides concerning the work on the Union Pacific Railroad, Mormon-gentile conflicts, descriptions of Mormon practices, and mission churches and schools. Shddon Jackson was commissioned by the Board of National Missions as Superintendent of Missions for Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah. H e founded Westminster College in Salt Lake City, which was called Sheldon Jackson College for

HISTORICAL NOTES

95

the first two years of its existence, and contributed much to the social and religious development of the entire West.

The collections of the society continue to grow by leaps and bounds. W e have made it a custom to list some of the more important acquisitions to the library in our Historical Notes section of the Quarterly. W e do this for the benefit of our members, who are welcome to consult our files at any time. In the past few months we have obtained a complete microfilm copy of the Journal of Discourses, and long runs of the Deseret Evening News and of the Deseret News from its beginning in 1850.

Great areas of Utah's history such as mining, commercial, and political aspects are found only in the newspapers, many of which have entirely disappeared, and the society is proud to be the depository for such valuable information, The society also is building up its collection of theses, either by microfilm or typed copies of the originals. These, too, contain valuable source material. Recent additions to our library in this category are David E. Miller, "The Great Salt Lake;" S. Lyman Tyler, "Before Escalante;" Jesse Jameson, "Corinne: A Study of a Freight Transfer Point;" and M. Hamlin Cannon, "The 'Gathering' of British Mormons to Western America."

We have added to our microfilm collection the following source documents: diary of Sidney Smith, who accompanied an Oregon-bound party from Peoria, Illinois, in 1839; "Memorandum of Robert Newell's Travels in the Territory of Missouri, 1829-1840;" and the Fort Hall Record Books.

Through the courtesy of the New York Public Library we have obtained a photostat copy of the pocket journal kept

by Nellie Thompson, wife of Almon Harris Thompson, a member of the Powell Colorado River expedition of 1871. Dr W. D. Bishop, of Beaver, Utah, has given the society the origi-

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

nal map sketches of his father, F. M. Bishop, topographer on the second Powell expedition. Both of these items are valuable additions to the society's Colorado River Collection.

Mr. Joseph J. Weidner has contributed to the library copies of Herbert E. Bolton, Outpost of Empire, and Alfred Barnaby Thomas, Forgotten Frontiers. Other works recently added to the library are as follows: Elliott Coues, Expeditions of Zebulon 1805, 1806, 1807, 3 vols.

Montgomery

Herbert E. Bolton, Anza's California Expeditions,

Pike,

5 vols.

Mary C. Withington, comp., A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Collection of Western Americana founded by William Robertson Coe, Yale University Library.

Sister M. Alfreda Elsensohn, Pioneer Days in Idaho County, Vol. II. Winifred Gregory, ed., Union List of Serials. 2nd ed.

Dictionary of American Biography, 20 vols.

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE VOLUMES 1-6. By many authors. DetailedMist of content,i sent free on request 50«f single issues. Bound in one volume, fabnkoid, $18.50.

VOLUME 7 Nos. 1-2-3, Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, paper $1.50.

No i The Orderville United Order, paper, $1.00. Nos. 1-4 commned, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 8. No. 1, Journal of Leonard E. Harrington, paper. 50£ Nos. 2-3-4, History of the State of Deseret, paper, $2.50. Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 9. By many authors. Nos. 1-2, paper, $2.00. Nos. 3-4, paper, $1,00. Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 10. Journal of Priddy Meeks, together with many articles relating to the history of medicine in early-day Utah. Paper, $2.75. Fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 11. FafAer Escalante s Journal, 1776-77, edited by Herbert S. Auerbach. OUT OF PRINT. See Volume 18.

VOLUME 12. Nos. 1-2, by many authors, paper, $1.50. Nos. 3-4, A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks, paper, $2.00, edition limited.

Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 13. The Utah War—Journal of Captain Albert Tracy. Paper, $2.00. Fabrikoid, $3.00.

VOLUME 14. Spirit of the Pioneers—Biography and Diary of Lorenzo Dow Young. Paper, $2.00. Fabrikoid, $3.00.

VOLUME 15. The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869. Paper, $2.75. Fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUMES 16-17. The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah in 1871-72. Paper, $4.00. Fabrikoid, $6.00.

VOLUME 18. Pageant in the Wilderness, journal of Father Escalante as edited by Herbert E. Bolton. Paper, $3.75. Fabrikoid, $5.00. Deluxe red cloth edition, $5.50. Escalante maps, 50tf each.

VOLUME 19. West From Fort Bridger, the pioneering of the immigrant trails across Utah, 1846-50, by J. Roderic Korns. Paper, $3.00. Fabrikoid, $4.50. oneSSoidN$S6.00^

By

^

^

^

75

*™&™™•

Bound in

Early Utah Journalism, by J. Cecil Alter. Paper, $2.50. Fabrikoid. $3.50.

P P J f c S i 2 Wilra? Cl*y(on's lounuls Howard Egan, Pioneering the WestFeter Gottfredson, Indian Depredations. 50^ each.

DETAILED LIST OF CONTENTS SENT FREE ON REQUEST

ARE Y O U A C Q U A I N T E D W I T H Volume XIV of the Utah Historical Quarterly, better known as The Spirit of the Pioneers'—Biography and Diary of Lorenzo Dow Young? This volume was published during Utah's centennial celebration, which, incidentally, was also the anniversary of the society's own semi-centennial. It was, then, especially appropriate for the society to choose a journal of the Mormon Pioneer trek as its 1947 publication.

The diary of Lorenzo Dow Young, brother of Brigham Young, is largely the composition of Lorenzo's wife, Harriet Decker Young, one of the three women of the original Pioneer band. Selected as the ideal companion piece to the diary was the biography of Lorenzo Dow Young by James A. Little.

In his Introduction, Robert J. Dwyer says: . . . In the Biography, and still more in the appended Journal, the personality of Harriet Decker Young emerges with singular clarity. She takes her place with Narcissa Witman and Tamsen Donner as a valiant woman of the early West.

In keeping with the pioneer theme of the volume is a short monograph by Levi Edgar Young entitled "The Spirit of the Pioneers," including brief articles on pioneer industry and irrigation, the early-day home in Utah, and the New England town government in early-day Utah.

This volume is available in paper or fabrikoid binding for $2.00 and $3.00 respectively. Or you can receive a paper bound copy of the Lorenzo Dow Young volume free for every two members you enroll, and a bound volume for every three members. But regardless of whether you purchase this volume separately or receive it as a bonus through our Membership Campaign Program, we feel sure it will prove a valuable addition to your library.

nrzi

ISTORICAL A P R I L ,

UTAH

STATE

QUARTERLY 1 9 5 3

H I S T O R I C A L

S O C I E T Y

Utah State Historical Society BOARD OP CONTROL

(Terms Expiring April 1, 1957) JUANITA BROOKS, St. George LELAND E . CREER, Salt Lake City PAUL E. SULLIVAN, Salt Lake City

JOEL E. RICKS, Logan RUSSEL SWENSEN, Provo

(Terms Expiring April 1, 1955) C. HENRY ANDERSON, Ogden A. B. GIBSON. Pleasant Grove CHARLES R. MABEY, Bountiful

WILLIAM R. PALMER, Cedar City LEVI EDGAR YOUNG, Salt Lake Citj

OFFICERS 1953-55 JOEL E. RICKS. President LELAND H. CREER, Vice-President

A. R. MORTENSEN, Secretary-Editor

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE JOEL E. RICES, Chairman LELAND H. CREER LEVI EDGAR YOUNG

RUSSEL SWENSEN C. HENRY ANDERSON EDITORIAL B O A R D ' ^

JOEL E. RICKS, Chairman LELAND H. CREER RUSSEL SWENSEN

LEVI EDGAR YOUNG C. HENRY ANDERSON

EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS The Society was organized essentially to collect, disseminate and preserve important material pertaining to the history of the state. To effect this end, contributions of manuscripts are solicited, such as old diaries, journals, letters, and other writings of the pioneers; also original manuscripts by present-day writers on any phase of early Utah history. Treasured papers or manuscripts may be printed in faithful detail in the Quarterly, without harm to them, and without permanently removing them from their possessors. Contributions for the consideration of the Editorial Board, and correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to the Secretary-Editor, Utah State Historical Society, State Capitol, Salt Lake City 1, Utah.

The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to this publication.

MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Society is $3.00 per year. The Utah Historical Quarterly is sent free to all members. Non-members and institutions may receive the Quarterly at $3.00 a year or 75 cents per quarter for current numbers. Life membership, $50.00. Checks should be made payable to the Utah State Historical Society and mailed to the Secretary-Editor, State Capitol, Salt Lake Gty, Utah.

Entered as second-class matter at the post office at Salt Lake City, Utah.

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY A. R. MORTENSEN EDITOR

Volume XXI, Number 2 April, 1953

COPYRIGHT 1953

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 337 STATE CAPITOL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH

CONTENTS The Provo Woolen Mills: Utah's First Large Manufacturing Establishment, by Leonard J. Arrington.. 97 Ramah, New Mexico, 1876-1900: An Historical Episode with Some Value Analysis, by Irving Telling

117

Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor, March 6, 1859.— September 23, 1863 (continued), edited by A. R. Mortensen

137

Grand Canyon Mystery, by Harry Aleson

169

Reviews and Recent Publications Anderson and Hulmes, eds., Joseph Smith III and the Restoration, by William Mulder Jackson, Wagon Roads West, by A. R. Mortensen

171 173

Nelson, The Mormon Village: a Pattern and Technique of Land Settlement, by Henry H. Frost, Jr

175

Other Publications

177

Historical Notes

-

183

Utah State Historical Society State Capitol—Salt Lake City, Utah Volume XXI

April, 1953

No.2

T H E P R O V O W O O L E N MILLS UTAH'S FIRST LARGE M A N U F A C T U R I N G ESTABLISHMENT

BY LEONARD J. ARRINGTON*

THHE

PROVO W O O L E N FACTORY, Provo, Utah, founded in 1869, was the first large factory in the territory of Utah. Previous to the establishment of this factory a considerable number of small manufacturing plants were in operation, but these were in no sense comparable to the Provo enterprise. Prior to 1869, the machinery utilized by Utah's early settlers had to be imported by wagon and oxcart. Not only was this a costly operation, but it meant that the territory was forced to content itself with the simplest types of machines. Home industry was a necessity, but it was also necessarily unelaborate and uncomplicated.

"Clothing, boots, shoes, and other goods made here," wrote a pioneer historian, "were homely indeed."1

The coming of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 provided the transportation facilities without which the construction of the $300,000.00 plant at Provo (and other enterprises) would have been impossible. The incentive to build the plant, however, and much of the wherewithal, was provided by the leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as part of a studied plan to develop "home" industry. According to a belief of that Church, supported by Old Testament texts, "Babylon" (i.e., the "outside world") was to "fall" some day, and merchants were to "weep and wail" because no man could "buy her merchandise any more." It therefore behooved the Latterday Saints to prepare against this eventuality by erecting plants and stimulating the development of industries which would make •Leonard J. Arrington is on the staff of the Department of Economics, Utah1 State Agricultural College, and is a frequent contributor to this magazine.

Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, III (July, 1884), 254.

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them completely self-sufficient. One prominent pioneer leader expressed the prevailing philosophy before a religious congregation in the famous Salt Lake Tabernacle in the following words: I tell you it is the word and wisdom of the Lord that we should sustain these industries at home. It is wisdom—it is the true policy of the Church—the doctrine of the people, and has been the doctrine of the people from the beginning of our settlement here. . . . I can tell you, whether Babylon falls or not, so far as the principle is concerned, it makes no difference; the people that can supply their own necessities, meet their own wants, and provide for themselves, are always better people, more intelligent people, happier people, more independent people, than any other people upon the face of the earth that do not these things. It stands to reason; it is common sense; it is good judgment; it is Gospel truth, that all this people ought to understand and live up to. . . . This is the temporal Gospel. 2 Because of the acceptance of this philosophy of economic independence by Latter-day Saint leaders if not by the Latterday Saints themselves, Church leaders promoted the establishment of a woolen industry. Small plants were established in Franklin, Idaho, and in Ogden, Brigham City, Grantsville, Salt Lake City, Springville, Kingston, Beaver, Washington, and Orderville, Utah. 3 The story of the erection and operation of these comparatively small frontier manufacturing enterprises is of considerable interest. In this paper, however, discussion must be confined to the Provo Woolen Factory, which was the largest in pioneer Utah, and throughout most of the nineteenth century was also the largest woolen mill west of the Mississippi.4 The establishment of this factory illustrates the nature of the contributions of the Mormon Church to the economic development of Utah and its involvement in the economic life of the territory.

The actual planning for the construction of the Provo factory began some six months before the completion of the transcontinental railroad in May, 1869. The discussions which led 2 Discourse delivered by Joseph F. Smith on October 6, 1895. See The Deseret Weekly. December 28, 1895.

3 Factories were built, or partially built, at other points in the territory, e.g., at Logan, but were never placed in operation. *H. H. Bancroft, History of Utah (San Francisco, 1889), 732.

T H E PROVO W O O L E N M I L L S

99

to the promotion of an enterprise to carry on large-scale manufacture of wool began in 1868 in the meetings of a quasi official body known as the School of the Prophets. This was an organization of Mormon leaders established in November, 1867, and devoted in part to meeting the threat of the transcontinental railroad to the Mormon frontier economy. 5 It was the opinion of this "school" that the anticipated completion of the railroad rendered the erection of a large woolen plant expedient, despite the fact that the railroad connections would make it possible for eastern manufacturers to dump clothing and other manufactured goods in Utah Territory at low prices. Territorial economic independence must be maintained and furthered, thought the school, notwithstanding the commercial dangers and apparent economic disadvantages of doing so.

Brigham Young was leader of the School of the Prophets, just as he was president of his Church. On February 8, 1869, he made the first announcement to the citizens of Provo that leaders of the Church, in Salt Lake City and elsewhere, desired the erection of a "large factory" in Provo for the manufacture of wool. The venture, he said, must be a cooperative one. Said President Young: Provo yields as great facilities as any settlement in the mountains for machinery. The people feel right and the place is coming up. W e are calculating to build a factory here, and wish to extend the privileges to the people to take shares in it. . . .

There is no better country for raising sheep and wool. . . .

W e are not expecting to ask you to assist us in building this factory as we have other work. W e have plenty of money to build it ourselves, but if you want to join us, we will not ask you to pay your money, but if you desire to work and take shares for it, all right. . . .

The other wards of the county can assist us in this enterprise if they so desire. 6 It is interesting to note the type of cooperation which Brigham Young had in mind. T o the social scientist of today a cooperative enterprise is a rather definite form of business 5 See L. J. Arrington, "The Transcontinental Railroad and Mormon Economic Policy," Pacific Historical Review. XX (May, 1951), 143-57.

6 Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, III, 253-54. This announcement was

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organization in which each stockholder receives one vote regardless of the number of shares he possesses, and profits are distributed according to patronage rather than according to the amount of investment in the enterprise. Clearly, this is not what Brigham Young and his associates had in mind, and, so far as the writer has been able to determine, not a single cooperative, in this sense, was organized among the Mormons in pioneer Utah. Cooperation among the Mormons, on the other hand, seems to have meant, in the first place, that the people in the locality would all participate in the project by furnishing labor and local materials in return for stock in the enterprise. The Church and/or Mormon capitalists (local and otherwise) would furnish the necessary cash and/or the machinery which had to be imported from the East. Thus, there would be "cooperation" between the community, the Church, and private capitalists in financing the factory. Mormon cooperation also signified that the construction would be superintended and the concern would be managed and operated primarily by persons appointed by general authorities of the Church. The enterprise would be expected to operate under their over-all direction and carry out the social objectives of the Church, even when this might necessitate sacrificing profits or increasing losses. Thus, there would be "cooperation" between the Church and the business enterprise in attaining certain social and economic goals. "Cooperation" was a form of organization developed to secure the erection and operation of the factory; it was also a goal of community life whose end product was the Kingdom of God on earth, as interpreted by community (religious) leaders. The Provo Woolen Factory was to be a cooperative enterprise in that sense.

Discussion of the problems involved in commencing the enterprise continued, and on June 1, 1869, only two weeks after the junction of the transcontinental railroad at Promontory, Utah, the School of the Prophets held a special meeting at Provo at which a resolution was adopted to build a "large factory by cooperation." Under the leadership of Brigham Young the group effected an organization called the "Timpanogos Manufacturing made at the time of the organization of the "Provo Co-operative Institution," which was a cooperative retailing and wholesaling institution serving Utah County.

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Association," 7 of which Brigham Young was to be president; Abraham O, Smoot (leading ecclesiastical official in Utah County), vice president; and Nathan Davis, a former Church public works employee, architect. The company was officially capitalized at $1,000,000.00, with 10,000 shares having a par value of $100.00 each. Several shares were subscribed at the meeting. After the meeting the ground was laid out and the corners set.8 At the same time, President Young also made arrangements for the association to buy the mill site owned by John Taylor, and used by him in operating a flour mill, thus providing both the water and the water power for the operation of the proposed plant.

Almost a year elapsed before the laying of the cornerstone on May 28, 1870.9 A large force of workmen was immediately engaged, and within the year the exteriors of the three large buildings which were to comprise the plant were completed. Reporters of the Deseret News, who witnessed the construction in October, 1870, wrote as follows of the plant: While in Provo we visited the buildings which are being erected for the Woolen Factory. This factory is being established upon the cooperative principle. . . . we were astonished at the large structures which we saw. . . . The main building is of stone, and is 145 feet long, 65 wide and four stories high, exclusive of the basement.

The stories are each twelve feet between joists. At the side of and connected with the building, is a tower, about twenty feet square, in which the staircases will be built. T h e building will be crowned with a [tin] Mansard roof [which will require 100,000 shingles].

It is the intention to fill the first and part of the second floors with looms; spinning apparatus—mules, &c, will occupy the remaining portion of the second floor and the entire third; the fourth will be filled with carding machines. [It will take some 500,00 feet of lumber to construct the building.]

7 In the minutes of the secretary, L. John Nuttall, the company is frequently referred to as the "Provo Co-operative Woolen Factory." Ibid., 255.

8 Journal History of the Church (hereafter referred to as JH), June 1, 1869.

The next day the group, again led by Brigham Young, went into the canyons near Provo and hunted for rock to build the proposed factory. JH, June 2, 1869.

8 At the ceremony, President A. O. Smoot dedicated the site and the cornerstone, and the bishops in Utah County were called upon for appropriate remarks. Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, loc. cit.

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Close by the store, are two adobie buildings, which will be connected with it, when finished, with covered railways; the largest of which is 134 feet long, 34 feet wide, and has two stories, exclusive of basement. This will be devoted to boiling, cleansing and dying purposes.

The other building is 74 feet long, 34 feet wide, also two stories besides the basement. This will be used for finishing purposes. It is the intention to keep 3,000 spindles at work and eight sets of carding machines; there will probably be about 200 hands employed in the factory. Complete arrangements will be made for washing the wool, and it will be dried by machinery. Every exertion will be made to have the buildings covered early this winter. 10 These buildings were located near the center of the city of Provo. They were constructed under the supervision of Brigham Young and A. O. Smoot, 11 and are reported to have cost about $155,000.00.12 Almost all of the labor and materials (rock, lime, sand, and lumber) involved in this cost, however, were furnished by men from Utah and surrounding counties, who were given stock in the enterprise for the amount of their contribution. In addition, the local governments of Provo and Utah County gave assistance in the construction, principally by furnishing (partly as a loan) wheat to feed the workmen. The nature of municipal and county government aid is described in the local history, as follows: The city corporation came to the assistance of the enterprise. On motion of Alderman Myron Tanner, five hundred bushels of wheat in the city treasury were "placed in the hands of A. O. Smoot as superintendent of the Provo Woolen Factory, to aid in the erection thereof, for the period of sixteen months;" and through the initiative of Councilor A. F. Macdonald, $150 was placed at Superintendent Smoot's disposal as a loan, if it should be needed. The County Court likewise showed its interest in the movement. On petition of Superin10 Deseret News. October 27, 1870. Also see the Journal History of the Church, October 22, 1870, for a similar description. A flour mill purchased from John Taylor, also formed part of the plant.

11 The Church historian noted in July, 1870, "Brigham Young visited the Factory at Provo and gave directions as to the details of the immense building."

JH, July 20, 1870.

12 Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine. Ill, 256.

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tendent Smoot it placed bushels of county wheat till September 1, 1871. located on the east side March, 1872, sold to the accepting factory stock in

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at his disposal one thousand at the rate of $1.25 a bushel T h e County Court House, of the factory block, was in factory for $5,000, the county payment. 13

Thus, as the result of the "cooperation" of the people and governments of Provo City and Utah County, promoters were able to undertake the construction of the plant with the expenditure of very little, if any, cash.

After the completion of the exterior, Brigham Young ordered from the East the machinery to be placed in the plant. This included twenty-five small or narrow power looms (twenty broad looms were added in the spring of 1873), with warping, beaming, and other machinery to prepare the yarn for the looms.

The looms were of the "Jenks' " improved three and four shuttle, capable of weaving 1,800 yards of cloth per day, including pattern work, checks, plaids, doeskins, jeans, satinettes, tweeds, blankets, and shawls.1* This machinery was placed on the first floor in the main building. For the second floor, the president ordered three of the "latest improved self acting woolen mules, running 720 spindles each and capable of spinning 1,300 pounds of yarn per day, also one hand mule, 360 spindles, capable of spinning 200 pounds of yarn per day," with machinery and belts attached. 15 The carding floor was furnished with nine sets of wool cards, three cards in each set, enough to consume or work up 1,800 pounds of wool per day. The equipment also included two renovators and two wool pickers.

All of this machinery was to be powered by a "Leffel" patent turbine wheel, thirty-five inches, with a head of twenty feet, which could carry a load of from sixty to seventy horse power. Smaller Leffel turbine wheels were to drive the fulling machines, gigs, shearing machines, and other supplementary equipment. These wheels were driven by water conveyed from Provo River through a large canal built expressly for this purpose. 16 13 J. Marinus Jensen, History of Provo (Provo, 1924), 270-71. ™Deseret News. March 22, June 5, 1873; The Herald (Salt Lake City), March 23, 1873.

15 Deseret News, June 5, 1873.

16 A boiler sufficient to heat water for the use of the dyeing and washing

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All of this machinery, or at least that part of it which had to be imported from the East, is said to have cost approximately $100,000.00. The bulk of it was ordered from the Brideburg Manufacturing Company of Philadelphia. F. X. Loughery, of the same city, was engaged to supervise the installation of the machinery. Over $70,000.00 in cash toward the purchase of the machinery was supplied by Brigham Young.17 Presumably most of this money was advanced by him as trustee of Church funds rather than by him in a private capacity. The remainder of the cash was raised from private capitalists, principally from Provo and Salt Lake City.

The machinery began to arrive in Provo in May, 1871," but it was not until October, 1872, more than a year later, that some of the cards and mules were started and yarn was spun.

Manufactured cloth was first placed on sale on June 1, 1873.

By midsummer, 1874, the factory operated 3,240 spindles, consumed some 300,000 pounds of wool per year, employed seventy mill hands, and was turning out more than five hundred yards of cloth per day. The factory was not equally successful with all of its products, and a decision was reached, in November, 1874, to confine manufacture largely to the manufacture of heavier classes of goods—blankets, shawls, doeskins, and mackinaws. 19 Within a year, the company was handling half a million pounds of wool, costing some $125,000.00 per year; the number. of employees had jumped to one hundred and twenty-five, with an annual payroll of $60,000.00; and the factory was manufacturing 4,000 yards of cloth per week, valued at upwards of $125,000.00. Much of the factory's production in the first few years was of an inferior quality, and the company relied upon local patriotism and the urging of Church leaders to sell its product. However, by September, 1875, the officers reported that departments, and to furnish steam to heat the buildings, apparently was manufactured from homemade materials in Utah.

17 Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, loc. tit. ™The Herald. May 30. 1871.

"Descre* News, November 7, 1874. To further this purpose, an additional $15,000.00 was expended in 1874-75 for the purchase of 16 dipper looms, 6 Crompton looms, 1 spinning mule of 720 spindles, 1 drying machine and other articles, all purchased in Philadelphia. The Herald. March 16, 1875.

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"The prejudice that has existed to some extent against home manufactured woolen goods is fast disappearing . . . ," 20 In the meantime, the firm was incorporated, in 1872, as the Timpanogos Manufacturing Company, with Brigham Young continuing to serve as president, and A. O. Smoot, as vice president. Because of a defect in the incorporation procedure, however, it was necessary to dissolve this firm, and the association was reincorporated on October 15, 1873, as the Provo Manufacturing Company. 21 T h e company operated under this name until February, 1889, when the charter was amended and the firm was renamed the Provo Woolen Mills Company. 22 The capitalization of the Provo Manufacturing Company at the time of its incorporation in 1873 was listed at $500,000.00, consisting of 5,000 shares of stock with a face value of $100.00 each. Although there is some dispute as to whether all of this stock was actually subscribed at the time of the incorporation, it is safe to say that Brigham Young was the principal stockholder, with at least 1,250 shares of stock, and that A. O. Smoot and other Provo stalwarts subscribed for an equal number of shares. 23 The total paid-up capital was approximately $280,000.00.24 Most of Young's stock was held by him in trust for the Mormon Church. At the time of his death, the administrators of his 20 21

Deseret News. September 17, 1875.

The original Timpanogos Manufacturing Association had been formed in 1869 before the passage of the territorial general incorporation act in 1870.

Thus, the association which had been incorporated in 1872 was extralegal.

See Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, loc. cit.

22 The amended articles of incorporation are on file in the office of the Secretary of State, Capitol Building, Salt Lake City.

23 Jensen, op. cit., 272, credits Brigham Young with having subscribed for 3,600 shares. All sources indicate, however, that the extent of Young's investment was in the machinery, the value of which, in 1873, was hardly more than $125,000.00. The estimate on Young's stock is the only one consistent with the 1,227 shares known to have been in his estate at the time of his death.

He had made no large sales of stock before his death. Unfortunately the original charter of the Provo Manufacturing Company seems not to be available, either in Provo or Salt Lake City.

24 At the time of the annual stockholders' meeting in October, 1888, a Salt Lake newspaper reported that $276,000.00 in stock was paid up on that date. JH, October 1, 1888. On February 14, 1890, The Daily Enquirer (Provo), stated that "over $300,000 in capital stock in the mills" was paid up on that date. Jensen, op. cit., 272, reports that fifty-six per cent of the stock (presumably fifty-six per cent of $500,000.00) was paid up at the time of the incorporation.

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estate credited the Church with having provided at least $50,000.00, and possibly more, of the money advanced by Young to the Provo Company to buy machinery, 25 and another $20,000.00 of this may have come out of his own funds. In the settlement of the Young estate after his death in 1877, the Church was awarded 893 shares of stock in the Provo Manufacturing Company with a value estimated at $50,000.00.

At the time of the incorporation, the company issued $200,000.00 worth of bonds, bearing an interest rate of ten per cent, to the stockholder. All the bonds were held by the stockholders. T h e purpose of this issue is not clear. There is no evidence that the bonds represented an additional investment on the part of stockholders. T h e holders of the bonds (and it is not clear who these were) received interest periodically in cloth, at wholesale prices. A total of $30,000.00 was paid in this way by April, 1877.26 The bondholders also had legal priority to the assets of the company in case of failure. The value of these bonds held by Young for the Church, and in his own interest, is not ascertainable. 27 In 1878 these bonds were recalled and the stockholders were given nineteen-twentieths of the value of the bonds in stock in the Provo Company. The bonds were almost all returned by 1879.28 Brigham Young continued to be president of the reincorporated company until his death in 1877, when A. O. Smoot of Provo succeeded to the presidency. John Taylor, who replaced Young as Church president, was placed on the Board of Directors.

Smoot served as president until 1895, when William B. Preston assumed the office, serving until the company ceased active operations in 1904. The superintendents of the factory until 1904 included A. O. Smoot, 1869-72; Myron Tanner, 1872-74; James 26 See L. J. Arrington, "The Settlement of the Brigham Young Estate.

1877-1879," Pacific Historical Review. XXI (February, 1952). 15. The Church was awarded 893 shares of his stock and his heirs 334 shares. See also Deseret News. June 30, 1879.

26 Ibid.. April 21, 1877. The first dividend on stock, as such, was given in April, 1878. This was also in cloth. The first cash dividend, amounting to $1.0027per share, was not paid until 1889. The Herald. April 14, 1889.

The Church held at least $5,000.00 worth of these bonds, and possibly much more, according to the diary of L. John Nuttall in his entry for March 5, 1878. A typescript copy of this diary is in the Brigham Young University Library. wibid.. May 31, 1879. By this date $197,900.00 had been destroyed.

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Dunn. 1874-84; Reed Smoot, 1884-90; John Cutler. 1890-92; Reed Smoot, 1892-1903; I. W . Bassett, 1904.

T w o years after the company was organized as the Provo Woolen Mills Company, i.e., in January, 1891, the capitalization was reduced from $500,000.00 to $300,000.00. Each stockholder, by 1891, had paid $63.00 on his $100.00 stock certificate in the Provo Manufacturing Company. H e surrendered two and onehalf shares of old stock in the company for one share of fully paid-up, new stock.29 Thus, the capitalization was reduced, improving the financial soundness of the institution.

While the concern experienced its share of financial reverses,30 it was well established within ten years after it had commenced operation. It had established a retail outlet in Provo, a wool marketing agency in Provo and Salt Lake City, and had contracts with several eastern firms for the manufacture of some of its specialties. The statement of the president, made at the annual stockholders' meeting in October, 1883, gave the following incomplete data about the assets and annual production and cost: Assets Company real estate Machinery and fixtures Other assets Total resources

$119,841.64 88,685.56 72,195.55 315,596.25

Data for the year ending October 1, 1883: Woolen goods manufactured $133,751.27 Wool consumed 54,346.38 W a g e s paid 33.746.00 31 The company found its principal market in Utah and surrounding states, but some of its products, particularly in the late 1880's, were shipped to Chicago, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. In 29 "Amendment to Articles of Agreement, Provo Woolen Mills Company," on file with the Secretary of State, Capitol Building, Salt Lake City.

30 In 1879 the flour mill was destroyed by fire, involving a loss of $10,000.00. Also in 1879 the company was forced to pay a federal tax on its scrip issue, amounting to approximately $9,000.00. Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine,31III, 257; Jensen, op. cit., 274.

As published in the Territorial Enquirer (Provo), October 5, 1883.

For similar information for other years, see ibid., January 4, October 3, 1884; October 13, 1885; October 4, 1887. See also The Utah Enquirer (Provo), January 6, 1888.

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1887, the company made more than 5,000 blankets, as well as large amounts of flannels, principally for sale in eastern markets."

According to one report, more than $75,000.00 in goods manufactured by this firm were exported from Utah in 1887.33 This would have represented approximately two-thirds of the production of that year. One prominent Church and business leader, Apostle Moses Thatcher, was so impressed with the exchangeproducing capabilities of the Provo plant that he felt to "thank the Lord for the woolen mills in Provo," at a general Church conference held in April, 1889. He stated: I heard it said the other day that a gentleman who came from Boston, representing six different woolen mills, went to examine the products of the Provo mill, and after inspecting the texture of the home-made goods, and on learning the price, he declared that he could do no business in Utah and therefore gave an order for a thousand pairs of blankets to be manufactured and shipped to Boston.34 In an article appearing two months later, the editors of the Deseret News described the "genuine material advancement" represented by this export business: The demand for Utah woolen fabrics outside of this Territory is constantly increasing, as we learn from John C. Cutler & Brother, agents for the Provo Woolen factory . . . . They have orders from Boston, Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, and other towns in Nebraska, numerous parts of Iowa, New Mexico, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and California . . . . The agency have thirty traveling men out with samples . . . .

Z. C. M. I. clothing factory is making for the agents of the two factories from 150 to 200 dozen overshirts a month, and still it is difficult to keep pace with the orders . . . .

Last season the agents received orders for goods to the amount of $25,000 more than the Provo factory produced. Its capacity has been largely increased, however, by the introduction of steam power.35 82 The Herald, December 25, 1887. The company received an order for 375 "pairs of blankets" and 600 shawls from a St. Louis firm in November, 1885.83 Territorial Enquirer. November 24, 1885.

The Utah Enquirer, January 6, 1888.

84 Deseret News,, April 8, 1889.

Mlbid., June 19, 1889. The conversion to steam power in 1889 cost the factory $13,000.00.

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It is estimated that approximately one-third of the company's production during the period 1873 to 1900 found a cash market in eastern cities, San Francisco, and other areas outside Utah and adjoining states. These exported products consisted principally of blankets, shawls, yarns, and flannels, probably in the order named. These exports made it possible for the firm to pay one-half cash and one-half cloth for the raw wool purchased from livestock men and their agents.

It was the original intention of the founders of the Provo Factory that it, along with woolen mills, would utilize all locallyproduced wool in satisfying the woolen needs of the territory and surrounding areas. The objective was clearly stated by Apostle Wilford Woodruff in Salt Lake City, in April, 1873, as follows: President Young has taken the lead in establishing woolen factories in this Territory. Others have assisted in this work, but he has done much more than any other man, and now we have several good mills for the manufacture of cloth and other fabrics owned and run by the Saints in Utah. Still we send many large quantities of wool abroad instead of using it in our own mills, and import goods of outside manufacture instead of making them at home. How long will it be before we are poor, and our Territory drained of all the money we can raise, if we continue this? W e should not send our wool to be manufactured in the States, and then pay our money for cloth brought from there here. Where are our wool growers? What are they thinking about when they do this? This is an item which I consider of vital importance to the Latter-day Saints. W e should keep our wool at home, and we should manufacture this wool into cloth, and we should buy and pay for that cloth, and support home manufactures. This is a principle which we have neglected in a great degree; but we have got to come to it some time. W e have got either to make ourselves selfsustaining, or we shall have to do without a good many things that we now regard as almost indispensable for our welfare and comfort, for there is not a man who believes in the revelations of God but what believes the day is at hand when there will be trouble among the nations of the earth, when great Babylon will come in remembrance before God, and his judgments will visit the nations. When

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that day comes, if Zion has food and raiment and the comforts of life she must produce them, and there must be a beginning to these things. 36 As wool production shot up with the stimulus of factory demand in Utah and elsewhere, and with the introduction of improved varieties of sheep, this objective seems to have been abandoned by Church authorities. T h e relative inefficiency of Utah mills as compared with eastern mills may have been a factor in this decision. Another factor was the desire on the part of sheep men to sell their wool where they could obtain cash instead of cloth and other merchandise for their product. Thus, the objective of complete self-sufficiency with respect to clothing, including the erection and purchase of sufficient plant and equipment to utilize all wool produced in Utah (or, contrariwise, to limit wool production to the consumption needs of the territory), was no longer insisted upon by Church leaders. President John Taylor, representing the Church, voiced no opposition when the management of the Provo Mills decided to "cash in" on the wool export market by establishing an agency for the marketing of raw wool. Beginning in 1876, large quantities of wool were purchased and sold in eastern markets by this agency.37 In the year 1883, for example, the company's wool agency bought more than one million pounds of wool, which was about thirty-five per cent of the Utah wool crop in that year. Of this amount, roughly one-third was consumed by the factory, and the remainder was exported to the East. 38 The combination of a fairly lucrative export business, both in raw wool and in cloth, in the late 1880's and early 1890's, made it possible for the firm to pay its first cash dividend in 1889, and caused its stock to rise from approximately $25.00 per share in the early eighty's to approximately $35.00 per share in the early ninety's. 39 36 Sermon at general conference, April 7, 1873, Journal of Discourses (26 vols.,37Liverpool, 1854-86), XVI, 33.

The establishment of the wool agency made it necessary for the company to borrow "from twenty to fifty thousand dollars" from the Deseret National Bank. The bank required A. O. Smoot, vice president of the company and leading ecclesiastical officer in Provo, to personally guarantee the loan. Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, toe. cit.

38 Territorial Enquirer, January 4, 1884.

3 Âť See, for example, Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star. XLVII (1889), 239.

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Partly as a money-making sideline, partly for developmental purposes, and partly to make possible an improvement in working conditions, including the operation of two shifts, the company promoted the installation of a direct current electric plant in 1889-90 and provided the first electricity to be used in Provo. 40 While the management later lamented that the electric light plant was of "little or no profit to the Company," neither could it have been a financial liability, and it was finally sold to the Electric Company in 1899.41 It now forms part of the holdings of the Utah Power and Light Company.

The enterprise underwent a particularly difficult period during the depression of the 1890's, when sales declined in Utah and in the eastern and California markets. T h e company seriously discussed closing down indefinitely on several occasions, 42 but an agreement was worked out with employees whereby the latter would accept one-half of their pay in produce, at market rates, and one-half in cloth, also at market rates. The company, in turn, agreed to accept produce and merchandise in return for its products. For this purpose the company maintained a close relationship with the Provo Cooperative Institution and the Provo Tithing Office. (It had already established a retail store for the disposal of its own products.) This arrangement continued until 1896 when the company paid one-fourth in cash and threefourths in scrip to its employees. The same arrangement, in turn, continued for two additional seasons. In 1897 the employees struck (a rare thing in Mormondom, even at that date) for more cash, and the management granted them one-third cash and twothirds scrip.43 T h e payroll was placed on a full cash basis about 1899.

By 1904, some ten years after the pit of the depression of the 1890's, the company was back on its feet, producing an output valued at $250,000.00 to $300,000.00 per year, employing 200 hands, and consuming approximately one million of the sixteen 40

Specifically, the company subscribed for 180 shares (par value, $100.00 each) in the Provo Electric Light and Power Company. Provo: Pioneer Mormon City (Provo, 1942), 117.

41 Hearr Throbs of the West (12 vols., Salt Lake City, 1939-51), V, 481-82.

42 Deseref News, March 11, July 15, August 14, 1893.

43 JH, February 8, 1897; Deseref News, February 10, 1897.

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million pounds of wool produced annually in Utah. A regular sales branch was maintained in Chicago for eastern sales. 44 However, the election in 1904 of Reed Smoot, the indefatigable superintendent who had contributed much to the standing of the company, to the United States Senate, together with growing competition from eastern factories and obsolescent machinery, caused an almost immediate decline in the operations of the company. For six years the factory was idle. W h e n the Provo Woolen Mills were purchased, in 1910, by the Knight Investment Company (principally owned by Jess Knight, the Mormon mining magnate), the assets of the company were estimated to be worth only $30,000.00. Although Knight and the Mormon Church spent more than a third of a million dollars to improve the facilities, and although production came to exceed the 1904 figure by a substantial margin, the newly-designated Knight Woolen Mills failed to pay dividends. Production was limited almost exclusively to blankets, makinaws, and "Mormon underwear," most of which were sold in the Northwest and Middle West. Despite several reductions in capitalization, and a complete change in the management in 1924, the company experienced indifferent success in maintaining its markets, and finally closed its doors, after sixty years of operation, in 1932. A disastrous fire in 1918 contributed heavily to the financial difficulties of the company.

T h e position of the firm within the Utah market during the last quarter of the nineteenth century was strengthened by the public support of the Church. During most of the years after the firm commenced selling in 1873, permission was granted by the president of the Church to exhibit its products in the Churchowned Constitution Building, near Temple Square, in Salt Lake City, during the annual and semi-annual conferences of the Church. 45 This action served to increase the market position of the company vis-a-vis imported goods. 46 Church officials seldom missed an opportunity, in general and local religious conferences, to urge the Saints to buy Utah-made woolen products. (In this 44 Union Pacific Railroad Passenger Department, Utah (11th ed., Omaha, 1904).

64.

45 See, for example, Utah County Enquirer (Provo), October 4, 1876.

46 The company somewhat repaid this courtesy by making carpet to cover the vast flooring space of the St. George and Logan temples. Deseret News, November 27, 1876; Utah Journal (Logan, Utah), April 16, 1884.

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respect they did not necessarily single out the products of the Provo Mills.) As an example of this support, one of the apostles, Heber J. Grant, made the following statement in general conference in Salt Lake City: I know that the policy of President Brigham Young in advocating to the people that they support home manufacture and keep their money at home to build up the country, is the true policy for the Latter-day Saints to follow. I wear home-made clothes. I have done it ever since I was a little boy. W h y ? Because I believe it is better for this community that I pay twenty dollars for a suit of clothes than that the wool be sent East and bring only one dollar back.47 From the time that I was a boy of sixteen until the factory closed, with only two or three exceptions, I never wore a suit of clothes that was not made of cloth manufactured at Provo . . . .

The way I figure, the wool that would have made a suit of clothes, if shipped out of our country, will bring back about one dollar to help enrich the community.

But if that wool were put into cloth, and the cloth into a suit of clothes, at least twenty-five dollars of the value of that suit would remain here and would be received by somebody for labor or in the increased value. 48 Similarly, a member of the First Presidency of the Church made the following observation before a conference assemblage in Salt Lake City in 1895: I want to tell you that I and Brother Heber Grant, and Brother Lyman and Brother Richards and many more of my brethren [members of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve] are clothed in home made goods, made from Utah sheep, by Utah workmen, in a Utah factory, and I am not ashamed of my apparel . . . .

Now, if you want blankets, all wool and two yards and a half long, and two yards and a quarter wide, large enough to cover your bed, go to the North Star Mills or . . . go down to Provo and get them. Order them if they do not make them that large, and don't you buy any that are less than that—unless you sleep alone. 49 47 Remarks of Heber J. Grant, Seventy-first Semi-annual Conference of the Church . . . (Salt Lake City, October, 1900), 35-36.

48 Remarks of Heber J. Grant, Eightieth Annual Conference of the Church . . . (Salt Lake City, April, 1910), 37-38.

49 Discourse delivered by Joseph F. Smith on October 6, 1895. See The Deseret Weekly, December 28, 1895.

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The most important aid to the firm, however, was that rendered by Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution. As the dominant wholesale and retail institution in the Mountain West, Z. C. M. I. was in a position to make or break the Provo company. Under the influence of the home industry philosophy so often preached by the Church officials who comprised its Board of Directors, Z. C. M. I. featured the products of home industry in its advertisements and displays. Z. C. M. I. bought and sold large quantities of products of the firm, and served as the sole wholesale agent of the company during most of the years the factory was in operation. Z. C. M. I. also established a clothing factory to use the products of this and other home factories in making work and dress clothing.

The support of the Church was also manifested in the recruitment of workers. While a considerable number of girls worked at the factory, particularly after 1882, the principal operatives throughout its history were converts to the Church from England and Scotland, who had received their training in the large textile mills of their homelands. 60 Church missionaries seem not to have been specially instructed, as had been true earlier, to seek out suitable skilled employees for proselyting and emigration, but it is likely that such workers as happened to be converted and desired to emigrate were sent to Provo and other centers of woolen manufacture which might provide employment for them. 51 The Church's interest in the Provo Manufacturing Company, while always consequential, was necessarily arrested with the passage of the Edmunds-Tucker Act in 1887. At the time the Act was passed the Church owned approximately 1,000 shares of stock (representing an investment of almost $100,000.00) in 50 51

Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine. Ill, 258.

In 1890, after Reed Smoot had served six years as superintendent of the Provo Woolen Mills, he was called on a mission to England. In Liverpool, Smoot served as emigration clerk and passage broker for the Guion Steamship line which handled most of the Church's transatlantic traffic. It would be remarkable if Elder Smoot had not given some attention to the needs of the woolen mill in making up manifests and recommending locations in Utah to Latter-day Saint emigrants. In 1892, shortly after his return from his mission, Smoot once more became superintendent of the Provo mills, and held the position until elected United States Senator in 1904.

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the Provo company. T h e requirement of the law was that all such property be turned over to a receiver for the United States government. On March 2, 1887, one day before the Edmunds-Tucker Act was to become effective, the trustee-in-trust "sold" five hundred shares of this stock to John C. Cutler, an officer of the company, for which Cutler gave his unbacked note for $12,500.00, payable in one year. At the same time, the remaining 500 shares of stock were transferred by the trustee-in-trust to Z. C. M. I. for the reported figure of $11,000.00.62 The government receiver appointed under the provisions of the Edmunds-Tucker Act, however, did not regard these as legitimate sales, and concluded that Cutler and Z. C. M. I. were merely holding these shares of stock in trust for the Church until the proceedings under the Edmunds-Tucker Act had been completed. The Church was therefore required to pay the receiver $22,000.00 in lieu of the stock.53 The Church seems never to have repossessed this stock, and it seems, after this date, to have belonged legitimately to Cutler and Z. C. M. I. It may be presumed that the Church received financial satisfaction equivalent to the $22,000.00 "sacrificed" to the government for these transfers. After these sales, the Church owned no significant block of stock in the Provo Woolen Mills until 191054 when it again purchased a large block of new stock (perhaps as much as $125,000.00) issued by its successor, the Knight Woolen Mills. The Church reportedly bought this issue for the purpose of making possible the purchase of new machinery and equipment. The Church may have held this stock until the Knight interests sold out in 1924 to Charles Ottenheimer and associates.

52 This information is gleaned from the testimony of James Jack and John C. Cutler, Deseret News, May 2, 5, 1888.

53 Ibid., July 9, 1888.

54 In June, 1910, the stock of the Provo Woolen Mills was purchased by the Knight Investment Company for five cents a share. The factory was reincorporated as the Knight Woolen Mills, and the principal stockholder was the Mormon mining magnate, Jesse Knight. A considerable amount of the capital needed for expansion after this sale was provided by the Church, and in November, 1910, Charles W. Nibley, the presiding bishop of the Church, and John C. Cutler, were elected to the board to represent the interests of the Church. Jensen, op. cit, 275. See also the incorporation papers of the Knight Woolen Mills, office of the Secretary of State, Capitol Building, Salt Lake City.

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Despite its disappointing financial record, the enterprise must not be written off as a complete failure. T h e company gave more or less constant employment to an average of more than a hundred employees; it "kept money at home;" it provided a product which could be exported with profit; it provided revenue to Utah's growing wool industry. These were all objectives of Latter-day Saint leaders, and whatever the firm's over-all economic soundness, it did fit into the scheme of Church economic policy.

In the view of a contemporary Utah historian, Edward Tullidge, however, the most important function of the Provo enterprise was that it "restored confidence to our home manufacturing industries." In 1884, Tullidge assessed the importance of the Provo factory as follows: Indeed, it will be marked in the history of this Territory that it was the Provo Woolen Mills that brought Utah manufactures from a primitive condition to a commercial status, placing our home made fabrics on the market side by side with imported goods, competing with them in quality and price, which was necessary to be done before home manufactures could possibly become a decided success . . . . Thus considered, the Provo Woolen Mills will stand as the first monument in the manufacturing history of our Territory. 55 55

Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, III, 255.

RAMAH, N E W MEXICO, 1876-1900 A N HISTORICAL EPISODE W I T H SOME V A L U E ANALYSIS'

BY IRVING TELLING*

W„

'HEN BRIGHAM Y O U N G planted colonies throughout the semiarid intermountain region, the conditions under which settlers were called to live equalled in hardship those met anywhere on the American frontier. Yet the number of communities which failed was amazingly small. The Latter-day Saints remained at their posts through the most trying times. 2 W h y should these people leave their old homes to build anew, suffering again the trials of pioneering in an unfriendly country?

Ramah was such a Mormon colony. In west central New Mexico, surrounded by a few hundred Navaho Indians, and twenty miles east of the Indian pueblo of Zuni, the settlement was founded as a mission to the Indians. A contemporary of the first Mormon settlements on the Little Colorado River (Sunset, Obed, Brigham City, and Joseph City), Ramah has been the only one of these initial ventures besides Joseph City to survive the struggle against a hostile environment. 3 A mountain ridge *Mr. Telling recently received his doctor's degree from Harvard University, and is now serving as history instructor at the University of Massachusetts. This study is an outgrowth of his thesis dealing with the social historyof the Gallup, New Mexico, area.

1 The author is grateful for assistance in this study to Mrs. Wayne Clawson and E. Atheling Bond, of Ramah; Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Frederick Nielson, of Bluewater, New Mexico; A. William Lund, Stanley Ivins, Preston Nibley, William Mulder, and Professor Leland H. Creer, of Salt Lake City; Professors Clyde Klucknohn, Arthur M. Schlesinger, and John M. Roberts and Dr. Guy J. Pauker, of Harvard University; and the directors of the Comparative Study of Values, Harvard Laboratory of Social Relations, who gave financial aid from their Rockefeller Foundation grant.

2 Milton R. Hunter, Brigham Young, the Colonizer (Salt Lake City, 19401, passim; Leland H. Creer, The Founding of an Empire (Salt Lake City, 1947), 311-54.

3 Andrew Jenson, Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1941), 88, 377, 603, 848; James H. McClintock, Mormon Settlement in Arizona (Phoenix, 1921), 138-45; Adele B. Westover and J. Morris Richards, A Brief History of Joseph City (Winslow, 1951), passim.

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sheltered the Ramahns from developments to the north. There the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad (built in 1881) brought so many settlers to open and work the coal mines around Gallup that neighboring Fort Wingate finally lost its function as a frontier post. The Saints, in their semi-isolation from gentile influences, were able to work out their destiny in accord with their own value system. Examination of some of these Ramahn values helps to explain the process of Mormon pioneering.4 Ammon Tenney and Robert H. Smith blazed the trial in 1876, when they labored among the Lamanites (Indians) at Zuni.5 To carry on the work that year, Brigham Young called Lorenzo H. Hatch and John Maughan, who settled with their families in the Spanish-American ranching center of San Lorenzo.

Early in 1877 Hatch directed two recruits, Luther C. Burnham and Ernest A. Tietjen (the latter a Swedish immigrant from Santaquin, Utah), a few miles west to the Savoia (Cebolla, or Onion) Valley, where Jose Pino, a local Navaho leader, pointed out the most favorable location.6 With the addition of five more families in 1877, the Saints could look with pride on their achievements. Hatch reported in October: "The mission number 116 Zunis, who have been baptized, [and] 34 Navijoes . . . ."7 Nor was this their only harvest. Blacksmithing had earned a thousand pounds of corn from the Zunis, while nearly forty acres under 4 Although a footnote is Inadequate for a discussion of so complex and crucial a subject as values, at least a definition is needed. I am indebted to the ideas of Clyde Kluckhohn, "Values and Value-Orientations in the Theory of Action," in T. Parsons and E. A. Shils, eds.. Toward a General Theory of Action (Cambridge, 1951), 388-433, and Charles Morris, "Axiology as the Science of Preferential Behavior," in Ray Lepley, ed., Value; A Co-operative Inquiry (New York, 1949), 211-22. My definition borrows something from both these men: Values are conceptions of the desirable used as guides for action in situations of preferential behavior. See also Thomas F. ODea, "A Study of Mormon Values," Comparative Study of Values Working Papers, No. 2 (unpub., 1949).

5 Anthony W. Ivins journal, typescript copy in possession of Stanley S. Ivins, Salt Lake City, 15, 25. A microfilm copy of the original Ivins journal, on which the elaborated typescript above referred to was based, is in the library of the Utah State Historical Society. See also Preston Nibley. com p., Missionary Experiences (Salt Lake City, 1943), 266.

0 Andrew Jenson, comp., St. Johns Stake History, Ramah Ward, [41 (hereafter referred to as Ramah History). A typescript copy of this history is in the L.D.S. Church Library, Salt Lake City. Deseref News Weekly. July 18, October 3, 31, 1877; Interview with Bidaga, son of Jose Pino.

7 Deseret News Weekly. October 31, 1877.

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cultivation yielded wheat, corn, beans, potatoes, beets, and other produce.* These provident measures proved insufficient that autumn when nearly a hundred Arkansas converts drove up, straining the Mormon cupboards so severely that Lorenzo Hatch sent most of the newcomers on to Joseph City to avoid a famine. In addition, a smallpox epidemic, after forcing the San Lorenzo Saints to join their brethren at Savoia, broke out among the Arkansas band. The winter of 1877-78 was a time of hunger and death to which nearly a dozen settlers fell victim.9 Missionary work at Zuni made uneven progress. Llewellyn Harris, finding the Indians afflicted with smallpox in January, 1878, "administered," according to Mormon doctrine, to over four hundred with great success.10 Anthony W . Ivins and Erastus B. Snow stopped at the pueblo in February but, more cautious than Harris, did not enter "for the reason that the smallpox was raging among the Indians." Several Zunis came out to greet these two, however, "when they learned that we were Mormons."11 The Presbyterian missionary doctors serving as government teachers at Zuni were upset by the appearance of these rivals. Dr. Henry K. Palmer checkmated Harris with the rumor that "those who were healed [by Harris! were healed by the power of the devil."12 Nathan C. Tenney, having come with his sons from Woodruff, Arizona, to replace Lorenzo Hatch, tried teaching the Zunis that winter. He found Dr. Taylor F. Ealy, Dr. Palmer's successor, armed with hostile instructions from the Pueblo Indian Agent, who had written: it is the determination of this office, not to allow any unauthorized person to sojourn . . . on the Zuni Reservation Mr. Tenney and son have not been, and will not be, so authorized . . . .

'Ibid. July 18, October 31, 1877. •Jenson, Ramah History, [4]-[5J; Westover and Richards, op. cit., 4; Mrs. Clarence Mangrum and Leslie Clawson, "A Mormon Settlement" (typescript, Ramah); Deseret News Weekly, October 3, 1877.

10 Nibley, op. cit., 265-68.

11 Ivins, op. cit., 25.

12 Nibley, loc. cit.

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If I believed that the Mormons desired to gain a footing upon the land of the Indian from entirely disinterest [ed] motives and only for the good of the Indians —which I do not in any wise believe—I still could not give them the authority, for the reason that the work of two teachers diametrically opposed to each other would not result in good to the Indians. 13 Although Dr. Ealy enforced his authority with a mob of Zunis and Spanish-Americans, the Tenneys baptized some hundred and twenty natives that winter.

As its members were called to labor elsewhere, Savoia declined until only nine families remained in the valley in 1879.

They continued the school begun the preceding year and started a reservoir which their limited manpower proved unable to finish.

They had other means of support, however (Dr. Ealy wrote in 1879, "They hold stock, and freight for a living"), and reported that the site had "facilities for quite a settlement." 14 But possibilities were not enough, and when Indian troubles became serious in 1880, President Jesse N . Smith, of the Little Colorado Stake, recalled them. Only Ernest A. Tietjen and John Hunt remained to carry on the religious work, supporting themselves by freighting and selling wool from the Navahos' sheep. 15 Faced with incipient defeat along the Little Colorado, the Church authorities called several families from Sunset to revive the New Mexican outpost. Samuel Garn, James Knox Polk Pipkin, and Peter Nielson (the last a Danish immigrant to Salt Lake City in 1861, who had been called to Sunset in 1878 with his son Frihoff Godfred) made a preliminary trip in May, 1882, to reconnoiter, plant crops, work on the reservoir, and prepare their houses. Coming again from Sunset, in August, with James B. Ashcroft, Hyrum J. Judd, William H. Bond, James R. McNeil, and their families, they found Samuel E. Lewis already arrived 13 Pueblo Indian Agency, Letterbooks (United Pueblo Agency, Albuquerque, New Mexico), Benjamin M. Thomas to Taylor F. Ealy, December 17, 1878; Jenson, Ramah History, [6], [14], where the date appears erroneously as 1888.

14 Ivins, loc. cit; Jenson, Ramah History, [7]; "Report of the Secretary of the Interior," House Exec. Doc. No. 1, 46 Cong. 2 sess., I, 228; Deseret News Weekly. August 13, 1879.

"Jenson, Ramah History, [8], [10]; Gallup Herald. April 26, 1924; interview with Bldaga.

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from Alpi ne Âť Arizona. 16 Almost at once the new settlers chose Tietjen as presiding elder and selected teachers and a Sunday school superintendent. Then, moving a few miles south of Savoia, they laid out a townsite and irrigation ditches, fixed town blocks at thirty-six rods square with eight lots each, named the village Navaho, and formed the Savoia Irrigation Company. By winter more than half the families were living on the new location.17 The next two years completed the preparations. In 1883 a log building, twenty-eight by eighteen feet, rose on the south side of the public square to serve for many years as school, meetinghouse, and social hall. Meanwhile the reservoir dam continued to grow, and the Saints planted several fields.18 They organized a school in 1884, Frihoff Nielson volunteering as teacher; later instructors were generally recruited from the Mormons of Ramah or St. Johns.19 W h e n Nielson also tried to open a post office that year to supplement J. K. P. Pipkin's at Savoia (in operation since December, 1882), the postal authorities turned him down, having another "Navaho" listed in New Mexico. The name of Ramah, chosen from the Book of Mormon, proved acceptable, and in September, 1884, the village possessed its own post office as well as a new name. 20 At the same time the remaining Church groups were organized: Mutual Improvement Associations, Relief Society, and Primary Association. 21 Ramah had become a fullfledged Mormon community, ready to fulfill the purpose for which it had been created.

16 Deseret News, June 6, 1882, quoted in L.D.S. Journal History (L.D.S. Church Library, Salt Lake City), May 28, 1882; Peter Neilson journal, typescript copy in possession of J. F. Nielson, Bluewater; Jenson, Ramah History, [9], [10]-[11].

17 Peter Nielson journal; Jenson, Ramah History, [11]; Mangrum and Clawson, op. cit.

18 Jenson, Ramah History, [12].

19 Historical Record, Ramah Ward, Eastern Arizona Stake, Book A (1883-85), 71 (hereafter called Book A ) . These manuscript records are in the L.D.S. Church Library, Salt Lake City. Also interviews with Mrs. Wayne Clawson, J. F. Nielson, and E. A. Bond.

20 National Archives, Washington, D. C , Records of Post Office Department, Records of Appointments of Postmasters, XLVIII, 694; Andrew Jenson, "Origin of Western Geographic Names Associated with the History of the 'Mormon' People," Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, XII (1921), 41; interview with J. F. Nielson. Joseph City nearly took the name of 'Ramah" also. Westover and Richards, op. cit, 11.

21 Jenson, Ramah History, [12].

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The Saints had come to New Mexico to work as missionaries among the Lamanites, both Navahos and Zunis. Occasionally they thought that " W e had not made much progress in our mission to the Lamanites" and urged, "The young men should be out among them and the sisters could assist by their encouragement." Generally, however, the people agreed they were "doing much good as Indian missionaries." Converts frequently attended Church meetings where Tietjen gladly spoke "a short time to the Navaho brethren and sisters who were present." 22 But the presence of the Navahos created a serious problem—competition for the range. Bishop Tietjen thought a cooperative Mormon herd might prove less annoying to the Indians who are already upset at having been "forced far away from the water upon which we depended." In 1885 the problem remained unsolved, and Navaho sheep still cropped the grass needed for Mormon livestock.23 Bishop Tietjen showed little awareness of another aspect of the land question. Although the village lay within the Atlantic and Pacific land grant, and Apostle F. M. Lyman "strongly urged the necessity of securing our land," Tietjen "did not feel frightened about the account of how the Railroad company sell their lands 100,000 acres to one person." T o be sure, they could do little about this, for wresting a living from the semiarid land produced too small a cash surplus to pay the minimum price of $5,760.00 for railroad land in township blocks.24 A link with the beginnings at Savoia, Tietjen had successfully launched Ramah as a missionary outpost. Except for an attack of rust in 1883, crops had been uniformly good, and under his leadership the community began to grow. But administrative duties proved irksome, and in 1886 Tietjen resigned as bishop to devote more time to work with the Lamanites. 25 22

Book A, 2-4, 74, 90, 93.

Ibid., 37; Son of Former Many Beads [Bidaga], The Ramah Navahos Robert W. Young, trans, and ed., "Navaho Historical Series," no. 1 Phoenix, 1949]), 6; Historical Record, Ramah Ward, St. Johns Stake, BookB (1885-89), 3 (hereafter called Book B).

24 Book A, 19-20, 52; Sanford A. Mosk, Land Tenure Problems in Santa Fe Railroad Grant Area (Berkeley, 1944), 11-13; William G. Ritch, Illustrated New Mexico, Historical and Industrial (5th ed., Santa Fe, 1885), 8.

26 Jenson, Ramah History, [13]. Population figures given in Book A, 90; 23

(

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123

James R. McNeil, a Scottish immigrant to Utah in 1856, began his term as bishop with an ambitious program of realigning streets with the cardinal directions, building better houses, establishing a cooperative store, and the like, but serious problems intervened. Drought in 1886 meant short rations and discouragement that winter, relieved by better crops in 1887.26 In the latter year, inspectors found that Postmaster Pipkin had been defrauding the government, whereupon they closed down the Savoia post office. Two years later, the stake high council excommunicated the unlucky Postmaster. 27 While this excitement might cause tongues to wag, a three-year attack on the crops by grasshoppers (1888-90) proved far more serious. 28 In the midst of these difficulties, Ramah faced extinction when an eviction notice in January, 1889, arrived from a neighboring cattle company which had bought the townsite from the railroad. Urging their people to "exercise their faith and prayers that the hearts of these men, might be softened," the Mormon leaders conferred with the ranchers. The latter demanded $6,400.00 for the Ramah section ($10.00 an acre), but Bishop McNeil, deeming this exhorbitant, told his flock to "build up and improve their surroundings" in defiance of the gentiles. 28 Ignoring the danger only brought another eviction notice in 1890. This time McNeil appealed to Salt Lake City, whence came funds with which the Ramah Land and Irrigation Company bought the land. 30 President Wilford Woodruff sent word that Jenson, Eastern Arizona Stake History; and Jenson, St. Johns Stake History show Ramah's uneven growth: December 1883 91 September 1890 134 December 1895 114 December 1884 118 September 1891 136 December 1896 128 September 1885 87 September 1892 129 December 1897 128 September 1886 109 December 1893 96 December 1899 120 December 1887 127 December 1894 122 December 1900 111 September 1889 118 26 Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1901-36), IV, 597; Book B, 70, 76.

27 Records of Postmasters, Lyill, 320; Book B, 67, 117; Deseret News Weekly, November 22, 1890. A "stake" is an administrative body operating between the "wards" and Salt Lake City. ^Jenson, Ramah History, [13], [14]; Historical Record, Ramah Ward, St Johns Stake, Book C (1889-1903), 3 (hereafter called Book C).

28 Jenson, Ramah History, [14], [15]; Book B, 108, 111.

30 Jenson, Ramah History, [15].

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the Ramahns "were all called to stay there and help make that purchase"—an indefinite sentence when they had barely been able to survive. Finally the Church authorities agreed to accept an equivalent amount of work on the dam as repayment. 31 Domestic difficulties exploded hard on the heels of the land crisis, splitting the community in two. In October, 1890, Vira Lewis Pipkin, wife of the ex-postmaster and sister of Samuel E. Lewis, asked her mother and brother in Arizona to take her home. Pipkin and Joseph Hatch pursued the discontented wife, while S. E. Lewis, Tietjen, and Bond rode hard after the angry husband. T h e three parties converged near the Arizona line, and Joseph Lewis met his death in the ensuing gun batde.

A few days later, the Arizona sheriff, mistaking Ira Starns Hatch for his brother Joe, shot him.32 These unhappy incidents left the settlement seething with ill will, Bishop McNeil urging them "to fast and pray that the afflictions that are upon us as a ward may be removed." 33 Finally Stake President David K. Udall came over from St. Johns in March, 1891, and, after hearing each faction, scolded them for invading the sanctity of the family on the one side and for taking the law into their own hands on the other. Thereafter, the whole affair subsided.34 Conditions improved in 1891, and the following year saw the four hundred and fifty acres under cultivation yield the best harvest to date. The mining town of Gallup furnished a market for the Mormon farmers who had sold 40,000 pounds of potatoes there in October, 1889. Bountiful crops in 1893 and 1894 brought good times. W o r d of this prosperity spread, and some New Mexicans visualized the Saints as living "in more than ordinary comfort." 35 Having brought his charges through parlous times, 31

Book C, 6, 10; Mangrum and Qawson, op. cit.

Deseret News Weekly, November 22, 1890, quoted in Jenson, St Johns Stake History, October 26, 1890; interview with J. F. Nielson. To cap this series of unfortunate mistakes, the deputy sheriff in Gallup took Joe Hatch into custody in December under the impression that he had "killed a man by the name of Pitkin" and was wanted by the Arizona sheriff. No word coming from Arizona, Joe went free two days later. Elk (Gallup), December 5, 1890.

88 Book C, 10.

34 Ibid., 13, 208.

85 Gallup Gleaner, April 16, 1892; Jenson, Ramah History, [15]; dark M. 32

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Bishop McNeil moved away in December, 1894, leaving Samuel E. Lewis at the helm.36 Good times continued in 1895, but that winter sickness struck the community, and only in April, 1896 could the Saints "be thankful that the Lord had spared our lives . . . ," 37 Poor crops the next year left the people ill prepared for disaster in 1897, when the dam broke before the spring floods. Discouragement spread, attendance at Church fell off noticeably, and Bishop Lewis "encouraged all to Do all they Could on the Reservoir" again and again. 38 He reported to the stake in January, 1898 that "we was in a bad Condition," and Counselor Bond was so worried that he dreamed rain had filled the reservoir. The leaders, however, reminded the people that "we should not be discouraged because our reservoir was not fool but relie on the lord do our duties and leave the rest to the Lord . . . ," 39 W h e n Bishop Lewis appealed for help, the First Presidency sent five thousand pounds of seed wheat, a gift which Lewis cited to quiet the continued "uneasy feeling."40 Although "very fare Crops" in 1898 offered brief respite, the authorities in Salt Lake City pondered the situation that December. Elder John Henry Smith remarked that Ramah was "the toughest proposition in the Church . . . tough on the people living there" and suggested release from their mission.41 Drought in 1899 brought further discouragement, and Bishop Lewis told President Udall that "on acount of no watter no crops had ben put in" and some people would leave if they could sell out.42 Despite their despair, the men worked stubbornly to repair the dam. But the authorities were now convinced that it was not right to require such hardships. At a stake conference on JanCarr, "Irrigation by Flood Reservoirs," Southwest Illustrated Magazine, I (January, 1895), 31; News-Register (Gallup), October 18, 1889; Max Frost, ed., New Mexico (Santa Fe, 1894), 196.

36

Jenson, St. Johns Stake History, December, 1894.

Book C, 36, 37. as lbid.,39; L.D.S. Journal History, March 23, 1898; Deseret News Weekly, December 25, 1897, quoted in Jenson, St. Johns Stake History, November 21, 1897;88Mangrum and Clawson, op. cit; Book C, 66, 69.

Ibid., 88, 98.

40 L.D.S. Journal History, March 23, 1898; Book C, 98.

41 /6id., 151; L.D.S. Journal History, December 22, 1898.

42 Book C, 169,180.

87

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uary 28, 1900, "Apostle Grant read a release from the First Presidency of all who were called as missionaries to the St Johns Stake, releasing them to go elsewhere if they so desired . . . ."4S The missionary effort had come to an end.

Daily life was hard in Ramah, even during the best years. Big families helped some, for the largely hand-operated economy provided chores for all. Plural families were especially fortunate in this respect; Frihoff Nielson's two wives, for example, presented him with fourteen children. 44 Nevertheless the women found time all too short for their many duties. Emma Nielson, mother of nine, wrote on June 13, 1890: This life certainly is a busy one for me. I devote ten hours to the comfort of home and family and the remaining four I spend in literature, improving my own mind and that of my children. I am at present thirty-two and feel broken down with the hardships of frontier life in Arizona and New Mexico. I do not feel discouraged but desire to perservere in all that is noble and good.45 This indomitable woman milked the cows, prepared meals, made butter for sale, washed, mended, and made clothes for her family, helped in her husband's post office-store, and still found time to keep a journal, write many letters, take a correspondence course, attend parties and dances, and lead a full church life.

Nature permitting, the people's toil supplied most of their dietary needs. Kitchen gardens furnished vegetables in season (some of which were kept in root cellars but rarely canned for the winter). Fresh fruit was scarce, although dried fruit came from St. George, Utah, and from California through the stores at Gallup and Fort Wingate. Meat formed a staple item. Chickens laid eggs, pigs provided salt pork and bacon, range cattle supplied jerked beef, and dairy cows gave milk from which came butter and cheese. The reservoir contained fish, while turkeys, rabbits, and deer frequently fell before 43 Deseret Evening News, February 9, 1900, quoted in Jenson, St Johns Stake History, January 28, 1900.

44 Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, III, 472. ÂŤ Emma M. Nielson journal (typescript copy in possession of J. Frederick Nielson, Bluewater), 22.

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hunters' guns. From merchants at Fort Wingate and Gallup the Saints obtained sugar, flour, rice, and beans in hundredpound sacks, tomatoes in gallon cans, and coffee for those who "did not live their religion very well." 46 Montgomery W a r d ' s mail-order house was the source of most of the men's work clothes, their "good" suit, and material from which the women made dresses. Furniture was mostly handmade, much of it brought from former homes in Arizona or elsewhere. Some households used coal oil lanterns, but others placed a knotted rag in a dish of kerosene for smoky illumination. Most families dipped their candles and made their soap. Houses were almost uniformly of wood; a few boasted lumber from nearby sawmills, but most were of logs and roofed with shakes or clapboards split four feet long and one foot wide. Glass windowpanes came from Gallup stores. Handlabor did not permit many rooms; the Hatch family, for example, lived in a three-room house, the boys sleeping in one part while the girls had a trundle bed in their parents' bedroom. Fireplaces provided heat, and in the kitchen a small hearth and iron stove, surrounded by iron kettles, griddles, and tin pans, heated the room, the food, and water for Saturday baths.

Ramah's economic life centered around stock raising and farming. The Saints had brought cattle with them from Arizona.

Farm produce found markets at Gallup and Fort Wingate. 4 7 Plows and harrows had come with the settlers from Sunset, and in 1884, Peter Nielson bought a reaper and thresher to replace the primitive scythes and flails. Tietjen soon acquired a gristmill, and in 1885, the community purchased a sawmill.48 Though ownership shifted from cooperative to individual, one or more small stores in the village supplied some of the needs of whites and Indians. In hard times, men could find wage work at the sawmills, ranches, or in Gallup.

However hard their lot, the Ramahns did not always lead 46 Mangrum and Clawson, op. cit.; interviews with Mrs. Wayne Clawson and 47 J. F. Nielson.

Peter Nielson journal; Carl Eickemeyer, OiÂťer the Great Navajo Trail (New York, 1900), 118.

