Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 9, Number 4, December 1963

A Newsletter .!

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i S"I!"Ii,'Tr L I t.:: diS I Or~iCAl SOCIETYi I

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603 EAST SOUTH TEMPLE SALT LAKE OTY~ UfAti

INDEXED

Dec. 1963

DEER OR ELK PETROGLlPH NEAR CONNERS SPRINGS, BOX ELDER co.

Selected element of panel .at site' -12, 15 mUen west ot COri"ina, Utah..

La ntth, 12.,.1, II (e s tima ted}

UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by the UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Subscription is included in membership. Membership in the sodety is available from the secretary-treasurer at $2.00 per year. Correspondence concerning the activities of the society should be directed to the president. All manuscripts and news items should be sent to: Utah Statewide Archaeology Society % Dept. of Anthropol:ogy, University of Utah.

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SOCIETY

FRESIDENTa JOIUI L. Orose, 860 South 10th East, Orem, utah VICE PRESmENTa Franoie Hassel 906 ltt.ncho Blvd. ceden, otlk SECRETARY*TREASURER., Veollc Gale, 1432 Sunview Dr., Ogden, utall ADVISORs Dl', Jeaee n. Jenningo, Un1v. ot utah, Salt take City 12, EDrrO!h w. D. Paok, 310 South 3rd Eaat, Preston, Idaho

utah

• EDITOR I S NOTES

The Utah Seciet,y is invited to the 29th annual mcetinc ot "The Society For American Archeology" to be held in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Individuals can make reoe"ations up till April 20th. The DlBotinge will be held !.~a7 6th to 9tb. Aocomodat1ol'lC caD 1te arrangod tor through Jottreo 1.. Ooe, loz 561, Chapel Hill, North CaroliDa. ibono 93:3~ Something new hae heon added to our Dews letiDr. Eaoh time, 1noludiq tbia one, we are golrl1 to print some of the events Bcing on in eaoh cbapter. Thardce to the st. Oe el"SQ, Locan and Qeden cbaptcro lor gettiDl their information to me. Lam interested in tin~ag out what the other chepte1'8 are doing awad ,ha~ the add1t1en et th1s n«m D~otion will proTe as entertaining to you. Let us h~re trom ever,y group in the etnte 1D time .to pr1nt it in o~r next letter. RflI1ember - wc cantt print 1t it don't gat it. So leta get it in.

.0

Dontt torget our annual mee.t inga in April. You nill be ictormed 6cs to time acd place. Plana are already under "a:sr 011 a program that "Ul be 1nter~fltiZlg to all -ot you.

You will all enjoy the Mania !'.)"Bte17. It shews how easy it io to 1m1tate artifaots to a degree tbat aane ot us can 'be taken 1n. Also, the artiole by ~rr1l.1 "Bud" PetereeJ) 011 Iadiane ill the Bear Lake area 10 exoellant. A lot at wark haa gone into it and we oerta1l21y appreoiate it.

The book reJlort we have printed 10 a new thing_ We are going to ea~h "'i:u::c to ~.clp thODe ot uo who are iatereoted in read1Qg book8 OD ArcheoloBY', or even b11ag them tor our own library.

We would appreoiate cuggestioDO trom a 11 at 70U on tbe oewoletter 80 donlt be afraid to write. try to have one or two

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!JAN TI :,tYS'lEftY ~ good that alert ama tuer archacolo~irJtn can do for both their com.. munity a.nd th('lir tello\':mon 10 cmphaaizcd by a recent cxperienc(' of :ra. J. Y:allace Vintch of 'ran ti, Utah.

10 early NoveMbC'r 1(6), mo men ~xeitC3 dly rp.ported to v/bll ~ prCDpcc ant; in th~ mountainn Wp.o t ot n mti, thE'Y had appeared to be:! a c iz ~abJ.c cache ot p.ngrave d otone tableto. according to their diccovererc, had been buried 1n B larep trom T1anti.:

l·:ro. ~';1ntch that "dlocovered ll what Theo(: atone table to, ovcrhanz not tar

: :ro. :':intch, on hearing tbP. proopcctoro account ot their d1ocovery, GXplllinp-d to the two mrm oome of' thp oa11en'G t acto ot thf> Utah and NatioQa1 antiquity 1awo and ougg~oted to them that they 'Vlould be w1~e to dp.l3iot trom furthar dige1nr. a t the site until a protcoo ionally competent peroon could examine bot.'1 t.'1e oneravC'd c tone plat~o and thf1 oi·te from which they were re-

porteuly takfln.

In answer tn ,"ro. 1'.'1ntch t a OC:'A1·oopondcnce) Dr. Jeso · n. Jcnningn, "preoentine the Deoartment of AnthroDOloBY of t he Univcroity ot utah, with two menbetG or the Utah St.atc-tv1de Archaeolog,'r Sooiety ti"aNe1ed to i.~ant1 to examine the speCimens.

!':ro. Wint"h had arl"ane~d \V1'~h the proopectoro to borrow a tow "typioal" specimeno eo that th e~r could be examined in her home by Dr. Jcnnlnes when he arriv~d , The ~ nBre.ve c! nt,'JnC3 were of tl'.rf.'f\ difterF'nt types. One is t1nf'11 engraved vd th .l1lllnv ornall i'ieuru.., .'/hieh clo~ elJl rcop.mble anoien t Greek, Roman, Runio anci T)ea eret alphabc> t l e Me!'!) . Alvo 1ncl ud('d arc what appEl-ar to be Greg{~ ohort!llln d SjllIlbol~ 0 Other artifa~ to l ook l1kn ancient 6 tone 13 .als.• The engravine on theoe opecimono r eflf'mbleG an angular form of wr1 tine. The r emaining artifact 10 a pictograph in th0 form of angular human tigurcn armed with what appea.r to ~ c1uho or owordo and poiaed ao though in oombat.

The "mac terpiece '1 of the J"ant! col10c tiOTl i3 a roughly quadrangular s tono tablet me <louring approximately 10 inohno wide by' 15 incheD lonti and i inoh thick, ohapcd trom a pieoe ot fine f,rainBd yellow oed1mcntary stone. One taen of th1D~ after havine been carefully smoothed, had been engraved with ce'.Ttlral hundred !irrureo, each ot which appearo to be a o1nglQ letter ot some "unknmiO" alphabet ao mention~d above, arranGed 1n 29 roua. At a tirot Blance the ~blE"r~ seemo to reDemble a modern buninenn letter in tho upper right ma~1n a~e ~lree ahort linea oimilar to date ot a modern bunineoo letter.

