Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 15, Number 2, June 1969

[JTAH $TArt AT5TORiCAl: sc:Jclrn

_I,l;;

~mEXED

lilt/II • • \

ANEW S LETTER

VOL. 15

NO.2

JUNE 1969

I

KOKOPILAU •

'"TAH ArCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by the Utah Statewtde Arch-

aeological Societ.y quarterly, Correspondence concerning activities should be directed to the President, ~!anuscripts and news items or art.icles should be sent to the Editor, Memberships to Sec.-Treas,

UTAH . STATEWIIiI', JiliCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY ~ .

President.

Grant M. Roedor M.D.

Pros. Elect.

Sec. - Treas,.

Editor.

Ed. Staff.

G.Cloyd Krebs M,D. Mrs, Gloria Barnett John L. Cross Janice L. Cross Jeanne L. Cross Dr, J ,D. Jennings

Advisor I

1969 South Claremont Drive Bountiful, Utah 84010 3353 Cherokee Lane, Provo, Utah 84601 447 North Main, Payson. Utah 84651 274 West 1400 South Orem, Utah 84057 274 West 1400 South Orem. Utah 840 57 274 West 1400 South Orem, Utah 84e57 Uni versity of Utah. Department of Anthropology. Salt Lake City. Utah 84112

EDITOR'S PAGE THE COVER. Tho Humped-back Flute Player, KokepUau 15 a relatively cOl'l1l1tOn figure to be found on Pictogr,aph (Hopi) and petroglyph panels of the South'tor6st. This glyph, is. much smaller than one l"€lported in Sonora, ~t6xico, measuring some t€ln feet in length, THE NEWSLETTERc You will note that this issue is designated No. 2 of Vol, 1;. Your Editor is endae:V'Orlng to give you the ronw.ining three No,'5 in individual. covers. It is to be h oped that you ldll havo thorn all by the end of 1969. and that we will bo able to move ahead tn the new year according to schedule. We need your help and support in articles and notes, if you cannot furnish us with a longer paper. News clippings, photos, new books. new finds. will help, We are given a word of warning regarding the newsletter. The Post Office will not forward, nor will they return copies, If you change mailing address notify us immediately otherwise we will assume you are getting your COp'? regularly, Some have suggested we broaden our coverage to include Natural History, Pioneer History. etc., etc •• how about it? Drop the Editor a line along with suggestions, You w.i.ll noto a neW" 'innovntion I an Edi tor1al Staff. It will be impossible for your Editor to do what he vJould like to do, as well as what you would like him to do, without some help, Janice and Jeanne are doing the typing, layout and r eproduction, Janice performoo this service back in the early 60 •s when the Society was in need of an Editor. My thanks to my two lovely daughters for their assistance, Back issues are availablc _ Cost was printed in Vol, 13 No, 2. June-1967. write your Editor i f you are interested, We find that the two library volumes of Nowsletters which aro kept by the Society are lacking issues Which are now out of print. If anyone out there would like to donate or sell any of thos e issues to the Soci ety, we surely would appreciate it. The USAS President Grant Reeder, has made arrangements with Dr. Jennings to keep the USAS volumo of Newsletters in the library of the Anthropology dept" at the University of Utah. The second volume is tho Editorts Copy, and will be kept Qy the Editor, If

(1)

you wish to contribute or sell any of the following issues at please contact Dr, Reeder, President,

50; each.

These are the issues we needs Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol.

:3 No.

6 No. 8 1Tos. 9 Nos. 11 Nos,

1 1957 1960 1 1962 1-4 (2) 1-4 (2) 1963 1&2-3-4 (3)1965

one two two two two

copy copies copios each copies each copies each

If you have only one copy and desire to keep it, we would appreciate an

opportunity to borrow1 copy and return it, our library. Thanks to you,

We sorely need to complete

The lead article by David J. Steele of the Utah, is indeed a unique approach to the studies of Anthropology and is evidence that there are always new sources from which to seek and gain information, The paper was original~ presented at the Southwestern Students Conference in Anthropology, Porta1os, New Mexico, The "Bonus" section in keeping with the Volume 2, Number 2, appear in the final

is a reprint of No. 1 issue of Volume 2, Newsletter, reproduction of early editions as commenced in 1968. will appear in the next issue and Nurr~er 3 & 4 will issue of Volume 15.

" I Bee By The Papers", is an inovation that may have several advantages to our r eaders . If you like it say so and send on sarno clippings from your local papers. We may not be able to use ever,yons , but will use all we can and those most pertinant to our interests.

(2)

The Determination of Prehistoric Dietary Patterns B,y Means of Coprolite Analysis. A Glen Canyon Example

Qy David J. Steele University of Utah Paper presented at the Southwestern Students Conference in Anthropology.

Portales, New Mexico, January 1969.

The analysis of fossil fecal material (coprolites) offers new dimensions in archeological and paleoecological interpretations,

In the past

the archeologist has had to rely upon the artifactual floral and faunal remains recovered during excavation of archeological sites in attempting explanations of prehistoric dietary zation.

patter~s

and natural resource utili-

The greatest limitation to this type of analysis is the difficulty

in ascertaining the exact use of such remains.

Coprolite analysis, on the

other hand, provides a moans of analyzing the remains of actual meals, thus eliminating the speculative guoss work that is intrinsic in tho determination of diet by analysis of artifactual floral and faunal remains, In the following paper I will examine coprolite analysis in terms of its potentials and limitations, describe the techniques being employed by our group at the University of Utah, and finally discuss some preliminary findings in the study of human coprolitos now undergoing extensive study from the Glon Canyon area.

This research was supported Qy a grant from the National Science Foundation, (GS 2082) Tho author wishes to acknowledge tho advice and support of Gary F. Fry who made this study possible. I also wish to thank Dr. Kimball T. Harper and Mr, Mike Alder, Department of Biological Sciences, for their assistance in tho identification of plant materials.

(3)

Not only does coprolite analysis provide a means of reconstructing aboriginal patterns of diet and natural resource utilization, it also can be used as an investigative tool for other areas of interest to the logist and ecologist.

~iuch

archeo-~

can be learned about prehistoric disease patterns

through the parasitological and chemical analysis of human coprolites (Callen and Cameron: 1955; Samuels: 1965; Fry: 1968a, 1968b).