48 Jenson, Ramah History, [11], [13]; Peter Nielson journal; interviews with Mrs. W. Clawson and J. F. Nielson.

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a life of gloom. Church organizations, meeting several times a week, provided social occasions. Despite long days of toil which began before dawn, the Saints always had surplus energy for frequent dances at which accordians, guitars, and pianoorgans played merrily. Annual festivals like the Fourth and Twenty-fourth of July, observed with programs planned by the Church leaders, evoked such outbursts of celebration that the priesthood frequently felt compelled to speak sharply to the high-spirited young people.49 Such gaiety was hardly enough to balance the staggering hardships in frontier Ramah. Of greater importance for this purpose were the values which sustained flagging determination and guided community and individual action. The evidence indicates that these people used a value system substantially different from those to which other settlers in this region subscribed. One would scarcely attribute to the Ramahns the same motives for living here as those for example of the men who came to Gallup to make their fortunes in the stores and coal mines. W e must turn, then, to an examination of those Ramahn values which were important in the settlement and maintenance of the community.

A central focus for these values was the Ramahns' belief that they were chosen by the Lord—a people apart with all the discipline, duties, and peculiar benefits inherent in this condition. The Ramah Historical Records delineate a parallel between these people and the early New England Puritans. This "Puritan strain" bred a sense of close involvement with God, for obviously, He is interested in His chosen people's welfare.

"The hand of the Lord was over us for good," and so "We were a blessed people here and we should acknowledge the hand of God for these blessings."50 Whatever might happen was God's handiwork. Ira Hatch "felt that the Lord had blessed us by sending rain that we might raise what was necessary for our sustenance." On the other hand, when they "had to suffer in a measure," the Lord was trying "to "Emma Nielson journal. 10; Book A, 71. 75; Book C, 44.

60 Book A, 84, 85. Quotations are reproduced here with original spellings but without the distracting "sic"

RAMAH, N E W MEXICO,

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prove them and see if they are true to the lord sed when we was tried and proved Faithful we was laying up treasures in heaven."81 So hard times were but part of the divine scheme. In the dark days of 1899, for example, Elder Tenney could say: on the feeling of discourageness in regards to the drouth sed the Lord was able to open the way for his people sed all we needed was to do our dutie the Lord would do the rest.52 Only by fulfilling their obligations with a contrite heart could these people, chosen by the Lord for a difficult assignment, prove they were faithful. Consciousness of having been chosen sustained the Saints in days of sorrow; trying times were just that, and good times were a reaffirmation of their favored position.

This status entailed the duty of leading a moral life in accord with the revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants, both as an example to the Lamanites and to maintain order within the community. As Frihoff Nielson observed, "no one should be ashamed of being a latter day saint sed how the latter day saints was noted for their honesty and every thing that is good"—a reassuring thought in time of trouble.53 In 1884 Apostle Lyman admonished: "You must be just in all your dealings] if you will have the Spirit of the Lord and without that Spirit you cannot be Latter-day Saints." Ira Hatch had noticed that "those who live honest and pure lives were apt to live longer upon the earth . . . ,"s* Thus the leaders dealt severely with Pipkin for cheating as postmaster, and the congregation unanimously sustained their action.55 The priesthood had the task of maintaining community morality and stability. One of the teachers' important duties was to discover, report, and, where possible, resolve ill-feelings which might rend the group. In extreme cases like Joe Lewis' death, stake officials assumed this job. Frihoff Nielson explained this concern: if we could live united temporally and spiritually, dwelllbid..

4, 57. 90; Book C, 70; Book B, 70.

82

n

Book C, 169.

65.

A, 49. 84.

Book B, 67.

58 Ibid., 54 Book 55

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ing in peace one with another, and we had no bickerings and strife, then so far as we were concerned Satan would be bound. 66 Less dangerous moral lapses also received attention. F. Nielson warned, "Those who feel at home with people who blaspheme are on dangerous ground." 57 At the same time S. E. Lewis "Condemned gambling in every form" with good reason: W e should set good examples. Denounced gambling with the Lamanites, and with each other, there is no good in this and it will do more harm and destroy the influence the Elder might gain faster than he can obtain it. It is not from the Lord . . . but from the other source. These things should not be tolerated among us . . . . 5 8 Horse racing came under this ban on a number of counts: Counslor Bond spoke . . . to those that was in the habit of betting on horse races and all kinds of betting, sed it was rong and against the prisibles of the gosple encouraged all who had ben in this habit to try and quit it . . . . 5B In 1886 "Bishop E. A. Tietjen spoke against some of the evils that are in our midst, denounced horse-racing in the streets, it was not safe." 60 Dancing, an important aspect of recreation, raised several moral issues. Decorum at these affairs often proved unsuitable, and in 1884, Counselor Lewis spoke of "the necessity of having good order in our dances and suggested that we have a responsible man to take charge of them." Bishop McNeil wanted to institute a system of written invitations. 61 Another evil was the thorny question of round dancing or waltzing. W h e n the stake council agreed to allow this innovation, McNeil announced, "We will keep it down in this W a r d as long as possible."62 The 56 87

Book A, 80.

Ibid., 59. ^Ibid., 71, 75. Professor Clyde Kluckhohn has suggested to the author that the comparative absence of gambling among the Ramah Navahos might be traced to Ernest Tietjen's influence on Jose Pino.

69 Book C, 41.

80 Book B, 25.

81 Book A. 71; Book B, 104.

82 Book C, 10.

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Saints sternly opposed Satan in whatever guise he assumed, but however unremitting their efforts, they found it no easy thing to maintain an ambitiously high moral standard on the frontier.

Real and ever present was the danger of contamination by gentiles with different values and small respect for those of the Saints. Especially was this true when hard times forced young Ramahns to "work for the Gentiles to get the Almighty Dollar." S. E. Lewis advised: "Do not work for the Gentiles there is no good comes from it. The blessings of the Lord lay close at home, yes even at our doors." 63 H e later spelled out his fears: [He] felt thankful that we did not have no Saloons in our place and but very fuew that did not keep the word of wisdom and did not know of any that used bad languaged sed we was much better of in this place to what others was in these large places in the bad things Called Saloons. 64 Not all the brethren heeded this advice, however, when visiting Gallup: On Wednesday evening a Mormon from the vicinity of Ramah was in Hinch's saloon, and when he went out took with him from the roulette table, a $20 "shiner" and left town . . . . He [was] apprehended the next morning and gave up the money. 65 The possibility of contamination helps explain concern over attendance at dances. Bishop Lewis in 1898 "complained of . . . the marriage of their daughters with cowboys," and Stake President Gibbons confirmed this sorry state of things the next year: sed he thought the Best thing was to apoint some good latterday saints to take charge of the dances and not let the rufe eliment run over and lead of our young ladies sed their had ben at least 20 young ladies run of and married vilens on acont of being to easey with such men.66 63

Book A, 75.

Book C, 99.

66 Gallup Gleaner. November 14, 1891.

66 LD.S. Journal History, December 22, 1898; Book C, 155.

64

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

It is to be hoped that he was describing affairs in the entire stake and that Ramah was not alone in suffering from this attack by the ungodly.

Hostility toward the gentiles was defense of the Mormon way of life. Self-improvement toward high moral standards brought a sense of moral superiority, re-enforcing the belief in a divinely chosen status. Both of these ideas gave an inner strength to carry out one's duties despite almost unbearable conditions. Any weakening of the system might bring failure.

The obvious answer to this unthinkable possibility was a semimilitary discipline, long characteristic of the Mormons.

The early leaders, well disciplined themselves, appealed to this sense of duty. They were "firm and determined in not abandoning our place in the time of trial and hardship."67 In the dark days of Raman's nadir in 1897-98, Bishop Lewis scolded: when we mad up our mind to stay we would prosper . . . sed he would not feel rite to go of . . . in time of trials sed when we got dow[n] to the amount that we was united we would prosper . . . , w There was no possibility of shirking in such remarks as, "We should labor with zeal whenever we are wanted to do anything by the Servants of the Lord."69 An orientation toward Salt Lake City, whence came Church orders and leaders, was a significant aspect of maintaining discipline. Raman's leaders furthered this when they encouraged reading Church publications and contributing to Church collections like the Defense Fund and the Salt Lake City templeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;' contributions which returned many-fold as cash or seed in times of distress.70 The ideal of discipline contained a potential value conflict between strict obedience to authority and congregational independence of decision; the former took precedence in Raman's elaboration of this paradox. When Bishop Tietjen organized the auxiliary Church associations in 1884, he "Wanted to hear <"Ibid, 13.

88 Ibid.. 127.

89 Book A. 75.

70 Book B. 40. 138; Book A. 120.

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133

from the Sisters who they wanted" as Relief Society leader; they suggested Mary McNeil. "The Bishop said we must not treat this thing lightly . . . . Bp. said he and his counselors had nominated Sister Phebe A. McNeil . . . . Vote was unanimous."71 Insistence on discipline and morality served many ends, among them the maintenance of the community, as we have seen.

The community itself was but the means to other ends. The most obvious of these to the New Mexican Saints was the mission to the Indians. They were, however, also aware of another goal expressed by a Mormon in Springerville, Arizona: "The Saints who live in this land have mostly been called as missionaries 'to make the desert blossom as the rose*. . . ."72 This second mission involved the values of industry, agricultural life, progress, and the like, deriving therefrom considerable strength.

The men of Savoia had had no doubt that they were called to convert the Lamanites, and the authorities recalled them when the mission no longer proved possible. The Ramahns in 1882 were equally certain "on the subject of us Coming hear . . . as Indian misinarys," but as the years passed, this objective became blurred in their mindsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;though not in those at Salt Lake City. Apostle Brigham Young, Jr., stated flatly in 1887, "We calculate on this Place more than any other as a nucleus for the Indian Mission."73 This helps explain the assistance given when the colony faced failure. The First Presidency's committee, appointed in 1898 to consider the Ramahns' situation, was "to take into consideration the question of missionary work among the Zuni and Navajo Indians."74 A certain success attended this work from the first. Navaho "brethren and Sisters" attended meetings, and most of the local Navahos joined the Church.75 One old Indian still recalls that his father "used to go everywhere with this Mormon named Tiet71

Ibid.. 70.

Deseret News Weekly. February 9, 1889, quoted in Jenson, St. Johns Stake History, January 19, 1889.

73 Book C, 253; Book B, 76.

74 L.D.S. Journal History, December 22, 1898.

75 Book A, 57; interview with E. Atheling Bond.

72

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

jen. They were constantly together."76 In 1886 the people still recognized this mission: If we neglect to make this settlement a success then we will be dilatory in our labors. W e hardly realize the importance of this place as a center from which to send the Gospel to the Lamanites.77 They included the Zunis in their labor, and in 1888 "A Zuni brother . . . stated that many of the Zunies desired to live and do as the Mormons did."78 From 1888 to 1897 the community suffered from grasshoppers and draught, rose on a wave of prosperity, and sank under the disaster of the dam's destruction. Only in 1897 do the records again mention any reason for the settlement and then, apparently, in an effort to keep the group together: Bishop Lewis . . . told of the promises that had ben [made] by by President Young and that promes was that we would be welthy and also sed another promis that had ben made that the lord wanted us to stay her more than we wanted to stay . . . . quire sang by the strenght of the hils we blesse the.79 No reference to the Lamanite mission here; the focus of purpose had changed. This new emphasis continued. Elder Davis in 1898 "sed the Duties of the Saints was to build up the wast places of Zion at least 6 days and on the Sabeth we should attend to our meeting. . . ."80 E. J. Tenney found pleasure in 1899 in the thought that "the Lord was pleased with us when we built up his Kingdom," putting emphasis on "the Great amount of work that had ben done on the reservoir."81 Two years later John Bloomfield spoke of the Counsel that Brother [Erastus] Snow gave him before he Come sed brother snow sed the intention 79

Son of Former Many Beads, op. cit., 6.

Book B. 28.

"Ibid.. 100.

70 Book C, 66. Young made these promises in 1887. Book B, 77.

80 Book C, 91.

81 Ibid., 189.

77

RAMAH, N E W MEXICO, 1876-1900

135

of us being Called hear was to build up a place hear and see that the Indians get their Just dues in the Traden Buisness . . . ,82 Protecting the Indians' economic welfare was a long way from improving their religious life. One can now more readily understand why the general authorities, who thought of Ramah as a proselyting outpost, decided to release these people from their mission.

Another mission remained to sustain the Ramahnsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"to make the desert blossom as the rose." Until nearly the end of the century, this duty had served as a means to accomplish the religious end. Although they had taken pains in laying out the town in 1882, Samuel Lewis remembered that then The mission was self-supporting; we would work for a time to get something to go on with, and then go out and labor [among the Indians] for a few weeks or months . . . <83 Bishop McNeil showed the influence of this second mission when he opened his term of office with an elaborate plan for streets, buildings, stores, and reservoir improvements. By 1898, when zeal for the Lamanite mission had apparently been eclipsed, a change in the insistence on "improving the place" was more clearly evident. Then "the Duties of the Saints was to build up the wast places of Zion." 84 Elder Bloomfield "felt like building up Ramah while he lived her," and his quotation from Erastus Snow showed little relation between "build [ing] up a place hear" and protecting the Indians. 85 Elder Tenney's remark, "the Lord was pleased with us when we built up his Kingdom," indicates an acceptance of work on the settlement as an end in itself.86 The transformation is comprehensible against the background of nearly twenty years of discouraging struggle for existence; making a living under more pleasant conditions had absorbed the people's attention and energies.

The foregoing discussion of a small segment of a value sys*2 Ibid., 253.

83 Jenson, Ramah History, [9].

84 Book B, 57; Book C, 91.

85 /fc<d., 127,253.

86 Ibid.. 189.

136

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

tern illustrates not only the complexity of the subject of values in action but also the importance of such investigations for a better understanding of the dynamics of historical events and the theory of values. The ensuing recapitulation is necessarily a suggestive, rather than exhaustive, discussion.

The idea of being a chosen people served as the central force for the values studied and was, therefore, the underlying motivation for the Ramahns' actions. From it stemmed directly a hostility toward gentiles which served as a defense mechanism for the Mormons' values. The morality value also derived from this special status, and the resultant sense of moral superiority not only re-enforced the Mormon-gentile dichotomy but strengthened the sense of selectedness. The values of building (improvement) and conversion were clearly the Lord's work, fit for His Saints. Perhaps, less directly, the discipline value bore a relationship to this central idea.

The two "missions" of building and conversion were compulsive courses of actionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;values at work. Here these two values were combined with duty (discipline). It was the mission to the Lamanites that brought the Saints to New Mexico and served as a motive for their remaining there under trying conditions.

Maintenance of the community served as a means for accomplishing this course of action and was made easier by the values of morality, discipline, and improvement, among others. That this machinery was not perfect became apparent when the hardships encountered in the struggle for survival of the community overshadowed the conversion mission. Gradually the mission of building up the waste places of Zion (hitherto subordinate to the first course of action) assumed primary importance until it became no longer a means but an end in itself, re-enforced in its turn by the various values. How these matters have operated over the last fifty years is another equally interesting story.

ELIAS SMITH JOURNAL OF A PIONEER EDITOR March 6, 1859-September 23, 1863* (continued) EDITED BY A. R. MORTENSEN

Thursday September 1st [1859]—The Church Train so called in charge of Capt H D Haight 1 arrived in the afternoon in good order and fine condition T h e California mail arrived soon after Friday 2d.—Last night there was another remarkable display of light in the heavens the sky or "upper deep" much resembled a sea of blood from about [blank] o clock till day light Josiah Arnold who was shot on Saturday night last at the time Drownes was killed died this morning of his wound 2 Sunday 4th.—I went to the circle meeting and then to the News Office where I spent part of the day. In the evening about 5 o clock Capt. Rawley's Company of imigrants (hand cart Company) arrived at the east side of the City and at Union Square3 about 6 o clock there was a large concourse of people accompanied them through the city and the Square was literally covered with men, women & children who were anxious to witness their arrival 4 Tuesday 6.—In the County court room part of the day and part of the day in the News office The Eastern mail arrived at 10 or half past 9 A M but no papers were or could be got from the office till it was too late to get any news from the east for publication in the Deseret News of tomorrow 5 *This installment of the diary covers the period September 1, 1859-September 29, 1860. x Horton David Haight was a Pioneer of 1847, arriving in Great Salt Lake Valley on September 22. Before the coming of the railroad, he was active in superintending freighting trains and overland immigration companies.

In this train eight wagons were loaded with supplies for the press. See Deseret News, September 7, 1859.

2 Ibid., August 31, September 7, 1859.

8 West High School now occupies the square.

4 Deseret News, September 7, 1859.

5 Smith writes editorially, "The unaccommodating disposition of those in charge of the Post Office. . . . " Ibid.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Thursday 8..—Snow on the mountain in the morning which indicated that winter was here or not far off In the course of the day F[eramorz] Little arrived from the States whidier he went last Spring with teams for goods & His train some wagons will be in shortly. At the office of Prest Young in the evening Monday 12.—Commenced the Sept term of the Probate Court but there was little business to be done and at noon adjourned to Thursday next at 10 A M The adjourned Session of the District Court commenced and adjourned to Wednesday" Tuesday 13.—Busy in getting up the News Wednesday 14.—A variety of subjects presented themselves for consideration and I was overwhelmed in business all day In the evening Sister Mary Jane came down from Provo on a visit and we were all happy to receive her, as she has not been back before since the move south. Her health is first rate Sunday 18th.—Necessity compelled me to be in the News office part of the day and to attend to other business matters which were necessary to be done and therefore I did not attend meeting nor the circle Monday 19th—A variety of business matters occupied my attention besides attending to my editorial duties My health none the best Tuesday 20th.—In changing presses and fixing up the office 8 There is more to this simple entry than meets the eye, for two days later Smith editorializes: "Judge Sinclair commenced the adjourned session of his court on Monday last. . . . Since the adjournment the Mountaineer has sprung into existence, and the proprietors have rented the hall, in which the court was held, for a printing office, . . . and the judge insinuates that there was some 'design to thwart the court in this place—a studious letting alone,' but he declares his intention of holding court in open street if he cannot get a suitable room." Deseret News, September 14, 1859.

One of the owners of the Mountaineer, perhaps with tongue in cheek, confides somewhat the same information to his journal when he says: "District Court met today and adj'd for the want of a proper House. . . .

The Judge declared he would hold his court if he had to in the streets That's right Judge." Hosea Stout journal. September 12, 1859, a typescript copy of which is in the files of the Utah State Historical Society.

This is an example of die many frictions, great and small, which developed between the federal judiciary and the general citizenry during these years.

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

139

the hands got behind with the News and I had to exert myself to keep it from being a failure this week Wednesday 21st.—It was about 10 A M when the first number was struck off and 4 pm before there was enough printed to supply the City subscribers Monday 26th.—Held Court in the forenoon and heard decided a case of attachment H. B. Clawson vs John Hartnett, Secretary of the Territory 7 Tuesday 27th.—Engaged in the News Office Wednesday 28th.—Employed my time as on yesterday Thursday 29.—Started South in the mail coach and arrived at Provo in the evening and put up with brother Silas Found all my kinsfolks in that place well Friday 30th.—The Mail coach Starting before I was ready I waited till nearly noon and then took passage with F D. Richards who was also going south with his brother Samuel W . and went to Springville and took dinner with C H. Wheelock whom we found sick but on our arrival got off his bed and soon felt better From Springville we went to Payson and stopped a few minutes at A. L. [illegible] and then to Santaquin where we spent the night with Bishop W m McBride Saturday October 1.—Accompanied by F . D. & S. W .

Richards B F Johnson Bp McBride and Levi Sawyer I went to Punyun [or Punjun] Spring 8 Ranch in Juab County and examined it in reference to farming & settlement there and returned to Santaquin where bro Sawyer who is going to settle at the Springs with his brothers and some others and myself 7 According to the local press, Hartnett had left for the East on September 21st. Ibid., September 21, 1859.

8 Near present Mona. Perhaps the first reference and identification of this spring was made by Parley P. Pratt in the fall of 1849: "Passed Punjun Spring (78 [miles] from G. S. L. City) right of road. The Indians have a tradition that this spring is inhabited by a hairy being, like a child 8 years old, that he comes up at night, makes a noise like a frog and tries to frighten and catch Indians and draw them into the bottomless spring."

Southern Exploring Expedition journal as quoted in L.D.S. Journal History, November 29, 1849.

HO

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

put up with B F. Johnson and the others with Bp McBride Sunday 2d—Attended meeting at Santaquin in the forenoon and then in company with Franklin and Samuel W . Richards came back to Payson where F. D. R addressed the people in the evening. Staid with Philip Ballard over night Monday 3.—Having met with my brother in-law Hiram B. Bennet at Payson I came back with him to Provo as he was on his way to the City. Took Supper at brother Silas' and then took passage for home in the Mail Coach that night having for fellow passengers S. W . Richards Franklin J. Young & Charles B. Hancock Tuesday 4th.—Arrived at home about Sunrise in the morning and found all well Being tired and weary I did not do much excepting to look after some few things that needed attention and see that they were done by others.

Wednesday 5.—It was late before the papers were ready for delivery and consequently everything was behind time all day I visited the Agricultural and Manufacturing9 exhibition a few minutes in the afternoon just before it was closed and was at the finale with the Board of Directors. S P Hoyt and family from Fillmore arrived in the evening to make us a visit and attend conference Thursday 6.—The Semi annual conference commenced but as it was the regular monthly fast day there was no business done. Prest Young preached some to the people and the balance of the first meeting was devoted to promiscuous speaking. The second meeting was not held till five o clock and was not lengthy.

Elder O. Hyde and Prest Young occupied the time Bros Silas Smith Hiram B. Bennett Alfred Bell John Letham and others arrived in the morning and put up with us, and we had a goodly visit with them 9 This was the fourth annual fair of the "Deseret Agricultural and Manufacturing Society," which had been chartered by the territorial legislature, January 17, 1856. This society continued to have charge of the annual state fairs for many years. In 1907 the name was changed to the "Utah State Fair Association. Andrew Jenson, Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1941), 183. See the Deseret News, October 5, 1859, for a report of this fair.

JOURNAL OF ELIAS SMITH

141

Wednesday 12th.—Went to press early with the News but having so many things to see after we did not get them all ready for the mail till late in the evening. M F Wilkie arrived from California Saturday 15th.—In Court both in the forenoon and afternoon and arranging other things heard and decided a divorce case between one Thomas & his wife Rainy in the morning Sunday 16th.—Late in the afternoon Samuel P. Hoyt having all things in readiness started homeward with his family and the cattle goods &C which he had purchased in this City during conference and Since Monday 17th.—Pleasant, and the Streets were filled with men and teams passing to and fro from morning till evening The News occupied my attention more than any other subject presented for consideration.

Wednesday 19.—The publishing day always keeps all connected with the office busy but to day I was completely swamped with business too much for my good as I was somewhat ill from the effect of a bad cold Tuesday 25th.—Got the News to press in the evening. My health poor Wednesday 26th.—Confined to the house most of the day having a severe attack of the prevailing influenza that is passing through the City Friday 28th.—A little better and spent most of the day in the office Thomas H Ferguson was executed by the U. S Marshal Dotson for the murder of Carpenter according to the sentence of the Court The execution took place a little north of the City wall on the bench above the 20th Ward 10 10 The original 20th Ward comprised that part of the dry lying east of A Street and north of South Temple. The city wall ran along present Fourth Avenue. The Deseret News, November 2, carried two full columns on the affair, including a lengthy speech by the condemned man prior to his execution. The prosecuting attorney confided his feelings about the affair to the privacy of his journal. See Hosea Stout journal, October 28, 1859.

142

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Tuesday November 1st.—We got the News to press in the evening Very sick in the afternoon Wednesday 2d.—A rush of business presented itself for my consideration and action. W a s much better than I was yesterday. Otherwise I could not have done all that required doing The wind blew from the south tremendously and there was plenty of dust in Motion J M Bollwinckel started for Cedar City in the evening Saturday 5th.—Held Court most of the day and also in the evening A case between Davis and Woodmansee being the most prominent one investigated Sunday 6th.—Attended the Circle meeting. W a s in the News office part of the day, part of the day at home and at the W a r d meeting in the evening Monday 7th.—Attended closely to my editorial duties.

Rained last night & snowed all the forenoon Tuesday 8.—The Eastern mail arrived to press in the evening

Got the News

Wednesday 9th.—A cool cloudy day and quite windy Thronged with business Thursday 10th Cold rainy day. Held court in the forenoon and in the afternoon went with E. F. Sheets and A. Cunningham to look at the job the latter has been doing between the City and Mill Creek on the State Road. 11 Spent the evening at home California mail arrived Sunday 13th.—Attended the Circle meeting. The balance of the day in the office of Deseret News Monday 14th.—Engaged in my editorial duties from morn^Elijah Frank Sheets was a Pioneer of 1847. arriving in the valley on Seotember 22 He was in George A. Smiths pioneer company in the foundmg of Iron County in 1850-51 Gustive O. Larson, ed "Journal of fte ron County Mission: John D. Lee. Clerk," Utah Historical Quarterly. XX (Aoril 1952), 117. 120. Returning to Salt Lake City he was elected to Ae ciVv council and alderman of the first municipal ward, which office he was AndrewCunnfngham was prominently identified with contracting, and at variou? tm£s was deputy sheriff, city marshal, and member of the city counal.

JOURNAL OF ELIAS S M I T H

143

ing till evening with the exception of a short time I [was] holding Court Tuesday 15th.—Cloudy and Stormy. Held Court for the investigation of a Habeus Corpus Case. Joseph Loveless vs Robert T . Burton Sheriff of Great Salt Lake County and discharged the prisoner after hearing all the evidence in the case.

He had been arrested by a detachment of U S Troops charged with shooting at them which was not made to appear from the evidence of some five or six soldiers who came all the way from Camp Floyd to testify in the case Wednesday 16th.—Distributing and mailing papers Thursday 17th.—Held Court in the forenoon M y health being poor I kept at home in the afternoon till nearly sunset.

Then went to the office and remained there awhile and then went to the house of William Wheeler in the 17th W a r d and Married David P. Anderson and Mary E. Milan Monday 21st..—I was very busy in my sanctum in order to be ready for publication at the regular hour. Stormy day Wednesday 23d.—I arose early and disposed of or wrote off the city list of subscribers before I went to breakfast. There was no want of business for my consideration during the day and it was late in the evening before I went to bed Saturday 26th.—Held a session of Court Issued a warrant for the arrest of T . J. Wheeler on the complaint of C. B. Webb jr. for horse and mule stealing. On his being brought before me I set the examination for Monday the 28th at 1 P M Stormy raining hard in the evening Monday 28.—The examination of the case of Wheeler came on but was adjourned till Saturday next Dec 3d I disposed of one or two cases in Court and then went to my office to prepare for the publication of the News Tuesday 29.—About 4 P. M. T h e Eastern mail arrived and wishing to give a little fresh news we did not go to press quite as soon as usual

"4

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Saturday [December] 3d.—Held Court for the examination of the Case of the People vs T . J Wheeler and after hearing the testimony ordered him to Cedar County 12 for further proceedings.

Monday 5th.—Thermometer 5 degrees below Frost in the morning weather clear Attended the Session of the County Court for December. In the evening adjourned to Wednesday next Tuesday 6th.—The coldest morning ever seen in this Valley since it was settled by the Saints Thermometer at 32 below zero at day light and 30 at 7 o clock It was certainly a snorter13 I was very busy preparing for the publication of the next number of the News Saturday 10.—Very cold but pleasant. On petition issued a Habeas Corpus went in the afternoon to bring John Allen and Samuel Graham before me who had been sentenced to the Penitentiary the former for five years and the latter for one year by A F Farr probate Judge for Weber county. Investigated the matter in the evening at the Court room and released the prisoners for irregularity in proceedings and unlawfulness of the sentence.

After deciding the matter I went to Mr. Bowman's evening school14 and spent a short time Sunday 11th.—Spent the day much as I did the last Sabbath Hon J. C. Wright from Brigham City arrived He is a member elect of the Legislative Assembly which convenes to morrow and will board with us during the Winter Monday 12th.—The Ninth Legislative Assembly convened in the Social Hall at ten A M . By request I attended and administered the usual oath to the Members and officers of both Houses 12 Cedar County was located immediately west of Utah County and was created by an act of the territorial legislature in 1856. Ten years later, under an act realigning county boundaries, it was absorbed by Tooele and Utah counties.

The army post Camp Floyd was located in Cedar County.

13 According to records of the U. S. Weather Bureau in Salt Lake City, which go back to 1874, the coldest December day was December 25, 1879. when the thermometer registered ten below zero. Cf. Deseret News. December 7, 1859, which gives the temperature as -22 for the previous day.

14 Isaac Bowman conducted a school, both day and evening, m the 1/tn Ward in which Elias lived.

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I then went to the Court House and commenced the December Term of the Probate Court for Great Salt Lake County determined several cases including a Divorce case Caroline Young vs John Young after which I adjourned the Court till Saturday next at 2 P M T h e balance of the day attended to my editorial duties Tuesday 1 3 . - T h e Eastern Mail arrived in the evening.

The boys in the printing office were late in getting the News to press and I did not get away from the office till nearly midnight Wednesday 14.—The distribution and mailing of the papers kept all hands busy till nine in the evening Tuesday 20th.—Spent part of the day attending County Court The balance of the time I was engaged as usual, the day before publication In the evening the Court was adjourned till Thursday 22d Friday 23d.—In Court the same as yesterday Saturday 24th,—The County Court adjourned at about 1 P. M till Friday next. After the adjournment I held a session of the Probate Court and heard and determined several cases among which was a case between J. B. Kimball & C. Christman 15 Sunday 25th.—There was a most disgraceful affray in the streets just after the close of the meeting in which Lott Huntington and W . A. Hickman 16 were wounded, the latter severely January 1860 Sunday 1st.—I arose about as early as usual but my wives and children and most of those about the house were up before me seemingly enjoying themselves with the return of another new years day. The weather was beautiful and all out door objects looked gay and smiling Elder George Sims calling in just as were were sitting 15

See A. R. Mortensen, ed., "Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor," Utah16Historical Quarterly, XXI (January, 1953), 14.

Much ink has been spilled in connection with the activities of the notorious Huntington and Hickman. The Deseret News, December 28, 1859, and the Stout journal, December 25, 1859, make reference to this particular affair. From September 7 to November 9, 1859, Hickman ran an advertisement in the News announcing himself as an "Attorney & Councilor at Law."

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down to breakfast by invitation sat down and partook with us enlivening all with his lively conversation for some little time after breakfast was over Monday 2d.—The Deseret News occupied my attention almost exclusively Tuesday 3d.—Engaged as on yesterday. The News was not ready to go to press Wednesday 4th.—The publishing and distribution of the News gave us all ample employment during the day Friday 6th.—In the office in the forenoon and in the afternoon I was at the Court House in company with E. F. Sheets preparing a memorial to the Legislative Assembly in relation to criminal proceedings in the District Court in this County Monday 9th.—By invitation I attended a dinner party at Prest B. Youngs in company with my two wives. Came home in the evening about 8 o clock and found a small party in the room occupied by Hon J. C. Wright whom he had invited there to spend the evening among were Gen C. W . West of Ogden City B. Snow from San Pete County J. F Hardy of Payson Members of the Legislative Assembly W . C. Dunbar L. Wines and many others of this City. They were having a good time and we spent the balance of the evening with them very agreeably Tuesday 10.—I was very busy in preparing for the next publication of the News Friday 20th.—The Legislative Assembly adjourned late at night Tuesday 24th.—The Eastern mail arrived about noon bringing the President's message.17 The California mail arrived in the evening too late to get any news before going to press, in truth there was no news in the papers when they were opened next morning Wednesday 25th.—Nothing new transpiring All hands busy distributing the papers as fast as they come from the press "Tames Buchanan's annual message to Congress.

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Thursday 26.—An unusual rush of business at the News office and not being well I was nearly swamped under and after going to the Circle in the evening I went home nearly sick A comet has lately made its appearance in the constellation of Cancer It appears very small and is not very brilliant Sunday 29th.—Preparing copy for the next number of the News reading proof &C Tuesday [31].—Preparing for publication An express arrived from the States bringing a little later news than had previously been secured. Settled my tithing with the Bishop [?]

Wednesday Feby 1st.—Published the 48 number of the current Vol Deseret News which went to press in good Season Amy Janes father made us a visit Thursday 2d.—Office duties engaged my whole attention Saturday 4th.—Held an adjourned Session of the Probate Court in the afternoon and decided two divorce cases Brown vs Brown and Bailley vs Bailley Tuesday 7th.—I was up at 3 o clock in the morning in order to get things in readiness so that the News could be got to press in good season in which plan I succeeded. In the evening I went to a splendid party got up under the direction of Prest Brigham Young. I took both my wives with me and we certainly had a joyful party. Prests Young, Kimball and Wells Elders O. Hyde O. Pratt E. T. Benson B Snow and F D. Richards of the Twelve the officers of the County and City and other distinguished citizens His Excellency Gov. Cumming & lady Col Stambough U States Surveyor General for Utah with his "Staff," consisting of Messrs. Wentz Mason Miller and Jones were also there as guests This being the first time Prest Young has indulged in "the dance" publickly Since the commencement of the late

14

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difficulties18 the occasion was rendered doubly interesting by his presence and that of his counsellors and of the Twelve 19 Thursday 9th.—Held a Session of Court for the examination of a complaint made by Thomas Graham David Graham and Andrew ening his life. After a lengthy examination Defendants were discharged.

in the afternoon Peter Preece vs Rose for threatof the case the

Monday 13th.—Warm and pleasant The City election under the new charter came off Unusually busy all day and till late at night Tuesday 14th.—We got to press in the evening Too much on my hands all day Wednesday 15th.—Yesterday Joshua Arthur had a son born unto him and this morning J. M. Bollwinckel had another added to his family Friday 17.—In the evening went with my wives and daughter Emily Jane to a party at the Social Hall where we all enjoyed ourselves in the dance during the night [with] Bro M F Wilkie and Sophina Fuller T h e printers generally were at the party the last one to be held there this winter Wednesday 22.—The publication of the News as usual made a stirring time in the office A party at my House in the evening Thursday 23d.—Held a session of Court in the afternoon Monday 27th.—I was not very well T h e Eastern Mail arrived a little after noon bringing the news of the election of Mr Pennington of New Jersey as Speaker of the House of Representatives of the thirty sixth Congress Tuesday 28.—Vigorous exertions had to be made to get 18 18

Refers to the Utah War, 1857-58.

The party must have been quite an affair, for Elias Smith devotes nearly a column to it on the editorial page. Deseret News, February 15, 1860.

Another participant also was impressed, for he says it began at 4:00 P. M.; supper was served at 11:00 P.M. and dancing 'till 4:00 A. M. Tickets sold for $10.00. Stout journal, February 7, 1860.

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the News ready for press as the typos were somewhat behind with their part of the work Wednesday 29th.—The work in the office was behind hand, and it was after ten in the evening before the papers were all struck off or enough to make up the mails The boys got up the press that had been loaned to the Mountaineer office20 and fixed it up so that they could do job work while the News was being printed which will make it more convenient for them than it has been since they have had but one large press in the office The warmest day there has been since the winter set in and the snow thawed very fast Monday [March] 5.—This being the day for the commencement of the March Session of the County Court I was present as the presiding officer of the Court Tuesday 6.—Attending to my duties in the County Court and prepared the first number of Vol Ten Deseret News for publication A severe snow storm in the evening Monday 12th.—Commenced the March Term of the Probate Court for Great Salt Lake County Amy Jane went to Provo to see Sister M [ a r y ] J[ane] 2 1 who is very sick Empannelled the Grand Jury and done some other things necessary to be done The Eastern Mail arrived Tuesday 13th.—Held Court and got the News ready for publication but the Typos were late with their part of the work Wednesday 14th.—In Court and also in the News Office first one and then the other and did not leave the latter till late at night. W r o t e a letter to Mary Jane at Provo Thursday 15.—Held court part of the day and the balance I spent in the office excepting a small portion of time devoted to preparing for the Printers Festival which came off at the Social Hall in the evening which I attended in company with Lucy and her sister Mary 20 See Smith's entry for August 27, 1859, Utah Historical Quarterly, XXI (January, 1953), 23.

21 Younger sister of Elias.

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Saturday 17th.—Moroni Clawson Isaac Neibaur Charles & Freelove Manhard and Joseph Covey were brought into Court having been indicted for Larceny in connection with Clark Allen Huntington who had been previously arrested and admitted to bail to appear from time to time subject to the order of Court. Neibaur and Covey got bail for their appearance on Monday and the others were remanded to jail or rather into the custody of the Sheriff22 Monday 19th.—I was holding Court all day Clark Allen Huntington was tried and convicted of the crime of larceny and sentenced to one year's imprisonment in the penitentiary Tuesday 20.—Moroni Clawson was found guilty of Larceny and sentenced to eighteen month's imprisonment in the Penitentiary. Court held in Ballo's Hall in the afternoon Dr William France died at 6 o clock in the morning Wednesday 21.—Charles and Freelove Manhard were tried the former was acquitted and the latter found guilty and sentenced to six mo[n]ths incarceration in the Penitentiary. It was late in the evening when Court adjourned Thursday 22.—Isaac Neibaur and Joseph Covey were tried for Larceny and acquitted Friday 23.—After disposing of what little business there was on hand ready for action the Court adjourned till Monday next Being quite unwell with a cold I did not do much after the adjournment of Court till after supper when I went to the News office and arranged a few matters and spent an hour or so at President Youngs Office where I saw Hickman for the first time since he was wounded on the 25th of December.23 He came into the presidents office just as I was leaving Monday 26th.—The March Term of the County Court having been adjourned till this day I of necessity had to attend tho I had other matters of importance to see after and moreover I was nearly sick with cold Spent the evening at the Presidents Office 22 Elaboration of this and several succeeding entries was carried in the Deserer News, March 21, 28. 1860, and the Stout journal, March 23, 1860.

28 See Smith's entry for this day.

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Tuesday 27th.—Tho sick I attended the County Court but we were not able to finish up the business and adjourned till 9 A M next day Wednesday 28.—This being the day set for the trial of W. W . Wheeler for horse stealing I was engaged in the Probate Court and the selectmen finished up the business of the County Court without my assistance.

In the case of the People vs Wheeler the jury found a verdict of guilty and affixed the penalty at eighteen months in the Penitentiary Amy Jane came home from Provo Thursday 29th.—Held Court a short time in the forenoon and passed judgement on Wheeler and adjourned the Court till Friday at 2 P. M. Friday 30th.—Held Court in the afternoon and decided a case about the custody of a child between the father Shem Burnell and its mother Elizabeth Jones his former wife. Raining some little Monday [April] 2d.—Examined two boys accused of stealing a horse from D. H. Cannon and committed them for further examination.

Gen H. S. Eldredge2* started for the States by whom I sent for printing paper &C Tuesday 3d.—-The prisoners Martin Wheeler C. A. Huntington Moroni Clawson Freelove Manhard and William Wesley Wheeler were released from the penitentiary on writs of Habeas Corpus issued by Judge Eckels returnable at Camp Floyd where he discharged them with out ceremony or investigation25 Snowing most of the day Being behind time with the News I did not get a chance to retire to rest till about Midnight Wednesday 4th.—A cold blustery day which I spent chiefly in the office 24 Horace S. Eldredge, a pioneer of 1848, long was prominent in many offices of Church and state. In addition, he was a successful banker and merchant. He was one of the organizers of the Zions Commercial Mercantile Institution in 1868, and remained closely identified with that concern until his death in 1888. Andrew Jenson, Latter-Day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1901-36), I, 196-97.

26 See Deseret News, April 4, 11, 1860.

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Thursday 5th.—Held a Session of Court in the forenoon and heard a case ex parte Willard Smith vs Nephi Hampton in attachment Friday 6.—The Thirty fourth annual conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was commenced in the Tabernacle 26 which was filled to overflowing at an early hour The weather was cool and in the evening there was a snow snow [sic] storm Amy Janes father and mother arrived from Kays Creek in the afternoon Tuesday 10..—J B. Atkins alias Atkinson was arraigned on an Indictment for Larceny and plead guilty also William Bratton alias Hiram Mecham Charged with horse stealing plead guilty and both were remanded for sentence. John Mowry alias George W y e r s alias George Harrison on being arraigned plead not guilty, was tried and acquitted Wednesday 11.—I was quite unwell all day; Held a short Session of Court the balance of the day in the News office Thursday 12th.—The Grand Jury having finished up their business reported and were discharged.

The two prisoners that pleaded were brought into Court and each received their sentences. Mecham was Sentenced to the Penitentiary for six months and Atkinson was fined $100.

I was very ill in the morning and got off from my bed to go to the Court and after I came back I took to my bed again and there remained till late in the afternoon when I got up and soon after being sent for I went to Mayor Smoots27 where several of the relatives of the chief officer of the city, and Some of mine were assembled for a Social visit. Lucy had preceded me.

I felt some better in the evening and walked home 26 The "Old Tabernacle" was erected in 1852 near the site of the present Assembly Hall on the Temple block. It remained standing until 1877.

The present Tabernacle was constructed between 1863 and 1867. Jenson, Encyclopedic History, 859-60.

27 Abraham Owen Smoot was the second mayor of Salt Lake City, serving from 1856 to 1866. After moving to Provo in 1868, he was mayor of that city for twelve years.

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Monday 16th.—Attending to my editorial duties Tuesday 17th.—Managed to get the News to press in good season. S H B Smith married Mary Catherine Smith Wednesday 18.—Having been under the necessity of discharging Joshua Arthur who has been acting as clerk in the News Office Since the commencement of my editorial labors in consequence of his love for spirituous liquors Samuel Reed took his place and I hope that Joshua will learn a lesson by it that will be of benefit to him in time to come Thursday 19th.—Inasmuch as Samuel H B Smith 28 who married Miss Mary Catherine Smith on Wednesday last has lived with us most of the time Since we have been in this Territory we invited him and his wife and as many of his and our relatives as were in the city that could attend to spend the afternoon and evening at our house for a social visit and to enjoy a little festivity on the occasion of the wedding There was a shower of rain which made it a little inconvenient being out, but a goodly number of the kinsfolk were in attendence on the occasion among whom were Samuels Step Mother Sister Amy G A Smith his wives Bathsheba and Susan, his daughter Bathsheba, J. L. Smith, and wife Augusta, Joseph Smith and wife and many others and we had a good family meeting which all seemed to enjoy T h e evening after supper was mostly Spent in social chit chat. Songs and in the relation of historical incidents connected with our wanderings for the last twenty five years Friday 20th.—Held Court for the trial of Charles Manhard who was found guilty by the jury and sentenced to two years and a half imprisonment Saturday 21st.—In court a short time in the afternoon just long enough to pass sentence upon Manhard and adjourned till Tuesday the 24th Tuesday 24.—In the office most of the day Held a short session of court during which Rodney Swazey was brought in accused by an indictment of the Grand Jury of horse stealing.

28 Son of Samuel Harrison Smith, brother of the Prophet Joseph Smith.

Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia. Ill, 242-43.

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He had been arrested in Provo by Dept Sheriff Whipple of Utah County and brought there on a warrant that was issued some weeks since H Stout Esqr appeared as his counsel and asked for a postponement of the trial till the June term on account of witnesses which was granted and he was required to give bail for his appearance in the sum of $1,000 or be committed to prison Wednesday 25.—An unusually busy day with me and I did not get through with my labors till late in the evening Bro P. H Buzzard was with us at dinner and I closed the bargain with him about the farm I had partly contracted for some time since. He starts for Iowa tomorrow.

Thursday 26th.—I was very unwell during the latter part of the day but managed to keep moving. Held a session of the Probate Court and heard and determined a case between De Wolfe and Franklin Hunter Wilde The balance of the day attending to other matters The Missionaries some forty in number started for Europe and a company of ox teams for the Missouri river for freight Friday 27th.—In the forenoon having an invitation from Messrs Blair and Ferguson I took a ride with them to the mouth of Big Kanyon where the missionaries and company going to the States were encamped to witness their departure after being duly organized at that place according to previous arrangements Presidents Young and Wells went out to attend to the organization and many others to witness the departure of the Company but most of them returned before the camp broke up and so did we as some of the cattle and mules had strayed and were not found as late as twelve o clock at noon at which hour we started back The company consisted of thirty ox teams of three and four yoke of oxen to a wagon going after freight for the Trustee in Trust and others to the Missouri river, and some fifty Missionaries in all [blank] persons Also E. D Woolley with two ox and two mule teams was there going for merchandise and George Beebe with three and P. H. Buzzard with two mule teams returning to Fort Des Moines making quite a large company

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& if they all travel together they will not be very liable to be attacked by Indians nor white men while crossing the plains Sunday 29th.—Spent the day much as usual after going to the Circle meeting in the morning. In the evening I blessed James William Rhodes son of Sarah and J W Burbidge born on the 5th of April and Benjamin Wellesley son of Joshua Arthur and Charlotte his wife on the 13th of February 1860 at the request of the parents of the first one and of the mother of the last who were at our house at supper The weather cold Tuesday M a y 1st.—My business was so crowding that I was closely confined in the office from morning till evening but succeeded in getting the "News" to press before sunset Elders Lyman & Rich started for England 29 Wednesday M a y 2.—Quite warm but windy M y little daughter Emily Jane was baptised circumstances having been such that her baptism was not attended to at the proper time that is when she was eight years old30 Sophina Fuller returned from Provo where she has been on a visit several weeks Thursday 3d.—Warm but very windy Joshua Arthur having made restitution so far as he could for the unwise course he has pursued for some time past I took him back again into the office and trust that he will do better in future Tuesday 8th.—I was, as usual, engaged in getting the News ready for press Wednesday 9th.—A pleasant day which was principally occupied in distributing and mailing the "News" Saturday 12th.—A tremendous snow storm the most uncomfortable that I ever experienced at this season of the year 29 Deseret News. May 9, 1860. Amasa Lyman and Charles G Rich, Apostles of the Church, were going to England to preside jointly over the European Mission. They were both outstanding L. D. S. colonizers, being co-founders of the Mormon settlement of San Bernardino in 1851. Rich was the leader in the exploration and settlement of the Bear Lake country of northern Utah and southern Idaho. Lyman was excommunicated in 1870 for preaching false doctrine. Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 96-99, 102-103 30 Emily Jane, his oldest child, was born October 28, 1850, in Iowa, before Smith's removal to Utah.

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within my recollection. I held a court in the afternoon and heard a case. John Zeizler vs Samuel Snider which was decided by a jury in favor of Plaintiff Tuesday 15th—I was more than busy preparing for the publication of the News which the hands were late in getting to press Wednesday 16th.—The weather much warmer News Office most of the day.

In the

Thursday 17.—The weather is getting warmer. I was engaged much as usual. In the evening Myron Brewer and R. Keith Johnson were killed 31 by some persons unknown near the corner of East Temple and Second South Street Friday 18th.—Quite warm. Some commotion in the city in consequence of the shooting affair last night.

Sunday 20.—After going to the Circle I spent the day principally in overhauling the papers received by mail last evening from the East and in making some selections for the forthcoming issue of the News Tuesday 22.—By perseverence the News was ready for press early in the evening Wednesday 23.—All hands engaged in delivering and mailing papers Friday 25.—The Pony Express 32 from the East arrived in the forenoon bringing a telegram from Capt Hooper that Abraham Lincoln of Illinois had been nominated by the Chicago convention for President and Hannibal Hamblin of Maine for Vice President Held a court of inquiry on a complaint the People vs W . W .

Triby [?] for horse stealing and sent the prisoner over to Cache County as the crime was committed there if at all 31 Elias Smith shed no tears for the deceased, but rather used the event as the theme for an editorial decrying the lawlessness which followed the arrival of Johnston's Army into the territory two years before. Deseret News, May 23, 1860.

32 This is the first reference to the recently established Pony Express.

He makes no comment in his diary on the occasion of the initial arrivals from the West and the East on April 7 and 9. Editorial note of the inauguration of the Pony Express is carried in the Deseret News, April 11, 1860. Smith frequently comments on the arrival of the Pony from this time on.

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Saturday 26th.—Held a court in the afternoon and heard and determined a case between Charles H. Stoddard and Justus Earle on attachment Tuesday 29th.—Exerted myself to get the News to press In the evening the California mail arrived Wednesday 30th.—Being a little late last evening in consequence of the delay occasioned by the arrival of the Western mail or rather by setting up a summary of News after its arrival the Pressman did not begin to strike off till this morning which caused some little inconvenience in the forenoon. So many were calling for papers, before they were ready for delivery Friday June 1st.—A very windy day. T h e Pony Express 33 arrived in the afternoon about [blank] o clock. Amy Jane went home with her mother who came down on Wednesday and took her two children with her to spend a few days Wednesday 6th.—Busy as usual on publishing days Thursday 7th.—In company with brother M. J. Wilkie and S. W . Richards I started northward intending to visit our mill at Farmington and then to go to Kays Creek to bro Kings 34 after Amy Jane W e arrived at Farmington about 1 P M and after staying there two or three hours I went on to br Kings in company with br Wilkie where we arrived about sunset and found all well.

Friday 8th.—Started on our the mill in Farmington and taking yesterday we spent a few hours arriving in good Season enjoying

return home and calling at dinner with bro S. W . as on there and then came home the trip first rate

Tuesday 12.—The mail from the east arrived last night and I was very busy getting the papers ready for publication.

In the evening the Express came in from the W e s t and to get the latest news before the sending of the News I sat up till 12 o clock at night There [were] several showers in the course of the day attended with thunder 33 34

Its arrival noted in the Deseret News, June 6, 1860.

Amy Jane's father.

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Wednesday 13th.—Helped the clerks in mailing and distributing papers. The weather very warm Wednesday 20.—At my post as usual. T h e Express from California arrived yesterday and this evening W m Morell Post Master arrived He reports that he came through from Carson with a company of fifteen men bringing the mail to Roberts Creek and also the Express. That at Roberts Creek he met Major Egan 36 with the out going mail. The Indians were troublesome yet—'but did not attack their party Monday 25th.—Having previously received an invitation to attend a wedding party at br William Howard's in Big Cottonwood ward 36 the occasion being the marriage of his daughter Catherine Alice with Isaac Brockbank jr I left home about nine o clock in the morning with Lucy & Amy Jane and arrived at bro Howards a little before eleven A. M. where there was a goodly number of people assembled to witness the ceremony and participate in the festivities of the occasion.

T h e marriage ceremony was performed at twelve o clock in which by special request I was the officiating magistrate. The afternoon and evening was spent in eating and drinking dancing and social conviviality, all seemingly enjoying themselves without restraint & without excess or impropriety, nothing transpiring to mar the festivities or produce ill feeling on the part of the guests or others in attendance W e returned at two o clock next morning.

Weather very warm Tuesday 26th.—The News occupied my attention closely.

The Eastern Mail arrived during my absence yesterday. The Pony Express from the east arrived at eight and from the west at a quarter past eight in the evening and we did not get ready to go to press till nearly morning Wednesday 27th.—A very warm day but the hands in the office got the papers ready for mailing in good season.

Thursday 28th.—In company with the Selectmen of the County, I spent the day in letting jobs on the roads south of the 86 Howard Egan was one of the original Pioneers of 1847. He was a major88 in the Nauvoo Legion and especially famous as a Pony Express rider.

Present Holladay, located about 10 miles southeast of Salt Lake City.

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City, Leaving home about nine o clock in company with E F. Sheets Selectman, R. T Burton Sheriff of the County, John G Lynch, Clerk of Probate and County Courts, and bro M. F .

Wilkie in a carriage we proceed to the point previously indicated for meeting with the other two Selectmen R Miller & S D. Huffaker and after doing what had been arranged for in the forenoon on the State Road, went to Br Millers and took dinner, then went to the Middle County Road and let the jobs that had been designated there and then came home arriving at nine in the evening. 37 Extremely warm Tuesday [July] 3d.—Got to press about noon The weather very warm and my health poor feeling like I had a fever during the latter part of the day Wednesday 4th.—The day was very warm T h e celebration of the anniversary of American Independence engrossed my attention till about 2 p m 'though I felt very ill.38 I then took to a couch and rested till 5 pm after which I got up and in the evening went with Lucy and Amy Jane to a party at the Court House where I enjoyed myself as well as I could feeling very sick most of the time I remained there Sunday 8.—Kept in my room but felt some better and scribbled some little for the News Monday 9th.—Necessity compelled me to arrange for the next number of the Deseret News, and I was engaged at that business all day or during the greater part thereof. In the forenoon held a court of examination and inquired into a charge for horse stealing prefered against Thomas Lutz. After hearing the evidence the prisoner was discharged Wednesday 11th.—This is the first time that I have not been in the office on publication day so far as my memory serves me since I have had charge of the editorial Department of the News Wednesday 18th.—I was up early and witnessed the eclipse 37 38

Deseret News, July 4, 1860.

Details of the celebration, including the patriotic orations by Orson Pratt and Albert Carrington, were carried in the local press the following week. Ibid., July 11, I860.

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of the sun, remained in the office most of the forenoon and then went home and remained the balance of the day Thursday 19th.—1 staid at home in the forenoon In the afternoon I held court for the hearing of Divorce cases Hancock vs Hancock and White vs W h i t e but my health was very poor and I hardly felt able to be about Saturday 21st.—I was about most of the day and held court in the afternoon and heard and decided a case McCormick vs Harbin Amy Janes mother brother & sister made us a visit Tuesday 24th.—Although I was very ill I managed to keep up and get the News to press early in the afternoon.

There was a large picnic party at the Head waters of the Big Cottonwood in commemoration of the entrance of the pioneers into this Valley in 1847.38 In the City there was much excitement on the occasion Wednesday 25th.—I was well enough to be out all day consequently after helping the boys awhile in the office I went home and remained there till late in the afternoon before going to the office again The pioneers returned in the afternoon and reported that it had rained most of the time in the mountains while they were there Thursday 26th.—I felt some better and was around all day.

Spent some little time in visiting with Dr Stamper & W m Mclntyre old Iowa acquaintances who being on their way to California called to see me, and spent the afternoon and evening at our house Monday 30th.—Attending to my editorial duties Tuesday 31st—Dr. Stamper W m Mclntyre & wife James Bowden & wife were at our house to dinner and started on their way to California soon after Wednesday Aug 1st.—Deloss M. Gibson was brought before me on a writ of Habeas Corpus on Monday last and the 88 It was at a similar celebration in Big Cottonwood Canyon three years earlier that the Mormons were first apprised of the coming of Johnston's Army. A. R. Mortensen, "The Deseret News and Utah, 1850-1867" (Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1950), 113 ff. The celebration this year apparently was the first of any consequence since that time.

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matter postponed till to day when I examined into the matter and found that he was held in custody by virtue of an order of the Third District Court of the United States for this Territory sitting as a Federal Court in Sept Last. Judging from the evidence adduced that he was illegally held by virtue of said order I concluded to discharge him but held him to bail in the sum of one thousand dollars to answer for at the Sept term of Court for the crime alledged against him it being for the murder of James Johnson and for which he was on trial in the Probate Court for this County at the June term 1859 and taken out of the custody of the Sheriff by Habeas Corpus issued by the Third District Court which claimed exclusive jurisdiction but instead of being tried was remanded to jail till the next time of said Court which has not as yet and probably will not soon be held40 Thursday 2d.—I gave my decision in the Habeas Corpus case in relation to Gibson in the afternoon which seemed to give general satisfaction Saturday 4th.—Held a session of the Probate Court in the afternoon and adjourned the June term of which it was a continuance sine die Monday 6th.—The Eastern mail arrived and I was very busy in getting the News ready for publication and in attending the election Tuesday 7th.—-Got to press in the evening and I was very weary on going to bed Wednesday 8th.—Canvassed the election returns for this county in connection with J G Lynch Clerk Thursday 9th.—Unusually busy in the News office The weather was warm somewhat oppressive Capt. Wallings company of Saints, the first that has arrived this season, came into the City in the afternoon and camped on the square in the 8th Ward 4 1 There were 160 persons in the company mostly from 40 This affair is an example of the jurisdictional conflict that existed for many years between the local (Mormon) probate courts and the federal courts in the territory. Congress finally resolved the problem in 1874 with the passage of the Poland Bill.

41 Present City and County block.

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the States a visit

Lucy went home with Bro. W

Smiths folks on

Monday 13th.—Hon. W . H. Hooper Elder G. Q . Cannon and Genl Eldredge arrived from the States all well. Attending to my editorial duties Tuesday 14th.—Being late with the News it was not ready for Press till nearly midnight Wednesday 15.—Lucy returned from her visit to Kaysville I held court in the afternoon and decreed a divorce in the case of Patten vs Patten Thursday 16th.—Held a Session of court in the afternoon but there was not much business done In the evening went out to Bishop Millers with E F Sheets, one of the Selectmen, of the County and staid there overnight preparatory to a trip to the Southern portion of the County, to look out a location for a road bridge across Jordan &C. Friday 17 th.—After breakfast, proceeded in company with bros. Sheets and Miller to attend to the business of looking at the country on the Jordan above the Mills, and hearing the arguments that were adduced by the people on each side of the river in favor of their respective motions about a road and bridge to connect the two settlements or wards Ate dinner at James Gardners and put up at night with Bishop Afrchibald] Gardner 42 at Jordan Mills. 43 Sunday 19th.—Went to my circle meeting, and then to the Bowery and listened to father [Gibson] Smith44 an old man of eighty who had lately arrived in the Valley from the State of New York, to Andrew Moffitt, W . H Hooper, and Prest B. Young. In the afternoon I took a nap, read the revise to the first side of the next number of the News &C. Tuesday 21st.—I did not go to the office till late in the afternoon and it was late in the evening when the News was ready for press 42 43 44

Famous as a pioneer miller.

West Jordan just west of present Midvale.

Deseret News. August 22, 29, 1860.

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163

Wednesday 22d.—Spent the forenoon in the office and afternoon in Court and heard and determined a matter in which H. B Clawson was ptf. and S. DeWolfe administrator of the estate of J Hartnett deceased was Defendant on motion to revise a judgment rendered against said Hartnet in his life time in favor of said Clawson and a case was determined by a jury in which H. B. Clawson was Ptff and S. D. Wolfe administrator as aforesaid was plaintiff a suit brought for damages done Ptffs house when said Hartnet was a tenant therein Saturday 25th.—A suit brought by Brigham Young against P. K Dotson U S Marshal for the recovery of damages done to certain plates belonging to the Deseret Currency Association 46 of which Plaintiff is President which the said Dotson took into his custody at the time of arresting D. McKenzie and others for Engraving a plate on which to strike counterfeit Government drafts and which the Said Defendant damaged as alledged in complaint to the amount of [blank] having been set for hearing in the afternoon I held court for that purpose but the matter after much discussion was adjourned till Friday the 31st at 10 A M Friday 31st.—The case of B Young vs P. K. Dotson having been adjourned till to day I held court in the forenoon, but the case was adjourned again till Sept. 5th at 2 p.m Monday [September] 3.—This being the day for the holding of the County Court I met with the Selectmen for that business and did not get back from the Court House till after sunset. The business before that Court will occupy most of the present week Wednesday 5th.—I attended the County Court in the forenoon and in the afternoon the Probate Court being in Session pursuant to adjournment I was obliged to let the Selectmen proceed with the business before the County Court without my assistance The case of Brigham Young sen vs P. K Dotson was called up again and the afternoon spent in arguing motions.

45 See L. J. Arrington, "Mormon Finance and the Utah War," Utah Historical Quarterly. XX (July, 1952). 219-37.

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Thursday 6.—The case of B. Y. vs P. K. D was in proggress all day, and advanced so far that a jury was impanneled to try the matter and the Court adjourned till Friday Friday 7.—The suit progressed slowly and occupied the whole day without getting through with the evidence Saturday 8.—After a laborious effort the evidence was closed the jury addressed and retired about half past seven in the evening, and in about two hours returned a verdict in favor of Plaintiff for $1668 Trespass and $648.66 damages, making a total amount of $2316.66 and the Court adjourned without day46 Sunday 9th.—Met with my circle in the morning and spent the balance of the day in the News office Monday 10th.—Commenced the regular term of the Probate Court for September empanneled a Grand Jury which before the adjournment of the Court in the evening presented a "true bill" against James Banks (colored) for larceny, and one against Henry E. Gibson for aiding prisoners to escape Tuesday 11th.—Court continued and "true bill" were presented by the Grand Jury against Henry Rich for Larceny, Jason Luce for Assault with intent to kill Lot Huntington and Isaac Neibaur for riot and Simon Baker for Assualt There was not much other business done that day Wednesday 12th.—James Banks was arraigned tried found guilty of grand larceny and fined $150.00 and costs The Grand Jury presented "true bills" against Kenneth McRae for riot John Luce for assault with intent to kill, and L Peters for Larceny Henry E. Gibson Jason Luce, Isaac Neibaur Lot Huntington, Kenneth McRae, John M. Luce were arraigned and found not Guilty and Henry Rich on being required to answer plead "Guilty" The Trial of Gibson was set for tomorrow in the forenoon 46

Deseret News, September 12, 1860.

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165

That of Jason Luce for Friday at 9 am the others to follow in order Thursday 13th.—Henry E. Gibson was tried found guilty and fined $283.00 The case of Moore vs Moore in Divorce was called up and disposed of by granting the petition The case of Crawford vs Crawford in Divorce was heard but judgment was defered Friday 14.—Jason Luce was tried for assau[l]t and found guilty Fined $50 and costs Isaac Neibaur for riot was found guilty and fined $100 and costs Saturday 15..—Lot Huntington and Kenneth McRae were each severally tried on the indictments found against them for riot and acquitted A nolle prosequi was entered in the case of J. M. Luce Henry Rich was called up and sentenced to thirty days imprisonment in the county jail and the court adjourned till Monday 17th at 10 a m Sunday 16th.—Went to my circle and then to the News Office, read the revise to the first side of the next number of the News looked over some of the papers received by the eastern mail yesterday and made a few selections for publication Tuesday 18th.—Held Court larceny and acquitted 47

Lyman Peters was tried for

Wednesday 19th.—D M Gibson was arraigned and plead "not guilty" to a charge for murder, the same as in the court one year ago last June. 48 Simon Baker was tried for assault in the afternoon found guilty by the jury and fined fifty dollars and costs Thursday 20.—Held court in the afternoon, but there was not much business done Friday 21st.—In the News office most of the day 47

My

The information in this and several preceeding entries was summarized In an48article headed "Court Proceedings," Deseret News, September 19, 1860.

See Smith's entry for June 14, 1859, Utah Historical Quarterly, XXI (January, 1953), 18.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

health not good. Yesterday Bro J. H Burrell commenced the work of plastering my house and I trust that before it is too cold that I shall have four or five rooms finished so that we shall be comfortable during the winter and the balance of the work can be done next year Saturday 23d [22].—In the afternoon I heard a case concerning the custody of a child, the son of James L Bess which came up on Habeas Corpus but deferred decision. The mother of the child having been divorced from the father the said James L. Bess, and married one Erastus Curtis a dispute had arose and became very serious about the custody of their son James L Bess jr whom the father at the time of commencing this suit had in his possession49 Sunday 23d.—After attending my circle I was engaged in editorial duties till the close of the afternoon meeting at the Bowery At half past five in the a[flternoon Amy Jane became the mother of a daughter healthy and sprightly weighing nine pounds which we subsequently named Rebecca Jane Monday 24th.—Being behind with the News I was pressed with business all day and to add to my labors Joseph Bull50 one of the hands in the office was called to go to England with the missionaries now on the eve of starting and consequently had to be fitted out instantly Tuesday 25th.—Overwhelmed with business but managed to get the News to press in time to attend the Missionary Picnic party at the Social Hall in the evening to which I received an invitation I was too weary and ill to enjoy the festivities of the occasion and did not participate in the dance. Lucy and her daughter Emily J. went with me and evidently enjoyed themselves better than I did.

Wednesday 26th.—The Missionaries some [blank] in number were getting ready to Start and Some few including John L. Smith and Jesse N . Smith got under way The rendezvous 48 50

Ibid., 17.

Ibid.. 17n. See also Deseret News. October 3, 1860.

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167

having been designated at Kimballs Ranch 61 some twenty six miles out where they will all meet together with several who are going to the States on business some time the latter part of the week, and then take up their march across the Plains Thursday 27th.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;James McKnight who has since Nov 1st 1854 been foreman in the News office and Joseph Bull who has been connected with the office since January 1852 excepting when in California with Elder G. Q. Cannon from May 1854 till their return in [1858] took their departure for the east the former on a mission to the States and the latter to England Several other elders and persons going east started out to the place of rendezvous I was in Court part of the afternoon and gave decision in the Habeas Corpus case investigated last Saturday also disposed of some other matters and then adjourned till Saturday next at 9 A. M. In the evening M. F. Wilkie returned with the teams sent out to meet Capt J. W Young train for the purpose of bringing in some papers and thereby lighten the loading of which there was too much for the teams He had been out as far as Pacific Creek52 Reported that Capt Young's team was getting along very well and would be in before conference. He brought in Elder T . S Williams & family who had been sent for by Capt Hooper Saturday 29.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Held Court for the investigation of a Habeas Corpus case James Graham who was recently sent to the Penitentiary from Weber County having served out the writ, alledging that he had been illegally convicted. The entire day was consumed in making dilatory pleas arguing motions &C and the case was continued for the procurement of evidence on the part of complainant till Oct 61

Near present Kimballs Junction on U. S. 40, 25 miles east of Salt Lake

City.

62 An eastern tributary of the Big Sandy, which in turn is tributary to the Green River. Pacific Creek, which the Mormon Trail followed after crossing the continental divide, heads near South Pass.

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Hon W H Hooper53 started on his return to Washington taking his family with him and T. S. Williams who only arrived here on Thursday last going as his clerk Elder G. Q. Cannon destined for Liverpool England and wife and several others started out among whom were Elders O. Pratt & E. Snow Elder Cannon is going out to take charge of the star54 office and the Elders Pratt & Snow to the States [Journal to be continued in July issue] 53 William Henry Hooper served as a delegate in five sessions of Congress. He was also a prominent merchant and banker in Salt Lake City, and was closely associated with the organization and operation of Z. C. M. I. until his death in 1882.

54 The L. D. S. Millenial Star, the oldest continuously published organ of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was established in England in May, 1840, and continues to the present time.

GRAND C A N Y O N MYSTERY* B Y HARRY ALESON

July 19, '43. Monday. Second cloudy day. Sprinkles of rain.

Good stiff hike upon first bench. Followed well defined ancient foot trail for milesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;2 or 3 hours.

This afternoon I stood quietly in the weather-wrecked remains of a fire-scarred mescal pit. Suddenly, a strange sound came, as though it might be the swish of a falling meteorite.

Directly overhead, I looked. A great eagle was diving in a steep angle, his wings folded half back. He swooshed on directly toward the Colorado River. He wobbled like a plane in air pockets. A thousand feet lower, he passed out of sight over the rim of the Lower Granite Gorge. W o n d e r what he saw?

A coyote set up a song up in a canyon in the Arizona Strip.

Not far from the ancient mescal pit, and near the trail lay something that froze me in my tracks. A skeleton! It had been there a long time in the weather. On close observation it appeared to be complete. T h e skull, with its empty sockets and full set of good teeth, had an eerie expression. The legs, hips, vertebrae and chest were quite intact. T h e flesh of the legs was well shriveled, mummified. The skin of the legs and chest was tough and leathery. T h e body had sustained a terrible twist. Several vertebrae were pulled out of place in the small of the back.

The head and chest were facing directly backward. Animals and the weather had destroyed the vitals. But near the broken back, laying in what may have been the stomach contents, a small object focused my attention. I picked up a bullet. It had been a dum-dum or hollow-nosed bullet.

For no reason at all I turned and looked directly behind where I was squatting. Not forty feet away, in the broken 'These notes are from the diary of Harry Aleson, veteran river runner, made while on a Colorado upriver expedition in 1943. Mr. Aleson adds the following comment: "It would require several days to hike into this uninhabited country. Unless someone has definite information on the ^above tragedy, It is better to let the remains return completely to the desert."

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rock-flat lay another skeleton. It was generally in the same state of mummified preservation as the other. But one leg was gone, pulled away at the hip. Coyotes, no doubt. There were no shoes or signs of shoe leather or clothing. W h e r e the first was dark or black haired, the second was definitely red haired.

There was no bullet hole in either skull. A stump of leathery ear clung to the second skull. Only one tooth was missing, a lower, but it lay a few feet away. There were no tooth fillings, in fact, no decay, or even traces of natural wear; a sign of youth.

My attention was drawn over my shoulder. And there lay another skeleton! It was on its side, in an awkward position. It was as complete as the first, with the same leathery-drum-taut skin, where not torn away by animals or birds. But the abdomen and thorax were empty. Black hair clung to the skull skin. What?

W a s this some sort of a battlefield? Or an ambush, without a chance to fight back? All teeth were in place, but the third skull was definitely older.

In searching about outside this triangle of tragedy, no more skeletons were found. But the missing leg was found, complete, excepting flesh and skin. Protruding from beneath was a bit of metal. It was a cartridge shell, partly crushed by teeth marks.

It was an R M C 31. W h e n was this calibre cartridge manufactured?

I hurried away so as to be in camp by nightfall.

R E V I E W S A N D RECENT PUBLICATIONS Joseph Smith III and the Restoration. Edited by Mary A. Smith Anderson and Bertha A. Anderson Hulmes. (Independence, Missouri, Herald Publishing House, 1952, 639 pp. $6.00) Joseph Smith's eldest son and namesake, "young Joseph," who was but twelve years old at his father's martyrdom in 1844, lived to be eighty-two. In the evening of his life, after half a century's arduous ministry as president of the Reorganized Church (1860-1910), he dictated his memoirs "without desire to deal with the mysterious or to make claim to a life greatly differing from the ordinary." These memoirs were published serially in The Saints' Herald in 1934-37 and altogether would fill three volumes. The present edition is a one-volume condensation of the Herald series.

Whatever a succession of editors may have wrought (the memoirs were dictated to a son, edited by a daughter, condensed by a granddaughter, further reduced by the present publishers), the book as it stands is an unassuming but significant record amounting to a history of the Reorganization as well as an autobiography. And, to be sure, it is one long sermon against polygamy. But the prevailing impression, reinforced by the unadorned proseâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a prose so placid and a tone so unvaryingly well-tempered, in fact, that events are often robbed of their rightful dramaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;is that the telling is honest. Young Joseph does not hesitate to describe his inward struggle when at twenty-eight he decided to embrace the cause of the Reorganization. The mantle of his spectacular prophet father made no dramatic descent upon the son; by contrast young Joseph seems a kindly and devoted country parson; but his modest testimonies of receiving instruction through dreams, of hearing inner voices, and of enjoying "the presence of the Spirit" are convincing; his revelations, particularly Section 116, entitling negroes to the priesthood, are dignified and thoughtful documents.