Tho main body of the "letter" io divided into apparently thr ~e parasraphs. eaoh ot which io indented. The "message lt coneludeo fii th \"Ihat appear!> to bn a Signature arranged 1n the same way.ao tho a1 Tnatur~ 10 plaoed in modern Englieh correspondence. 'Nhp.l1 tirst ssp-n, the face of t.h~ atone tablet was

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l1ehtly coated 'With mud and £land which e nl'h30iaed the engra-ved charactero and hnightened the archaic illUDion~ After Dr. JOnningo bad waohed the tablet wi tb water, the engrnvingn eJIlp.rgcd oharp and clean.

All oompetent obDervero who haVp. examined the ~'anti atone tableto are WlsnimoUD in their opinion that they are traudulent.•

It io interesting to opeculatl'! about theoe cSl'Ted atoneD and wonder ftO made them, !'.nd what mot~va ted their author. They may ha'r~ been an attempt to:.' t" .c ~lu·"'~io;. t:v the p erp~trator hoped hI':' would get when hi!! diocovery wso re)Jo:"'~ed t " 'lihe: nE';rro media.

Or Vlere they intendod to defraud aome UllBUOpect'.llg p,]T'JtmJ whn mieht think they were buying uniquE" arOhaeological D ouv ~niro?

Georgp. Tripp Bountili'l:l .• Utah

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Aocord1ng to history, Bear

l~ke

and Rear River received their nameD tram

tral-'pel' by the name o! DonaJ d 1 ,!a~Kenzie who heatled a group of fifty-five mp.Il .n.:~d unA hmuh"f:d rJ1.nc t,?,· - f~.ye hOl'Gp.f.I tor t ..e Canadian Northvl at Fur Compa.ny, a~d Jl:t·t'~_v('!~ a,t. E~c.l" L~!\«(;: 'Vi;i.:::'ley ~u!'inff thf: ye:ar of 1f51..3 0 J·~')_ .,Kcnz1s and t.1o m::n .. 0-.;': d DO !:1any -bla .l_t beurn 8'tOUUlll.l the lah.& ~md S.:.. Ohg the rl't 'e r. 'liba t i t vraa twJTI€' Black Bi~a~ Lake and Blnck Benl· River. &

too

~>e1:"i,,,,,olrI valley had ooen vi,oi ted in 1812 by four trapperD repre.

D Cr..t~.l"6 ~ hp. Aa+.or:'J.n Fur. Co~pa.ny.

While t,here is l:ttt,le dou_bt that white a d've\ ~ '~ tl · ~-r;) a.oC: t;.a'!)r..e-('~ pr::ior to this time l'Jld vlcl~d th~ a.l.·f'a.'I hiE'~ory r0 ~C :,~s .ir ·'3;..e :::0'''.:. m~n t.D !;e1ns the first whl.tF3 m'3r. "G('. aot ! o o~, in '!ir.s PI·ea.

T':l(~ '1 )('V0 ·1i:s.'eciur3 anci t.:a!>pp.l"~1 founQ tlle DeAl' RivOl' and Be~u-' r~nke Co\illt~:Y' aour.dlint ,,;1,;1". :ti:J l~ games and tm" ~mc' Befl:i. ~e a oen-i:.e":" 0"(" tr.a d1.ug ap.u that wan " .1nr Il,<lcd P,;lr4 ~A.cl heon UfJEd i!l the i3ac -t fo'l" tld_:J !-" .u"P:lse-, HE:lrr, WSlO a C1"nflD:,"oa~ a.na :",,{; o~C;~'-OUfl a"ecl ~aC'lre Cl4Al:i. 1.l;r\'L.~ grcTa,,;:! ~n~ l :lrge a oc'i :ll groupe of inUiaul :net .V'p. ~.i.'_l:r t o t::,a.d'~ t '0r hc.rr::ets . lmf:..nlo X"I.>heu :. ~nod : and otuer ClOm-

b~ll Ugt".'t, ~n from d~tf. ('re ..'!t are~\o ;;~or tr ....c'i1r..g. he fi:tnt recorded r ende~~oU£;l .In ~.' T.J.Lke be ~\Jec n the t~i.lP!) ,rn t'.nrl mountain mC:':n do th the ~nd1aM wa,u it ($) 9 wht::1" "he ebvve rnen t.1.onel.:l ltacK-.!n~ie c.a.d a :.:>ende~vouu wi t h e i~ht or ten ·"nc..usanC'i lndtane 'l'he v:!'e8. Wa.!3 e;t ~t'~E'1.y pOPllC':!, 9,9 ~ ~~~<l:11g a.ea

modi t :eo

un t.il 'l,il~ pp. ...k y~,'U . of 16'-7 when anothp.l 1 .. _1'~f' X' f'nd 0~,vo·.lfl war, n€J~d j"7.ing the 8 lDltlrr dra'7inC anu t.her 'l;<3n t}1ou!Jo.tld 0:":" InOl'0 iori.::i.a"lt:; J t:rap-:>Al s· ~nd +r-3dero 'tIi \ih '~helr indian wi"J'eo" At:h 1:3 IDC'C t:!.ng .i1m '8:!'i d,:;e:r., JF' et3ian Smi'lih, D~'Vicl Javksun, Filliarn Bublct',je and other hiat.o:f·ic f i6ur(~D .rer . . p::_ cnont" The cumr.:el· waD apen t ~n trad:l.ng! dri (lking~ hOi'riP. ra.;i!lgs- -,Bmvl1:L.', a,nd o'iiher Barnes D,nd conteots bAween -t;he '1o~_ te~ and ~.ndj n.ns. Again :In 1828, anotiler rendezvous wao hplc1 at the ::lOU i;h end of the 10..<:9 where the one on the prenoU8 year- naB held and one hund:'!"f:d 'thi.l·ty illOl'e baJ.f:o of furD were traded for.

The nerUl end ot Bear Lake is the hub or area where many traUs converge

and by 1836 1 t

0_ the tira t wagon on the

Oreeon t~aU bOund for oregon.