Martin and

Sharrock (1964) have demonstrated the potential of coprolites for use in pollen analysis, which not only yields information on diet but also has implications for the study of prehistoric climatic conditions,

Methodical

spacial and temporal studies of coprolites could provide valuable insights into the study of man's biological and cultural adaptations to changing environmental conditions.

There are a number of limitations to coprolite analysis, however, these are greatly outweighed by the information gained.

One of the

greatest problems involved in sueh studies is acquiring a sufficient sample for statistically valid research,

Owing to the perishable nature

of coprolites, they can be found only in extremely dry deposits such as caves and rock shelters,

This limits the potential number of specimens

available for analysis and the range of environmental settings that can be studied by this method.

Coprolites recovered in archeological ex-

cavations may only represent seasonal or regional patterns of adaptation.

Another limitation is that the identified components may not represent by

weight the actual percentages of items eaten as meals.

Some food

items, such as meat or finely ground vegetable products, may be digested and leave no trace in the coprolite, or may occur in such small quantities that it is difficult to assess their dietary importance.

(4)

~

the same token, some food items, such as coarse vegetable material,

hair, etc,. may pass through the alimentary system largely unaffected by the digestive process and appear in greater quantity than the actual dietary importance would warrant,

Finally, once coprolites are recovered,

one is faced with the problem of determining origin,

To date, no test has

been developed to determine if a coprolite is human.

This problem,

ever, can be greatly reduced by careful sampling,

how-

Recognizing the fact

that man is one of the world's most omniverous creatures, samples should be selected that have mixed components, i.e., plant material, bone, hair, charcoal, etc •• in the same specimen.

Analysis of coprolites from Danger Cave, Hogup Cave, and the Glen Canyon, have been conducted in the Department of Anthropology, University of Utah under the direction of G.F. Fry, who is responsible for the development of the integrated techniques here reported.

Specimens are selected

on the basis of¡ their shape, color, (black or brown) and observable components.

Human feces are generally elongated with a round to oval

cross section, therefore, those exhibiting this characteristic and containing mixed components are selected for investigation.

Chalky white

or gray specimens are rejected as being possibly of canine origin.

After

selection, extraneous material, such as rockS, twigs, etc., are removed and the specimen is weighed, measured and described.

Depending upon the

overall size of the specimen, a 2 to 10 gram sample is removed and soaked for 72 hours in a

.5%

solution of trisodium phosphate as CAllen has done

(1955, 1960, 1963, 1965. 1966).

Trisodium phosphate is used in the hyd-

ration of dried biological specimens since it will not cause structural damage.

The reconstituted coprolite is then screened through a series of three graded geological seives by washing with tap water after the method of Heizer (1967).

The recovered material is then dried, weighed, and

separated into m.al components with the use of a stereo-microscope.

Following separation the components are identified.

I f exact identifi-

cation is impossible, they are placed into general categories such as plant tissue, seed fragments, etc,

The components are then weighed and

percentage weights are determined for all components of each screen.

The

use of actual weights has the advantage of providing easier and more meaningful quantification of data (Fry: 1968a, 1968b).

A sample of 41 coprolites recovered in archeological excavations conducted by the University of Utah at various sites in the Glen Canyon are under analysis,

These specimens represent the Basketmaker II,

Pueblo II, and Pueblo III stages of the Anasazi culture, and the southern variant of the Fremont Culture.

All of these cultures relied upon wild

plant and animal resources, supplemented by the cultivation of maize and the pumpkin-squash complex of cucurbits.

However, the analysis is not

yet complete and statistical studies have not yet been conducted.

The

following findings are only tentative t yet they illustrate the potential of such studies, It appears that the overall complexity of the diet, as measured by the number of different meal components in each specimen, changed little in the 1300 years of prehistory covered in this study, complexity vary greatly from culture to culture.

Nor did the overall

After lumping unidenti-

fiable components, the average number of components during Basketmaker II (6)

and Pueblo III times was 8.2; during the Pueblo II stage-8.4 and in the Fremont culture-B.3.

It is not surprising that the degree of complexity

varies so little when one considers the fact that prior to Lake Powell the Glen Canyon ecosystem exhibited a high degree of stability and homogeniety subject to only minor climatic and biotic differences (Jennings: 1966).

When one examines specific dietary components, however, a few differences can be noted which I propose can be explained in cultural terms.

Looking first of all at the three stages of the Anasazi culture represented in our sample-Basketmaker II. Pueblo II, and Pueblo III-one observes that during the Basketmaker II phase there was a strong reliance upon both animal and cultivated foods.

Wild plant materials supple-

mented this complex, but seems to have been less intensively exploited during this phase then those that followed.

At the Pueblo II stage of Anasazi cultural development a strong reliance upon the exploitation of both wild plant and animal resources was observed.

Utilization of cultivated products, however, is less than

that displayed during Pueblo III times and, surprisingly enough, also less than at the Basketmaker stage.

Upon examination of coprolites representing the PUeblo III phase, one notes a sharp increase in the degree of commitment to horticultural products over the two earlier stages.

Accompanying this increase is a

gradual increase in the variety of wild plant material being utilized and a gradual decrease in the amount of animal resources being consumed.

All

this would suggest a gradually cumulative adaptation to the floral conditions of the Glen Canyon, Analysis of human coprolites ascribed to the southern variant of the Fremont culture demonstrate that this culture was less strongly oriented towards the cultivation of plant materials and more strongly

(7)

reliant upon wild vegetation.

Additionally,

exploitati~n

of animal

resources was seemingly low in comparison to that of plants, When one examines each culture in terms of the cultigens present. some interesting cross cultural differences can be observed.

It is

evident that of the four cultures being studied, the southern Fremont relied most heavily upon the cucurbits.

Other cultigens however. are

not present or occur in very small percentages,

Added to the very high

percentage 6f wild plant remains in these specimens one is led to question the importance of horticulture to the southern Fremont.

It is possible

the cucurbits grew in a semi-wild state and were available as part of the plant inventory for gathering.

Maize and cucurbits appear to be of about equal dietary importance during the Anasazi era although there is a slight preponderance of cucurbits over maize during the Pueblo III times,

Cotton was not

recovered from Fremont coprolites.

Cactus, cheno-am seeds, grasses, and composites are the most common identified wild plant materials recovered to date,

Of these,

cactus appears to be most common and was most highly exploited by the Fremont culture.