Courage marked his life: he once pulled out his watch and gave his newlywed wife five minutes to decide whether she would stay with him or yield to her mother's strong opposition to

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the "Mormon preacher"; as a young justice of the peace in Nauvoo, where he had continued to live until 1866, he outfaced old Mormon-haters who threatened to run him out of town (eventually he was candidate for mayor); he undertook four missions to Utah, lair of the "Brighamites," to track down every alleged evidence that his father had introduced polygamy, forthrightly interviewing every woman supposed to have been his father's plural wife, and finding every rumor groundless ("to make the name of Latter-day Saints honorable again" was the preoccupation of his life); he remained on cordial terms with most of his "Brighamite" cousins on his Uncle Hyrum's side, though he could not conceal his satisfaction at the thought that during the days of the anti-polygamy crusade he could walk the streets of Salt Lake City openly while his cousin Joseph F. Smith had to hide from federal marshals; he saw the Reorganization through dark days of discouragement when it was crippled in numbers and resources, but lived to see it found Graceland College, publish the Inspired Translation of the Bible (the only manuscript of all the Prophet's which Emma managed to retain), plant foreign missions, survive the burning of the Herald office, and establish headquarters at Independence.

As is to be expected in a Josephite work, Brigham Young is the villain of the piece, Brigham and all his works. The fine equanimity of the autobiographer breaks down in every allusion to Brigham and polygamy; even the boyish recollection that Brigham's blue eyes seemed "rather closely veiled" is qualified with "through habit or design." Emma Smith, on the other hand, traditionally treated in Utah versions as a thorn in her husband's side, emerges as a woman more sinned against (by the Brighamites ) than sinning. Vignettes of Emma riding Old Charlie, of her grief at her husband's death, of her merriment at Major Bidamon's loss of his toupee when he came courting add details to a portrait of a woman still too obscurely known in Mormon history.

Glimpses, too, of early Mormon personalities and places, all too fleeting, embroider the reminiscences: W . W . Phelps, "a singular man, spare of flesh . . . methodical and studious in his habits . . . carrying about with him a notebook in which he would enter anything in the way of a rhyme or couplet . . .";

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Willard Richards, "quite corpulent, with a fair, smooth face, and ordinarily pleasant manner"; old Farmer Lott of high, piping voice, wrestling the prophet who, in white flannel coat and vest and soft gray trousers, challenged him in front of the store one day; Heber C. Kimball, who had "a fatherly manner toward boys;" John C. Bennett, who "looked like Bonaparte" on horseback; Alpheus Cutler, mountainous, tobacco-stained, and babbling like a child when Joseph Smith III encountered him and his pitiful band of dissenters in Iowa. The memoirs are a vivid record of what happened in and around Nauvoo after the exodus, years which have left a hiatus in Utah histories.

There is much in Joseph Smith III that can interest only the faithful Reorganite and much which may startle and displease Utah Mormons. His bias and occasional petulance are only too evident. But no reader can fail to appreciate its wealth of historical information or fail to respect the intelligence and integrity of a man who amid the very scenes that saw the dissolution of his father's dream and among the very people who had spilled his father's blood won for the name of Smith a new respect and for his church an honored reputation. For a man who would no doubt have preferred the quiet service of the country law office but who became instead the evangel of a remnant of "old stock" Mormons in response to what he considered a clear call, that is no mean achievement. In his memoirs, the son of the prophet has erected his own most fitting monument.

University of Utah

William Mulder

Wa^on Roads West. By W . Turrentine Jackson. (Berkeley.

University of California Press, 1952, xvi -f- 422 pp. $5.00) Few areas have been the subject of so much research, writing, and romancing as the American West. The great sagas of the Mountain Men, the covered wagon, the overland mail and the Pony Express, all of which concern themselves with travel in the W e s t in some form or other, have been told and retold numberless times. In this connection it is nearly axiomatic in western history that the first wheels rolled over trails already trod out successively by buffalo, Indian, and trapper. This convention is, of course, only partially true, for it

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does not follow necessarily that a heavily ladened wagon always could pass in the footsteps of man or best no matter how plainly marked out. Bulky slow-moving wagons obviously would require considerable modification of the trails on plain, desert, and in the mountains.

According to Professor Jackson, the federal government very early and continuously played an important part in the survey and improvement of the wagon roads in the transMississippi W e s t before the coming of the railroad. His plainly stated thesis is that history has heretofore tended to glorify the individual frontiersman and businessman as primarily responsible for the development of western transportation, at the same time neglecting to give proper credit to the government for its aid directly and indirectly through mail and freighting subsidies and contracts. While the author fails to give sufficient credit to the multitude of scouts, Indian and white, who acted as guides for the many army and civilian surveyors, yet this reviewer is inclined to agree with the basic thesis put forth.

How much harder it would have been for the emigrant and traveler had it not been for the work of the topographical engineers of the army and the surveyors of the Pacific Wagon Road Office of the Department of the Interior.

The Great Plains region, the vast distances of the arid Southwest, the mountains and valleys of the Pacific Northwest, as well as the Rocky Mountain region, were all covered by the reconnaissances and surveys of agents of the federal government in the years before the completion of the Pacific railroad.

The Butterfield Overland Mail, the Pony Express, the coaches of Ben Holladay, and the great wagon trains of Russell, Majors and Waddell all traveled over roads surveyed and improved by these men. Our own immediate area of the Great Basin owes a debt to men like Stansbury, Steptoe and Simpson which never will be repaid fully. In addition, many readers will note the emphasis placed early in the book on the work of the Mormon Battalion as a road builder during their march from Santa Fe to San Diego. This function, no doubt, was of much greater importance than any other military activity they performed in the usual sense of the term.

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Professor Jackson has done an excellent job in gathering together the widely scattered materials dealing with the surveys of western wagon roads. His main sources of information have been the files of the National Archives and the numerous Executive Documents and other official reports of the federal government. His book contains the proper maps to illustrate his story as well as an excellent bibliography and index. T h e University of California Press as usual turns out an outstanding example of the bookmakers' art.

Utah State Historical Society

A. R. Mortensen

The Mormon Village: a Pattern and Technique of Land Settlement. By Lowry Nelson. (Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1952, xvii + 296 pp. $4.00) Utah-born and reared, Lowry Nelson is one of the nation's leading rural sociologists, in recent years a member of the University of Minnesota faculty. He can claim to have pioneered the sociological analysis of Utah villages. T h e present volume is a synthesis of this work to date. It republishes in essentials his original studies, made in the 1920's, of Escalante, Ephraim, and American Fork, together with a general interpretation of the origins of the Mormon village pattern of settlement. Also included are somewhat less detailed surveys he made in 1930 of the Mormon-Canadian villages of Cardston, Stirling, and Orton. Added to these original studies are 1950 resurveys of Escalante and Ephraim, in which he was able to secure data on what changes had and had not occurred with respect to all the major phases of his original investigations. He also revisited American Fork briefly, but regrettably was unable to secure 1950 data as detailed as that for 1927. N o 1950 resurvey was undertaken for the three Canadian communities, a fact which, in view of striking quarter-century contrasts in the Utah villages, leaves the reader with a strong sense of curiosity and disappointment as far as the problem of social change and community survival is concerned.

T h e volume is oriented to the dual problem of the origins and the survival probabilities of the village pattern of settlement in Mormon community life. It begins with a discussion of alter-

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

native land settlement patterns, demonstrating the relative uniqueness of the village particularly in the western United States, and then proceeds to the problem of how the pattern originated in actual Mormon practice in the pre-Utah, Utah, and Canadian periods of settlement. Nelson demonstrates convincingly the error of a post facto search for origins in Great Basin experience and conditions. At the same time, he recognizes in the latter factors which made and still make the village pattern more or less practicable as they vary. An interesting aspect of his interpretation throughout the volume is his consistent concern with exceptional cases and the problem of why they fail to conform to the ideally defined pattern of the City of Zion which became the Mormon goal for settlements.

Given the City of Zion ideal, which he traces to its sources, Nelson argues that it was the development of extraordinary group solidarity together with the favorable Great Basin environment that accounts for its realization. His analysis of how this solidarity was achieved and more or less adequately maintained is excellent, both for the beginnings of the Mormon movement and for the specific settlements of the six villages he treats in detail. His description and interpretation of the economic adaptations to the specific village environments, and their changes, are quite detailed. Likewise he shows a keen awareness of the interrelationship of these environmental-economic aspects with the traditional social organization. H e makes it very clear that the original family life patterns (particularly fertility aspects), church organization, leadership, policies, and education are significant both as facilitating and obstructing adequate economic adaptions.

The 1950 resurveys convinced Nelson that continued adherence to the key values and ideas of agrarianism and theocracy, which operated so effectively in the original settlement process, in many respects run counter to the urbanizing trends which today are inevitably modifying these Utah villages in varying degrees.

To the sociologically-minded reader. Professor Nelson thus offers one more effective demonstration that, wherever one turns, the mode of adjustment to the environment and the institutional structuring of group life go hand in hand; that community sur-

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177

vival depends upon action which rests upon intelligent recognition of this relationship.

University of Utah

Henry H. Frost, Jr.

Americana—Beginnings.

A Selection from the Library of Thomas W. Streeter. (Morristown, New Jersey, The Author, 1952, xix -4- 97 pp.)

This brief but very important bibliography of 79 titles, many of which are historical rarities, represents only a portion of Mr. Streeter's great American history library. Mr. Streeter is himself a leading private collector of Americana, and this catalogue is the culmination of much research and scholarship on his part.

The volume is divided into three sections: Part one, entitled "Discovery," includes titles published between 1493 and 1616; the second section, "East of the Mississippi," is subdivided into six headings*—The Colonies and the Eastern Seaboard; New France; Indian Captivities; T h e American Revolution; The Old Southwest: Louisiana and Kentucky; and T h e Old Northwest: General, Ohio, and Illinois; section three, " W e s t of the Mississippi," is subdivided into five headings.—Overland Narratives; The Spanish Southwest: Texas, New Mexico and Arizona; The Plains and Rockies; California; and Alaska. It is this last section, perhaps, which will prove of most interest to Utah readers, for here are included the first and second general epistles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1848 and 1849), and the Constitution of the State of Deseret.

In a Sunlit Land; the Autobiography of John A. Widtsoe. (Salt Lake City, Deseret News Press, 1952, xvi + 261 pp. $3.00) Efforts have been made for some years to encourage Dr. Widtsoe to publish his autobiography, typescript copies of which he had made available to members of his family only. In a Sunlit Land is the result of this encouragement. Published under the sponsorship of Milton R. Hunter and G. Homer Durham, the book is more than a biography, for it deals with education (Dr. Widstoe served as president of both the Utah State Agricultural College and the University of U t a h ) , irrigation and land use (on which subject Dr. Widstoe was a world authority), and religious matters (he was a member of the Council of the Twelve

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of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at the time of his death, November, 1952). Dr. Widstoe also served as president of the Utah State Historical Society from 1921-1923.

In a Sunlit Land is the story of a long and useful life devoted to Church and state.

Treasures of Pioneer History. Volume I. Compiled by Kate Carter. (Salt Lake City, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1952, xi + 5 1 3 p p . ) This is the first volume in a new series of books published by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, chosen to succeed their Heart Throbs of the Wesr. The Daughters of Utah Pioneers have done much to preserve the history of Utah and the Mormons in their publications, and this tradition is being carried on in their new series. The current volume includes chapters devoted to the history of the Utah Central and other railroads, the building of mining camps, the autobiography of John Lingren, Jews in early Utah, and many other interesting and important phases of Utah's history.

The Larkin Papers. Volume III. Edited by George P. Hammond.

(Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1952, xxvi + 372 pp. $10.00) This volume is the third of what will be a ten-volume series containing the papers of Thomas Oliver Larkin, merchant and United States consul in California. Volume III covers most of the year 1845, including events leading to the outbreak of the Mexican W a r and note of the increasing number of overland immigrants, and is a splendid addition to the two previously published volumes as reviewed in the Utah Historical Quarterly, X X (October, 1952), 385-86.

Before Lewis and Clark: Documents Illustrating the History of the Missouri 1785-1804. Edited by A. P. Nasatir. (2 vols., St. Louis, St. Louis Historical Documents Foundation, 1952) A Bibliography of the History of California and the Pacific West.

1510-1906. By Robert G. Cowan. (Columbus, Ohio, Long's College Book Company, 1952) California Emigrant Letters. Edited by Walker D. Wyman.

(New York, Bookman Associates, 1952)

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

The Case of Alfred Packer, the Man-Eater.

(University of Denver Press, 1952)

179

By Paul H. Gantt.

Come an Get It; the Story of the Old Cowboy Cook. By Ramon F. Adams. (Norman, university of Oklahoma Press, 1952) The Course of Empire. By Bernard DeVoto. (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1952) The Cowman's Southwest; Being the Reminiscences of Oliver Nelson. Edited by Angie Debo. (Glendale, Arthur H. Clark Company, 1953) David Thompson's Journals Relating to Montana and Adjacent Regions, 1808-1812. Edited by M, Catherine White. (Missoula, Montana State University Press, 1950) Desperate Women. By James D. Horan. (New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1952) The Great Frontier. By Walter Prescott W e b b . (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1952) Guide to Life and Literature of the Southwest.

By J. Frank Dobie. (Southern Methodist University Press, 1952) Guide to the Western Historical Manuscripts Collection. The University of Missouri Bulletin, Library Series No. 22.

(Columbia, University of Missouri, 1952) Hear Me My Chiefs! Nez Perce History and Legend. By L. V .

McWorter. Edited by Ruth Bordin. (Caldwell, Idaho, The Caxton Printers Ltd., 1952) Henry Deringer's Pocket Pistol. By John E. Parsons.

York, William Morrow and Company, 1952) Horse Power Days. By Ivan L. Collins.

University Press, 1953)

(New

(Stanford, Stanford

Injun Summer: An Old Cowhand Rides the Ghost Trails. By Daisy F . Baber as told by Bill Walker. (Caldwell, Idaho, The Caxton Printers Ltd., 1952) Journal of an Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and the Upper Missouri in 1850. By Thaddeus A. Culbertson. Edited by John Francis McDermott. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 147. (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1952)

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Mammals of Utah. By Stephen Durrant. (University of Kansas, Publications Museum of Natural History) The March of Empire; Frontier Defense in the Southwest, 18481860. By Averam B. Bender. (Lawrence, The University of Kansas Press, 1952) Music in the Southwest. By Howard Swan. (San Marino, The Huntington Library, 1952) The Mustangs, By J. Frank Dobie. (Boston, Little Brown and Company, 1952) Our Storehouse of Missouri Place Names. By Robert L. Ramsay.

(Columbia, University of Missouri, 1952) Red Metal: The Calumet and Hecla Story. By C. Harry Benedict. (University of Michigan Press, 1952) Revolt in the Painted Desert. By Earl Haley.

House-Warren)

(Hollywood,

The Sacred Book of Ancient America. By Harold I. Velt. (Independence, Herald House, 1952) Steamboats in the Timber. By Ruby El Hult. (Caldwell, Idaho, The Caxton Printers Ltd., 1952) Strange Empire. By Joseph Kinsey Howard. (New York, William Morrow and Company) The Winds of Doctrine; the Story of the Life of Mary Lockwood Kemp in Mormon Utah During the Last Half of the Nineteenth Century. (New York, Exposition Press, 1952) J. G. Randall, "Historianship," American Historical Review, January, 1953.

Lon Garrison, "A Camera and A Dream: The Story of the Kolb Brothers at Grand Canyon," Arizona Highways, January, 1953.

Hamilton Gardner, "A Young West Pointer Reports for Duty at Jefferson Barracks in 1827" [Philip St. George Cooke], Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, January, 1953.

Harold O. Weight, "Melchior Diaz . . . Captain With Coronado," Calico Print, January,. 1953.

Harold O. Weight, "Men of the Great Survey," ibid., March, 1953.

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

181

" W h e n Gunnison Died in Utah," ibid.

7

LeRoy R. Hafen, "Colorado Mountain Men," Colorado anuary, 1953.

Magazine,

Ann Bassett Willis, " 'Queen Ann' of Brown's Park," Conclusion, ibid.

Fawn M . Brodie, "New Writers and Mormonism," December, 1952.

Frontier,

Walker D. W y m a n , " T h e Historian and the Frontier Theme," ibid.

E. Larkin Hess, "Mormons and Politics," ibid., February, 1953.

Bernard DeVoto, " T h e Turning Point for Lewis and Clark," Harper's Magazine, September, 1952.

David W . Evans, "Ezra Taft Benson, Agricultural Statesman," Improvement Era, January, 1953.

Marba C. Josephson, "John A. Widtsoeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;1872-1952," ibid.

Robert Rutland, ed., "A Journal of the First Dragoons in the Iowa Territory, 1844," /ou>a Journal of History, January, 1953.

"Montana Saves Her Old W e s t Art," Life, November 10, 1952.

Ira V . Brown, "Watchers for the Second Coming: T h e Millenarian Tradition in America," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, December, 1952.

George Frederick Howe, ed., "Expedition to the Yellowstone River in 1872; Letters of a Young Cavalry Officer," ibid.

E. W . Howe, "A Bit of Weston, Missouri, History," Part II, Missouri Historical Review, January, 1953.

Robert G. Athearn, "General Sherman and the Montana Frontier," Montana Magazine of History, January, 1953.

Lew L. Callaway, "Joseph Alfred Slade: Killer or Victim," ibid.

Robert W . Richmond, "Developments Along the Overland Trail From the Missouri River to Fort Laramie, Before 1854.

II. T h e Mormon Trail," Nebraska History, December, 1952.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Marshall D. Moody, "Kit Carson, Agent to the Indians in New Mexico, 1853-1861," New Mexico Historical Review, January, 1953.

K. Ross Toole, " W h e n Big Money Came to Butte," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, January, 1953.

"Nauvoo As Seen by a Boston Courier Correspondent," The Pioneer. January, 1953.

H. Bailey Carroll and Milton R. Gutsch, "A Check List of Theses and Dissertations in Texas History Produced in the Department of History of the University of Texas 1893-1951," Continued, Southwestern Historical Quarterly. January, 1953.

W a y n e Gard, "The Shawnee Trail," ibid.

Robert G. Athearn, "British Impressions of Early Rocky Mountain Towns," Western Humanities Review, Autumn, 1952.

M. R. Harrington, "Pass Into Yesterday" [Fremont Pass], Westways, November, 1952.

E. W a r d McCray, "Black Canyon" [Gunnison River], ibid.

Harold O. Weight, " W h e n the Horn Silver Caved," ibid.

Granville Hicks, "Local History," Wisconsin tory. Autumn, 1952.

Magazine

"James Duane Doty and His Swivel Chair," ibid.

of His-

HISTORICAL N O T E S Dr. Herbert E. Bolton, internationally known historian and author, passed away at his home in Berkeley, California, on January 30th, at the age of 82. Dr. Bolton was Sather professor of history emeritus and director emeritus of Bancroft Library at the University of California. In addition to memberships in many historical societies, he received honorary degrees from universities throughout the United States and Canada, and served a term as president of the American Historical Society.

Dr. Bolton's keenest interest was the Spanish frontier, and his written contributions in this field, often referred to as the "Spanish Borderlands" series, would fill a small library. Among his better known volumes in this area are the The Rim of Christendom; Outpost of Empire; and Coronado, Knight of Pueblo and Plains. His most recent work, and the last book he wrote, was Pageant in the Wilderness, the story of the Escalante expedition to the Interior Basin in 1777, published as Volume XVIII of the Utah Historical Quarterly.

Dr. Bolton was founder of what has become known as the "Bolton school" of historians, and exerted great influence on American historical teaching and scholarship. Among the many Utahns who are products of the "Bolton school" are Leland H. Creer, chairman of the department of history at the University of Utah and member of the society's board of control; C. Gregory Crampton, professor of history, University of Utah; Milton R. Hunter, well-known historian and author; Thomas G. Romney, author; LeRoy R. Hafen, state historian, Colorado Historical Society; and the late Andrew Love Neff and William J. Snow, both prominent historians and authors.

The society still receives many complimentary remarks on its Escalante volume, Pageant in the Wilderness, especially on the frontispiece, "Father Escalante Discovers Utah Valley/' from an oil painting by Keith Eddington. The two central figures in this painting are now being used on the masthead of the Intermountain Catholic Register. Incidentally, may we again

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remind you that copies of this painting suitable for framing can be obtained from the society.

Our West From Fort Bridger, published as Volume XIX of the Utah Historical Quarterly, has received its share of praise, also. This volume recently received an Award of Merit from the American Association for State and Local History at that association's annual meeting in Houston, Texas, October 22, 1952. The award was received under the classification for the most serious, scholarly history making the most important contribution to scholarly knowledge of a given area, and reads as follows: "The American Association for State and Local History is pleased to recognize and commend the distinctive contribution of West From Fort Bridger, edited by J. Roderic Korns, which makes available to the public much little known manuscript material. Among its major contributions are the translation of the most significant parts of the Heinrich Lienhard diary and much new information about the Donner Party."

The following letter from Franklin Purer, well-known Salt Lake City lawyer, will be of special interest to those readers concerned with Escalante and the crossing of the Green River: Franklin Riter Kearns Building Salt Lake City, Utah January 26, 1953 Mr. A. R. Mortensen, Editor Utah State Historical Society 337 State Capitol Building Salt Lake City, Utah Dear Mr. Mortensen: I have read with tremendous interest the article by Professor C. Gregory Crampton entitled "The Discovery of Green River" appearing in the October, 1952, issue of the Quarterly. I refer in particular to note 11, pages 306-307, wherein Crampton discusses the definite location of the ford "where the explorers crossed the river". A comment is made in this note as follows: This is a positive point of identification for the river

HISTORICAL N O T E S

185

at the bend impinges on these hills which Escalante describes and they extend to within 100 yards of the ford below the bend. Miera on some of his maps describes them as the "Sierra Mineral." On one of these hills overlooking the ford is an anonymously-placed black stone marker which accurately says that, 'Escalante crossed here 1776." Escalante observed that the ford is stony and at this place today the ripple may be seen at the low water stage.

I am sure that it will be of interest to the historical minded to learn the history of the "black stone marker."

This marker was placed in position on July 4, 1928, by the Utah Society Sons of the American Revolution. On the same day there was unveiled and dedicated the Escalante monument which stands on Highway 40 near the bridge at Jensen. This project was the result of a long and careful study made by a committee of the Association under the chairmanship of Captain Stephen Abbott now a resident of Randlett, Utah. Captain Abbott at that time was professor of military science and tactics in the East High School in Salt Lake City, Utah. For a number of years he had been a close student of Escalante and his expedition.

The Society invited the noted Frederick S. Dellenbaugh to interest himself in the project. Mr. Dellenbaugh was the cartographer on the second Powell expedition. In his mature years he attained great fame as an author, historian and painter. At the time of his death he was a member of the noted Explorers' Club in New York City.

Mr. Dellenbaugh very graciously accepted this invitation and it was he who located the "black stone marker" in its present position. There can be no doubt about the accuracy of the Dellenbaugh location. Due to his early connection with the exploration of the Colorado River by Powell he stood at that time as the peer of the interpreters of the Escalante diary.

Mr. Dellenbaugh came to Salt Lake City on several occasions and his friendships in the City were extended. At the time of the trial of the noted case of the United States of America vs. the State of Utah involving title to the bed of the Colorado River Mr. Dellenbaugh was one of the principal witnesses. In

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passing, it should be remarked that this trial record undoubtedly contains a rich store of historical facts because of the testimony of old rivermen and ranchers who had lived for many years along the reaches of the river. The writer heard Mr. Dellenbaugh give part of his testimony and even at this late date he has a definite memory of its historical richness.

This black stone marker need no longer be classed as anonymous. It stands as living proof of Mr. Dellenbaugh's erudite scholarship and I believe it nothing more than justice that due and proper historical record be made of this fact.

I believe it not only of interest as a contribution to history that I should at this time indicate the nature of the ceremonies at the unveiling of the Escalante monument at the highway. A considerable party of compatriots journeyed from Salt Lake City to Vernal and Jensen on the afternoon of July 3, 1928. The roads were unimproved and it was a long, dusty ride. On the morning of July 4th the party travelled to the site of the monument at Jensen. The writer was President of the Utah Society and presided at the ceremonies. Captain Abbott as chairman of the Monument Committee presented the monument on behalf of the Society to the people of Utah. Mrs. Janice M. Overfield Rusack, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. C. P. Overfield of Salt Lake City, unveiled the monument. The late Don B. Colton, former Congressman from Utah was orator of the day and the Honorable James H. Wallace, President of the Lion's Club of Vernal was an additional speaker. The dedicatory prayer was offered by the Reverend Thomas F. Butler of Park City.

I compliment [the] Utah State Historical Society on its recent publication of the superb studies made of the Escalante Exposition by Dr. Herbert E. Bolton, Professor Crampton, Mr. S. Lyman Tyler, and others. These monographs and articles are a permanent contribution to the historic economy not only of the State of Utah but also of Western America.

Cordially and sincerely yours, (Signed) Franklin Riter

HISTORICAL N O T E S

187

W e are happy to welcome Mr. Paul E. Sullivan, new appointee to our board of control. Mr. Sullivan replaces Robert J. Dwyer, who, it will be remembered, was recently selected as Catholic Bishop of Reno, Nevada. Mr. Sullivan is director of public relations for U. S. Steel, and resides in Salt Lake City.

W e are pleased also at the reappointments to the board of Joel E. Ricks, Mrs. Juanita Brooks, Leland H. Creer, and Russel Swensen.

The National Book Award in Non-Fiction for 1953, given to Bernard DeVoto's The Course of Empire in January, is the latest honor gained by the Ogden-born writer who now makes his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Mr. DeVoto, who has to be termed the most distinguished writer Utah has yet produced, has won a succession of honors for his trilogy on the West. The Year of Decision: 1846 was a Book of the Month Club Selection in 1943, while Across the Wide Missouri won the Pulitzer Prize for history in 1948.

Recent and very welcome visitors to the society's offices were Andrew T . Johnston and Mr. and Mrs. Stephen E. Johnston, who have been responsible for the formation of the Museum of Southern Utah, at Kanab, as reported in our recent museum article. The Johnstons report that plans for the museum are progressing nicely and promise to forward more information soon. Tentative date of opening for the Museum of Southern Utah has been set for June 1, 1953.

W o r d has been received of the publication of Gold Coast Pioneer, autobiography of M. A. Hortt, member of the Utah State Historical Society now residing in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

The volume includes the adventures of the author in the UtahArizona area before the turn of the century. Mr. Hortt spent much of his early life in Utah, having attended the Brigham Young Academy for a short time, and is a world-wide traveler.

W e always like to hear from our members, not only praise

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of our work, but constructive criticism as well. Of course, like most people and institutions, we especially prefer letters in the former category. W e pass on to you the following comments on the society and the Utah Historical Quarterly: Thank you for the copy of the reprint from the January 1953, Utah Historical Quarterly, "Museums and Collections in Utah Open to the Public." This is an interesting and valuable compilation and deserves a wider distribution than may be hoped for through the channels of the Historical Society alone. It would seem that the Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce or other organizations which issue literature publicizing the State would want to incorporate this information in their tourist publications.

Such inclusion need not give "Brief History" but it surely would be informative to the State visitor if museums and their Province or Field of Collections and the hours were given.

As you are probably aware, the public is very museum minded and is becoming more so. There is a good reason for this, mainly because we are all "collectors." Even the small boy with his "pocket museum" of old string, fishhooks, marbles, etc., has a potential "museum" in his possession. Most public museums had their beginnings as depositories of private collections and then branched out from there. But nearly everyone collects something, be it stamps, guns, paintings or locomotives. Therefore the universality of museum interest. Any means that tells people about the presence of museums, in any area where they may be, is a distinct public service. Most of our visitors come in off the one lone highway we have running through the Uintah Basin, yet, we had, in 1 year, over 55,000 persons attend the museum. Many of these spent a day or two even in such a small museum as ours.

From the foregoing you can appreciate why we feel that you have done the public an excellent service by making many of Utah's museums known.

G. E. U N T E R M A N N . Director, Utah Field House of Natural History, Vernal. Utah.

HISTORICAL N O T E S

189

I wanted to congratulate you on the fine new cover to the Utah Historical Quarterly. It is wonderful. The contents of the January issue are equally good.

L. J. A R R I N G T O N Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah. . . . T h e books I brought back have given me weeks and weeks of perfectly superb reading. T h e Powell and Escalante material alone constitutes an achievement in publishing unsurpassed by any historical society or group in America. You have genuine reason to be proud of your accomplishments.

Congratulations again for the swell job you folks are doing, and my best regards to all my good friends at the U H S office.

P A U L BAILEY. Los Angeles, California.

Through the courtesy of Mrs. James H. Hance, President, and Miss Clara Hosmer, Secretary and Treasurer of the Utah Chapter National Society Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America, the Historical Society has obtained a copy of A Review of Military Forts of Utah and Utah Territory and Their Cemeteries. Data for this volume was compiled by Mrs. Hance, Miss Hosmer, and Mrs. Robert Forrester, Historian for the organization, for the purpose of preserving some of the early cemetery records of Camp Floyd. As work on the volume progressed, the original plan was expanded to include data on the establishment of other military cemeteries and forts in Utah.

There is also an alphabetical listing of those individuals now interred in the Fort Douglas cemetery, including military status, birthplace, and birth and death dates, when such additional information was available. Lot designation and grave number is listed also. Three other burial lists also have been included: Cemetery records of Fort Cameron, 1870-1880; record of interment removals from Fort Cameron to Fort Douglas, September 10, 1891; and the Union Vedette list of soldiers interred at Camp Douglas, these names not appearing in the Fort Douglas records.

The Utah Chapter National Society Daughters of Founders and

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Patriots of America was organized for the purpose of preserving American historical and genealogical research. The society is pleased to be one of the few organizations to receive a copy of this valuable volume.

The Utah Foundation has presented to the society a complete set of their Research Reports issued to date, together with a bound volume of surveys, and a file of other special reports.

This data is invaluable to the economic history of local and state governments.

The Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, have donated copies of Alexander Ross, "Letters of a Pioneer," and David A. Stewart, "Early Assiniboine Trading Posts of the Souris-mouth Group, 1785-1832, published in their Transactions.

Mr. Leslie Foy has allowed the society to microfilm the diary of his grandfather, Newton Tuttle. This journal contains one of the most detailed accounts by a participant of the Echo Canyon Campaign yet found. Plans are being made to publish this very important document in a future issue of the Quarterly.

Dr. A. of his book, that Lyman Lake Valley

L. Curtis has furnished the society with a copy Pioneer Lyman Curtis, in which he gives evidence Curtis was the ninth horseman to enter the Salt on July 22, 1847.

Mrs. William M. McCrea has contributed to the library several worthwhile volumes dealing with the history of Utah and the West, and Mrs. Robert H. Forrester has donated a number of very valuable pamphlets, brochures, and pictures.

Other recent contributors to the society are Thomas W . Streeter, who very kindly presented us with a copy of his .Americanaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Beginnings, a review of which appears in this Quarterly, William Mulder, Jess H. Lombard, Adrian W . Hatch, S. S. Ivins, Louis S.

HISTORICAL N O T E S

191

Leatham, Conway B. Sonne, Iowa Historical Society, California Historical Society, Utah Fish and Game Commission, and the West Virginia Collection.

Other recent acquisitions to our library which will prove of interest to our members are as follows: Robert G. Cowan, A Bibliography of the History fornia and the Pacific West, 1510-1906.

Hiram M. Chittenden, Early Steamboat Missouri River, 2 vols.

of Cali-

Navigation

A. P. Nasatir, ed., Before Lewis and Clark: Illustrating the History of the Missouri 2 vols.

on the

Documents 1785-1804,

E. E. Rich, ed., Cumberland House Journals and Inland Journal, 1775-82, First Series, 1775-79 (The Publications of the Hudson's Bay Record Society, Vol. XIV.) E. E. Rich, edâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; Cumberland House Journals and Inland Journals, 1775-82, Second Series, 1779-82 (The Publications of the Hudson's Bay Record Society, Vol. X V ) .

Thaddeus A. Culbertson, Journal of an Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres and the Upper Missouri in 1850.

M. Catherine White, ed., David Thompson's Journals Relating to Montana and Adjacent Regions, 1808-1812.

George P. Hammond, ed., The Larkin Papers, Vol. III. Elliott Coues, ed., New Light on the Early History Greater Northwest (Alexander Henry and Thompson journals), 3 vols.

Angie Debo, ed., The Cowman's Southwest; miniscences of Oliver Nelson.

Nolie Mumey, ed., Brand Vol. VII. The Westerners 1950.

Brand Book

Book

(Denver

of the David

Being the ReWesterners),

(Los Angeles), 1947, 1948,

Microfilm copies of the diaries of Osborne Russell, Orville Pratt and Theodore Talbot, and of the James Clyman narrative of 1871.

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE VOLUMES 1-6. By many authors. Detailed list of contents sent free on request. 501 single issues. Bound in one volume, fabrikoid, $18.50.

VOLUME 7. Nos. 1-2-3, Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, paper $1.50.

No. 4, The Orderville United Order, paper, $1.00. Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 8. No. 1, Journal of Leonard E. Harrington, paper, 50tf.

Nos. 2-3-4, History of the State of Deseret, paper, $2.50. Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 9. By many authors. Nos. 1-2, paper, $2.00. Nos. 3-4, paper, $1.00. Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 10. Journal of Priddy Meeks, together with many articles relating to the history of medicine in early-day Utah. Paper, $2.75. Fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 11. Father Escalante's Journal. 1776-77, edited by Herbert S. Auerbach. OUT OF PRINT. See Volume 18.

VOLUME 12. Nos. 1-2, by many authors, paper, $1.50. Nos. 3-4, A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks, paper, $2.00, edition limited.

Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 13. The Utah War—Journal of Captain Albert Tracy. Paper, $2.00. Fabrikoid, $3.00.

VOLUME 14. Spirit of the Pioneers—Biography and Diary of Lorenzo Dow Young. Paper, $2.00. Fabrikoid, $3.00.

VOLUME 15. The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869. Paper, $2.75. Fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUMES 16-17. The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah in 1871-72. Paper, $4.00. Fabrikoid, $6.00.

VOLUME 18. Pageant in the Wilderness, journal of Father Escalante as edited by Herbert E. Bolton. Paper, $3.75. Fabrikoid, $5.00. Deluxe red cloth edition, $5.50. Escalante maps, 50 # each.

VOLUME 19. West From Fort Bridger, the pioneering of the immigrant trails across Utah, 1846-50, by J. Roderic Korns. Paper, $3.00. Fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 20. Nos. 1-4. By many authors. 75 (* single issues. Bound in one volume, fabrikoid, $6.00.

Early Utah Journalism, by J. Cecil Alter. Paper, $2.50. Fabrikoid, $3.50.

Indexes to William Clayton's Journal; Howard Egan, Pioneering the West; Peter Gottfredson, Indian Depredations, 50<* each.

DETAILED LIST OF CONTENTS SENT FREE ON REQUEST

UTAH WAR JOURNAL Though literature on the Utah W a r is fairly extensive, the journal of Captain Albert Tracy, as published in Volume XIII of the Utah Historical Quarterly, throws much fresh light on this most interesting phase of Utah's history, causing one reviewer to call it "the most valuable document of its kind yet to appear on the Utah War." The Utah War was occasioned by the estrangement which took place between the Mormon and non-Mormon officials in the period after the establishment of territorial government in Utah.

President James Buchanan, believing that the inhabitants of Utah were in rebellion against the government of the United States, dispatched a military force of 3,000 men to serve "as a posse comitatus, in case of need, in the execution of the laws," and also to serve as protection for the new set of officers headed by Alfred Cumming as governor. This army was ordered to proceed from Fort Leavenworth,, Kansas Territory, to Utah, via the overland trail. Tracy was placed in command of Company H at Fort Leavenworth.

The portion of Tracy's journal reproduced in the Utah Historical Quarterly covers the period March 24, 1858 (after the army had established winter quarters at Camp Scott, about five miles above Fort Bridger), to April 30. 1860. In spite of his naturally partisan viewpoint,- Tracy's journal is interesting Jn that it views this episode as a soldier participant, giving die impressions the members of the army formed of the Mormon people, and reveals in intimate detail the daily life of the army along the march and in camp. The journal is greatly ettlivenedt by the addition of twelve pen sketches made by Tracy on aa improvised easel as opportunity afforded.

Volume XIII is available'in paper binding for $2.00, in fabrikoid binding for $3.00. It can also be obtained through the society's Membership Campaign Program.

ISTORICAL J U L Y ,

QUARTERLY 1 9 5 3

Utah State Historical Society BOARD OF CONTROL

(Terms Expiring April 1,1957) JUANITA BROOKS, St. George LELAND H. CREER, Salt Lake City PAUL E. SULLIVAN. Salt Lake City

JOEL B. RICKS, Logan RUSSEL SWENSEN, Provo

(Terms Expiring April 1, 1955) C. HENRY ANDERSON, Ogden A. B. GIBSON, Pleasant Grove CHARLES R. MABEY, Bountiful

WILLIAM R. PALMER, Cedar City LEVI EDGAR YOUNG, Salt Lake City

OFFICERS 1953-55 JOEL E. RICKS, President LELAND H. CREER, Vice-President JOEL E. RICKS, Chairman LELAND H. CREER LEVI EDGAR YOUNG JOEL E. RICKS, Chairman LELAND H. CREER RUSSEL SWENSEN

A. R. MORTENSEN, Secretary-Editor

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE RUSSEL SWENSEN C. HENRY ANDERSON EDITORIAL BOARD LEVI EDGAR YOUNG C. HENRY ANDERSON

EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS The Society was organized essentially to collect, disseminate and preserve Important material pertaining to the history of the state. To effect this end, contributions of manuscripts are solicited, such as old diaries, journals, letters, and other writings of the pioneers; also original manuscripts by present-day writers on any phase of early Utah history. Treasured papers or manuscripts may be printed in faithful detail in the Quarterly, without harm to them, and without permanently removing them from their possessors. Contributions for the consideration of the Editorial Board, and correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to the Secretary-Editor, Utah State Historical Society, State Capitol, Salt Lake City 1, Utah.

The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to this publication.

MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Society is $3.00 per year. The Utah Historical Quarterly is sent free to all members. Non-members and institutions may receive the Quarterly at $3.00 a year or 75 cents per quarter for current numbers. Life membership, $50.00. Checks should be made payable to the Utah State Historical Society and mailed to the Secretary-Editor, State Capitol, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Entered as second-class matter at the post office at Salt Lake City, Utah.

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY A. R. MORTENSEN EDITOR

Volume XXI, Number 3 July, 1953

COPYRIGHT 1953

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 337 STATE CAPITOL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH

C O N T E N T S Editorial

I93

Miles Goodyear and the Founding of Ogden (part one of two parts), by Dale L. Morgan

195

Chief Hoskaninni, by Charles Kelly

219

"The Mountain Bound Vallies": Traveler of 1859

Two Letters by a

Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor, March 6, 1859 September 23, 1863 (continued), edited by A. R. Mortensen

227

237

Reviews and Recent Publications Withington, A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Collection of Western Americana Founded by William Robertson Coe, by Levi Edgar Young

267

Swan, Music in the Southwest, by Conrad B. Harrison.... 269 Devoto, The Course of Empire; Nasatir, ed., Before Lewis and Clark; White, ed., David Thompson's Journals Relating to Montana and Adjacent Regions, 1808-1812, by Dale L. Morgan

271

Webb, The Great Frontier, by A. R. Mortensen

275

Other Publications

276

Historical Notes

281 I L L U S T R A T I O N S

Miles Goodyear Cabin

199

Hoskaninni-begay, son of Old Chief Hoskaninni

222

ERRATUM Page 222, line 20 should read When father heard that the trouble was over, we left our

Utah State Historical Society State Capitolâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Salt Lake City, Utah Volume XXI

July, 1953

No. 3

EDITORIAL

w,

HTH THIS ISSUE, the Utah Historical Quarterly is well into its second year as a true quarterly magazine. During this period a considerable variety of subjects and articles have appeared, including several early journals and articles by recognized authorities on Utah and Western history. In addition, each issue has carried an historical notes section, as well as a section devoted to book reviews and periodical literature. W e think that the interest and variety of this material, plus a more frequent appearing publication, more than compensate for the larger "annuals" which appeared prior to 1951.

Readers of the Quarterly will note that the issues of the current volume have a new dress in the form of a better designed and more attractive cover. W e hope that with increased eye appeal our magazine will attract more readers and help to stimulate membership in the Society. In this regard it is only fair to point out that any society, such as this one, is only as large as its membership and only as strong as their interest in it. So what this piece amounts to is a plea for more members and a greater interest on the part of the members in the affairs of the Society.

W e folk in Utah have somewhat of a reputation as a record-keeping people, a people interested in the traditions of an earlier day, a people convinced that they should conduct their lives today in harmony with the experiences and lessons of the past, so that their future may in truth be glorious.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Your Society is a legal agency charged with the responsibility to collect, preserve, and disseminate the historical traditions of this great region. Help this organization grow strong by recommending membership to your friends and neighbors, remembering always that cooperation is a two-way street. The Society exists to serve you. Use the resources of the Society's library and staff. W r i t e or call in your queries. Come in person. We will be glad to see and help you with your research problem.

A. R. Mortensen, Editor.

MILES GOODYEAR A N D T H E F O U N D I N G OF O G D E N *

BY D A L E L. M O R G A N !

I

M,

LILES GOODYEAR'S STORY has a continuing fascination in the history of Utah. In a formal biography Charles Kelly and Maurice L. Howe called him the "First Citizen of Utah"'â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a title subject to some qualification but suggestive of his significance.

Modern Ogden has grown out of the trading post he established in 1846 near the junction of the Weber and Ogden rivers, and because "Fort Buenaventura" antedated the Mormon settlement in Salt Lake Valley by a year, Ogden has the distinction of being the oldest continuously settled community in the State.

The role Goodyear played in the settlement of Utah has made him, beyond most of his contemporaries among the mountain men, a subject of enduring interest. Miles Goodyear came to the Rocky Mountains as late as 1836, when the fur trade as the W e s t had known it was about to disappear; in retrospect it is fitting that he should have traveled in the party of Marcus Whitman and Henry Harmon Spalding, whose wives were the first white women to cross South Pass, symbolic of permanent occupation of the land. Because Goodyear is a figure of the transitional era, sometimes shadowy and indistinctly perceived, the details of his life have emerged slowly, but the more information that comes forth about Miles Goodyear, the more interesting he seems. 1 *This article was originally written for the Ogden Standard-Examiner, which published it under the title, "The Miles Goodyear Story," in its issues of July 18-26, 1952. Somewhat rearranged and with added material, it is now republished with the permission of the Standard-Examiner. fMr. Morgan is a recognized authority on Utah and the West. He is the author of several well-known volumes, The Humboldt, Highroad of the West (1943), and The Great Salt Lake (1947). A forthcoming biography of Jedediah Smith promises to be the last word on that great mountain man.

Many earlier volumes of the Utah Historical Quarterly owe much to the research and literary skill of Mr. Morgan.

1 Mr. O. A. Kennedy, Ogden newspaperman, who is now in his 94th year, first delivered Miles Goodyear from out of the cloudland of fable; his

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The forebears of Miles Goodyear came to Connecticut from London in 1638. His great-great-great-grandfather Stephen was a London merchant who became lieutenant-governor of the colony and served in that office for 17 years. Miles's own father, Andrew, engaged in the W e s t India trade, but was ruined by the W a r of 1812. T o him and his wife Patty Bradley six children were born, of which Miles was the fifth, born at Hamden, Connecticut, on February 24, 1817. The father died in 1819 and the six children were orphaned when their mother passed away in April, 1821.

T h e Goodyear children were scattered, "bound out" to such families as would keep them for their labor. Of Miles's own rearing, not too much is known. At the age of 10 he was bound out for six years to W a r d Peck, a farmer of North Haven, and during that period of more or less involuntary servitude he seems to have picked up a hearty dislike of farms and farm life which to the end of his life he never entirely overcame. He learned, however, to read and write, and doubtless to cipher; he also developed a liking for poetry, which he committed to memory and tried to write himself. His term as a bound boy ended in 1833. During the next year he worked for a time at brickmaking in North Haven, but this was a labor more dull for him than farming, and he soon threw up the job. The circumstances of his life had been such as to give him a strong yearning for the fullest possible measure of personal liberty, and in the America of his time, freedom was West. In the spring of 1834 he left home in pursuit of the dream. 2 It took him two years to reach the jumping-off place, the boundary along the Missouri River where the Indian Territory began. On a May day in 1836 he fell in with the missionary company Marcus Whitman and Henry Harmon Spalding were article in the Ogden Standard, July 11, 1914, was the first serious effort to reconstruct Goodyear's life. From time to time, as he accumulated facts over the next 22 years, he published further articles in Ogden newspapers. In 1937 Charles Kelly and Maurice L. Howe greatly enlarged the chronicle with their Mites Goodyear, and I made a contribution to the record in my book, The Great Salt Lake, published, in 1947. The present article embodies information for which I had no space in that book and still more recent research. ÂŤGrace Goodyear Kirkman, Genealogy of the Goodyear Family (San Francisco, 1899), 182, 189-90.

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taking out to Oregon. T o William H . Gray, lay assistant in that company, we are indebted for a vivid picture of Miles Goodyear at the turning-point in his life.

"The third day in the morning," Gray tells us, "some forty miles from Fort Leavenworth, as we were about starting, a white boy, about sixteen years old, came into camp, having on an old torn straw hat, an old ragged fustian coat, scarcely half a shirt, with buckskin pants, badly worn, but one moccasin, a powder horn with no powder in it, and an old rifle. He had light flaxen hair, light blue eyes, was thin and spare, yet appeared in good health and spirits. H e said he had started for the Rocky Mountains . . . he had been without food for two days; he asked for some ammunition; thought he could kill some game to get along; the rain the night previous had wet him quite effectually; he was really cold, wet, nearly naked and hungry. He was soon supplied from our stores with all he wanted, and advised to return to his friends. . . . T o this he objected, and said if we would allow him he would go with us to Council Bluffs, and then go with the fur company to the mountains. He agreed to assist all he could in getting along.

He was furnished with a horse and made an excellent hand while he remained with the party. . . . His name was Miles Goodyear." 3 The undersized youth was older than he appeared to be; in the spring of 1836 he was in his twentieth year. Gray speaks of his hair as flaxen, and there is a later possible allusion to him which would picture his hair as light brown, flaxy at the 8 William H. Gray, History of Oregon (Portland, 1870), 113-14. Gray wrote a slightly variant account for the Oregon American in 1848, not published but preserved in photostat at the Bancroft Library. The missionaries of 1836, he said, were "accompanied by a young man by the name of Miles Goodyear of Homer Cortland Co. N. Y.—This young man . . . as early as 1836 had taken the Oregon feaver so strongly that he started from some where about the Missouri River and traveled two days on the prairy with no provisions and no clothing except an old shirt old leather pants badly torn and an old slouched hat—a rifle and two charges of ammunition with one ball, he came up with th"e company of Missionaries the second day in the morning and said he was on his way to Oregon and expected to overtake the Fur Co which was to start from Council Bluffs—some two hundred miles from where he met this company—he soon made his arrangements and agreed to travel with the Missionaries for his board and a horse to ride. . . ."

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ends. It may be that his hair burned redder as he grew older, but these are reminiscent accounts and perhaps mistaken, for after he reached the mountains the Snakes called him Inca Pompe, red head, and the Bannocks called him Mooritza, the red deer.4 The journey of Whitman and Spalding to South Pass and beyond is a famous episode in Western history, and we will not describe it in detail. But Narcissa Whitman's description of the caravan with which Miles traveled to the mountains merits quoting, for in it is her only allusion to him by name.

"The Fur Company is large this year," she wrote home to her family; "we are really a moving villageâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;nearly 400 animals, with ours, mostly mules, and 70 men. The Fur Company have seven wagons drawn by six mules each, heavily loaded, and one cart drawn by two mules, which carries a lame man, one of the proprietors of the Company. W e have two wagons in our company; Mr. and Mrs. S., husband and myself ride in one, Mr. Gray and the baggage in the other.

Our Indian boys drive the cows and Dulin the horses. Young Miles leads our forward horses, four in each team. Now . . . , if you want to see the camp in motion, look away ahead and see first the pilot and the captain, [Thomas] Fitzpatrick, just before him; next the pack animals, all mules, loaded with great packs; soon after you will see the wagons, and in the rear, our company.

The circumstances of Goodyear's joining the Whitman party have sometimes been misstated. Spalding and Gray left Liberty, Missouri, with the wagons and stock of the missionary party on April 27, 1836, and crossed the Missouri at Fort Leavenworth M a y 2. Whitman and the women had expected to go up to the fort by steamboat. W h e n the boat did not stop, they hired a team to transport their baggage and themselves hastened on by horseback.

Whitman arrived at Fort Leavenworth M a y 4 to find that Spalding had gone on north toward the Platte; he had to send an express after Spalding and hurry along behind as best he could. Goodyear joined Spalding and Gray after their departure from Fort Leavenworth, and before Whitman overtook them.

W h y G r a y should have said that Goodyear was from New York is unexplained; there is no doubt about his Connecticut antecedents.

4 Matthew Field, M S Diary, in the Missouri Historical Society library.

Field was a member of Sir William Drummond Stewart's famous excursion party and Goodyear was in camp when Field made this notation under date of August 14, 1843.

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W e all cover quite a space. The pack mules always string along one after the other just like Indians." 5 The Whitman party abandoned the heaviest of its two wagons at Fort Laramie, but stubbornly kept on with the other.

Beyond Green River, the labor occasioned by taking a wagon where wagons had never gone before fell primarily on Whitman and Goodyear, and by the time they reached Fort Hall, the redheaded youth had had enough. After all, he had never intended to go to Oregon; he wanted to become a mountain man. Gray tells us that Miles parted from the missionaries on good terms.

He "was furnished a couple of horses, and the best outfit the missionary party could give him for his services, and allowed to remain or go where he might choose. In his conclusions he was influenced by the stories he heard about the treatment he might expect should he reach the lower Columbia. His idea of liberty was unlimited. Restraint and obedience to others was what he did not like at home; he would try his fortune in the mountains; he did not care for missionaries, Hudson's Bay men, nor Indians; he was determined to be his own man, and was allowed to remain at Fort Hall." Gray adds, with as much of poetry as solid fact, that at Fort Hall Miles "joined a party that went with the Bannock Indians, and became a member of that tribe, and, as near as we can learn, married a native woman (some say three), and is using his influence to keep the tribe at war with the United States. Of this we have no positive knowledge, though if such is the fact he may have been a deserter from Fort Levenworth." 6 Matt Field provides all the information that has yet come forth with regard to young Miles's initiation to mountain life, obtained from Goodyear himself in the summer of 1843: "Miles, during his first year in the mountains had 2 horses, and was wintering at Blackfoot Creak, at a point about 40 miles from Fort Hall, when a man from the fort offered him two good guns for a horse. Miles gave his horse, and the guns were to be sent to him, but they not arriving, he set off on foot to get them. W h e n about %rd of the way himself and companion gave out, and 5 Letter dated June 3, 1836, in Oregon Pioneer Association, Transactions of the Twenty-First Annual Reunion . . . for 1893 (Portland, 1894), 105.

6 Gray, History of Oregon, 114.

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turned back A miles to get water. They reached the creek at 9 at night<—willow banks piled 20 feet high with snow—cut their way down an old buffalo trail gathered a few dry willow twigs, and while Miles sat striking a light, cross-legged, his feet frozel 10 pounds of ice on each snow shoe—didn't know his misfortune until thawing off his snow shoes, and then, when the fire touched the frost in his flesh, his involuntary scream of agony startled the midnight solitude! plunging his feet in snow and icewater of the creek gave some poor relief and he law [lay] in the snow all night, bur [n] ing, as if in fire. But the resolute boy started off the next morning, though each foot was bigger than his head, (it was either travel or starve and freeze!) and he made his way to Fort Hall, where he got his horse again but no guns!"'

After this winter Goodyear drops out of sight for 5 years.8 As a greenhorn he may have attached himself to one or another of the roving bands of trappers, or lived among the Snakes or Bannocks. It would appear that by 1839 he had sufficiently established himself that he could obtain trading goods and supplies at Fort Hall, and that during the next three years he ranged widely in all directions from the British post on the Snake. His travels assuredly brought him south into the Utah country, for at some time during this period he took to wife a squaw said to have been named Pomona, daughter of the chief Pe-teet-neet, whose band lived in the vicinity of present Payson. 9 Pomona had borne him two children by the summer of 1842, so it may be inferred that he had taken her into his lodge by 1839. Matt Field, who 7

Field, toe. cit.

The Fort Hall Account Books (originals in Oregon Historical Society, microfilm in Utah State Historical Society) do not have an account with Goodyear down to the summer of 1837, when possession of the fort passed from Nathaniel Wyeth's firm to the Hudson's Bay Company. The latter company unfortunately has no Fort Hall records in its London archives.

9 Kirkman, op. cit, 188; Kelly and Howe, op. cit, 35-37. Not much information about Pomona has come to light. As written, the name is Spanish, which may indicate that Goodyear applied it to her, though the name could be a corruption of a Ute name. Lorenzo D. Young, "Early Experiences of Lorenzo D. Young, Brother of Brigham Young," an 8-page manuscript in the Bancroft Library, says that Goodyear's wife was a sister of the Ute chief Walker. On the other hand, a writer in the Manti Home Sentinel, August 22, 1889, says that after Goodyear's death his squaw married "Sampitch," one of Walker's brothers. See Utah Historical Quarterly, VI (October, 1933), 120.

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met her in 1843, pictures her as "a fat squaw with a broad, glazed leather St. Louis fireman's belt around her waist, marked 'Central' in large gold letters!" 10 Pomona reduced herself to more svelte proportions or observers appeared capable of looking to the beauty within, for in July, 1846, the young Swiss immigrant Heinrich Lienhard spoke of her as "a beautiful Indian woman" not above doing the family wash. 11 For reasons unexplained, in the spring of 1842 the redheaded young mountain man shifted his base of operations from Fort Hall to Antoine Robidoux's Fort Wintey, on the Whiterocks River in eastern Utah. T h e aged Methodist preacher, Joseph Williams, returning from Oregon with three other travelers, was guided to Jim Bridger's new post on Blacks Fork by Goodyear and one other mountain man, oddly described by Williams as "two Frenchmen and their women." Bridger had left for the States before the little party reached his fort, and the trail via South Pass and Fort Laramie was regarded as so dangerous this year because of the temper of the Cheyennes and Sioux that it was decided to head for Robidoux's fort. In crossing the Uinta Mountains, Williams says, "The wife of one of the Frenchmen was our pilot. She had two children along; one tied to a board, and hung to the horn of the saddle, and the other in a blanket, tied to her back." It is an odd usage that the Connecticut Yankee, Goodyear, should have been described as a "Frenchman," but Williams definitely identifies one of his two Frenchmen as "Mr. Miles," and it was quite likely Goodyear's squaw who guided the party across the mountains to Ute country.1* Goodyear spent at least the summer and early fall in the Uinta Basin, for he was at Fort Wintey at the end of October when Marcus Whitman arrived there on his celebrated winter journey back to the States. T h e far wanderer seized the oppor10

MS Diary, August 17, 1843.

J. Roderic Korns, "West from Fort Bridger," Utah Historical Quarterly.

XIX (1951), 194-95.

12 Joseph Williams, Narrative of a Tour from the State of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the Years 1841-42 (New York, 1921), 77-79. The Williams narrative, which was first published at Cincinnati in 1843, is not quite firm in its dates, but the journey from Fort Hall to Fort Wintey was in June and July, 1842.

11

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tunity to send home his first letter in eight years; in it he said that for three years past he had been trading with equipments derived from the Hudson's Bay Company. If he had not made his fortune, he had acquired property, horses, beaver, and $2,500.

Next spring he intended going to Santa Fe. If his life was spared and fortune favored him, perhaps in a few years he might come home. 13 Possibly Miles Goodyear did visit Santa Fe in the spring of 1843, as his letter forecast. But from this time until Goodyear established himself on the site of Ogden in the late summer of 1846, those who met him in the mountains encountered him in the vicinity of Fort Bridger. He was at that fort in late July, 1843, when a party of Arapahoes and Cheyennes made a spectacular descent upon the horse herds of mountain men and Snakes who had the misfortune to be in the vicinity at the time, and he greatly distinguished himself in the pursuit and partial recovery of the stolen horses.

Let Matt Field relate this story, for he tells it more graphically and in more detail than anyone else, in one of his sketches published in the New Orleans Daily Picayune, February 23, 1844: Some forty lodges of Snake Indians were located about half a mile below the fort, and a number of hunters and trappers had their leather dwellings stretched upon poles in the immediate vicinity. The loose horses of all these people, together with those belonging to Captain Bridger, were grazing in a band near the fort, when, in the settled stillness after noontime, the furious onset yell of the Cheyennes suddenly arose, and the alarm of a stampede at once startled all who were within two miles of the spot. Seventy or eighty Cheyenne Indians had cautiously approached the place, by stealing along among the dwarf willows that grew upon the edge of the stream, and when they were near enough to the horses, they gave the war scream, and in an instant were flying over the prairie, driving all the animals of the fort and the Snake village before them.

Only a few squaws and children were in the village at the time, the men being all out "surrounding" antelope; but, 13

Kirkman, op. cit., 192-93; reprinted in Kelly and Howe, op. cit, 43-44.

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luckily, they happened to be returning with their meat, and were now within a few miles of the fort. As chance would have it, the marauders drove the horses they were in this manner stealing, exactly in the direction in which to cross the view of the Shoshonee hunters, who knew their own animals at once, and understood the nature of the affair at a glance.

Mounting the freshest horses at hand, the Shoshonees darted after the robbers. In the meantime those about the fort who had managed to get hold of a steed of any kind, were off in hot haste after the thieving Cheyennes. Among these was Miles Goodyear, a young trapper from Yankee Land . . . .

He was soon far ahead in the pursuit, his blood boiling for vengeance, having witnessed the spearing of a woman and a boy as the Cheyennes made their wild rush past the Shoshonee village. His steed was in good condition, and he soon swept on past several of the Cheyennes who were left in the rear upon tired horses, his aim being, if possible, to reach and turn the frightened animals that the Cheyennes were driving away. In his eagerness he had quite forgotten that he had far outstripped his companions, and was now entirely alone, in full chase of eighty Indians. The acute Yankee, however, was not long without discovering his error, and his wits were at once at work to provide for trouble that now seemed inevitable. Half a dozen of the Cheyennes turned and dashed back toward Miles, poising their lances and threatening him with instant death. He never paused in his career, but made a sign as if calling on five hundred white men behind him to hurry up, and the Indians, stricken with alarm, turned from him again and made off in the utmost terror.

The horses of the Cheyennes began to tire down, and many began to lag in reach of the pursuers. One desperate looking rascal, finding his steed was completely worn out, at length jumped to the ground and continued his flight on foot.

As Miles came thundering up behind him, he turned round, grinding his teeth with rage, and almost pale through his bronze skin. He lifted his gun and took deadly aim at Miles, but the cock snapped harmlessly, and the next moment the Indian fell with a horrible death howl as an ounce ball from the rifle of Miles sped through and through his body.

By this time the plundered Shoshonees began to gain upon the robbers so rapidly that many of the latter began to abandon the game and seek safety in various directions.

These Cheyennes carried spears and white shields, the last being made of two thicknesses of buffalo skin, tightly stretched on a round frame and dressed purely white. It is

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asserted that these have been made strong enough to turn a bullet. Whether this be true or not, the fine appearance made by these marauders, flying with their shield slung upon their backs and their spears pointed in the air, may be imagined. It was a rare spectacle, too, when the Cheyennes, hotly pressed, at length began to throw away their guns, shields and spears, to lighten themselves and escape from the rifles of the American trappers and the arrows of the Snakes.

The robbers drove from the fort nearly three hundred horses, and the gallant pursuers succeeded in turning back all but forty, among which latter number were the three belonging to our express.

Stroke and counterstroke added up to one of the big events of the mountain year, and the details enliven the journals of many travelers who reached the Rockies this summer. The attackers, as the facts subsequently emerged, were a mixed band of Cheyennes and Arapahoes, and of the seven or eight killed, all but one were Arapahoes; it also developed that the affair had been instigated by two French-Canadian halfbreeds, Tesson and Rivy (or Riviere), a circumstance to stir the wrath of all the mountain men.1* Particularly galling was the fact that the horses the raiders got off with—estimated at from 20 to 60—were the property of the whites. But the hero of the occasion, beyond all doubt, was the red-headed mountain man from Connecticut. W h e n leading the chase after the Cheyennes, it was related, on coming up with the rearmost of the red rascals he had thundered, "You're dead men, every one of you—hundreds of us will be upon you in a moment, and we'll kill you and eat you—dogs, we'll eat you!" It made just as good conversation that when the horse of the Cheyenne Miles was pursuing gave out, the Indian had turned and fired; his gun had snapped, and in the next instant Pochecan, a noted Snake warrior, had driven an arrow into the man's heart.

14

See any of the editions of Fremont's Narrative under date of August 5, 1843, and the entry for August 30, 1843, in The Journals of Theodore Talbot (Portland, 1931), 42. There are Incidental allusions to the affair in The Journal of John Boardman," Utah Historical Quarterly. II (October, 1929).

107, and In Overton Johnson and William H. Winter, Route Across the Rocky Mountains (Princeton, 1932), 23. A further echo of the raid is found in a letter written to Indian Agent Andrew Drips by A. R. Bouls from Fort Pierre, October 4, 1843: "I am informed that Riviere the man who arrived at Fort George from the Platte some time since, was one of a gang of Villains who with some Chayenne Indians robbed Bridger out of 20 Head of Horses, 6 mules at his Fort, some where in die mountains, is there no way of punishing such rascals?" (Drips Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St Louis, Missouri.)

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The losses of the pursuers included the woman and boy who had been killed in the first onslaught and a Snake brave who had been speared by two men at once when he attempted to head the stampeding herd. Goodyear had endeared himself to the Snakes through his conduct during the fight, but he made an utter conquest by cutting his lodge in two as a token of respect for the man who was lost.15 Less spectacular, but also less well known is another episode of the summer in which Goodyear figured. In view of the fact that the Connecticut mountain man from this time figures prominently in Western history as a dealer in horses, the details are worth preserving.

The English nobleman, Sir William Drummond Stewart, who had spent the better part of five years in the mountains between 1833 and 1838, and who was made the central figure in Bernard DeVoto's fine book, Across the Wide Missouri, this summer was making a last visit to a country which had meant much to him. The brave days of the fur trade were already gone, but Sir William could undertake to commune with at least a few ghosts of the recently dead past through the medium of an elaborate pleasure excursion to the Green River Valley. Returning to the site of the rendezvous of 1837, and going on up to the lake at the head of Piney Fork which his artist, Alfred Jacob Miller, had depicted for him in many lovely paintings, Sir William sent an express to Fort Bridger inviting such mountain men and Snakes as might be there to join him in his pleasures.1* Miles Goodyear and Uncle Jack Robinson were two who accepted the invitation.

In the thirties Sir William had brought horses to the mountains to pit them against the best animals of the trappers and the Indians, and the sporting blood still ran strong in him. This spring he had brought up from Missouri a bay horse, Chieftain, he was anxious to put to the test. Added entries for a notable race were William L. Sublette's chestnut horse, Tom, 15 These additional details come from Matt Field's MS Diary, entries for August 9, 10, 11, and 20, 1843.

M The express consisted of three men. As noted In Field's sketch of the raid upon Fort Bridger, they arrived just in time to have their horses run off.

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and Lieutenant Richard Graham's mare, Brown Bess. To uphold mountain honor, two horses stepped forth, Jack Robinson's chestnut horse, Siskeedee, and Goodyear's gray mare, Mountain Devil. A famous rider, Goodyear rode his own horse, but Robinson mounted on his chestnut a wild-eyed Snake Indian named Tom, naked save for a red cotton handkerchief tied around his middle. The Green River Sweepstakes were run off August 15, 1843, the purse made up of a dozen of champagne, a dozen of hock, six leather shirts, one pair of pistols, Indian trinkets of every description, and two fine mules, the whole valued at something like $500.

Our racing correspondent, Matt Field, reports (via the New Orleans Daily Picayune of January 16,1844) that from the starting post a mile out the nags all got off finely, "mad Tom" on Siskeedee darting into the lead at the first jump with a piercing scream: The sight from the judges' stand was grand and strange to an enchanting degree. First a cloud of dust arose, that had as much the semblance of smoke, out of which came darting a group of wild figures, whipping and yelling, and with arms and legs flying like a band of very fiends. . . . The dust rolled after the riders in a huge cloud, and little could be seen of the parties in the contest until the whole crowd passed the half-mile mark, when mad Tom was seen flying twenty yards in advance, while the others were huddling along in no particular distinction of position, at just that distance behind the victorious Siskeedee. One remarkable feature of the scene was the furious riding backward and forward of the Snakes, as they with willing eagerness abandoned themselves to the excitement of the sport. On, on came the nags, the gap perceptibly widening between Siskeedee and his pursuers. They entered the last quarter, and then the positions of all the competitors could be distinguished. Brown Bess was leading those behind, stepping forward at a merry pace, but evidently with no chance of making up matters with Siskeedee, while Mountain Devil appeared next, making a tremendous effort to get in front.

The Chieftain and Tom, the sorrel, were doing their best in a small way, but it was clear that there remained no further use of their breaking their necks in hope of winning the stakes.

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N o finer sight was ever witnessed upon a race course, than the passing of the judges' stand by the Indian upon Siskeedee. Mad Tom seemed to rise in his stirrups, though he had none, and with head thrown back over his right shoulder, looking at those behind him, his left arm tossed gracefully in the air, the slender bridle, the only piece of gearing about the horse, grasped firmly in his right hand, he made a picture of wild grace and grandeur that threw us all into loud shouts of admiration. . . . Siskeedee passed the judges' stand thirty yards ahead of the field, running as if the mad Indian never intended to come back with him, while the rest of the crowd came up in the following order, all distanced by the victor. Miles Goodyear, on his Mountain Devil, was first in after Siskeedee; Brown Bess was one length behind; the Chieftain next made his appearance, emerging from the run home, and Tom kept the last company in pretty close fashion.

The winner was clocked at 2:05.

On August 17, Sir William headed back for the States. 17 Goodyear did not go with him. Instead he moved on west across the Bear River Divide, and in the Bear River Valley was encountered two weeks later by various Oregon-bound travelers, of whom Theodore Talbot, accompanying Fremont's baggage train, is most informative. On the evening of September 2, Talbot says, "we met Miles a freetrapper, who had formerly been in employ of the North W e s t Company. He camped with us. He had his squaw, two children, Le Meuse a half breed Iroquois indian, and a band of horses." 18 Talbot's meeting with Goodyear is the last entirely definite account of him for two years, though John Minto, bound for Oregon with the immigration of 1844, has a curious story to tell. On reaching Fort Bridger, Captain Robert W . Morrison, with whom Minto was traveling, traded his plow irons and one 17 See William Clark Kennedy, Persimmon Hill (Norman, Oklahoma, 1948), 143-67. As a youth Kennedy accompanied the Stewart party on this excursion to the Rockies, and his generalized account of its experiences is accompanied by a daily diary of the homeward march.

18 The Journals of Theodore Talbot, 44-45. John Boardman met Goodyear along the Bear August 31 but refers to him without name, "a trapper with horses." Boardman, op. cit, 109. Talbot's reference to Goodyear s halfbreed Iroquois, LeMeuse, is interesting, for an old Iroquois named Ignace La Mousse took a prominent part in the establishment of Catholicism in Montana in the forties. Perhaps the two were father and son.

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of his cows for flour brought from Taos. "The man he was dealing with," Minto goes on to say, "was very different from those here apparently on show. He was receiving the different parts of the plow from Morrison and talking to him about its now being late in the season for us to get to Oregon, and said he had been in the country about Salt Lake the preceding fall (1843), and thought it would be good country to settle in.

While he was thus talking and tying up the plow irons, a party passing stopped and asked what he was going to do with them.

He replied, 'I am going to try farming a while down at Taos.' " "This man, whom I afterwards identified from his photos as Kit Carson, interested me. He was a man five feet nine or ten inches at the most, but strongly framed in breast and shoulders; light brown hair, flaxy at the ends; eyes steel blue, or gray. . . . I saw the man throw the plow irons down at camp close by the trail. . . . a very comely woman, evidently not a full Indian, was saddling and packing two of the finest mules I ever saw. (Many years afterwards I concluded this was the Mexican wife of Kit Carson, recently married, and they were now going to farm on her inheritance, near Taos, New Mexico.) "19 If there is anything of substance in these recollections (they were written over 35 years later), the man John Minto saw at Fort Bridger about September 1, 1844, must have been Miles Goodyear; the known facts of Carson's life make it impossible that he could have been at Fort Bridger at this time and under these circumstances. The farming operation would more reasonably have been projected for the Great Salt Lake country than for the vicinity of Taos; on the other hand, there is no evidence that Miles Goodyear ever plowed so much as a furrow on the ground where Ogden stands today, so that what became of the plow irons is an interesting question.

None of the overland travelers of 1845 have anything to say about an encounter with Miles Goodyear, and the reason has only lately become evidentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;he made a visit that summer to 19 John Minto, "Reminiscences of Honorable John Minto, Pioneer of 1844," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, II (June, 1901), 165-66.

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the States, his first in nine years. Late in September, 1845, the Independence Western Expositor had this to add to Goodyear's personal history: On Tuesday last, a Mountain company under the charge of Miles W . [M.] Goodyear left our place. The number with him does not exceed 6 or 8 men. His goods, which were mostly purchased in St. Louis, were taken out on pack animalsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;'as these were considered best and safest to get along among the mountains. He trades most usually with the Snake Indians, and one or two other tribes, who are friendly to the Americans.

