Utah Statewide Archaeological Society, Volume 13, Number 1, March 1967

UTAI~ STATE HISTOr<ICAL 603 EAST SOUTH TEMPLE SOCI[ r '( SALT LAK~ CITY. UTAH INDEXED

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Archa.eology is published quarterly by the Utah Statewide Archaeoloeicn.l Society. Sub. :'iption is included :in membership. lIembership in the society is available from the sec.~ )a., at $2.00 per year. Correspondence concern~~g activities of the society should be .:'ected to the prBsident, or to the Department of Anthropology, UniVersity of Ut.."1h.

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UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY President: Pres. Elect: Sec-Treas.: Advisor: Editor:

George W. Tripp, 98 West 2000 South, Bountiful, Utah Grant M. Reeder, M.D., 1969 So. Claremont Dr., Bountiful, Utah 84010 Norma Dalton, 829 North 100 West, Sunset, Utah 84015 Dr. J. D. Jennings, University of Utah Department of Anthropology, Salt La~e City, Utah F. K. Hassel, 906 Rancho Boulevard, Ogden, Utah

EDITOR'S NOTES Final arrangements have now been concluded for the annual meeting of the USAS. The date is set for Saturday, April 22, 1967, at the Anthropology Museum (Building 411) on the University of utah Campus. Registration and the usual get-acquainted gossip will run from 9:00 to 10:00 AM with the formal session starting promptly at 10:00 AM. George Tripp advises that several speakers have already been scheduled, including Dr. Jesse Jennings and Wayne Shields (Director of the Statewide Archeological Survey among other things). George also hopes that each chapter will come forth with a paper or report as has been the custom at past meetings.

Prior to the regular get-together on April 22nd, an executive council meeting will be held from 9:00 to 10:00 AM. George Tripp requests that all chapter officers and past and present state officers plan to attend to discuss high level policy and other matters of importance.

Several innovations are planned for this year's meeting so if you can possibly attend, it will be well worth your time.

Re the note in our last issue about items of interest in household magazines, how many of you have seen the two-page photographic spread of projectile points and other implements in the January 1967 issue of "True Magazine"? I'm afraid I'm from Missouri when it comes to the beautifully symmetrical five-pointed stars of chipped stone or some of the other way-out specimens.

Also on this line, a recent issue of the "Salt Lake Tribune" carried a picture of Dr. Jennings (with a crafty smile). The accompanying 3-column article announced that with the latest

grant of $77,600 from the National Science Foundation~ . Dr ..

Jennings has been responsible for over one million dollars in gifts ' and . grants to the University in nine years.. 'W ith talent like that . he should be in the securities business.

Word from the grapevine has it that Dr. and Mrs. Floyd Sharrock have departed for Nevada where Floyd has accepted a position as a full professor. Seems like the University of Utah has a personnel turn-over rate of about 200%. We no sooner get to know and like them when they leave us! Anyway--our congratulations to both Floyd and Sharon.

The cover illustration is a reproduction of a Fremont-type petroglyph(?)..

(Editor's note: called petroglyph in text but pictograph under illustration, ref. fig. 37, page 87, "Ancient Caves of the Great Salt Lake Region," Julian 路 H. Steward, 路B.A.E. Bulletin #116) from Cave "#1 on Promontory Point, Box Elder county', ., Utah. ' The figure is in red pigment and is approximately 15 inches ' tall. ' The feature article this month is by Dr. Gordon C. Baldwin who conducted the ,survey of the Arizona strip for the National -Park Service. Dr. Baldwin has more recently put his years of experience to good use by authoring a number of books on various aspects of archeology, anthropology and ethnology~ As ' a prolific writer, Dr. Baldwin probably has no equal in ' the field.

At the time he was contacted, seven books had been published, two more ,are scheduled for this year, and he was working on another, and all this since 1962! Although most of his books are aimed at the teenager, they would - be well worth reading路 by anyone with an interest in western pre-history.