All of the identified wild plants appear to have been

most extensively exploited by the Fremont, Finally, I must emphasize the fact that this study is not yet complete and the findings presented in this paper are onl3T tentative in nature and may be subject to change as the total analysis, including statistics, is completed, yet it can be seen by the material presented in this paper, that methodical analysis of human coprolites. including rigorous statistical verification, has great potential in the study of mants biocultural adaption to his physical environment.

(8)

Bibliography Callen, EtO. 1960 1963

A Prehistoric Diet Revealed by Coprolites.

Scientist, Vol. 8, No. 190, PP. 35-40.

The New

Diets Revealed by Coprolites in Science in Archeology , D. Brothwell and E. Higgs, eds.

Food Habits of Some Pre-Columbian Mexican Indians.

Economic Botany, Vol. 19, No.4, Oct.-Dec.

1966

Methods and Results of Analysis of Human Coprolites.

Abstracts of Papers , 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, held with the Great Basin Anthropological Conference, Reno.

___and T.W.M. Cameron The Diet and Parasites of Pre-historic Huaca Prieta Indians as Determined by Dried Coprolites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada (Abstract).

Fry, G.F. 196&

1968b

Prehistoric Diet at Danger Cave, Utah, As Determined By Coprolite Analysis, Unpublished Master's thesis. University of Utah.

Prehistoric Diet at Danger Cave and Sites in Glen Canyon.

Paper presented at the Great Basin Anthropological Conference. August 1968. Pocatello, Idaho.

Heizer, Robert F. Analysis of Human Coprolites from A Dry Nevada Cave, 1967 University of California Archeological Survey Reports, No. 70 Berkeley.

Jennings, Jesse D. 1966 Glen Canyon: A Summary. University of Utah Publication in Anthropology, Glen Canyon Series #31. Salt Lake City.

Martin, Paul S. and F.W. Sharrock Pollen Analysis of Prehistoric Human Feces: a New Approach to the Study of Ethnobotany. American Antiquity, Vol. 30, PP. 168-180, Salt Lake City.

Samuels, R. 1965

Parasitological Study of Long-Dried Fecal Samples. Society for American ArCheology Memoirs. No. 19, PP. 175-179.

1956

BONUS:

Reprints of "Utah Archeology"

Vol, 2

No. 1

March 1956

UTAH ARCHEOLOGY A Newsletter March 1956

Vol. 2, No. I CONTENTS Editor's N~tes: University of Utah Anthropological Papers, by R. Anderson Utah Statewide Survey Activities-1955, by J.H. Gunnerson Great Basin Archeological Conference Program

Page 1 Page 2 Page 4 Page 13

EDITOR'S NOTES Conferences The 1956 Great Basin Archeological Conference will be held in Ballif Hall on the University of Utah Campus August 19-22. All members of the Utah Statewide Archeological Society are invited to attend any or all of the sessions. The program and a reservation form for rooms and for the banquet are included at the end of this issue of Utah Archeology. If you plan to attend, please make your reservations promptly. Also, please save the program and bring it with you to the conference. The meetings will be on a professional level with many of the top men in the field giving papers. This, however, should not keep the non-professionals 4~ay, for anyone interested in Great Basin Archeology will fil'l.d the meetings rewarding.

The Pecos Conference for Southwestern Archeology will be held August 16-18 at the Museum of Northern Arizona at Flagstaff, Arizona. This, too is a professional meeting, but it is also open to eve~Jbody interested in southwestern archeology. Living accomodations are available in Flagstaff Hotels and Motels and camp grounds are accessible.

Publications The article on the University of Utah Anthropological Papers is by the editor of that series, Dr. Robert Anderson of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Utah. Some of you may wish to buy the two recent numbers of the Papers described by Anderson, or some of the earlier numbers.

Utah Archeolo~y is mailed to members of the Utah Statewide Archeological Society. All correspondence should be directed to the Editor--James H. Gunnerson, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lru{e City, Utah.

(10)

UNIVERSITY OF UTAH ANTlmOPOLOGICAL PAPERS

Robert Anden'on The University of Utah Anthropologi 9il Papers are a medium for reporting to interested s cholars and to the peop).• of Utah the results ~f research in anthropology and allied sciences beari·jg upon the peoples and cultures of the Great Basin and the W8St. Th.ey are il\te\lded to include, fjrst, specialized and technical record reports on Great eaSin archeology, ethnology, linguist!q~. and physical anthropology, and second. more general articales on anthropological discoveries, problems, and interpreta';:,:i.ons bearing upon the western region, from the High Plains to the Pacific Coast, insofar as they are relevant to human and cultural relations in the Great Basin and surrounding areas.

Two recently published Uni ver aity of Ut ah Anthropol ogical Papers are concerned with Utah archeology .

John Gillin's "Archeological Investigations in Nine Mile Canyon, Utah: a Re-publication" was first published in 1938. This important report has long been out of print and t here has been enough demand for it to :j~stify its republication. Nine Mile Creek (Minnie Maude Creek) is a western tributary of the Green and is located about thirty miles northeast of Price.

The archeological material reported is of the Fremont culture upon which the University of Utah's current archeological research is focused.

Albert H. Schroeder's "Archeology of Zion Park" is a competent and well illustrated report of field work done in 1933 and 1934. The cultural material f r om t he sites excavated and r eported is mos t closely related to that f rom si tes in southeast ern Nev.ada and northwes tern Arizona. There are also many s imilarities between the ·~ulture repres ented at Zion Park and the Anasazi culture of the Four Cor ners a rea , The Univers i ty of Utah Anthropological Paper s can be purchased from the University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. A complete list follows: (Nos. 1-8 bound in one volume -- $1,25) No. 1 Prehistoric Exchange in Utah, by Carling Malouf (1939), pP. 1-6, 2 figs •• No. 2 The Ancient Nexican Writing System, by Charles E, Dibble (1940) pp. 7-28, illus.

No. 3 The Gosiute Indians, by Carling Nalouf (1940), pp. 29-37, 1 fig.

No. 4 A, brief Description of an Indian Ruin near Shonesburg, Utah, by Elmer R. Smith (1940), pp. 38-42, 2 sketch maps.

No. 5 The Archaeology of the Deep Creek Region, Utah , by Carling Malouf, Charles E, Dibble, and Elmer R. Smith (1940), pp. 43-68, 11 figs.

No. 6 An I ndian Burial, a Barbed Bone "Proje ct i l e Point," and Accompanying Artifact s from Bear Lake, Idaho, by Elmer R, Smith (1942) pp. 69-73, 1 pl.