During his stay on the plains he purposes building a kind of a fort, and cultivating a portion of ground, more as an experiment than anything else, and if possible make it a sort of half way house between this and Oregon and California, where the companies may stop and refresh themselves, and obtain re supplies, for he expects to have the coming summer all kinds of vegetables, and plenty of Indian corn and wheat, which they may pound up or grind into flour and meal. It is his intention upon his return to the States in a year or two, to bring in with him all kinds of flower seed and rare shrubbery that the prairies may furnish, as well as everything in the curious line of the animal, vegetable or mineral kingdomâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;success to him.20 Clearly Goodyear appreciated the significance of what he had seen on the Western trails the last three years, the immigrant wagons in ever-increasing numbers making for Oregon and California. The streams of the W e s t were nearly trapped out, and trade with the immigrants was bound to replace trade with the Indians, particularly west of South Pass where the buffalo had all but disappeared. Jim Bridger and Louis Vasquez had shown the way, trading fresh stock for worn, providing the blacksmithing services immigrants were so much in need of by the time they reached Pacific waters. Now Miles would go Fort Bridger one better; he would undertake to provide the food immigrants needed to see them through to the Pacific.

20

Reprinted in the Platte City, Mo., Platte Argus, September 26, 1845.

No extended files of the Western Expositor are known, and it is not possible to determine exactly the date of first publication of this story. It was reprinted also in the Fayette, Mo., Democrat, October 8, 1845. In that printing Goodyear's departure is given as "On Thursday last."

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Most plans in life require some accommodation to reality, and the "Half W a y House" was no exception. In the summer of 1845, Goodyear might have hoped to be in business by the time the next year's immigration reached the Rockies, but the overland travelers of 1846 found him still in the vicinity of Fort Bridger. Heinrich Lienhard, who was impressed with his courteous manner, wrote in his journal on July 24, 1846 (and it is clear that it is Goodyear he is talking about): "The red-haired mountaineer lived near the fort and had taken a beautiful Indian woman as his wife. . . . He was the father of a boy, perhaps three years of age, who was practicing at shooting with a small bow and arrow. This man seemed to have definitely settled here; he owned a small flock of sheep, among which there were also two kids of tamed mountain sheep. . . . He had acquired not only sheep but also a small herd of cattle, and we exchanged with him our two cows for two young oxen." 21 Even as Lienhard was writing these observations in his journal, Goodyear was reaching a decision about a location for his trading post. Until the summer of 1846, establishment of a post in the valley of the Great Salt Lake had not been practical, for it was well off the line of travel of the immigrants it must seek to serve. But on July 20 Lansford W . Hastings had set out from Fort Bridger with a sizeable company of California immigrants in an attempt to shorten the California trail by a new route south of Great Salt Lake. This cutoff, it was declared, would reduce by several hundred miles the distance to California.

If so, from this time on immigrant wagons would be rolling through the valley of the Great Salt Lake in imposing numbers. The elevation of Fort Bridger was too high for the farming operation Goodyear had conceived. A post near the salt lake, however, had attractive possibilities.

The focusing of Goodyear's attention on the valley of the Great Salt Lake is recorded by James Frazier Reed of the tragically famous Donner Party, who reached Fort Bridger on July 27. Before embarking upon the new Hastings Cutoff on July 31, Reed wrote a last letter home. W i t h much else that is interesting, Reed wrote, "There are two gentlemen hereâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;one " Korns, op. cttâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; 194-95.

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of them an Englishman of the name of Wills, and the other a yankee named Milesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;who will leave here in a few days to settle at some favorable point on the Salt Lake, which in a short time will be a fine place for emigrants to recruit their teams, by exchanging broken down oxen for good teams." 22 This information can be taken as conclusive for the date of Miles Goodyear's post on the Weber River. Had such a post existed already, Reed's letter would have been phrased differently. The settlement that was to become the city of Ogden was founded sometime in the early fall of 1846, after the last travelers on the Hastings Cutoff had passed by. But out of Ogden's pre-history a certain amount of undergrowth and dead wood in the way of legend and conjecture requires to be cut before the facts can emerge in clear view.

Like most other forts in the West, Goodyear's establishment on the site of Ogden has been dated much too early. The legend, as it first took shape in the eighties, was that in 1841 a certain "Miles M. Goodyier, an Indian trader," had obtained from the Mexican government a grant for a tract of land "commencing at the mouth of Weber Canyon, and following the base of the mountains north to the Hot Springs; thence west to the Salt Lake; thence south along the shore to the point opposite Weber Canyon; thence east to the point of beginning." 23 As historians worked at the problem, it became evident that the story of a Mexican grant had no foundation, and that no post could have been built on the Weber River before the winter of 1844-45. Within the past 15 years, a succession of discoveries has pointed ever more inexorably to the probability that the fort was not commenced before the early fall of 1846. A single statement, however, down to the present has been relied upon to prove that a rude structure of some kind existed on the site of Ogden before the era of the Hastings Cutoff.

This statement was by John R. McBride, in some reminiscences published in Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine for July, 1884.

32 Springfield, 111., Sangamo Journal, November 5, 1846; reprinted in Korns, op. cit, 193.

23 Edward W. Tullidge, Tullidge's Histories (Salt Lake City, 1889), II. 2.

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McBride's parents were Oregon immigrants of 1846, and in these reminiscences he tells us that on reaching Fort Bridger that summer, they were given a glowing account of the potentialities of the Great Salt Lake country. Although insufficiently impressed to turn aside from Oregon, McBride says, when the company of immigrants reached Soda Springs, they sent a party on horseback down the Bear River to look over the valleys adjacent to the Great Salt Lake. McBride claims to have been one of that party, and goes on to say that in the course of their reconnaissance they encamped one night "at the crossing of the Ogden River, in the delta between the Ogden and the Weber. At the camp was a cabin built of cottonwood logs. It had been occupied the year before by a trader whose name was known and mentioned by our trapper friends [at Fort Bridger], but he had gone north, they stated, to the Yellowstone." 24 In McBride's recollections there are indications that he was capable of drawing upon his imagination, 25 but down to the present we have had no reason to doubt his account of this remarkable reconnaissance. Recently, however, it has developed that the Oregon Historical Society has another and entirely different memoir by McBride concerning the journey of his family to Oregon in 1846,2* and this has nothing whatever to say about having visited the Valley of the Great Salt Lake a year ahead of the Mormon Pioneers. There is no suggestion that a settlement in that valley was recommended to the McBride party, and the journey west from Fort Bridger is described very differently: "From Bridger we changed our course to Northwest, crossing the present line of the Union Pacific Railroad near Carter's Station, Wyoming, passing up the stream now called Muddy Crossing, the divide between the waters of Bear River and the Colorado, and striking the former just above the 2i John R. McBride, "Pioneer Days in the Mountains," Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, III (July, 1884), 317-18.

25 In his description of Salt Lake Valley as it appeared in 1846, for example, McBride speaks of a large grove of cottonwood trees standing on City Creek, "a forest" which shaded a considerable number of acres.

26 I am indebted to Miss Priscilla Knuth, research associate in the Oregon Historical Society, for information about the narrative in the library of that Society. When it was written is not perfectly clear, but at one point McBride speaks of "sitting in a luxurious Pullman car, only a year ago."

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mouth of Smith's Fork. . . . Our next point of interest was Soda Springs on Bear River." And now, not a remarkable reconnaissance into the little known country south, but simply: "About sixty miles from Soda Springs brought us to Fort Hall." There is, in short, no mention whatever of a reconnaissance into the Great Salt Lake country that summer by McBride or any other member of the company, and we are left to wonder whether the account of 1884, written at a time of violent struggle between Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah, may not have been colored by a desire on McBride's part to get in a dig at the Saints in their historic role as pioneers. Eventually historians may be able to settle this question, for the reminiscences in the Oregon Historical Society several times quote from the manuscript diary of McBride's father, actually written on the trail in 1846, and if this diary is ever found, it will determine whether a detachment was sent southward to have a look at the valleys rimming the Great Salt Lake.27 Goodyear's partner in his undertaking, referred to by James Frazier Reed as an "Englishman of the name of Wills," after more than a century still remains a good deal of a mystery. A Mormon diary entry made in August, 1847, speaks of him as "a man by the name of Wells who had lived a number of years among the Spaniards in New Mexico." 28 Other than this, all that is known about Captain Wells comes to us from the diary of one of the immigrants of 1846, Edwin Bryant. Bryant was one of 27 T h e diary has other important information for the history of the West.

The narrative in the Oregon Historical Society says: "It was the fourth day of July when we took leave of the waters that run toward the Atlantic, and passed to those which seek the Western ocean. . . . In the private manuscript journal of my father was this entry: 'July 4th.—Pacific Springs. Here, hail Oregon!' " Cf. Korns, op cit, 44-45. Miss Knuth says further that McBride mentions the arrival of a man who had gone to Oregon the year before— Bonney—and a trapper named Hawkins; and on the day they forded the Green River, they met another party of mountaineers which included Milton (actually Solomon) Sublette. It was three days later that the McBride family reached Fort Bridger.

28 Howard Egan, Pioneering the West (Salt Lake City, 1917), 125.

Identifying Captain Wells is complicated by the fact that another man named Wells was living in New Mexico in 1846. From the recorded dates for both, it is clear that they are not the same; and in fact Lieutenant Emory speaks of the latter as an American from North Carolina. See W . H. Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California . . . (Washington, 1848), 25.

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a small party mounted on mules which headed westward from Fort Laramie on June 28, 1846. Five days later, Bryant recorded in his journal, " W e were joined to-day by Capt. Welles and Mr. McClary, the first a mountain-trapper, intending to accompany us as far as Fort Bridger, and the last an emigrant bound for California. Capt. Welles, as he informed us and as I was informed by others, had once held a commission in the British army. He was in the battles of Waterloo and New Orleans. He was a man of about sixty, vigorous and athletic, and his manners, address, and general intelligence, although clothed in the rude buckskin costume of the wilderness, confirmed the statements in regard to him, made by himself and others." 29 With Bryant's party Wells presumably reached Fort Bridger on the night of July 16. It does not seem entirely probable that Goodyear first made his acquaintance at this time and within two weeks found him so congenial as to have settled upon him as a partner, but the facts of their relationship defy closer definition as yet.

W h e n the last of the year's immigration to Oregon and California had passed by and trading was suspended for another year, Goodyear must have gathered around him his flocks and herds, his squaw, his flourishing posterity, and his retainers, and in almost patriarchal majesty followed the new wagon road over to the Bear River, across the divide to Echo Canyon, and on down into the valley of the Great Salt Lake through the canyon of the Weber.

There is little enough information extant about the building of the new fort, which is not even named in any contemporary record thus far found; it is from the tradition preserved in the Goodyear family that the name "Fort Buenaventura" is recovered. 80 The origin of the name is obvious enough, for maps of the W e s t for a generation before this time showed a Buenaventura River flowing to the Pacific, its sources entangled with those of the Green and Colorado. 81 Miles may have remembered 2

» Korns, op. cit, 194. »° Kirkman, op. cit.. 193.

81 See Morgan, The Great Salt Lake, 60-64, for a discussion of the evolution of cartography in the Utah area with particular reference to the Buenaventura River.

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the name from his school geographies and applied it as a pleasantry, but he was just romantic enough to have liked the name and all it stood for.

The fort was located on the Weber River about two miles above its junction with the Ogden, a little south of what is now 28th Street, east and slightly north of a large sand mound.

The site was magnificent, the rugged scarp of the Wasatch rising immediately to the east, and the broad Weber Valley sloping gently west to the distant band of shining water that was the Great Salt Lake. The fort consisted of about half an acre enclosed with pickets; as usual with the forts of the West, a log house stood at each corner of the enclosure, with adjoining corrals for the horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. This at any rate describes the fort as it existed in the fall of 1847, though some of the improvements may have been the product of a full year's labor.32 Fort Buenaventura has its own place in the history of Utah, and too much must not be claimed for it; it was neither the first fort built in Utah nor the first establishment occupied by white men the year round. These priorities rather, belong geographically to the Uinta Basin and historically to the era of the fur trade. The second great rendezvous of the fur trade was held in Cache Valley in the summer of 1826; it is not known whether any log structures were erected to accommodate traders and trappers, but it is at least interesting that a license to trade with the Indians, granted to Smith, Jackson and Sublette on March 26, 1827, should have specified as a location for trade "Camp Defence, on the waters of a river supposed to be the Bonaventure." 33 ("Defence" may have been a clerical error; later licenses have it "Defiance.") More tangibly, as early as 1834-35 some log structures are known to have been built by wintering trappers at the junction of the Green and White rivers in eastern Utah, for they are mentioned in the journal 32 The description is Andrew Goodyear's in a letter written from Pueblo de los Angeles, April 4, 1848, Kirkman, op. cit., 200-202; reprinted in Kelly and Howe, op. cit, 82, 95-97.

33 20th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Document 96 (Serial 165), Signature 96-a.

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of Warren A. Ferris and depicted on his remarkable map. 34 These log cabins may date back a year or more before Ferris saw them, for Kit Carson speaks of having wintered in 1833-34 "on the mouth of the Wintey" with one of Antoine Robidoux's trapping parties. 36 Historians have spoken even more loosely about the dates of Robidoux's posts in the Uinta Basin than about Goodyear's fort, at times declared to have been founded as early as 1824, but his winterings upon the Green were casual, and he seems not to have turned to serious fort-building in Utah until the fall of 1837.

Before this time Robidoux must have established his wellknown post on the Uncompahgre River in western Colorado.

There is no definite information to fix the date, but it may have come into existence late in 1836; Warren Ferris evidently knew nothing of such an establishment up to the time he left the mountains in the summer of 1836, and Robidoux would have begun to feel the pressure from the new posts which by 1837 had broken out like a rash on the South Platte.36 Fort Davy Crockett in Browns Hole, it seems possible, was founded in the fall of 183737 as a riposte to Fort Uncompahgre, and Robidoux's new post in the Uinta Basin was his reply. At any rate, a most interesting inscription exists, carved in the face of a sandstone cliff near Westwater, Utah: "Antoine Robidoux passe ici le 13 Novembre 1837 pour etablire maison traitte a la 34 W a r r e n A. Ferris, Life in the Rocky Mountains (Denver, 1940), 277, 279; and see the map reproduced in this edition of the Ferris journal.

35 Blanche C. Grant, ed., Kit Carson's Own Story of His Life (Taos, 1926), 30. T h e original of Carson's dictated autobiography is in the Newberry Library at Chicago; the Utah State Historical Society has recently obtained a microfilm of it.

36 Documentary evidence has come into my hands that the first of these was Fort Vasquez, founded late in 1835 rather than in 1837 as previously believed. Others followed rapidly. Forts Lupton, Jackson, and St. Vrain.

For these see articles by LeRoy R. Hafen in the Colorado Magazine: "Old Fort Lupton and Its Founder" (VI [November, 1929], 220-26); "Fort Jackson and the Early Fur Trade on the South Platte" ( V [February, 1928], 9-17); "Fort St. Vrain" ( X X I X [October, 1952], 241-55).

37 LeRoy R. Hafen, "Fort Davy Crockett, Its Fur Men and Visitors," Colorado Magazine, X X I X (January, 1952), 17-33. Dr. Hafen presents evidence that a post of some description may have existed in Browns Hole as early as 1832, but the evidence for me is insufficient.

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Rv. Vert ou Wiyte."ss Some archeological evidences have been found of an adobe fort at the junction of the Green and White rivers,39 and it has suited the convenience of historians of the fur trade to call this establishment Fort Robidoux. 40 Robidoux quite possibly may have commenced a post here only to be flooded out the ensuing spring. It was then, presumably, that he built the most celebrated of early Utah fur trading establishments, Fort Wintey (or W i n t e or Llintah or Robidoux) on the Whiterocks River, a branch of the Uinta. 41 A detailed history of Fort Wintey, with due attention to rival posts and the evolution of the fur trade, has yet to be written. Even the fact of its abandonment in the winter of 1844-45 has been universally misstated on the authority of a hasty footnote added to Fremont's report; 42 it was not Fort Wintey but Fort Uncompahgre that was attacked by the Utes that winter; and Fort Wintey itself was abandoned rather than destroyedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;this in the spring of 1845.43 According to Robidoux, 38 Charles Kelly's photograph of this inscription is reproduced in Utah Historical Quarterly, V I (October, 1933), 114. Mr. Kelly assumed that Robidoux's post on the Whiterocks River was already in existence in 1837, and he therefore concluded that by " W i y t e ' Robidoux meant to say " W h i t e . " Robidoux would rather have written "Blanche"â&#x20AC;&#x201D;if as we have supposed the name of the W h i t e River originated from the milky color given its waters by oil shale. There is however a distinct possibility that the W h i t e River took its name from a trapper who was a member of Etienne Provost's party of 1824-25. In that event it is interesting to speculate how the Frenchspeaking Robidoux would have tried to render the name. M y personal conviction is that " W i y t e " is not a reference to the W h i t e at all but to the diversely spelled Uinta.

39 See A. B. Reagan, "Forts Robidoux and Kit Carson in Northeastern Utah," New Mexico Historical Review, X (April, 1935), 130-31. Mr. Reagan's account of the forts in this area is seriously defective in the light of present knowledge.

40 T h e second Powell expedition of 1871, for example, applied the name Fort Robidoux to a log cabin of very recent vintage they found at the junction of the W h i t e with the Green; it had been built by Pardon Dodds of the Uinta Indian Agency, Somehow the name had clung to this locality for more than a generation. See Utah Historical Quarterly. X V I - X V I I (1948-49), 286, 292-93.

41 T h e site of this fort too has been definitely located, and there seems to be no question of its identity. See A. Reed Morrill, "The Site of Fort Robidoux," Utah Historical Quarterly, IX (January-April, 1941), 1-11.

42 See in any edition of Fremont's Narrative, or his Memoirs, the note appended to his entry for June 5, 1844.

43 This is made clear by Antoine Robidoux himself, in some information furnished the St. Joseph Gazette, August 15, 1845, after his return home. " T h e facts in relation to the destruction of the Tampagarha Fort, are these: some

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Fort W i n t e y w a s eventually burned b y the mountain man Jim Baker, 44 no doubt to avert the possibility of renewed competition for the trade with the U t e s . All this must be the subject of some future study; our point, merely, is that Antoine Robidoux anticipated Miles Goodyear by nine years in maintaining a year-round post in Utah. But 18 months after Robidoux cleared out of eastern Utah, Goodyear founded Fort Buenaventura; the new post w a s fortunately located, and in consequence O g d e n will always have a farther reach back in time than any other U t a h community.

Eutaw Indians had been killed by the Spaniards in Santa Fe, from which the Fort was about 350 miles; the Indians were incensed at this, and attacked the Fort for the purpose of killing the Mexicans who were there; there were three Mexicans in the Fort, all of whom were massacreed; but one American was there, who was spared and sent to let Mr. Robidoux know (who was 120 miles distant) that the peltries were unharmed. Mr. R. states that the Indians manifested no desire to injure him, and that they are generally friendly to the Americans." Nevertheless, he came back to the States via the Platte route. â&#x20AC;˘"Joseph E. Heywood, formerly Marshal of Utah Territory, was in Washington, D. C, in August, 1856, and met Robidoux, who was then pressing a pension claim for his services in the Mexican War. On August 12 Heywood wrote in his diary: ". . . had an interesting conversation with Mr. Antwine Rubido who went to the Rocky Mountains In 1820 [sic] settled in the Uwinte Valley where he had a fort which he vacated in 1845 which was burned a few years since by Jim Baker a mountaineer. Mr. Rubido describes the valley as good for timber and cultivation especially from Big Island on the Uwinte to the mouth of the Duchien which empties into the Uwinte some fifteen miles above Big Island. Mr. R. was in the Mexican war. Made a number of trips to California says of the 300 hunters & trappers who went to the Rocky Mountains in 1820 only three survive. He describes a series of vallies between the Uwinte and the Sevier Rivers as fit for cultivation and well supplied with timber." (Typed copies of the Heywood diary are owned by the Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif., and by the Brigham Young University Library, Provo, Utah.)

CHIEF HOSKANINNI

BY CHARLES KELLY*

M

lies in the extreme southeastern corner of Utah, on the Arizona line. It extends from the San Juan River to Kayenta, and from the Colorado River to Chinle W a s h , including an area of about three thousand square miles. Because of its massive monument-like formations and its colorful Indian life more color film has been shot there in recent years than any other spot in Utah, and it has been used as a background for many movies. Yet as late as 1925 it was the least known section of Utah.

ONUMENT VALLEY

There was a very good reason for that lack of knowledge by white men, and the reason was a Navaho chief called Hushkaaney, or by white men Hoskaninni. From 1862 until his death in 1912 he had been the emperor of Monument Valley and in most cases unfriendly to white visitors. He had a secret silver mine, and when it was discovered by two prospectors in 1880 they were killed. Many lone prospectors who entered the valley were never seen again. So Hoskaninni gained the reputation of being a very dangerous Indian, and white men as a rule let him alone in his private kingdom. Even after Louisa and John W e t h erill were allowed to open a trading post at Oljeto, there were several killings of white men in the valley. Because of these circumstances a great many legends grew up around Chief Hoskaninni, but little was known of his actual history.

On various visits to Monument Valley I had noticed a tall, very dignified old Navaho gentleman, with an aristocratic profile.

He was about 85 years old and was treated with great respect by all the Indians. One day I asked Harry Goulding, the trader, who he was. * Charles Kelly is a Forest Ranger, and Custodian of Capitol Reef National Monument, and is a frequent contributor to this magazine. In addition, he is the author of several volumes and numerous articles dealing with the history of Utah and the West.

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"That," replied Harry, "is Hoskaninni-begay, only son of Old Chief Hoskaninni. You ought to get acquainted with him.

If he would talk he could tell you the whole history of Monument Valley and his family."

Later I went back and spent a week with the old man.

W h e n Harry explained that I wanted his story so that it could be preserved in a book, he agreed to talk, answer any questions, and always speak the truth. Ray Hunt acted as interpreter. To me, the story he told was amazing, and I will try to tell it just as he gave it to me, supplying dates where necessary.

You have heard (said Hoskaninni-begay) of the time the white soldiers came into this country to arrest all the Navahos and take them to a prison camp (Kit Carson's campaign of 1863).

At that time I was five years old and my family was living at Kayenta. Monument Valley then belonged to the Utes, and the rock called Agathla (El Capitan) was the dividing line between Utes and Navahos. W e had heard of the trouble between the Navahos and white soldiers, and some of our family had been arrested or surrendered, but we lived so far north we thought we would be safe. One of my uncles tried to talk father into surrendering and going to Bosque Redondo with the others, but father became very angry and said he would die before he went to any prison camp. The rest of the family agreed. My father at this time was not a chief, but he was a strong man, about 35 years old, and the people looked on him as a brave leader.

One day a rider came in from the south and shouted that the soldiers were coming for us. They were so close we could see their dust. W e had no time to get our horses nor prepare for a journey, so each one grabbed what he could and we ran north toward the Ute country. There were some Ute scouts among the white soldiers and we were more afraid of them than the whites, as we had always been at war with them. W e scattered and hid on the desert and the soldiers could not find us. When it was dark we started traveling and walked all night, to avoid being seen by the Utes, as we were then in their territory.

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In this party which escaped there were my father and mother, mother's two sisters whom father later married, two Ute slave women, two uncles, grandfather and grandmother, and other relatives to the number of seventeen. Later a few other stragglers joined the group. Father had a horse and an old rifle, otherwise everyone was on foot. Mother had rounded up twenty sheep and it was my job to drive them while she hunted for food. Father rode ahead to find a trail and watch for Utes.

W e traveled many nights, sleeping in the daytime. W e were all footsore and hungry, as we had not brought any food. W e lived mostly on grass seed and sometimes a rabbit. After traveling north for awhile father turned west toward Navaho Mountain.

It was also Ute country, but the Utes seldom lived around there.

The country was very rough and we were all worn out climbing down into deep canyons and out again. W a t e r was very hard to find. Finally we reached the south end of Navaho Mountain and came to a nice little stream with grass. Mother sat on the ground and said she would go no further. Father tried to make her go on but she would not, so we made camp there, and lived in that place for six years. Only one Ute ever visited us, and he came to trade.

W h e n we got to that place all twenty sheep were still alive, and father issued orders that none were to be eaten, we would keep them to start a new herd. Later he and my uncles went back to Kayenta and found a few more sheep and some horses that the soldiers had not killed.

By that time the weather was cool and winter not far away.

W e had no meat and could find no game on the mountain. So father made everyone go out and gather grass seed and pine nuts to store for winter use. He drove everyone all day long and would never let us rest, knowing that we might starve. He always seemed to be angry with everyone for being lazy. So he was given the name Hush-kaaney, which means "the angry one." But the food he made us gather was stored in many different holes in the rocks where the Utes could not find it, and no one died that winter.

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You must remember that no one knew where we were living, or whether we were living at all. W e saw none of our people, no whites, and only one renegade Ute, who did not betray us. W e had no bullets for the old rifle and hunted in the old way. W e never went to any trading post. T h e rest of our people, except for a few on Black Mountain, were all in the prison camp.

One day while my father was riding on the mountain he found silver in the rocks. He brought it home and found he could shape it without melting. He and six other men went back there and took out more silver, which we made into ornaments. He would never let anyone else see where it came from. In those days all silver was made smooth, without designs. Our people learned to ornament silver from a Mexican at Bosque Redondo.

As I said, we lived at Navaho Mountain for six years. In that time our sheep herds and horse herds had increased so that we had plenty of meat and many blankets. W e also had lots of silver. W h e n our people were released from the prison camp they were each given two sheep and some seed. They had nothing else.

Even their peach trees had been cut down.

W h e n we came away from the mountain, people were surplace at Navaho Mountain and moved into Monument Valley, which the Utes had mostly left. W e were a strong band, and the richest Navahos in the whole country. T h e grass was good in those days and every year we became more wealthy. Father had given me sheep and horses of my own, and much silver, so that even as a very young man, women began laying hold of my belt (an offer of marriage).

W h e n we came away from the mountain, people were surprised to see us. They knew we had never been to a trading post, yet we had much silver. So they said to themselves, "Chief Hoskaninni must have found a rich silver mine." W h e n the whites heard about it they all wanted to come into our country and hunt for the mine. But father would not allow it, and none of the men who knew about the mine ever told a white man or even a Navaho how to find it. I do not even know where it is myself, because when whites began coming into the country father would never go there again.

HOSKANINNI-BEGAY, Son of old Chief Hoskaninni

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W h e n I was about twenty years old (1879) two white men (Merrick and Mitchell) came into our country, found father's mine, took some samples, and got out again without being seen. Later they came back for more samples. On their way out they passed near our camp. In the morning I saw more tracks in the snow and followed them. Near what you call the Mittens in Monument Valley I found one of the bodies, with some small sacks of silver. T h e two men had been killed by Utes, and some of the Utes were still there, dividing up their stuff. They said they had asked the men for tobacco, and when the prospectors claimed they had none, killed them and took their stuff. My father and his people have often been blamed for these killings, but it is not true. He had nothing to do with it. I have killed many men, but I did not kill those two.

The next year a man (Cass Hite) came riding alone into camp, sat down by the fire, and asked for food. W e fed him, and being our guest we could not kill him in camp. H e could not speak much of our language but he gave us some presents and before long he and my father were good friends. T h e man told us he was a miner and was looking for any kind of metal.He asked if my father would guide him over the country. Father agreed and they rode together many days. Later I rode with him, showing him any place where I thought there might be copper or iron. W e never found anything, but he took many samples. He stayed with us all summer, and we were good friends. I liked him so much that finally we became blood brothers. W e call him Hosteen Pishlaki (Mr. Silver) because he was always looking for silver.

The next summer Pishlaki came back again, and again we hunted for minerals. Finally he asked my father to show him our silver mine, promising many fine presents. But father would not do it, knowing that if white miners came, we would lose our country. Instead, he told Pishlaki about a place on the big river (Colorado) where gold could be found. Finally my father and I took Pishlaki to that place (Hite), and he did find gold in the sand.

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The next year (1883) Pishlaki built a house on the big river, planted some fruit trees, and began washing the sand for gold. He also had a small trading post. Our family used to go down there every year and visit him. He was generous, and always gave us a big feast. He nearly always had whiskey.

Whiskey helps a man to talk. But I remember one time when he sent me and another young man out to the railroad (Greenriver, 8 days' round trip) to buy another jug.

You ask about the old days, the time before I was born. I will tell you what has been told me. In those days (1840-60) we were always fighting with the Noki (meaning black, or Mexicans ). They would come into our country to steal women, horses, and sheep. Then we would go into their country to steal, but we did not steal Noki women. Sometimes the Mexicans would raid as far north as Chinle, then return, gathering up stock as they went. The last time they raided us (probably around 1848) they came up through Monument Valley, gathering sheep and horses as they came. Our people were scattered and had to run for their lives. But as the Mexicans moved north we got some men together and began raiding their camps at night, killing a few at each camp. When the people were driven to the mouth of Copper Canyon, they began trying to swim their stock across San Juan River. Some of the flocks got across, but others were taken by the Mexicans, who then turned back. As they traveled south we gathered more men and began shooting into their camps and stampeding the stock. At Agathla we found five graves. Further south, at Tees-nos-pos near the foot of the Cariso Mountains, we had a battle with them, and many were killed. You can find parts of saddles and bones there today. The rest of the Mexicans left and we got most of our stock back. All this trouble was caused by stealing, and we were about as bad as the Mexicans. Most of our trouble with the white men was caused by stealing.

When my father was alive we all worked together as a family and we were all rich. When he died (1912), I wanted to continue to manage the family affairs, but the others voted to divide the property. This was done, and of course it was only a short time until we were all poor. As you know, when a member of the family dies, their silver is buried with them, so that now

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we have none of the silver from the secret Pishlaki mine. I have had eight wives, and all my silver is buried with them. I now have only 67 sheep, which is not enough to live on. In the old days we used to drive to the trading post with many wagons. The trader was glad to see us, and filled our wagons with goods. Now, when he sees me walking across the desert he says, "Here comes that old coyote again."

Most of our people are poor now, like I am. Many of them blame John Collier, who made us reduce our flocks and herds because there was not enough grass for all. But I think the true reason is a change in the climate. When I was a young man this whole country was covered with tall grass. W e had rains enough in summer to keep it alive and growing. Now the rains do not come and the grass dies. There are fewer sheep and horses now than when our family claimed this valley, yet all you can see is sand. The grass is gone. All we need to be rich again is rain.

When we lived at Navaho Mountain my father learned much about medicine and treated the sick. He taught me many things.

The most powerful medicine we had was a buffalo hide, dressed with the head, feet, tail, and other parts attached. A buffalo tail brushed over the sick will cure almost anything. There were no buffalo in this country, but we used to go to the Uintah Basin to trade with Utes for hides. The trip took thirty-five days and the Utes knew how to dress the hides for medical purposes. As you know, although we were always at war with the Utes, a trading expedition was safe to go anywhere. W e made the trip every year. Usually my father went, but once he sent me when I was about fourteen years old. When I got back I was nearly dead.

Another time we made a trip to a place where there were many big hogans (houses). The white people gave us a feast and treated us fine. Near there (Salt Lake City) we went to a lake to gather salt. It was a long journey and we never went back. At other times we traded salt from the Zunis, who own a salt lake. They would never let us go to the lake.

W e also got turquoise from the Zunis. My father had the first turquoise necklace in this country. Our women once had

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many necklaces and bracelets of the blue sky stone, but all of that is buried with them. I have a very old necklace that belonged to my father, but it was pawned at the trader's last winter when we got hungry. I was once a wealthy man, but I had twenty-eight children, and given them each some of my property. Now I have nothing left. I am an old man, but I was born in this country and I will die here. This is my home.

Before leaving Monument Valley I redeemed the old Hoskaninni necklace and sent it back to his son. Later I sent him a buffalo tail with which I hope he was able to perform many cures. The above interview took place in April, 1939. Two years later the old man died. I feel fortunate in having obtained a story which no other living man could have supplied.

"THE M O U N T A I N B O U N D VALLIES' T w o Letters By a Traveler of 1859 INTRODUCTION

O,

OBSERVATIONS by travelers have always been a valuable source of information about a country, its people, and their manners and customs. The travel literature describing Utah and the Mormons is especially extensive. The circumstances under which the Mormons migrated to Utah aroused wide interest, and the civilization they began to build after their settlement in the mountains kept the interest alive. The Saints regarded themselves as "a peculiar people"; defining the phrase somewhat differently, outside observers agreed.

The majority of the visitors to Utah during the pioneer period looked at the Mormon scene with a jaundiced eye; very few were capable of entire objectivity. The letters of John G. Hoagland, written in the winter of 1859-60, are outstanding in this respect. Without rancor or bitterness, and also without fawning adulation, Hoagland looked on the Mormon scene dispassionately. H e spoke kindly of those things which were pleasing to him and temperately of those things he did not like or did not understand. Hoagland's comments on the country, the people, their customs, and their institutions are all revealing.

The letters were written shortly after "the Utah W a r , " and are remarkable also for the wealth of detail they contain about a typical "speculation" of the period. Johnston's army was accompanied to Utah in 1858 by riffraff and camp followers who hoped to get rich at the expense of the soldiers and people, and this has given rise in Utah history to a stereotype of the speculator. There were objectionable characters enough—in the W e s t there always have been—but Hoagland reflects a solid part of the American tradition—he is the decent, law-abiding citizen seizing upon a possible opportunity to get ahead in life. The type is with us still.

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Of the man John G. Hoagland we have been able to learn nothing except what he himself sets forth in his letters.

Under the circumstances, this anonymity is appropriate. Hoagland represents a type which for a moment has been given a voice, and we are content to listen to him on that basis.

The letters here published were obtained through the courtesy of Mr. C. Corwith W a g n e r of St. Louis, Missouri, who owns the originals. Mr. Wagner's collection of Western manuscripts stems from his interest and activity as a stamp collector.

He writes the Society that he "became interested in 'folded letters'^â&#x20AC;&#x201D;today called 'stampless covers' and began to collect them for their postal markings. The historical information these letters contained amazed me." Mr. W a g n e r has been an excellent friend to the Utah State Historical Society. Many important items in our manuscript collection have been obtained through his generosity.

I Salt Lake city Utah territory Nov 28th 1859 J. B. W a r d Esqr My Dear Sir Although it is about 6 months since months since [sic] we met I have not forgotten the promise I made to write to you neither have I forgotten how pleasantly I spent the short time that I was with you Our train left Florence Nebraska territory 1 on the 6 of June it consisted of 70 waggons 225 yoke of oxen two carraiges 7 horses 5 mules some 12 or 14 milch cows & 135 persons it was principally a freight train after a journey of 1032 miles we arrived in this city on the 1st day of Sept. haveing been on the road 2 months & 26 days we had no serious Sickness among 1 Florence was built in 1856 on the site of Winter Quarters, now a part of Omaha. In die early days it was several miles north of that city. During the years 1857 to 1863, Florence was the main outfitting place for Latterday Saint emigrants bound for the Great Basin. Andrew Jenson, Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1941), 252.

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our people nor no deaths but we had one birth we got disease among our cattle by which we lost about $2000 worth of our best it bid fair at one time to so cripple us that we should not be able to move the train but Still we kept moveing until we could send forward & get cattle from here there is a great deal of hard labor attachd to journey a cross the plains yet there is much of interest in it for there something new to be seen at almost every Step the travel across the plains has been immense this Season we wer comeing in contact with parties going East or W e s t daily the Mormon emigration alone has amounted to about 2000. 2 I visited the celebrated Saleratus pond 8 on my way out it is truly an interesting sight it covers about 4 acres & at a distance has much the appearance of a pond covered with white ice it sells in this city at 25c pr pound without any preparation except the action of the atmosphere upon it I sent back some 3 or 4 pounds of it I have not yet visited Salt Lake it is some 17 miles from the City but I have seen plenty of the Salt & I never Saw nicer it is beautifully granulated & very white Salt Lake city is rather a beautiful city all things considered in [18] 55 it contained a population of about 25000* it is laid out in blocks of 40 rods Square each block divided into 8 lots of \Y acres each the streets are 8 rods wide running at right angles north & south & East & west the city is well waterd from the mountain Streams & lies mostly quite level their buildings are much better than I expected to find they are all built of adobies or Sun dried brick of a light blue colour & when laid in a wall the[y] present a handsome appearance they have a good court house & jail in the city 6 & just outside the city limits a 2 According to records in the L.D.S. Church Historian's Office the figure is somewhere between 1,200 and 1,500.

3 Saleratus was a natural form of potassium or sodium carbonate used as a baking soda. This "celebrated pond" was located near the emigrant road 4J4 miles before reaching the Sweetwater or 49H miles after leaving the North Platte. W. Clayton, The Latter-Day Saints' Emigrants' Guide (St. Louis, 1848 [reprint 1930]). 14.

4 Probably too high. The Salt Lake City Directory and Business Guide for 1869 (Salt Lake City, 1869) gives the population in that year as about 25,000.

5 The Court House with jail in the basement had been built three years before on the corner of Second South and Second West. It housed the county offices until the present City and County Building was constructed in 1895.

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Small penetentiary built by the U. S. government in which they have now Some 6 or 7 convicts con find6 they have also some excellent School houses but their schools are not verry good they teachers are many of them inefficient they have to[o] a large Social hall 7 in which the legislature is to hold its comeing Session & then they have several other publick buildings for various purposes. Their tabernacle 8 is a large neat building of capacity enough to seat comfortably 3000 persons & there is hardly a Sabbath but that there is more in attendance than can obtain seats I never was among a people so zealous & so much devoted to their religion a little about Brigham Young I have not yet had an interview with him but have heard him preach he is not at a loss for words & is a powerfully strong reasoner Some little given to anecdote but when he is speaking all is attention I never yet have been able to learn the number of his women his people dont many of them know or if the[y] do they will not tell9 he came here verry poor but has made a great deal of property since he has came here he is a good financier Some idea may be formd of the Size of his family I was told that his private table is set daily for over 70 persons that includes his hired help of which he has a number he has two large dwellings tastefully built one for his first wife & her family & the other for his other women & their families & between the 2 a large office building all enclosed by a high stone wall 10 with numerous 6 The site for the prison (in the Sugar House section of the city) was chosen in 1853, construction completed in 1854, and the prison first occupied in 1855. It remained here under both the territorial and state governments until 1951, when the prison was moved to the Point of the Mountain in extreme south Salt Lake County. An official report on the prison gives the inmates for this year as 6. See A. P. Rockwood, "A Concise History of Utah Penitentiary, Its Inmates and Officers, From the year 1855 to 1878" (MS in the Bancroft Library, photostat in Utah State Historical Society).

7 The Social Hall was located on State Street midway between South Temple and First South streets. It was torn down in 1922.

8. Refers to the "Old Tabernacle" located near site of the present Assembly Hall. The present Tabernacle was first opened for use in 1867.

See Salt Lake City Directory . . . 1869, p. 74.

'There was a great deal of curiosity among visitors to Great Salt Lake City as to the number of Brigham Young's wives, and he rather enjoyed the speculation. Twenty-seven are listed in a genealogy of the Young family by two of his daughters, published in Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, XI (1920).

10 He refers to the Beehive House, the Lion House, and the old L.D.S. Church Office Building situated between the two.

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gate & doorways all open in the day time but closd at an early hour at night he is of medium size rather good looking about 57 years of age & bears his age well is by trade a builder & was formerly from the State of New York a few miles from the City of Auburn Polygamy is practiced here to a great extent hardly a man but has more than one wife 6 many of them 4 or 5 11 yet all seem to live happily in fact I have not seen an instance to the contrary but still dont take me as indorseing the system no Sir far from it it is not the kind of Society that suits me for a home The people here a [re] verry industrious no idlers among them most of them are engaged in agriculture more or less & as a general thing raise good crops of all kinds but it is all done by irigation from the mountain Streams from which they obtain a good supply of water they have no rain for about 6 months of the year they have as good flouring mills here as any country I ever was in & I have eaten better wheat bread here than I ever eat any where else & they raise to most excellent vegetables of all kinds the[y] also raise peaches quite plenty & are just beginning to raise apples notwithstanding all they are in Sight of Snow only a few miles off on the mountains the year round until within the last 10 days the weather has been warm in the valley but now we are having some light Snows with Sloppy wet roads.

I should be much pleased to hear from you on receipt of this when if your patience is not entirely exhausted by reading this I will write you again Yours Most Respectfully J. G. Hoagland [Addressed to J. B. W a r d Esqr Hendrysburg Bellmont Co. Ohio. Postmarked Salt Lake City U. T . Dec 16. Manuscript notation on left end of envelope: J. G. Hoagland Nov. 1859.]

11 The extent of polygamy has been generally overestimated. Of marriagable adults the figure is usually given as about 3 per cent. Utah: A Guide to the State (New York, 1945), 66.

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II Salt lake City Utah territory March 11th 1860 J. B. W a r d Esqr Hendrysburgh Ohio My Dear friend Your thrice welcome letter of the 14th of Jany. was reed last monday I have read & reread it & that with pride & the greatest of pleasure & it is also with great pleasure that I in my feeble way attempt an answer. I am glad that my letter was so kindly recieved by yourself & family for I never shall forget the pleasant time we Spent together last summer it was a portion of the Sunny Side of my life. I am but to truly glad that you S Mrs. W . had so pleasant a trip but am sorry to hear that She was Sick on the way for that tends much to destroy the pleasure of an excursion but I suppose long ere this she has regaind her health again. Tell Mrs. W . my little pet came through all safe & with but little trouble she when she got to the train rode in the waggon most of the time She was the only passenger of her race & was petted by all they all wanted her but she hardly leaves me & while writing this she is by my side look[ing] at me as much as to say give them my best respects. As to the salt I should have sent it but could not in its natural state as it is beautifully granulated & to coarse to send in a letter but next week I shall start a package for you to the frontier to be sent to you by express although I do not know as you have an express office at your place please write me upon that subject for I want to send you some samples of wheat for seed from this country they sow it here either in Spring or fall with equal success 5 they have the best & richest flour here that I ever saw in any country As to business I am not in any regulal [sic] business but am making enough to support my family I came here without a dollar & it is hard Starting but when Spring opens think I shall make it go the goods I expected to sell were all sold off at wholesale before the[y] arrived here the place was full of goods

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& my brotherinlaw had purchased his on time & he was afraid if he waited to retail them he should not be able to meet his paper as it matured I think he acted wisely. Uncle Sams army is with us yet located about 45 miles South of this City at Camp Floyd 12 a useless expenditure to the govt I think there never was any use of their comeing here in the first place & had this people have seen fitt to do so could have cut them all off with five times their number in Echo Kanyon & you would agree with me could you but see as I did how this people was fixed there the only benefit that I can see that it has been to any one has been to line the pockets of a few contractors in the way of freighting supplies from the States 13 &c there is one firm that has made a fortune at their freighting" they have had as high as 28 cts pr Cwt & never less than 20 cts but it is let this season to another firm at 16 cts the price is the same whether delivered here or left at forts Bridger, Laramie, or Kearney I mean that portion of it that is designd for those places but the army are all to leave here in the Spring 15 but about 500 men. W e have had a cold hard winter 16 but not verry deep Snow in the valley some Six weeks of it there was not a day but the thermometer was 12 to 13 degrees below zero Some portion of the day Unless my prospects look much better I shall not winter here more than another winter the customs & manners of the people are so different to what I have been accustomd and it is not to be wondered at when one takes in to acct the kinds of people of which society is formed here here there is over 100,000 persons thrown together from all nations almost upon the face of the globe I dont believe there is another man living that could keep this people together Q harmonize all the different elements of the different nations so 12 Camp Floyd was established in Cedar Valley in the summer of 1858

by General Albert Sidney Johnston and the Utah Expedition. The clash in 1857-58 between federal troops and the Mormons has been variously called the "Utah War," the "Echo Canyon War," and "Buchanan's Blunder.'

13 This assessment of the results of the Utah Expedition would be generally concurred in by Mormons both then and now.

14 Probably refers to Russell, Majors and Waddell.

15 Withdrawal of troops did begin in 1860, and the camp was finally abandoned in July, 1861.

16 According to Elias Smith, the previous December 6 was "The coldest morning ever seen in this Valley since it was settled by the Saints Thermometer at 32 below zero." A. R. Mortensen, ed., "Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor," Utah Historical Quarterly, XXI (April, 1953), 144.

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well as Brigham Young you will hardly hear of an instance of one going contrary to his counsel & all go to him for counsel & in their affairs there is no appeal from the decision of him & his counsellors of which he has two Viz Heber C. Kimball & Daniel Wells, & plurality (the subject upon which our friend Elliot, yourself & I had such a long chat over at Meridosioa) exists almost to a man hardly one of them but has 2 wives & many of them 4 to 6 6c but none can have more than one without the consent of Brigham & from his decision there is no appeal in matters of matrimony or divorce in the latter case if a man & woman cannot agree to live together all they have to do is to go [to] him & state their grieveances & if he thinks them of sufficient import he at once dissolves the marriage covenant between them when each one goes their way & if at a future time they should find other partners go to him & he just as ready to unite them again & so on to the end of the chapter & all this without fee or reward verry magnanimous By the way, have you ever had a letter from our friend Elliott I have not although I have written to him I dont know but little of what is going on in the political world outside of these Mountain bound vallies but I am with you heart & hand in extending the blessings of freedom to all but I am afraid that many of our friends at the North & East are to zealous perhaps you will Say that cannot be but I have my reasons & I think they are good ones for we must grant to each state her own rights & privileges (I am a state rights man) & one of her own rights is to make her own laws So far as they do not interfere with the constitution of the U. S. so that when ever a strong move is made by Northern men against Slavery it wakes up the ire of the hot headed Southerners & they in their State Legislatures pass laws that is Still more stringent upon the slave & binds the chains of slavery so much the tighter am I not right would it not be well as the constitution of the U. S. by its silence upon the subject virtually permits slavery to exist to let it alone where it but admit no new slave states in my humble opinion it would with many a thinking man at the South slavery is becoming upopular & compared with our free white labor unprofitable This letter comes to you by a pony express

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mail17 that leaves here every friday & goes through to St Josephs in 6 days it is carried on pack animals 6 carries letters only it is a recent thing & I hope it will be continued although [the] U. S. dont seem to be very favorably disposed towards a mail this way I hope this will not weary your patience so much but that you will answer it I will wait patiently & as you express such a desire in your letter Shall be but to willing to continue the correspondence already began between us but I write but a titheing of what I should be most happy to say to you but am Sincerely in hopes the day will come when we Shall meet again in the flesh then I will tell you all for I have seen much to amuse 6 instruct since we met I am Keeping a Journal daily & have done since I left the missouri river Give my best respects to Mrs. W a r d & tell her I hope she dont think me foolish or childish for thinking so much of my little dog it is in my nature & I cannot well help it in my next I will give you a little key to some of the peculiaraties of this people You will please accept of my best wishes for the future welfare of yourself & family Yours most respectfully John G. Hoagland [Addressed to John B. W a r d Esqr Hendrysburgh Belmont Co. Ohio. Postmarked Salt Lake City U. T . Mar 16. Manuscript notation on left end of envelope: J. G. Hoagland Salt Lake City March I860.]

17 The Pony Express did not begin until early in April so this letter must have been held up pending commencement of that mail service.

ELIAS SMITH JOURNAL OF A PIONEER EDITOR March 6, 1859—September 23. 1863* (continued) EDITED BY A. R. MORTENSEN

Tuesday [October] 2 [I860].—Held court for the trial of the case The People vs Deloss M Gibson for murder and spent most of the day in arranging a jury without completing the pannel There had [been] so many who had expressed opinions or been identified or connected with the case, first and last, it was a difficult matter to get twelve good and lawful jurors who were unexceptionable to one party or the other It was late at night before the News was ready for press Wednesday 3d.—The case of Gibson was before the Court; the Jurry [sic] was completed in the forenoon and the testimony heard in the afternoon, and at about Seven o clock in the evening, after being out about one hour and a half, the jury returned a verdict of "guilty of murder in the Second degree" and Sentenced him to ten years in the Penitentiary at hard labor.

I was unwell in the morning and sick in the afternoon, but tried my best to overcome it, and kept at my post till the last, tho I had to leave the Court room two or three times for a few minutes at a time in consequence of sickness or pain, being attacked with cholera morbus violently, and after the case was disposed of by the verdict of the jury, I had to be taken home which act of charity was performed by R. T. Burton and Andrew Cunningham who took me in a carriage for which I was thankful indeed.

I was very sick all night but not in much pain, that having left me after the administration of the elders which I solicited as soon as the Court room was closed by the departure of those who were in attendance on the Court J. W . Youngs freight train arrived in the evening, also E D Woolley's train. They had both been to the Missouri river and back this summer—the former with ox teams, the latter with mules "This installment of the diary covers the period October 2, 1860-August 31, 1861.

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The fifth annual Fair of the D A 8 M Society commenced in the Deseret store, 1 G. S. L City. T h e wind blew hard all day and like a hurricane part of the time. In the evening just as the brethren were taking me home it commenced raining and continued through the night Friday 5th.—I attended Court being taken to the Court House in a carriage; finished the case of the People vs Gibson, by passing Sentence upon the prisoner acording [sic] to the finding of the jury, heard the evidence in the Habeas Corpus case Graham vs A McRae W a r d e n of the Penitentiary and dismissed the case but did not get through with it till late in the evening.

Judge Kinny 2 arrived in the evening or last evening [Written at bottom of page: Capt Budge 3 arrived with last emigrant company] Saturday 6th.—I went to the News Office in the morning and remained there through the day My health improving The Semi annual Conference commenced in the Tabernacle 4 —the weather being unsuitable for holding it in the Bowery 5 which is more spacious Sunday 7th.—Attended my circle meeting and then spent the remainder of the day in my office The weather being pleasant the conference was held in the Bowery. There was a vast concourse of people in attendance Monday 8th.—Conference adjourned at noon and the people from the Country soon began to disperse and leave the city for their respective homes.

1

Located on the site of the present Hotel Utah.

Chief Justice John F, Kinney of the Territorial Supreme Court had arrived for his second term of office on the court. He was replacing the much disliked Judge Eckles. In contrast to most federal officials of the period, Kinney was on cordial terms with the Mormons. Deseret News, October 10, 1860; A. R. Mortensen, "The Deseret News and Utah, 1850-1867" (Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1950), 165.

8 "Capt. William Budge, in charge of the last immigrant company, consisting of some seventy wagons and over four hundred persons, arrived on Friday about noon." See Deseret News, October 10, 1860. * See A. R. Mortensen, ed., "Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor," Utah Historical Quarterly, XXI (April, 1953), 152n.

6 This was a rather substantial building located near the west central part of the Temple Block, and because of its large seating capacity was used when weather permitted.

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The City during the conference had a lively appearance and the streets were thronged with people from the country who had much business to transact, as well as to attend the conference and the Fair and altogether it was one of the most stirring weeks of the Season Tuesday 9th.—A rush of business on my hands and the News was not ready for press till about midnight Tuesday 16th.—-I was attending the County Court till its adjournment in the afternoon Then held a short session of the Probate Court, and adjourned till the 17th at 4 P M After getting through with court matters, I went to the News Office and read proof till midnight and on getting a revise about 1 o clock in the morning I went home and retired to rest, weary enough, and suffering severely with sore eyes Wednesday 17.—I was up early, and worked at distributing papers till about one p m then took a nap and after dinner went to Court and entered judgement by default in two cases against Rogers Shropshire & Ross one in favor Doan King & Co and the other in favor of Taussig Abels & Co the first judgement being for $11,286.32, the last for $5,044.04 and costs. At a late hour retired to rest Friday 19th.—Mostly in the News office.

Tuesday 23d.—Preparing for publication but did not get the News ready for press till late at night Wednesday 24.—Unusually thronged at the office in the forenoon. Held court both in fore and afternoon, but not lengthy sessions. The Clerk John G. Lynch has been sick for some time and his brother Patrick is doing his business. President Young and a party started South Tuesday 30th.—Preparing the News for publication Wednesday 31st.—Busy as usual on publication days Held court in the evening to decide a question on demurrer Chaffin vs Taylor Thursday N o v 1st.—Held court in the forenoon and determined a case between Young and Stambaugh Adjourned the

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September term without day. The weather since Monday last has been very cold tho some what pleasant Monday 5th.—A special election was held to elect a member to the Legislative Council in place of Orson Pratt Sen resigned I was busy in the morning in seeing that all things went off right and every person was at his post connected with the holding the election Tuesday 6th.—Very busy preparing the News for publication but did not get to press till late at night Wednesday 7.—Canvassed the election returns. The vote was small only 218 in the County W . Woodruff had no opposition.6 Prest Young returned from the South Sunday 11th.—Attended my circle meeting but did not go to meeting in the Tabernacle. In the evening the Pony express brought news from the east to the effect that Lincoln was elected President at the National election7 on Tuesday last Wednesday 14.—Assisted the boys in the office in distributing the papers. Visited John G. Lynch who was very sic[k] and not expected to live; held Court part of the day, and performed other duties of an official and business nature Thursday 15.—John G. Lynch, Clerk of the Probate and County Courts for Great Salt Lake County died this morning at six o clock. I was quite ill having a cold with severe headache but kept about all day A cold raw day with some rain then snow from North W e s t which made it uncommonly tedious and uncomfortable out doors especially in the afternoon Friday 16th.—Attended the funeral of John G. Lynch whose remains in the afternoon were followed to their resting place in Salt Lake City Cemetery by a numerous concourse of friends 6 Smith editorialized on the election results, particularly chastising the people for failure to vote. "We do not know how to account for the apathetic feeling that exists in Great Salt Lake County in regard to elections, as few of those having the right of franchise seldom exercise that privilege by going to the polls and voting for those they prefer for official stations within their gift" Deseret News, November 7, 1860. Surely Smith must have known why the people did not go to the polls. The reason is implicit in his diary entry, "W. Woodruff had no opposition."

7 Smith made editorial comment of this event in the Deseret News, November 14, under heading, "Latest By Pony Express."

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T h e wind blew almost a hurricane from the East nearly all day, but no particular damage was done further than the prostration of some fences &C In Davis, Weber and Box Elder Counties the damage done was very extensive Tuesday 20th.—Applied myself closely to the business of the office and was late in getting ready for Press. California mail arrived Appointed E. W . East Esqr Clerk of the Probate Court Sunday 25.—Spent the day as I did last Sabbath Eastern mail arrived in the forenoon

The

Wednesday 28th.—-In the office in the forenoon In the afternoon I was attending to some matters at the office of the County Clerk In the evening the news of the killing of George A Smith jr 8 by the Navajoe Indians on the 2d inst near or in the County of the Moquis Indians New Mexico, reached the city.

It was sad intelligence indeed to his father, mother, sisters and relatives generally George W . Gee came from Provo on a visit Monday [December] 10.—The Legislature convened in the Social Hall 9 in this City and after organizing adjourned to the Court House 10 which had been tendered the members for the holding of the Session Commenced December term of Court 8 adjourned Tuesday 11th.—The Legislature met in joint session at the Court and received the Governors message. There was but little business done All hands in the News office were busy in getting the News ready for press 8 This young man was the son of Apostle George A. and Bathsheba Smith, and was a member of Jacob Hamblin's missionary expedition to the Hopi (Moqui) Indians when killed by Navahos southeast of Moenkopi, Arizona. Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia (4 vols.. Salt Lake City, 1901-36), II, 392-93; also Deseret News, December 5, 1860.

•Located on the east side of State Street between South Temple and First South streets. It was torn down in 1922.

10 The County Court House was located at Second West and Second South streets and was occupied by county offices from 1856 until the completion of the present City and County Building in 1895.

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Wednesday 12.—An unusual rush for papers & being a little behind time it was late at night before those to be mailed were ready to be forwarded Monday 17th.—More than busy all day. In the afternoon about half past one o clock the pony express arrived bringing the presidents message at the commencement of the Session of Congress December 3 with other documents confirming, as far as circumstances and declarations could do so, the determination of the South, or some of the Southern States, to secede from the Union as has been believed for months. 11 Raining Wednesday 19th.—A rush for the News and we were exceedingly hurried with business till late at night. I took a good nap in the afternoon as I was very weary from constant labor for days past and sitting up last night Monday 24th.—Attending to my editorial duties strictly and closely12 Tuesday 25.—A quiet time in the city, more so than common on Christmas day. There was a rapid movement of the "Zouaves" in the evening and a report was in circulation soon after that they had been ingloriously defeated. The "Zouaves" so called, are an association of Federal officials, merchants. Sutlers, traders, surveyers and other sojourners known as gentiles, who occasionally make demonstrations in the streets and about the City of a bacchanalian character. The special object of the company evidently being to cover the retreat or flight of the scattered remnants of the hordes of "Modern Civilizers" who came with the army to improve the social and moral condition of the Mormons, but having failed have principally left there being but five to be found in the Territory and those generally are preparing to leave. The Hon. Secretary of Territory made a charge on them some time in the evening with an unchargd lockless double11 Nearly two pages were devoted to the meeting of Congress, comment on the President's message, and the growing secession movement. Ibid., December 19, 1860.

12 A Deseret News Extra was issued this day containing the recent address of President James Buchanan to the Congress. A specimen of the "Extra" is on file at the L. D. S. Church Historian's Office, Salt Lake City; a microfilm copy of the "Extra" is in the library of the Utah State Historical Society.

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barrelled shot gun for which they were entirely unprepared and the only alternative was to flee before the attacking party. Their clamorous flight aroused the police who followed after them and arrested the victorious "Captain" who claims to be a "descendant of one of the first families" and took him to "quarters" The agility of the pursued, said to have been marvellous prevented them from being captured and the "decendant" on getting sober and his belligerent passions somewhat cooled by his detention in the "quarters" was subsequently escorted home The condition of his gun was considered favorably as no damage could accrue to the fleeing "braves" from an attempt at discharge Thursday 27th.—The snow was six or eight inches deep in the morning, and the weather very cold City Creek had frozen up and obstructed by the snow and was flowing profusely through some of the Streets rendering them nearly impassible.13 I kept in my office closely all day Sunday 30th.—The coldest morning there has been this winter. Thermometer at sunrise two degrees below zero Attended my circle meeting and spent the balance of the day in the News Office Monday 31st.—Pushing things in the Printing office as fast as possible in or[der] to give the hands a little leisure on New Years day The weather cold Tuesday [January] 1st [1861].—By invitation from brother John M Bollwinckel I took took [sic] dinner at his hous[e] accompanied by Lucy and Amy Jane Everything connected with the feast was got up in good style and the short time I passed there being in a hurry to get out the News and consequently did not remain there all the afternoon was spent very agreeably I returned there in the evening took supper and then with my wives went home very well satisfied with the entertainment and visit 18 "In the course of the night City Creek was frozen and blocked up with snow, so much so that several streets were inundated with water, and South Temple street was nearly impassible. . . . The sleighing in and about the city is now very good." Deseret News, January 2, 1861.

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Wednesday 2d.—An unusually busy day at the News office there being a great anxiety among the people to read the News Wednesday 9th.—This morning between 10 and eleven 0 clock John M. Bollwinckels oldest son a lad about three years old died of croup child

Thursday 10th.—Attended the funeral of bro Bollwinckels A cold raw day Monday 14th.—Busy preparing for publication Tuesday 15th.—Got the News to press in the evening

Wednesday 16th.—Attended the Printers Festival in the evening in the 13th W a r d Assembly Rooms accompanied by Lucy & Amy Jane also by Emma C. Hoyt and Jane Burbidge her sister Spent a pleasant evening Weather cold Thursday 17th.—Attended the Legislative party at the Social Hall in the evening Lucy Amy Jane and Sister Burbidge going with me. Had a very pleasant party Friday 18th.—The County Court was in session and I was in attendance It being the last day of the session of the Legislative Assembly after getting through with the business of the day in court I spent the evening in listening to the debates in the Council and House alternately till the hour of adjournment, which was at 4 o clock on Saturday morning Saturday 19th.—The County Court continued it sitting and it was late in the day before the business was all disposed of adjourned Sine die I also held a short session of the Probate Court and decreed a divorce in the case of Crawford vs Crawford and adjourned that Court till Wednesday the 23d at 2 P M Tuesday 22d.—Strict attention to business was requisite in order to get the News out in season I was quite ill in the evening Wednesday 23d.—I felt dull and heavy all day, hardly able to be about, but having to attend Court pursuant to adjournment 1 went to the Court House and investigated a case between the people of the County and Bradford Leonard, a suit brought

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on an appearance bond Deferred judgement till Saturday at 10 am till which time the Court adjourned. At the News office in the evening but retired to rest early Saturday 26.—Held a short session of Court and rendered judgement in the case of the People vs B Leonard, and then settled some taxes with the County Collector Spent the evening at home. Brother Alfred Bell from Lehi who came down to attend a trial in the Seventies Council staid with us both on Friday and Saturday evening.

Monday 28th.—A very busy day with me in the office preparing for publication Tuesday 29th.—Did not get ready for press till late at night Wednesday 30th.—After getting the City subscribers supplied with the papers I retired to a room in my house with Joshua Arthur where we could be secluded while looking over and arranging some old printing accounts Remained at home in the evening not feeling very well having a pain in my head Thursday 31st.—I was very much thronged with business during the day. In the evening went to a party held in the Social Hall gotten up by a new Quadrille Band familiarly known as the "Shangar" Band Lucy went with me and it was one of the best parties I ever attended Monday [February] 4th.—My health good. Busy preparing for the publication of the next number of the News. A pony express arrived from the east with dates to the 25th of January Tuesday 5th.—Busy preparing for the publication of the News in good season Wednesday 6th.—Went to a party at the Social Hall gotten up by President Young which commenced at 2 p m and continued till twelve at night The afternoon was devoted to dancing and the evening principally to singing recitations &C It was intended as a model party to set an example to those who preferred having parties kept up during the night

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Saturday 9th.—Held a short session of Court and determined a divorce case Bone vs Bone Adjourned the term of Court without day Monday 11th.—It was rumored early in the morning that the Eastern mail which had not arrived for nearly for nearly [sic] four weeks, was near at hand, but it did not get in till about eight o clock in the evening Tuesday 12th.—There is much anxiety to hear the news from the States Since secession has become the order of the day, and to satisfy the people I have exerted myself of late as far as possible to give them as much as there was space for in the columns of the News from week to week, and occasionally throw off an Extra. 14 The News was ready for delivery in the evening Wednesday 13.—Another "pony" arrived from the East in the forenoon and we got out an extra in the evening Thursday 14th.—I went in the evening with Lucy to a theatrical performance at the house of H. Bowring in the evening Friday 15th.—Afflicted with a severe cold which made me dull and heavy all day Saturday 16th.—An express with dates to the 12th inst arrived from the east. The News called for an other Extra.

Secession was progressing finely at latest dates 15 Tuesday 19.—Getting the News ready for press 14 This is Smith's first reference to the printing of "Extras," which increased in frequency during the ensuing months under the title Pony Dispatch.

These little, one-sheet extras of the Deseret News are very rare; even the total number of issues published is unkown. Smith's journal mentions the printing of sixty, but the actual number published is probably far in excess of that figure.

16 The attitude of Utah and the Mormons toward the apparent impending breakup of the Union is an interesting one. As early as November 21, 1860, following receipt of word of Lincoln's election, Smith editorialized in the Deseret News, "Will the South Resist?" A week later he wrote a column headed, "Prospective Dissolution." It seemed to be his opinion that the Union would be dissolved. Indirect reference was made to Joseph Smith's prophecy of December 25, 1832 (see Doctrine and Covenants, Section 87), concerning the Civil War. Smith went on to say: "Of the things that are now transpiring, the nation has been warned and forewarned. . . . Many are the efforts that have been made to prove to the world that Joseph Smith was a

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Friday 22.—In the evening attended a grand ball at the Social Hall in Commemoration of Washington's birth day Mayor Smoot, Col J. C. Little, Col Burton and H. W . Lawrence were managers. Lucy Amy Jane and Emma Hoyt also attended Tuesday 26th.—The last number of Vol ten Deseret News went to press early in the evening. A Dispatch by "Pony" was received and we put out an Extra 16 Wednesday 27th.—The distribution of the papers kept all hands busy from early morn till evening Monday [March] 4th.—Attended the March session of the County Court and held a short session of the Probate Court as in consequence of the District Court setting next Monday the Probate Court had by law, to be held on the week previous Adjourned probate Court till Thursday Tuesday 5th.—Another Express arrived but it was but a lengthy concern. Attended the County Court in the afternoon Wednesday 6th.—At my post in the County Court An express from the East but it was a small one indeed Issued no 1 Vol 11 Deseret News Thursday 7.—Finished up the business before the County Court and adjourned Sine a die. Also held a Short Session of Probate Court in the afternoon and adjourned it till the next day Friday 8th.—Held court in the afternoon and decided two divorce cases Marvin vs Marvin and Luffkin vs Luffkin.

Tuesday 12th.—The Pony Express from Kearny arrived with President Lincoln's inaugural address, about 10 o clock A. M. and it was late at night when the News went to press Wednesday 13th.—I went to the Court House in the forenoon having been summoned as a witness in a case between B. false prophet, and millions have been spent to destroy the Saints who believed In his words." Deseret News, November 28, 1860. Was the editor gratified at the troubles facing the government, or just happy that Mormon prophecies were about to come true? w It will be noted that the "Extras" were published shortly after the arrival of the Pony Express with the latest news. The Deseret News itself carried regular news columns headed "Latest by Telegraph and Pony Express."

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Leonard & J. M. Moody but the court had not reached it, and I was permitted to come back, after a short delay, as the matter was not likely to come up till tomorrow. Spent the afternoon and evening in writing letters to agents, and in assisting the boys, in doing up the papers for the mails Friday 15th.—Attended court again as a witness. The pony from the East arrived with Washington dates to the 9th inst. Issued an Extra. Have a severe cold Saturday 16th.—The District Court adjourned in the evening I spent part of the forenoon in settling a divorce case between Mary Cobb & her husband James T . Cobb. Nearly sick with a cold Monday 1 8 t h . - T h e Eastern mail arrived and the Pony express also S. P. Hoyt and Hiram Bennett from Fillmore who are going to the Weber in the vicinity of the Coal Mines to look up a location Tuesday 19th.—By extraordinary exertion got the News ready for press in good season. Bro J. C. Wright made me a visit at my office and afterwards went home with me to dinner and staid over night Wednesday 20.—Assisted in distributing and mailing the papers; wrote several business letters; directed about planting my garden some little, which with other matters kept me quite busy till late in the evening My cold no better and I had a severe cough which afflicted me much Thursday 21.—Spent part of the day in the investigation of a matter of difference between Mrs. Arnold widow of Josiah Arnold deceased and his heirs concerning some land claims, the balance in the transaction of various business matters about my office. Cold and windy with rain and Snow attended with some thunder in the afternoon California mail arrived Friday 22d.—Cold and the ground covered with snow in the morning which did not entirely disappear during the day. The Eastern pony arrived in the evening with news to the 15 inst

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Saturday 23d.—'The eastern Mail arrived, but no papers nor letters were obtained from the office till next morning In the office as usual Thursday 28.—A stormy day Brother Hoyt & Bennett started on their return to Fillmore Judge Kinney" also started on his return to Nebraska expecting to be gone till fall Friday 29.—The Pony arrived with eastern dates to the 22d The eastern mail went out taking H. W Lawrence & W . S Godbe as passengers and on arriving at Hanks Station 18 would take in Judge Kinney A spring shower in the evening Held court in afternoon Monday April 1st.—I was very closely confined to my office with business. T h e Express arrived in the morning Tuesday 2d.—A rainy day good season in the evening

Got the News to press in

Wednesday 3d.—The rush for the papers in the morning was tremendous and kept all hands busy in handing them out.

I was very weary and glad when night came It rained much of the day Bro W . B Smith & wife, her father and a young man who was with them from Kaysville was at our house at night which was very stormy Thursday 4th.—Snowing and rainy alternately during the day. I was very busy as I had many things to do preparatory to departure of the mail tomorrow morning The Pony from the East arrived in the evening and the hands worked all night in getting out an extra The California Mail arrived late in the afternoon Friday 5th.—People from the country were arriving from North, South & W e s t , in small numbers compared with former years, were arriving to attend conference. The roads were so bad that many who intended coming remained at home 17 John F. Kinney had arrived the previous October for duty as chief justice.

See Note 2.

18 Otherwise known as Big Kanyon Creek Station, located at Mountain Dell between Big and Little Mountain on the old immigrant road some 15 or 20 miles east of Salt Lake City. Ephraim Hanks was the operator of the station. Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, II, 764-65; Richard F. Burton, The City of the Saints (New York, 1862), 191-92.

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Saturday 6th.—The annual conference commenced. The citizens of this city having been requested to give place to those coming from the country and from other cities there was not as many out by thousands as otherwise would have been I was busily engaged all day in the office The Eastern mail arrived in the evening Sunday 7th.—A beautiful day and not more than one half of those in attendance could get into the Tabernacle and a meeting was held on the Temple Block both in the forenoon and in the afternoon which was addressed by Elders O. Hyde J. Taylor E. T . Benson J. Clinton N . H. [illegible] and others At the Tabernacle the congregation was addressed by Elder L Snow and Presidents Kimball and Young in the forenoon and by President Young and elder J Hunt in the afternoon.

Conference adjourned till the 6th day of October Tuesday 9th.—Got the News to press in the evening Thursday 11th.—I was not well but was in the office part of the day The Pony arrived in the evening Friday 12th.—I went down to Jordan Bridge to examine the herds of cattle driven there A general drive of stock being made for the purpose if possible of finding cattle and horses that had not been seen for a long time by their owners which was partly successful. I had the good fortune to find one young ox or steer Saturday 13th.—Held court part of the day and determined a divorce case between J. F. Parsons and wife. I also spent part of the day attending to the settle of the accounts of E. Eastmund administrator of the estate of Samuel P. Brown deceased Eastern mail arrived Monday 15th.—The Express from the East arrived in the forenoon upon which an Extra was issued instantly Tuesday 16th.—Extremely busy preparing for publication and got to press in the evening Wednesday 17.—An other Express from the east in the evening.

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Thursday 18th.—A warm day I was up early and had the hands in the Printing office at work getting out an Extra before sunrise In the evening bro W . Rydalch drove in two of my cows from Grantsville which he has been wintering Friday 19th.—The teams going to the States to aid the poor in emigrating to Utah this season commenced arriving in the City. I was in my sanctum early and late Saturday 20th.—The Streets were thronged with emigrant teams, on their way to the rendezvous near the mouth of Parley's Kanyon Held court in the afternoon but there was no business There were several showers in the afternoon and evening. T h e Pony arrived between 10 & 11 o clock in the evening and in the midst of a heavy shower of rain I sent for the office hands and got out an extra by nine o clock next morning, the news being considered important, as it related to the taking of Fort Sumpter by the the [sic] South Carolinians on the 12th inst The attack on the fort took place or commenced on the 12th at four o clock in the morning 19 Sunday 21st.—After the Extra went to press, I went home and took a nap. T h e balance of the day I spent in the office.

