Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 8, Number 1, March 1962

A Newsletter UTAH ST/\TE HIS rO I~i C AL SOCIETY. 603 EAST SOUTH TEMPLE SALT LAKE CITYIUJAt! Vo1~

8, No.1

Marc.h, 1962

Petroglyph near Conner's Springs, Box Elder Co., Utah about 1/3 scale

UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by the UrrAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Surbscrition is included in membemhip. Membership in the society is available from the secretary-treasurer at $2.00 per year. Correspondence concerning the activities of the :society should be directed to the president. All manuscripts and news items Ishould be sent to the editor: , Lloyd Pierson, Arche·s National Monument, Moab, Utah. '

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tTAH STATNHDE ARCR,EOLOGICAL 30CIETY • PRESIDINT: H. Morril Peters on t 651 Cc.nyon· Ro~d, Losan Utah VICE PRESIDENT: Jo~n L. Cross~ 860 South lOth East~ Orem. Utah SlroRETARY-TREAStJl1ER : Veone Gale,. 1432 Sunview Dr.q ~:,den. Utah ADVISOR: Dr. Jesse D'. Jennings .. Univ. er Utah" Salt l6ke City 120 Utah

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EDITOR'S NOTES

The major item of news this quater is the annual ~et ing of the Sooiety, t~ be 'neld at the Department of Anthropology. Bld8. 411~ Universi ty of Utah, on Saturday, May 26. Members of the Society Sould have received by now a registration f~rm, which includes space for indication of titles of papers to obe presented. I urge you to ~ubmit the forms as quickly as possible. so that tho~e planning the meeting ~ill be able t~ make arrangements well in advance of the May 26 date, In addition, anyone who has ' information which he wishes to communicate to 'the S3ciety membershir $hould take the opportunity to present a paper at me eting~ We hope that papers by ~ociety members will outnumber by far those presented by De;artment staff membe~g thi s year. ,.., the recent requests for chapter news have elicited the following from Cleo Gentry • .':ecretary of the S ta· George Chapter: ;, Our club is still operati ng well under -:>ur news director and we a~ in the process of increasing our membership.. There are so many people in this area that are interested in the study of Archeology that we are constantly asked i f new people can .join our club. ~ feel that ~here are so

we are in an ideal location for a good study of archaeology. since many Indian si.tes in this area. The club tries to have at least one tield trip a month and our regular monthly business mee·t ing o

Vie are discussing a field trip to the Hopi-land to Hi tness their 'Boon Dunce'.. ':Ie ha.ve racei ved an invitation from the HO;,Ji s'poltesman, We feel this would be a good

way to Observe RQme Indizn culture first hand o At different times some of these Indians have visited our meetings and told us a little about their ancient and present day culture. These have proved very interesting to us." ~e S t. Georce Chapter also reports interest in having members of the Society and etaff members at the University talk to the. group, and in obtaining films to be ~ hown at meetings.

Information on both of these services can be obteined by wri ting either to Gordon LII) Grosscup~ Archeologist for the Sta tewide Survey and Curator of the Mu.seu:n of Anthropology " and the man directly concerned wi t~ . relatio~ between the SOCiety and the Department, or by writing to the editor. Ei~ can ~ reaehed at the Department of AnthropologYfI University of Utah t Salt Lake 01 ty u'

The editor~ hope that reports similar to that provided by t he st~ George Ohapter Wil l. be forthcoming from other chup ters. ay indicating not only ~ha t the chapter has accomplished but also the needs and desires of chapter memb~rs r egarding Speakers, films, and the like, ench group may be a~le to use the Newsletter sa a ~+earing house for exchange of information with the other chapters. Another aspect of the clearing-house function of the Newsletter is exemplifie d by the drs t two brief statements following these notes. The first, a request gy Dean It .. Brimhall of Frui t a for i nformation on certain types of pictographs. is' the ~o rt of request which should appear in every issue of the Newsletter, since it ~presents one of the better means of exchanging informs tion.

The second note" by John L. Cross" reports on a visi t to the Moab Chapter,: and serves as a way of informing others to the happenings in the Moab area. Whenever similar opportunitieF are provided in other areas" reports of this sort will appear in the Newsletter.

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lead article in this is",ub is by Don D. Fow ler ~ graduate student a'lt the University of Utah and member of the Glen Canyon Project Staff" and G. ;11elvin Aikens" graduate student at the University of Chicago and part-time staff member of the Glen Canyon Pro jec t.. This: is the third in a series- of articles reporting the field work of the 1961 aeason in the Glen Canyon area.