No. 7 Archaeology of Black Rock 3 Cave, Ut ah, by Walter D. Enger (1942), pp . 74-94, 8 f igs .

No. 8 Archaeology in the San Juan, by Samuel J, Tobin (1947), pp. 95-108.

No. 9 An Archaeological Reconnaissance in Washington County, Utah (1949),

by Jack R. Rudy and Robert D. Stir1and, (out of print), No.10 The Archaeology of Deadman Cave: A revision, by Elmer R. Smith (1952), 41 pp., 20 figs. $.50.

No.ll Proceedings of t he Sixth Plains Archeological Conference, (1948), Jes s e D. Jennings, Editor , (1950), 161 pp. 4 pIs., $1.50.

No.12 Archeological Sur vey of Western Utah, by Jack R. Rudy (1953), 190 pp., 62 f igs., $2.25.

(11)

No. 13 In the Beginning: A Navaho Creation Myth, by Stanley A FishIer (1953), 130 pp. t $1.50.

No. 14 Archeological Survey of the LaSal Mountain Area, by Alice Hunt (1953), 248 pp., 89 figs., 3 tables, $2.50, No. 15 A Study in Culture Contact and Culture Change: The Whiterock Utes in Transition, by Gottfried O. Lang (1953), 76 pp., 2 figs., 6 tables, $.85.

No. 16 The Garri s on Site, by Dee Calderwood Taylor (1954), 66 pp., 20 figs" (Nos. 17-19 bound i n one volume, $1. 00 ) No. 17 Notes on the Utah Utes by Edward A. Palmer, 1866- 1877, by R.F. Heizer (1954 ), 8 pp.

No. 18 Pi ne Park Shelter, Washington County, Utah , by Jack R. Rudy (1954), No. 19 Human Skeletal Material from Deadman Cave , Utah, by John BuettnerJanus ch (1954), 9 pp., 4 pIs .

No. 20 Archeological Excavations i n Beef Basin , Utah, by Jack R. Rudy (1955 ),63 Pp., 12 pIs., 27 f igs ., 12 t abl es, $1.50. .

No. 21 Archeologi cal I nvestigations i n Nine Mile Canyon, Utah; A r epublicat ion , by John Gillin (1955) 45 PP., 31 f i gs.

No. 22 Archeology of Zion Park , by Albert H. Schroeder (1955), 212 PP., 22 pIs., 26 f igs ., 23 t abl e s. $2 . 00.

No. 23 Ute Rorscha ch Per formances with Notes on Fiel d Methods, by Paul A. Hauck (1955), 18 pp., $.50.

(12)

UTAH STATEWIDE SURVEY ACTIVITIE5-l955 James H. Gunnerson The Statewide Archeological Survey centered its 1955 activities in the drainage of the Dirty Devil River (fig. 1). It was in this area that Morss (1931) did the work resulting in the first description of the Fremont culture.

The Survey relocated a few of Morss' sites, found other open sites in the area and established the fact that Fremont sites occurring continuously from Ferron (in Castle Valley) to the Fremont-Dirty Devil, and beyond, are essentially identical. The new data obtained do not provide conclusive answers to questions concerning the Fremont culture, but they suggest where and how the answers may be obtained.

The range of the Survey was restricted to some extent by its transportation, a half-ton pick-up without four-wheel drive. In a few cases it was necessary to secure horses or a jeep to get to sites difficult of access, The policy was to visit as many sites as could be reached without excessive difficulty even though this meant passing up a few sites which, from descriptions, sounded promising, Some of the sites missed may have been more spectacular and less vandalized than those visited, but the larger sample seemed more desirable.

Background Material Most of the previous work in the Fremont-Dirty Devil drainage has been sponsored by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, In 1928-29 Mr. Noel Morss excavated sites in the vicinity of Fruita and Torrey, Utah. His report (Morss, 1931) which also mentioned work done along tho Dirty Devil River by Henry Roberts in 1929-30, provided the first scientific account of the Fremont culture and gave this complex its name. The work of Morss was undertaken at the suggestion of W.B. Claflin and Raymond Emerson who had made a brief reconnaissance into the area in 1927, and by Donald Scott. who had spent a short time in the area in 1928. Previously, local colloctors had taken an interest in the archeological material of the area and two in particular, Messrs. Lee and Pectol, had amassed si2;eable collections, Part of the material collected by t hos e two men is on display in a small mus eum in Torrey, Utah , and part is in t he Mus eum of tho L. D.S. Church in Salt Lake City, except for tho descript ions by Morss, tho material has not been r eported. The Fremont cult ure ha s been r ecent l y re-examined by Wormington (1955).

*Many people have assisted t his past summer's survey in various ways. Among thos e who should receive special credit are: Duke Aiken, Jerry Alden, Arthur Alvoy, Edson Alvey, Earl Behunin, ~~. & Mrs. Homer Behunin, J,L. B,ybee, Mr,& Mrs, Arthur Ekker, Reo Hunt, Irvin Jacobson, Andrew Johnston, Char l es Kelly, Irene King , Mr .&liIrs . Lurt Knee, H.D. Landes, Ade Meyerup, Rusty Musslemen, James Pa ce , Mer edith Page , John Palms, Dixon Peacock, Paul Peacock, Bernard Tra cy, and Bat es Wilson.

This survey was financed by the University of Utah Research Fund.

(13)

The University of Utah's 1954 survey r eached the headwaters of the Muddy River, the northern branch of tha Dirty Devil. (Tho name Muddy is also oftan applied to the Dirty Devil River , which begins at the confluence of the Muddy and the Fremont.) The 1955 survey . then, was an extension of the 1954 work.

Survey Activities During the 1955 season, the Utah Statewide Archeological Survey located 112 archeologic~.l sites. J:'hese consisted of village sites, camp sites pictographs, petroglyphs, and chipping areas. For the most part, these sites are assignable to the Fremont culture. A few sites discovered in San Juan and Garfield Counties are of Anasazi affiliation. Findings will be summarized by area with no attempt to give a detailed description of each site.

Castle Valley Castle Valley runs nearly north and south between the Wasatch Hountains and the San Raphael Swell. It extends from Price almost to Fremont Junction.

Here, on the east face of the Wasatch, erosion has left "castle towers" of soft, gray stone . The northern part of Castle Valley is in the San Raphael drainage , while the southern part is drained by the Muddy River. and hence, by the Dirty Devil.