It rained fast all the forenoon Tuesday 23.-—• Visited the camp of the emigration companies going to the States near the mouth of Parleys Kanyon in company with T . B. Stenhouse J. M Bollwinckel charioteer [?]

Most of the teams started on up the kanyon but some of them were not ready having to wait for flour and can not go till the flour is made at the mill Wednesday 24th.—There was nothing new presented itself for consideration till evening when the pony arrived All hands were busy in issuing and mailing the News during the day, and then in issuing an Extra at night, which took till eight oclock next morning Thursday 25th.—The news received last evening by the express created much excitement on its being made public this morning as all were anxious to hear how the civil war in the 19

Deseret News, April 24, 1861.

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States was progressing the indications being that blood will shortly be spilt in great profusion and that all political parties will be merged into two divisions—the South and the North, which are now arraying against each other in deadly strife Exceedingly busy in preparing for the Eastern mail Friday 26th.—The weather is and has been for several days very cold for the season Saturday 27th.—The weather cool, and very windy in the evening. The express arrived about eight o clock at night with the news of the attacking of troops passing through Baltimore from Massachusetts for Washington by a Baltimore mob and the killing of ten or twelve men belonging to the attacking party and three or four soldiers besides the wounding of many others. The arsenal at Harper's Ferry had been burned and several men killed there which with the destruction of railroad bridges and many other important events, demanded an extra to get out which I was up all night as well as most of the office hands Tuesday 30th.—Got the News to press in good season in the evening.

Wednesday M a y 1st.—Before sunset, by extraordinary exertion the papers in sufficient quantities were struck off to supply the city subscribers and those who receive their papers through the Post office in the Territory and in California20 The Eastern Express arrived with very important news about seven o clock and the hands after attending the theater worked all night in getting out an extra in time for the mornings mails Thursday 2d.—I was very weary and did not do much business during the day The weather was very warm and the fruit trees in blossom gave the city a beautiful appearance Saturday 4th. —A rainy day Bishop Evans and his wife Rebecca was at our house and remained last night and till 20

All the issues of the Deseret News during this spring and summer carried considerable quantities of material concerning the political and military developments in the East and South.

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Sunday morning The Pony arrived in the evening and an Extra from the News office was issued which took all night Tuesday 7th.—I was much better than yesterday and succeeded in getting the News to press in good season W e d n e s d a y 8th.—The Express arrived about two o clock P. M. Published an Extra Friday 10th.—The weather is quite cool for the season In the News office most of the day Saturday 11th.—Express arrived a little after four o clock Got out an Extra by 11 P M Tuesday 14th.—It was late in the evening before the News was ready to go to press after which I went to the President's Office and had a short interview with him Wednesday 15th.—In the morning about eight oclock Presidents Young and Wells, Elders Woodruff Taylor G. A. Smith & others started on an excursion to the Southern part of the Territory. T h e E [a] stern mail arrived in the evening In the afternoon between three and four o clock the Eastern Express arrived W e issued an extra and a messenger started about eleven o clock to take it to the President and party with other dispatches Saturday 18th.—The Express did not arrive till after seven in the evening and the day dawned before we got the Extra ready for delivery Tuesday 21st.—A warm windy day press in the evening

Got the News to

Wednesday 22.—The Express arrived about four p.m. Got out an Extra which was forwarded by express to Prest Young at at [sic] about half past eleven o clock Saturday 25.—Rainy in the morning. I held a special term of Court in the afternoon and while I was at the Court House the Express arrived from the east Got out an Extra in good season Tuesday 28.—A very windy day Father Asahel Woodruff died at one P M Got to press early in the evening

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Wednesday 29th Cool in the morning but quite warm in the afternoon. The Express arrived at five minutes past four The dispatch was lengthy and altho the boys worked lively it was late in the evening before we got the Extra ready for delivery T h e news by the Express was quite important An Express started for President Youngs company at five minutes to twelve at night Saturday June 1st.—The Express arrived at twenty minutes past four T h e news of the advancement of the Federal troops into Virginia brought by it created much excitement An Extra was issued from the News office without delay Wednesday 5.—At Court again till its adjournment in the afternoon after which I was in the office superintending the issuing of an "Extra" The Express arriving about two o clock I was very weary on going to rest at a late hour at night and withal not very well Thursday 6th.—In the afternoon about 3 o clock I started for Kays Creek for the purpose of bringing home Amy Jane and her children who had been on a visit at her father's nearly three weeks. I took with me my two little daughters who were anxious for a ride into the country Saturday 8th.—Started homewards about 11 o clock and instead of having a pleasant time as expected when we started from Bro Kings it rained most of the time till late in the afternoon in consequence of which the roads were very muddy and we did not reach home till about 7 p. m. President Young and company arriving from their trip South and short time previously all well Amy Jane and her three children had been well while on their visit and the little ones were pleased to see their father, The[y] all enjoyed the trip home through the rain much better than I did Found all well at home on my return The Express had arrived and the hands in the office had an Extra nearly set up which was issued early in the evening Monday 10th.—The funeral of Capt. D. Ballo who died suddenly yesterday evening was attended by a large concourse of people at Ballo's Hall in the afternoon 21 21

Dominico Ballo was an Italian musician and bandmaster of great repute

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Tuesday 11th.—The hand[s] in the office for causes they could not well have avoided were late in getting the "News" ready for press and I did not retire to rest till one o clock on Wednesday morning W e d n e s d a y 12.—The Express arrived about noon T h e getting out of an "Extra" with the mailing & distribution of the regular issue kept all hands busy till late at night and I was weary enough on retiring to rest High winds Saturday 15th.—The Express arrived at half past eleven A.M. Held court in the afternoon Got an Extra out in good season News not important Tuesday 18th.—Got the News to press in good season in the evening Wednesday 19th.—The Express arrived from Kearny at half past one An Extra was soon issued altho the news was not of the most important nature In the afternoon J. William Lewis and his wife Mary my sister Esther's oldest daughter arrived from Fort Des Moines Iowa where they have resided since my sister left there in 1856.

Thursday 20th.—At a meeting held at the city Hall a committee of arrangements for the celebration of American Independence on the Fourth of July was appointed consisted of Bishop E. Hunter, Elias Smith, A. O. Smoot, J. C. Little, L. W .

Hardry, Jeter Clinton R. T . Burton, A. H. Raleigh 6 E. F. Sheets.

I was very busy all day at my usual avocations and superintending this white washing the News Office establishment Saturday 22nd.—Spent most of the day in connection with Colonels J C. Little and R. T . Burton in making arrangements for the celebration & having been appointed with these two a special committee to draft a programme for the consideration of the committee to be presented to them at their next meeting which was held in the evening but we did not make much progress No dispatch by the Pony to day during the early pioneer period. Ballo's Band was famous throughout the territory during the same period. Edward W. Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City (Salt Lake City, 1886), 770; Deseret News, June 12, 1861.

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Monday 24th,—I was very busy in preparing for publication of the News during the day and met again with the committee in the evening at the City Hall.

Tuesday 25.—Got to press early in the evening Wednesday 26th.—The Pony arrived at about eight o clock in the morning bringing a short dispatch the wires which had previously been cut near the Western boundry line of Missouri having been repaired.

Held court in the afternoon A case between Houtz G Bringhurst Plaintiffs and Thomas Box defendent was tried, by a jury judgement for Plaintiffs Friday 28th.—The County Court was in session which I attended The balance of the day I was engaged with R. T. Burton drafting the programme for the Fourth. Met with the committee of arrangements at the City Hall in the evening Saturday 29th.—An exceedingly warm day arrived about 10 A M

T h e Express

Sunday 30th..—Met with my circle as usual and with little exception spent the balance of the day in my sanctum Uncomfortably hot A comet was seen in the North W e s t in the evening Monday July 1st.—The Eastern Mail arrived last evening but too late for distribution. T h e Post Office was moved Wm. Bell, the new post master to the Warehouse of Livingston Bell & Co. 22 as he entered upon the duties of office this morning Tuesday 2nd.—The comet since its appearance on Sunday evening has attracted considerable attention 23 It is very brilliant and travels with great velocity 22 This firm, first known as Livingston, Kinkead and Company and then later as Livingston, Kinkead and Bell, opened the first store in Salt Lake City in 1849: It was first housed in the home of John Pack in the old 17th Ward. East Temple or Main Street began its career as a business street when Livingston and Bell built the first mercantile building in the territory on the west side of the street between South Temple and First South streets.

This building, known as the Old Constitution Building, also housed the post office. Tullidge, op. cit, 379; Andrew L. Neff, History of Utah (Salt Lake City, 1940), 336, 338; Deseret News, July 3, 1861.

2 » Ibid.

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Got the News to press in the evening Heat has been very oppressive all day and but for the breezes that were blowing occassionally it would have [been] almost suffocating Wednesday 3rd.—An exceedingly busy day with me, but by the blessings of the Lord I had strength to perform all the duties and labors of the day quite to my satisfaction, whether so to others or not. T h e Express did not arrive till nearly noon.

An Extra had then to be issued which was pushed forward with all haste and was published in a very short time. The preparations for the "Fourth" occupied my mind as well as much of the time during the day, they were completed however, and on retiring to rest, the committee of arrangements felt that they had thus far accomplished all that was expected for them in arranging for the celebration Thursday 4th.—There was a great turn out of the citizens to participate in and witness the doings of the day which were conducted strictly according to the programme there were but five accidents occurred to mar thro the hilarity peace and good order of the day.

The display made by the farmers, Mechanics and tradesmen was creditable to all concerned The juvenile division of the procession was numerous and the various select and public schools of the city presented a beautiful appearance I went to a party at the Assembly Rooms Thirteenth W a r d in the evening with Amy Jane and my sister Mary Jane and enjoyed my self in the dance till about midnight when according to rule the ball terminated Friday 5.—The office Hands were some what weary; the weather was warm and I did not feel much like exercising either body or mind and so there was but little done in the office A mail arrived from the east late in the evening of the 4th Mr W m .

Morrell late Post Master of this place was a passenger. Excessively warm Saturday 6th.—The Express arrived at 10 A m W e got out an Extra fourth with after which I went to the Court House and held court till sunset and with out any case being tried adjourned till Tuesday next 9th inst at 2 P. M

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Sunday 7th.—Spent the Sabbath as usual over land coach from Cal. arrived

T h e First party

Tuesday 9th.—Held court in the afternoon and till late in the evening. A case between Hockaday & Burr and Surveyor General S. C. Stambaugh was tried by a jury. Verdict for plaintiffs for the full amount claimed Wednesday 10th.—The Express arrived early—at half past 7 in the morning, with very lengthy dispatches. Published an Extra. Held court in the after noon when a case between James Townsend and B. Leonard was tried by jury Verdict for Townsend. Did not get the News ready for Press in consequence of having so many things to see after the first Telegraph pole on the Western end of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph line was set up nearly in front Livingston Bell & Co's Store East Temple street at 3:30 p. m. by Mr. Street of San Francisco agent of the company 24 Excessively hot Thursday 11th.—Got the News ready for Press but no papers were struck off and there is not paper enough in the office to strike off only a part of the issue and the Paper mill is not yet quite in working order 25 Friday 12.—By invitation of President Young I went with him in his carriage to see the Paper mill26 put in motion in com24 The presence of James Street in Salt Lake City had been noted in the News for July 3. At that time Smith said Street indicated that it was the intention of both eastern and western companies to join wires in the city sometime during the coming fall. Under a column headed "Anticipated Events" the Deseret News for this day, July 10, said: ". . . before the setting of the sun, the first telegraph pole on the Western line hence to California, will unquestionably be erected on East Temple street, not far from our office...."

See Note 22 above for location of store of Livingston and Bell.

25 It is plain from this entry that a regular full issue of the News was not printed on its regular publication day. However, at least a portion of the issue for July 10, 1861 was published, if not on the date indicated, at least shortly thereafter. The paper famine continued, for after July 10 no papers appeared again until Wednesday, September 11. During the interim a number of Extras were published to meet the demand for news occasioned by stirring events both at home and in the East.

28 While several earlier attempts had been made to produce paper by hand, this mill, supplied with machinery imported from the East the previous season, was the first serious attempt to manufacture paper in large quantities.

That it was only partially successful, at least in the beginning, is indicated by the two-month layoff of the Deseret News and the occasional comments made by Elias Smith during succeeding weeks.

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pany with bro Carrington Calder 6 Ellerbeck. Prests Kimball & Wells & F. Kesler in another carriage also went to witness the making of the first sheet of paper but from some cause the mill did not operate as well as anticipated and the only pleasure experienced by the party was the drive to the Mill which is in the old sugar House building 27 some four miles from the business part of the city and just at the edge of its southern boundry.

In the afternoon attended an adjourned session of the County Court There was a tremendous blow in the evening preceeding a light shower not heavy enough however to lay the dust which by the wind was blown about in clouds in great profusion Saturday 13th.—The Express arrived at half past six in the morning bringing dispatches to the morning of the 8th. Some fighting done and the war progressing rapidly Sunday 14th.—Went to my circle meeting and then to meeting at the Bowery. President Spencer of the Stake spoke first, then Prest. H. C. Kimball, followed by Prest B. Young In the afternoon Presidents Young & Kimball and Elder Woodruff addressed the congregation. My little son Elias A. went with me to meeting in the forenoon Monday 15th.—The weather very warm Many persons left the city to attend the sales of Camp Floyd 28 preparatory to the Armys leaving as supposed every thing there not needed for transportation being advertised for sale on the 16th 27 The Sugar House Building, located on the southeast corner of what is now 11th East and 21st South streets, was built in 1853 for the manufacture of sugar. Like several other attempts at local manufacture it met with little success, and the enterprise was abandoned in 1855. The major result was the bequeathing of the name Sugar House to the district which it still retains.

In 1860 paper-making machinery was imported from the East and set up the following year in the Sugar House Building. With varying success (see Note 26 above) the paper mill continued to operate until 1882, when the Granite mill was built at the mouth of Big Cottonwood Canyon. "Paper Making in Utah," Superior Facts. IV (October, 1930), 1-7; Heart Throbs of the West (12 vols., Salt Lake City, 1939-51), III. 31-33; Deseret News. February 13, July 3, 1861.

28 Camp Floyd, located in Cedar Valley some 40 miles southwest of Salt Lake City, had been established by General Albert Sidney Johnston in the summer of 1858. In August, 1860, Colonel P. S t George Cooke, of Mormon Battalion fame, assumed command and early in 1861 changed the name to Fort Crittenden. Ibid.. August 22, 1860, February 13, 1861. The withdrawal of troops began In 1860, with the final abandonment occurring in July, 1861.

See Smith's entry for July 27. It is said that several Utah mercantile fortunes

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I was about my office most of the day. In the evening after calling at the Presidents office a short time during which I was introduced to Mr. J. J. Benjamin the Jewish traveller I went to the house of George Sims in the 20th W a r d to see Matthew Wilkie who has gone there to stay a short time Tuesday 16th.—Very hot. Some showers passed over the valley but none over the city of sufficient duration to lay the dust The Government sale at Crittenden [Camp Floyd] commenced Wednesday 17th.—Having no paper on which to publish the Deseret News there was no issue to day.

The Express arrived early in the morning with lengthy dispatches. An Extra was issued containing all the important items of News among which were the account of several battles between the parties to the civil war fought in Missouri and Virginia, between the 3rd and 10th of July There was a caucus meeting at the Historians office in the evening at 6 o clock at which I was present. Hon J. M. Bernhisel was nominated as a Delegate to Congress to be voted for at the election on the first Monday in August. Also D. H. Wells, W .

Woodruff A. Carrington, D. Spencer, and F. D. Richards for councellors; and J. Taylor, H. B. Clawson, H. Stout, H. S. Eldredge, E. D. Woolley J. A. Young, J. V . Long, A. P. Rockwood and J. M. Moody for representatives in the Legislative Assembly next to be held in this Territory. The weather excessively hot Saturday 20th.—The Express arrived a little before eight It was a small affair, but being the latest news we got out a small Extra I was very unwell in the afternoon, and kept at home not feeling able to sit up much of the time Monday 22nd.—In the afternoon by invitation of some of the office hands who had obtained a carriage for a ride to the paper Mill I accompanied them, thinking that a little exercise of this kind might be of benefit to me.29 After visiting the Paper began with the sale of government stores valued at $4,000,000.00 for less than $100,000.00, of which Brigham Young furnished $40,000.00. H. H. Bancroft, History of Utah (San Francisco, 1889), 575; Leland H. Creer, Utah and the Nation (Seattle, 1929), 159-60.

29 See entry for July 12.

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Mill and examining its machinery which seemed to be in complete order but may warrant a little adjusting when set in motion for making paper, which the principal manufacturer 30 assured us would be in a few days at farthest. W e visited A. C. Pypers Powder Mill and Chemical establishment near by, and were shown the operation of some of its machinery by the gentle manly proprietor. 31 Arrived at home just at dark somewhat weary, but well pleased with the excursion.

Wednesday 24.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;The issuing of an Extra after the arrival of the Express occupied my time till nearly three o clock next morning T h e dispatches reced were lengthy and highly important as relating to the civil W a r which has for the last three months been raging in the State there having been considerable fighting done of late between the North and the South On this day the paper Mill was put in motion by Thomas Howard the chief manufacturer or workman employed by President Young to run the mill and some brown paper was turned out or made of a very good quality There was very little display made in the city on the occasion of the fourteenth anniversary of the entrance into Great Salt Lake Valley of the Pioneers. A few parties in the evening was all that was seen more than usual during the day Thursday 25th.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Having received an invitation from President B. Young, I went with him again to see the operations of the Paper Mill. President Wells was also along with part of his family in his own carriage also F . Kesler Hosea Stout and John D. Parker also with me, had seats in the carriage of the President. W e started about half past ten in the Morning and returned about two in the afternoon had a fine excursion. Saw the mill in motion turning out paper suitable for wrapping paper, but not for printing The machine runs beautifully, and will as soon as the chloride of lime, which is in process of making, is ready 80

Thomas Howard.

Alexander C. Pyper was a pioneer of 1859. Soon after his arrival in Salt Lake Valley he established his chemical manufacturing business in Sugar House. He apparently was a man of varied interests and many talents, for at different times he was successfully engaged in flour milling, silk production, and chemical manufacturing, as well as general merchandise. Andrew Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia. I, 627.

81

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There is no doubt but that printing paper will be produced of a good quality, which I hope will be the case in a few days 82 Friday 26.—Held court in the afternoon and heard and decided a divorce case Charles Hammer vs. Emeline Hammer.

Weather warm Saturday 27.—The Pony arrived at a few minutes to eleven o clock, with plenty of war news, and we got out an extra as expeditously as possible The weather was very warm, and I was exceedingly weary when night came The Army at Fort Crittenden was under marching orders,33 this morning and was to take up its line of march for the States at nine o clock, having sold out all the government stores and property they could not carry away excepting what they destroyed for order of the W a r Department including a large quantity of muskets. Minie rifles Yuager [?] revolvers, and all the ordinances stores & much other property, that it was thought would be of use to the citizens of the Territory if left in the country, a more damnable act, could not well be done but it was such an one as might be expected from the Government of the United States which has long sought the destruction of the Saints, and would of course do nothing that would enable them to defend themselves from the assaults of the savages who surround them in these mountains nor from the lawless acts of bandits who might make depredations upon their unprotected settlements Wednesday 31.—The Express from the States [arrived] about seven The dispatches received were very lengthy A big battle was fought at Bulls run near Manassas Junction Virginia July 21st between the federal forces under General McDowell and the seccesion forces under Generals Beauregard and Johnston in which the former were defeated with great slaughter. Although very unwell I kept up, and issued an Extra which was not ready for distribution till near midnight 82 88

Elias was still optimistic.

See entries for July 15 and 16.

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Saturday [August] 3rd.—I was very ill but managed to keep about and get out an extra after the arrival of the Express at about 11 A m Monday 5th.—At eight minutes past one, Lucy had a daughter born weighing nine and a half pounds smart and healthy which we afterwards named Edith Ann 34 after Lucy's Mother and grandmother There was a heavy shower in the afternoon and more water fell than in any shower I had ever before seen in August since residing in the Great Basin. T h e clouds emptying themselves or bursting in the mountains on the east of the valley the waters flowed down Mill Creek and Big and Little Cottonwood doing great damage destroying the roads, carrying away bridges and sweeping every moveable thing before it that was in its course Tuesday 6th.—Held court in the afternoon for the trial of the case called up on Friday last between W . H. Broadhead and the firm of Livingston Bell & Co. which caused some little excitement and there were many persons in attendence. The Jury rendered a verdict in favor of Plaintiff in the sum of $622.68/no There was another shower in the evening raining steadily two or three hours W e d n e s d a y 7th.—On the arrival of the Express I issued an Extra containing the principal terms of News from the seat of war Thursday 8th.—Canvassed the Election returns in connection with E. W . East Esqr County Clerk with whom I took dinner Friday 9th.—Held Court in the forenoon and heard the evidence in a replevin case Hockaday & Burr vs H. W m Lawrence Territorial Marshal and held it under advisement till tomorrow Saturday 10th.—Held court in the afternoon and heard and decided a case of debt Staines Needham & Co vs Thomas Box & Co; a divorce case [blank] Hards vs [blank] Hards a case Town84 The only surviving child of Elias. See Utah Historical Quarterly, XXI (January, 1953), 3.

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send vs Leonard in which Brigham Young Trustee in Trust and Brigham Young individually was garnisheed I also made a decesion in the case investigated yesterday The pony did not arrive till three o clock in the afternoon.

The dispatches were short and were in type in a short time after arrival There had been no more fighting between the contending fractions in the states, at least none reported, but preparations for war were progressing on a grand scale Wednesday 14th.—The pony arrived, but no dispatches from the seat of W a r .

Friday 16th.—The first company of emigrants from the States to this Territory this season arrived in charge of Elder D. H. Cannon Saturday 17.—The Pony arrived at about the usual hour but the dispatch was a very lean concern. I had an Extra issued tho there was nothing of interest to publish Wednesday 21st.—The Pony arrived at 20 M to 10 a.m. with the intelligence that a battle was fought near Springfield Mo. on the 10th inst between the federal forces under General Lyon and the confederate troops under Gen Jackson and Generals McCullock and Price, in which the confederates were victorious. Gen Lyon was killed certainly and McCullock and Price reported slain The issuing of the usual Extra occupied all the time till late in the evening Friday 23rd.—In company with bros R. J. Golding R. T. Burton, E. W . East T McKean N . V . Jones went to Bishop Millers and from there to the crossing of the Little Cottonwood on the State Road, 35 to examine the Creek and make some arrangements for completing a bridge that was commenced there before the high water last spring and was materially damaged by the flood From the Creek we returned to Bishop Millers and took dinner & after spending two or three hours very agreeably in conversing on the State of the nation, and testing the qualities 85

City.

On present State Street just south of the business district of Murray

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of a large quantity of water & Muskmelons, returned home T o make the excursion and visit more interesting most of the party took their wives with them. Lucy who had not been out before since babe was born thought it would do her good to ride out and so did I consequently went along accompanied by her sister Mary W e had a splendid ride a good visit and returned in the evening a little tired but well pleased with the treat of an excursion into the country Saturday 24th.—A very warm day. T h e Pony arrived about nine o clock, with very important dispatche from the seat of war which I had published in an "Extra" Wednesday 28th.—The Eastern Express did not arrive till about noon the dispatch received was not lengthy Extra issued in good time Thursday 29th.—The weather continues very warm I spent the day somewhat idly as I was about the streets more than on any day during the last three years. Succeeded in getting my pay from Secretary Wooton for what public printing was done last winter Saturday 31st.—The Pony did not arrive till four o clock.

The dispatch was short but it was late in the evening before our "Extra" was out.

There was a sad affair occured in the afternoon. On Tuesday last upon complaint of an emigrant named John Love, I issued a warrant for the arrest of Alexander McRae junior, Kenneth McRae, Charles Manhard and Truelove Manhard 36 for robbery The W a r r a n t was returned to day served by arresting the two Manhard's the others not found. An alias warrant was then issued for the arrest of the two McRaes which was returned this evening with the dead bodies of the two accused persons young men aged about 19 & 21 years they having been killed after they were arrested in an attempt to escape 86

Manhard's given name was misread in the manuscript journal as Freelove, and appeared in that form in the April issue of this Quarterly.

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On being informed of what had transpired by the return of the Sheriff I directed that the bodies after the necessary inquires as to the facts in the case were made to be prepared for interment and handed over to the City sexton for that purpose and appointed Monday the 2nd day of September at 10 a m . for the examination of the two prisoners arrested on the original warrant It was after midnight when I retired to rest [Journal to be concluded in October issue]

R E V I E W S A N D RECENT PUBLICATIONS A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Collection of Western Americana Founded by William Robertson Coe, Yale University Library. Compiled by Mary C. Withington. (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1952, x + 398 pp. $10.00) The Utah State Historical Society has received the catalogue of the William Robertson Coe Collection of Western historical manuscripts in the Library of Yale University. The genesis of the Collection dates back to 1910, when Mr. Coe purchased from Colonel Cody (Buffalo Bill) his ranch in Wyoming. This led to his interest in the history of all the states west of the Mississippi River, when he began to collect the material for a library on the early history of the West. It has now become one of the largest collections of Western Americana, and constitutes a repository of historical source material on the discovery, exploration, and settlement of western North America, which includes Alaska, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, the Dakotas, and Wyoming. There are original paintings and sketches of Catlin, Webber, and others of the early-day artists who sketched the lives of various Indian tribes and their leaders. In the field of early-day exploration one turns to the voyages, the land expeditions of Lewis and Clark and the many other trail blazers. There are manuscripts of the Hudson's Bay Company and its American rivals. Among the important collections which were purchased

by Mr. Coe were the manuscripts of Henry R. Wagner, the noted historian and author of The Plains and the Rockies, A Bibliography of Original Narratives of Travel and Adventure, 1800-1865. Mr. W a g n e r declared that the Coe Library is the finest collection of material of its kind in existence.

Some of the more important manuscripts of the collection are those of the early history of the Mormon people. In an article of the Yale University Library Gazette, for October, 1948, we have the following statement:

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Remarkable as is the career of Joseph Smith, it probably never would have inspired the collecting interest of Mr. Coe had not the Mormon people gone on to explore and settle the immense Great Basin region between the Rockies and the Sierra. The annals of this people are not only a history of the West, but also constitute an important chapter in the history of the United States. As a consequence there are upwards of nine hundred items on the subject in the collection.

Some of the documents are very rare, and have no duplicates in any other library. There are letters of President Brigham Young and other pioneers that give information on many subjects, and the journals and other original material involve an extensive literature. As an example, there are seven letters written by the Bringhurst family while on their journey to Great Salt Lake City and after their arrival there, 1848-56. The party included William Bringhurst, his wife Ann Dilworth, her mother Mrs. Caleb Dilworth, her brother John T . Dilworth, and two sisters Elizabeth Dilworth and Harriet M. Brinton, from Chester County, Pennsylvania. The letters written to relatives in the East describe life among the Mormons, their prosperity, high cost of necessities, and family affairs. Then there are sixty letters of President Brigham Young written to William H. Hooper, second territorial delegate from Utah to Congress. The letters detail events and conditions in Salt Lake City, discuss the United States troops that have come to Utah, national affairs, and the attitude of outside people towards Utah, the overland mail. Pony Express, the telegraph, gold discoveries, and Church news in general.

Instructions are given Representative Hooper on appointments and legislation desired for Utah, and its admission as a state.

There are the numerous letters of Colonel Thomas L. Kane.

He was a devoted friend of President Young and his people, and when Johnston's army came to Utah in 1857, Colonel Kane came all the way from the East via Panama and California to do what he could to help bring peace. Conferring with Brigham Young and Governor Cumming, the newly appointed governor, a better understanding was brought about between the Mormons and non-Mormons. Colonel Kane became interested in the

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Mormons in 1846, when he visited Nauvoo and the Mormon camp at Council Bluffs. He had special instructions to go to Utah in 1858 from President Buchanan, and it was his influence which prevented a clash between the Mormons and the United States army. Kane's letters and reports are beautifully written, which indicate the character of the man. There are forty-seven of his letters in the Coe Collection.

The limits of space preclude any attempt to give description to the large number of manuscripts and other material in the Coe Library. There are over nine thousand items in the Collection. The catalogue which has just been published is available to scholars. "The subjects covered are as many and varied as are suggested by the stirring annals of those pioneer times and regions." Reverting to the Utah collection again, there are many diaries and journals of those who settled Utah in the late forties and on down to the advent of the railroad. The resulting literature is an extensive one, being represented in the collection of some nine hundred titles. Many of the early manuscripts and documents are of the highest importance. A final word as to media which one might forget, and that is the pioneer newspapers. The Coe Collection contains some one hundred odd early maps of the region as well as pioneer newspapers. W e cannot close this review without giving the weighted opinion on old copies of the Deseret News by the historian Seymour Dunbar: Considered with respect to the conditions under which it was created, the apparently insuperable difficulties encountered and surmounted in its publication; the spirit which guided and characterized it; and the decisive power it wielded, the Deseret News may well be described as perhaps the most remarkable and historically interesting newspaper that ever existed.

Salt Lake City, Utah

Levi Edgar Young

Music in the Southwest. By Howard Swan. (San Marino, The Huntington Library, 1952, x + 316 pp. $5.00) Howard Swan's new book, Music in the Southwest, might well be termed a "sleeper" for persons interested in Mormon

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history and the territory extending from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles. The title hides an interesting phase of social study in the development of the West.

Directed primarily at the musical history of southern California, the Swan treatise very commendably does not neglect nearby areas or influences. In the very beginning, author Swan devotes sixty pages to a study of music in the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, claiming at the outset that "any history of the Mormon Church is complete only if the story of its music is included." He even goes back to the setting in western New York from which Mormonism sprung 123 years ago. From that start he presents an objective outline of the history of the Church, principally as it concerns the development of Mormon music. He stresses the atmosphere and situations that produced many of the Church's hymns. Original lyrics and more recent versions of some songs are included. The same is true in the briefer treatment of music's role in the history of the old mining towns of Virginia City and Tombstone. Attention of this sort is also offered to the music of the early missions, ranchos and pueblos of southern California.

It was through the music injected into that early scene that the Mormon Church gets its connection with the Southwest music scene. The Mormon Battalion, as pointed out, carried the spirit of Mormon music with it into San Diego. On their trek to Utah, members of the Battalion left some of that spirit in the area of San Bernardino, later to be developed by Mormon colonizers.

Most of the volume details the development of music in southern California, particularly in Los Angeles, and that is a story paralleling the restless growth of the entire section.

With the excellent Huntingon Library files at his disposal, Mr. Swan brings some colorful history of the Southwest into his Study. Of particular interest is his biographical section on L. E. Behymer, the noted impresario who had a virtual monopoly on concert bookings in his area for the first half century.

While the book is a social rather than a musicological study, author Swan does not attempt to resist the temptations that come to his professionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;to take on the robes of a critic. A contributor

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to music in southern California in his role as a soloist and choral conductor, he does well at sizing up the music situation today in his area.

The Deseret News - Salt Lake Telegram

Conrad B. Harrison

The Course of Empire. By Bernard DeVoto. (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1952, xxi - f 647 pp. $6.00) Before Lewis and Clark. Documents Illustrating the History of the Missouri, 1785-1804. Edited by A. P. Nasatir. (St. Louis, St. Louis Historical Documents Foundation, 1952, 2 vols., xv + 853 pp. $15.00) David Thompson's Journals Relating to Montana and Adjacent Regions, 1808-1812. Edited by M. Catherine White. (Missoula, Montana State University Press, 1950, clxi -f- 345 pp. $7.50) Here are three notable books, any one of which would make its mark in a publishing season, all to be recommended without reservation for any library concerned with exploration and discovery or with the W e s t at large, and all of them essential reading for anyone who would feel educated about American history.

Although much more will have to be said of it, Mr. DeVoto's book serves very well as an introduction to those by Dr. Nasatir and Miss White. It is broader in its scope and more largely informative, but it is also to be conceived as something of a product of the other two. For years Dr. Nasatir has been publishing monographs along the way to his book, so that enroute he did considerable spadework of which Mr. DeVoto has had the benefit; and Miss White's valuable monograph on David Thompson, though inexplicably delayed in distribution until now, has been available to a few scholars, of whom Mr. DeVoto is one, and thus already has begun to shape the thinking of historians about its area of Western history.

The Utah-born DeVoto's major literary work for some years has been an interpretation of the role of the W e s t as a national-

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izing influence in American history, a force he describes as "continentalism" which has given Americans the consciousness of being properly a single society occupying the space between the two oceans. In The Year of Decision: 1846 he described the expansion of the United States to substantially its present physical dimensions, a development which in his view not only made the Civil W a r finally inevitable but made just as inevitable its final outcome. In Across the Wide Missouri he went farther back in time to describe the fur trade of the Far W e s t at its high tide, 1832-38, while highlighting developments of those years and in that region which were producing a centripetal balance to the centrifugal forces that were beginning to tear the East apart. In both books Mr. DeVoto was able to say a great deal by focusing upon the events of a very short period. So convenient a literary device is denied him in this latest and remotest pursuit of his theme, for The Course of Empire has a tremendous 278-year timespan, extending from 1527, the year Cabeza de Vaca's incredible wandering began, to 1805, the year Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific. But if the method is necessarily somewhat different, the excitement and the color remain, and The Course of Empire is in every sense of a piece with the two previous books. The result is called a completed trilogy, but a book on the Civil W a r has been implicit in much of Mr. DeVoto's thinking, and we may yet see such a book written—-with less to say about the West, perhaps, but with a great deal to say about the final anguished fusing of the Nation.

Its geopolitical theses quite aside. The Course of Empire is a coruscating account of the exploration of America, written from as broad a base as could well be imagined. Spanish, French, British, and American adventurers—among them De Soto, Coronado, Verrazano, Radisson, Jolliet, La Salle, Kelsey, De Bourgmond, Verendrye, Henday, Pond, the Frobishers, Escalante, Cook, Mackenzie, Vancouver, Truteau, Thompson, and dozens hardly less distinguished—are shown ripping away the veil of the unknown over a period of nearly three centuries, the relationship of the parts to the whole never lost sight of, but with a wonderfully vivid evocation of the individual experience. At the same time, Mr. DeVoto has managed to portray, better than any-

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one before him, the seismic shock upon aboriginal cultures of the white oncomingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;not at the fault-line only but at points far removed from it. All this and a great deal more; one must read the book to appreciate its depth, its richness, and its infinite diversity.

Mr. DeVoto's is essentially a labor of synthesis; with inconsiderable exceptions he has added nothing to the documentary record, but almost any specialist can profit from what this book has to say, for here is tremendous perspective at work, broad understanding united with sharp critical acumen, and a variety of fresh viewpoints brought to bear upon worn subjects and chewed-down personalities. Mr. DeVoto has a certain lordliness of manner which at times is disconcerting, but he does not shrink from rendering judgment when judgment is called for, and one perceives penetrating intelligence at work in these judgments.

Let this be said, too: Here is a book which will not be read for information only; the snap and crackle of its ideas and the grace and vigor of its style are such that one can reopen the book at any page and read with pleasure and profit.

From The Course of Empire one turns with genuine appreciation and enthusiasm to the more localized contributions of Dr. Nasatir and Miss White, for these are basic documentary studies bearing up a part of the weight of Mr. DeVoto's book. Dr. Nasatir has been energetically spading Spanish, Mexican, French, and British archives for nearly 30 years, intermittently publishing fruits of his researches, but only now gathering into bookform those which deal with explorations up the Missouri River in search of the Western sea. T h e 270-odd documents he prints are limited to the late Spanish and final French period in Louisiana, 1785-1804, but a long 118-page introduction goes back much farther in time, to 1673, with ample quotation from the documents which record the initial French penetration up the Missouri. One of the valuable features of this introduction is that it locates in the French archives the originals of documents American historians have had to use at second or third hand. T h e documents actually printed for 1785-1804 include, in addition to Dr. Nasatir's personal discoveries, those edited by other scholars which have become scattered all over the literature, as for instance the Tru-

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teau "journals" and memoranda, and the Mackay "journal" and miscellany. Before Lewis and Clark is an extraordinary feat of dedicated scholarship which from now on will be an indispensable tool for all students. Yet perhaps this should be said: It is the more valuable if read in conjunction with Mr. DeVoto's book, for Dr. Nasatir has been so heavily engaged in archival research that he has tended to neglect the ethnological studies which light his subject from different angles; he has too great a tendency to view the Indians from French or Spanish points of view. Perhaps he will correct this as he continues to publish the enormous store of documents he has gathered, and which are by no means limited to Missouri River history.

That David Thompson's Journals does not suffer through being discussed with the foregoing books is the measure of its quality. Thompson has been called the greatest land geographer the British race has ever produced, in consequence of his labors in Canada and the Pacific Northwest between 1782 and 1812.

His Narrative, published so late as 1916, is a classic contribution to North American history, geography, and ethnology, but his original journals have got into print only by bits and pieces, for in considerable part they have the character of a surveyor's field notes. Miss W h i t e has undertaken to print such of them as relate to his exploration of the Montana area, including his establishment of "Saleesh House" on Clarks Fork of the Columbia in 1809, one of the earliest trading posts west of the Rockies; and she has also printed a table showing the relationship of these extended excerpts to the rest of the journals, published and unpublished.

Text and notes alike are crammed with information; and the book is the more distinguished for an introduction, running to more than 150 pages, which admirably summarizes the British movement into the wilderness west and southwest from Hudson Bay and Lake Winnipeg. The flaws I find are minor, and I am not going to dwell upon them. Instead, I wish to remark an interesting feature of the journals: the information they contain through 1809-10 about the drift of American or "French-American" trappers west across the Rockies through "the Flathead corridor" most certainly is going to receive more attention before long.

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

275

All three books are valuable for their maps. Mr. DeVoto prints no less than 26 special maps by Erwin Raisz to supplement 12 maps at the beginning of his chapters which show the progressive reduction of North America from an unknown to a known land. Dr. Nasatir reproduces six striking maps drawn between 1728 and 1802, of which two are published for the first time; and for her part. Miss W h i t e offers a modern map of the Pacific Northwest to illuminate a section she reproduces from Thompson's great map of 1813-14.

Salt Lake City, Utah

The

Dale L. Morgan

Great Frontier. By Walter Prescott W e b b . (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1952, xiii -f- 434 pp. $5.00)

Many of us spend a lifetime digging in our own and each other's fields, expounding, narrating, and explaining. Some of us labor with vigor and even enthusiasm on occasion, but few of us display much originality, that prime ingredient of genius.

Every field of human endeavor has its leaders and innovators.

A generation ago, history had its Frederick Jackson Turner, whose frontier thesis raised up both a crop of defenders and a crop of critics, who, incidentally, are still battling it out. For much the same reasons the expanded "frontier thesis," outlined in The Great Frontier, by Walter Prescott W e b b (not a student but surely an historical heir of Turner's), will mark him as an original thinker.

At least two of Webb's earlier books have been controversial or at least revolutionary in their approach to their subject matter.

This latest volume promises to be even more so. Yet if the passage of time deals as kindly with this book as the past twenty years have dealt with his first important study. The Great Plains, surely Professor W e b b will be rewarded for his labors, and all students of interpretive history and related disciplines will be the richer.

The Great Frontier presents both a new idea and the expansion of an old one. W e b b takes Professor Turner's thesis outlined in "The Influence of the Frontier in American History" and gives it a global concept. In place of the East and the W e s t

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

or Frontier, W e b b uses the terms the Metropolis and the Great Frontier. T h e former refers to western Europe and the latter to all the new lands discovered subsequent to the beginning of the sixteenth century. As he points out, the study depends on the validity of the boom hypothesis of history. That is, the resources furnished by the New World, Australia, and South Africa precipitated a World boom which is only now coming to an end because the Great Frontier has come to an end.

Whether you agree or not with the thesis set forth, you will doubtless find the book both challenging and provocative. There are prophets both true and false, and historians, including Webb, rarely pose as either, but here is a book that makes some pretense to prophesy over the future stream of history.

Utah State Historical Society A. R. Mortensen The Colorado River and the Grand Canyon: A Selective Bibliography. By Francis P. Farquhar. (Los Angeles, Glen Dawson, 1953, xi -f- 75 pp. $5.00) For all students of the Colorado River country (professional, amateur, and otherwise) here is a beautiful little annotated bibliography of the river, its basin, and the people associated with its discovery, history and development. The volume is divided into eleven topical or chronological sections with a total of 125 different items. Readers of this magazine will be particularly interested in the section devoted to Mormons on the Colorado, and also to the several volumes published by the Historical Society which are listed.

Names. Vol. I, No. 1. Edited by Erwin G. Gudde. (Published by the University of California Press for the American Name Society, 1952) The American Name Society recently published Volume I of its new periodical, Names, a journal devoted to "the dissemination of the results of study and research in the etymology, origin, meaning, and application of all classes of namesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;geographical, personal, scientific, commercial, popular." This first issue (March, 1953) contains eight full-length articles together with news notes and book reviews. Appropriately enough, the first article is

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

277

entitled "Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;The Story of a Name," by M. S. Beeler. The journal promises to be a scholarly magazine with much information for those persons interested in place names, personal names, and scientific and commercial nomenclature.

Original Contributions to Western History.

Edited by Nolie Mumey. (Denver, T h e Westerners, 1952, 579 pp. $15.00) This is the seventh volume of the Denver Westerners' Brand Book. Containing articles by such well-known authors and historians as LeRoy R. Hafen, Forbes Parkhill, Dabney Otis Collins, Caroline Bancroft, Herbert O. Brayer, Velma Linford, Agnes Wright Spring, and Nolie Mumey, the volume contains a gold mine of information on a variety of subjects.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;fur trade, ghost mining camps of Colorado, buffalo hunting, Indian battles.

The book is generously illustrated and has an excellent index, but most interesting is its unique format.

American History and American Historians. By H. Hale Bellot.

(Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1952) Artists and Illustrators of the Old West: 1850-1900. By Robert Taft. (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953) An Ascent of Mount Shasta: 1856. By A. C. Isaacs. Introduction

by Francis P. Farquhar. (Los Angeles, Glen Dawson, 1952) Biography of Hezekiah Eastman Hatch. By A. N . Sorensen.

(Salt Lake City, Hatch Family, 1952) Colonel Jack Hays: Texas Frontier Leader and California Builder.

By James Kimmins Greer. (New York, E. P. Dutton and Company, 1952) Earth Song: A Prologue to History.

By Charles L. Camp.

(Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1952) Good Morning. Young Lady. By Ardyth Kennelly.

Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953)

(Boston,

The Handbook of Texas. Edited by Walter Prescott W e b b and H. Bailey Carroll. (Austin, The Texas State Historical Association, 1952)

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

A History, Diary and Genealogy of William Henry Branch. Sr. Written and compiled by Olive Branch Millburn. (Salt Lake City, [1952]) The Hopis: Portrait of a Desert People. By Walter Collins O'Kane. (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1953) Indian Removal. By Grant Foreman. (New edition, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1953) The Indians of Los Angeles. By W . W . Robinson. (Los Angeles, Glen Dawson, 1952) Introduction to Western Birds. By Lillian Grace Paca.

Publishing Company, 1953)

(Lane

Of Medicine. Hospitals, and Doctors. By Dr. Ralph T . Richards.

(Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1953) Money Mountain. By Marshall Sprague. (Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1953) Rhyolite, Death Valley's Ghost City of Golden Dreams. By Harold and Lucille Weight. (Twentynine Palms, California, Calico Press) US 40. By George R. Stewart. (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1953) Lucius Beebe, "Virginia City," American Heritage, Spring, 1953.

Charles Clegg, "Virginia and Trukee [Railroad]," ibid.

Edwin Thompson Denig, "Of the Crow Nation," Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 151.

D. B. Shimkin, "The W i n d River Shoshone Sun Dance," ibid.

Fred W . Voget, "Current Trends in the W i n d River Shoshone Sun Dance," ibid.

S. Laird Swagert, "British Comment [on California Gold Discoveries] â&#x20AC;&#x201D; As of 1849-1851," California Historical Society Quarterly, March, 1953.

Edith O. Newby, "Life on the Desert" [Monument Valley], Desert Magazine, March, 1953.

Gustive O. Larson, " W h e r e Mormons Found a Mountain of Iron " ibid.. May, 1953.

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

279

Hazel Noble Boyack, "Historic Fort Laramie," Part I, Improvement Era, March, 1953; Conclusion, ibid., April, 1953.

Joseph Fielding Smith, "The Salt Lake Temple," ibid.

Levi Edgar Young, "The Angel Moroni and Cyrus Dallin," ibid.

Marba C. Josephson, " W h a t Did the Prophet Joseph Smith Look Like?" ibid., May, 1953.

J. C. Harrington, "Archeology and Local History," Indiana zine of History, March, 1953.

Maga-

Charles A. Anderson, "Index of American Indian Correspondence [in the library of the Presbyterian Historical Society]," Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, March, 1953.

Lincoln Barnett, "The W o r l d W e Live In: Part III. The Face of the Land," Life. April 13, 1953.

Robert H . Burns, "The Newman Ranches: Pioneer Cattle Ranches of the W e s t , " Nebraska History, March, 1953.

Marshall D. Moody, "Kit Carson, Agent to the Indians in New Mexico 1853-1861," New Mexico Historical Review, January, 1953.

Norman A. Graebner, "American Interest in California, 1845," Pacific Historical Review, February, 1953.

Harry Black, " T h e House of the Lord" [Kirtland Temple], The Saints' Herald, March 9, 1953.

Harold H . Martin, "Elder Benson's Going to Catch It," Saturday Evening Post. March 28, 1953.

H. Bailey Carroll and Milton R. Gutsch, "A Check List of Theses and Dissertations in Texas History Produced in the Department of History of the University of Texas, 1893-1951," Conclusion, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, April, 1953.

"Monument Valley: Heart of the Navajo Country," April, 1953.

Sunset,

"Apostle at W o r k " [Ezra Taft Benson], Time, April 13, 1953.

Hugh A. Bone, ed., "The 1952 Elections in the Eleven Western States," Western Political Quarterly, March, 1953.

280

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

D. R. Lane, "Down the Grand Canyon by Rail," Westways.

January, 1953.

Arthur H. Carhart, "Ride the Lazy Dinosour [river-running in the Dinosaur National Monument area], ibid., February, 1953.

Henrietta Holland, " 'The Saints' and Fort San Bernardino," ibid.

Frances E. Watkins, "Prelude to Disaster" [Donner party], ibid.

Joyce Rockwood Muench, "When the Saints Went Through the Hole in the Rock," ibid.. March, 1953.

Beulah Folkedahl, "The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Southwestern Wisconsin," Wisconsin Magazine of History, Winter, 1952-53.

HISTORICAL N O T E S During the past year high honors have been bestowed upon several members of the Historical Society's board of control. In June a year ago Mr. William R. Palmer, of Cedar City, was the recipient of an honorary doctor of philosophy degree from the Utah State Agricultural College. T w o months later the then vice-president of the society, the Monsignor Robert J. Dwyer, was consecrated Bishop of Reno in the Cathedral of the Madeleine, Salt Lake City. At the June, 1953, commencement of the University of Utah, another distinguished member of the board of control received a signal honor. A former governor of his state, poet, banker, and soldier, Charles R. Mabey received an honorary degree of doctor of laws in recognition of his distinguished service to state and country.

On the 24th of April, Dr. Joel E. Ricks, president of this society, professor of history, and chairman of the department of history of the Utah State Agricultural College, was honored at a banquet of the Faculty Association in Logan. A highlight of the evening was the lecture given by Dr. Ricks on "The Beginnings of Settlement in Cache Valley." The paper constituted the Twelfth Annual Faculty Research Lecture, and was printed by the Faculty Association of the college. A large group of faculty members and friends participated in the festivities of the evening in honor of Dr. Ricks who has completed thirty years on the staff of the Utah State Agricultural College.

The Utah State Historical Society has accumulated and published much material concerning the Colorado River and John Wesley Powell and his companions. Historians, geologists, government officials, and all who are interested in the Colorado River turn to our collections for information. Recent additions to this collection are the maps and journals of Captain Francis Marion Bishop, deposited with the society by his son, Dr. W . D. Bishop. Included in this material are six maps by Captain Bishop, the only known existing original manuscript maps of the expedition down the Colorado River in 1871, and three journals, one

282

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

covering his participation in the Civil W a r and what seems to be a trip overland in 1865. The two journals covering the period August 15, 1870 to June 3, 1872, relating to his experiences on the Colorado River, were published in Volume X V of the Utah Historical Quarterly. The society is proud to be the final repository for these valuable manuscripts.

Mr. and Mrs. George A. Emery, of South Berwick, Maine, have deposited with the society the gavel of Albion Emery, Speaker of the 31st Legislative Assembly of Utah Territory, the last session of the territorial legislature prior to Utah becoming a state. The gavel was presented to Speaker Emery on March 3, 1894, by the members of the assembly, whose names are all engraved on the gold bands around the gavel.

During the spring the society received invitations to participate in several events of historical significance. On May the 10th, the re-enactment of the driving of the Golden Spike was held at Promontory Summit, Box Elder County, Utah. Because this site is of national importance and the centennial of the event is only a few years distant, the sponsors of this annual ceremony hope to promote interest looking toward making this site a national monument in the near future. On Friday, May 15th, at the corner of Fifth South and Wasatch Boulevard, Camp 33 of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers held a dedication ceremony of a bronze memorial commemorating the establishment of Fort Douglas and its significance in the settlement of Salt Lake Valley.

An event of great significance to Utah and Mormon pioneer history was the dedication and celebration of the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Bridge on the site of the old Mormon Ferry on the Missouri River at Omaha, Nebraska. On Sunday, May the 31st, a pageant was presented which depicted the history of the area, including Winter Quarters, Council Bluffs, the mustering of the Mormon Battalion, the establishment of the Mormon Ferry at the site of the Memorial Bridge, and other events concerned with Mormon pioneer history. The formal dedication services took place Monday, June 1st, with President David O. McKay delivering the dedicatory prayer and address. Participants in the two-day celebration included the general authorities of the Latter-

HISTORICAL N O T E S

283

day Saint Church and hundreds of citizens from the Intermountain area. Participating in the pageant, the parade, and Mormon Battalion activities were several hundred members of the Sons of Utah Pioneers, who traveled to Omaha in a bus caravan visiting many historic spots on the old Mormon Trail.

The area in and around Council Bluffs and Winter Quarters has special significance in the history of the Mormon pioneers, for it was here they paused for a season between the expulsion from Nauvoo and the final settlement in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains.

Scenic Utah has been the subject of several articles in nationally-known magazines in the past months. Life magazine, April 13, 1953, featured a picture of Arches National Monument on its cover, together with other pictures and explanation of its geological formation in an article by Lincoln Barnett, entitled "The Face of the Land." The April, 1953, issue of Sunset magazine contained an article on Monument Valley, with a picture of that area featured on the cover.

An exchange arrangement recently has been made with the Quivira Society, whereby the Utah Historical Society has acquired a complete set of that organization's publications. At the present time a set of these books is valued at over three hundred dollars, so the society feels very fortunate at having obtained a complete file for the library. The volumes contain much significant material on the Southwest, The Spanish Southwest, 1542-1794, an annotated bibliography by Henry R. Wagner (Volume VII, Parts 1 and 2 ) , being one of the more valuable contributions.

Friends and members of the society continue to contribute to the growth of its library and archives. The family of Rulon S. Wells has deposited bound copies of the Contributor, Improvement Era, and other L.D.S. Church publications. Mrs. Zora S. Jarvis has furnished the society with a manuscript copy of the "Biography of Jesse Bigler Martin," and Mrs. Olive Branch Millburn has contributed a copy of A History, Diary, and Genealogy of William Henry Branch, Sr. Mr. Ray Nilson very kindly has allowed the society to type from his photostats copies of "The

284

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Martyrdom," by Dr. Thomas Barnes, the physician who administered to John Taylor after the killing of Joseph and Hyrum Smith. W e are especially grateful to Mr. Dale L. Morgan, who from time to time deposits with the society miscellaneous newspapers, articles, microfilms, and photostats of material significant to the history of Utah and the West.

Among the recent distinguished visitors to Utah and the State Historical Society was Dr. George P. Hammond, prominent writer and editor of Western history, and Director of the Bancroft Library at Berkeley, California. Dr. Hammond spent several days visiting the various institutions and libraries in Utah, and while here presented to the Historical Society an article written in memoriam to the late Herbert E. Bolton. Readers of this magazine will remember that Dr. Bolton was the author of our recent publication Pageant in the Wilderness (Volume XVIII, Utah Historical Quarterly), which is the story of Father Escalante and the first white expedition into Utah in 1776. Like his late distinguished colleague, Dr. Hammond also is interested in the Spanish and Indian cultures of the Rocky Mountains and the Southwest.

PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE VOLUMES 1-6. By many authors. Detailed list of contents sent free on request. 500 single issues. Bound in one volume, fabrikoid, $18.50.

VOLUME 7. Nos. 1-2-3, Diary of Almon Harris Thompson, paper $1.50.

No. 4; The Orderville United Order, paper, $1.00. Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 8. No. 1, Journal of Leonard E. Harrington, paper, 50tf.

Nos. 2-3-4, History of the State of Deseret, paper, $2.50. Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 9. By many authors. Nos. 1-2, paper, $2.00. Nos. 3-4, paper, $1.00. Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 10. Journal of Priddy Meeks, together with many articles relating to the history of medicine in early-day Utah. Paper, $2.75. Fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 11. Father Escalante s Journal, 1776-77, edited by Herbert S. Auerbach. OUT OF PRINT. See Volume 18.

VOLUME 12. Nos. 1-2, by many authors, paper, $1.50. Nos. 3-4, A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks, paper, $2.00, edition limited.

Nos. 1-4 combined, fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 13. The Utah War—Journal of Captain Albert Tracy. Paper, $2.00. Fabrikoid, $3.00.

VOLUME 14. Spirit of the Pioneers—Biography and Diary of Lorenzo Dow Young. Paper, $2.00. Fabrikoid, $3.00.

VOLUME 15. The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869. Paper, $2.75. Fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUMES 16-17. The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah in 1871-72. Paper, $4.00. Fabrikoid, $6.00.

VOLUME 18. Pageant in the Wilderness, journal of Father Escalante as edited by Herbert fi. Bolton. Paper, $3.75. Fabrikoid, $5.00. Deluxe red cloth edition, $5.50. Escalante maps, 50(* each.

VOLUME 19. West From Fort Bridger, the pioneering of the immigrant trails across Utah, 1846-50, by J. Roderic Korns. Paper, $3.00. Fabrikoid, $4.50.

VOLUME 20. Nos. 1-4. By many authors. 754 single issues. Bound in one volume, fabrikoid, $6.00.

Early Utah Journalism, by J. Cecil Alter. Paper, $2.50. Fabrikoid, $350.

Indexes to William Clayton's Journal; Howard Egan, Pioneering the West; Peter Gottfredson, Indian Depredations, 50<t each.

DETAILED LIST OF CONTENTS SENT FREE ON REQUEST

ESCALANTE DIARY In 1776 the government of New Spain projected an expedition to Monterey with the hope of opening a line of communication between that point and Santa Fe, New Mexico. The expedition was led by two Franciscan fathers, Silvestrje., Velez de Escalante and Atanasio Dominguez. Although they never reached California, the expedition did make a magnificent tour of the Interior Basin, including portions of Utah, Colorado, and northern Arizona, traveling in parts of the country until then unknown.

This remarkable exploration of North America is told in Volume XVIII of the Utah Historical Quarterly, published under the title Pageant in the Wilderness, the Story of the Escalante Expedition to the Interior Basin, 1776, edited by Dr. Herbert E. Bolton, scholar and historian. Dr. Bolton has given a new and accurate translation of the Escalante diary with a minimum of annotation. Each campsite has been identified in relation to present-day geographical locations, making it easy to retrace Escalante's route step-by-step. In addition to the diary itself, the volume contains a 127-page historical introduction by Dr. Bolton, and an 8-page report to the King of Spain by Miera, who acted as cartographer for the expedition. Two fine maps, one drawn by Miera in 1778, the other prepared by Dr. Bolton, add immeasurably to the value of the book. Attractively bound and well illustrated, the volume also boasts an extraordinary fullcolor frontispiece of Escalante viewing Utah Valley.

If you already have a copy of this volume in your; library* may we suggest that it makes an excellent gift for your historic-* ally-minded friends. Copies are available in three bindings! red cloth, $5.50; maroon fabrikoid, $5.00; and paper, $3,75. ,'

UTAH

STATE

S T O R I C A L

S O C I E T Y

Utah State Historical Society BOARD OF CONTROL

(Terms Expiring April 1, 1957) JUANITA BROOKS, St. George LELAND H. CREER, Salt Lake City PAUL E. SULLIVAN, Salt Lake City

JOEL E. RICKS. Logan RtlSSEL SWENSEN. Provo

(Terms Expiring April 1, 1955) C. HENRY ANDERSON, Ogden A. B. GIBSON, Pleasant Grove CHARLES R. MABEY, Bountiful

WILLIAM R. PALMER, Cedar City LEVI EDGAR YOUNG, Salt Lake City

OFFICERS 1953-55 JOEL E. RICKS, President LELAND H. CREER, Vice-President

A. R. MORTENSEN, Secretary-Editor

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE JOEL E. RICKS, Chairman LELAND H. CREER LEVI EDGAR YOUNG

, RUSSEL SWENSEN C. HENRY ANDERSON EDITORIAL BOARD

JOEL E. RICKS. Chairman LELAND H. CREER RUSSEL SWENSEN

LEVI EDGAR YOUNG C. HENRY ANDERSON

EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS The Society was.-organized essentially to collect, disseminate and preserve important material pertaining to 'the history of the stated To effect this end," contributions of manuscripts are solicited, such as old diaries, journals, letters, and other writings of the pioneers; also original manuscripts by present-day writers on any phase of early Utah history. Treasured papers or manuscripts may be printed in faithful detail in the Quarterly, without harm to them, and without permanently removing them from their possessors. Contributions for the consideration of the Editorial Board, and correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to the SecretaryjEditor, Utah State Historical Society, State Capitol, Salt Lake City 1, Utah.

The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to this publication.

MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Society is $3.00 per year. The Utah Historical Quarterly is sent free to all members. Non-members and Institutions may receive the Quarterly at $3.00 a year or 75 cents per quarter for current numbers. Life membership, $50.00. Checks should be made payable to the Utah State Historical Society and mailed fo the Secretary-Editor, State Capitol, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Entered as second-class matter at the post office at Salt Lake City, Utah.

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY A. R. MORTENSEN EDITOR

Volume XXI, Number 4 October, 1953

COPYRIGHT 1953

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 337 STATE CAPITOL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH

C O N T E N T S Mormonism in Idaho Politics, 1880-1890, by Grenville H. Gibbs

285

Miles Goodyear and the Founding of Ogden (conclusion),

by Dale L. Morgan

307

Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor, March 6, 1859.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; September 23, 1863 (conclusion), edited by A. R. Mortensen

331

Medical Notice

361

Reviews and Recent Publications Taft, Artists and Illustrators of the Old West: 1900, by John W . James, Jr Richards, Of Medicine, Claire Noall

Hospitals,

Debo, ed., The Cowman's

1850363

and Doctors, by 364

Southwest,

by A. R.

Mortensen

366

Other Publications

368

Historical Notes

375

Index

385

Utah State Historical Society State Capitolâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Salt Lake City, Utah Volume XXI

"

October, 1953

No. 4

MORMONISM IN IDAHO POLITICS, 1880-1890

BY GRENVILLE H.

GIBBS *

M

. UCH HAS BEEN WRITTEN about the political struggles between the Mormons and the non-Mormons in Utah. Those battles were fought mainly between an overwhelming majority of Mormons and an almost minute group of non-Mormon residents led by a handful of anti-Mormon officials appointed to govern the Territory of Utah. An entirely different set of circumstances existed in the Territory of Idaho. There the Mormons were in the minority at all times, but peculiar conditions made their minority position an advantageous one.

The Territory of Idaho was established by act of Congress in 1863 as a result of a series of gold and silver mining booms which began in 1860 in the Clearwater River Valley at Oro Fino and progressed southward to the Owyhee discoveries in the vicinity of Silver City. These mining booms brought many people from states of the middle South, such as Missouri, to Idaho.

They were mostly Democratic in their party preferences. Consequently the Idaho Legislative Assembly was largely dominated by the Democrats during the first twenty years of its existence as a territory.

In 1863 there was a considerable colony of Mormons in the southeastern corner of the territory. The colonizing genius of the Latter-day Saints under the leadership of Brigham Young had established permanent settlements within what was to become * Mr. Gibbs is a native of Pocatello, Idaho. He received his education in the Idaho public schools, University of Idaho (Southern Branch), University of California, Oxford University, University of Idaho, and the University of Utah. The latter institution awarded him a doctor's degree in 1952, his dissertation being "Idaho Becomes a State."

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Idaho as early as 1860. By 1877, when the great Mormon leader died, there were approximately thirty-one distinct Mormon settlements in Idaho. 1 By 1880 these settlements had extended as far west as Oakley and as far north as Rexburg. The Mormon population was highly concentrated but existed in islands. In the absence of civil courts and law officers these islands were largely self-contained with the bishop ordinarily elected as a civil officer â&#x20AC;&#x201D; frequently the county probate judge. To the Mormon it was very natural to place his church leaders in public office. When non-Mormons came into contact with the theocratic features of Mormon communities they resented the intermixture of religion and politics. They also resented the tendency of the Mormons to band together against outsiders. Even more they resented the almost terrifying attitude of certainty which the Mormons maintained in relation to the religious doctrines. T o see the Mormon declare so confidently that his was the only true religion made the non-Mormon writhe in self-righteous anger and assume a crusading spirit.

These factors had been present in the conflicts between the Mormons and their neighbors in Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and Utah. They were also present in Idaho. In addition, the position of the Mormons in Idaho was complicated by political circumstances peculiar to that territory. Non-Mormons in Idaho were rather evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans during the 1870's and 1880's. The Democrats, with a slight edge, attracted the Mormons more consistently than did the Republicans. As a result the Mormons exercised a balance of power, not unlike the balance they had maintained between the Whigs and Democrats in Illinois, which had enabled them to extract from Illinois the remarkable degree of autonomy which featured the Nauvoo period of Mormon history. In 1880 this balance was becoming rather precarious since only Bear Lake, Oneida, and Cassia counties could send Mormon delegates to the territorial legislature while the non-Mormon counties of the west and north were increasing in number and population.

1 Milton R. Hunter, Brigham Young the Colonizer (Salt Lake City, 1940), 250-67.

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The issue over which the battle was joined was the insistence of the Mormons to retain and actively defend the doctrine of plural marriage. It appears probable that some other pretext would have been discovered had this one not existed, but it provided a dramatic moral issue over which politicians could become indignant. The doctrine sprang from the announcement, on August 29, 1852, by the Apostle Orson Pratt that "Celestial Marriage" was enjoined upon the "Saints" by Divine Revelation.2 Briefly, the doctrine declared that eternal salvation was to be attained in its highest degree by the peopling of the earth with bodies which might house the spirits making the world of the living a more saintly place. Only the most faithful servants of God were to be permitted plural marriage and any man who used it as a cloak for satisfying his sensuality only made more certain his eternal damnation. The Latter-day Saints accepted the doctrine, on the whole, as a vital concept of their religious dogma.

Many devout church members accepted and defended it although they personally refused to practice it.

The Mormons had been harried from one place to another without the doctrine of plural marriage. With it they were subjected to continuous attacks aimed at their destruction as an organized religion. The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862 prescribed a fine and term of imprisonment for persons convicted of bigamy. It soon proved ineffective due to the fact that no proof of the existence of a second marriage could be had when the witnesses were sworn to absolute secrecy even to the extent of perjury. Furthermore, a wife could not testify against her husband. In a futile attempt to make convictions for polyamy possible, Congress enacted the Poland Law in 1874 in order to provide that non-Mormon juries could be drawn in polygamy trials. It soon became apparent that a jury with even a minority of Mormons would not convict a Mormon of an act which their church considered a hallowed feature of its doctrine. By 1880 it was clear that new measures would be necessary.

2 "Celestial Marriage," Journal of Discourses (26 vols., Liverpool, 185486), I, 53-66. The revelation originally had been given to Joseph Smith on July 12, 1843. See Doctrine and Covenants, Section 132; Deseret News, September 18, 1852.

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By this same time a series of political developments in Idaho had progressed to the point where the question of Mormons and Mormon polygamy began to take on significance. The antiMormon movement in Idaho appears to have begun in the local politics of Oneida County. It was in that county that Mormons and non-Mormons met on the most nearly equal terms.

T h e election campaign of 1880 in Idaho produced a number of anti-Mormon rumors and tales that foreshadowed more bitter things to come. In September, for example, the Deseret News, a newspaper widely read among the Mormons of southern Idaho and spokesman for official Latter-day Saint policy, published a rumor which it branded as only another trick of the "Malad Ring" of anti-Mormons in Oneida County. 3 The rumor asserted that a Bishop Fisher, a census enumerator, had falsified the census returns from the Blackfoot area in order to increase the population. This incident appears to have been only a crude attempt to stir up anti-Mormon feeling and thus influence the coming election. On October 6, the Oneida anti-Mormons formed an "Independent Party" convention at Malad. The convention set forth its intention to exert influence in favor of any candidate who would be independentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;apparently meaning independent of the Mormons. Its platform declared that the new party would "fight to the bitter end, by all honorable means, the efforts of any religious sect to trail a free people in the dust at the wheels of a priestly chariot." 4 This small beginning accurately forecast both the aims and the techniques of the later organized anti-Mormon movement which had greater success.

The issue of domination by the Latter-day Saint Church in political matters was made more explicit a few weeks later when the News reported that a Boise City newspaper of Republican leanings (probably the Boise City Republican) had spread the charge that Mormon delegates to the Idaho Democratic Territorial Convention had been ordered to support a candidate not to their personal liking because of instructions from George Q. Cannon in Salt Lake City. 5 Along with the moral indignation against 3 Deseret News. September 15, 1880. *6 Blackfoot (Idaho) Register. October 9, 1880.

Deseret News. October 20, 1880.

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polygamy, this issue of church interference in politics was to be used persistently to belabor the Mormons.

The Idaho legislature met December 13 and heard Governor John B. Neil request, for the first time in the territory's history, that legislation be enacted to enable Idaho to do under its own laws what it could not do under the Federal Anti-Bigamy Law. The governor proposed that law enforcement officers be permitted to arrest and to obtain convictions against persons who advocated or preached the doctrine of plural marriage. This law was to include the provision that evidence of cohabitation (actually living together) could be accepted as proof of a polygamous marriage. 6 The year 1880 was a pivotal year for still another reason.

The man who was to apply an innate skill in the manipulation of men and political forces to the issue of Mormon influence in Idaho politics arrived in the territory. That man was Frederick Thomas Dubois, a twenty-nine year old Indianan, fresh from Yale College and with important family connections with the Harrisons of Indiana and with Shelby M. Cullom the governor of Illinois. Fred Dubois came to Idaho with his brother Jesse who had an appointment as physician at the Indian Agency at Fort Hall. He arrived with no money and, according to his own word, no political ambitions. However, he had antecedents deeply rooted in politics. His father had been a friend to Abraham Lincoln, a public official of considerable importance in Illinois, and one of the founders of the Republican Party. 7 During 1880 and 1881 he worked at odd jobs at the Fort Hall Agency until he saw an opportunity to obtain the appointment as United States Marshal for Idaho. He had no difficulty in getting the appointment and soon began using the duties of his office, as well as its privileges, to build an anti-Mormon organization.

By the time 1882 had rolled around the anti-Mormon forces were beginning to draw together into a tightly organized machine.

Dubois very easily became the manipulator of that machine. At about the time he became marshal. Congress put into his hands 6 Biennial Message of John B. Neil, Governor of Idaho, to the Eleventh Session of the Legislature of Idaho Territory.

7 Autobiography of Frederick T. Dubois, 1-8, MS in the Idaho Historical Society.

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the tools with which to harry the Mormons and build up an antiMormon prejudice which would enable him to destroy their political strength in Idaho. The Edmunds Act became law on March 23, 1882.8 It provided two major weapons for use against the Mormons. The first of these was the authority to convict persons on a charge of illegal cohabitation, making it unnecessary to prove in court the existence of a polygamous marriage. The second weapon was the disqualification of all persons who lived in a state of polygamy or unlawful cohabitation from exercising the rights of voting, holding office, or serving on juries in trials for polygamy or unlawful cohabitation. As will soon become apparent, even these restrictions were not enough to bring about the submission of the Mormons, but they enabled lawenforcement officials such as Dubois to arrest vastly greater numbers of Mormons and to obtain frequent convictions. Subsequently, instead of having to convince a partly Mormon jury of the criminality of an act which the Mormons thought sanctified, the prosecutor could obtain an all-gentile jury which was already convinced that plural marriage was a crime and that most Mormons were guilty. Dubois himself said that the Edmunds Law made it possible to destroy polygamy because convictions could be had on the most limited kind of evidence. He related that his job required only that he obtain evidence that a man living in a certain town was known to visit the home of a certain woman in the same town who bore the same last name as his own, was known to permit her to charge groceries to his account, or that the woman could not prove the parentage of her children. The all-gentile juries would accept this sort of evidence and grant a conviction.9 However, it remained for the political rather than the legal activities of the Dubois faction to be the effective force in taking away from the Mormons their influence in Idaho affairs. Despite Dubois' claim just referred to, and despite the fact that he did bring about many more convictions of Mormons than his predecessor had done, there was no probability that he would have been able to force the Mormons to give up plural marriage or to 8 9

Statutes of the United States, 47 Cong., 1 sess., Ch. 47.

Dubois, op. cit., 18-25.