Next we have two brief vignettes by George Tripp, the traveling man. In his wanderings George contacts just about everyone in the state with any interest in路 archeology" :and is full of all sorts of little gems like this, and other things! If any of you have , access 'of Volume I, '#3 of the Newsletter, a related article ' will be found with the title of "Archeological Evidence of Hunting Magic" by James H. Gunnerson. The earlier ' story concerns about 30 of these little split willow figurines found on the Colorado near the mouth of Marble Canyon.

Lastly, one of the Ogden Chapter members, Norman L. Pitt, responded to editorial pleadings by submitting two short items of interest. Norman has specialized in collecting Western Lore and has screened his vast store of printed material for these

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ethnological notes. I have taken editorial liberty by extracting selected items from both papers and publishing them under one title. The rest are reserved for future use--OK, Norman?

ANNOUNCEMENT The Cache Geological and Archeological Society will hold its Annual Gem and Mineral Show on April 29th and 30th, 1967, in the Logan Senior High School gymnasium, 144 West 1st South, Logan, Utah. April 29, 1967: 10:00 AM to 8:00 PM. April 30, 1967: 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM.

ARCHEOI,OGICl\L SURVEY OF WHITMORE WASH MlD SHIVW!TS NORTHWESTERN ARIZONA

PIJ\.TEAU,

By Gordon C. Baldwin ~ditor's

Preface

This archeological survey report, written in 1942, has not been previously published. It is presented in utah Archeology with the permission of the author, Gordon C. Baldwin, and the National Park Service, under whose auspices the survey was carried out. Despite the fact that the report was never formally published, it has been circulated in manuscript form and has become established in the regional literature as an important source of archeological data for the Shivwits Plateau-Whitmore Wash area. The report is reprinted here in order to give it a wider circulation than it has had heretofore, and to thereby increase its usefulness to prehistorians concerned with the archeological problems of the region.

Introduction The northwestern part of Arizona, particularly that portion lying north and west of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, has seen little or no archeological surveyor excavation. Some work has been done further to the east, especially in Johnson and Paria Canyons and along the north rim in Grand Canyon National Park, but otherwise no program has been carried on. This area, popularly known as the "Arizona Strip," is cut oÂŁf from the rest of the state of Arizona by the Grand Canyon.

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Archeologically it has been thought that this region, due to its separation from the main southwestern archeological area by the Grand Canyon, contained little in the way of archeological material. A major purpose of the present brief survey was to t.est. t.he validity of the above-ment.ioned belief. 1 In a geological sense this area comprises the northwestern part of the extensive Colorado Plateau, through which the Grand Canyon has been carved. Limestone and sandstone are perhaps the two chief rock formations encountered, although there are numerous lava outcrops.and, in some regions, extensive areas of granite gravel. In Whitmore'Wash there are a number of quite extensive lava fields, and a good deal of lava was also found on the Shivwits Plateau.

The elevation of most of this area ranges from about 5,000 feet to over 7,000 feet above sea level. On the lower slopes, particularly along the Grand Wash Cliffs and in the lower reaches of the major washes, typical desert vegetation occurs, including various types of cacti, joshua trees, greasewood and mesquite. Higher up extensive stands of juniper grow, with sagebrush thickly covering the open valleys, while on the higher plateaus and peaks are pinyon and western yellow pine. Oak occurs' in many localities â&#x20AC;˘. wild game was undoubtedly plentiful in this area in former days.

Today, however, due largely to cattle and sheep ranching over most of .this¡ area little game can be seen. However, there are indications that in prehistoric times there was an abundance of deer, rabbits, squirrels and various types of game birds such as quail.

Owing to the above~mentioned factors, it is quite logical to assume that this would have made an ideal hunting and,seedgathering region for any prehistoric or historic Indian group occupying adjacent areas. The survey completely bore out this belief. Numerous hunting camp.s were found in almost every part I

The present survey was carried on from October 24 through November 8, 1942, in company with Park Planner George Olcott and Chief Ranger Carl Lehnert.