Several small streams cross Castle Valley, providing fresh water and tillable soil in an otherwise nearly desert area . Along these streams, close to the Wasatch, is centered the present population. Archeological evidence shows that the Fremont people clustered in the same favorable area, and there is much to suggest tha t in ancient times conditions were better for agriculture than they are now. In some places, especially between the Muddy River and Emery, Utah Fremont detritus is found thickly strewn over areas dissected by deep washes which are gradually eating away the land. The only remaining vegetation is extremely sparse. Everywhere in the valley, widening gullies and abandoned farmsteads suggest that the agricultural situation has deteriorated in recent times, and local informants confirm this.

It is possible that the Fremont farmers practiced riverine irrigation; more probably, they diverted flood waters to their fields, although they may have used both mothods. Actually, run-off from the Wasatch is so rapid here at times that water streams out over the slopes and flats without seeking established channels.

Evidence of structur~s is rarely apparent on the surface of the ground except for scattered pieces of burned adobe. Amateur excavation at one site suggests that structures were shallow pithouses. No evidence of masonry was noted in this area . Su:all squares outlined by black stain. (probably storagG bins or rooms) were noted at one site Artifacts from near Emery are not distinguishable from thos e found elsewhere along Castle Valley or Range Creok. Pottery is, for the most part, plain, smooth and gray, although incised gray sherds, black on gray, and black on white (slipped ) sherds are also found. Corrugat ed sherds are scarce.

Near Fremont Junction additional village sites were located, including Poplar Knob, which was excavated by the University of Utah Archeological Field School (Taylor. 1955) later in the season. In this general area several non-ceramic sites were also found. It cannot be demonstrated that (14)

I

UTAH

(\-u~

t l\)b Q-'

\~'~fj!)l)}r .'/~ /1:---~.R.- -=-.

1/ '~.RR·,",~ .

.... ,.Sri,INA •

I

-

/

••

GmNRI VER-

/

./

EMERY

Y FF.EMONT

I ,

/

/ (

Fig. 1

I

• TORREY

/

0

~

-

HITE~

I • BOO1·J)ER

~ ~SC~'t~ - - -

,/

--

I

MOAB

~()~M ~1~FRUITA

\

0

/

~Q

~oQ-

cP

/ /

--/.

BLANDING

• KANAB

The area of the 1955 Utah Statewide Archeological Survey is included within the dashed lines.

all of these were of Fremont authorship, but on one a few Fremont sherds were found. These sites soeID to corrospond to the "sand cmnps" found by the 1954 survey in the foothills of tho Uintah Mountains and may be seasonal camp sites of tho Fremont poople . In the Fremont Junction ar ea , the sites are not as sandy as near t he Uintahs, but in both localities they are in junipor-piflon wooded areas, often on ridges or slope31 thoy show no evidence of structures and yield little or no pottery.

About 120 man-hours were spent in additional work at tho Silverhorn site (42EM8) at which Mr , Homer Behunin had found a fluted point, Tho additional work failed to produc e diagnostic artifacts, More unp~epared hearths wore encountered , and one shallow, unburned pit containing somo charcoal was uncover ed . Tho site is not yet completely dug out, but the probability of finding diagnostic artifacts does not soem great. The evidonce suggests that this shallow rock shelter was occupj.ed briefly at many differont times while it was being filled rapidly with alluvial doposits. A roport of work at this site will appear in the April 1956 American .Antiquity.

Hanksville Area Near the northeast "corner" of tho Henry Mountains, about twelve miles south of Handsville, is an aroa of about two square miles, which is thickly covered with Fremont sites, This aroa is nearly l evel, slightly rolling, and quite sandy. It lies between two dry washes which originate some distance apart in tho Henry Mountains but which, in tho area under discussion, are only about a half-mile apart, One of tho washos (Bull Croek ) carries water frequently enough to support a fow scra~my cottonwood trees in its bottom.

During the summer rains in tho mountain~, to.. ~ onts of silt-laden water come down th0se wnshes; in earliei:' t:".JTlas th(-I30 f l fj.)Q S could have boen diver'tod onto tho nearly l evel, sandy :'_ :~ll ¡t .l; . (IJa:""k "'C,l.ins in the sand could bo accounted for in this manner) ~ 1. r. pr e~('f'l l~ J 'Iisgetation is vory sparse and small blow- onts arC) common . T:!10 ~:r~. ti.:r.(l N'lp,io;,) is usoless for agriculture, but ,..hon it was first sottled, J':' ''ll:'' ~ ) .'L.. r::-. gi:'."l.~'3 was supposedly present. The chango to near-des Grt is attrilY.lted to o;"o;:,io~) ; the run-off is rapid and deep gullies have boen cut.

The occupation. n.reas are f ¡)'. .mri on lovT knolls or ridges. EvidEmce of two types of st..;~u~tu!'es vTaS obsor ved ~ (lno ~{tt9 . which was protocted from the north by a r.0~:(y ridgo, has tho r emains 0,t' throe round, masonry rooms, which were appa::-o::.t.ly built on ground ~.c- 01 . More common, however, arc slight circular d'Jprossions suggest:ing pithous0s.

The artifacts from this area fit into tho Fremont assemblage, Pottery, for the most part, i s smooth g!','lY' j but tncised and painted (bla.ck on gray and black on whito--slippod ) shards are not uncommon o A f ow shards of corrugated ware and one shard with "coffe e bean" applique wero also found.

The sitos arO lcnown by at least one local collector but thoro has been very little vandalism or digging, oven though aCCesS to the sitos is easy.

This area would make a most interesti n.g community study.

From about ton to about twenty air miles to the east and north of Hanksville, across tho Dirty Dovil River, small camp sites are to be found around the occasional springs in the Robber's Roost area, It is quito probable that oven the few sitos wit~ pottery represent t em~orary camps of hunters or travelers. At prosent a f~i r amount of game exists, including a small herd of antelope, but very littl e of tho area would support evon

small gardens Any gardoning would have to bo dono around tho springs, which would aiso have served to water tho g~me. Local collections contain a wide variety of projecti10 points, suggesting a long occupation of tho aroa.