The second article deals with an Indian skull which ViaS analyzed by John LCross::,. Vice rresident and Associate Editor of the Society. ','larking with f'e ·.¥ dat. reGarding provenience~ Mr. Cross is able to present an interesting and "\ialua~le discussion of the fi nd,. demonstrating again that contri but ions: to knowlede;e can be made through deSCription of materials even though all the desired information is' not available., The third of the four articles in this issue is reprlnted from The Na tional Wool (}.ro\/er" April" 1960, and is by Mrs ,. Wallace Wi ntch, of Manti.. The artie-le dis cusses some of the as.pects of wool use by American Indians" and reports on a np:rrayer FeatherM made by a Hopi and presented to IVlr s •. ~7intch.. This type of article,: which presents ethnographic data of interest to Chapter members" could well mark the addition of a new approach in the Newsletter. The idea of reprint ing articles which have appeared elsewhere, particularly in journals not readily available to Society members ,. is one which "Ie may pursue in the future.

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The fourth and final article~ byF~K" Hassel and the editor" describes briefly a burial recovered during checking 8)i tes: in Willard Reservoir., The feV! d~ta which the burial provides represent one of the outgrowths of the extensive survey carried on in the reservoir by Mr. and l\'irs. Eassel over the pas-t year or more., The editor apologizes for publishing his' own rrork in the Newsletter ,: t will continue the practice in lieu of more eJutributions from Society members.

Despi te the f~ct that this issue of the Ne\vs),etter is: healthier looking t@n the last" we are still in dire need of articles :t"rom Society members, and I uree YOll again to contribute requests like that submitted by Mr., Brimhall" news of chapte activi ties, or desc_riptionso of collections" survey work, or other individual undertakings ..

The cover petroglyph is part of a panel at site 42Bo12" and is illustrated in Plate 9d of Steward, JUlian Ho I ' 1937" Ancient Caves of the Great S alt Lal"', Region n Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No~ u6,. and also in Figure 57:' of Rudy" Jack H" Archeological Survey of Western Utah" University of Utah Anthro polordcal Fa.pers No .. 12 The petroglyph was submitted for the c over of the Nevrsletter by F",K.. Hassel •• of the Cf,den Chapter.. Anyone who has a favorite petroglyph or pictograph which he would like to see on the cover of TJtab Archaeolol should submi t a drav/ing of it to the edi tor., 0

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ReClues t If any members of the Utah Statewide Archeological society know of pictl-"graphs in the Fremont and ad jacent areas that describe SIl1.a11 animals 'I I wish they would write and tell me where such art can be found. I have never seen any pictograghs I' or paintings' of fish" rabbits t or game birds although these smaller animals must have been the source of much of the Indian food~ K have seen representations of IO:1glegged birds and what a:c~pl3ar '.':bo,_ be owls but no sagehens or pine hens., There ar~ illany drawings and paintings of antelope, mountain sheep, elk, buffalo and often these larger animals are pictured with a hunter and a dog where the hunter is poised to shoot with a bow and arrow" I Imow of one panel which could easi ly revresent a hunter poised to shoot a bear.- Do any of the members know of 'pictures I representing the smaller animals ,_ particularly the animals sought for food7 I have been told ' of one thought to be a duck but have not seen it mys-elf.

Dean R. Brimhall

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Your vice-president had an experience that he would like tA share wi th al . . . of you.

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dr("l[lped into MQab with a desire to visit the officers of the chapter there and to become a little: .better aquainted with this fine group., President Nelson was busy at work and Mr., Provonsha was asleep., preparing f('lr a night shift" sol finally found myself aeated [lefore a friendly fire and in the genial company of Ross Mussleman. Ross is an old har.d in Archaeology., Geology and Guide service in the Southeastern part of Utah~ Be is still very much active in communi ty and civic affairs. '.7e look forward to our next visi' not only with Ross but with the folks we could not contact on this visit., I was much impressed with the friendliness of everyone in lI~oab and their appare: desire to make our visit pleasant and profitable,.

IVlr .. Mussleman indicated that the LJ.oyd Piersons are missed very much by their many friends in the area and the group are now starting to recover from the loss~ '!here has been no curatnr for the Moab Museum since Lloyd left., but a new prospect is now in the offing and it is felt that the filling of this posi tion will ehlp to stimUlate the club's activi ty and strengthen the chaptel The museum is reported to be fi lling up with specimens and reli cs and additio, al facilities will eventually be needed.

Mr .. Musselman also re[Jorts that the recreation department of JI/I(\ab has pledged funds this year to supplement the money raised by chapter members to offset operating expenses of the muse um.. This is indeed a c ommendable action by the City of Moab and a complimen t to chapter members for their efforts to provide a center of learning as well as adequate housing for the resident and tourist alike in the field of archaeology •. Six Thousand persons visited the museum in 1961~ .

The chapter had a successful field-trip into Paradox Valley in the fall in search of arrowheads and artifacts., Chapter' officers ' include: ',"[illiam Nelson, President; Mrs" Mildred Clau, Vice Presidenti Iv.Irs .. Ida Leech" Secretary.