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detach them from their affiliation with the Democratic Party by means of the Edmunds Law alone. It soon became apparent that his objective was more complex than the mere destruction of polygamy as a moral evil. His real aim, apparently, was to reduce the Democratic Party to a minority position in the territory in order that he, a Republican, might become a power in Idaho affairs and that Idaho might become a state under Republican sponsorship and Republican control. That these were his true aims is demonstrated by remarks made by Dubois in his reminiscenses. He persistently maintains therein that he did not act out of hatred for the Mormons, but out of opposition to the united behavior of the Mormons and what he contended was hatred for the dictated behavior formulated by the leaders of that church and forced upon the members by religious compulsion. He declared outright that: Those of us who understood the situation were not nearly so much opposed to polygamy as we were to the political domination of the Church. W e realized, however, that we could not make those who did not come actually in contact with it, understand what this political domination meant. W e made use of polygamy in consequence as our great weapon of offense and to gain recruits to our standard. There was a universal detestation of polygamy, and inasmuch as the Mormons openly defended it we were given a very effective weapon with which to attack. 10 The election of 1882 was the beginning of the turning of the tide in the struggle to deny the Mormons political influence in Idaho. After that election the anti-Mormon campaign gained momentum under the guidance of Marshal Dubois until the climax was reached two years later. It was not possible to prevent the Mormons from voting in the 1882 election, despite the provisions of the Edmunds Law. This was because the law made no provision for the disfranchisement of any but convicted polygamists. Relatively speaking, only a small number of Mormons could be kept away from the polls. A county such as Bear Lake, with almost an exclusively Mormon population, could send Mormons to the legislature unless all Mormons were â&#x201E;˘lbid., 29.

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disfranchised. Total disfranchisement, therefore, became the objective of the anti-Mormon movement.

The period between the elections of 1882 and 1884 was one in which political forces were being realigned preparatory to the climax. Marshal Dubois chased "polygs" and "cohabs" strenuously and used his office and his duty of providing witnesses and jurors for trials to spread propaganda and enlist support for the anti-Mormon cause. He was allowed fees and expense accounts for the witnesses, and he managed to pad his accounts enough to give any potential anti-Mormon some sort of profit or advantage to gain his loyalty. 11 The poorly organized antiMormon "Independent Party" of 1880 did not survive. As the election of 1884 approached the organizing genius of Dubois laid the groundwork for a new party which would not only survive but would move into the Republican Party organization and take control. The group of men who joined the marshal in the movement was composed of such influential figures as H. O. Harkness, a wealthy rancher from the Portneuf River Valley, H. M. Bennett, a prominent merchant from Oxford, and William E. Wheeler, publisher of the Blackfoot Register. A key figure in the organization was the obscure but clever lawyer H. W . Smith who had left the Democratic Party because he felt it was submitting to Mormon domination. He became a sort of political "hatchetman" and lieutenant to Dubois and has been variously described as an accomplished constitutional lawyer, a gunman, and early-day ward heeler. However, the Republican Party gave little support to the anti-Mormon group until the 1884 election demonstrated its vigor and strength.

As a result of that hectic election the anti-Mormon cause gained enough strength in the legislature to usurp the position of balance previously held by the Mormons. To gain such a victory in that election it was necessary to resort to various kinds of trickery. Dubois and Smith (called "Kentucky" Smith) were skilled in such tactics. They formed a party organization at Malad City on October 15, 1884, calling it the "Anti-Mormon Party of Oneida County." They nominated a group of anti11

Ibid.. 29-32.

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Mormon candidates, declared opposition to the Mormon candidates picked by the Democratic Party at Oxford earlier, heard Dubois utter a tirade against the Mormon "incubus which is slowly but surely settling down upon us," heard John Taylor (President of the Mormon Church) roundly abused, and approved an attack on the Mormon officials of Oneida County for extravagance and abuse of local public funds.12 This last portion of the attack seems to have been a bit of window-dressing designed to prepare the way for an attempt to divide Oneida County. In such a way a new county would be created having an anti-Mormon majority which would send anti-Mormons to the legislature and add to the Dubois strength there. The plan was successful and Bingham County was created by the legislature that met after the election.13 The new county became the center of the anti-Mormon fight in later years.

Split by an anti-Mormon defection at the pre-election territorial convention, the Democrats were somewhat weakened in their attempt to get John Hailey, a long-time politician and ex-delegate to Congress, elected as Idaho's delegate to Washington. But they were successful since the Republican candidate, incumbent T. F. Singiser, was more seriously weakened by his poor record during the previous two-year term he had served in Congress.

For the first time in Idaho elections the anti-Mormon crusade employed widespread election frauds. While charges of election irregularities came from both sides, the accusations levied against the Dubois organization in Oneida County appear to have had sufficient strength to be at least partly credible. The aftermath of the election left the impression that the Anti-Mormon Party had been willing to go to considerable extremes to make certain that its candidates were elected in Oneida County. That party had made no attempt to win Bear Lake County, apparently realizing the impossibility of doing so. In Oneida County the two forces were evenly enough matched that the Mormons could be defeated if the proper tactics were used. According to the persistent accusations, the ballot boxes in non-Mormon precincts such as Eagle Rock, Camas, Pocatello, and Blackfoot were stuffed 12 13

Salt Lake City Daily Tribune. October 18, 1884.

Dubois, op. cit., 75.

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extensively. As a result the Board of County Commissioners, acting as a Board of Canvassers, threw out, under authority of existing laws, large numbers of the votes in those precincts.

The commissioners were predominantly Mormons and claimed that the rejections were due to the fact that more votes had been cast in those precincts than there had been registered voters, The anti-Mormons claimed the votes had been thrown out in such a way as to assure victory to the Mormon candidates. The dispute raged in the newspaper and was soon taken to the courts.14 The Dubois supporters got an injunction from Judge John T. Morgan, of the United States District Court, ordering a recanvass of the vote in Oneida County. The commissioners then refused to comply with the order, contending that the Board of Canvassers had gone out of existence. They went into hiding so that the writ could not be served on them. The anti-Mormons then turned to Governor William N. Bunn, a man of violent antiMormon tendencies already, and got a promise of the appointment of a new Board of Canvassers. The commissioners promptly came out of hiding and made ready to comply with the court order, but the Dubois men seem to have taken a more direct method of gaining their ends. The Mormons alleged that on the night of November 26, William B. Thews, auditor and recorder for Oneida County, while working late in his office, was accosted by a gang of anti-Mormon office seekers including Harkness, Smith, and Bennett, who forced him at the point of a gun to make out a set of certificates of election for all the candidates of their party. The anti-Mormon account of the incident denied the use of force. Mr. Thews was sleeping over his desk when the party paid him a visit so one of them climbed through a transom, unlocked the door, and let the rest in. The conversation was completely peaceful, and the recorder made out the certificates under no compulsion other than the obvious fact that a truthful count of the votes entitled the anti-Mormon party candidates to office.

As a result of this squabble two seats of delegates to the territorial legislature appeared in Boise City in December and claimed 14 For the Mormon version of the dispute see the Deseret News, October 29 to December 17, 1884. For the anti-Mormon story see the Salt Lake Daily Tribune for the same period.

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seats. The anti-Mormon wing of the Democratic Party joined with the Republicans in the legislature and seated the Anti-Mormon Party men from Onedia Countyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;including "Kentucky" Smith who had been a candidate for a seat in the council.

Despite the counterattack by the few Mormons remaining in the legislature and their small group of friends, by which a series of resolutions were introduced seeking investigations of the election in Oneida County, the anti-Mormons were not unseated. 15 The Idaho legislature proceeded to organize itself on an antiMormon basis With Dubois' friends in key positions. "Kentucky" Smith, for example, held the vital post of Chairman of the Judiciary Committee which passed upon all of the anti-Mormon legislation subsequently introduced. The first and most important step toward the destruction of Mormon political power in Idaho was to disfranchise the Mormonsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;not just polygamous Mormons but all Mormons. T o accomplish this Smith brought forward a bill more extreme by far than the Edmunds Law. It amended the election laws of the territory to provide that no person convicted of bigamy or polygamy; no person who taught, advised, counseled, or encouraged any other person to commit the crimes of bigamy or polygamy or plural or celestial marriage; or no person who was a member of an organization which taught those crimes as a rite or ceremony should be allowed to vote at any election or hold any official position of trust or profit under the territory. T o provide the machinery for enforcement the bill included what became known as the Idaho Test Oath. It provided that any qualified voter could challenge the right of any person offering to vote and such person was then required to subscribe to the oath included in the act. The oath was as follows: You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you are a male citizen of the United States, over the age of twenty-one years; that you have actually resided in this Territory for four months last past and in this county for thirty days; that you are not a bigamist or polygamist; that you are not a member of any order, organization or association which teaches, advises, counsels or en15 Journal of the House of Representatives Assembly of the Territory of Idaho, 29-54.

of the Thirteenth

Legislative

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courages its members, devotees or any other persons to commit the crimes of bigamy, polygamy or any other crime as defined by law as a duty arising or resulting from membership in such order, organization or association, or which practices bigamy, polygamy or plural or celestial marriage, as a doctrinal rite of such organization. That you do not, either publicly or privately, or in any manner whatever teach, advise, counsel or encourage any person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy or any other crime defined by law as a religious duty or otherwise. That you regard the constitution of the United States, and the laws thereof, and of this Territory as interpreted by the courts, as the supreme law of the land, the teachings of any order, organization or association to the contrary notwithstanding, and that you have not previously voted at this election. So help you God. 16 The Test Oath Act, as it was called, was passed and became law by February 3, 1885. That date provided the dramatic climax of the bitter struggle. The political decision was made. The Mormons could no longer remain in the fight politically. They had recourse to the courts in order to test the constitutionality of their disfranchisement, but until such a decision could be had they could not vote or hold office in Idaho, unless they chose to resort to force. Being a people who respected authority and the law, they do not seem to have contemplated extralegal action of any kind. Unless they abandoned their religion no Mormons would be allowed to vote in the election of 1886. Such a development would remove all Mormons from the next legislature and even from local offices in communities where every resident was a Mormon. The gentiles could then govern at will and inflict any restrictions upon their opponents that they thought could be justified under the Constitution and laws of the United States. More important, so far as the Dubois faction was concerned, was the fact that Idaho could be brought into the Union, not only with the Mormons removed from political power, but with the Dubois men in the saddle. For without the Mormons the Democrats were not numerous enough to elect a majority in the legislature, to control a constitutional convention, or to 16

General Laws of the Territory of Idaho, Thirteenth Session.

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elect state officials once admission to the Union were attained.

It is for these reasons, then, that February 3, 1885 is taken as the climactic date in the battle over Mormonism in Idaho politics.

Although the period after February, 1885 was in the nature of an anti-climax in Idaho politics, there were two developments in regard to Mormonism which must be traced. First there was the problem which faced the anti-Mormons of holding the line politically and making certain that the Mormons did not vote.

Second there was the battle to be fought through the judiciary of Idaho and of the United States. It was not to be expected that the Mormons would press the first line of attack strenuously, but the judicial struggle was to see them exert great effort in their own defense.

Dubois' campaign to keep the Mormons submissive received a strong reinforcement in April, 1885. The United States Supreme Court, in the case of Clawson v. the United States, ruled that the exclusion of Mormons from juries in trials for polygamy and unlawful cohabitation was proper because a Mormon would possess an inherent bias. Also upheld, in the same decision, was the practice of procuring a panel of jurors by the open venire system, whereby the marshal could select persons for jury duty among the citizenry without any specified method. 17 Dubois had been using both techniques in his drive against Mormon polygamists.

The court decision cleared him of charges of using unconstitutional tactics. His increased Mormon-hunting appears to have been designed to keep the Mormons on the defensive so that they would not be likely to make an effort to vote at the 1886 election in defiance of the Test Oath Law. His fervor as a Mormonhunter is exemplified by the story he tells of an incident of the winter of 1885. A group of his deputies was dispatched to Paris to arrest certain Mormons who were thought to be living in polygamy. They were sent across the high mountains from Oxford in the dead of winter, through deep snow, and arrived in the early dawn. Some seven or eight arrests were made and convictions were obtained in all cases. The efficient Mormon espionage system made such extreme measures necessary if the "Clawson v. the United States, 114 U.S. 477.

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wanted men were to be caught at home before they could be warned and could go into hiding.18 The hopelessness of the Mormon plight was illustrated by the incident in which Dubois remarked that his juries "would convict Jesus Christ." The marshal was called before Judge Morgan, but was able to explain that he had only meant that no person who practiced polygamy would escape conviction, even though it were Jesus Christ himself, and the judge accepted his explanation. The fact that a Democratic administration headed

by Grover Cleveland had come into office in the national government led the Mormons to hope for a respite. But, although Judge Morgan was removed from office and a Democrat, James B. Hayes, replaced him, and Edward A. Stevenson, a Democrat, became Governor of Idaho, no letup in the prosecution of Mormons followed. By the spring of 1886 some relief appeared to be in sight, since Dubois saw that his tenure as a Republican marshal under a Democratic administration was limited. He prepared to launch himself as a candidate for the office of delegate in Congress. It was his effort to achieve election to that office which became the feature of the 1886 election campaign.

At Malad City on August 16, 1886, the Anti-Mormon Party registered a unanimous testimonial for Dubois. A strongly instructed delegation was sent from Oneida County to the Republican Territorial Convention set to begin on September 8 at Hailey. It was their effort which was largely responsible for putting Dubois across as the choice of the Republican Party for the delegate nomination.19 The Democrats chose John Hailey, who had a reputation as a friend of the Mormons, to oppose Dubois. However, there were enough anti-Mormons among the Democrats by this time to make it necessary for Hailey to take a strong stand against the Mormons, to make a pretense of refusing the nomination unless the Mormon delegates to the convention were unseated, and to have an anti-Mormon statement written into the party platform.20 The campaign was a violent one, insofar as language was concerned. Notarized statements attest18 19

Dubois, op. cit, 86-88.

Deseret News, September 1, 1886.

2° Salt Lake City Daily Tribune. September 10, 11, 12, 1886.

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ing to Dubois' immorality and dereliction of duty were published in Democratic newspapers, and personal abuse of every kind was heaped upon Hailey by Republican papers. Dubois won by a narrow margin. No election frauds of any consequence appear to have been committed. Dubois attributed his victory to the hatred of Mormonism and its doctrine of polygamy. 21 It would seem to be more accurate to say that his victory was due to the fact that no Mormons were allowed to vote.

Anti-Mormon activity in Idaho subsided steadily after the departure of Dubois for Congress. In March, 1887, Congress passed the Edmunds-Tucker Law in order to strengthen the anti-Mormon campaign in Utah. 22 Its effect in Idaho was not particularly noticeable. Dubois, from his seat in the House of Representatives, took several opportunities to keep up his antiMormon crusade. In February, 1888, for example, when a bill was before Congress to admit Utah to statehood, he launched a tirade against the Mormons which rivaled in ferocity his campaign speeches of 1886. He said that the people of Utah so hated American institutions that once they had attained statehood they would violate their solemn pledges, reassert the dominion of their church over the state government, and extend protection to polygamy. 23 But his chief interest rapidly shifted to the promotion of Idaho's admission to the Union. The issue of Mormonism and Mormon polygamy was raised again during the election of 1888, but only mildly. Dubois was re-elected to his seat in Congress with very little difficulty and took his re-election as a vote of confidence. He therefore undertook a concentrated campaign among members of Congress to line up support for an Idaho admission bill.

The second phase of the Mormon question, after 1885, was more important and received more public attention. There were three important judical challenges to the Idaho Test Oath Law. In general they followed one or another, or both, of two arguments. The most often employed contention put forth by the Mormons was that the law violated the First Amendment to the 21 Boise City 22 Statutes of 23

Republican. December 4, 1886. the United States. 49 Cong., 2 sess., Ch. 397.

Utah Pamphlets, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 72-78.

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United States Constitution because it attempted to force the members of the Latter-day Saint Church to abandon a doctrine which they maintained was a religious belief. This law, they felt, was an attempt to prohibit the free exercise of religion and was in direct conflict with the Constitution. In addition, there were several instances in which the Mormons put forth the contention that the Idaho law was a legislative punishment attached to persons who were members of the Latter-day Saint Church and was therefore a bill of attainder, which the Constitution also specifically prohibited.

The first of the three challenges to the Test Oath Law arose from the election of 1886. Two citizens of Bear Lake County, James B. Innis and William Hayward, sued the registrar of elections of Paris Precinct, Robert Bolton, for damages suffered because they were deprived of the right to vote. Their argument was limited to the issue of religious freedom. They contended that to withdraw the right to vote from all persons who were members of an organization that advocated plural marriage as a doctrinal rite prescribed for its members was clearly an attempt to prescribe religious belief, and therefore unconstitutional. Richard Z. Johnson, the attorney for Innis and Hayward, asserted that the oath was designed to reach beyond those who practiced polygamy and to touch those who only believed but did not commit the overt act. He cited the Reynolds Case which declared specifically that no overt act could be exempted from the criminal law under the pretense that it was a required religious rite, but that, conversely, no mere belief could be proscribed by Congress, or by a legislature. 24 He then applied the argument to the case at hand by saying: That is a wretched guarantee of religious liberty which, while it protects us in our individual opinion, withdraws that protection the moment we associate ourselves with our co-religionists and join an association that teaches our beliefs.25 ÂŤReynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878).

25 Argument of Richard Z. Johnson in the case of Hayward v. Bolton et. at. before the Supreme Court of Idaho Territory, February 10, 1888, in Utah Pamphlets, Vol. 30, No. 3, p. 23, available at the University of Utah.

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The decision in the Innis Case, with the Hayward decision joined to it, was handed down from the Idaho Supreme Court on March 6, 1888.26 In the decision, Justice Case Broderick, speaking for the court, seems to have been chiefly concerned with finding a justification for an adverse ruling. He sidestepped the issue of religious freedom entirely by saying that the intention of the Idaho legislature had not been to restrict the free exercise of religion, but to withdraw the right of suffrage from those who attempted to overthrow a sound public policy by illegal methods.

Disfranchisement was a proper tool, according to this line of reasoning, by which a government might preserve itself from threats of destruction. The reasoning involved in such an argument is strongly reminiscent of more modern decisions in which it has been declared that a small loss of personal liberty is justifiable when a greater gain to society as a whole is at stake.27 The second challenge to the Test Oath Law came a year later, in July, 1889, when the Idaho Supreme Court again upheld that lawâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;this time in the case of Wooley v.

Watkins.2i This was the only one of the Idaho Test Oath cases in which the Mormons used both the religious freedom argument and the bill of attainder argument. The facts of the case were largely the same as the Innis and Hayward Cases, arising from the refusal of registration officials to permit Mormons to be registered to vote. In disposing of the religious freedom argument, Chief Justice H. W . Weir repeated much of the argument of Justice Broderick in the earlier case, and then added that the Test Oath Law had been intended as a means of branding certain acts as criminal and applying restrictions to persons who, by the act of becoming members of an organization advocating those acts, became partners in crime themselves. This sort of argument, shaky though it may seem, was a tower of strength compared to the answer put forth by the chief justice to the argument that the Test Oath Law was a legislative punishment and therefore prohibited by Article I, Sections 9 and 10 of the United States Constitution, in which bills of attainder were prohibited.

26 2 Idaho Reports (1888), 407. ÂŤ See especially Buck v. Bell 274 U.S. 200 (1927).

28 2 Idaho Reports (1889), 555.

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A standard dictionary definition of a bill of attainder reads as follows: A legislative act, directed against a designated person pronouncing him guilty of an alleged crime, (usually treason) without trial or conviction according to the recognized rules of procedure, and passing sentence of death and attainder upon him.

If an act inflicts a milder degree of punishment than death it is called a "bill of pains and penalties", but both are included in the prohibition in the Federal Constitution. 29 Without going deeply into the general subject of bills of attainder, 30 it seems pertinent to say here that the courts of the United States, prior to 1880, had quite clearly established the principle that a law which presumes the guilt of a person and implies his disloyalty because he will not take an oath attesting his loyalty did, in fact, judge that person guilty with no judicial hearing and was a bill of attainder, and so unconstitutional. 31 Applied to the Idaho Test Oath Law, this principle was employed as an important part of the argument of the council for Mr. Wooley in defending the Mormon right to retain the doctrine of plural marriage. It was contended that the disfranchisement of persons for past conduct or relations, and the requirement that they take an expurgatory oath prior to voting or holding office, was a bill of attainder. 32 The Idaho Law specifically said that any person who could not or would not take such an expurgatory oath, declaring that he was not a member of an organization which advocated plural marriage, should not vote. Yet Chief Justice Weir, in writing the decision, made no mention whatever of the bill of attainder issue. Had he chosen to meet the argument he could have cited several decisions which had upheld test oaths. 33 But he would then have been 29 30

Black's Law Dictionary, 162.

Excellent treatises on this subject are F. D. Wormuth, "Legislative Disqualifications as Bills of Attainder,' Vanderbuilt Law Review, April, 1951; and Gerald J. Norville, "Bill of Attainder . . . ," Oregon Law Review, XXVI (1946-47).

31 Cummings v. Missouri, 71 U.S. 356 (1867).

32 2 Idaho Reports (1889), 555.

33 B/a/r v. Ridgely, 41 Missouri 63 (1867), and Anderson v. Baker, 23 Maryland 531 (1865).

MORMONISM IN IDAHO POLITICS, 1880-1890

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forced to overlook or explain away the conflicting cases, one of which was a decision of the United States Supreme Court, in which test oaths had been invalidated. 34 He chose the easier course and disregarded both the argument of council and the preponderance of judicial precedents.

After the Innis and Hayward decisions and the Wooley decision, there was very little more to be expected in regard to the Test Oath Law except a ruling by the United States Supreme Court. In Davis v. Beason the United States Supreme Court was asked to free Samuel D. Davis from his arrest for subscribing to the Test Oath when he was, in fact, a member of the Mormon Church. Mr. Justice Stephen J. Field wrote the decision denying the writ asked for on the grounds that since the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had been officially declared to have been teaching plural marriage by the decision in the judgment dissolving the Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a person arrested for violating the Test Oath Law of Idaho was properly held. His opinion was based entirely on the religious freedom argument, with no reference being made to the bill of attainder question. He answered the contention that the doctrine of plural marriage was a religious principle, and therefore under the protection of the First Amendment, by declaring that: (1) bigamy and polygamy were crimes under the laws of the United States, and properly so since they tend to destroy the purity of the marriage relation, to destroy the peace of families, to degrade women and debase men; (2) to call the advocacy of such crimes a tenet of religion is to "offend the common sense of mankind;" (3) the First Amendment was designed to protect man's ideas as to his relationship toward his Creator, not to protect acts "inimical to the peace, good order and morals of society." From this peculiar line of rather unjudicial argument Field proceeded to the much-used declarations that all religious doctrines were subject to the criminal laws of the country, and that the Idaho law had been passed as a restriction upon the suffrage and, therefore, there was no constitutional objection to ^Cummings v. Missouri, 71 U.S. 356 (1867); Murphy and Glover Test Oath Cases, 41 Missouri 339 (1867); Green v. Shumway, 39 New York 418 (1868).

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it.35 He seems to have neglected to distinguish between the acceptable rule that an overt act which conflicted with a criminal law could not claim exemption on the ground that it was a prescribed religious practice, and the ruling that a mere belief could not be penalized. Either he had not read, or he deliberately ignored, Reynolds v. U.S. The justice appears to have decided that a religious congregation is not competent to determine what is and what is not a suitable tenet of religious doctrine. Furthermore, he appears to have been willing to declare that the field of religious dogma could not include a belief in a marriage relation at variance with his own. This leads one to assume that he would have allowed only the justices of the United States Supreme Court to determine finally what religious beliefs are, and which ones are false and which are true. Certainly the framers of the United States Constitution did not have such a development in mind when they agreed to a clause prohibiting the establishment of a religion and laws preventing the free exercise thereof.

One of the enigmas of this whole incident of religious repression is the question of why the Mormon attorneys did not make better use of the bill of attainder issue. Only once did they present it seriously in challenging the Idaho Test Oath Law. It was not employed in Davis v. Beason. It seems plausible that the United States Supreme Court might have been more inclined to consider it than was the Supreme Court of Idaho Territory.

Yet it was not presented. The reasons may never be known, but certainly would provide a tantalizing subject for further inquiry.

By the time the Davis decision was known, in January, 1890, the leaders of opinion in Idaho had organized a Constitutional Convention which framed a constitution containing the same penalties against Mormons that were in the Test Oath Law.36 Dubois took the decision as a national voice telling the Mormons that they should have no part in Idaho political affairs so long â&#x201E;˘ Davis v. Beason. 133 U.S. 333 (1890).

3a Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Convention of Idaho, 127-46, 1026-60.

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as they remained loyal to a church which retained the doctrine of plural marriage. 37 The Idaho Admission Bill was under consideration in the committees of Congress during January, February, and March of 1890. Opposition to passage of the bill was quite vigorous on the part of Idaho Mormons. They contended that a constitution which denied a large number of citizens the right to vote because of their religious convictions was a departure from the libertyloving tradition of American experience. 38 Their cause was hopeless, however, and Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890 as the forty-third state. During the same year the Latterday Saint Church issued the famous "Manifesto" in which the revelation directing the practice of plural marriage was superseded by another one withdrawing the doctine. Eventually the Mormons were re-enfranchised by the Idaho legislature. But the Idaho state constitution was never altered to remove the two provisions striking at the practice of polygamy by denying any person who belongs to any organization advocating such a marriage relation the right to vote, and the protection of the bill of rights contained in that constitution. 39 If one were to point out the "moral" of this story, one would be forced to realize that here was an instance in which the guaranteed rights of a minority were violated by a majority, and, although the particular instance had no disastrous results, it can be clearly seen that it was a definite threat to the integrity of the American constitutional guarantees. W e cannot afford, in the more violent conditions of the twentieth century, to allow a constitutional guarantee to be trampled on in a similar fashion lest the trampling lead to a more widespread violation. A small leak in the dike of constitutional protection may well erode into an irreparable break.

37 Dubois to editor, N e w York Daily Tribune, December 26, 1889, from Dubois Scrapbook N o . 1, p. 33, in Idaho State College Historical Museum.

38 Senate Hearings in the Committee on Territories concerning the proposed Constitution of Idaho, in Utah Pamphlets, Vol. 76, N o . 17, available at the University of Utah, and Arguments of Hon. J. M. Wilson, Hon. A. B. Carleton and Bishop William Budge, in opposition to the Proposed State of Idaho, before the House of Representatives Committee on Territories, ibid.

39 Constitution of the State of Idaho, Article I, Clause 4, and Article VI, Clause 3.

MILES GOODYEAR A N D T H E F O U N D I N G O F OGDEN

BY D A L E L. MORGAN

II

IT

WAS PROBABLY sometime in September, 1846, that Miles Goodyear reached the site of Ogden and began building his Fort Buenaventura. By late fall the new post must have been sufficiently completed that the red-headed mountain man felt justified in leaving Captain Wells to finish the job. Leaving his Ute wife, his children, his flocks and herds, and some of his Indian retainers in the Captain's care, Goodyear set out for southern California, hoping to find a market for the considerable stock of dressed deer and elk skins he had acquired in trade with the Indians.

Of that journey southward, down through Utah to the Virgin River, southwest across the Vegas and Mojave deserts, and on over the San Bernardino Mountains to Los Angeles, no information has yet appeared. On arrival, however, Goodyear got back into the record. A campaign down through California had brought Fremont's California Battalion to Los Angeles on January 14, 1847, sorely in need of new clothing and footgear. Edwin Bryant, a member of the battalion, picks up Goodyear's story at this point, and incidentally confirms the recency of the founding of Fort Buenaventura: "A Rocky Mountain trapper and trader (Mr. Goodyear), who had established himself near the Salt Lake since I passed there last year, fortunately arrived at Los Angeles [about this time], bringing with him a quantity of dressed deer and elk skins, which were purchased for the nearly naked soldiers." 1 Records of Goodyear's transactions with Fremont's command have been preserved in the archives of the General Accounting Office in Washingtonâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and the original of voucher 137 provides the only specimen of Miles Goodyear's signature yet found, superimposed on the picture of the Goodyear cabin which appeared in 1

Edwin Bryant, What 1 Saw in California (New York, 1848), 413.

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the July issue of the Quarterly. The accounts of the California Battalion got badly confused, Goodyear's among the rest, and the wonder is that any of the claims were ever approved by Congress, It would appear that on February 1, 1847, Jacob R. Snyder, Quartermaster for the Battalion, purchased $40 worth of deer skins, and on the same day bought another $662.50 worth. On February 15 Snyder handed over yet another .voucher for $1,185.50 in payment for tobacco and skins, these three claims respectively numbered 68, 136, and 137. Later in Washington it was decided that the second claim was included in the third.

Actually paid out to the claimants was a total of $1,225.50.2 The papers Snyder handed over in exchange for Goodyear's skins, as O. A. Kennedy dryly remarks, chiefly exhibited Snyder's conviction "that the government could or would or should pay,"8 and Goodyear doubtless made haste to sell his claimsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;at a healthy discount, we can be sure, but for enough to provide him with a little capital.

Goodyear was not born a Yankee for nothing. He forthwith put his capital to work. Horses in California were plentiful and cheap. Since 1840 mountain men and Utes had periodically raided the southern California ranchos, making a nuisance of themselves 2 For the final reports on the California claims, see 34th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 63 (Serial 821), and 34th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 109 (Serial 825). The original documents are in the General Accounting Office files, now being transferred to the National Archives; when I examined the files in the possession of the G. A. O., the designation for the file which included the Goodyear claims was: "Fremont Calif. Batt. Claims, 3rd Auditor, Box 35."

The Jacob Rink Snyder Papers, in the library of the Society of California Pioneers at San Francisco, include an account book kept by Snyder from Nov. 7, 1846, to April 15, 1847, with the following notations: Feb. 15, 1847 15 Miles Goodyear do do 1 $900.00 325.50 These two debits add up to $1225.50, which was the sum finally paid the Goodyear claimants, but to reconcile the Snyder Papers with the claims in the government archives, it would have to be supposed that the voucher for $900 was made up of two separate vouchers of $600 and $300. The extra voucher for $40 has to be accounted for by a further atomization of the figures in the Snyder account book.

3 O. A. Kennedy, "New Light on Ogden's First Citizen," Ogden StandardExaminer, July 12, 1925, pp. 7-8.

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without profiting greatly from their larcenies, for in fear of pursuit the southern deserts had to be crossed so hastily that many of the stolen animals left their bones to whiten under the sun.

If you were not a bankrupt to begin with, the better policy was to buy your horses and move along the trails at a pace befitting an honest man. This Goodyear proceeded to do. The exact number of horses he bought is not known, several hundred, perhaps.

Late spring was not a good season to trail livestock across the southern deserts, and Goodyear chose to return to Utah by another route than he had traveled outbound; he took his horses up through California to Sutter's Fort with the intention of going east by the well-beaten Humboldt trail. John A. Sutter's post diary mentions his arrival on May 22, 1847, though Sutter's Swiss ear did not get Goodyear's name quite right; on May 22, among various men who had just come up from below, Sutter includes "Myers (who is going with a band of horses to the big salt lake, his new established trading post)." 4 Goodyear was not the first to cross the Sierra Nevada this spring, Sam Brannan and several others having preceded him up into the snow, but early in June he launched upon his journey, accompanied by John Craig of Ray County, Mo., one (Samuel?)

Truitt or Truete of Shelby County, 111., and two other California immigrants. To help him with his horse herd, the mountain man had along three Indians or half-breeds, who perhaps had gone with him to California the previous fall.

A letter describing the journey, by John Craig, has recently been discovered. Craig says that the party set out on "the 2th of June," and five days later crossed the dividing ridge of the Sierra, having had to travel about 35 miles over snow varying from 5 to 20 feet in depth, and riding over numerous mountain streams "on arches of Snow whilst we could hear the water roaring and dashing under our feet." From the head of the Humboldt the little company adopted the new Hastings Cutoff in preference to the long way around by Fort Hall. The route they chose involved crossing the Salt Desert, an experience concerning 4

John A. Sutter, New Helvetia Diary (San Francisco, 1939), 45.

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which Craig wrote graphically: " W e traveled over a vast Sandy and Salt plane a distenc of at least Seventy five miles without either grass or water and lost four head of horses that perished for want of water. W e was 22 hours constantly traveling before we got to water And when we did come at a Spring the great Salt Lake lay off in full view having a number of high rocky barren Islands all through it. But close arand the lake between the beach and high mountains that Serand it is considerable of rich land with abundanc of good spring water and ocasionally Salt Springs.

But even here the county is nearly destitute of timber Onely here and thair a patch of willow and cotten wood on the Streams and a little ceeder and pine on the mountain arand. And the fourth and fifth of July I seen these mountains white in places with snow close arand the lake." 5 Craig does not mention what was certainly the most striking occurrence of the journey. Somewhere along the trail, probably on the Truckee River where the Indians were in a bad mood all year, they had a brush with the red men, one of Goodyear's men being killed and he himself slightly injured.6 Craig also has nothing to say of Fort Buenaventura, but it is reasonable to suppose that Goodyear looked in on his fort to assure himself of the safety of his family and his possessions. He may well have reached there about July 3, 1847, pausing for several days before heading up the Weber River toward Fort Bridger.

During the spring of 1847, while Miles Goodyear was bringing his horses up through California, then east across the Sierra Nevada and on up the Humboldt, reports about him were a source of disquiet to the westward-moving Mormon Pioneers. Brigham Young had left Winter Quarters in April to find a new home B Charles Kelly, "Gold Seekers on the Hastings Cutoff," Utah Historical Quarterly, XX (January, 1952), 4-5. Craig's intention of returning east was announced in the California Star, April 10, 1847. The New Helvetia Diary, on the same day it made the notation concerning the arrival of "Myers," recorded: "Mr. Craig left here for his journey to the U.S." 6 See Andrew Goodyear to William Goodyear, Fort Laramie, Oct. 18, 1847, printed in Grace Goodyear Kirkman, Genealogy of the Goodyear Family (San Francisco, 1899), 198-99; reprinted in Charles Kelly and Maurice L. Howe, Miles Goodyear (Salt Lake City, 1937), 78-80. Andrew had the information by hearsay, from returning Mormons, but said that Miles "got back from California about the middle of last July, and on his way had a fight with the Indians, in which he had one man killed and himself slightly wounded."

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for a people who had been driven about the Mid-West for thirteen years. No part of the W e s t seemed so promising at a distance as the eastern reaches of the Great Basin.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;possibly the Bear River Valley, often and favorably mentioned as a desert oasis by overland travelers, but more probably the valleys rimming the Great Salt Lake itself. W h a t Young wanted above all was to settle his people in a country where they would be the first settlers. The Saints had been harried from Missouri and Illinois by enemies who justified every outrage on the grounds that as "Old Settlers" they had the final right of yea and nay.

This time the Saints must be the first-comers, theirs the right to say, "Get out!" 7 It was with mixed feelings, therefore, that as the Mormon Pioneers approached the Upper Crossing of the Platte on June 10, 1847, they learned from a party of mountain men just come from Pueblo that a man was now "living and making a farm in the Bear River valley." 8 If it was encouraging to hear that the farming potentialities of the Great Salt Lake country were being put to the test, it was unsettling that someone should be before them.

Eighteen days later, when the Pioneers encountered Jim Bridger, eastbound to Fort Laramie, they halted to question him about the region for which they were headed. Bridger had an unequalled knowledge of the West, and the interview was both exciting and bewildering. But stuck like a burr in the middle of it was the mysterious stranger: There was a man, Bridger told the Mormons, who had already opened a farm in the Bear River Valley. 9 7

Dale L. Morgan, The Great Salt Lake (Indianapolis, 1947), 176-88.

William Clayton's Journal (Salt Lake City, 1921), 229. This news had spread through the mountains with amazing speed. The Englishman, George Ruxton, who had come north out of Mexico in the fall of 1846, wrote on reaching Greenhorn Creek near present Crow, Colorado, about January 11, 1847: "The depreciation in the value of beaver skins has thrown the great body of the trappers out of employment, and there is a general tendency amongst the mountain men to settle in the fruitful valleys of the Rocky Mountains. Already the plough has turned up the soil within sight of Pike's Peak, and a hardy pioneer, and Englishman [Ruxton had Capt. Wells in mind], has led the way to the Great Salt Lake, where a settlement of mountaineers has even now been formed, three thousand miles from the frontier of the United States." LeRoy R. Hafen, ed., Ruxton of the Rockies (Norman, 1950), 209-10.

9 Clayton, op. cit., 275.

8

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The man himself put in an unexpected appearance on July 10, two days after the Pioneers passed Fort Bridger. Having brought their wagons down the stony western slopes of the Bear River Divide to an encampment on Sulphur Creek, some of the Saints went out to inspect the environs of the camp, and one of them, Orson Pratt, "discovered a smoke some two miles from our encampment, which I expected arose from some small Indian encampment. I informed some of our men and they immediately went to discover who they were; they found them to be a small party from the Bay of St. Francisco, on their way home to the States. They were accompanied by Mr. Miles Goodyear, a mountaineer, as far as this point." 10 George A. Smith, one of those who rode over to inquire into the smoke, says that the wispy column rising from the river bottoms led him to the little camp of "Miles Goodyear, two other men and a Mr. Craig and Truitt, and two others direct from California by Hastings' Route . . . . Goodyear and men are for Fort Bridger, Craig & men for the states. They call this point on Bear River halfway from San Francisco to St. Joseph, Mo."11 Goodyear turned out to be a red-headed fellow rather slight as to frame, but lithe and active, possessed of the penetrating eye that was the hallmark of the mountain man, yet amiable of disposition and winning of manner. Mounting his horse, he accompanied the Mormon scouts back to their camp.

After their experiences of the last few years, which had included the murder of their prophet, the Saints were hard to convince about the disinterested motives of any man. William Clay10 Journal of Orson Pratt, Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star, XII (June 1, 1850), 163-64.

11 George A. Smith, MS Journal, July 10, 1847, in L.D.S. Church Historian's Office. This journal was kept for Smith by Albert Carrington, who at the time was also keeping a journal for Amasa Lyman, a typed transcript of which is in the library of the Utah State Historical Society. The Lyman journal says: "Miles Goodyear & 2 men & a Mr. Craig of Ray County Mo. & a Mr. Truete of Shelby County 111. 6 2 other men, camped 1 ^ miles from us on Bear River, from California, Goodyear & his men for Bridger, the other 4 for the States—this point was considered by Craig to be about ^ way from San Francisco to St. Joseph, Mo. by the lower route & Ft. Bridger—on the lower or Hasting's route a drive of 75 miles over a salt plain without water Craig & Company lost 5 horses on it—"

M I L E S GOODYEAR AND THE FOUNDING OF OGDEN

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ton, for one, looked upon Goodyear with a cold eye, and wrote in his diary that this was "the man who is making a farm in the Bear River Valley. He says it is yet seventy-five miles to his place, although we are now within two miles of Bear River. His report of the valley is more favorable than some we have heard but we have an idea he is anxious to have us make a road to his place through selfish motives." 12 The rank and file of the Mormon camp were more inclined to take the red-headed mountain man at face value. At this point, just east of the crossing of Bear River, 8 miles southeast of present Evanston, Wyoming, there was a perplexing fork in the road; the California immigrants of 1846 who had pioneered a wagon road into the valley of the Great Salt Lake, had here experimented with two different routes, and the Saints were not aware that the two came back together a few miles farther on.13 On the morning of July 11, 1847, the neighborly Goodyear took several of the Saints, including Porter Rockwell and J. C. Little, over the road he thought to be the better of the two. 14 The point is worth mentioning, for it has been misunderstood and has wrongly colored recent writing about the beginnings of Ogden.

It has been said that Goodyear was trying to persuade the Saints to take the road down Weber Canyon to its mouth, in preference to going up over the Big Mountain divide, and down to Salt Lake Valley, the implication being that if the Saints had emerged from the Wasatch farther north, Ogden rather than Salt Lake City might have become the Mormon world capital. In reality the choice was between two roads which came back together again near Cache Cave, just across the Echo Canyon divide from Bear River. The route Goodyear recommended was the more northerly of the two, and William Clayton relates the sequel: "After dark, a meeting was called to decide which of the two roads we shall take from here. It was voted to take the right hand or northern road, but the private feelings of all the twelve [apostles] were 12 18

Clayton, op. cit, 289.

See J. Roderic Korns, "West from Fort Bridger," Utah Historical Quarterly, XIX (1951), 196.

14 Clayton, op. cit, 290; Howard Egan, Pioneering the West (Salt Lake City, 1917), 94.

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that the other would be better. But such matters are left to the choice of the camp so that none may have room to murmer at the twelve hereafter." 16 In this instance the judgment of the camp was vindicated by history, for the route Miles Goodyear had recommended and which the Saints voted to follow was the shortest and easiest, becoming the traveled road for all who took the "Mormon Trail" in later years. Goodyear was entirely indifferent as to which road the Mormons traveled and did not wait to be informed what their choice might be. Having learned that the overland immigration was earlier this year than usual, he said farewell to the four men with whom he had journeyed from Sutter's and took his horse herd down the Bear River to intercept the immigration where the Oregon Trail reached that river.16 He may have drifted slowly east along that trail, trading his fresh stock for worn, until he reached the vicinity of Fort Bridger, and it appears that he did not return to his fort on the Weber until the season for immigration was over.

Meanwhile the Saints were establishing themselves in Salt Lake Valley. By July 28 they had definitely fixed upon the site of Salt Lake City as their gathering place, but they had a large curiosity about the surrounding region, and particularly about the country north where a farm of some kind had been started.

John Brown writes that on August 9 he "started north with a little exploring company; also in company with Capt. Jas. Brown and others who were on their way to California. At Weber River We found the fort of Mr. Goodyear, which consisted of some log buildings and corrals stockaded in with pickets. This man had a herd of cattle, horses and goats. He had a small garden of vegetables, also a few stalks of corn, and, although it had been 15

Clayton, op. cit, 290.

Pratt writes on July 10, "Mr. Goodyear learning from us that the Oregon emigration was earlier than usual, and that they, instead of coming by way of Bridger's had taken a more northern route [the Greenwood or Sublette Cutoff], concluded to go down Bear River, and intersect them for the purpose of trade." And on July 11: "Mr. Craig and three others proceeded on their journey for the States. Mr. Goodyear and two Indians went down Bear River." L.D.S. Millennial Star. XII (June 1, 1850), 164.

16

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neglected, it looked well, which proved to us that with proper cultivation it would do well." 17 The state of the Goodyear garden was a matter of the greatest interest to the Mormon Pioneers, and it is hardly surprising that their journals should be full of information about it. One of the diaries reports that the garden included corn in tassel which had been planted June 9, that beans were ripe, carrots a foot long, cabbages, radishes, etc., looking fine (and for good measure, the sheep in need of a shearing). 18 Another journal records that the American corn was shoulder high and the Spanish corn tasseling out;19 yet another notes that the garden was some 15 yards square.20 All this was the work of Captain Wells, of whom it is unfortunate that so little is known, for he was Utah's first white agriculturist, and the buckets of water he poured upon his garden made him the first white man in Utah to practice irrigation. 21 But after this month of August, 1847, Wells disappears into oblivion. On August 20 Henry G. Sherwood, who had combined a tour of investigation to Cache Valley with a little Indian trading, returned to the infant Great Salt Lake City bringing with him, so Howard Egan tells us, "a man by the name of Wells, who has lived some years in New Mexico among the Spaniards. I understand the brethren have given him the privilege of choosing a city lot, if he wishes to dwell here." 22 This generous offer Captain Wells did not accept. W h y not, and why and when he departed Goodyear's post forever, as also what became of him at last, history has yet to learn.

A letter written early in the fall by Andrew Goodyear, who was coming W e s t in search of his brother, and who sought news of him from every traveler encountered along the way, says that 17 18 19 20

Autobiography of Pioneer John Brown (Salt Lake City, 1941), 81.

L.D.S. Journal History, August 15, 1847.

Egan, op. cit, 122.

Journal of George A. Smith, quoted in L.D.S. Journal History, August 15, 1847.

21 In a discourse at Wellsville, Utah, on June 7, 1860, Brigham Young remarked: "A man named Wells, living with Miles Goodyear, where now is Ogden City, [in 1847] had a few beans growing, and carried water from the river in a pail to irrigate them." Journal of Discourses (26 vols., Liverpool, 1854-86), VIII, 288.

22 Egan, op. cit. 125.

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Miles had paid a visit to the burgeoning Mormon city on August 25, the day before Brigham Young embarked upon his return journey to Winter Quarters, and that at this time he was in good health, in possession of a large number of horses and cattle, and intending to revisit California in the fall.23 None of the Mormon journals, so far as known, mentions Miles Goodyear's presence in Great Salt Lake City on August 25. It is just possible that the date is mistaken, and Howard Egan's diary entry for August 19 describes the occasion in saying, "A party of Mountaineers (consisting of four white men and two squaws) arrived in the,valley this afternoon from Fort Bridger.

Their ostensible reason for coming here was 'to see how we get along,' as they expressed themselves; but undoubtedly the real object of their visit was to trade with Indians. They were encamped this evening about a mile below here on the bottoms."24 One of these mountain men was Jim Baker, who in association with Goodyear was on his way south to trade with the Utes on the headwaters of the Sevier.25 That Goodyear accompanied him to the Sevier country is not known for a certainty, but it is said that "in September, 1847, he camped with the pioneers at Salt Lake, being on his way home from a trading trip to the San Pete valley Indians, and that according to the account of Joseph Wood of Trenton, he bought from one of the Mormon emigrants the first house cat brought to Utah, paying $10 for it."26 Good neighbor though Goodyear had shown himself to be, the Saints wanted no neighbors at all if they were also "Old Settlers." Before Brigham Young left for Winter Quarters, he 23 Kirkman, op. cit, 198-99; Kelly and Howe, op. cit, 79; Historical Record, IX (June, 1890), 107.

2 *Egan, op. cit, 124.

26 On May 19, 1897, Baker wrote the Utah Pioneer Jubilee Committee: " . . . I went there [Salt Lake Valley] . . . with Miles Goodyear as partner in the Indian trade in the year 1847. The Mormons came into the country the same summer, along in July. Miles Goodyear sold his things, horses, cattle and grant to Captain Brown. We had our heaquarters on Weaver's Fork.

In 1848 when I and Miles divided up on the Sevier, Miles and Andy Goodyear went to California and I went through by Salt Lake Qty and Weaver's Fork to Fort Bridger." For the full text of Baker's letter see L.D.S. Millennial Star, LIX, June 24, 1897, reprinted in J. Cecil Alter, Utah: The Storied Domain (3 vols., Chicago, 1932), I, 44, 46.

26 Kennedy, loc. cit.

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recommended that an effort be made to buy the Goodyear claim, and on November 9, 1847, the High Council in Salt Lake Valley addressed itself to this problem. The minutes of that council record: "Henry G. Sherwood reported Pres. Brigham Young's council to him about buying out Goodyear and the property situation and so forth; terms $2000 dollars cash down. Ira Eldridge, Daniel Spencer and Henry G. Sherwood were appointed a committee to see if the means could be raised to buy out Mr. Goodyear." 27 Some urgency attended this action, for developments during October had shown that Goodyear's post had dangerous potentialities. Certain of the Saints who reached Salt Lake Valley in the early fall had taken their discontented way north to Goodyear's place, and it was entirely within the realm of possibility that Fort Buenaventura would become a haven for every apostate spirit, a seedbed for mobs and civil war. The High Council had met that situation by sending a marshal and posse north to bring the runaways back. Though the strayed Saints returned, making the heavens to resound over the "bondage" into which they had delivered themselves, it was clearly the part of wisdom to act on Brigham Young's counsel and buy Goodyear out.28 Rounding up the means was not easy; on November 11 the High Council's committee reported that the money was not to be found.29 Five days later, however, Captain James Brown rode in from California by way of the Hastings Cutoff with $5,000 in gold, the back pay of the Battalion he had been sent to collect.30 By coincidence, on this very same day Miles Goodyear and his brother Andrew rode into town to deliver letters that had been entrusted to Andrew for delivery when he encountered the returning Pioneers near Ash Hollow on October 6.31 "L.D.S. Journal History, November 9, 1847. The MS compilation is in the L.D.S. Church Historian's Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

28 WPA Historical Records Survey, A History of Ogden (Ogden, 1940), 16-17.29 L.D.S. Journal History, November 11, 1847.

30 John Smith, et al to Brigham Young, March 6, 1848, quoted in L.D.S. Journal History of this date; Kelly, "Gold Seekers on the Hastings Cutoff," 7-8. 31 Utah Historical Quarterly. X (1942), 102, quoting the journal of Patty Sessions, Nov. 16, 1847: "Goodyear and Brother came here today." Andrew

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The High Council met again on November 20, "on account of Capt. Brown's return from California." The authorities sanctioned the Captain's claim for a 10 per cent commission on the $5,000 in reimbursement of the expense and trouble he had been at to collect the Battalion boys' pay, and then decided "that Henry G. Sherwood and Capt. Brown should purchase the Goodyear place and property if it could be obtained on fair terms." 32 The mountain man was not adverse to selling, and on November 25, 1847, the deal was concluded, Goodyear disposing of his claim, improvements, and stock for $1,950, while reserving to himself his peltry and most of his horses. 33 In January, 1848, Captain Brown's sons Alexander and Jesse rode north to look after the property, and the Captain himself, with other settlers, followed in March. 34 For two years Fort Buenaventura was generally known as Brownsville, but from January, 1850, its name was Ogden.

Mormon sources shed no light on Goodyear's reasons for selling out, but this information is furnished by Andrew Goodyear, in the letter he wrote from Pueblo de los Angeles. Andrew's journey west, in the fall of 1847, had been in company with the celebrated mountain man, Joseph Reddeford Walker, who chose to winter on Henry's Fork of the Green. "I left him on Green River, on the 8th of November," Andrew wrote his brother William, "and arrived at Miles' fort on the 13th of the same month. I found him at home, but he did not know me, supposing us strangers from the Mormon camp, to which place I inquired the way. He answered that it was forty miles from his fort, but that I had lost my way and that I must stop with him for the night.

I soon made myself known to him, and we spent most of the night in talking of days gone by, and friends at home. I think I should have known him anywhere, as his voice was familiar, and by his Goodyear to William Goodyear, April 4, 1848, Kirkman, op. cit.. 200:

Historical Record, loc. cit.

32 L.D.S. Journal History, November 20, 1847.

33 Kirkman, op. cit. 200; John Smith to Brigham Young, as cited in Note 30.

34 John L. Smith to George A. Smith, January 12, 1848; John Smith, et al., to Brigham Young, March 6, 1848, quoted in L. D. S. Journal History for these dates.

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red hair hanging down on his shoulders. He had about half an acre enclosed with pickets, and a log house in each corner; also corrals adjoining for his horses, cattle, sheep and goats, and a good supply of goods and peltries on hand. There was plenty of timber around him, and land fit for cultivation, but as the Mormons had settled forty miles below him he thought neighbors were getting too near. After staying at the fort two days, we went down to the Mormon camp where we found about three thousand people living in adobe houses, log houses, wagons and tents . . . .

On the 25th of November Miles sold out his place and stock, reserving his peltry and horses." 35 Following this transaction, the two Goodyears traveled over to Henrys Fork to recover Andrew's cached luggage, returned to Fort Buenaventura, and on December 22 set out for southern California. They spent Christmas in Great Salt Lake City, but on December 28 headed south, their party swelled to a total of ten by a few Saints who could not be reconciled to the Mormon situation in the mountains. 36 They traveled down to the Sevier River, then up it to where Jim Baker was trading with the Utesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; or as Andrew put it, "where Miles had a man trading for him with the Indians." The horses were permitted to recruit for 10 days, after which, on January 14, 1848, the brothers Goodyear resumed their journey, reaching the Williams Rancho at Chino, California, on February 10.37 Trading in horses was something Miles Goodyear liked and did well, and he immediately set about buying another such herd as he had purchased in 1847. By now he was thoroughly familiar with the southern route, and prepared to risk driving a large herd of horses over the Mojave and Vegas deserts. So on April 23, 1848, a detachment of the 1st United States Dragoons stationed in Cajon Pass to see that no stolen animals passed eastward experienced a break in the monotony of their duty. As Lieut.

George Stoneman, the officer in command of the detail, reported on "April 31," "on the 23rd an American by the name of Goodyear arrived, with 231 animals & A menâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the animals I inspected and 35 36 37

Kirkman, op. cit., 200.

Ibid.; and see also L. D. S. Journal History, December 26, 28, 1847.

Ibid., 200-02.

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by my authority, gave him a passport—to pass out . . . . I took from the American one mare—not legally vented . . . ."S8 With these horses Goodyear made a truly extraordinary journey, one that stands out in all the annals of horse trading, for he drove them all the way to the States, and then back again to California. From a remark he made to a newspaper a year later, it would seem that he reached the valley of the Great Salt Lake in June. He was evidently in no rush to move on to the Oregon Trail, for as late as August 8, 1848, Ursulia B. Hascall wrote her sister from Great Salt Lake City, "There is a fur trader from Connecticut that is acquainted with Francis friends and he leaves this place for his native state in Sept. I shall write by him."39 This could only be a reference to Goodyear, but he did not wait until September to continue his journey. Late in August Oliver B. Huntington, westbound for the Mormon gathering place in the mountains, overtook Heber C. Kimball's company of immigrating Saints near South Pass, and says that he "found Goodger, a mountaineer quartering close to the camp with his large drove of horses, with which he was going to the States for market. He had lain about Brigham's camp several days, probably to let his horses recruit, and when with us he thought himself pretty secure from Indian encroachments. This Goodger had lived for many years in the same valley we were then going to.

Had many cattle horses mules goats and some land improved, all which, one of the brethren had bought, so that G—• had no home left there of any consequence. He had been so long among the Indians, that he had nearly become one also." 40 One last allusion is Allen Taylor's, enroute back to Winter Quarters, who on September 6, 1848, wrote Brigham Young from the Upper Ford of the Platte, "Mr. Goodyear is with us and keeps his horses in our yard at night." 41 38 John Adams Hussey, "The New Mexico-California Caravan of 18471848," New Mexico Historical Review, XVIII (January, 1943), 14-15.

39 Hascall MSS, Utah State Historical Society library; these are typed transcripts presented to the Society by Mr. C. Corwith Wagner of St. Louis, who owns the originals. The Francis referred to, her son-in-law, was Francis Pomeroy.

40 Oliver B. Huntington, Diary, vol. 2, p. 40, typed transcript in Utah State41Historical Society library.

L. D. S. Journal History, September 6, 1848.

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Taylor's letter was written from the vicinity of present Casper, Wyoming. Goodyear probably remained in company with him only as far as Fort Kearny, which had been established earlier in the year near the head of Grand Island; from Fort Kearny he took a southern branch of the immigrant trail, which brought him to St. Joseph in October. There he spent the winter, pasturing his horses on the rich Missouri River bottoms, and there he heard the sensational first reports of the discovery of gold in California.

Through January and February there was a mighty stirring in the United States in the wake of the news from the California diggings, and early it became manifest that 1849 would see a tremendous migration overland to California. The various towns along the frontier began to advertise their advantages as outfitting points for immigrants, St. Joseph among the rest, and Miles Goodyear figures in some of the advertising. On February 2, 1849, the St. Joseph Adventure commented that "last summer, Gen. [S. W . ] Kearny, Commodore [R. F.] Stockton, Maj. [Moses or "Black"] Harris and Mr. Goodyear from California and Maj. Meeks [Joseph L. Meek] from Oregon came to this place direct, it being the best and nearest route." And again on February 23: "That the route from St. Joseph is the nearest and best, is evident from the fact that Com. Stockton (having in his employ as pilot Maj. Harris, a gentleman well acquainted with all the different routes) came direct from California to St. Joseph.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;From the fact that Gen. Kearny, returning from California, came within a short distance of St. Joseph before he turned off for Fort Leavenworth. â&#x20AC;&#x201D;From the fact that Mr. Meek, Dr. Derby, Maj. Harris and Mr. Goodyear (having travelled the route) recommend it as such, and from the fact, that the Mormon settlement at the Salt Lake have adopted it in crossing the plains, and have made St. Joseph their place of trade in Missouri."

Late in March Miles visited St. Louis, and an interview with him was printed in the Missouri Republican, March 30, 1849: "MR. MILES M. G O O D Y E A R , a Rocky Mountain trader and traveler, arrived in this city yesterday, from St. Joseph. He says that the people along the whole line of our frontier, are making preparations for an early start across the Plains. Mr.

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G O O D Y E A R has traversed all the different routes to California, and is familiar with the several roads. He reached the Rocky Mountains in June last, remained there until the last of August, when he returned to the States by the South Pass, arriving in October last. He intends starting, we learn, as soon as the weather and grass will permit, for the Rocky Mountains and California, by the way of Fort Kearny, which he thinks the best and most practicable route."

It is singular that Miles should have driven his horses all the way from southern California to the Missouri River, but the Mormons in the valley of the Great Salt Lake were too poor to provide much of a market, and he was too late to trade with the immigrants of 1848 along the California-Oregon trail. It is much more curious that instead of disposing of his horses to the immigrants gathering on the frontier, Miles undertook to drive them back across the continent. He may have reasoned that prices would be better farther along the trail or in the gold fields than in Missouri, where he had to compete with every farmer for 50 miles around. The upshot was, however, that he made an unprecedented 4,000 mile journey from California to the Missouri River and back.

When Goodyear left St. Joseph is not known, but by May 17 he had reached Fort Kearny. From that point he wrote a communication to the Missouri Republican. Letters by Goodyear are few, and this one has been unknown: F O R T KEARNY, O N T H E P L A T T E , May 17th, 1849, A good many of the adventurers and navigators have arrived at this point, on their way to the "happy land." About three hundred wagons have passed; the foremost train about ten days ago. They are said to be go ahead boys from St. Louis; but I am in hopes of being in hailing distance of them by the time they cross the Rocky mountains. There is every variety of conveyance^â&#x20AC;&#x201D;'ox, mule, and horse trains, foot travelers, &c.

There is one of the latter ,who says he has seen the suns of sixty winters; with his rifle on his shoulder, and a

M I L E S GOODYEAR AND T H E FOUNDING OF OGDEN

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faithful dog by his side, he has trudged upon foot from the forests of the Kennebec—where he had a golden vision of the land of California, where he expects to arrive. He says, he thinks he can go there upon twentyfive meals. I have authorized him to draw upon me for half the amount, whenever he feels hungry. His principal object appears to be to obtain a dowry for a favorite daughter, and thereby enable her to marry an editor, lawyer, or salesman; and by their assistance, he still hopes to be a great man.

There will, doubtless, be much suffering on the route this summer; but it will be more owing to the people themselves than the difficulties which they have to encounter. Persons who are not able to walk fifteen or sixteen miles a day, are but poorly fitted to obtain a livelihood by digging in the gold mines of California.

There can be grazing obtained for a large number of animals, by diverging from the main route, in places where the country will admit of it. There will be an abundance of grass for all the trains as far as Fort Laramie, after which, there will be a scarcity in places until they reach their destination. After leaving the South Pass, there are three different routes—one by Fort Hall, one by the South side of the Great Salt Lake [the Hastings Cutoff], and the other upon the North. The latter was laid out last fall by a train of thirty wagons upon their return from California to the mountain settlements.42 The country through which it passes furnishes the best grazing. Teams or persons belated, by deviating a little from the beaten track, will find valleys where they can winter themselves and stock, if they have their provisions along with them; if not, they can live upon their cattle, instead of losing them and themselves, amidst barren wastes or the snows of the Sierra Nevada.

Yesterday we fell in with a party of eighteen Cheyenne and Sioux warriors—the bold robbers of the prairie—armed with guns, bows, shields, and spears.

Their appearance, no doubt, made many a "green un" tremble with fear. They were on the war path for the 42 This is one of the earliest references in print to the Salt Lake Cutoff north of Great Salt Lake, and it is remarkable that Goodyear should have known anything about it, in view of the fact that the party which took the first wagons over the route did not reach Great Salt Lake City until September 28, 1848. See Korns, op. cit. 248-68.

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Pawnees, the scalps of two of whom they had dangling along at their saddle bows.

Respectfully,

&c,

M. M. G. (A resident of the Prairie and Mountains, but now bound for the Sierra Nevada's snowy fountains.) 43 In two weeks from the time he wrote this letter, Miles had reached Fort Laramie, for Lorenzo D. Young, eastbound with a company of Mormon missionaries, encountered him there on June 1; as Young wrote in his diary, "This day arrived at Fort John found Mr. Goodger here, wrote back home by him. Met Timothy Goodell here also. The people are perfectly frantic for the gold mines, the greatest destruction of property that ever was witnessed." Miles had made good time without yet having moved out in front of the immigration, for before reaching Fort Laramie, on May 28, Young had written in his diary, ". . . came on to Deer Creek and camped for the night. This day commenced meeting emigrants for the mines." 44 Goodyear is not again heard from until after he reached the valley of the Great Salt Lake. W h e n next we pick him up, it 43 St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 6, 1849. After Goodyear set out for the West, a correspondent of the Republican signing himself "B." published in the June 7, 1849, issue of that paper a communication arguing the advantages of the southern route to California for a railroad. This ends as follows: "The writer of this has conversed with Capt. Goodyear, who has been fifteen years in the Rocky mountains, and has traveled back and forth, from the Salt Lake to the Bay of San Francisco and also from the Salt Lake, to Saint Joseph, who is of the opinion that a Railroad can never be made from the South pass to San Francisco through California via the Salt Lake. Mr. Antonio Roubidoux of Saint Joseph, a Santa Fe trader, is also of the same opinion; they say it must go south, that it is impossible to construct a Railroad over the California mountains, from the eastern rim, to the great Sierra Nevada, and over the intermediate mountains. A glance at the map is enough to satisfy any unprejudiced mind of the superior advantages of the southern route."

This contention reads curiously in view of the fact that the one time Fort Buenaventura has benefitted very largely from its strategic situation astride the ultimately-built Pacific Railroad.

44 Robert J. Dwyer, ed., "Diary of Lorenzo Dow Young," Utah Historical Quarterly. XIV (1946), 169.

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is in the overland narrative of William Kelly. Kelly traveled by way of Great Salt Lake City, and though his dates are confused, it can be established that he arrived there on Friday, June 22 and left on Monday, June 25. On the night of the 26th he reached Goodyear's old establishmentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and the red-headed dealer in horses was on hand when Kelly arrived. So much on hand was he that Kelly took him for the proprietor. As Kelly tells the story: " W e formed our camp at the end of a large marsh, close to the residence of Mr. Goodyear, a wealthy Mormon, who has an extensive breeding station there for stock of every description, amongst which he had the largest flock of goats I ever saw. His house, offices, stables, 6 c , 6 c , formed a large square of handsome and substantial log-buildings, and had every requisite and convenience for such an establishment, which is the last in the line of the northern establishment. He was preparing to drive a large caballada of horses and mules for the California market, with which he intended travelling himself in ten or twelve days; could he have started at an earlier period I would have been disposed to await his company, but we expected by that time to be at the source of Humboldt River." 45 Goodyear's last visit to his old post on the Weber was remembered by an 1848 Ogden pioneer whose recollections were preserved by O. A. Kennedy: "we . . . hear of him as arriving at Ogden as the guide of a party of eastern gold seekers bound for California, according to the story of the late Wells Chase of Ogden; . . . he participated in a grand celebration of July A, 1849, this time at Fort Buenaventura, prior to departing for the coast.

Wells Chase said it was a real, a wonderful celebration and that it lasted about three days, and that several from the people at the fort joined Goodyear's party, among them being Dr. Vaughan, who is mentioned as a member of the first gold-diggers on the Yuba." 46 45 William Kelly, An Excursion to California, ofer the Prairie, Rocky Mountains, and Great Sierra Nevada (2 vols., London, 1851), I, 240.

46 Kennedy, loc. cit. Mr. Kennedy also quotes a statement made to himself by Mr. Chase in Ogden on Feb. 25, 1917: "I came to Ogden in 1848.

Was then 18 years old. I saw Miles Goodyear only once. He came through from the states with a party of people going to California and he stopped

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The date of Miles's departure is not known, but the Missouri Republican of September 26, 1849, picked up this notice of his arrival in California: The New York Express, by yesterday's mail, furnishes us with additional news from the emigrating parties by way of the Plains.

Capt. Goodyear's party had arrived out in 67 traveling days from St. Joseph, on the Missouri River. It was believed that the wagon trains would suffer severely. A small party had also arrived via the Salt Lakes, and these represent the Mormon settlements in a most flourishing condition, with the prospect of a glorious harvest in every branch of agriculture save Corn. The Mormons are very kind to the emigrants who pass through their domain. Needy emigrants are furnished without reward with provisions and fresh cattle, accompanied with the hospitalities of the good Samaritan.

The party which came in by way of the Salt Lakes state that not ten wagons of the whole caravan will ever cross the mountains. Full one-half of the whole number are abandoned already, and the animals used to pack in provisions sufficient to sustain life. For one hundred miles after the Salt Lake party reached Mary's River, not a spear of grass could be found to sustain the cattle, and thousands perished before reaching the Sink.

Few or none of the emigrants had died from want of food, but their sufferings from want of water had been intense. In many places on the desert parties were compelled to bury themselves in sand up to their necks and await the return of their friends who were off in search of water. But none have died, and most of the parties, after abandoning everything but provisions, would reach Sacramento city.

Capt. Goodyear's party (by the Missouri route) thinks that the first Wagon train will enter the valley of the Sacramento by the 15th of July.

The implication of this last paragraph is that Goodyear had reached the Sacramento Valley before July 15, 1849, but if so, this was an incredibly expeditious journey. There are other over at the fort. I remember him as being not a very big man, with red hair and sandy complexion and a full beard. Rather a fine looking man, weighing about 140 pounds, but wiry and active."

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odd features to this report; for example, how does it happen that Goodyear's party is distinguished from one that came "by way of the Salt Lakes"? And it is stated that he had reached California "in 67 traveling days from St. Joseph," whereas a letter from Andrew to William Goodyear, written from Sacramento December 2, 1849, says that they, or at any rate Andrew himself, crossed the plains "in fifty-four days, the quickest time I know."47 William Kelly again encountered Miles after the arrival of both in California, but his notation is not especially helpful; he says merely that on his return to camp one day.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;this apparently at Weber's Diggingsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"I found Mr. Goodyear's caballada, together with a Pack-mule train, had arrived, the latter in a wretched state, and reporting, even at that early date, great sufferings on Humboldt River." 48 With Goodyear's further adventures in California we are not concerned, nor did he have much longer to live. W i t h his brother Andrew, Dr. Vaughan, and a Mr. Morrison, he made a rich strike on the North Fork of the Yuba River, a site 4 miles below Downieville still known as Goodyear's Bar. But finally there was no luck for him in California. Andrew wrote home on December 2, 1849: I have to announce to you at this time the sad news of our dearly beloved brother, Miles, who died November the 12th, at half past 6 in the morning, on the headwaters of the Yuba, in the Sierra Nevada mountains.

47 Kirkman, op. cit., 194. The tradition preserved in the Goodyear family was that Miles's party reached the Sacramento Valley in 1849 "ten to fifteen days in advance of any other train." Ibid., 193. This is not entirely borne out in the contemporary newspaper reports, and William G. Johnston, whose party it is claimed was the first wagon train to reach California in 1849, credits the party of one Captain Paul as being in advance of all others.

See Johnston's Overland to California (Oakland, 1948), passim; and compare Korns, op. cit, 265-66.

For whatever bearing it has on the above, the Missouri Republican of September 24, 1849, quotes a letter written from Sacramento on July 24 which says, "Emigrants from Missouri, over the mountains, are now arriving daily.

The first party of packers has been here five or six days, and report four wagons in Pleasant Valley, about 100 miles above, and five or six thousand wagons on the way and not far behind."

48 William Kelly, op. cit, vol. II, 22. Kelly likewise claimed to have got to California ahead of all others, but a critical study of his journey west of the Mormon settlements does not validate this claim.

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He left this place with a pack train about a month ago, expecting to be back in a few weeks; but two of his Indians were taken sick, which threw the burden of the labor upon him. This, with the great exposure, brought on a fever, he got the assistance of some miners near to remove him to another camp of his, some six miles down the river, where one of his Indians died soon after he arrived. He was unable to travel further, but sent an express down the river for a physician. W h e n he left here I was in the mines some fifty miles away.

W h e n I returned I found he had gone above. I started up also and when within seventy miles of his camp I learned that he was ill. I left my pack animals with my Indians and joined him as soon as possible.

W h e n I arrived I found the doctor with him. The snow was falling so deep that we thought we would not be able to move him until spring. I sent below for provisions and hired men to build us a cabin. The doctor and myself were with him constantly until he died, neither of us considering him dangerously ill until the day before his death. He retained his reason until his last breath.

As he lay dying in my arms he said, "Tell my friends they must all forgive me, as I wish to die at peace with all mankind. My life may have been an error, but I have followed the dictates of my conscience." Nearly his last words were his wish to have inscribed on his tombstone: "The mountaineer's grave. He sleeps near the western ocean's wave." . . .49 The post Miles Goodyear founded on the site of Ogden in the fall of 1846 must be regarded as the true beginnings of the city; settlers have continuously occupied the land from 1846 to the present, and Ogden may justly claim to be Utah's oldest community. A log house Goodyear builtâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;though which one of the several enclosed by his stockade we do not knowâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;has been preserved down to our own time, and stands today in Ogden's Tabernacle Square as one of Utah's most interesting relics of the past.50 49

Kirkman, op. cit, 194-96.

50 p o r accounts of the Goodyear cabin see Kelly and Howe, o p . cit,, 13340, and Salt Lake Tribune, July 4, 1897, p . 26. A n early picture of it is reproduced in the July Quarterly, facing p . 199.

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Fort Buenaventura was established at a true crossroads of the West, and the wisdom of its location has been fully established by the passage of time. W h i t e agriculture, stockraising, and dairying in Utah all had their beginnings here.

Ogden properly cherishes the memory of its red-headed founding father, and the trading post which became a city.

ELIAS SMITH JOURNAL OF A PIONEER EDITOR March 6, 1859—September 23, 1863* (conclusion) EDITED BY A.

R.