Aquarius Plateau To the west of Hanksvi1lo and tho Henry Mountains, on tho east slope of the Aquarius Plateau. was found an ospocially interesting area. Straight south of Notom about twelve miles g on a ridge oxtending east from the plateau and forming the high south bank of Oak Creok (also called Sandy Croek), are two s eries ef sitos. On the Oak Creek sido ef the ridge, on the highest level and also on lowor terraces, are several ceramic sitos. They are small, with no ovidence of structures. Associatod with those sites were manos and metates of sovoral types. Mainly on the basis of pott~ry. those sitos ~an be assigned to the Fremont culture. and the remainder of tho artifact assomblage is consistent with the Fremont complex. A few shords of 'lory coarse, fingor-impressed ware were found at a site which otherwise yieldod only Fremont pottery. This ware has not yet been identified.

On the opposite side, the ridge (which varios from one-fourth to onehalf mile in width) breaks away gradually to a dry valley far below.

The broken land consists mainly of fine-sand blowouts and rock outcrops, The slope is to the southeast, so th~t thore is shelter from the north. Here the sites are non-ceramic. They yield a profusion of chips, infrequent pieces of worked flint, and occasional shallow mealing slabs.

Many of these sitos are characterized by hearth areas, usually containing burned rocks. surrounded by small rocks, covering areas about 12 to 15 ft. across, Sometimes the small rocks tend to be concentrated at the periphery as though they had boen included in adobe walls,which have since meltod down.

Sites found elsewhere this summer had similar suggestion of adobe walls but these were usually not so pronounced.

About a milo south and a half-mile east of Notom, in broken country, is a bay containing s overal small sites. One consist~ of two small storage cists under a low rock overhang, They had beon dug into the somewhat crumbly rock floor and cribbed OVer with small poles, which in turn had been plastered. The opening in tho top had probably boon closed with a stone slab. A few corn cobs were found in and near the cists, and sherds were found on the slope below.

Sites are common in the vicinity of Boulder, Utah, but many are non-ceramic.

Within the limits of Bouldor itself, thero is a large P Il-P III site reported

by Morss (1931, PP. 2-3). To the south of Boulder, the highway to Escalante crossed the Escalante River at the mouth of Calf Creok, Here where the Escalante Valley is about a quarter of a mile wide, thore are level areas (terraces?) at different elevations above tho river, and small rock shelters in the valley walls. Two of the shelters have stone and mud storage eists, and a third, larger shelter shows evidence of occupation. There has been at least one room large onough to live in. A small road leading from the highway has cut through what was probably a structure in an open site but not enough was exposed to determine its nature, An int~resting pictograph panel consisting of nothing but about 40 white hand prints is also in this aroa.

In the immediate vicinity of Escalante are several sites. only two of which were visitod. Surface indications suggest that they are small pithouse villages. Burned, stick-impressed adobe , and shards are common at the sites. which do not seem to be attributable to the Fremont culture.

(17)

Several of the sites reported by Morss from near Fruita and Torrey were revisited and additional sites found. The pottory from these sites is very similar to that from Fremont sitos in Castle Valley. a detailed analysis of the pottery froM tho summer has not yet beon mado, however.

The range of structure types docs not seom to bo quite as groat along the Fremont Rivor as further north. Neithor the isolated stone t~wers nor the multi-room structures on high points seem to occur.

Remains of both adobe and stone structures are to be found on open sitos.

San Juan County None of the sites located east of tho Colorado River seem to be attributable to the Fremont culture. Mossback Ridge, which is just s outh of tho Natural Bridges National Monumont, has beon made accessible in t he past f ew years b,y t ho construction of a road, Here aro to be found numerous sitos, s omo lv.ith walls still standing (fig. 2a). Other sitos are apparently small pithouso villagos and all would soem to be of Anasazi authorship, P 11 or later.

Ono inter esting sit e (fig. 2c) midway between Mossback and Blanding and only a f ew f eet from tho new highwny, consists of a rock shel t er containing two nearly complete rooms and tra cos of two more. Tho two bostpreserved rooms havo boon butlt of small logs laid horizontally and heavily plasterod with mud both i nside and out. The r ooms are circular, wit h horso-collar-shaped door ways, and may have boon built to the coiling of the rock shelter. No shords wore found around the site, but corn cobs wer e numerous.

Salvage Archeology The Utah Statewide Archeological Survey wa s engaged in two salavage progr ams. Sever al days wore spent in checking right-of-ways where the Bureau of Public Roads was building mine access r oads f or the Atomic Energy Commission. Right-of-loJ'ays checked wer e in the Yollow Cat mining area south of Thompson, Utah; along highway 24 from Gre0n River t o Temple Mountain turn offl from Trachite Creek t o Shootoring mine ; and between La Sal and La Sal Junction. In all cases, eith~r most of the dirt-moving had been completed bef ore the Survey was informed, or the const~ction involved only improvements on existing roads. No sites Were found which had been damaged by construction, nor wero any noted which would be threatened by future work.

A r eport received by Dr, Jesso L, Nusbaum. concerning a cave near Kanab, Utah , was forwarded to the Statewido Survey. A local informant had heard rumors that the cave contained archeological material and was to be looted. An examination of the cave by tho Survey failed to reveal evidence of intensive or extensive occupation, Detritus, probably of & sketmaker origin, was sparse. Just outside tho shallow cave was an inter esting pictogr aph panel.

Survey activit i os wor e suspended f or the month of July while the Field Diroctor was on l oan to Dr. J esse L. Nusbaum to assist with salvage archeology in connection with t he c onstruction of a pipo line through eastern Utah and neighboring states, As yet, no def i nite answers t o ma j or quos t i ons concerning tho Fremont 6ulture can b& given on the basis of dat a collocted by the survey, We do, howevor, find ourselves in a bettor position to phraso questions concerning this cult ure and we have some idea as to wher e the answors may be found.

Some of the unanswored questions arc: 0.8)

1.

2.

3.

4.

What are the local variants of the Fremont culture?

How has the Fremont culture changed through time?

What is the relationship of the Fremont cultur~ to other complexes included in what was once called the northern periphery of the Southwest?

What is the relationship of the Fremont culture to the Anasazi development?

Data collocted during the past two years suggest possiblo answers to these and othor questions, and laboratory analysis of the artifacts will contribute more to their solution. Conclusive answers, however, will require morc field work.

Literaturo Cited Morss, Noel

1931

1954 Taylor, D•• C.

1955

"The imcient Culture of the Fremont River in Utah."

Papors of the Peabody Huseum of American Archeology and Ethnology. Harvard University, Vol. XII, No. 3 Cambridgc, Mass.