The area naturally attracted the indians tor "he purpoee of trading for goods from the l'lb1'les traveling throueh, In 1863, the valley snw the first whl te 1mmigranfll wllo aettled at Pario. They were under ~ ir. Charles O. Rioh and were Dent 1n DY the ?!ormon Church. Treatieo 'lere made with the indiana for the land and, in general, eood relations exioted between the two groupo untU 1866 or '67 when eettlp.r~ settled at the south end of the lake and ~n t·he area that waD reto.,ined by the indiana in the> treaty with the Hormon ChU!'"cn... ,Aft€r J!lUch. WAr NU'f'at and ....70rl.l' amonc the De ttl era , it wao Bettled }Je,1\(;'ea'vl v. 'J.'he .:Iht.rct. f : gu.'1:ed it war' cheaper to feed the indiana than fight -Jl';':lU and \/h p'll I in'OO:I:'\ ie-.:ed aor. e uf ~h~ old t:i.mers" I met the otateme?Ju ":"ep'latp.ul:r t'lat 1Ile_~;'1 't:un(,!{j the la'1·t _~uod in the houne vIae handed to th3 ~ opg tnc r € '!m - .:'3 'i'l: 3r c WP--::-~ "'lan:r minor scares and incidences but in genpr.aJ. ~h.€ fs~li~~~ 'uas ~(;$l ~~':,;m~EU the tvlO ra.:es. Th10 wan eopecially true

of "the S::'lf1.kA c:r ehochor,i indiane. The indie.no from QQVeral of the outl11nc continued to come into Bea.," Lake V,llley to hunt and fish and hae t..ntU w.or.g in the tore par'\. or tl~ p.I."€f>ent ccntu:ry.

X'f:; ,)€l 1:~·~lot:.t1

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GA'!'HE1J.mn, r!UNTINO, .£n

FmH~

'ra1O area wan ut onc tine :a:1C~1 in fish and game and Tlao a very attractl:ve bunt1!1g anc l'.!3hing ,<ll'ell.. i:fe!lr Lake h5ll 'Jeve1"81 val'1et1ea 01' nat.1. ve t1sh. '!be fi.eh, both au~k€ro ant! trout, opavm uk> t!le mn<lll creeks leading to 'the la~o and mu":tng tilC Due~cer run in T"tly anc .Tene, many tamily ero\\p8 and telaPOl"C'\J"Y ~i'14eeo VIer£. 10.,lltcd on the:? I!1outhrJ of the atr~amo. '!be f10h were taken ~.n '.arae r.um~ero m. th tl""dpa and ne'ba ot willows. They were split up the back, clcanr;d, and rf~cked on nillaw trQlneo ncar tires to dry. In the taemor1.ea at ~n¥ 0: t:1C old(.;st white 1nhabitanta, there a~'e r:tUl p:1cturee at the eec160nal m1.graJ;10il tv t:lP. lo)(o ~or '~he 8~in3 run sad fish barYest by the ind1'lru). r:u'!~ TT~l'e an ilrportar.t ~taJ'l1.e in the diet and ,.alua~e tor trrldinp,. Ther~ 1:3 e.1Rc ...,~r':r l~.ttlc dcuht that many gl"0Ui)f' that t!."lhed and tlrapped the npawnln8 fI£J.mon alor.g thp 5r1al<e R~.ver w~re among t!teoe that oome to the Beer !,aiCc to tien" Hunting wau v{'ry good

::r.

~e

41'ea to!"

bo'~h

:al'ae and 8r.l£l11 game.

Betore

the aheel) men movp.~ tilei4' herdt! 1ntQ tbe a.nte::"o'r)t: f:a.at D"!"ea eClat of !ear Lake, th~ t.:....el'. W£1!'J inhe~~ ted wi t~ l!"lnd!'ecb of e~'OOlope. DC'~r "~re plentiful and c,t en" tiJna t.~T."t3lo or bioon v{ere cOIlLpAl·nt.t'lel:r mmle:,"Otl.lJ.. 'tll.e buffalo, hownver.. "eC'lUM of t~,,- limited terrain suitable tor thei:':" lnhabit.a,t1oEl, were doomed ....,he~1 t!.e ind::'anD a.;:qu:lred t.':e horse. The :;isun ~;,;,I1 , in all probab:U1 ty, exterm1natet1 in the lake ~ea by 1850. W,len the t--'.rs·~ settlers acme, there \(ere none j.n the immed1a'Ge area. An inter(:s ting i "ld1an legend on the bui:t''llo ca:ne to li~ht and was 't"er1tied by a n\.~be:" of citterent sources. T~e indiana claimed that at one time, many UloonD olgo, t.'lere were many buffalo in the area. One winter came that piled the anow 80 deep that the buffalo were unable to migrate to the winter range and were starved to death. There was evidence ot the truth at th18 in the many heads and whole bones lett in several areaa especially at the north end ot Bear Lake in the Mud Lake area. During the 1930 1 s, 1I1e year the nater was at an extreme low 1e,.e1, many Vlhole buftalo boneD were found along a tormer low level shore

line at the oouth end ot the lake. Alao evidence to the abunci'l.nce of the an1mala men~ at hea·ry bones--head parts, horns, tOz-Dlar cot!pei tee a t the nor th end of the

another tact that lendo considera'ble atone time 10 the number ot fragand horn coren-plowed up O11er the lake.

The wem sprines at the northeast end of the lake by the mouth of Indian Creek wa3 e pc)u1.1r ~ampina areB as evidenced b.Y bone fragmenta, obo1d1an and nir!t cM_pp~ ngf), I'nJ tldnC3 or m:.L1.1ine otones found in the area. 'the present OT'ne!'o c-t "'he apr.inc ar.ea mentioned the taot, when Clueationed, that OCCQDio~.ly ar~itr.cu. a:"e ct11.l picked up and that sPV'eral burials have been found when excavat1ne thel·e. They aleo confirmed the stol7 at whole

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bu~f'alo

l)onee being founcl in 1u.rge nt.mb€:ra in the t area.

Th.e w(t:m opr!ngn Vlere us~d ~ th~ ind!.a.na for bathine and vrere oredited rl·1;tI lV"~a1.~.r.g p·Jvre:'c.. 't"l:l.S as;'!1p' ~onI.H. t.ton ap:,ar ~nt1.y 0xioted at Soda Springs r.he:o:-e f.he inrticlns calne ·~o ·op.1..1e and d'r .i.nk ·the \Va'lie4"S of the mineral springs.