Both Olcott and Lehnert contributed extensively to the archeological study, particularly in reporting and bringing in material from sites that the writer was unable to visit~

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of the area visited. Of more permanent villages, however, only a few were located. This is not strange as there is very little of this area that would have been suitable for use in agriculture.

In some of the larger washes, such as Whitmore, there is, or perhaps it would be more correct to say ,there was a few hundred years ago, relatively good agricultural land. There was probably also some on the Shivwits Plateau along certain of the washes near permanent springs.

Bearing out the belief .that this was a basic hunting area rather than an agricultural one, at 'almost' every site visited stone implements constituted theg·r~atest. ,percentage of materials found. These included arrowpoints, spearpoints, knife blades, scrapers, d'r ills ~ manos,' metiates, 'rubbing stones and harnmerstones.

Chert and chalcedony ' the materials .commonly used for all chipped implements, both ~f ,these ocour~ing in a number of localities: througboil,t the area. Obsidian was ' also occasionally used for small points • For the pecked and ground tools, ~such as metates and manos, sandstone ahd lava were ut'i lized.

were'

A majority of the sites also contained varying amounts of potsherds, the more permanent pueblos having a good deal more than the temporary campsites •. However, even some of the latter contained much more pottery than is 'normally found near a campsite, and the'se may have been occupied for a longer period of time, though evidences of house remains are not clearly visible today.

Fifty-one sites were definitely located and visited in this area, surface collections of potsherds and stone implements being made at each, site and' notes taken concerning each. In addition to these, two other sites were reported by one of the local ranchers (Pat Bundy) and information secured concerning, others within the area. One other site was noted from the road, but this was not visiteq owing to lack of time. The material secured from each of these s~tes has been washed and ' boxed separately in preparation for further detailed study ' as time permits.

Only the more important of the archeological sites will be briefly discus~ed in the following site survey_ Sites are listed by drain'a ge or other 'natural areas, being given more or less in the order they were surveyed. This region can be roughly divided into'four 'main geographical and archeological areas as follows: Whitmore Wash, Wolfhole-Poverty Mountain, Shivwits Plateau, and the Grand Wash Cliff area.

(Township maps 0,£ two of, these areas, Whitmore Wash and the Shivwits Plateau,. are on file at the Lake Mead National Recreation Area He:adquaiters, Boulder, Nevada. - Ed.) 5: -

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ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE SURVEY Whitmore WC!tsh Whitmore Wash is a very broad and deep valley extending in a general north-south direction; this wash roughly marks the eastc~n boundary of the Lake Mead National Recreational Area~ The floor of the wash is at an average elevation of between 4;000 and 4,500 feet, while on the eastern side the Trumbull Mountains rise to over 7,500 feet above sea level. This is largely a sandstone country, with numerous outcrops of lava cutting across the valley. Vegetation consists of yucca, agave, sagebrush, mesquite, and scattered juniper trees. Sites were located mainly in the vicinity of Paws Pocket; a numbe~ of natural sandstone pockets containing water accumulated from rainfall. Most of the sites were in Township 33 North., Range 9 West, Sections 35 and 36.

Arizona A:16:l This small campsite was situated at the base of a low cliff on a sandy bench. No pottery occurred here, but 37 stone implements or parts of implements were found. These included a flat sandstone metate, a small rectangular rubbing stone used on two sides, two hammerstones, two complete blades, and fragments of scrapers, drills, and large points or blades.

The absence of pottery at this site might indicate a pre-pottery making people. The presence of numerous large points that might have been used as dart points, together with the absence of arrowpoints, also indicates a relatively early people still using the atatl or spearthrower. There were also about six burnt rock and ash areas on this sandy terrace: these were from 4 to 6 feet in diameter, some round and slightly raised, others flattened and more or less irregular in shape.