The Statewide Society is looking forward to a good represen'tat{'on of delegate( to the annual meeting from the Moab chapter. The meeting will" as noted else where in this issue" be held at the University of Utah" May 26"/1 1962" in Sal t Lake Ci ty.

To the good folk of Moab ') your endeavors II

~Thanks

for your warm hospi,tali ty and success in

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John L .. Cross Vice-President

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A PRELTIvIINARY REPORT OF 1961 EXCAVATIONS IN HARRLS flASH AND ON THE KAIPARrWI'IS PLATEAU.

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Don D" Fowler University of Utah Co. Melvin Aikens University of Chicago

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•• Durins the 1961 field season the University of Utah conducted archeologi ca:!. exea va ti ons in two areas ~ Moq ui Canyon and Cas tle \"lash r.n the left bank area of the Cb-lbrado River and in Harris Wash and on the Kaiparowi' Plateau on the right bank area.. The MoCJ.ui Canyon--C'astle Wash work was :previously reported in this newsletter (Sharrock ,. 1961: Day,. 1961:).; ~he right bank excavations are herein reported.

The first three weeks of the season (June 15-July 5) were spent in Harris Wash,. the remainder of the season (July 9- S petember 1) was spent r:m the Kaiparowits Plateau •.

The Harris \1ash excavations were carried out as a part of the Upper Colorado River Basin Archeological Salvage Project under contact agreement with the National Park Service • . The Kaiparowits excavations were made possi ble by grants from the University of Utah Research Oommi tte s " the Wenner-Gren Foundation for · Antl)ropological Research,. and the National Scien Foundation •.

Members of the excavation crew Vlere:

Don D •. Fowler,. University of Ute D~ Koloseike" University of California ,Los Anaeles i Oliver Thomas" Louisiana State University; Les Pennington, University of Texas i. T.J. B.arnetta, Uni versi ty of Uinnes'ota i.

Richard A •. Could and Thomas Lynch" University of Chicago;. Wylie \"lilson s' University of msconsin ,. Jon Moris ,. NorthWestern Uni versi ty;; and .Calvin Porter " Escalante,: 'Utah.. Loyd Gates" Escalante, Utah,. supplied ·the pack ani~als for the Kaiparowits phase ~f the operation and Cecil Griffin, Es.calante" Utah,. served as wrangler ..

C •. Melvin Aikens, University of Chicago; Alan

Lo~istics for the first three weeks- a were by truck,," A graded road runs the full length of the lower Earris Wash prrwiding ea$}' access to the si tes in the canyon.. W()rk on the Kaiparowi ts; necessi tated the use of pack animals to gain access to the rim via a narrow stock trail through a n oto h in the 1500 ft. high escarpment on the east side of the PIa teauo

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Harris V/ash is the northernmost major right bank tribuatary of the Es.calante River in Garfield Co1.jnty" Ut.ah. It heads on the eas:tern s.lopes of the Canaan Mountain and the KaiDarowits peak~ west of Escalante, Utah" and at the extreme north end of the Kai!)arowi ts Plateau.. It trends northward for about 8 miles through a canyon cut into the upper excarpment of the Plateau,: dropping from 7800 ft. to 5600 ft •. in about 6 miles',. Near the town of Escalante it turns sharply and flows eastern-southeast across t : Escalante Desert to its confluence Vii th the Es calante Ri ver ,. some 30 miles from its head.. State highway 54 ( the Hole-in- the-Rock road) fords the Was : about midway in its course across the desertr page

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The 10Vler six miles of the wash are entrenched in to the Navajor Sandstone fr~rmation with outcrops of the underlying Kayenta and Wingate formations appearing in the canyon walls in the last 2 miles above the mouth,.

The lower canyon contains alluvial terraces 10 to 30 fto high h similar to the terraces seen in other trHutaries of the Glen a.anyon (.Sharrock ~ 1961: 7)~ ~hich are the result of recent degradationo It is suggested that th~ time of the aboriginal occu];ation of Barris Wash (and other canyons in 1.;:10 Glen Canyon drainage system) the alluvi urn filled the canyon to a depth c'; . or close to that presently represented by the, tops of the terraces~ The alluvial fill would have provided many acres arable land suitable for the horticul tural practices of the Pueblbid inhabi tants •.