'1be Bo;;a :=pr~_ngc ~,..€~a uao Of.·u·G?'al g ..'oullns o?en '00 all indiana and, &0 men"i;j.o",ed bel 01"1:: I ,:as tt..9Ci

Cl.

1 opcl.a~"

8;;-ea

!

o~

Ijj.'3.uing anC! a 00 lei

Ba ttvi ties.

TIle

"Vae ue.J.~et:l "Tonoib1\t: by t Le rhoohotli ind:!.ans which meane 8J)ark11ng watel'8.

The advent ot the horee had considerable affect ~on the movement! and h1stcu~y 1)1 the indiana over t:le Bea::' Lake area as it did else-where.

The 1ndian~ of. the Roc~ J'otmtain area aoc;.u:f.red the horDe around the middle of '~he eighteenth o I'm fury f,.onl the Plaino ~.ndiano and very quiokly adjueted thelJ1sel'res to -the new method ot conveyance. Grea tar mobiJ.1·ty and sue ct tranaportat1on Bt1mula ted tl'ading and mixing vii th other.- o'xt.l.ying groups therElby making great ow. tural ohan8P.O and 1no..'easing fr..'(latly the area over whicb they 11ved. The Shoshoni indiana ot the Snake R::'vel.· warp., accord1llg ~ h1st.o.ry, nOille ot the ~1ret mountain indiana to aoC!uire the horae.

As me ntiQ!1ed before J wi tlt the p.ocplieUJ.on of ttAe v hi te man ' s riile J the horse was 18.4~gely res?oMible tor the en1'1y disa,peaJ'ance ot the b,lti'alo in the mar~1nal areas ot ito popula ti:)A.

The 1ndlans that visited the rendez'V'OuD et Bear Lake were largely ShoahOMS trom. Wyoming and Itlaho, however, Dlsaktoo 18, 8annooks, utes J and some CrOYls, Paiuteo, and pODstbly aome Com~ehoo trom the central plains area were present. The :al..~ck »·ot,Ok 1lX'cta C)~ l,'!yuJll:\ue ~/llf3 11 trllclng &:'ea tor the Shoehonie and Comanches ~ nd th e tl·ai~. west J.e1 through me Bear Lake are-.

Prior to the scWcnt ot t.he h01.'oe and tor poee1bJ.y -the prior ten milleDm(rcC, Bent· Lakf! had heen uned as a OUlllmer tond eatherins area by tbe people ot the Great Bal3in ar~a. 'l1le poople of the eo nruned Baoie Desert Culture werp., aooorain~ to pJ:' e~ent til1~ii1ca, the forebearo to maD1 ot ihe ]a tel' tribes or groupa cj.ep"') ):"oea o·¢ ~~ D. l.E.\:ree area ot the ·west. 'the topography ot the 'AI-en iR Bl~c.h 1.~1at ;.t lends ito!?"l! to the eeaeonal. m1gra'Ucll of the indiana ur!ia~ thot ~.OW"'l ~~. aehao of thp. Great Basin to winter in.

The oavee and o&l.4lps ... t.eo a:.ollG t.,'le 3ea!" River .al.l. the "7 up to ~ar Lake lend testimony to t :le ...lbo',"e f ao 'ta. (nee l!ap) niUJll or

While there haa been no evinenne turn up yet ot Palet,-incl1an aeUnty over the at"e4, 1 t ill re .... oo~8:oJ .y C'ert..ain that the Boar Lake area has been f~eq11en.ted und :1n!4s'!li t~ C:: Rl~F; ~I.)n"l~_ly for the past nine or 'ben thouoand 1"eua.

The "~a,.. bon d~ tinpti 01 lUI:I tt:? ~. ill. '1 i'oulld in Dangor Cllve and eleewhere in 'he Qrf'a~ S~~ft 1..a;';:e .:.\TCl l ;?ucl \!I·e.j e n~e IjO this oonjp.cture. '!be obDidian and ~J.~ n'G 81;-4:11fl.0 iin, pcrMie-"7 .~he:,,·dB, and l.O:I.lling tools round along the migratlcQ&]. rOt:.tt~1J dr.-e ~f. the SC3l'1e +.y"tJP. round in the Promontory area and Sa.lt Lake aayea an~ 8:' teiJ. T00 S .:-3.I3N 1DJ m-tgre.tlon of game, eood food ~athering, the man,caves, "lil.e ,.1 ('·..,a :,.x·o..: " 'll~ ty ot frash ws ter, and plentiful flood made the 10.

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G...'ea;; S.ll t tl!(' l.r,,jlr nth

e:.u"'v,,~ +;1.(\I' \il\~.i(",:" <l.~~" c::e ('.~",~~nJ

optiulIJm v. in'!',e:t' IJ.-11hr. t

r()~'

I,ai~e

and tho PA,'omontory range an

Bear J,ake Wi1. f., net 'l."'~n+.el"~.nB ground tor 8-ny ot the indians. In the memonen c~ '~,''1 (~ P. Ci.1"] Y ~e 'Lt·l e~& I tilel'e we1."e only one or two a ttempte ot the indians toe o"t3;1 '.~ncl Vlinte:'" on the :!.ake end, dua t,c. the Qxt,o:'eme cold and hard winter, gT'eat hal.'oa!', ip was e~e~'ianced. In thfl ma.ny corrtacts I made, only two aCIJO\ln'ts were given me o:r g4',ouiJs wintering tn tile al'ea,,-one by Nounan and or..1;! (l,t st. Charlee-and both ended 1n great t)ardahip with aome of thea Co.

dyiLlp,.

P.rior to Motoria times, there ~ little knotIn abeut l'IIIIIer migratiene from other areas. Campeitee and caves alonp: the rtutee have been mentioned and some ot these are of good ohronological value. The Lowe cave (See Map) n~er Franklint Idaho, located on the migrational .~te ohawo a floor depth of atrat~lied ash be do ot et.mht to ten teet and it dpteu ",ovld" unquestionably, be contemporar.ywith the early eaves of the Promontory and Salt Laka area.