Arizona A:16:6 This site, while quite small, is noted particularly for its interesting panels of petroglyphs, the only ones noted in this entire area. At the base of a 150 foot high red sandstone cliff just to the west of Paws Pocket, a number of large sandstone blocks have fallen; one of these lies about 100 feet out from the base of the cliff and forms a small shelter, the upper part of the rock overhanging about 10 feet. The petroglyphs are located on the back wall beneath this overhang.

There is a possibility that these represent two distinct period~

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as both painted and pecked figures occur, although a number of figures do utilize both types of delineation. However, most of these drawings are quite faint and this point was difficult to determine. Simple ' straight lines and dashes predominate in the pecked figures, while of those painted in red a number depict human and animal forms, as snakes and deer.

Both pottery and chipped stone material occurred at this site.

Fourteen fragments of gray pottery. showed this to have been at least a temporary pueblo cari'ipsi:te. All the pottery was Moapa Gray, a plain gray type belonging to Moapa Gray Ware and charac't.erized by a relativel~" : rough surface and a heavy temper of olivine and garnet, 't;he temper showing through on both 'surfaces. While there were a number of rather large blades, most of the chipped implements wel::e slllaJ 1., consisting of parts of drills, points, and scrapers.

Arj,zon,!!"l\:16: 10 This Pueblo site was very extensive and showed either a long occupation by a small group or a shorter occupation by a much larger group. Pottery was particularly plentiful, well over 100 sherds being found. These included the following identified types: Moapa Gray ' (the most common type), Washington Gray, Logandale Gray, Washington Corrugated, Logandale Corrugated, Moapa Corrugated, Moapa Black-on-gray, Washington' Slack-on-gray, Logandale Black-on-gray', and' Toroweap Black-on-gray. Pottery shows much stronger influence from the Moapa Valley in Nevada than from the upper Virgin Valley in the vicinity of St. George.

This site illustrates a point in connection with the distribution of pottery and stone implements. As 'the amount of pottery increases at these sites' the amount of chipp'e d material becomes very abundant. The handful of chipped implements found included a few large scrapers and blades, a drill, small arrowpoints, and two fragments of obsidian.

There is possibly evidence here of house structures. In front of a large sandstone boulder embedded in the ground are indications of the outlines of three or four rectangular hOllse foundations. These are, however, rather irregular and hard to trace, and nothing c~n be told definitely without actual excavation.

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Arizona A:16:l4 This site was located on a narrow sandy terrace near the floor of a small wash. At the back of the bench there was a number _.r::

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six potsherds were recovered at this site; these included 30 plain gray, 13 corrugated, and 3 decorated sherds, with Moapa Gray the predominant type. The 3 decorated sherds appear to be quite unique in this area. They appear to be Jeddito Black-on-yellow, a type made during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries in the area centering in the present-day Hopi Indian Reservation. If this is true it shows that Pueblo Indians were in this area at a somewhat later date than has commonly been thought. The belief has been that the Pueblo Indians h~d abandoned this region by 1300 A.D., shortly after the extensivG southwestern drought that lasted from 1276 to 1299. The exact dating of these specimens, however, will have to await compar~ tive studies with identified sherds of this and related types.

A rather large number of chipped implements was also recovered from this site, including large blades and scrapers and a number of small arrowpoints.

Arizona A:ll:1 The first definite permanent Pueblo village found was located on th~ floor of the Whitmore Wash at its junction with Cold Spring Wash. This small pueblo of about 20 rooms was situated on top of a small hill, the rooms being arranged in a single row about the edge of the hill in a more or less horseshoe shape, leaving a courtyard in the center and a wide opening to the southeast facing down the valley. Although less than ten minutes were spent at this site, well over 100 sherds were recovered. These included plain gray, corrugated, black-onwhi te, and black-on-red sherds. Moapa Gray was the predominant. type, together with its corresponding black-on-gray and corrl'!.'J3t~'\ types. The black-on-red sherds included both Deadmans Blackon-red and Tusayan Black-on-red, types intrusive from the Kayenta and San Francisco Mountain areas in northeastern ArizonaAlthough pottery was particularly plentiful at this site; only a few fragments of worked stone were found.