MORTENSEN

Sunday [September] 1st [1861].—I was under the necessity to attend to some items of business connected with the occurrences of yesterday which prevented my attending my circle meeting and from being present at the Bowery Monday 2nd.—This being the day for holding the September term of the County Court I attended at the Court House at 10 A M for that purpose. As soon as there was a quorum present we commenced business and after attending to some items of business a recess was taken till after dinner, during which time I held an examination of the two prisoners (Manhard) arrested on Saturday 1 and held them to bail in the sum of one thousand dollars each for their appearance at the September term of the Probate Court in default of which they were committed to prison Proceeded with the business of the County Court in the afternoon. Bp Miller staid with us over night and I spent the evening with him very pleasantly Wednesday 4th.—J was in attendance on the sitting of the County Court till the arrival of the Pony in the afternoon. The dispatch being lengthy, we did not get the regular "Extra" to press till midnight Thursday 5th.—Having finished the business before the County Court, we adjourned in the afternoon After having waited till my patience was severely tested for the paper mill to get into operation I had the satisfaction of * This installment of the diary covers the period September 1, 1861September 23, 1863.

1 See Smith's entry for August 31, 1861, Utah Historical Quarterly. XXI (July, 1953), 265.

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receiving on sending for it this forenoon twelve reams and some five or six more in the evening I made arrangements immediately to start the press, and it was rolling by four p. M., giving the News establishment a more lively and business like appearance than it has presented for the last eight weeks. I hope it will not soon have to stop again for the want of paper 2 Friday 6th.—Joshua Arthur who has been with me in the News Office nearly three years having of late given himself up to much intemperence in the use of alcohol in drinks so much so that I could not endure it and having absented himself to day when his services if he had been sober were needed, I engaged George Keaton to take his place sorry nevertheless that I was compeled to do so but I have tried to persuade him to reform without success till satisfied that it was useless to at present to make further efforts 3 I was in my sanctum most of the day preparing for the issuing of another number of the Deseret News President Young accompained by Prest Wells Elder G. A. Smith, G. D. W a t t , F. W . Ellerbeck J. Nebeker R. J. Golding T. McKean and a few others started for Cache County about ten in the morning.

Saturday 7th.—I was quite busy in the forenoon The Pony arrived about one P. M. with a short unimportant dispatch which we published nevertheless Sunday 8th.—I met with my circle at the usual hour then went to the News office and remained during the day all hands having to work in order to publish another number on Wednesday next hoping there after to be able to keep in operation without being compelled again to suspend Monday 9th.—Commenced the September term of Probate Court for Great Salt Lake County at 10 A. M. A Grand jury consisting of the following named citizens previously summoned was empannelled sworn and charged to inquire into offences 2 The first regular issue to appear subsequent to July 10 was dated September 11, 1861.

8 The second time that Arthur was released from his services at the News office for intemperance. See entries for April 18, May 3, 1860, ibid., XXI (April, 1953), 153, 155.

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against the criminal laws of the Territory within the limits of the county and its attached Territory viz Levi Jackman, W . L. Brundage, Chapman Duncan, Samuel Varney, Harlow Redfield Wandle Mace, David Pettegrew, Solon Foster, Absalom P. Free, Samuel L. Sprague Manly Barrows, John Smith Samuel Bennion, William J. Perkins and Daniel Tyler Levi Jackman was appointed foreman In the course of the day they faced ten bills of indictment against John Ormond for the assault with intent to kill one John Reynolds on the 16th day of July last; Charles and Truelove Manhard for robbery, and larceny committed on the 16th of August by which one John Love was the sufferer, and against William Cockroft for the murder of Robert Brown on the 31st of July.

Ormond was brought into court and his case set for hearing on Wednesday. T h e two Manhards were arraigned plead not guilty and demanded an immediate trial which was had that evening resulting in a verdict of guilty punishment fifteen years imprisonment in the Penitentiary 4 Tuesday 10th.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;The Prisoner Cockroft was brought into court and his trial set for Wednesday on the next in order after that of Ormond The prisoners Manhard's received their sentence in accordance with the verdict of the jury A case of the people of the County vs W . G. White for selling liquor without license was called up and disposed of by a judgment against defendent for one hundred dollars and costs In a similar suit, brought by the prosecuting attorney, Mr. Miner, against William Howard for manufacturing and selling liquor without complying with the laws was called up and a judgement of eighty dollars rendered against defendant The Grand Jurors were discharged on the adjournment of the Court in the afternoon on their report that they had disposed of all the matters before them 5 4 The Manhards seemed to be quite frequent visitors before the bar of justice. See Smith's entries for March 17, 21, 1860, ibid.. XXI (April, 1953), 150; August 31, 1861, ibid., XXI (July, 1953), 265; and September 2 above.

See also Deseret News, September 11, 1861, for other proceedings of the court on its opening day. s Ibid., for court proceedings this day.

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I was attending to my editorial duties all night without rest or sleep in order to get the News ready for delivery in the morning. The hands being behind with the work in consequence of my absence from my post as editor which I could not supply by a substitute Wednesday 11th.—In Court. The case of the People vs John Ormond for assault with intent to kill was tried the Jurors William G. Perkins, Charles Crisman, Adam Spires, Albert Miles, Joseph Brown, Samuel D. Serrine, Edward T . Mumford, P. B. Lewis, William Jennings, Joseph Knight, George A. Willson & William V . Morris Verdict "guilty", punishment fifteen months imprisonment and twenty five dollars fine The case of the people vs William Cockroft for the murder of Robert Brown was called and the jury empannelled and sworn their names were Brigham Y. Hampton, Joseph Knight, George A. Willson, William V . Morris, William G. Perkins, John Hoagland, Philip B. Lewis, John Vance jr. & Samuel D. Serrine regular jurors and Phineas Richards Abraham Hoagland and Samuel Turnbow talesmen.

Thursday 12th.—The case of the People vs Cockroft was tried and terminated at a quarter past ten in the evening by a verdict of "Guilty" of murder in the first degree I was extremely weary on retiring to rest and glad of the opportunity Friday 13th.—In Court. Passed sentence upon Ormond in the forenoon and upon Cockroft in the afternoon, ordering that he should suffer the penalty of the law by being shot on the 21st instant between the hours of two and five P. M Saturday 14th.—Held Court in the forenoon to hear the record read and to do some few items of business. A Miners Esq resigned his commission as prosecuting Attorney for the County in anticipation of going to Uinta with a company selected to make a settlement there. In the afternoon at 5 o clock had an other sitting having taken a recess from 10 morning till that hour. Decided a chancery case for the foreclosing of a mortgage given by one Levi A. Abrams to A. W . Babbit in his life time. Suit

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brought by W . I. Appleby administrator of the Estate. Order for sale made: Also heard and decided a divorce case Sarah Jane Tobin vs John Tobin. Divorce decreed. 6 Sunday 15th.—Went to my circle in the morning but was not well and besides I was very tired having set up till a late hour last night to get out an Extra the last that will be published for some time.7 Monday 16.—J. S. Davis commenced working in the office as a typo once more. I spent the day in my sanctum. In the afternoon issued a warrant for the arrest of one John Mellen accused of stealing nails from the Tabernacle. On his arrest inquired into the matter and set the trial for Tuesday afternoon to which time the Court was adjourned on Saturday Tuesday 17th.—Held Court in the afternoon Mellen plead guilty to stealing the nails about twenty pounds. Fined him fifty dollars after hearing the evidence.

Sat up all night to get out the News Wednesday 18th.—I was weary and sick but kept about most of the day and till late at night in order to get the papers mailed Saturday 21st.—In the after [noon] went to the Court house and was there at the execution of Cockroft but did not witness it8 Tuesday 24th.—Was unable to get to press till after midnight and being sick had to go home before reading the revised proof.

Saturday 28th.—Engaged much the same as on yesterday.

The Pony did not come from the East till late at night 6 Proceedings for the 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th were reported in some detail in ibid., September 25, 1861.

7 On September 25, the Deseret News said the Extras would be suspended "until there are enough cash subscribers obtained to warrant resumption." The price was to be "one dime for each dispatch." The cash subscribers eventually were forthcoming, for the next Extra came on October 6.

8

/fed.

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Sunday 29th.—The pony express was read at the Presidents School House 9 in the morning at which reading I was present and as it was meeting time when the reading was completed I did not go to my circle meeting but when [sic] home to my breakfast and then went to my editorial room Wednesday [October] 2nd.—Held Court in the afternoon.

A case between Cummings & Jones and Howard & Bowring came up for investigation, but there was but little progress made in the premises.

Thursday 3rd.—Stormy. The mountains covered with snow to their base and there was some considerable of an amount fell in the valley—but it melted as fast as it fell The suit between Cummings & Jones and Howard and Bowring progressed slowly.

A jury was called to try the case and a verdict was rendered at about ten in the evening. On its rendition H Stout Esqr. Counsel for plaintiffs gave notice that a motion to set aside the verdict would be filed on the meeting of the Court next morning. The annual fair 10 commenced Friday 4th.—'The motion of which notice was given last evening was filed and argued at some length and from the nature of the case I was forced to sustain it set aside the verdict and granted a new trial After some considerable delay in the matter in endeavoring to compromise the parties agreed to submit it to the court upon certain conditions by them agreed upon in relation to evidence and five p m set for hearing the additional testimony I took the matter under advisement after hearing all the evidence adduced and the speeches of the parties and adjourned court till five P. M. next day Saturday 5.—At the hour appointed I rendered judgement in the case which will probably end litigation concerning it as 9 The private school house of Brigham Young had been built late the previous year and was dedicated just before Christmas. Ibid., December 26, 1860. It was located on President Young's property where the Eagle Gate Apartments now stand at South Temple and State streets. The pony dispatches were publicly read at the school from time to time, especially when they were not printed by the Deseret News as Extras.

10 The sixth annual fair of the Deseret Agriculture and Manufacturing Society. Utah Historical Quarterly, XXI (April, 1953), 140n.

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neither party will appeal the morning

337

Visited the fair with my little boys in

Sunday 6.—The Semi-annual Conference commenced There was a vast concourse of people in attendance and at our house we had an unusual number of visitors, [illegible] Coleman wife child and Indian girl, Bishop Evans and his wife, Rebeca, Jesse J. Fuller, Amy Jane's mother and brother among the number After going to my circle meeting in the morning I went to the News office and remained there till after meeting in the afternoon when I went to the Presidents School room to hear the Express read; the pony having arrived about two p. m. with a dispatch from Pacific springs 11 to which place the telegraph is completed The dispatch was printed which took till about one o clock next morning. I was very tired on going to bed and a little out of sorts withal Monday 7th.—I was very busy in the News Office doing business with divers persons, but was very ill, especially in the afternoon and went home sick in the evening Thursday 10th.—I engaged Jesse J. Fuller to take care of and wait upon bro M. F. Wilkie a few days as he was failing very fast and his mother was nearly worn out in waiting on him constantly almost day and night Engaged much the same as on yesterday Published a Pony dispatch Saturday 12th.—A dispatch came in my mail last night which was printed this forenoon Sunday 13th.—'The Pony arrived from the East this morning about 8 o clock with another dispatch which we reprinted The News by these dispatches has not been very important of late Monday 14th.—At twenty minutes past five this morning Matthew Forbes Wilkie who has been sick a long time and had been at my house most of the time since Oct 12 1859 the day of his last arrival from California died, an event long expected to 11 Pacific Springs was located on the emigrant road 3 miles west of South Pass, or 115 miles east of Fort Bridger. See W. Clayton, The Latter-day Saints' Emigrants' Guide (St. Louis, 1848 [reprint 1930]), 16-17.

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occur before the setting in of winter. He came to this Territory in the year 1854, and about the first of January 1855 entered the Deseret News office as a compositor where he continued to work till the following May when with Geo. Q. Cannon and Joseph Bull he went to San Francisco Cal. and assisted in printing the book of Mormon in the Hawian language. He contin[u]ed in San Francisco with Elder Cannon after the Book of Mormon was published working in the Standard Office12 till the spring of 1857 when his health being such he was forced to leave the office and spent the Summer travelling and preaching in California and Carson Valley and came from there when the Saints returned in the fall of that year He worked some in the news office during the fall and winter but spent most of his time in the mountains with the force that were watching the army of the U. S. sent out by Buchanan to distroy the saints W h e n the News Office was moved South in the spring of 1858 he went with the hands to Parowan and from there to San Francisco again from which place he returned to Great Salt Lake City on the 12th day of October 1859 in poor health and continued thereafter to waste away gradually untill death released him from his sufferings. His disease was consumption Tuesday 15th.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Attended to the interment of the deceased after getting out a dispatch in the forenoon The weather beautiful Wednesday 16th.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Published a dispatch from the East in the morning and held court in the afternoon and heard and ruled on a motion for an execution to issue in the case of Cummings and Jones vs Howard & Bowring in which case a judgement was obtained on the 15th instant and bond subsequently filed for stay of execution tho insufficiently of the bond being the matter in question A suit commenced by Staines Needham & Co vs J. M. Bollwinckel in debt was dismissed on motion for insufficiency of complaint and a case Chambers vs Bollwinckel in replevin was heard and determined. Spent the evening with my family at home 12 The Western Standard, a weekly published from February 23, 1856 to October 23, 1857, at San Francisco, in the interests of the L.D.S. Church.

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Friday 18th.—Held a session of Court in the afternoon and disposed of one or two divorce cases adjourning to Friday 25th inst. The telegraph line from the Missouri river to Great Salt Lake City was completed yesterday and this morning the First message was sent over it which was from President Brigham Young to Hon. J. A. W a d e of Cleveland Ohio President of the Pacific telegraph Company 13 Numerous other messages were sent and were received in the course of the day among which was a dispatch for the News which was printed immediately Saturday 19th.—A very busy day with me as some more paper was received and preparations were made for publishing another number of the News after a suspension of three weeks 14 Tuesday 22.—After working deligently all day to get the 24th number of the News to press I had to continue my labor through the night in order to accomplish what ought to have been done sooner but could not under the circumstances.

Wednesday 23.—There was a great rush for the papers at [sic] it was with difficulty that they were printed as fast as called for, and there was only bro Keaton and myself to attend to the work of distribution including the folding. Retired to rest at 10 o clock in the evening exceedingly weary having much work unaccomplished Thursday 24.—The Telegraphic dispatch today announced the death of Col E. D. Baker of Oregon, Senator in Congress and an officer in the Army He was killed in a fight between the Federal and Confederate Armies at Edwards Ferry Virginia on the 21st of October In the evening shortly before 7 o clock the Western portion of the Pacific Telegraph having been completed a message was sent over it to Hon H. W . Carpenter Prest. of the Company in San Francisco by President Brigham Young which was replied to soon after. President Youngs message was dated at 6:50 p m and the reply at 6 P. M. 13 See 14

Deseret News, October 23, 1861.

The next issue came out Wednesday, October 23, with the previous number making its appearance October 2.

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The wires were used all night in sending messages to Friends from California to the States and from th[e] States to California and from Great Salt Lake City East and west and visa versa.

It was a time of general rejoicing with all interested in the great enterprises Friday 25th.—A Special session of the county court was held which I attended but not till afternoon having much business to do in the forenoon among which was the printing of a very important dispatch from the seat of war in Virginia &C. Tuesday 29th.—Held court in the afternoon. One or cases were disposed of, but a suit between Charles Crisman Staines Needham & Co involving several thousand dollars not so easily moved forward the parties not being ready for so it was adjourned till next day at 10 a m.

two and was trial

Wednesday 30th.—In Court from 10 a m till evening excepting a short recess at noon The case commenced yesterday was called up and the entire day consumed in making dilatory pleas without joining issue and it was at length dismissed and the Court adjourned till Tuesday November 5th at 10 A. M. Tuesday [November] 5th.—Held Court. There was only one case tried which took all day and till in the evening, and that was a matter between Charles Crisman and Staines Needham & Co the same that was dismissed on Friday last. The Plaintiff having commenced anew A Jury was called to try the issue There verdict was in favor of Plaintiff for some thirty three hundred dollars Wednesday 6th.—There were more than a few called at the News Office for papers and I felt grieved that circumstances were such that the News could not be published for want of paper 15 and that I was obliged to say no to the many who inquired if the papers were published to day.

There were two telegrames received from the East, one in the forenoon which was printed shortly and the other in the evening which was set up but not completed till a late hour at 15

The next regular issue of the News did not appear until December 18.

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night. The civil war is progressing rapidly and the nation seems to be sorely vexed Saturday 9th.—Held court and heard & decided a case Soffe vs Matthews, which occupied most of the day Monday 11th.—A very windy day, the sand and dust moving about almost to suffocation. A short telegraphic dispatch was received in the evening, the first since Fryday last as the wires have been down 16 at some point on the Platte Tuesday 12th.—Published a telegraphic dispatch part of which was received last evening and some this morning or afternoon. Nothing very important but it is evident that the naval fleet that went south from the Chesapeake the last of October have entered Port Royal harbor South Carolina and captured the forts at the entrance of the bay Wednesday 13th..—The wires came down again and there was no communication from the seat of war The weather somewhat cool but pleasant for the season.

Thursday 14th.—A beautiful day. Isaac Hardman commenced hauling rock to finish stoning up my well. A short telegram from the east received in the afternoon confirmatory of the taking of forts Beauregard and Walker at the entrance of Port Royal Harbor South Carolina by the Federal forces about one week since. The event has caused great rejoicing in the Country Friday 15th.—I was nearly sick, having a severe cold.

Printed two dispatches.

Saturday 16th,—There was one dispatch printed late in the day after which there was another received which I thought best to lay over and print on Sunday morning Sunday 17.—We had no circle meeting as the house was occupied in giving endowments There were so many came from 16 The telegraph was often plagued by these occurrences during the early years of its operation. Buffalo, Indians, and weather were the main causes of trouble.

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Sanpete and Cache Counties to receive their endowments 17 on Friday and Saturday that it was impossible to get through with them all and Prest Young thought best to devote Sunday to that purpose as the persons were anxious to return home as soon as possible. Most of the day in the office Monday 18.—The telegraph wires were down at some point East of Laramie and there was no communication from Uncle Samdom during the day somewhat stormy Snowing in the mountains and blowing in the valley Tuesday 19th.—The wires were in operation and a telegram was received in the afternoon The war progressing Held court in the forenoon. The case of Camp vs. Camp in Divorce was called and after some arrangements were agreed upon by the parties it was continued till Saturday the 30th inst Wednesday 20th.—A stormy uncomfortable day and I was nearly sick with the cold I have had for many days. Two short telegrams were received containing however but little intelligence and were [blank] Thursday 21st.— A short dispatch was received in the forepart of the day but not of sufficient importance to justify its publication after which the wires were out of order eastward and there was no communication from the seat of war that day Saturday 23rd.—The wires yet down.

Sunday 24th.—Met with my circle and then spent part of the day publishing a dispatch received in the morning Went to the W a r d meeting in the evening Thursday 28th.—Sent a team to the paper mill with a load of rags 18 from the Tithing Store House. There has been so much falling weather of late that the roads are exceedingly muddy.

Friday 29th.—The uncovering of the Temple foundation was commenced which together with large company of stonecutters at work on the Temple Block made quite a show indicative of better 17 Sacred ordinances for both the living and the dead, now performed only in the L. D. S. temples.

18 The plea for rags for paper-making was continually made in the Deseret News, and in spite of the recently established mill, the paper shortage con-

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days for the saints than those in which the work on the Temple was discontinued in consequence of the invasion of Utah by the Army of the United States in 185719 The roads are so muddy, that the teams that have been hauling stone for the Temple for sometime quit work till the roads become passable or more suitable for travelling than they now are Sent another load of rags to the paper mill from the Tithing store house Saturday 30.—Held court and heard the evidence and argument in the case of Camp vs Camp in Divorce which was continued from the 19th and in a case between Houtz & Bringhurst and Philander Bell Monday [December] 2.—I went to the Court House at 11 A M and delivered my decision in the Divorce case before the Court on Saturday and also in the case of Houtz & Bringhurst which I held under advisement.

Thursday 5th.—I was attending the session of the County Court during the day The President Message 20 was received by telegraph early this morning but I was not prepared for putting it in type this day, as I was of necessity compelled to be in attendance at the Court and could not prepare it for the compositors Friday 6th.—At about half past eight in the evening having disposed of what business there was before the Court an adjournment was taken till the 23rd of January next to enable the Assessor and collector to complete his collection and be prepared for setting up his accounts with the County Court The message was set up but not printed tinued chronic until the coming of the railroad in 1869. See Smith's entries for July 11, 12, 1861, Utah Historical Quarterly. XXI (July, 1953), 258-59; see also A. R. Mortensen, "The Deseret News and Utah, 1850-67" (Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1950), 40, 62, 64.

19 The ground for the Salt Lake Temple was dedicated February 14, 1853. The cornerstone was laid April 6, 1853, by Brigham Young, and the finished structure was dedicated April 6, 1893. A period of forty years was thus spent in the construction of the largest and most elaborate of L. D. S. temples.

20 The President's (Abraham Lincoln) annual message to Congress.

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Saturday 7th.—Printed the message I had no relaxation from the cares of business during the day and I did not accomplish all that I desired for the want of time Monday 9th.—Commenced the December session of the Probate Court and heard and determined two divorce cases Sarah Littlewood vs Martin Littlewood and Eliza Beckwith vs A. S. Beckwith Court adjourned till Saturday the 14th at 10 A M After Court was adjourned I went to the Council Chamber of Legislature which assembled this day for the holding of the 11th Annual session and by request and administered the usual oath to the members of the Council and the officers elect for the Present Session From the Council Chamber by invitation I went to the Representatives Hall and administered the oath of office to the Members and officers of the branch of the Legislature. The balance of the day after performing the aforesaid duties I spent in the News office Tuesday 10.—I attended at the Representative Hall during the joint Session of the Assembly and heard the Governor's Message 21 read by himself after which I returned to my office and attended to the duties thereof the remainder of the day Thursday 12.—The signs being favorable I am preparing to re-commence publishing the News Monday 16th.—Received a quantity of paper from the Mill which was a very desirable sight to behold and things look more like olden times than they have of late about the office I was in my Sanctum till late at night Tuesday 17th.—Pushed every thing about the office as hard as I could in order to get the News out in season and as the boys were a little behind with the work I remained in the office all night to accomplish my purpose in which I succeeded satisfactorily 21 Deseret News, December 18, 1861. John W. Dawson had very recently arrived in the territory to assume his duties as governor and hurriedly left again for the east before the month expired. From that day to this, considerable speculation and mystery have surrounded Dawson and his brief gubernatorial career. See ibid., January 1, 1862.

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Wednesday 18.—got the paper to press but not as early as I intended. The report that the publication of the Deseret News had again commenced spread through the City like wild fire and there was a tremendous rush at the office at an early hour in the day and the papers were taken away about as fast [as] they were struck off I did not retire to rest till after midnight. H. B. Bennet arrived from Fillmore Tuesday 24th.—The Legislature Adjourned till the 3rd day of January next. Despite all my exertions I was behind hand in getting the papers to Press Wednesday 25th.—After getting matters arranged in the office so that the clerks could prepare the papers for the mail I went home and endeavored to get a nap but did not succeed to my satisfaction. In the evening with Lucy & Amy Jane I attend the Legislative Ball at the Social Hall where I met with most of the members of the Legislative Assembly and many others among whom were some of the Federal officers, Mail agents, Telegraph operators Thursday 26th.—I assisted the clerks in delivering the papers to the city subscribers who called for them so rapidly that we could not get them from the press fast as they wanted them After getting the papers distributed I took a sleep Friday 27th.—Attended a Union Festival in the evening at the Social Hall which had been arranged by the City, County and Territorial officers. It was one of the best of the season with whom all present were well pleased Tuesday 31st.—I was in my sanctum early and late and then did not get the News ready for press till after Midnight and thus passed away another eventful year in my history January, 1862 Wednesday 1st.—I closed the office doors the same as on Christmas day and worked at folding papers and preparing them for the mail as some of them whose business it properly was to do them up wished to spend the day in amusements It was after midnight when the work of mailing was finished as the papers

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could not sooner be struck off. The pressmen and others who assisted in getting the work done were extremely tired when the labors of the day finished.

Thursday 2d.—The rush for papers was great as soon as the office doors were opened and it kept all hands busy to supply the demand till sometime after twelve o clock at noon Monday 6th.—Attended the mass meeting of the citizens at the Tabernacle held to take into consideration the propriety of holding a convention for the adoption of a constitution and State government. 22 The plan was unanimously approved of and the delegates of which I was one were appointed, the others were D. H. Wells, A. O. Smoot, Reuben Miller, James Ferguson, Wilford Woodruff, Archibald Gardner, Albert Carrington and John Taylor. The convention to meet on the 20th instant at the Court House in this City Wednesday 8th.—The rush for papers was the same as it has been for the last few weeks Monday 13th.—The Legislative Assembly being near the close of its session the members begin to work in good earnest I issued warrants for the arrest of Lot Huntington, Isaac Neibaur, Moroni Clawson, W o o d Reynolds and Jason John M. and Wilford Luce on the affidavit of Tillotson for the assault on Governor J. W . Dawson at Mountain Dell on the night of Dec 31s23 22 Ibid., January 8, 1862. This movement was one of many conventions, memorials, and plans looking toward statehood which took place over the years. Both Smith and the News gave much attention to the convention, die constitution, and the following election during the next several weeks.

The long sought for goal was not achieved until January 4, 1896. For the best study on the long struggle to obtain statehood, and particularly this attempt and the "shadow government" which it created, see "The State of Deseret," Utah Historical Quarterly, VIII (1940), 65-155, especially 132-49.

23 Smith told of the beating ;n a column headed "Disgraceful Outrage," Deseret News, January 8, 1862. Rather bizarre developments growing out of the affair can be followed briefly in Smith's journal entries for the next several weeks. Cf. also Dale L. Morgan, The Great Salt Lake (Indianapolis, 1947), 272-82; also Andrew L. Neff, History of Utah (Salt Lake City, 1940), 64849.

Dawson told his version of the fracas in a letter to the editor, dated Bear River Station, January 7, 1862 and printed in the Deseret News, January 22, 1862. ^On January 13, from Fort Bridger, the fleeing governor penned a letter "To th President of th United States" in which he briefly mentioned the thrashing he had received. He then launched into a seven-page polemic against Utah and the Mormons, wherein he gave the "real cause of his trouble. He

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Tuesday 14.—five of the foregoing persons were arrested and lodged in jail,24 but Clawson and Huntington could not be found Another warrant was issued for the arrest of Lot Huntington and John P. Smith on a charge of theft as alleged as circumstances pointed them out as the individuals who a day or two previous stole eight hundred dollars from an employee of the Overland Mail Company. Search was made for them but it was subsequently ascertained that they fled from the city on Tuesday evening. Stole an animal from John Bennion at Jordan Mills, then went to Draper and took Clawson with them and moved westward by way of Fort Crittenden Wednesday 15.—After assisting in the distributing of the News in the forenoon I commenced the examination of the prisoners arrested on Tuesday, but in consequence of the absence of witnesses I did not get through with the examination.

Thursday 16th.—Held court all day for the trial of civil cases, mostly in which the late and present merchants of this city were parties. A divorce case Harris vs Harris was also heard and determined by a dissolution of the bonds of matrimony.

In the afternoon heard by telegraph of the arrest of Moroni Clawson and John P. Smith at Faust's station, Rush vally early this morning by O. P. Rockwell and a posse of four men from Gardner's Mill and that in an attempt to escape Huntington was killed Friday 17th.—Rockwell arrived in the city with his prisoners before daylight in the morning, and on getting out of the Stage at Townsend's hotel he placed them in charge of some policemen to take to the jail, but before they had proceeded far in an attempt ran the entire gamut of oft laid charges, from disloyalty to plain thuggery, murder, and immorality. He mentioned the emasculation of federal authority in the territory through fear, intimidation, and by action of the legislature.

In conclusion he urged the dispatching of an adequate army "as the only conservator of public peace & effectual advocate & maintainer of federal power."

This letter has come to light only since the opening of the Robert T. Lincoln apers in 1947. The original is in the Library of Congress; photostat in the ibrary of the Utah State Historical Society.

2 *Ibid„ January 15, 1862.

E

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to escape Clawson and Smith were both shot and killed25 I inquired into the matters of homicide on the return of the writs and fully came to the conclusion that the officers were fully justified in all that they had done After disposing of the dead men and giving orders for their interment I resumed the examination of the prisoners and after examining all the witness that had been subpoenaed I required Jason and Wilford Luce and Wood Reynolds to give bonds in the sum of one thousand dollars each and J. M. Luce and Isaac Neibaur in the Sum of five hundred dollars each for their appearance at the March term of the Court to answer further in the premises which the two latter and Wood Reynolds complied with, but Jason and Wilford Luce could not find responsible men who would file their bail bonds In the evening after disposing of the prisoners as above stated I went up into the Representatives Hall and remained there till the session closed which was a few minutes before eleven O clock Monday 20.—I attended the Constitutional Convention at the Court House as a Delegate from Great Salt Lake County and had the honor of being one of the committee of five appointed to draft a constitution for the State of Deseret for the consideration of the convention. At the close of the session on this day an adjournment was taken till Wednesday the 22 at 1 P M On a Warrant issued by me for the arrest of Thomas Miller on the affidavit of Henry Heath, the said Miller was taken into custody by the sheriff he was accused of having received and [illegible] stolen property. It was late in the day when the arrest was made and I did not examine into the alleged offence that evening as I was extremely busy in preparing the News for publication Tuesday 21st.—I was more than busy and did not much in drafting the Constitution. George A Smith, the Chairman Albert Carrington Zerubbabel Snow and John Taylor the other members of the committee doing most of the work Wednesday 22d.—After getting things properly arranged at the Printing office I went to the Court House and proceeded with the examination of Thomas Miller till the hour of Meeting 26 The events of this and several preceding days in connection with the Dawson "ruffians" was discussed in some detail in a column headed "Exciting and Terrifying Occurrences," ibid., January 22, 1862.

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of the Convention and after the adjournment concluded the investigation, and discharged the prisoner as no very strong evidence was given against him Thursday 23.—The constitution presented by the committee on yesterday, having been adopted by the unanimous vote of the Delegates and ordered to be engrossed was reported ready for receiving the Signatures of the members on the assembling of the convention at 1 P M The instrument was read and signed Speeches made by Judge Kinney the President of the Convention.

Hon D. H. Wells and others after which the convention dissolved.

The officers of the convention were Hon D. H. Wells, President, William Clayton Secretary and Patrick Lynch and Robert L. Campbell Assistant Secretaries; Robert T. Burton Sergeant at Arms; Andrew Cunningham Foreman John W . Woolly Doorkeeper and James F. Allred Assistant Doorkeeper, David P. Kimball Messenger and Henry Heath Assistant messenger After the adjournment I made some inquires into an alleged violation of law by Isaac Neibaur who had been arrested on a warrant issued by me in the forenoon upon the affidavit of John W Ely accusing him with others confederate, the same individuals who assaulted Gov. Dawson of having stolen an over coat from him on the night of the assault. On being brought before me he confirmed having the coat and told where had deposited it.

Friday 24th.—Neibaur accompained by two officers went over the Little Mountain on the Mail route and got the coat in question returning just at dark Saturday 25th.—A pleasant day. I had plenty of business on hand. Finished the investigation of Neibaur's case and held him to bail again in the sum of five hundred dollars for his appearance at the next term of Court Monday 27.—I was as usual preparing for the publication of the News during the day and in the evening attended a Military party at the 14 W a r d New Buildings with Lucy. Had a pleasant time and a fine party which all seemed to enjoy

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The City was thrown into the greatest excitement by the discovery of grave robbery operation which had been carried on for upwards of two years by one John Baptiste an employee of Col Little city sexton. The horrible deed was brought to light by the disinterment of the body of Moroni Clawson who was killed in attempt to escape from arrest on the morning of the 17th instant.

The clothes had been taken from the body and suspicion resting upon Baptiste, his house was searched and a large amount of grave clothes were found which he subsequently acknowledged that he had taken from the dead by disinterring the bodies after burial. The Monster was arrested and placed in jail otherwise the populace wo[u]ld have torn him in pieces such was the excitement produced by the unheard of occurrence.26 Tuesday 28th.—It was late at night when the News was ready for press nearly morning Wednesday 29th.—The rush to the office for papers was as great as ever and it was with difficulty that they could be struck off as fast as called for Saturday February 1st.—Finished the investigation of Henry Angle and William Eachols arrested at Deep Creek California Mail Route on sundry charges for stealing, two of which were substantiated so clearly on the investigation commenced on Thursday and continued for witnesses till to day, that I required them to give bail in the sum of eight hundred dollars each for their appearance at Court on the 10th of March next in default thereof to be confined in the county prison.

After having disposed of that matter I had John Baptiste out of his cell and heard his statements as to how he came to engage in the business of robbing the dead and his confession as to the extent to which he had carried the operation. According 28 This and succeeding entries constitute one of the principal contemporary sources on the Baptiste affair, which was a gruesome sequel to the Dawson beating. Considering the public excitement created by the event, it is strange that only once did the News allude to it, and then only indirectly in repeating a sermon of Brigham Young s given February 9, in the Tabernacle. The tone of President Young's remarks were conciliatory apparently aimed at calmina the temper of the people. Ibid., March 26, 1862. To this verv dav the Baptiste affair is practically an unknown story in Utah history

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to his ackowledgement he had robbed many graves, but how many he could not or would not tell Wednesday 5.—I assisted the clerks in distributing and handing out the papers for which there was the usual demand In the evening attended with my family a party at the Court House got up by the county and city officials and most of those invited were of the "Working Men's party". It was decidedly the best party I have attended this winter had supper at Townsend's Hotel which in point of style and quality could not well be excelled Thursday 6th.—In the news office in the forenoon at the Court House in the forenoon at the Court House in the afternoon with Mayor Smoot, Sheriff Burton, Alderman Clinton Capt Cunningham and W . A. Hickman holding a Consultation meeting at the request of the latter who feels a little alarmed at certain reports in circulation of late, and in the evening I attended a social party of High Priests at the Social Hall with my wives and enjoyed myself vastly.

Saturday 8th.—Crowded with business and was late in getting out the dispatches. Engaged a new hand—William Adams, whose business it is to be to set the dispatches (telegrahes) hereafter Sunday 9th.—Attended my circle meeting in the morning and then spent the Sabbath as usual this winter Got a sound thrashing, as reported, from President Young in the tabernacle for being dilatory with the business devolved upon me, which I might have deserved but think not.27 Some tattling, lying spirit having accused me of what I have never 27 The "thrashing" appeared as the concluding remarks in a sermon of Brigham Young's given this day in the Tabernacle, and published in the Deseret News, March 26, 1862. Perhaps Young was slightly annoyed at the lateness of the "Extra" carrying the previous day's telegraphic news. See Smith's entry for the previous day. However, if President Young's remarks can be taken at their face value, he was greatly upset by the general dilatory manner in which the latest news was prepared for the public, for he said, "We have been put off with printers' excuses until I am tired." At the same time this episode was just a prelude to more chastisements yet to come. See Smith's journal entry for September 18, 1863.

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done, and of leaving undone what I never did when I could reasonably avoid it to the President. T o which I have to say The Lord judge between me and those who have thus accused me and reward every man according to his works Tuesday 11.—Labored deligently to get the " N e w s " ready for press Wednesday 12.—After helping the boys & clerks to distribute the papers I took a snoose and in the evening went to a select party at the Social Hall with Amy Jane and spent the time till 12 o clock exceedingly pleasantly.

Friday 14th.—Attended the Printers festival at the Social Hall with Lucy and her daughter Emily Jane. Sophine Fuller S Caroline Sehmblin who has boarded with us this winter and attended school. The Party was one of the best I have attended this winter & the best Festival of the type I ever attended.

Presidents Young, Kimball & Wells were there and other friends of the Craft, which made the boys feel first rate, never better Tuesday 18th.—Despite all my exertions I was late in getting to press Wednesday 19th.—I was not well but assisted in distributing the papers, then took a nap after which I worked in the office till one o clock at night in making up packages for the mails Saturday 22.—A very windy day chilly air but thawing a little Geo. W . Gee came down from Provo to make us a visit. I was in the office till late getting out a dispatch Wednesday 26.—Helped to distribute and mail the papers which took till after midnight Thursday 27.—Held court for the hearing of several suits between late and present mercantile firms in this city. These suits were heard and determined two by juries and one by the court.

The last case took till midnight to dispose of It was between W . F. Dyer 6 Co 6 Gilbert & Gerrish The sum claimed and for which verdict was given was over seven thousand dollars

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Friday 28.—An adjourned term of the County Court was held at which I was present and presided Not being able to accomplish all the business necessary to be done an adjournment was taken till next day at 10 A M Monday [March] 3rd—The First general election under the constitution was held throughout Utah—Deseret—It was a stormy day but there was a very general attendance in this city at the polls28 Tuesday 4th.—I did not attend the county Court as I was behind with the News which took me all day and all night to get ready for press.

Wednesday 5th.—Held court empannelled swore and charged the grand jury and then took a recess till afternoon During the recess I was attending the County Court and assisted in finishing up the business of that court which adjourned till the 1st Monday the 5th day of May. After the adjournment in the afternoon of the Probate Court till Thursday at 10 A M I assisted E. W . East Esqr Clerk of the Probate and County Courts for G. S. L. County to canvas part of the election returns. W e continued our labors till 10 o clock in the evening, when we adjourned till next day. The returns from the precincts not having all been received Thursday 6th.—The Grand Jury returned two bills of indictment against William Eachols and Henry Angle for larceny one for stealing an ox and the other for stealing a mule. On the first they were arraigned plead "Not Guilty" were tried and found guilty by the jury who were empannelled to try the case While the jury was out, a recess of the court was taken during which I helped the clerk finished canvassing the election returns and made an abstract for the Secretary of the convention as provided for by the constitution After the rendition of the verdict by the jury I discharged the traverse jurors in attendance upon the court till Monday the 17th at 10 A M and adjourned court till next day at the usual hour 28

See Note 22 above.

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The Court over I went home and with Lucy and my little daughter Lucy Elizabeth and my nephew Amos B. and Asahel L. Fuller went to the dedication of the New theater 29 by invitation from President B. Young. There was a snow storm in the afternoon which made the streets very muddy but the Theater was filled to its utmost capacity After the dedicatory service and ceremonies were performed the dramatic company favoured the audience with an exhibition of the popular Comedy "The Pride of the Market" which was creditably performed and all returned home pleased with the services of the dedication and with the "play" On Wednesday the 5th yesterday according to previous arrangements W e commenced moving the News office from the Council House where it has been since 185 [1] excepting during the summer of 1857 during the move South when the News was printed at Fillmore, to the Deseret Store 30 so called into the room occupied by the News establishment in 1851-2-3-4 and where the 2d 3d and part of the 4th volumes of the News was published which room has been recently fitted up for the purpose. The whole force of the office was engaged both yesterday and today in removing the fixtures of the office without completing the work The business office will not be moved for a few days as the room intended for that purpose is not yet completed Friday 7th.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Held court in the forenoon and passed sentence upon Eachols and Angle convicted for Larceny yesterday. The afternoon I was in my office part of the time Saturday 8th.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Held Court. The Grand Jury presented one bill of indictment against Irvine Fisher for pettit larceny, stealing 29 The famous Salt Lake Theatre was built in 1861-62, on the northwest corner of First South and State streets. For years it was a center of music and drama for the entire West. It was torn down in 1928. George D. Pyper, The Romance of an Old Playhouse (Salt Lake City, 1928). Nearly an entire page was devoted to the opening and dedication of the "New Theatre" in the Deseret News, March 12, 1862. so "The Deseret News office has been removed to the building known as the 'Deseret Store,' on the corner of South and East Temple streets diagonally opposite the Council House." Ibid. It remained on this corner, now occupied by the Hotel Utah, for. forty years, when it moved back again (1902) to the site of the old Council House.

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some shingle timber after which I discharged them till Monday the 17th at 10 A M to give the District Court a chance to operate Wednesday 12th.—Issued the 37th number of Vol 11 Deseret News for which there was an unusual call by city subscribers The Office hands commenced moving the News office fixtures from the Council House to the Building heretofore known as the Deseret Store which has been fitted up for the purpose that is the second and Third stories the same as used for the printing office in 1851 2, 3 6 A. Thursday 13th.—Continued the moving operation getting over the Printing presses fixing up 6c.

Friday 14th.—The room intended for the sanctum not being in readiness I continued in my room in the Council House but things were in such confusion that I could not do much business Saturday 15.—Spent the day in the discharge of various duties, giving directions about fitting up things in our new location 6 C .

Sunday 16th.—Met with my circle and then went to my room in the Council House to see about distributing and mailing some Telegraphic Dispatches The wires which got out of order on the 5th on the line eastward got in operation again on the 14th and continued to operate till this evening when they failed again. T h e emigrants it was said burned up some of the poles on the Platte in a snow storm which occured there Met with the Mayor 6 some of the city authorities at the City Hall on business in the evening Monday 17th.—Held Court pursuant to adjournment. The Grand Jury presented bills of indictment against Frank Matthews for larceny, against W o o d Reynolds, Jason Luce, Isaac Neibaur, John M. Luce and Wilford Luce for assault, Isaac Neibaur and John M. Luce for larceny and against Wilford Luce for larceny.

Having no further matters for consideration the Grand Jury was discharged

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Reynolds, Neibaur and the three Luces were arraigned. Reynolds and Jason R. Luce plead guilty, the other three not guilty The jury found Wilford Luce guilty and assessed a fine of fifty dollars as the punishment The other two I. Neibaur and J M Luce were found not guilty and were discharged but shortly after arrested on a warrant issued on the indictment for larceny and arraigned again Neibaur pleading guilty and Luce not guilty of the charges preferred. Their trial was set for Wednesday.

Wood Reynolds was fined $25 dollars and Jason R. Luce fifty dollars by me on hearing the evidence in relation to their guilt.

Adjourned court till the 19th.

Tuesday 18th.—Being out of paper the news which was nearly ready for the Press remained in statu [s] quo waiting for the manufacturer Wednesday 19.—Held court. John M . Luce was tried and found guilty and sentenced by the jury to six months imprisonment and Wilfor[d] Luce was also put upon trial on the charge of larceny found guilty and required to serve one year in the Penitentiary. I also inquired into the extent of Neibaurs guilt and sentenced him to fifteen months imprisonment At an evening session I passed Sentence on John M Luce and Wilford Luce in accordance with the verdict of the jury in their cases respectively Adjourned court till Saturday the 22d Thursday 20.—Got the paper from the mill and made ready for the printing no 38 of the current volume of the News having date of the 19th Friday 21st.—Busy disposing of the papers to those who were hungry for the news. There was a rush for them as soon as it became known that they were printed Saturday 22.—Held Court. Fisher was tried and acquitted.

I then heard and disposed of two divorce cases Avery vs Avery and Davis vs Davis and adjourned court for one week or till Saturday the 29th at 2 P M

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During the session beside the matters I have mentioned others were attended to including a divorce case Shoplin vs Shoplin 6 C 6C. Sunday 23d.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;After meeting with my circle I went to my sanctum in the New establishment into which I moved on Thursday last and spent most of the day there preparing for the next issue September, 1863 Friday 18th.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Since the 23 day of March, 1862 nearly one year and a half in consequence of receiving a somewhat severe lecture 31 from President Young who from some untruthful reports had been led to believe that I was not that attentive to my public duties, as in duty bound and that among other things I spent too much time in keeping a journal (about five minutes each day) I have not made any special memorandum of the daily occurrences and incidents of life, as I had been want for many years before, not that I felt or believed that I had not the right to devote that much time to my own private or personal affairs but because I did not wish to do any thing that would offend A change in my labors has now taken place, for between nine and ten o clock this evening, I received a note from Prest B. Young informing me that my connection with the News office had terminated, consequently I am now at liberty to write a letter occasionally to a friend, and make some notes of my history as time wears away, which may refresh my memory in after days concerning my labors and toils, as well as to the transpiration of events affecting my temporal affairs, which bid fair to be of importance to me under existing circumstances Saturday 19.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;In accordance with the instructions received from President Young, I turned over the News Office and all its appurtenances to Professor Albert Carrington 32 as early in the 31 This may refer to the public "thrashing" recorded in his journal for February 9, 1862, or it may indicate a personal chastisement received March 23, 1862, or thereabouts.

32 Carrington had previously served as editor. He had replaced Willard Richards when the latter died in March, 1854, and he continued in the post until replaced by Smith in March, 1859.

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day as convenient and took leave of the concern after having been connected with it nearly twelve years, during most of which time I have had charge of, and managed its finances and for the last four and a half years have, in addition to the business department of the establishment edited the Deseret News for better or worse. After leaving the office I, of course, had some sober refflections in relation to the matters for I did not exactly know what influences had brought about the change, 33 not that I cared anything about it, if it had been deemed for the good of the saints and there had no one been seeking to tarnish my reputation for uprightness of purpose and honesty of action, as I had some reasons for believing was the case from what I had seen and heard. I trust that whatever may transpire the result may be favorable to the triumph of truth and for my good in all things connected with my future history I held a short session of Court in the afternoon at which there was but little business transacted I spent the evening at home feeling well, after assuring myself upon mature reflection that all was right and upon reflecting that I had ever come out "neck and shoulders" ahead nearly every time I have been assailed since stepping upon the stage of life, and when clouds had obscured my path way, brighter scenes had appeared after they had been dispelled as I firmly belive will be the case with me now. Altho I know not how long the dark appearances now hanging over me may obscure the vision of th,e future I feel assured that my Father in heaven will order all things right and that ere long I shall be more comfortably situated than I have been since I have dwelt in these mountains temporally and spiritually Monday 21st.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;After breakfast I took a lesson in manual labor in building or fixing up some scaffolds for the drying of fruit I moved slowly, but at the end of two hours I was quite 33 T h e exact reasons for Smith's removal from the editorial chair are not clear. It may have stemmed from a growing dissatisfaction, on Brigham Young's part, with the speed, or lack of it, with which the latest news was printed by the paper. See Notes 27 and 31 above. However, two observers of the day attributed his removal to pro-southern editorials which supposedly displeased Brigham Young. See T . B. H. Stenhouse, 77ie Rocky Mountain Saints (New York, 1873), 610; Edward W . Tullidge, Hi'sforu of Salt Lake City (Salt Lake City, 1886), Appendix, 14.

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weary and concluded that short lessons would be more suitable for me under existing circumstances than long ones till I should become some what seasoned to hard work of which I have not done much (physically) since I arrived in the Valley of Salt Lake In the evening I had a friendly visit from Elder John Taylor and Mayor Abraham O. Smoot which was interrupted, to my regret, by a call from T. B. H. Stenhouse Esqr who had surmised that I had become his enemy and wished explanation which I trust I done to his satisfaction Tuesday 22d.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;I assisted in gathering some peaches in the morning. Received several visits in the course of the forenoon and in the afternoon spent an hour or so in writing my validictory to "the Patrons and readers of the Deseret News" after which I went to the Historian's office to see Geo. A. Smith who had just returned from Provo as I wished to hear from my sister and my other relatives there. From the Historians office I went in company with George A. to see Prest. D. H. Wells who has been ill for some time but is now getting better. He is however quite feeble yet Wednesday 23d.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;I spent the morning in reading writing and in attending to some matters demanding my personal supervision. The weather was warm and the heat of the sun was so oppressive in the middle of the day, that I thought it not best for me to expose myself too much to its influence and therefore I kept in-doors, till towards evening, during which time, I had several calls from persons on business in which they were severally interested The 10th number of Vol Thirteen, Deseret News, was published and I have to confess, that I felt injured, mortified and grieved, that my old friend Professor Carrington, who had succeeded me in the office, had thought proper not to make any allusion whatever to his predecessor, approvingly or disapprovingly. It may be all right but I do not fully comprehend the policy of the studied reticence. If I have done wrong let that wrong be made known that I may know what it is and be prepared

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to meet it, but let there be no implication of error or unfaithfulness made in a way which I cannot reply 34

34 T h e unceremonious and, as it seemed to him, summary dismissal from his editorial post caused Elias to cry out in anguish, at least in the privacy of his diary. For some men the event could have been the cause of a deep rupture with the Church and its leaders. T h e judge and erstwhile editor, however, stood up under the test, his loyalty to Brigham Young and the Church being unimpaired. From his diary it is apparent that he continued, perhaps even increased, his church activities. And, of course, he continued to devote much time to his duties on the probate and county courts. Smith's loyalty to his spiritual leader is demonstrated in an extract from his journal early in 1872, when Brigham Young was hailed before the court of J. B. McKean for the alleged crime of murder. "How long this damnable persecution of the best man on earth will continue the Lord only knows."

Smith continued to record the daily events of his life until nearly the day of his death on June 24, 1888.

MEDICAL NOTICE. 1 . MEEKS, respectfully informs the citizens of Nauvoo and vicinity, that he intends keeping an assortment of the best Indian remedies now known, entirely vegetable; which he digs from the earth himself, having knowledge and experience in the Indian practice of medicine for many years. He can with confidence recommend specifics, for any pulmonary complaints, from the consumption to the highest coughs; also a certain root which entirely cures the ague cake, or enlargeme[n]t of the spleen: also a certain root which is a sovereign remedy for the cramp; likewise the same kind of roots which the squaws use to facilitate ; those women that have not used it, will not be without it at such a time if possible to obtain it; which they should commence using two or three weeks before their expected ; also a remedy which acts specifically on the kidneys wreters and urinary organs, to ease pains and allay inflamation, and cleanse the and cause it to flow free and clear, also effectually cure the tooth ache, without extracting the tooth; also a certain remedy for the piles. He also has on hand a vegetable snuff, which will in most cases relieve the head ache, by opening the head and let the obstructions pass out by the nose; also roots which is a specific remedy for the breast complaint or weakness in the breast, and also the liver complaint; also all obstructions and weakness: finally he intends when spring opens, to collect Indian roots and herbs a sufficient quantity and quality to meet with success any complaint that is subject to this country, either in male or female.

Residence on Rich street, half mile North East of the Temple, at the South East corner of Hyrum Kimball's farm.

Nauvoo Neighbor, January 9, 1845 Priddy Meeks* was a "Thompsonian" or "herb doctor" prominently identified with what passed for medical practice in * See back cover for notice of Dr. Priddy Meeks's journal which was printed as Volume X (1942), Utah Historical Quarterly.

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southern Utah during the frontier period. He joined the Latterday Saint Church in 1840, lived in Nauvoo several years, and participated in the Mormon exodus to the Rocky Mountains, arriving in Salt Lake Valley in October, 1847. H e died at Orderville, Utah, October 17, 1886, in his ninety-second year.

This medical advertisement is an excellent social document, for it accurately illustrates the primitive character of medicine a century ago. The words deleted indicate a certain delicacy, or even prudishness, yet by their absence draw more attention to themselves than if they were printed. From the pinnacle of our modern sophistication, this notice, excerpted from an old newspaper, seems naive and primitive, if not downright simple, and yet we moderns, with our certainty that we nearly have reached the ultimate of things, no doubt will be looked upon in turn as quite a naive folk one hundred years hence. Certainly illness and death were as tragic then as now, but doubtless the people faced them with as much faith in their simple remedies as we do with our multitudinous ones.

A. R. M.

R E V I E W S A N D RECENT PUBLICATIONS Artists and Illustrators of the Old West: 1850-1900. By Robert Taft. (New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953, xvii + 400 pp. $8.50) Here is a book that immediately takes its place as the authoritative, definitive work on the subject. No other book to my knowledge can compare with this one in both scholarship and entertainment, for not only is it extensive, painstakingly thorough, and soundly documented, but it is at the same time a fascinating, truly enjoyable book. A prodigious amount of research and years and years of exhaustive labor have gone into Artists and Illustrators of the Old West and Dr. Taft has once again brought forth a magnificent book. A number of years ago Dr. Taft, who is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Kansas, published the excellent Photography and the American Scene: A Social History, 1834-1884, which is still the outstanding work in its field.

The Kansas Historical Quarterly presented a series of articles

by Dr. Taft under the title, "Pictorial History of the Old West," and this volume is the outgrowth of that series, enlarged and revised, of course. In his role as one of America's outstanding social historians, Dr. Taft discusses and evaluates the cultural importance, historical significance, and quality of the works of the artists who painted the Western scene during the last half of the nineteenth century. He furnishes biographical information on the artists, provides inventories of their paintings, and indentifies their travels and their surroundings. W i t h practically nothing in the way of biographical encyclopedias and art dictionaries to aid him, Dr. Taft has unearthed letters, diaries, and scattered newspaper stories to bring to life the artist as well as the painting.

Remington, Russell and one or two rather well-known artists are not treated in detail, for information about them and their paintings is already available, but Dr. Taft presents us with scores of artists who are less well known, but important and significant nevertheless. Hundreds of items in the 132 pages of "Sources and

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Notes" deal with invaluable information concerning many of these more or less obscure painters and their works of art. The scholar and the researcher will delve into this treasure house of information for many years to come. There are 248 pages, sixteen chapters, dealing with the more important artists, and the author has made a brilliant contribution to Western history in bringing to light these men and their accomplishments in the field of art.

Artists are recorders of history, too, and every bit as important as writers.

Many of these artists came to Utah—some of them with the railroad surveys, some with the various government surveys of the W a r and Interior departments, and some came on their own.

They were interested in seeing Brigham Young and the Mormons, of course, and their sketches and views reached wide audiences, in some instances in the pages of Harper's Weekly or Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. The scenic wonders of Utah also were portrayed many, many times.

The final section of the volume comprises 72 pages of illustrations selected by Dr. Taft from the work of 35 painters of the Old West. This is a handsome gallery of paintings of Indians, cowboys, mountains and prairies, cities and towns, buffaloes and coyotes, stagecoaches and trains, cattle and horses, mining towns and forts—all the sights and scenes of the Old W e s t that are familiar to lovers of Western Americana.

Utah State Historical Society

John W . James, Jr.

Of Medicine, Hospitals, and Doctors. By Dr. Ralph T. Richards.

(Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1953, xvi -f 266 pp. $4.50) Dr. Ralph T. Richards offers as clean and antiseptic a prose in his Of Medicine, Hospitals, and Doctors as one might expect from a skilled surgeon. He rises to vivid drama in his dedication, touching off in a single incident the courage and imagination which marked the practice of his well-loved father— a physician who helped to pioneer the way in Utah's medical experience. W e sometimes feel that Dr. Richards might have added equally high color to some of the other incidents in this history.

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Yet it is to his credit that he has kept a steady hand over the extensive memoirs and records he has gathered through his own exacting research and his personal contacts in the profession.

He states his plan in his preface and then proceeds to develop the four divisions named in relation to their historical and sociological backgrounds. He calls the first or "Pre-medical Period" a unique phase of American history. His next division, the "Beginning of Hospitals," tells the story of lead poisoning in Utahâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the outcome of her mining industry and a reason for the founding of the first hospital. This leads into the third period, or the "Introduction of Scientific Medicine in Utah," from 1899 to 1923. The fourth division deals with Salt Lake City as a medical center.

This framework allows Dr. Richards to roam at will in and out of hospitals and among various personalities of the staffs, with the background always in mind of the fascinating historical picture. Thus we see the problem of typhoid fever, even with its humorous and ironical aspects. Dr. Richards fearlessly indicates that dear old Dr. J. M. Benedict was an avid opportunist. H e pays remarkable tribute to Dr. T. B. Beatty for his self-sacrificing and enduring struggle in behalf of public health in his adopted state. Dr. S. H. Pinkerton is shown almost as a monopolist in surgery, though as one who did not seek this standing and who had an amazing record of success.

Dr. Richards presents the long procession of doctors who have trodden down the untamed grass in Utah's medical wilderness, revealing their anxieties, struggles, and persistence. He shows us the flat contentment of the stop-growth minds of a few self-satisfied individuals. And he takes us into the early-day hospitals, where we observe the now outmoded "wet-wash" method of cleaning up a patient for surgery, and the doctors wearing rubber boots or wooden shoes while operating under this technique. Again we enjoy the humor of the situation, its seriousness notwithstanding.

The writing in this history is at times as clean and dry as any doctor's proverbial noncommittal attitude, warming however on occasion to such tributes as the one paid the author's cousin, Dr. G. Gill Richards.

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This reviewer wishes that Dr. "Ralph" had spelled Samuel Thomson's name without the "p," as Thomson himself does.

In connection with the amusing aspect of this man's work as founder of the Botanic System of Medicine in America, the author might have pointed out the fact that a fourteen-weeks' course was prescribed in a number of American medical schools which survived from 1812 until 1860. T h e one in Pittsfield western Massachusetts, vied for a time in attendance with the Harvard Medical School.* This renders Dr. Thomson's six weeks' course less ludicrous than the author indicates, and thus the consequent effect on the first period in Utah's medical history. Moreover, it lends credit to the rather brief courses offered in the Woman's Medical College during the last half of the nineteenth century.

Nevertheless, Dr. Richards gives us a remarkably fine story of medicine during his chosen centenary. His book deserves a place in the library of anyone interested in Utah history, medical or otherwise.

Salt Lake City, Utah

Claire Noall

The Cowman's Southwest. Edited by Angie Debo. (Glendale, Arthur H. Clark Company, 1953, 343 pp. $10.00) The Cowman's Southwest is really a volume of reminiscences, being the story of one Oliver Nelson, a pioneer of the cattle country of the Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas region. While told in the first person, the story reads very well, for the teller manages to show great restraint and modesty, and sincerity in a subject matter that is basically very colorful and exciting.

The epic of the cowboy as an important feature of American life in the W e s t has been the subject of innumerable novels, movies, and reams of poetry. Our present-day media of mass communication, the radio and television, would be throttled were it not for the theme of the cowboy. Not only our literature, but our music, ala the radio and the jukebox, as well as various articles of wearing apparel for both men and women, show the influence of the cowboy theme. * Dirk J. Struik, Yankee Science in the Making (Boston, Little Brown and Company, 1948), 178.

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Here is the story of a real cowboy who lived and worked in the heyday of the great unfenced cattle ranches of the Southwest. He roamed the country up and down and on both sides of the Chisholm Trail, particularly where it ran through the Indian Territory. W h e n the Cherokee Strip was added to Oklahoma and opened to settlement in the fall of '93, he joined in the land rush, took a claim on Turkey Creek to the west of the great cattle trail, and finally settled down.

Oliver Nelson was born in Indiana the year the Civil W a r started. W h e n he was seventeen he followed the remainder of his family West to the town of Caldwell, Kansas, near the border of the Indian country. Here in this area adjacent to the Texas Panhandle and No Man's Land, later to be known as the Oklahoma Panhandle, Nelson spent the next fifteen years at a variety of occupations. It was new country, open country, raw country, and he grew up with it. He acted as bullwhacker with freighting outfits trading down into the Indian Territory. He cooked and punched cows for several of the great cattle outfits and finally he homesteaded, as already indicated, and settled down not far from the great cattle trail which he had known so well in other years and other circumstances.

The story of Oliver Nelson as an individual is not so important. W h a t is important is that here is the story of an epic, of a fascinating but brief period in American history that is long since gone. If the language that is used and the events are rough, it should be remembered that so were the men and the country with which Nelson dealt. It is too bad that more of the men who participated in the great cattle epic were not as articulate as Mr. Nelson. T o our advantage, Nelson not only participated and observed in those stirring days, but best of all he remembered.

Professor Angie Debo has done a good job of editing the manuscript. The reader will be struck by the unique way of annotation, which is included as part of the text. That part which is editorial is printed in italic type, with the narrative itself in the usual roman. The publishers have lived up to their usual excellence in the bookmaking art.

Utah State Historical Society

A. R. Mortensen

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Panorama; A Picture History of Southern California. Compiled and written by W . W . Robinson. (Los Angeles, Title Insurance and Trust Company, 1953) In celebration of its 60th anniversary, the Title Insurance and Trust Company of Los Angeles has published an excellent picture book of Southern California, written and compiled by its vice president and historian, W . W . Robinson. The volume is divided into seven sections: Spaniards Occupy California, Rancho Days, The Yankees Come, Settlers on the Land (including, of course, San Bernardino, settled by a party of Mormons led by Apostles Amasa M. Lyman and Charles C. Rich), The People Come, The Giant Rises (Los Angeles), and Southern California Then and Now. Each section has an excellent selection of pictures covering that particular period of California history.

This volume is being distributed free on request to Title Insurance and Trust Company, 433 South Spring Street, Los Angeles.

5am Brannan and the California Mormons. By Paul Bailey. (Los Angeles, Westernlore Press, 1953, 263 pp. $4.00) Few people realize the place of the Mormons in the American occupation of California. Late in July, 1846, the good ship Brooklyn, with two hundred Mormons under the leadership of Sam Brannan, landed at San Francisco, over which the American flag had been raised earlier in the month. These newcomers were among the first settlers to California under the American flag, and, at least in the person of their leader, played an important part in the subsequent history of California. This story of Brannan and the California Mormons is a new edition and in some respects a rewriting of the original volume under the same name published more than ten years ago.

A Bibliography of Canadian Imprints, 1751-1800. Compiled by Marie Tremaine. (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1952) Billy the Kid. By Edwin Corle. (New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1953)

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

Billy the Kid: The Bibliography of a Legend.

University of New Mexico Press, 1952)

369

(Albuquerque,

Black Robes in Lower California. By Peter Masten Dunne, S. J. (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1952) The Bonanza Trail; Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of the West.

By Muriel Sibell Wolle. (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1953) Buffalo Bill and His Horses. By Agnes Wright Spring.

Collins, privately printed, 1953)

(Fort

California Rancho Days.

Doubleday, 1953)

City,

By Helen Bauer.

(Garden

California's Utopian Colonies. By Robert V . Hine. (San Marino, The Huntington Library, 1953) A Compilation of Authentic Information Regarding the First Discovery of Gold in California, January 24, 1848. Compiled

by Arthur Prestley Tregeagle and Louetta Brown Tanner.

(Salt Lake City, Pyramid Press, 1953) The Gros Ventre of Montana. Part I. Social Life. By Regina Flannery. (Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press) Henry R. Wagner's The Plains and the Rockies; A Bibliography of Original Narratives of Travel and Adventure, 1800-1865.

Revised by Charles L. Camp. (3rd ed., Columbus, Long's Book Company, 1953) The Land of Beginning Again: The Romance of the Brazos.

Julien Hyer. (Atlanta, Tuppen and Love, Inc., 1952)

By

A Map of the Marked Historical Sites of California, Compiled from the Official Registrations of the California State Department of Natural Resources. By Phil Townsend Hanna and William W e b b . (Los Angeles, 1953) A Mirror for Americans; Life and Manners in the United States, 1790-1870, as Recorded by American Travelers. Compiled and edited by W a r r e n S. Tryon. (3 vols., Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1952)

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Nevada Government. By Effie Mona Mack, Idel Anderson, and Beulah E. Singleton. (Caldwell, Idaho, Caxton Printers, 1953) The New Dictionary of American History. By Michael Martin and Leonard Gelber. (New York, Philosophical Library, 1953) A Selected Bibliography of Southern California Maps. By Edward Lloyd Chapin. (Berkeley, University of California, 1953) Vancouver in California, 1792-1794. Volume I. Edited and annotated by Marguerite Eyer Wilbur. (Los Angeles, Glen Dawson, 1953) The Walls of Zion. By Addie Spaulding Stowell. ence, Missouri, Herald House)

(Independ-

Writings on American History 1948. Compiled by the Library of Congress. (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1952) Archibald F. Bennett, "The Record Copying Program of the Utah Genealogical Society," The American Archivist, July, 1953.

C. S. Kingston, "Signifcance of the Territorial Period," American Heritage, Summer, 1953.

Don Eddy, "Utah's Painted Paradise," American June, 1953.

Magazine,

Dale L. Morgan, ed., "Washakie and the Shoshoni: A Selection of Documents from the Records of the Utah Superintendency of Indian Affairs. Part I. 1849-1852," Annals of Wyoming.

July, 1953.

Everett Walters and George B. Strother, eds., "The Gold Rush Diary of Henry Tappan," ibid.

"Roads Through the Indian Country," Arizona Highways, 1953.

Thelma Bonney Hall, "Dancing the Snakes" Dance), ibid., July, 1953.

June,

(Hopi Snake

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

371

J. H. McGibbeny, "Navajos Are My Subjects," ibid.

Homer E. Britzman, "Charles M. Russell, Friend of the Indian," ibid.. August, 1953.

John Shirer, "Is There a Southwest?" Arizona Quarterly, Summer, 1953.

C. N. Rudkin, "Emory Reports with Variations" (comparison of editions of Emory's Notes of a Military Reconnaissance . . . ) , The Branding Iron, June, 1953.

Mrs. Clyde H. Porter, "Jim Bridger's Son?" Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, July, 1953.

Harold O. Weight, "Jacob Hamblin and the Death Council of the Navaho," Calico Print, July, 1953.

Hamilton Gardner, "The March of the First Dragoons from Jefferson Barracks to Fort Gibson in 1833-1834," The Chronicles of Oklahoma, Spring, 1953.

Ann Hafen, "Laurels for the Ladiesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the Poets Laureate of Colorado," Colorado Magazine, July, 1953.

LeRoy R. Hafen, "History of the State Historical Society of Colorado. I. The First Twenty Years," ibid.

Clinton R. Hull, "Boat Trip in Mojave Canyon," Desert zine, February, 1953.

Maga-

John Stewart MacClary, "Ancient Towers of Mystery" (Hovenweep National Monument), ibid., June, 1953.

Nell Murbarger, "Forgotten Mine of the Mormon Pioneers ibid.

Jeff Adams, "Roving Reporter of the Desert" (Nell Murbarger), ibid., July, 1953.

Jay Ellis Ransom, "Historic [South] Pass in the W i n d River Country " ibid., August, 1953.

John D. Garwood, "An Analysis of Postwar Industrial Migration to Utah and Colorado," Economic Geography, January, 1953.

372

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Ezra J. Poulsen, "Utah's Lethal City" (Dugway), June, 1953.

Frontier,

Samuel W . Taylor, "Utah," Holiday, August, 1953.

"Adam S. Bennionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;New Apostle," Improvement Era, May, 1953.

Marba C. Josephson, " W h a t Did the Prophet Joseph Smith Look Like?" ibid.

Naomi Stevens Smith, "The Old Mud Fort" (Fort Deseret), ibid., July, 1953.

Bertha S. Stevenson, "Utah's First Capitol" (Fillmore State House), ibid.. August, 1953.

Albert L. Zobell, Jr., "The Mormon Pioneer Memorial Bridge," ibid.

William R. Palmer, "A Knock at Midnight" (William W . Spendlove), Instructor, July, 1953.

Robert Rutland, ed., "The Dragoons in the Iowa Territory, 1845," Iowa Journal of History, April, 1953.

Merrill J. Mattes, edâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; "Capt. L. C. Easton's Report: Fort Laramie to Fort Leavenworth Via Republican River in 1849," Kansas Historical Quarterly, May, 1953.

Clifford D. Carpenter, "The Early Cattle Industry in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, April, 1953.

Rufus A. Coleman, "Mark Twain in Montana, 1895," Montana Magazine of History, Spring, 1953.

Hugh A. Dempsey, "Howell Harris and the Whiskey Trade," ibid.

George F. Weisel, ed., "The Diary of John F. Dodson; His Journey from Illinois to His Death at Fort Owen in 1852," ibid.

Anne McDonnell, "Letter to a Brother; Granville Stuart to James Stuart, April, 1873," ibid.. Summer, 1953.

H. B. Wiley, "Yellowstone Park 1883," ibid.

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

373

Ralph Gray, "Following the Trail of Lewis and Clark," The National Geographic Magazine, June, 1953.

Hamilton Gardner, "Philip St. George Cooke and the Apache, 1854," New Mexico Historical Review, April, 1953.

Donald H. Clark, "Remember the Winter of . . . ? Weather and Pioneers," Oregon Historical Quarterly, June, 1953.

Ella E. Clark, "Indian Story-Telling of Old in the Pacific Northwest," ibid.

T. A. Larson, "Petticoats at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in Territorial Wyoming," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, April, 1953.

Merle W . Wells, "Territorial Government in the Inland Empire: The Movement to Create Columbia Territory, 1864-69," ibid.

Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr., "Winter Quarters and Kanesville, Important Sites in Mormon History," The Pioneer, May-June, 1953.

"Council Bluff's First Citizens," (Henry William and Elmira Pond Miller), ibid.

"Omaha's First Editor" (Joseph Ellis Johnson), ibid.

"General Epistle From the Council of the Twelve Apostles, to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Abroad, Dispersed Throughout the Earth (dated Dec. 23, 1847)," facsimile reprint, ibid.

"Great Salt Lake City as Seen by an Itinerant Gold Seeker Enroute to California in 1849," ibid.

Wallace Stegner, "One-Fourth of a Nationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Public Lands and Itching Fingers," The Reporter, May 12, 1953.

"Let's Take a Back Road Swing Through Utah's Colorful Past," Sunset, June, 1953.

"Utah's Fabled Color Country" (Zion, Bryce, Cedar Breaks), ibid., August, 1953.

Roger I. McDonough, "Chief Justice James H. Wolfe," Law Review, Fall, 1952.

Utah

374

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Wallace R. Bennett, "The Negro in Utah," ibid., Spring, 1953.

George D. Hendricks, "Misconceptions Concerning Wild Animals," Western Folklore, April, 1953.

Western

Wallace Stegner, "Powell and the Names on the Plateau," The Western Humanities Review, Spring, 1953.

Photographs by Josef Muench, "Nature's Grand Cathedrals," Westways, June, 1953.

Photographs by Martin Litton, "The Canyons of the Dinosaur," ibid., July, 1953.

Photographs by Hubert A. Lowman, "City of the Saints" (Salt Lake), ibid., August, 1953.

Dorothy L. Pillsbury, "Old and New in Zuni-Land," ibid.

Jay Ellis Ransom, "Refuge at Pipe Spring," ibid.

"Utes Invade [South] Dakota," The Wi-iyohi, June 1, 1953.

HISTORICAL N O T E S At their meeting of May 27, 1953, the members of the Cache Valley Chapter of the Utah State Historical Society elected the following officers to serve during the 1953-54 term: Dr. J. Duncan Brite, president; Professor C. J. Sorenson, vice president; Mrs. William Peterson, secretary; Dr. S. George Ellsworth, treasurer; Drs. William Peterson, J. M. Bernhisel, Eugene E. Campbell, and Leonard J. Arrington, directors.

During the year 1952-53 the chapter sponsored eight lectures on Cache Valley history. An outstanding event of the year (earlier reported) was the lecture delivered in April by Dr. Joel E. Ricks, president of the State Historical Society, entitled "The Beginnings of Settlement in Cache Valley," and sponsored by the faculty association of the Utah State Agricultural College.