"Clay Figures of the Amorican Southwest." Papers of the Peabody Mus eum of American Archeology and Ethnology.

Harvard UniVersity, Vol. XLIX, No, 1 Cambridge. Mass.

"Archoological Excavations Near Salina, Utah." ~ Archeology, Vol. I, No.4, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Wormington, H.M. 1955 "A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture," Procoedings of tho Denver Museum of Natural History , No.1. Denver Colorado.

(19)

PROGRAM Third Great Basin Archeological Conferonce August 19, 20, and 21, 1956 BalIif' Hall Univorsity of Utah Salt Lake City

Dr. Faye-Cooper Cole, Gensral Chairman Sunday, August 19 1;00 to 10:00 p.m,:

Registration and Assignment of Rooms, James H. Gunnerson.

8:00 p.m,

Kodachrome Film; THE RERERO OF NGAMILAND. (A Premiere) Dr. Gordon D. Gibson, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah.

I

}londay. August 20 8:30 a.m. to 12:)0:

Registration,

8:)0 a.m. to 12:30:

Welcome I

Dean Sterling McMurrin.

Volunteer Reports of 1956 Field Work.

Free Tim0 for inspection of archeological displays: informal sessions, Lunch 2100 to 5,00

RADIOCARBON DATL."\lG I ITS STATUS, RELIABILITY AND USEFULNESS IN ARCHEOLOGICAL STUDY. Presentations by James D. Griffin. (Chairman), Robert Heizer .• Charles B. Hunt p Clement }ieighan; followed by general discussion poriod,

6:00 p.m.:

Dinner ...

8:00:

Address: ARCHEOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, Dr. Faye-Cooper Colo,

*No cocktail party is scheduled because of University regulations. has state liquor storos, open 6 days a week.

Utah

Tuesday, August 21 Till 10.00.

Free Time.

10.00 to 101,30:

Business session (now officers, registration, etc.)

10.,30 to 12.00.

GREAT BASIN ETHNOLOGY I rrs RELATIONSHIP TO ARCHEOLCGICAL DATA AND CONGi/J ~I ONS. P!'esontations by Orner Stewart (Chairman), Ro bert Heiz er , Charles E. Dibble , followed by general discussion.

Lunch 11,30 to 5:00 p.m. :ARCHEOLOGICAL PAPERS

1) The Fremont Culture and its Relationships to the

and also

Great B'?sin C11ltures, Jamos H. Gunnerson.

2) if needed

The Lucy Site and the Sandia Complex, William B. Roosa.

3) The Lehner Mammoth Site, E.B. Sayles.

4) Pre-Columbian Irrigation

in tho Great Basin, E,A. Treganze

5) Mammoths and Man on Santa Rosa Island, Phil C. Orr. 6)

Tule Springs Site, Stuart Peck.

7) The Karla Site, F.A,

Riddell~

(Note: One or two other titles are anticipated for the radiocarbon, ethnological and archeological sessions.)

(21)

Great Basin Archeologica~ Conference August 19 ( Al'ening), 20, & ~J.~ 1956 Uni vlr si ty of Utah Cam~ Sa] .v Lake City, Utah Accommodations:

Living accommr~ations have been arranged for in Ballif Hall (The new men 's dormitory) at well below commercial r~tes. Separate sections of the building will be f'..ss .'gned to single men , singl e women, and families. Rooms are double (stngle beds) but will be rented as singles unless attendance forces doubling-up.

Two large bathrooms and two lounges are provided for each eight rooms. Rates: Double rooms-$3.00 per adult, $1.50 ~r child: one person per room- $3.75 per person.

Heals will be ava:'Llableat reasonable prices at the dormitory cafeteria, where an area wiD be ','eserved for conference members.

Preceding an address 'b,y Dr, Faye-Cooper Cole, a banquet is planned Monday night, August 20. T!'l is will be sorved in a room in Ballif Hall where most if not all, of the t;ossions will be held.

In order to g0t t r.es e rates We must make close guarantees of the number to be acconIDlodated. Hence, we must ask your cooperation in giving us your r eservations (or cancellations) by Augus t 1, 1956, Please return the blank below, James H. Gunnt:lrson Department of Anthropology UniVersity of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah

So far as I know now my attendance is, certdin probable :___

-----

Please reservo for me for the nights of Aug. 19___ , 20___ , 21___ , ____double rooms C~ 3.00 per adult, $1.50 per child) singl e rooms if available ($3 .75 por person) or if not, half of a doubl~ room ($3.00 per person) ____~Banquet seats ($2.50) per person.

Name or Names in Party

-----------------------------------------

Address

(22)

THE UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

During the development of the Statewide Archeological Survey of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Utah it became evident that there are many people throughout the state who are keenly interested in the archeology of Utah; therefore the Utah Statewide Archeological Society was organized. The sole and simple purpose of this society is to increase and diffuse knowledge of Utah archeology.

To further this purpoSe a newsletter, Utah Archeology, is distributed to the members about four times a year.

For the present, at least, the cost of distribution of the newsletter is low enough that the members of the society do not have to pay dues. The Department of Anthropology is, for a tril period, making the facilities of the department available for duplicating and mailing the newsletter.

Both amateur and professional archeologists are encouraged to submit descriptive articles pertinent to Utah archeology. Such articles may be anywhere from a short paragraph to a few pages in length. Since the newsletter must be produced at minimum expense, illustrations will have to be limited to line drawings. Articlos should deal with descriptions of interesting archeological sites. collections, or even individual artifacts.

Until such time as the activities of the society may become great enough to warrant formal organization and the election of officers, I am prepared to serve as editor of the newsletter. I will greatly appreciate your suggestions, comments, and articles.

Singerely,

;;~~~e45f-d:n_~ ~ ~v j1 James H. Gunnerson, Curator Museum of Anthropology University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah

JHG:mft

(23)

I SEE BY THE PAPERS 4A

Boat Soaks In Seawater

DESERET NEWS. Wednesday, May 21, 1969

- - -- - -- .._ - - - - -- .----

SAFI. MOROCCO (UP!) Thf" reed boat Ra, in which explorer Thor Heyerdahl intends to cro.c;jl the Atlantic.

HI absorbing tons of seawater in preparation for its voyage. scheduled to begin Friday

morning.

,

,> f

~ :'»>

\

'

'''The papyrm; is gradually up water as it settles down to its plannPd level."