Arizona A:II:2 About one-half mile further up the wash from A:ll:l, a larger pueblo was located. This had the same horseshoe shape of the previous site, with an opening to the southeast, although one.

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of 't he ends of the tier of rooms ' has been cut off by slumping of the thirty-foot bank by Whitmore Wash during flood season.

If this site is to be investigated this should be carried on before further irreparable damage is done. As near as can be told there are about 25 to 30 rooms in this pueblo. These are small, averaging about 4-5 feet by 6 feet, about the same as those in the Muddy and Virgin Valleys to the west and nor~h­ west. Wall construction was of stone and adobe; as there is only a small amount of stone scattered about the pueblo, it is likely that the upper parts of the walls were built of poles, brush and clay.

One unique feature sets off this site from Arizona A:ll:l.

In the approximate center'of the horseshoe of rooms there is a much larger, oval-shaped room, its sides extending out several feet beyond the more or less regular walls of the tier. It is quite possible that this represents some form of ceremonial room.

Pottery was very abundant, over 200 sherds being picked up on the 's urface • . These included 61 black-on-gray', 43 red and black-on-red, plain gray, and corrugated. Moapa black-ongray, North Creek black-on-gray, Sosi black-an-gray, Deadrnans black-on-red, Tusayan black-on~red, Moapa Gray, and Moapa Corrugated are only a 'few of the types recorded from this site.

Chipped implements were not as 'numerous but included a number of small arrowpoints and drills.

About 200 yards to the northwest up the wash were about five rows of rock that had been laid up by the prehistoric Indians in ·order to retain the soil and form agricultural " terraces.

In addition to the 18 recorded sites in the Whitmore Wash area, several others were reported by Pat Bundy, one of the local ranchers. He gave the exact location of a number of large mescal pits further down Whitmore Wash and also several in the neighboring Parashont Wash. These are located in Township 32 North, Range 9 West, Sections 15 and 18.

Wolfhole and Ppverty Mountain The Wolfhole and Poverty Mountain area consists of a rolling sagebrush-covered plateau dotted with numerous ~mall juniper and pinyon-clad ·hills. On the average it is lower in elevation than the Shivwits Plateau just to the south. As all of this · area is outside the boundary of the Lake Mead National

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Recreational Area no time was spent in surveying here. Ho~vever, two sites were visited briefly incidentally to overnight camping. One was just north of Wolfhole, the other was on the north slope of Poverty Mountain. Sites are undoubtedly numerous in this area and correspond closely in type to those within the Recreational Area.

Arizona A:lO:l The site of Poverty Mountain was a small Pueblo campsite located on the northwest end of the mountain in a juniper and pinyon forest. Moapa Corrugated was the chief pottery type occurring here, with quite a little Shinarump Brown and Shinarump Corrugated and, in addition, a few sherds of an unidentified redware. There were a number of large knives and scrapers and one small drill arid one arrowpoint.

Shivwits Plateau The Shivwits Plateau consists of an elevated, relatively flat table land about 6,000 feet above sea level. The only major peaks or knobs on this rolling flat are Mt. Oellenbaugh on the north, 6,750 feet above sea level, the highest peak, and Blue Mountain toward the southern tip of the plateau.

Juniper, pinyon, and western yellow pine cover the plateau quite thickly, with numerous open valleys and draws filled with sagebrush. There are today numerous water pockets and a number of springs, and probably there were even more in prehistoric times.

As much of this plateau lies within the boundaries of the Lake Mead National Recreational Area, considerable time was spent in surveying for archeological sites. Twenty-five in all were located here and doubtless several hundred more are still to be found here. In several places chert fragments and potsherds are so thickly scattered and so widespread that it is difficult to tell where one particular site ends and the next begins. These sites are mainly located in Township 31 North, Range 11 West, Section 22, and Township 30 North, Range 11 West, Sections 16, 21, 22, 23, 28, and 33.