1bere 18 also but 11 ttle question that whUe Cache Valley around this eave wu an attraotive hunting and gathering area, it 'Was' also used during eeasocal migration to Bear take. This was also true of other caves. (See rfap) '!be pGesibUiV of Paleo.tndlan (pleistocene) .tint,. ln tile Bear LQe area e&Il certainly not be l'Uled out. The bones of e.t1nct blson, aamnoth, and other pleistocene 1Il8llQDlUs have come to light in the Bear Lake Basin and alone-" ~ Ri,rer and mar eventually be found Vii th artitac to and hearths as they have in many other campsi teo in the high plaina and mOWltain regions ot the west.

The gathering and hunting eeono~ ot the early indians betore the adven~ 01 the horse kept the indian continually on the go. Foods known to be used and tood evidence found in the eaves include pine ntto, prickly pears (man1

found with the spines seorohed off), berries, ohokecherries (Ground with the pita in), bulbs and roots, camaa bulbs, "tobacco root" (valeriana obovata), "lambs quartero" (chenopodium), and 'tminers lettuce" (clay-tonia). Seeds of many kinds were harveoted and milled into meal and made into cakes or groun<t into other toods tor future use. The above gather~ng wao done largely by the aquaws while the men were hunting. Both sexes parl1clpated in the fishing activi tieo.

During historic times and atter the whites ha~ settled in the area, the infiu'3nce ot the Plains indian on the Mountain indian through the med5.um ot tho horse had changed their mode of dress to bucks~ns and clothing traded from the whites. At an earlier date. ~ow3,re:-. man, ot the group that depended :arcely on gatherlnft werf) ar!e~t. d.+, N~a,;r~ng fa-;'rr'l~s eut of ce<Jar or juniper ~al'lc, rabbit skins, and r; thr. r :-:aG! ·r'J.·~ ltl t,il~ t . auld be woven. The rabbit skins ~i et'1;l cut in long strips 'i;it~ . t:~,e :?'u l' en ani' lil: SU twisted and woven into warm w~mjer robes.. Thit'l BaM1.;:l1t Bn~ea:. ed to be a univer~~ garment used by practioally all or the Am.e~ican indians anti has been mentl-oried numeroUD timeD in

the e2l'ly history 0; t:i.e :.:'u.r tr oe3. Co::tf'i: .'rrd~g '1'Vi iE::me of tt.is has been turnec up frequently in Cclveo th;:l, t h.a~!e Je~~l e:;;:(;8Va. ~3 c.i.. M~.ny vf the g:t:'oupa we:;.'e C1.dept at baoke'C making ar.d Gome of t}'lelr wori: W..lO 'Jec.:::,uifcl.).y woven. ~ior to the use of po ·~teryJ the baskets were used and lined wi til clay for hoI cline wa.ter and cooking by the use of the IIcooking atone" that was heated and cj);'('/.t)P€~ i;,to the food to be cooked.

Later pottery was made, that io to a close deGree, diagnostic to the Basic Desert and early Shoshoni oulture.

By the time the early settlera moved into the area, the white manIa frying pan was the most used and essential cooking utensil, Before the time of the horae and travois when the skin wickiup was adopt-

ed, the local indians used bruoh and 3kin huts and dwellings most ot which were very crude. The Basic Desert wa~ not noted as were the tftanden, Pueblos, Pla1no indians, and othero tor their permanent or semi-permanent houses.

Cllmpoites on Bear Lake ceem to ha~,e been Clu1te ~eneral. '!he stre8l!ls were 2lj,l po~)ula.~· ouring '~h~ S,&1'In rUna and on the south end of the lake, l"eado".7Ville and Round V~:L1.~y ·.le ~ pnpu1.Qr,. (See :.:ap) At the north end ot th~ lake and up to Suda Sp~1nJs, th8 area included in the survey, there are many camp arean. '!he 1:eadoi'1 area east and south ot Bloomington proved quite rioh in evidence plowed up by the farmero.· Several ot the old inhabitants gave interesting enoueh stories to be written up aeparately inasr·:uch as they contain iten13 of local interest. 'lhese are the artioles that follow

I'AP AND LEGEND

'!he campsites marked on the accompanying map 'Were verified either by historic information, croos checking sto:;"ies of old, otill living inhabitants. of the area., or by viDually checkin~ the area. Campoiteo were identified b.Y hearths, fire fragmented rocke, chips and spaulo or pieces of obsidian, other artifact material not indigenous to the area, milling atones or parts, and tragwents of bone, etc.

There are, unquestionably, many areas and 01 tes not shown or listed on the map that Vlere not found. Aloo, many 'will undoubtedly turn up later on more thorough search. '£he trailr. throueh Cache Valley to the mountains and up the Bear River Valley are, of couroe, hard to trace accurately but unquestio'li.~b~.e .f ollowed along not too far from the river or along the lines of lG~~S~ r3si':1'(jance~

I ~ave information on Borne other sites and also one area where Dome t..u'ialo were made, but to date, have not been able to verify so have not 11cted them. The above information can be added at a later date if desired.

7

"~· .r.E'E

"IF'

~~A~

i"AKE llJ RELi\TIlJl1 '10 EAPL'l I:'JnIMJ ECONOJ·:Y OF THE AREA"

..1'-; 1''):lowing are iioh that are native to

Common Names

c

Cutthroat trout Bonne~ille

cisco

Be·!1~· ~~&

SclenWio Name

(nati~7e) (peakno~e)

salmo olarki R1ch~doon Coregonu6 gemiter S01der CoregoDus williamsoni Gi~ard Coregonuo apllonotu6 Snyder

Rocky i.~unta1n whi tefloh ~onneville whitefish

Carrington's dace

Caregonuo ab,yssicola Snyder Catostamus arden Jordan & Gilbert Richard£lonius bal testus ~ophlox Cope Gila atraria Girard Rhlnichthys o6culuG carrington! Cope

S~ulp1n

Cottua species (undescribed)

Bear Lake \7hitetlsh utah aucker

Smalltin redoide shiner Utah chub

'lbe f.~""';;'~ ·C.l~ th~~~ ":"J'i,; re (If value as toad and nere largely taken during the apavrr::'.·'lg UC:100~ Vl3:;'4e 'iiLe Cutthroat tro:lt, '~he Utah ~ucker and the vlhitetiBh. c! t:'le~ e t:1:::"eC va:de ti€Jfl,J tea utah Ducker Vias by tar the moa t important and turniohed the bulk of the fish taken by the indians. According to biological otudiea made on ~he fiah of Bear Lake, the Utah nucker ranks probably third in number, but by' bulk io far ahead of any other species. ftte Utah sucker spawn in ~~aY' and early June when theY' leave in large numbe.a and run up all of the otreamf'l entering the lake.