Hp.vp.rrlilhl ~aid. "We estimat-

~oaking

I'd .tha t eventul1lJy we will ' be ~ome 60 tons of water I'loflked into the rPi'ds . • . five times the weight. of the boat i~teIL" carrying

'~EVER

Crew positions mast on

The Romance of Turquoise Th]"ough the ages Jnd th]"oup;hout the world, Turquoise has had a romantic history. It was well known to the .Ancient Egyptians. In reo::ellt years, its most popub]" use has been in Indian Jewelry of the Southwest.

W her eve]" and whenever Turquoise has been worn, lCP;Clld has it that Turquoise hrillgs the wearer good luck. he,llth alld happiness.

MAKE IT"

the ' Pi\ f'ific nn tllf' h;" ,;1 r ;1 rt Knn·Tiki in 19H. rritir', rOi ,,eRst the flimsy vpssel \\'ollld not make it. It did. and Hey· erdahI proved on that voyage ancient man could hIlve migrated from South America to Polynesia.

TO TEST THEORY In the Ra. he wants to t('~t hi!'i theory that Egyptian~ and Phopniri:ms conqllerpd thp AIlantic centuries ago a l~d r eached the Americas loryg before Columbus .

The Ra. 48 fpet Jnng. morp than four feet thick in the hol.tom and shaped like a cilnoe with ends that curl high into the air. is fashion!!d after the hoat'! of the Egyptian!'! who

Safi fi!'ihprmen ~hRke their . head~ in cynicism every time • the Ra ill mentioned. They and others who consiclf'r -sailed them. themRelves ~xpe'rt!l; in ~P::l Heyerdahl'!9 crew. which in-.

Iraw-I hf'lirvp the l1nu~II .~ l elude!: Norman Baker. of New vl' ~ sl'l will hpcomp Inll l' l'- Rochelle. N.Y .. the nav;gfltnr, 10J:!~p.c1 and sink or rlisinll" will attempt their or(, ~ l1ic ~r:lte from thp silli waler hI'- crossing without sueh mnrlprn fore Heverdahl and hi~ crew convenience!'! al" motor,•. o{ six g;t far from land. radar. ship-to'shorP r8ctio 01' Heyp.rdahl. a Norwegilfn canned goods. anthropologist. has heflrd NO CANNED Foon such arguments before. Wh en Instead. they will rely on :'I he prepal'Pd to set Mil acl'O!'S I"qua rl' cloth f.lil it to propr! thplll and will prf'se rvp th"h' Thor ,Heyerdohl's vessel. foOO and fre!'!h \\-atpr in ('('ra mie jars. like thp ancjen( ~ thpy want to imitate.

Heverdilhl beli!!vps Ihe R a can make the voyage. prnh~ ­ hlv to the Carihhean ~rpl1 , in While it is often spoken of about three months. HI' hop!!s as being blue, Turquoise is to get th!!re before th!! hurri,just as often green.orvaryca ne l'P:1snns.

iI''' shades of \l:reen and blue mixed. Some of the very finest Turquoise will be found in cool. green shades. Of,ten. from the same rough piece of Turquoise will come a finished stone. half of whIch is hlue. the other half lZreell.

Tradition has attributed marvelous virtures to TurqlJoise. sueh as "The e)'e is strengthened by looJdng at i\ Tllrquoise". "One who sees a Turqlloise early in the

morlllng wilJ pass a tortllllday~. "The Turqllo i':c he lps its owner fO victory over 11Is enemies, protects hilll from injury. ;Jlld make;;: him liked by all men". The .;;c and milily orlJccr legends Sllr rOil I1<.1 hCillitiful Turqlloise.

CIte

1

The Marmes Man Last year while American astronauts were making sensational discoveries ill their probings of outer space, a small group of men made history in a remote sectioll of Washington State by going in the opposite direction - into the earth itself.

These men, memhers of a Washington State University archaelogical expt'oition, uncovered the oldest remains of man ever found in the Western hemispbere , culminating six years of digging, sifting and probing through severaJ layers of sediment.

.. .. :-:.. ...... ~~

,...-: ..

The skeletal remains, estimated to be between 11,000 and 13,000 years old, today are labeled the Marmes Man, after Roland J. Marmes, upon whose land the discovery was made. The site is located on the l1oodpl ,tne of the P:lluuse River near its confluence with the Sn<\ke River in southeastern Wd~ hington and is called the ~1armes Rock,helter Archaeological Site.

E .... e ry spoonful of sand and rock is being examined minutel y for more dues that will gi\·e us a deare r understanding iuto the life and the or igin of thnsl' peopJe who roamed the North Ame rican conllne nt ",hen the earth W ,\S young.

Skull of the Marmes ~lan indicates he was broad-cheeked and lb.t ()f face, probably uf a ~long()loiJ population. The remains were fOllno \lnder 6V2 feet of <;eoimcnt layers ncar the entrance to a cave.

The CilV(.· Jnd the area ~ llTn)IIIHling had been used. quite obviously, ns a bast' c.:amp for h\lnte rs over .m extended period of time.

Animal bones, some split open to get at the marrow, were £Cano !!TJdhtmbed where they had Iwen tosseLI by prehisturic huntslIlen. lIonee; iJlcluded those of the elk, antelope, .wl! rabhit. Fish hones ano ri\'el mnssel sht lis Wi'n' "L;o fOllnd. (There is evidence too, th.lt J. 20-) ear-olJ hllman hall heellllseLI for Jinner!)

.\ll lt'Jlg sc::ver<ll .1Itit·.Id:i t! i"('\lVPf('O was J. small none needle, al"t Id t'lI ti t'al tn th(· 1wedh-, IJt totiar in <ill' ,lOti· halle . This indiC.lt.· , lJ. 'lt tilt' ('faft e,1' , ('\\,i ll\.( \\". \:> known II I1 !ll . l'arlin 11J.1Il th()lI~ht I,(·J, 'I l'

II I

OJ,cover) of tlif~ ,\1 ;rnlt' · .\I.in Ira '> iw('n hailed .h ih!' nl",t ;!:lie,lnt tin ,·IUPlll( :It it: f' ,lrl- r !fl rCO;I' if' I. r!' 'he P:I, t _ -; \ ,.: i

,....,

, I'"

:r __ -:.

."'cif'ntists found II ,OOO-year.oM .;k .... t'lal rt'mains of lIlan in this ('au'.