Arizona A:15:l This was a small campsite located near Penns Corral on top of a small juniper and pine-covered knoll. Although there was considerable pottery at a small site at the base of this hill, only stone implements occurred at A:l5:l, indicating either - 10 -

an early non-pottery making culture or a later hunting camp of pueblo peoples who did not have pottery with them. These implements were mainly large bla~es and scrapers, relatively crudely flaked. A few smaller points, possibly dart points, showed finer pressure flaking and basal notches for hafting.

Arizona G:3:2 A second possibly early campsite was discovered about one-half mile west of Price Pocket on top of a ridge running northeastsouthwest. This site was very extensive, covering an area of 100 by 200 yards, the stone implements and rejects being very thickly scattered among the lava outcrops. Thirty-four porti.ons of blades, knives, and points were found and, in addition, a number of large flake scrapers. Of particular interest among these were a fragment of a finely worked obsidian point and a portion of a chert point with a serrated edge.

This site, located just northwest of the corral at Dinner Pocket, covered an area of 500 feet or more, extending to the top of the point overlooking Green Springs Canyon. Thirty-six potsherds and ¡35 fragments of stone implements indicated that this was formerly an extensive Pueblo campsite. It is quite possible that there are permanent pueblos located in Green Springs Canyon as there appear to be areas there that could have been used for cultivation. There is also at least one spring below the rim, Horse Springs, and the map indicates a small dry lake that might bear investigation.

Pottery types included Moapa Gray, Washington Gray, one sherd of North Creek Black-on-gray, and a single sherd of the unidentified redware previously reported from Arizona A:IO:l on Poverty Mountain. The stone implements included one complete drill with a broad flat base and two small arrowpoints.

Arizona G:3:7 About 300 yards southeast of Price Pocket and extending for at least one-half mile further to the southeast there was an intense concentration of stone implements. This may possibly represent more than one campsite, although no dividing line was visible. No pottery occurred within this area. Large scrapers and blades predominate at this site. One of the two smaller points showing complete stems had a convex base and round, right-angled notches, the other a straight base and narrower right-angled notches.

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Arizona G:3:13 At the head of., Pri.s:e Pocke't , on a narrow bench was a small Pueblo campsite. From the presence of more or less permanent water in price pocket just below the site, and from the number of manos ' and ' fragments of metates found here, it is quite possible that this represents a more permanent village than any of those previously discussed in this general areae Satisfactory house~ of wattlework, for example, could easily have been constructed from the juniper, pinyon, and pine in this , area~ of course, no trace ' of such houses would remain at present and their former presence can only be conjectured.

Thirty-eight potsherds were recovered, including Moapa Gray, Washington Gray, Washington Corrugated, and Moapa Brown.

Two rectangular 'manos, used on ,both sides, and a circular rubbing stone'; also used on both sides" were found. Fragments of flaked material were very common, including both large and small blades and scrapers.

Arizona G:3:lS Southwest of Price Pocket on the south slope of a small knob was found the only true pueblo on the Shivwits Plateau.

However, the presence of this one, together with the small amount of' the plateau actually surveyed, shows quite definitely that permanent pueblos did exist in this region.

This pueblo was ' similar in form to those found in Whitmore Wa ~h~ having a horseshoe shape open ,toward the south, with a courtyard in the center. From the amount of fallen rock within the area it is evident that the walls were constructed to full height entire.ly 'of lava rock ,and adobe. 'roday junipers are growing in the courtyard an? within the row of rooms.

Pottery was very abundant at this site, an unidentified browr. corrugated and a brown plainware being the most common types.

Other types included Moapa Black-on-gray, Washington Black-ongray, X¡1oapa Corrugat ed, and l>'loapa Gray. Chipped implements we:r.e not as common as on nearby campsites and comprised large blades, drills, and ar.rowpoints.