At 1116 time of spawning, the fish were eaaUy taken and were seined and traJ'ped 1n large number£! by the indians. 1hey were epli t and arranged on willow racks to dry for future tood and trading. This wao undoubted17 the aotivating factor for the indians' seasonal migration to Bear Lake during the spawning seaoon. l,'.Ute testimony in born to 1I1e above by the hiotoric and prehistoric ccunp01 teo near the creeko e:lter1ng t:le lake.. ?,!any of the old eettaers mentioned ~e Hay and June in.tlux of indians into Ute area wi thin the memory ot the Vlh1te man.

'Dlere iD little doubt but that Bear take VlaD of great econol1'lic importance to the red man and that aeaaonal migra tionD to the area have been made tor thousands at yearn.

e

Given

~

Alfred Kearl - Age 86 Round Valley IAketorrn, utah Falll9S9

Indians, which '1era mostly vtea, camped all across the south end ot the lake. Sometimes as malV as five and six hundred at a time would come o'Vel' Cottonwood and in fro~ the north along the wes t aide of Bear Lake in ~-ray and June when ,mckers (Utah sucker) were apavming. 'lbe suckero, when opawning, wculd go up the creekE and the indianD made trapo and neta of wUlo'ws and took them by tons. '!be fish 'ilere split up the back and put on racks made of wUlowo to dry.

The creeks" at the south end of the lake T7he;oe .!~ra.r:s 't'Tere located, are eX';j:r~;le oouJ,jh end, and South Eden G::C'<;)': on the east side by the Nebeker Ranch" The inciana also cflDlped E'l'~u.n<5 -ehe ea~ t aide of the lake at the south end o ;g':I.sh t!"aps Vlere placed in both creeke. Hr. XelU"l Bald that all creel~!'l l~a.ii .ng int.o the lake had campsites and traps located Qn theM for the P~8 (~ of f:L6hing.

Big Creek at the

Othor reasons for favoring the DoUth end as a campsite or area is that the teed waD extremely good for the horses. Aleo, President Brigham Young of the !~orman Church had made a treaty 'rlTith the indians that the south end ot the lake would be left for the indians inasmuch as the church was settling at tile north end. Hr. Rearl stateo that the north end was settled aix or seven years before the south end. Vlhen oettJ.ers did settle down at the south end, it was contrarY' to -agreement and trouble- wao . encounteredv..ith _the _indiana.

According to ? ~r. Kearl, the indiana vlere very triencD.y and did much begging. Brigham Young told the people it was the indianÂŁ! than to fight them and Al! said that mafl7 time a the loot toDd or nour the tamily had to them and then went

to the settlel'o easier to teed bis mother ga',e hungry themselves.

ContraJ7 to what you hear about stealing among the indians, Alf said that the only thing they "/ere troubled vdth having stolen "ere saddle horses.

The indiana vlere always vlanting to race :with the settlers and then if they were not watched, would steal the saddle horses from the whites.

The latter part ot June the indians \vould nearly all leave by the indian trafi on the east side of the lake and head for the Dummer hunting grounds to the north and east. (H~r. Kearl mentioned the windrivers ot 1::yom1ng 1n part1culan) He said many would tarry long enough on the antelope prairies east ot Bear Lake to hunt antelope for a few days. He states that up untU the sheep were brought onto the antelope prairie by the whi tea, there were hundl'eds of antelope in the area. Deer were aloo quite abundant and were

9

hun~d, Gro'"Jnd oq:.::i.l":-el :: ,"l'.~re shot v:"l.t!1 bC-iV.S -~he fires and eJ. ten when 13 till half l~aw ~

and

a~rO\,1S

'then hune clooe

."to

: ~. Kearl cornmentr; on the indiana beinr extremely dirty in all of their habitD ... eating and otherr.ise. The clothes v/ere made 1ar_:- ely ot buckDk1n.

'D\e oquawo and some ot the buckc had blanket;J. ;'any -, jere ereasy and dirty.

Vlhen travelin~ they Vlere nearly all .att~orses and the bucks '\lOuld lead \11 th the oquaws and children bl'inc:in~ up tWa rear. 'The squaws \7uuld handle 'the horoes 'With travois ,)r poleD vd th the carep duffle loaded on. ~;ben the ;"ind1ano were on the mo'!e, the line ,·!i:l.G OO!;,c'tir"e;, several rnUe:; long and could be oeen extending frOtTi over the top of the r..ounta~_n do~:n to the lake. Small grou"p1J \;culd oometw;en rerrain and all30 return to pick cervi.ce berries and hunt durin:' the fall months. 'fue ser';,ioe berries and hunt during the fall months. The service berTie,;: ~; ere dried and bageed for future use.

"[;hen asked ",bout wiilt,e:::'inG~ :)0. Kearl stated ho VIas not acquainted with lmere they wint~:::"ed 'i b,·.t. ralef he und c r~tood it Wi;iS in the Salt toke valley_ None ever ;-Iinte:.r'J': ::.n Hle Bear Lake a:·ea c ':fhen q,ueotione,: ~1Jout pot.tery- and cooking utenoil6, he Dtated that; pot-

tery was rare anti trle:t . pan completed the

~~suP.1:y

cooklr.~

a fevT old metal pots along \":. th an old trytnc

ware.

J 'an, ot the indians had fi~earms.

TheY' ,";ere, hOTJ eve r , ot the older muzzle loading type am! had ~nly a fer. of the nm'rer breech. loading type.

A oonsiderable amount. of the hunting waD done by bovw and arrows, snares, 'traps, etc.

In Round Valley, where ::'T. Kearl lives, there waB very little camping.

BbwevGr, r~. Kearl made the oboervation that at scne t~e prior to settlement, there had been extensive carr-pinG evidenced by the fact that many graves had been dUg up when pltming tbe fields ,and numeroua artifacts had alao been picked~. Even at the present tir e, they are occasionally tound.

When aaked about buffalo, Hr. Kearl stated that prior to hiD time there had been a considerable numb~r of them in the area. 1he wallcwlD are still evident alone the east side of the lake and many old bonea and skulls are still around. The indians traded for bullalo robes ,-...1 th the eas tern indians and vlhen asked nha t "as uued aa barter, I was told mas tly horses.