One of the important by-products of this lecture was the listing and transcribing of several important journals and diaries of Cache Valley founders. Dr. Ricks also is chairman of a committee to write and publish a history of Cache Valley in connection with the Cache Valley centennial celebration of 1956. An editorial comittee consisting of Drs. Ricks, George Ellsworth, William Peterson, Duncan Brite, and Leonard Arrington has been appointed to outline the book and supervise the writing.

For the purpose of encouraging the writing of Cache Valley history, the officers have proposed the establishment of a Cache Valley Historical Society Award consisting of twenty-five dollars to be awarded annually to the students of the Utah State Agricultural College who prepare the best papers on Cache Valley history, the papers to remain the property of the society.

The Cache Valley Chapter has demonstrated its strength and usefulness in the past year by encouraging the collection, writing, and study of Cache Valley history, and there is every reason to believe that the organization will grow in numbers and resources during the years to come.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

A recent check of our files disclosed that members of the Utah State Historical Society literally are scattered all over the world. Countries represented include Venzuela, Canada, Germany, England, French W e s t Africa, and Sweden. So we especially were pleased when we received a request for historical information from Mr. Alonso Conde Sahagun, of Roa de Duero, Spain. W e sent Mr. Sahagun a list of our publications and received the following very charming letter in return: July 22, 1953 Mr. A. R. Mortensen Executive Secretary of Utah State Historical Society Salt Lake City, Utah U.S.A. Dear Mr. Mortensen: I have received your letter answering a addressed by me to the Governor of Utah petitioning report of that State.

I am desirous so to hold many of the volumes of the Utah Historical Quarterly, but I am ignorant of the form of your remit the value of these volumes through of the ties monetarys of customhouse. I predilect to them bound in fabrikoid but it is a cost most high for low price-current of the peseta.

Please to exculpate my imperfection in your language.

Sincerely yours, (s)

A. C. SAHAGUN,

Administrator de Correos, Roa de Duero, Spain.

Now Utah haps issue

we are anxious to find a means of placing a set of the Historical Quarterly at the disposal of Mr. Sahagun. Perwe can report a happy conclusion to this story in the next of the Quarterly.

Although New Jersey seems comparatively close after speaking of such far-away places as Venezuela, Africa, and Spain, our curiosity always is aroused concerning the reasons for outof-state members' interest in the Utah Historical Society. W e

HISTORICAL N O T E S

377

had reason recently to correspond with Mr. M. Scott Carpenter, a member from Nutley, New Jersey, and took the opportunity to ask him this very question. W e think you, too, will find Mr. Carpenter's reply of considerable interest.

June 11, 1953 Mr. A. R. Mortensen, Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Dear Mr. Mortensen: So you are curious about anyone from as far away as New Jersey being interested in the Society. Well, it is really a very simple matter. I am a westerner by birth — Denver, Colorado—and by inclination. After taking three degrees at the University of Colorado I came east in '25 to follow my chosen profession, organic chemistry, and that is where I made my mistake. I try to make amends by coming west every summer for a brief stay.

In '56 I shall retire at the ripe age of fifty-five and start making up for lost time. Mrs. Carpenter and I plan to get a jeep station wagon and poke into all the odd corners we have always wanted to see.

As a student, history failed to interest me, but the older I become the more it fascinates me, more especially the history of our West. I belong to the New Mexico and Colorado societies, as well as to that of Utah.

Father, as a young lad, was the first head usher at the famous Tabor Grand Opera House in Denver and many a time had to oblige Baby Doe by taking over Silver Dollar's perambulator. Later he was with the D. 6 R. G. and rode one of the first trains into Salt Lake City.

Uncle Claude was in charge of all the narrow guage operations of the same railroad and was considered one of the foremost authorities on narrow guage railroading.

Grandfather was an educator, newspaper man and a congressman from North Carolina before the Civil W a r .

H e was in the theater the night Lincoln was shot (I have his handwritten, eye-witness account of i t ) . After the war he was instrumental in putting down the K.K.K. in the carpet-bagger period. During that period he came into possession of the first flag fired upon by the rebels —the Fort Sumpter flag. It is on loan to the Colorado Historical Society Museum (and if they don't take it out of storage and display it, some day I shall donate it to the Smithsonian Institution, where it will be properly

378

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

appreciated). He came to Colorado in the early 70's and was for a time postal inspector. Pat Garret was one of his deputies for a short period. Our ancestors came to this country just a few ships after that highly overcrowded Mayflower had landed, and before that we can trace them to 1303. Thus if I am becoming history-conscious, there is reason behind it.

Colorado is, of course, my first love, but Utah follows a close second. I daresay we have seen more out-of-the-way spots in Utah than many native Utahns have seen. In '49 we rode for nineteen days through San Juan County; Randall Henderson was a member of the party and wrote the story for Desert Magazine.

The high light of the trip for me was the day we stood on the rim rock and looked 1300 feet down upon the junction of the Green and the Colorado, just 80 years and 8 days after Major Powell landed on a sand bar there.

Last summer we rode through Cathedral Valley and the Valley of the Goblins with Worthen and Perry Jackson, as fine a pair of boys as I ever want to meet. In '47 we rode the orginal ferry at Hite, shortly before it was washed downstream; that was B. U. (Before Uranium).

It is getting hard to find wilderness country unbespoiled by the Atomic Energy Commission.

If you have waded thus far through the morass of first person pronouns, I am sure your curiosity must have been sated. Aren't you a little sorry you brought the matter up?

In closing, let me take this occasion to say how much I enjoy the magazine. You are doing a splendid job. I hope I may have the opportunity to pay a personal call while passing through Salt Lake City this summer.

Cordially yours, (s)

M. S. CARPENTER

How can a man with such curiosity about the world in which he lives ever grow old? W e native Utahns should accept this letter as a challenge to explore our state and to learn of its history, past and present.

Several historical journals we have scanned through of late have carried the by-line "Hamilton Gardner." Colonel Gardner, a long-time member of the Utah Historical Society and contributor

HISTORICAL N O T E S

379

to the Quarterly, is interested in the military career of Philip St, George Cooke, as witnessed in the many articles by him appearing in recent publications. The October, 1952 issue of the Utah Historical Quarterly carried an article by Colonel Gardner entitled "The Command and Staff of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican W a r , " including, of course, a section on Philip St. George Cooke. Other articles by Colonel Gardner have been "A Young W e s t Pointer Reports for Duty at Jefferson Barracks in 1827," Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, January, 1953; "Philip St. George Cooke and the Apache, 1854," New Mexico Historical Review, April, 1953; and "The March of the First Dragoons from Jefferson Barracks to Fort Gibson in 18331834," Chronicles of Oklahoma, Spring, 1953. Additional information on this subject, prepared by Colonel Gardner, is scheduled to appear in forthcoming issues of this Quarterly and other historical magazines.

The society has entertained many well-known visitors in the past few months, many of whom stopped long enough to use our research and library facilities. Dr. Kate L. Gregg, author of the recently published The Road to Santa Fe (a review of which appeared in the January, 1953 issue of this Quarterly), spent considerable time in the office doing research for a forthcoming biography of Joseph Reddeford Walker. Mrs. Virginia Sorenson, who has written a number of novels with Utah and Mormon backgrounds, and herself a native of Provo, Utah, worked several days in the society's library collecting information on the history of Utah's admission as a state which will be incorporated into a book. Other noted visitors include Mr. Francis P. Farquhar, Mrs. Richard Bonelli, Dr. L. R. Hafen, Nell Murbarger, Paul Bailey, Fawn Brodie, and Homer Croy.

Our apologies to Mr. George L. Gary, of Oakland, California, whose name accidentally was omitted from the list of Life Members in a recent Newsletter, and our congratulations to Dr. Paul K. Edmunds who was recently enrolled as a Life Member of the society through the courtesy of Mr. William R. Palmer.

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Through the courtesy of Mr. Dale L. Morgan the society now has a substantial Jedediah Smith Collection. Mr. Morgan obtained a vast amount of material on that great mountain man and the fur trade while gathering information for his forthcoming biography of Jedediah Smith, and he very kindly has allowed the society to obtain photostat and microfilm copies of many significant items. Mr. Morgan's book, which is scheduled for publication sometime in October, 1953, will contain much new information on the history of the fur trade.

Other donors to the library are Alden S. Ross, LaMar Petersen, S. S. Ivins, C. Corwith Wagner, William A. Dawson, J. Cecil Alter, Olive W . Burt, Louetta Brown Tanner, Mrs. Lyman J. Carlock, Mrs. R. T . Stites, John W . James, Jr., and John C. Campbell.

RECENT ACCESSIONS

Adams, Henry. Charles Francis Adams 1844. Boston, 1952.

Visits the Mormons in

Atwood, Wallace Walter. The Rocky Mountains.

The Vanguard Press, 1945.

New York,

Bandini, Jose. A Description of California in 1828.

Friends of the Bancroft Library, 1951.

Bishop, Morris. Champlain. the Life of Fortitude.

Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.

Berkeley,

New York,

Bolton, Herbert Eugene. Spanish Exploration in the Southwest.

1542-1706. New York, Barnes 6 Noble, Inc., 1908.

Boudinot, Elias. A Star in the West. Trenton, New Jersey, D. Fenton, S. Hutchinson, and J. Dunham, 1816.

Brigham Young University, Department of Religion, comp. A Practical Bibliography of Works on Mormonism.

Provo, Utah, Brigham Young University, 1944.

Browne, J. Ross. A Tour Through Arizona.

Tucson, Arizona Silhouettes, 1951.

First trade ed.,

HISTORICAL N O T E S

381

Camp, Charles L. Henry R. Wagner's The Plains and the Rockies; A Bibliography of Travel and Adventure, 18001865. Third ed., Columbus, Ohio, Long's College Book Company, 1953) Chittenden, Hiram Martin and Richardson, Alfred Talbot, eds.

Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, S. J„ 1801-1873. Four vols., New York, Francis P. Harper, 1905.

Cleland, Robert Glass. The Irvine Ranch of Orange County, 1810-1950. San Marino, The Huntington Library, 1952.

Constitution of the State of California 1849. W i t h an introduction

by Robert Glass Cleland. San Marino, Friends of the Huntington Library, 1949.

Coues, Elliott. History of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark . . . . Four vols., New York, Francis P. Harper, 1893.

——On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer; the Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garces . . . . Two vols., New York, Francis P. Harper, 1900.

De Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America.

York, The Colonial Press, 1899.

DeVoto, Bernard. Minority Company, 1940.

Report.

Two vols., New

Boston,' Little, Brown and

——/Tie World of Fiction. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1950.

Drury, Wells. An Editor on the Comstock Farrar 6 Rinehart, Inc., 1936.

Lode.

New York,

Dryden, Cecil. Up the Columbia for Furs. Caldwell, Idaho, The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1950.

Franchere, Gabriel. Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America in the Years, 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814.

New York, Redfield, 1854.

Gilbert, E. W . The Exploration of Western America. 1800-1850.

Cambridge, England, The University Press, 1933.

382

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Hammond, George P., ed. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo February Second 1848. Berkeley, The Friends of the Bancroft Library, 1949.

Hammond, George P. and Howes, Edward H., eds. Overland to California on the Southwestern Trail 1849. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1950.

Hine, Robert V. California's Utopian The Huntington Library, 1953.

Colonies.

San Marino,

Hodge, Frederick W . and Lewis, Theodore H. Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528-1543. New York, Barnes 6 Noble, Inc., 1907.

Holbrook, Stewart Hall. The Story of American Railroads. New York, Crown Publishers, 1947.

Keleher, William A. The Fabulous Frontier; Twelve Mexico Items. Santa Fe, The Rydal Press, 1945.

Lillard, Richard G. The Great Forest.

Knopf, 1948.

New

New York, Alfred A.

Long, Margaret. The Shadow of the Arrow.

The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1950.

Caldwell, Idaho,

McMurtie, Douglas C. Two Early Issues of the Council Bluffs Press. Des Moines, Privately Printed, 1935.

Marriott, Alice. The Ten Grandmothers.

Oklahoma Press, 1945.

Norman, University of

Merk, Frederick. Albert Gallatin and the Oregon Problem. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1950.

Minnigerode, Meade. The Fabulous Forties, 1840-1850. Garden City, New York, Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1924.

Nevins, Allan. Fremont, the Wesf's Greatest Adventurer. vols., New York, Harper 6 Brothers, 1928.

Nollen, John Scholte. Grinnell College. torical Society of Iowa, 1953.

Two

Iowa City, State His-

Nute, Grace Lee. Caesars of the Widerness.

Appleton-Century Company, Inc., 1943.

New York, D.

HISTORICAL N O T E S

383

Phillips, Paul C , ed. Forty Years on the Frontier as Seen in the Journals and Reminiscences of Granville Stuart. Two vols., Cleveland, Arthur H. Clark Company, 1925.

Reynolds, Arch S. The Urim and Thummim and Other Media Used by the Prophet Joseph Smith to Translate the Scriptures. Springville, Utah, The Author, 1950. â&#x20AC;&#x201D;â&#x20AC;&#x201D;How Did Joseph Smith Translate? A Study of the Method of His Translation of the Different Books of Scriptures. Springville, Utah, The Author, 1952.

Ricks, Joel Edward. The Beginnings of Settlement in Cache Valley. Logan, Utah, The Faculty Association, Utah State Agricultural College, 1953.

Riegel, O. W . Crown of Glory; the Life of James J. Strang, Moses of the Mormons. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1935.

Settle, Raymond W . , ed. The March of the Mounted Riflemen; First United States Military Expedition to Travel the Full Length of the Oregon Trail from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Vancouver . . . . Glendale, The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1940.

Stewart, George R. Names on the Land. New York, Random House, 1945.

Taylor, Bayard. Eldorado; or Adventures New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1949.

in the Path of Empire.

Thomas, Elbert D. Thomas Jefferson, World Citizen.

Modern Age Books, 1942.

New York,

Tillotson, M. R. and Taylor, Frank J. Grand Canyon Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1953.

Country.

Tregeagle, Arthur Prestley and Tregeagle, Louetta Brown. A Compilation of Authentic Information Regarding the First Discovery of Gold in California. January 24, 1848. Salt Lake City, Pyramid Press, 1953.

Trial of Persons Indicted in the Hancock Circuit Court, for the Murder of Joseph Smith, at the Carthage Jail, on the 27th Day of June, 1844.

384

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Watters, Leon L. The Pioneer Jews of Utah. New York, American Jewish Historical Society, 1952.

Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer. John Sutter, Rascal and Adventurer.

New York, Liveright Publishing Corporation, 1949.

——Vancouver in California, Dawson, 1953.

1792-1794.

Los Angeles, Glen

Wolle, Muriel Sibell. The Bonanza Trail; Ghost Towns and Mining Camps of the Wesf. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1953.

Wyman, Walker D. California Emigrant Bookman Associates, 1952.

Letters.

New York,

INDEX

Abbott, Stephen, Capt., 185, 186 Abrams, Levi A., 334 Across the Wide Missouri, 187, 205 Adamic, Louis, 32 Adams, William, 351 Adobe buildings, 229 Agar, Herbert, 36 Agathla (rock), see El Capitan Agriculture, 22, 118, 119, 122, 124, 126, 231,232,314, 315, 326, 329 Indian, 221, 222, 224, 225 Agriculturist, first in Utah, 315 Aleson, Harry, "Grand Canyon Mystery," 169-170 Allen Frederick Lewis, 38 John, 144 Allred, James F., 349 Alta Club, 65 American definition of, 26, 27 Name Society, 93 "American Tradition of Democracy,"

by John D. Hicks, 25-41 Americana-Beginnings, by Streeter, reviewed, 177 Anderson David P., 143 Kirk, 16 William, 63 Angell, Truman O., 46 Angle, Henry, 350, 353, 354 Antelope, 202 Anthropological collections, 48, 51, 52, 54 AntiBigamy Act, 287, 289 Mormon Party of Oneida County, Idaho, 292, 293, 298 Appleby, W. I., 335 Arapahoes, see Indians Archaeological collections, 44, 45, 48, 54-56

Architecture early Utah, 52 Spanish, 54 Army life at Fort Douglas, Utah, 5766 Arnold, Josiah, 137 estate, 248 Arrington, Leonard J., 375 author of: "The Provo Woolen Mills: Utah's First Large Manufacturing Establishment," 97-116 letter quoted, 189 Art collections, 49-51, 53, 54 Arthur Benjamin Wellesley, 155 Charlotte, 155 Joshua, 16, 19, 148, 153, 155, 245, 332 Artists and Illustrators of the Old West: 1850-1900, by Taft, reviewed, 363, 364 Ash Hollow, 317 Ashcroft, James B., 120 Atkins (Atkinson), J. B., 152 Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, 118 Avery (divorce case), 356 B

Babbitt, A. W., 334 Bailey, Paul, letter quoted, 189 Baker E. D , Col., 339 Jim, 218, 316, 319 Simon, 164, 165 Ballo, Dominico, 245, 255 Ballo's Band, 20 Banks James, 164 John, 20 Bannocks, see Indians Baptiste, John, 350, 351 Barrows, Manly, 333 Barth, C. H., 63

Mrs., 63

386

INDEX

Basket Maker II Civilization, 51 Bassett, I. W., 107 Beans, 315 Bear Lake County, Idaho, 286, 291, 293 River, 212-214, 312-314 Crossing, 313 Divide, 207, 312 Valley, 207, 311 Beaver, 202 skins, 311 Utah, woolen mill at, 98 Beckwith A. S., 344 Eliza, 344 Frank A., collection of, 46 Beebe, George, 154 Beehive House, 230 Before Lewis and Clark, edited by Nasatir, reviewed, 271-275 Bell Alfred, 7, 140, 245 Philander, 343 William, 256 Benjamin, J. J., 260 Bennett H. M., 292, 294 Hiram B., 140, 248, 249 Bennion, John, 347 Benson, E. T., 147, 250 Bernhisel, J. M., 17 nominated as Congressional delegate, 260 Bess, James L., 12, 17, 166 Jr., 166 Big Canyon, 154 Cottonwood Canyon, 160 Ward, 158 Kanyon Creek Station, see Hanks Station Mountain, 313 Bigamy, 287, 295, 296, 303 Anti-Bigamy Act, 287, 289 Bill of attainder, 300, 301, 303, 304 definition, 302 Bingham Canyon Lions Club, 44 West Mountain Museum, 44 County, Idaho, 293 Bishop

Francis Marion, 281, 282 W . D., 281 Black Mountain, 222 Blackfoot Creek, 199 Idaho, 293 Register, 292 Blacks Fork, 201 Blacksmith Shop, Brigham Young's, 22 Blair, Seth M., 11, 12, 14, 23, 154 Bloomfield, John, 134, 135 Boardman, John, 204, 207 Boise City, Idaho, 294 Republican, 288 Bollwinckel, John M., 9, 14, 16, 142, 148, 251, 338 death of child, 244 Bolton Herbert E., 69, 70, 183, 186 Robert, 300 Bond, William H., 120, 124, 125, 130 Bone (divorce case), 246 Bonney, 213 Boofc of Mormon, 338 Bosque Redondo, 220, 222 Bouis, A. R., 204 Bowden, James, 160 Bowery, 162, 238, 259, 331 Bowman, Isaac, 144 school, 144 Bowring, 336, 338 H., 246 Box, Thomas, 256 and Company, 263 Brannan, Sam, 309 Bratton, William (Hiram Mecham), 152 Brewer, Myron, 156 Brideburg Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia, 104 Bridge Jordan River, 162 Little Cottonwood Creek, 264 Bridger, Jim, 201, 202, 209, 311 Brigham City New Mexico, 117 Utah, woolen mill at, 98 Bringhurst, 256, 343 Brite, J. Duncan, 375 Broadhead, W . H., 263

INDEX

Brockbank, Isaac, Jr., 158 Broderick, Case, 301 Brooks, Juanita, 187 Brown Alexander, 318 James, Capt, 24, 314, 317, 318 Jesse, 318 John, 314 oseph, 334 ,ucy, see Smith, Lucy Brown Robert, 333, 334 Samuel P., estate of, 250 Bess (horse),-206, 207 Browns Hole, 216 Brownsville, see Ogden Brundage, W. L., 333 Bryant, Edwin, 213, 214, 307 Bryce Canyon museum, 44, 45 Bubb, John W., 62, 64, 65 Buchanan, James, President, 338 address to Congress (1860), 242 Budge, William, Capt., 238 Buenaventura River, 214, 215 Buffalo, 200, 209, 225 shields, 55, 203, 204 Bull, Joseph, 17, 166, 167, 338 Bullock, B. K., Hon., 10 Bunn, William N., Gov., 294 Burbidge J. W., 155 James William Rhodes, 155 Jane, 244 Sarah, 155 Sister, 20 Bureau of Information and Museum, 51 Burnell Elizabeth Jones, 151 Shem, 151 Burnham, Luther G, 118 Burr, 258, 263 Burrell, J. H.. 166 Burton, Robert T., 143, 159, 237, 247, 255, 256, 264, 349, 351 Butler, Thomas F., 186 Buzzard, P. H., 154

{

Cabbage, 315 Cache Cave, 313

387

County, 156, 332, 342 Valley, 315, 375 rendezvous held in, 215 Cain J., Mrs., 23 Joseph, 2, 6 Cajon Pass, 319 Calder, Bro., 259 Calder's Park, 61 California, 307, 310, 312, 314, 318, 322, 323 Battalion, 307, 308 horses in, 308 House, 22 immigrants, 313 Calvinists, 29 Camas, Idaho, 293 Camp Charles L., 70 Defiance, see Fort Defiance Douglas, see Fort Douglas Floyd (Fort Crittenden), 7, 9, 20, 24, 143, 151, 233, 347 abandoned, 259, 260, 262 Campbell Eugene E., 375 Robert L., 349 Cannon D. H., 151, 264 George Q., 162, 167. 168, 288, 338 Capitol building, Utah's first, 46 Reef museum, 45 National Monument, 55 Cariso Mountains, 224 Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 47 Carpenter H. W., 339 M. Scott, letter quoted, 377, 378 Mr., murdered, 141 Carrington, Albert, 1, 2, 259, 260, 312, 346, 348, 357, 359 Carrots, 315 Carson, Kit, 208, 216, 220 Carter's Station, Wyoming, 212 Casper, Wyoming, 321 Cassia County, Idaho, 286 Cat, first brought to Utah, 316 A Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Collection of Western Americana Founded by William Robertson

388

INDEX

Coe, compiled by Withington, reviewed, 267-269 Cattle, 14, 198, 208, 210, 215, 228, 229, 250, 251, 314, 316, 319, 320, 323, 326 Cebolla Valley, see Savoia Valley Cedar Breaks Museum, 45 County, 144 Valley, 233, 259 Celestial marriage, 287, 295, 296; see also polygamy Chaffin, 239 Chamberlain, Mellin, 30 Chambers, 338 Chase, Wells, 325 Chemical manufacturing, 261 Cheyenne Indians, see Indians Chieftain (horse), 205-207 Chinle, 224 Wash, 219 Chino, California, 319 Chronicle Publishing Company, 46 Church, first rock church built in Parowan, 49 Churchill, Winston, 40 City Creek, 212, 243 Canyon, gristmill in, 14 Hall, 255, 256, 355 Civil War, 5, 34, 37, 242, 246, 251, 252, 254, 259-264, 339-342 prophecied by Joseph Smith, 246, 247 Clawson H. B., 22, 139, 163, 260 Moroni, 150, 151, 346-348, 350 Clayton, William, 312-314, 349 Clearwater River Valley, mininq in, 285 Clements, G, 20 Cleveland, Grover, 298 Clinton, Jeter, 250, 255, 351 Cloth, manufactured in Provo, 104, 108, 109 Coal mines, 248 Cobb James T., 248 Mary, 248 Cockroft, William, 333, 334 executed, 335 Code Commissioners, 2

Coe Collection, Yale University, catalogue of manuscripts in, 267-269 Cohabitation, 289-292 unlawful, 290, 297 Coleman, Mr., 337 Collections and museums in Utah, 4356 Collier, John, 225 Colorado River, 169, 185, 212, 214, 219, 223, 224 Collection, Utah State Historical Society, 281, 282 Powell expedition, 217 The Colorado River and the Grand Canyon: A Selective Bibliography,

by Farquhar, reviewed, 276 Colton, Don B., 186 The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains, by Wallace and Hoebel, reviewed, 79-81 Comet, 147, 256 Communists, 28 Connor, Patrick Edward, Gen., 5 Constitution, U.S., 34, 36, 301, 304 First amendment to, 299, 300, 303 Constitutional Convention, 346, 348, 349 Cook, James, 60 Cooke, Philip St. George, 259, 379 Cooperative enterprises among the Mormons, 99, 100, 103 Copper Canyon, 224 mining, 44, 223 Corn, 314, 315, 326 Cottonwoods, see trees Coulbourn, Tom, 14, 21 Council Bluffs, 197 House, 19, 354, 355 Counterfeiting, 163 The Course of Empire, by DeVoto, reviewed, 271-275 Court House, 17, 18, 145, 146, 159, 163, 229, 241, 244, 247, 253, 257, 331,343,346,348,351 Courts, proceedings of early-day, see Smith, Elias, journal of Covey, Joseph, 150 Coward, J. W., 22 The Cowman's Southwest, edited by Debo, reviewed, 366, 367

INDEX

389

"Democrat," definition of, 28 Democratic party in Idaho, 285, 286, 291-293, 295, 296, 298, 299 Derby, Dr., 321 Dern, Governor 47 Deseret Agricultural and Manufacturing Society, 140, 238, 336 Currency Association, 163 Museum, 51 National Bank, 110 Store, 354, 355 Typographical and Press Association, 19 Deseret News, 1, 4-6, 288 Extras (Pony Dispatch), 10, 246255, 257, 258, 260-265, 331, 335 journal of Elias Smith, pioneer editor, 1-24, 137-168, 237-266, 331360 office, 255 moved, 354, 355 suspended because of paper shortage, 258, 260 Desert, 309 DeVoto, Bernard, 70, 187, 205 Daily Picayune (New Orleans), re- DeWolfe, 154 ports by Matthew Field in, 202S., 163 204, 206, 207 Dinosaur Dancing, 147, 148 National Monument, 52 Mormon attitude toward, 130 museum, 47 Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 43, 47quarry, 47 51 Divorce, 22, 141, 145, 147, 160, 162, building at 165, 234, 244, 246-248, 250, 262, Parowan, 49 263, 335, 339, 342-344, 347, 356, Salt Lake, 53 357 David Thompson's Journals Relating to Montana and Adjacent Regions, Doan King and Company, 239 Dodds, Pardon, 217 reviewed, 271-275 Donner Party, 210 Davis, 142 Dotson, P. K., Marshal, 141, 163, 164 J. S., 335 Douglass, Earl, 47 Nathan, 101 Samuel D., 303 Dragoons, 1st U.S., 319 (divorce case), 356 Drown, C. M., 24, 137 Dawson, John W., Gov., 344, 346-350 Drips, Andrew, 204 assaulted, 346, 347 Dubois Declaration of Independence, 30, 34 Frederick Thomas, 289-299, 304, Deer 305 Creek, 324 Jesse, 289 Duchesne River, 218 skins, 307, 308 Dulin (teamster), 198 Dellenbaugh, Frederick S., 185, 186 Dunbar, W . C , 20, 146 Delta, Utah, 46 Duncan, Chapman, 333 Democracy Dunn, James, 106, 107 American tradition of, 25-41 definition of, 27, 28

Coyotes, 170 Cradlebaugh, John, Judge, 9-11, 16 Craig, John, 309, 310, 312, 314 Crampton, C. Gregory, 183, 184, 186 Crawford (divorce case), 244 Creer, Leland H., 25, 93, 183, 187 review by, 84-86 Crime, 18, 20, 22, 24, 146, 150-152, 164, 165, 265, 333-335, 346-348, 350, 353-356 Crismon, Charles, 14, 15, 145, 334, 340 Cronkhite, Adelbert, 58 Crossing of the Fathers, 185 Cullom, Shelby M., 289 Cumming, Alfred, Gov., 9, 10, 15, 147 Cummings, 336, 338 Cunningham, Andrew, 142, 237, 349, 351 Curtis, Erastus, 166 Cutler, John G, 107, 108, 115

390

INDEX

Dwyer, Robert J., 187, 281 Dyer, W. F., 352

E. Smith and Company (molasses mill), 11, 23 Eachols, William, 350, 353, 354 Eagle, 169 Rock, Idaho, 293 Ealy, Taylor F., Dr., 119. 120 Earle, Justus, 157 East E. W., 241, 263, 264, 353 Temple, see Salt Lake City Eastmund, E , 250 Echo Canyon, 214, 233, 313 Eckles, D. R., Judge, 9, 151, 238 Eclipse, 159, 160 Economics Ramah, New Mexico, 127 Utah, 98, 99, 111, 116 Edmunds Act, 290, 291, 295 -Tucker Act, 114, 115, 299 Egan, Howard, 158, 213, 315, 316 El Capitan (Agathla), 220, 224 Eldredge, Horace S., 22, 151, 162, 260 Eldridge, Ira, 317 Elections, 12, 21, 148, 161, 240, 260, 263, 353 Electricity, first used in Provo, 111 Elk skins, 307 Ellerbeck Bro.. 259 F. W., 332 Elliot, 234 Ellsworth, S. George, 375 Ely, John W., 349 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 33 Emery Albion, 282 George A., Mr. and Mrs., 282 Emigrants, arrive in Salt Lake City, 24, 137, 161, 238, 264 Emigration, 209, 210, 229, 250, 251 Emory, W. H., Lt., 213 Endowments, 341, 342 English colonists, 28, 29 Ephraim, 26

Episcopal Church, services held in Tabernacle, 18 Escalante Silvestre Velez de, 185 monument, 185, 186 Evans Bishop, 252, 337 Rebecca, 252, 337 Evanston, Wyoming, 313 Evening and Morning Star, 1 Execution, 141, 335 Fair, 140, 238, 239, 336, 337 Falls, Moor N , 59 Farmington, Utah, molasses mill at, 11, 23, 157 Farr, A. F., 144 Fausett, Lynn, 50 Faust's Station, 347 Felshaw, William, 46 Ferguson James, 12, 23, 154, 346 Thomas H., 141 Ferris, Warren A., 216 Field Matthew, 198-201. 205 describes horse race, 205-207 Stephen J., 303 Fillmore State House Museum, 46, 47 Fisher Bishop, 288 Irvine, 354, 356 Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 198 Floods, 243, 263, 264 Florence, Nebraska, 228 Flour, 208, 251 mill, 101, 231 Football, 59, 60 Forney, Jacob, 15 Fort Apache, Arizona, 57 Bliss Icx3s 57 Bridger, 202*. 203, 205, 207-210, 212, 214, 233, 310, 312, 314, 316 Buenaventura, 195, 209-211, 214216, 218, 307, 310, 317-319, 324, 325, 329; see also Ogden, Utah Crittenden, see Camp Floyd Davy Crockett, 216 Defiance (Defence), 215 Douglas, 5

INDEX recollections of, 57-66 Duchesne, 57 first in Utah, 215 Hall, 199-201, 213, 309, 323 account books, 200 Indian agency, 289 Jackson, 216 Iohn, 324 Kearney, 233, 247, 255, 321, 322 Kit Carson, 217 Laramie, 199, 201, 214, 233, 310, 311, 323, 324 Leavenworth, 197, 198, 321 Lupton, 216 Robidoux, see Fort Wintey St. Vrain, 216 Sumpter, 251 Uintah, see Fort Wintey Uncompahgre, 216, 217 Vasquez, 216 Wingate, 118, 127 Wintey (Winte, Uintah, Robidoux), 201, 216-218 Fossils, 46, 47, 54, 55 Foster, Solon, 333 Fourth of July celebration, 19, 128, 159, 255-257, 325 Free, Absalom P., 333 Freight train, 237 Freighting, 137, 154, 228, 233 Fremont, John C , 204, 217, 307 Frost, Henry H., review by, 175-177 Fuller Asahel Lâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; 354 Jesse J., 11, 337 Sophina, 148, 155, 352 Fur company, 198 trade, 205, 311 posts, 215-217 rendezvous (1826), 215 Gallup, New Mexico, 118, 127 Gambling, 61, 130 Gardner Archibald, 162, 346 Hamilton, 378, 379 James, 162 Leona B., 68 Gardner's Mill, 347 Gam, Samuel, 120 Gee, George W., 241, 352

391

Geological collections, 44-47, 52, 54-56 Geology museum, University of Utah, 52 Gerrish, 352 Gibbs, Grenville H., "Mormonism in Idaho Politics, 1880-1890," 285305 Gibson Deloss M., 18, 20, 160, 161, 165, 237, 238 Henry E., 164, 165 Gilbert, 352 F. D., 16 Globe, 19 Goats, 215, 314, 319, 320, 325 Godbe, W . S., 249 Gold, 223, 224 discovered in California, 321 mining, Idaho, 285 rush, 322-324 Gold Coast Pioneer, by Hortt, 187 Golding, R. J., 264, 332 Goodell, Timothy, 324 Goodyear Andrew, 196, 215, 310, 315-319, 327 Miles (Inca Pompe, Mooritza) arrives in California 326, 327 attacked by Indians, 310 biographical sketch, 196 bound out, 196 buys horses in California, 309 cabin, 48, 307, 328 children, 200, 207, 210 death, 327, 328 described, 197, 208, 312, 325, 326 drives horse herd from California to Missouri, 319-321 over Salt Desert, 309, 310 encounters Mormon Pioneers, 312 enters horse race, 205-207 expedition to Yellowstone, 212 and the founding of Ogden, 195218, 307-329 garden described, 314, 315 goes West, 196 guides Mormon Pioneers, 313, 314 joins Whitman party, 196-198 journey to California, 307 leaves Whitman party, 199 marries, 199, 200

392

INDEX

meets Theodore Talbot, 207 Mormons attitude toward, 311313, 316, 317 purchases horses, 319 recovers stolen horses, 202-205 returns to Utah, 309 sells out to Mormons, 318, 319 transactions with Fremont, 307, 308 visits Great Salt Lake City, 316 Patty Bradley, 196 Pomona (Mrs. Miles Goodyear), 200, 201, 207, 210, 214, 307 Stephen, 196 William, 310, 318, 327 Goodyear's Bar, 327 Gordon, Elizabeth, 18 Goshen, Utah, 15 Goulding, Harry, 219, 220 Government Middle Colonies, 29, 30 New England, 29 Virginia, 29 Graham, 238 David, 148 James, 167 Richard, Lt., 206 Samuel, 144 Thomas, 148 Grand Canyon mystery, 169, 170 Island, 321 Jury, 9, 10, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 149, 152, 153, 164, 332, 333, 353-355 Grangers, 37 Granite Gorge, 169 Grant, Heber J., quoted, 113 Grantsville, Utah, woolen mill at, 98 Grass, 222, 225 seed, 221, 310, 323 Grave robbery, 350, 351 Gray, William H., 198, 199 describes Miles Goodyear, 197 Great Basin, 311 Salt Lake, 61, 211, 215, 225, 229, 307, 310,311, 323, 324 Country, 212, 311 farming in, 208 reconnaissance of, 212, 213 Valley, 212, 214, 313, 320, 324 The Great Frontier, by W e b b , reviewed, 275-276 Greeley, Horace, 19, 20

Green D. H.. 17 River, 199, 213-217, 318 discovery of, 184-186 Valley, 205 Greenbackers, 37 Greenriver, Utah, 224 Gristmill, first in Utah, 14 H Hafen, LeRoy R., 183, 216 Haight, Horton David, 137 Hailey John, 293, 298, 299 Idaho, 298 Hamblin Hannibal, 156 Jacob, 241 Hammer Charles, 262 Emeline, 262 Hammond, George P., 284 Hampton Brigham Y., 334 Nephi, 152 Hancock, Charles B., 140 Handcart company, 137 Hanks Ephraim, 249 Station (Big Kanyon Creek Station), 249 Hardman, Isaac, 341 0 Hards (divorce case), 263 Hardy J. F . 146 L. W . , 255 Harkness, H . O., 292, 294 Harmon, O. N , 17 Harrington, Margaret, 18 Harris Llewellyn, 119 Moses ("Black"), 321 (divorce case), 347 Harrison Conrad B., review by, 269-271 George, see Mowry, John Hartnett, John, 139, 163 Hascall, Ursulia B., 320 Hastings Lansford W . , 210 Cutoff, 210, 211, 309, 312, 317, 323

INDEX Hatch Boyd, Mr. and Mrs., 53 Ira Starns, 124 Joe, 124 Lorenzo H., 118, 119 Hawkins (trapper), 213 Hayes, James B., 298 Hayward, William, 300, 301, 303 Heath, Henry, 348, 349 Henry's Fork, 318, 319 Heywood, Joseph E., 218 Hickman, W. A., 145, 150, 351 Hicks, John D., 93 author of: "The American Tradition of Democracy," 25-41 Hite Cass (Hosteen Pishlaki, Mr. Silver), 223, 224 Utah, 223 Hoagland Abraham, 334 John, 334 John G., 227 letters by, 228-235 Hockaday, 258, 263 Holladay, Utah, 158 Hoop, O. W., "Recollections of Fort Douglas at the Turn of the Century," 57-66 Hooper, William Henry, Capt., 14, 156, 162, 167, 168 Horse herd, 314, 319 driven over Salt Desert, 309, 310 racing, 130 between mountain men and Indians, 205-207 stealing, 143, 151-153, 156, 159, 202-205 Horses, 198, 199, 202, 215, 220-222, 224, 225, 228, 250, 308, 309, 314, 316, 319, 320, 322, 325 brought West by Sir William Drummond Stewart, 205 Hortt, M. A., 93, 187 Hoskaninni -begay, 219-226 Chief (Hush-kaaney), 219-226 Hotel Utah, 238 Houtz, 256, 343 Howard, 336, 338 Catherine Alice, 158 Thomas, 261 William, 158, 333

393

Howe, Maurice L., 195, 196, 200 Hoyt Emma C , 244, 247 Samuel P., 140, 141, 248, 249 Hudnut, Richard A., Mrs., 53 Hudson's Bay Company, 199, 200, 202 Huffaker, S. D., 159 Humboldt River, 309, 310, 325, 327 trail, 309 Hunt J., 250 John, 120 Ray, 220 Hunter Bishop E., 255 Milton R., 183 Huntington Clark Allen, 150, 151 Lot, 145, 164, 165, 346, 347 Oliver B., 320 Hush-kaaney, see Hoskaninni Hyde, Orson, 20, 140, 147, 250 I Idaho admission into Union, 296, 297, 299, 305 Constitutional Convention, 304 Democratic Territorial Convention, 288 Legislative Assembly, 285 legislature, 294-296 mining in, 285 Mormon colonization of, 285, 286 politics, Mormonism and, 285-305 Supreme Court, 301, 304 Test Oath Law, 295-297, 299, 301304 U. S. marshal appointed for, 289 In a Sunlit Land, by Widtsoe, reviewed, 177, 178 Indians, 117, 118, 155, 199, 215, 307, 309, 310 agent, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 119, 120 agriculture, 221, 222, 224, 225 artifacts, 46, 51, 55 baptized, 118 depredations, 158, 224 steal horses, 202-205 trade, 315, 316, 319 tribes

394

INDEX

Arapahoes, 202, 204 Bannocks, 198-200 Cheyenne, 201-204. 323 Moqui, 241 Navaho, 241 Mormon mission to, 117, 118, 120, 122, 133 Pawnee, 324 Shoshoni, 203 Sioux, 201, 323 Snake, 200, 202, 204-206, 209 Ute, 200, 201, 217, 218. 220-223, 225, 308, 316, 319 Zuni, 225 Mormon mission to, 117-120, 122, 133, 134 Industrial Revolution, 32 Industry, early Utah, 97-116 Innis, James B., 300, 301, 303 Iron, 223 Irrigation, 231 first in Utah, 315 Isolationism, American, 33 Ivins, Anthony W., 118, 119

J Jackling, D. C , 44 Jackman, Levi, 333 Jackson David E.. 215 Sheldon, 94, 95 Jail, Salt Lake City, 229 James, John W., 67, 72, 73 review by, 363, 364 Jamestown, Ohio, 29 Jardine, W . M., Dr., 60 Jefferson, Thomas, 30 Jennings, William, 334 Jensen, Utah Dinosaur National Monument Museum and Dinosaur Quarry, 47 Escalante monument at, 185, 186 Jews, 260 John Colter: His Years in the Rockies, by Harris, reviewed, 81, 82 Johnson B. F., 139, 140 J. H., 14 James, 18, 161 R. Keith, 156 Richard Z., 300

Johnston Albert Sidney, Gen., 5, 11, 233, 259 Andrew T., 187 Stephen E., Mr. and Mrs., 187 Johnston's Army, 227 Jones, 336, 338 Nathaniel Vary, 18, 21, 264 Jordan Bridge, 250 Mills, 162, 347 River, bridge site, 162 Joseph City, New Mexico, 117 Joseph Smith III and the Restoration, edited by Anderson and Hulmes, reviewed, 171-173 Journalism, early Utah, see Smith, Elias, journal of Juab County, 139 Judd, Hyrum J., 120 Jury, selection of in polygamy trials, 287, 290, 297, 298 K Kanab, Utah mummies found at, 51 Museum of Southern Utah, 48 Kay, John, 9 Kayenta, 219-221 Kays Creek, 157, 254 Kearns, H. S., 12 Kearny, S. W., Gen., 321 Keaton, George, 332, 339 Keller, Alvah, 22 Kelly, Charles, 70, 195, 196, 200, 217, 310 author of: "Chief Hoskaninni," 219-226 Kennedy, O. A., 195, 196, 308, 325 Kennedy, William Clark, 207 Kesler, F., 259, 261 Kimball David P., 349 Heber C , 147, 234, 250, 259, 320, 352 Hyrum, 361 John B 14. 15, 145 and Lawrence, 14, 15 Kimballs Junction, 167 Ranch, 167 King Amy Jane, see Smith, Amy Jane King

INDEX Bro., 23, 147, 152, 157, 254 Kingston, Utah, woolen mill at, 98 Kinney, John F., 238, 249, 349 Knight Jess, 112 Joseph, 334 Investment Company, 112, 115 Woolen Mills, 112, 115 Korea, 39 Koms, J. Roderic, 70 La Mousse, Ignace (Iroquois Indian), 207 Labor, early Utah, 111, 114 Land policies, 122, 123 The Larkin Papers, III, edited by Hammond, reviewed, 178 Latter-day Saints Church Historian's Office, 19, 260, 359 Office Building (old), 230 conference, 13, 140, 152, 238, 249, 250, 337 Latter-day Saints Messenger and Advocate, 1 Latter-day Saints Millenial Star office, 168 Lawrence, Henry William, 14, 247, 249, 263 Le Meuse (Iroquois Indian), 207 Legislative Assembly, Utah Territory, 144, 146, 230, 240, 241, 244, 346 representatives nominated, 260 ball, 345 Legislature, 344, 345 Leonard, Bradford, 244, 245, 248, 258, 264 Letham, John, 140 Lewis J. William, 255 Joseph, 124, 129 Mary, 255 Philip B., 334 Samuel E , 120, 121, 124, 125, 130132, 134, 135 Lienhard, Heinrich, 201, 210 Lincoln, Abraham, 5, 27, 156, 289, 343 elected President, 240 inaugural address, 247

395

Lion House, 52, 230 Liquor, 61, 333 Little Feramorz, 138 J. C , Col., 247, 255, 313, 350 Cottonwood Creek, 264 bridge, 264 Mountain, 349 Littlewood, Martin, 344 Livestock, 309 Livingston, Kinkead and Bell, 256, 258, 263 Long, J. V., 260 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, quoted, 40, 41 Loughey, F. X., 104 Love, John, 265, 333 Loveless, Joseph, 143 Luce Jason R., 164, 165. 346, 348, 355, 356 John M., 164, 165, 346, 348, 355, 356 Wilford, 346, 348, 355, 356 Luffkin, 247 Lumber, 46, 49, 127 Lutz, Thomas, 159 Lyman Amasa, 155, 312 F. M., 122, 129 Lynch John G , 159, 161, 239, 240 Patrick, 7, 349 M Mabey, Charles R., 281 McBride John R., 211-213 William, 139, 140 McClary, Mr., 214 McDonald, A. F., 12 Mace, Wandle, 333 Mclntyre, William, 160 McKay, David O., Pres. and Mrs., 93 McKean 360 \ "., . B., 264, 332 McKenzie, 24 D , 163 McKnight, James, 167 McLoughlin, Peter, Sgt., 63

396

INDEX

McNeil James R., 120, 123-125, 130, 135 Mary, 133 Phebe A., 133 McRae A., 238 Alexander, Jr., 265, 266 Kenneth, 164, 165, 265, 266 Maiben, H., 20 Mail, 7, 14-17, 19, 20, 24, 137, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 156-158, 161, 235, 241, 246, 248-250, 252, 253, 256, 257 coach, 139, 140 Malad, Idaho, 292, 298 Manhard Charles, 150, 153, 265, 266, 331, 333 Truelove, 150, 151, 265, 266, 331, 333 Manufacturing, early Utah, 97-116 Marshall Plan, 39 Marvin (divorce case), 247 Matthews, 341 Frank, 355 Maughan, John, 118 Maw, Gov., 55 Mayflower Compact, 28 Mecham, Hiram, see Bratton, William Medical notice, early-day, 361, 362 Medicine, Indian, 225, 361 Meek, Joseph L., 321 Meeks, Priddy, medical notice, 361 362 Mellen, John, 335 Mercantile meeting, 19 Merrick, 223 Mexicans, 222, 224 Microfilming, 69 Middle Colonies, government of, 29, 30 Miera, 185 Milan, Mary E , 143 Miles, Albert, 334 Mill, molasses, 11, 23 Millard County, fossils in, 46 Miller Alfred Jacob, 205 Reuben, 6, 18, 159, 162, 264, 331, 346 Thomas, 348

Milne, Ann C , Mrs., 94 Miner (Miners), A., 14, 333, 334 Mining coal, 248 copper, 223 gold, 223, 224 iron, 223 silver, 219, 222, 223, 225 turquoise, 225, 226 Minto, John, 207 describes Miles Goodyear, 208 Missouri Republican, 321, 322, 324 Missouri River, 197, 198, 322 Mitchell, 223 B. T., 13 The Mittens, Monument Valley, 223 Moffat County, Colorado, 47 Moffitt, Andrew, 162 Mojave deseret, 307, 319 Molasses mill, 11, 23 Monument Valley, 219, 220, 222-226 Moody, J. M., 248, 260 Moqui Indians, see Indians Morgan, Dale L., 70, 72, 380 author of: "Miles Goodyear and the Founding of Ogden," 195218, 307-329 reviews by, 82-84, 271-275 Mormon anti-Mormon political conflict in Idaho, 286-299, 304, 305 Battalion, 317, 318 colonization of Idaho, 285, 286 Pioneer Memorial Bridge, dedication. 282, 283 Pioneers, 310. 313, 315, 317 encounter Jim Bridger, 311 Trail, 314 The Mormon Village, by Nelson, reviewed, 175-177 Mormonism, effect on Idaho politics, 285-305 Mormons, 227, 286-288, 290-292, 294299, 301, 304, 305, 311, 322, 326 attitude toward dancing, 130 industry, 97-116 -Gentile relations, 4, 5, 9-12, 15, 131, 132, 138, 143, 161, 213, 242, 243 Indian converts, 118-120, 122.

133, 134 migrations, 3 missionaries, 154, 166-168

INDEX morals, 129-133 and Mormonism, Union Catalogue of, 72 purchase Goodyear claim, 317, 318 values system, 117-136 Morrell, William, 158, 257 Morris, William V., 334 Morrison, Robert W., Capt., 207, 208 Mortensen, A. R., 67, 69, 73, 74, 93 editor of: "Elias Smith: Journal of a Pioneer Editor, March 6, 1859 â&#x20AC;&#x201D;September 23, 1863," 1-24, 137168, 237-266, 331-360 editorial by, 193-194 reviews by, 173-175, 275-276, 366367 Mountain Dell, 346 Meadows Massacre, 15 men, 308, 311 Devil (horse), 206, 207 "The Mountain Bound Vallies," 227235 The Mountaineer, 12, 23, 24, 138, 149 Movie making in Utah, 219 Mowry, John (George Wyers, George Harrison), 152 Muddy Crossing, 212 Mulberry trees, 48 Mulder, William, review by, 171-173 Mules, 154, 198, 199, 206, 208, 228, 237, 320, 322, 325 Mulliner, Samuel, 13 Mumford, Edward T., 334 Mummies, Kanab, Utah, 51 Murder, 18, 20, 24, 141, 156, 161.

237, 333, 334 Museums and collections in Utah, 4356 Music in the Southwest, by Swan, reviewed, 269-271 N Names, edited by Gudde, 93 reviewed, 276-277 Natural History Museum, State of Utah, 55 Nauvoo, Illinois, 3. 286, 361, 362 printing office at, 1, 3 Nauvoo Neighbor, medical notice in, 361

397

Navaho Indians, see Indians Mountain, 221, 222, 225 New Mexico, see Ramah, New Mexico Nebeker, J., 332 Nebo School District, 49 Needham, Staines, 338, 340 Neff, Andrew Love, 183 Negroes, in Utah, 14, 21, 29, 164 Neibaur, Isaac, 150, 164. 165, 346, 348, 349, 355, 356 Neil John B., Gov., 289 Mr., 22 Nephi Court, 24 New England, government of, 29 Mexico, Ramah, 117-136 Newspapers, early Mormon, 1 Nielson Emma, 126 Frihoff Godfred, 120, 121, 126, 129, 130 Peter, 120, 127 Noall, Claire, review by, 364-366 North Atlantic Treaty, 39 West Company, 207 Nuttall, L. John, 101 O Oakley, Idaho, 286 Obed, New Mexico, 117 Odium Hortense McQuarrie, Mrs., 51, 53 Building, St. George, Utah, 51 Of Medicine, Hospitals, and Doctors,

by Richards, reviewed, 364-366 Ogden River, 212, 215 Utah (Brownsville) Miles Goodyear and the founding of, 195-218, 307-329; see also Fort Buenaventura Pioneer Relic Hall, 48 Woolen mill at, 98 Ogden Standard-Examiner, 195 Oljeto, trading post at, 219 Oneida County, Idaho, 286, 288, 293295, 298 Anti-Mormon Party of, 292, 293, 298

398

INDEX

Board of Canvassers, 294 County Commissioners, 294 "Independent Party," 288, 292 Onion Valley, see Savoia Valley Orderville, Utah, Woolen mill at, 98 Oregon Historical Society, 212, 213 Trail, 314, 320 Original Contributions to Western History, edited by Mumey, reviewed, 277 Ormond, John. 333, 334 Ottenheimer, Charles, 115 Overfield, C. P., Mr. and Mrs., 186 Overland Mail Company, 347 Telegraph, 5 Ox, 322 teams, 154, 237 Oxford, Idaho, 297

Pacific Creek, 167 Railroad, 324 Springs, 213, 337 Pack, John, 256 Pageant in the Wilderness, 69, 70, 183, 184 Palmer Henry K., 119 William R., 281 Panoroma; A Picture History of Southern California, by Robinson, reviewed, 368 Paper Mill, 258-262, 331, 342-344, 356 shortage, 258, 260, 331, 332, 339, 340, 342, 343, 356 Paris, Idaho, polygamists in, 297 Parker, John D., 261 Parley's Canyon, 251 Parowan, Utah Daughters of Utah Pioneers Building, 49 first rock church built In, 49 Parsons J. F., 250 Mrs., 250 Paul, C a p t , 327 Pawnee Indians, see Indians

Payson Canyon, 49 Utah, 139, 140 Memorial Park, 49 Payson Junior High School, collection at, 49, 50 Peck, W a r d , 196 Pectol, E . P., collection of, 45, 55 Penitentiary, Salt Lake City, 144, 150, 151, 167, 230, 237, 238, 333, 356 Pennington, Mr., 148 Perkins, William G. (J.), 333. 334 Pe-teet-neet, Chief, 200 Peters, Lyman, 164, 165 Peterson, William, Mrs., 375 Pettegrew, David, 333 Pickett, William, 2 Pilgrims, 28 Pine nuts, 221 Piney Fork, 205 Pino, Jose, 118 Pioneer home, 52 Memorial Museum Provo, Utah, 50, 51 Salt Lake City, 53 Relic Hall, Ogden, Utah, 48 relics, 46, 48-53 The Pioneer Jews of Utah, by W a l ters, reviewed, 84-86 Pipkin James Knox Polk, 120, 121, 123, 124 Vira Lewis, 124 Pishlaki, see Hite, Cass Platte River, 311, 320 Plow irons, 207, 208 Plymouth, Mass., 28 Pocatello, Idaho, 293 Poland Law, 287 Politics, Mormonism in Idaho, 285-305 Polygamy, 126. 230, 231, 234, 287292, 295-300, 302, 303, 305 Polynesian artifacts, 51 Pomeroy, Francis, 320 Pomona, see Goodyear, Pomona Pony Dispatch, see Deseret News Extras Pony Express. 5, 156-158, 234, 235.

240, 242, 245-265, 331, 332, 335-337 Populists, 37

INDEX Porter, R. H., 17 Portneuf River Valley, 292 Powder Mill, 261 Powell, John Wesley, 281 Colorado River expedition, 185, 217 Pratt, Orson, 147, 168, 240, 287, 312, 314 Preece, Peter, 148 Presbyterian Church mission, Savoia, New Mexico, 119 in Utah, 94 Preston, William B., 106 Price, Utah, City Hall, murals at, 50 "The Pride of the Market" (play), 354 Printers Festival, 149, 244, 352 Printing office, Nauvoo, 1, 3 Probate Court, Salt Lake County, proceedings of, see Smith, Elias, journal of judge appointed for Salt Lake County, 2, 3 Prostitution, Salt Lake City, 61 Provo District Court, 7-12 Manufacturing Company, see Provo Woolen Mills River, 103 Utah, 139, 140 Pioneer Memorial Museum, 50, 51 Woolen Mills (Provo Manufacturing Company, Timpanogos Manufacturing Company), 97116 Provost, Etienne, 217 Pueblo peoples, 48 Punjun (Punyun) Spring, 139 Ranch, 139 Pyper, Alexander C , 261 Q Queen of Cowtowns, Dodge City, by Vestal, reviewed, 87

Rabbits, 221 Radishes, 315 Railroad, 97-100, 122, 123, 324 Raleigh, A. H., 255 Ramah

399

Land and Irrigation Company, 123 New Mexico, 117-136 origin of word, 121 Rawley, Capt., 137 Redfield, Harlow. 333 Reed James Frazier, 210, 211, 213 Samuel, 153 Representatives Hall, 344, 348 "Republic," definition of, 28 Republican party in Idaho, 286, 291-293, 295.

298, 299 Territorial Convention, 298 Rexburg, Idaho, 286 Reynolds John, 333 Wood, 346, 348, 355, 356 Rhodes, Mr., 22 Rich Charles C , 155 Henry, 164, 165 Richards Franklin Dewey, 11, 139, 140, 147, 260 Phineas, 334 Samuel Whitney, 11, 23, 139, 140, 157 Willard, 1. 2, 357 Richmond, Everett, 49 Ricks, Joel E , 67, 68, 74, 93, 187, 281, 375 Riter, Franklin, letter quoted, 184-186 River Jordan, 26 Riviere (Rivy), 204 The Road to Santa Fe, by Gregg, reviewed, 82-84 Roads, Salt Lake County, 18, 21, 142, 158, 159, 162, 264 Robbery, 22 Roberts Creek, 158 Robidoux, Antoine, 201, 216-218, 324 Robinson, Uncle Jack, 205, 206 Rockwood, A. Porter, 230, 260, 313, 347 Rocky Mountains, 311, 322, 324 Rogers Shropshire and Ross, 239 Romney, Thomas G, 183 Roosevelt Franklin D , 33, 37, 40 Theodore, 37 visits Salt Lake City, 62

400

INDEX

Rose, Andrew, 148 Rusack, Janice M. Overfield, 186 Rush Valley, 347 Russell, Majors and Waddell, 233 Russia, 28, 35, 38, 39 Ruxton, George, 311 Rydalch, W., 251

Sahagun, Alonso Conde, letter quoted, 376 Saint George, Utah, Daughters of Utah Pioneers Collection, 51 Joseph, Missouri, 321, 322, 324, 326 Saleratus, 229 Salt, 225, 229, 232 Desert, 309, 326 City, Utah, 2, 57, 225, 229-235, 313, 314 Bureau of Information and Museum, 51 Cemetery, 240 Commercial Street, 61 Constitution Building, 112, 256 East Temple, see Main Street Eighth Ward, 161 election, 12, 148 entertainment in, 60, 61 first store in, 256 Fourteenth Ward, 349 gambling in, 61 Geology Museum, 52 High Council, 317, 318 jail, 229 liquor in, 61 Main Street (East Temple), 256, 258 Museum of Anthropolgy, 52, 53 Pioneer Memorial Museum, 53 Post Office, 256 Schools (1859), 230 Seventeenth Ward, 2, 256 Third Ward, 2 Thirteenth Ward, 257 Twentieth Ward, 141 Woolen mill in, 98 Y.M.C.A., 60 County Court, proceedings of, see

Smith, Elias, journal of election, 21, 161, 240 Library Association, 44 probate judge appointed, 2, 3 roads, 18, 21, 142, 158, 159, 162, 264 Selectmen, 18, 158, 159, 162, 163 Sheriff, 143, 159 Theatre, 53 dedicated, 354 Valley, 313 Mormon Pioneers in, 314 Sam Brannan and the California Mormons, reviewed, 368 San Bernardino Mountains, 307 Juan River, 219, 224 Sanders Elizabeth, 8 Thomas, 8 Sandstone, 46 Sanpete County, 342 Valley, 316 Sanpitch, Chief, 200 Santaquin, Utah, 139, 140 Savoia Irrigation Company, 121 (Cebolla, or Onion) Valley, 118122 Sawyer, Levi, 139 School House, Pres. Young's, 336, 337 of Prophets, 99, 100 Schools, 230 Secession, 242, 246 Sehmblin, Caroline, 352 Serrine, Samuel D., 334 Seventies Council, 245 Sevier River. 316, 319 "Shangar" Band, 245 Sheep, 99, 110, 120, 122, 210, 215, 221, 222, 224, 225, 315, 319 Sheets. Elijah Frank, 142, 146, 159, 162, 255 Shep (a negro slave), 14, 21 Sherwood, Henry G , 315, 317, 318 Shoplin (divorce case), 357 Shoshoni, see Indians Sierra Nevada, 309, 310, 323, 324 Silk worms, 48

INDEX Silver, 219, 222, 223, 225 City, Idaho, 285 mining, Idaho, 285 Sims, George, 145, 260 Sinclair, C. F., 9, 138 Singiser, T . F., 293 Sioux, see Indians Siskeedee (horse), 206, 207 Slavery, 14, 29, 234 Smallpox epidemic, 119 Smith Amos B., 345 Amy, 153 Jane King (Mrs. Elias Smith), 3, 8, 12, 19, 20, 23, 145, 147-149, 151, 157-159, 166, 243, 244, 247, 254, 257, 352 Augusta, 153 Bathsheba (Daughter of George A . ) , 153 (Wife of George A . ) , 241 Edith Ann, 3, 6, 263 Elias, 233 appointed editor of the Deseret News, 2, 6, 7 biographical sketch, 1-5 chastised by Brigham Younq, 351, 352 dismissed as editor of the News, 357-360 journal of, 1-24, 137-168, 237266, 331-360 member of Fourth of July Committee, 255 Elias Asahel, 3, 12, 259 Elizabeth, 4 Emily Jane, 148, 166, 352 baptized, 155 Esther, 255 George A., 13, 19, 153, 241, 253, 312, 332, 348, 359 Jr., killed, 241 Gibson, 162 H. W . ("Kentucky"), 292, 294, 295 J. L , 153 Jedediah, 215 Jesse Moroni, 12 N , 120, 166 John, 333 Henry, 125 L , 166 P., 347, 348 Joseph, 2, 287 prophecy concerning Civil W a r , 246, 247 Joseph F., 12, 13

401

Lavira, 13 Lucy Brown (Mrs. Elias Smith), 3, 8, 12, 19, 20, 23, 145, 147, 148, 152, 158, 159, 162, 166, 243247, 263, 265, 349, 352, 354 Lucy E , 23 Lucy Elizabeth, 354 Mary Catherine, 153 Jane, 149, 257 Rebecca Jane, 166 Robert H., 118 S. H. B., 153 Samuel H., 13 Silas, 7, 8, 18, 139, 140 Thomas, 12 Susan, 153 W . B., 249 Mrs., 249 Willard, 152 William B., 23 Smith's Fork, 213 Smoot Abraham Owen, Mayor, 101, 102, 105, 106, 152, 247, 255, 346, 351, 359 Reed, 106, 107, 112, 114 Snakes, see Indians Snider, Samuel, 156 Snow B., 146, 147 E , 168 Erastus B., 119, 134 L., 250 William J., 183 Zerubbabel, 348 Snyder, Jacob Rink, Papers of, 308 Social Hall, 144, 148, 149, 166, 231, 241, 244, 245, 247, 345, 351, 352 Soda Springs, 212, 213 Soffe, 341 Sons of Utah Pioneers, 50 Sorenson, C. J., 375 South Pass, 198, 201, 209, 320, 322-324 first white women to cross, 195 Platte, forts on, 216 Southern Pacific: The Roaring Story of a Fighting Railroad, b y Wilson and Taylor, reviewed, 87 Spalding, Henry Harmon, 195, 196, 198 Spanish Fork, 10 Spencer, Daniel, 259, 260, 317 Spires, Adam, 334

402

INDEX

Sprague, Samuel L., 333 Springville High School Art Gallery, 54 Utah, Woolen Mill at, 98 Staines Needham and Company, 263 Stambaugh, S. C , 147, 239, 258 Stamper, Dr., 160 State House, Fillmore, Utah, 46, 47 Steam power, 108 Steed, A. Merlin, collection, 54 Stenhouse, T. B. H., 251, 358, 359 Stevenson, Edward A., 298 Stewart Edgar I., review by, 81, 82 William Drummond, Sir, 198, 205, 207 Stites, Helena B., "Museums and Collections in Utah Open to the Public," 43-56 Stockton, R. F., Commodore, 321 Stoddard, Charles H., 157 Stoneman, George, Lt., 319 Stout, Hosea, 6, 11, 12, 14, 22, 23, 138, 141, 154, 260, 261, 336 Strawberry Valley, 64, 65 Street, James, 258 Strike, Provo Woolen Mills, 111 Sturgis, S. D., Capt, 58 Sublette Solomon, 213 William L., 205, 215 Sugar House, 259, 261 building, 259 manufacturing, 259 Sullivan, Paul E , 187 Sulphur Creek, 312 Sunset, N e w Mexico, 117 Sutter, John A., notes arrival of Goodyear, 309 Sutter's Fort, 309, 314 Swazey, Rodney, 153, 154 Swensen, Russel, 93, 187

Tabernacle, 21, 152, 230, 238, 240, 250, 346, 351 Episcopal services in, 18 nails stolen from, 335 Talbot, Theodore, 207

Tanner, Myron, 106 Taos, N e w Mexico, 208 Tapestries, 53 Taussig Abels and Company, 239 Taylor, 239 Allen, 320, 321 David, 13 John, 20, 101, 106, 110, 250, 253, 260, 293, 346, 348, 359 Tees-nos-pos, 224 Telegraph, 5, 337, 339-343, 351, 355 completed, 339 pole, first in Salt Lake City, 258 Telling, Irving, "Ramah, New Mexico, 1876-1900: An Historical Episode With Some Value Analysis," 117-136 Temple, 342, 343 Square, 51, 250 Tenney Ammon, 118 E. J., 134 Nathan C , 119, 120, 129 Tesson, 204 Thatcher, Moses, 108 Thews, William B., 294 Third California Volunteers, 5 District Court, 9 Thomas, Norman, 35 Thompson, Mary Jane, 13 Tietjen, Ernest A., 118, 120-122, 124, 130, 132-134 Tillotson, 346 Times and Seasons, 1, 2 Timpanogos Manufacturing Company, see Provo Woolen Mills Tobacco, 308 Tobin John, 335 Sarah Jane, 335 Tom (Indian), 206, 207 (horse), 205-207 Townsend, James, 258, 263, 264 Townsend's Hotel, 347, 351 Treasures of Pioneer History, compiled by Carter, reviewed, 178 Trees Cotton woods. 212 Willow twigs, 200 Triby, W . W . . 156

INDEX

Truckee River, 310 Truman Doctrine, 39 Truitt (Truete), Samuel, 309, 312 Tull, Particia L., "Museums and Collections in Utah Open to the Public," 43-56 Tullidge, Edward, quoted, 116 Turmoil in New Mexico, 1846-1868.

by Keleher, reviewed, 87 Turnbow, Samuel, 334 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 31 Turquoise, 225, 226 Twenty-fourth of July, celebrated, 160, 261 Tyler Daniel, 333 S. Lyman, 186 review by, 79-81 U Udall, David K., 124, 125 Uinta Basin, 201, 215, 216, 218, 225 Indian Agency, 217 Mountains, 201 River, 218 Uncompahgre River, 216 Union Festival, 345 Hall, 8 Pacific Railroad, 212 Square, 137 United States House of Representatives, 148 National Museum, 47 Park Service, 44, 45, 47, 55, 56 Supreme Court, 303, 304 University of California, 25 Utah, 47, 60 Geology Museum, 52 Museum of Anthropology, 52, 53 Fine Arts, 53, 54 Untermann, G. E., letter quoted, 188 Utah admission to Union, 299 County, 102, 103 Deputy Sheriff, 154 exports, 107-112. 116 Field House of Natural History, 54, 55 first

403

capitol building, 46 fort in, 215 state park, 46 manufacturing, 97-116 Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, 53, 54 oldest settlement in, 195 pioneers, 31 Society Sons of the American Revolution, 185, 186 State Agricultural College, 60 Board of Examiners, 55 Building Board, 55 Historical Society, 186 annual meeting, 25, 93 archival program, 69 Biennial Report, (1950-1952), 67-77 Cache Valley Chapter, 68, 69, 375 Colorado River Collection, 281, 282 library, 71, 72 publications, 69-71 Natural History Museum, 55 park, first, 46 War, 4, 5, 9, 10, 21, 148, 227, 233 Utes, see Indians V Valley Tan, 16 Values, definition of, 118 Van Cott, John, 18 Vance, John, Jr., 334 Varney, Samuel, 333 Vasquez, Louis, 209 Vaughan, Dr., 325, 327 Vaux, Wmâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; 18 Vegas Desert, 307, 319 Vernal, Utah, 47 Lions Club, 55, 186 Utah Field House of Natural History, 54, 55 Virgin River, 307 W Wade, J. A., Hon., 339 Wagner, C. Corwith, 228 Wagon Roads West, by Jackson, reviewed, 173-175 Walker Chief, 200 Joseph Reddeford, 318

404

INDEX

Wallace, James H., 186 Wallings, Capt, 161 Ward, J. B., letters written to, 228235 Wasatch Mountains, 215, 313 Washington George, birthday celebrated, 247 Utah, woolen mill at, 98 Water power, 103 Watt, G. D , 332 Wayne County, museum, 55 Wonderland Store, 55 Weather conditions. 8, 10-16, 142, 143, 147, 149, 151, 233 Webb, C. B., Jr., 143 Weber Canyon, 211, 214, 313 County, 48 first relief society hall, 48 probate judge, 144 River, 211, 212, 215, 310, 314 Valley, 215, 248 Weber's Diggings, 327 Weir, H. W., Chief Justice, 301. 302 Wells Capt. (Welles, Wills), 211, 213, 214, 307, 311, 315 Daniel H., 5, 22, 147, 154, 234, 253, 259, 260, 332, 346, 349, 352, 359 Wellsville, Utah, 315 West C. W., 146 Jordan, Utah, 162 Mountain Museum, Bingham Canyon, 44 West From Fort Bridger, 69, 70, 184 Western frontier, 31, 32 The Western Standard. 338 Westwater, Utah, 216 Wetherill John, 219 Louisa, 219 Wheat, 232 Wheeler Martin, 151 T. J., 143, 144 William, 143 E., 292 Wesley, 151 Wheelock, C. H., 139 Whigs, 286

Whipple, Deputy Sheriff, 154 White W . G, 333 River, 215, 217 Whiterocks River, 201, 217 Whitman Marcus, 195, 196, 198, 199, 201 Narcissa, letter quoted, 5, 6 Company, 196-199 abandons wagons, 199 Wilde, Franklin Hunter, 154 Wilkie M. J., 157 Matthew Forbes, 141, 148, 159, 167, 337, 338 Williams Joseph, 201 T. S., 14, 167, 168 Rancho, 319 Willows, see Trees Wills, see Wells, Capt.

Willson, George A., 334 Wilson, Woodrow, 37 Wind storm, 241 Wines, L., 146 Winter Quarters, 310, 316, 320 Wood, Joseph, 316 Woodmansee, 142 Woodruff Asahel, 253 Wilford, 123, 124, 240, 253. 259, 260, 346 quoted, 109 Wool, 120 Woolen Mill, Provo, Utah, 97-116 Wooley, Mr., 301-303 Woolley, E. D , 154, 237, 260 Woolly, John W., 349 Wooton, Sec, 265 World's Fair, Chicago, 48 Wright, J. C , 144, 146, 248 Wyers, George, see Mowry, John Wyeth, Nathaniel, 200 Y.M.C.A., 60 The Year of Decision: 1846, 187 Young Brigham, 2, 4-7, 13, 14, 16, 18-20, 99-106, 109, 113, 117, 118, 134, 138, 140, 146, 147, 150, 154, 162-

405

INDEX 164, 200, 230, 231, 234, 239, 240, 245, 250, 253, 254, 258-261, 264, 285, 286, 310, 311, 315-317, 320, 332, 339, 342, 350-352, 354, 358, 360 blacksmith shop, 22 Home (Lion House), 52 school house, 336, 337 Brigham, Jr., 22, 133 Caroline, 145 Franklin J., 140 J. A., 260 J. W., Capt., 22, 167, 237 John, 145 Levi Edgar, 93

review by, 267-269 Lorenzo D., 200, 324 P. H., 22

Z.C.M.I., 108, 114, 115 Zeizler, John, 156 Zion -Bryce Natural History Association, 44, 45, 56 Canyon Museum, 55, 56 "Zouaves," 242 Zuni Indians, see Indians

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