Considering the relatively small amount of the Shivwits Plate=1.l1 that was a~tually surveyed, the total of twenty-five sites located represents only a small fraction of the number to be found here. This was seemingly an excellent hunting and seed-

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gathering area in former times. : , Undoubtedly numerous other sites exi$t in the , canyons spreading out to ;the south and east toward the .Colorado River. ~esc'al pits probably are to be found in these canyons,¡ as previous surveys have indicated numerous examples along the north shore of Lake Mead at the foot of the Shivwits Plateau.

Grand Wash Cliff Area The Grand Wash Cliff Area comprises the western section of the Shivwits Plateau bordering on Grand Wash and extending northward along Grand Wash to Hubbell Canyon. Not a great deal of this vast area was surveyed as .most of it lies outside the boundaries of the Lake Mead National Recreational Area.

However, surveys were carried out near Horse Point (at the western edge of the Shivwits Plateau) in Pigeon Canyon, along Hidden Canyon, and north along Pakoon Wash.

Only six definite campsites were located in this area. However, the lack of sites located was due . mainly to th~ necessity for continuous travel . and but very little time was actually spent in searching for sites. From the number of sites recorded in this sketchy survey it is likely that there are a good many sites still to be found in this area.

Arizona A:13:16 Near Horse Point two small campsites were found. These again may : have been early sites as no pottery was found at either site. Ch~pped material included only a few very large blades, although rejects and small flakes were common. Here at the western edge of the Shivwits Plateau juniper, pinyon; and pine . disappeared, their place being taken by manzanita and oak.

Arizona A:IO:2 On this survey the first definite evidence of historic or late prehistoric Paiute occupation of any part of this area was found at Hidden Spring in Hidden Canyon. From earlier surveys in the Grand Wash and in the Gold Butte area just to the west, numerous Paiute camps~tes had been reported throughout the region.

It was assumed that the Paiute had probably also made hunting expeditions onto the plateau in search of pinyon nuts and other edible wild plants. However, no Paiute s,ites were found until Hidden Canyon was reached. This canyon extends from the desert country in Grand Wash up to the foot of Poverty Mountain, forming an excellent thoroughfare even today. There are a number of springs up and down the length of the canyon and it is about these springs that the sites occur.

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.

At this particular campsite both Paiute and Pueblo material occurred. The Pueblo pottery included Washington Corrugated, North Creek Black-on-gray, and North Creek Gray. Paiute occupation was indicated by several sherds of typical Paiute pottery, a brownish-black ware with slight finger-nail indentations, heavily tempered with sand and mica. A characteristic Paiute arrowpoint was also found; this was a small obsidian point, triangular in shape, with a square base and no notches.

Characteristic of this, as of other Paiute campsites, were numerous broken firestones and ash deposits.

Further down Hidden Canyon were other indications of Paiute camp areas. Probably the relatively heavy concentrations of Pinyon trees in certain sections of this canyon account for the Paiute infiltrations.

Summary From this brief survey of the Whitmore Wash and Shivwits Plateau area in northwestern Arizona it is evident that there are numerous archeological sites throughout this vast region.

While many of, these sites are similar to those already noted in other sections of the Lake Mead National Recreational Area F still there are sufficient differences to warrant further detailed investigation.

Many of these sites appear to be only temporary campsites and hence are probably not worthy of extensive excavation. However, further surface survey should be conducted at a number of these in order to secure a representative collection of stone implements. These i~plements appear to be very distinctive, and regional or temporal differences between types can no doub¡t be demonstrated by further study.

Several of the permanent pueblos should be carefully excavated, at least in part, in order to determine pottery sequences and to sample other cultural remains peculiar to this locality.

There are certain definite pottery distinctions between this region and that further to the west.

This survey has shown that the region north of the We~tern Grand Canyon, popularly called the I1Arizona St',rip," is noJc the archeological blank it has so long been thought to be.