1'rl" Kearl said he could plainly remember back to 1882 and 18) and that in 1886 he helped build the railroad rro~ Ke~~ erer to Soda Springa.

He w1d me one story ot considerable interect. ;7hen he flas a small bol' he and a friend by the name ot Arch Nebeker vi~ited an indian camp. His friend bad holen in the kneea at his- atockin[s. 'They Vlere talking to an old squaw

who waa 5i ~tin g by n. Z:i.J. e, f:hoJ t ':'l:"'Larl ~r.cl cot s ha~'~ful of dried roots that t::e i nj:: an" ,~ ~e~'f,; d . l'::c ,r \"Ie"& ~Vi~-:;' 'i., 1;0 路t;t,e 1.a~ ta and v路mre ca~, led indian s 'uga.路: . Th~ S'iu.a'". t:;.er. E.:e;,~e jeb/~km.路 a har;c tul ~j\vi('e c;s J.arge as the one Kearl rl:lC'e ...veu c Th.,m '~n e s<J. ~.~m1 ex~la::'ne~, pointing to the ho~es in Nebeker' 0 s'~OO~:!::lgi

h~m

8.

r.)c')~'

ooy'"

l.;r, K-3nxl rn.:':d 1Jla t indians built small tires--no large ones.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND APPRECIATION

To the following, I ewe a debt of gratitude tor their BSaietancess

E. J. Bumett 1l". Alfred Rearl llr8. o. Yr. Adams l,~r. Lorenzo N. Hemmet Hr. C~orge 't'!ard Hr. Ezra P. Poulsen

l~rs.

Lakota Resort on Bear Lake Ln.ke+,ovm, W"an S,:;lt La:re Gi t'J, Utah Hot Springs north of Bear take Bloolld.ngton, Idaho Salt Lake Uity~ U+,ah

And many others who respended to letters or personal Tosi'bia Indu.,n Peoples in Idaho Jce JIeek DQngt:lr Cave Fromon tory Cul ture Bear Lake Its Fish and Fishing

~ontact.

Unknmm Dr. Sven Llljeblad Stanley Vestal Jesse Jennings Julian Steward HcConnell, Clark, and Sigler

BEAR LAKE INDIANS

Oct. 6, 196)

An interesting find, adding testimony to the eeasonal migration eastward of the Basic Desert and Shoahon! indians, vias made on Oct. 6, 1963 on a campsite located on the vtestern side of Promintory ::ountain.

tv

1'h3 find being an oval knife or blade made of nephrite Jade.

1he

r~ 1..e5,r.g jade l'lould have to be Bhapped thru abrasion rather than chipping b,~r ,. 'pe of the physical properties of the material.

This is the only jade ar ~,{l~.c t having been- found X\ the great basin to my 1tnowled.e~.

u

'1

::''1:, would seem ap"parent that in as much c.s tnt:: knevrn spring and summer

route extended thru the Bear Lake country over to the wind river ar ea that the artifact Vlan brought over from the Wyoming jade area, The i'lentern side of the jade area beine in close proximity VIi th the eastern side ot the now looated Viind River Indian Reservation, or in the neighborhood of Riverton, Fremont County, r,¡yom1ng. ~igrat10n

Another tact of oonsiderable interect that has developed recently 1s the foll owingt t~. -"orris ,klth 18 of 'UlvUle, Utah h s or t he past "J V9 rears been leveling land along the Bear River above Bear Lake or o the e8Dte n seasonal. migration route. He meat10ned he t c t that he C\\t dtKln to many fire hearth and f ound many camp 8i teo al on the river t we overed over trom fJeveral inohes to several teet in dep'th.

ADI2dDl]iI '10 HlS'l'ORY AND FU HlSroRY OF BEAR LAla:: INDIANS

History record e first \Vhi te rn n in the Bear Luke County during the 81.2. Hor ever, t ere 10 1ttle doubt that individual trappers and ~xpl~re ro pred ted t tio by a number of year s.

yN! :' ~f

About 20 years ago, when the Auerbach historical collection of books were i Salt Lake City, I had the opportunity of readine the autobiography ot an early mount.ain man, that came into the area in 180S and '\'las here till lS07.

He recorded many intere~tift6 thingfj about. pasoing trom Black Bear Lake Valley and mee ting Sr z ly bears a10n3 the trail. The hazzard was too great in tryinc to kill them, s o he detoured and let the bears have the trail.

Also he visited the ;!alad River. and ment ioned that j!alad \"las an Indian name that meant "siok beaver". '!be beaver, ,¡,hen eaten by humanl:>, gave them temporary paralisis.

It was interesting to note, that he preceeded the historical at the area b.Y 7 yearo.

exploratio~

AJ'eheQloeical. Tochnique::; tOl'" Aua tt~ur8, by Phlll:!.p C. 1Iammond. D. Van Nootrand company, Ino. Prine-o·ron, New Jert.ey,I 1';;163. ~29 pp., 21 figo. ~j5 .. 9S Phillip O. Jilmmond is Aosietant Prore~,mor in Old Teotament at Princeton , Theo1ouicaJ. SF.m1nary, and hao part1cipated in oe~ral excavat1ono in the Neal"

East.

The book if) divided into UvO oect1c,no s The first part conta1no chaptoro entitled, An Introduction to Archeology, The Theory of Excavation, The !~thod8 of Excavation, Specific Problemn ot Excavation, The Adm1niotration of ExcavatioD, 'Ihe Producto of EXcavation, and New Techniques in Archeology. The oecond part lists pertinent data on archeological activity in the united states and Canada.

This ' little manual ha~i been wr! tten ap0cifically tor the ama tcur archeologist, and containo a couple ot teaturCf.3 of :Jpecial intGref.1 t to him. One ot theoa io the d1scUE.lL'3ion in Chapter I at the em~rging role ot the amateur in the Uhited sta~s as a definite contributor to scientific archcoloRY, which in the op1niOD of this revier!er consti tutcG the most valuable part of the book; the othor is the other io the state-byutate directory of archeological activities and agencies which eonotituteo the book'o oecand section. Unfortunately, this directory is not nearly aD informative a.o 1 t could be and it betrays the autbor'a extr~mely limited aoquaintance with American archeology.

For the reat, the book if) an " •• introduotion ot the VJheeler..Ke~n metbod at otrat1graphic exca~ation to the American scene b,y an American." It is apecttio and definite about hovi thines should be done in a proper excavation. An outline of Chapter III io presented here ao an examplel Chapter lIlt

I

II

III IV V

VI

The ;\ethoda of Excavation

Layine out the grid A. Record ot otakes B. Size of oquares '!bola The dump ~e test trench A. tlle levels B. Numbering levelo The Excavation A. Controls Protection of sites

DetaUed "how-to...ao··its 1i are the essential ineredient ot a handbook at this kind, but the author has a tendency to stress his partioular system at techniquea of excavation ~ithout devotinr adequate attention to the reasons tor digging at all.

To ~e '!'u're, there is a chapter called "'1he Theory of Excavation," but other than an a~"'J, J£)i tion of the prinoiple of (3 trat1fioation, it contains mootly topieo ouch ao "clearing of levels," "trenchinr,," "grids," eta., which \'-Iould be better treat. edin the tollovling chapter on J·,!ethods. An archeological site contains many relationships in addition to stratigraphic ones, but these receive little empluo in f'rom 111'. Hammond.

Another criticism concerns the organizatior. ot the booko As hinted above, aome of the topics seem placed in the wrong chapters, and there is a good deal of' repetition, partioularly between the chapters on Theory and Vethod, and also between those on Reoordine of Excavation and Produc~~ or Excavation.

Finally, it seemo to this revierrer that the Tj~llE~el~r..K(~nyon techniques as expunded

by Hammond, desi[!ned as they are tor Niddle Eastern tell sites of great size, are largely inappropriate for American sr.lSll-ei te archeology. This is not a criticiam of' the basic philoaoph,y behind them, but of' the techniques themselves.

In spite of these weaknesses, the book will serve as an introduction to dirt archeology, and ma~ Hill want to own it.

C. Pelvin Aikens University at Utah ST. GEORGE CHAP'lER

President Tom ? HcArthur reports thinf':s are well in hand with the st. the U.S.A.S. The chapter ha~ 25 activ~ member~ on ita rolls. the third Sunday of each month and in addition one tield trip is held monthly durine the sprinG and summer months.

Geor~e Chapter of F~etings are held

An unusual find was made by Toml£) better half' on a field trit' doviC the Virgin River this past aummer. Examining a small overhang that Tom had bypassed, Vfrs. I',{cArthur disoovered what appears to be a bundle of four arrow shafts. 'lhe shafts meaoure a pproxirr.ately 3/8" diameter and arc about 28" long.'nje tour shafts are tied ~ether by strips of cedar bark at both ende ,'10" i and in the middle. Unusually .'leil preserved, they are strAight enough to use 1'or arrows as ~,ound without further straightenine. All branches ha't'e been removed and the bark has been stripped off. It appears that they were tied together to keep them fran warpine nhUe seasoning, then for ~Fotten. '!he only evidence of their long interment are some small crystals of water deposited minerals lett on the sticks by moisture moving through the s01l.

.. -~---- .

--~. " ---(}-:--·.,...\i=· -·-- - - ___ ._--__"._-"1'J.,' -. . -----------__-. . /' ,

I ' I~ .

·... r' -..... , ~ ..., - ---_ ... .. ---

\:0 ~ ,-_......--...-..--.-.---.-

.-..rt!---

.

Q(1C"ge

'll"ipp

Bot'l!'U~ul

14

The Lo .an cll::b han been 'Very s('tive this past year. They have taken Dever-G.l field trips and had several lectures from prominent people 1n the f-:d';)l-1 of Archeology. Mrs. J.,:lrybelle Pike opoko on "The Settlement ot Vlestern Cache Valley" and "Indian Life before the White man and During the S€ttlemunt by White 1 (en~ II Dr. stewart WUliams told un about "Old Lake Bonnovill()."

Mo:rr ;.0 JO:;>i'on informed us about ItWentern Archeological evidC"nce 01 the Cri l{v.[ tlor.:. · ·ll!an". Merrel 'Bud' Peterf"on made clear the "Policies of the Utah St atewide Arche'o log1cal Society itl regards to tindall, and Dr. Gordon Keller of U.S."U. explained "What is an Archeologist ll • Mel Aiken from the Utl1versity of Utah lectured on "Pueblos Potter" remnants and Indian Arti!a~ts (~Jaoq to $,000 A.D.)".

The club has had good attendance with an increase in membership over last year and we feel oure that the biggest reason tor this is the quality ot our meetings. We are looking forward to an ev~n ~igg~r,year.

Ira ByeI' Lewiston, Utah Ogden Chapter

How interesting it is to learn more about Areheology and this year is no exception. To get the year oft to a good start John Cross and hie family Dhowed films on the Amerioan Indian. Our next meeting Floyd Sharroch talked on pottery types, how it was made, identifying it and had samples of each.

L;l March we elected officers and Ron Fike showed films taken of he, Mrs. Fike e.nd Rich assisting the museum of Northern Arizona in a survey ot ai tee in Monument Valley. We combined our April meeting with the State meeti~ in Salt Lake City_ The next four months were v ery interesting too. Dr. Elller talked and Showed slides of his trip down the Colorado in whioh he surveyed sites. Wayne Ei.ho~ talked on Wea tern Trails. Da.ve Pendergast showed film on his work in British Honduras, and Rich Fike talked and had film on a So. Dakota die while with the Smithsonian Institute along with some from a New Mexico die whHe with the school of American Reoes,rch ..

Suring the last three months Mel Aiken talked and shOT.ed us his rUm on his dig the past summer in Sot.."thern Utah.. Dove Pm:de:.:gas t talked to un again and showed us the film he took in Bri tisb. H'Jnd'.lra.g since his talk ill Jaly. In December we played host to a public pre3e n ~ation of indians trom the Intermountain Indian School in Brieh<illl Ci t y . 1'i1,:~v :1ao. a r:lisplay plus a his tory of the Navajo Indians and Ll09.nJ C0 ] orf'.ll i lldi....n Ja.n;:;es ~ We managed to get in some field trips" to N" W. Ut,q,h.

On€ to

:E~Jy.,

Ron Fike \

,

Nevada, .and It

. f. •

.

Pres. of Ogden Chapter

a:oothe~