Instead it is very rich in archeologic<'l.l material, particularly

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in campsites. This material has numerous affinities to that previously found in the Muddy Valley to the west, but also has distinctive features th~t warrant further detailed investigation. ' Gordon C. Baldwin Assistant Archeologist Boulder Dam National Recreational Area December 28, ' 1942

. ..,:

SHERDS bits of this In that • •

•

An Unusual Split willow Fig,urine Found Nea ~ Green , River, Utah Mr. Will,iam (Bill) Mobely of Green River, Utah, made two unusual archeological discoveries during the past 'year.

Bill discovered two small animal-like figurines made entirely of split willows in a shallow overhang or rock shelter west of Green River, Utah. According to available records, it would appear that these are the first figures of their kind ever found in Utah--in f ,a ct, the first found, outside of Grand Canyon.

Bill originally found two figurines, however, one disintegrated on being touched. , The'sole survivor lost its head before the accompanying'tracing was made.

figurine.

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Bill Mobely Does It Aqain!

Mr. William (Bill) Mobely of Green River, Utah, discovered what appears to be the base of a Folsornoid Fluted Projectile pOint; also, the tip of an Angostura-like projectile point.

These were found on the surface of the ground in a wash in the San Rafael Swell country south of Green River, Utah The Fluted point of a grey and white quartzite-like stone is fluted the entire length of the specimen on both sides, and shows evidence of basal grinding. Secondary chipping is plainly evident along both edges.

The Angostura-like point is made of a fine-grained grey and brown stone and is notable for the finely-done parallel flaking running obliquely across the face of the fragment.

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-By George Tripp

Some Ethnological Notes

By Norman L. Pitt 1.

Mandan Indians:

Torture Ceremony of the Mandans ended a four-day religious ritual called Okipa, which initiated the tribe's young men to warrior status. Skewered through the flesh of their chests, backs, arms, and legs, they were festooned with buffalo skulls and weapons, suspended from the roof of the large circular ceremonial hut and twirled until they passed out. They were then dumped to the ground until they recovered. Then they crawled to let a medicine man chop off a finger. Then at last they were dragged around until the skewers tore loose. It is written they showed no signs of pain.

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2.

Blackfeet:

The origin of the name is disputed, but it is believed to have reference to the discoloring of their moccasins by the ashes of the prairie fires. It may also have reference to black painted moccasins such as were worn by the Pawnees, Sihasapa, and other tribes.

These people have a peculiar way of naming a newly-born child.

An elderly member of the tribe such as a grandfather or grandmother, or just any elderly member of the tribe, is given a commission to name the child. Upon the night before the child is born the old person may dream of a bear or deer running through the forest, so the child might be called Running Bear or Running Deer. The name of the child is taken not only from dreams, but from flowers, birds, or perhaps the first thing seen upon arising the morning after the child is born. For instance, upon arising in the morning, the old person who was given the commission might see a beautiful shimmering waterfall or perhaps a lovely red cloud as the sun comes up. The child might then be called Shining Waters or Red Cloud. There is nothing in a name that even remotely suggests ancestry. The Indian children were never whipped or severely punished. The boys were constantly lectured by the old men of the tribe.

The old men of the tribe never spoke their names aloud, for to do so was thought to bring misfortune upon them.

3.

Cradle ' or

"P~90se"

Board:

The following are the names some different Indian tribes have for the "papoose" board: PO-STAN---· ·------------Sioux TA-WAK-KA-NU----------Ute KUNA------------------Shoshone TAPA------ · ------------Hopi A-WAH-TSIN------------Navajo HOOP------------------Piute WHI-WA-YE----------_··---Pueblo CHA-I<HA-NOL--------·---Cavelo A-LU-CE----------- - ----Choctaw

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Utah Archeology Department of Anthropology University of Utah Salt Lake Oity, Uta h 84112

...

Utah State Hiskt So

603 E. S. Temple-

Salt Lake City, Utah 84102

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