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The E1i tes., Barris \'lash was initially surveyed by the Uni versi ty of Utah during the 1958 season and a number of sites were recorded l several of which were recommended for further testing and excavation (Suhm , 1959). In 1960 the recommended sites were tested and four Were thought to warrant full ~cale excavation (Listers, 1968) .. These sites were d'l.::,5 during the 1961 a80.son.. In addi tien" a fifth si te Has tested and the canyc,u w[!.s r8Gul'veyed ~, The tested site proyed sterile bxaept for corn husks and a bo.sl:etry ;>J,8.que found in the upper 2 "C0 L~ inc, of fill and a small slab-lined cist Cc'.lg int() the 1'loor from tb e present floor level. The re-survey turned up 16 additional sites ,. all small storage site,g or open chipping areas" None warranted 'excavation.

'The four excavated sites are described below • . The i~terpretation of them is subject to change,. since setailed analysis and description are still underway G'

The Pantry Alcove site is located in a small crescentic alcove on the right banl{ of a short tributary canyon of the wash .. ,It contained thirteen cists at various levels ,. two of which were of masonry and wattle and daul~ construction with pole and mud roofs, the ' remaining eleven being of slab· lined cons truction., 1:1 adni tion, the si te cont3j,ned 'CViQ le.!'ge ~cnic31 c.-.. rry, ing baskets inverted in pots " The bottomu of the basli:ots hac. beeil. cut off and the openings thus create::'. were capped \"li tb se.ndc tone s ],ab covers to The areas arou!1d the baskets in 'cne pots were packed with Ghredded juniper borkc A sir:lilar IIbasket cist il has been reported by B-u:-:-eh anG. Scroggin (1948: pIa te 6) from Mantlel's Cave in Castle Park!> ColoTad"~i.. Otn.e::' storage vessels found in the site 'were t~i'e8 hollowed out curcurbits 'l"Tith slab cc.v·ers ever the op'enings cut into their sides <' The site yielded a large collection of organic artifacts including a bark mat,. ears of corn" baskets!, cordage" a horn blade" etc, The llottery from the site Was all of a single type" Turner Gray: Emery varietys an igneous tempeTbd gray ware -ellat is cons'idered to be diagnos tic of the easten Fremont culture .. ,sheep Rorn Alcove (4?Ga~C2\ The site is located in a hiGh, arching alcove on the left bank of Harries 'Wa·sh about 3 miles upstream.. It contained two large semicircular IIDSOnry aiJ.(l wattJ,e' and. daub storage structures a::1d Gxtensive trash areas,.

The site appears to ha've been utilized solely for harvesting and storage .. No dwe~_lings and no hear"Ls were found..

The larger st!'uc.ture contained a prepared clay floor di viQdd into sec tioDS: by loW rims of c lay and small uprigh t

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oS_labs set in rows.. The structure was filled wi th stick impressed adobe fragments indicating a super-structure of wattle and daub construction~ It appea.rs that the sticks and poles used in the construction were for some unknorm reason" removed when the structure was abandoned., A large number of organic artifacts were collected including a cache, of beaver teeth and 8 whole ears of corn skewered together in pairs o As at the Pantry alcove site the pottery was all of a single type~ Turner Gray: Emery variety 0'

Circle Terr~ce C42Ga286)

The Circle Terrace site is located about 1/8 mile upstream f:i;.om Sheep Eorn Alcove on the same side of the canyon~ The site contained two structural complexes The first Vias a row of 4 jacal rooms" each about 8 by 10 ft .. at the top of a low talus mound in a shallow alcove in the base ",f the canyon wall. The structures had all burned and collapsed.. A 2.to 2. ft., deep midden area Was adjacent to the rooms on the slope of the talus moune 0'

On the sand cover!3d alluvial terrace lOr. ft., south of the alcove was: a circular structure which was' at first thought to be a large pit house •.

The perimeter of the a:tructure;. which was 17 ft" in dia.meter" was defined by a circle of verticallY,:",set sandstone slabs.. The slabs lined a sh allow (,2Q", 12 in. deep) pit and protruded 6 to 12 in .. above the surface from which the pit was: dug. The floor of the pit Was plastered with a layer of gray .clay., In the center of the floor was a large roU" shaped fire pit wi th a modelled clgy rimo The points of the "U" extended to and abutted the north section of the slab wall.. Two slabs set upright about mid-way in the "U" appear to have serve~ as a deflector., Fraements of charred wood and adobe found on the floor and charcoal staining in the shallow fill overlying the floor indicate s eme sort ,of clay and Vlood superstructure which had burned.

However" the lack of post holes and the ~.a110wness of the pi t (less than 12. in. deep) in which the wall slabs Vlere set indicate that the structure was not a pi t house., Rather it is taught the superstructure was some 00 rt of lean- to or conical pole lodge wi th the upright slab perimeter eerving as footings for the poles~

Botb. Fremont and Kayenta sherds were dound in association with the two ,!;tructural complexes I with Fremont predominating. The Kayenta types., probably trade wares, date tn late Pueblo II-ea.rly Puebio III times. su,ggesting that the si te was occupied rometime between ADD •. 950 and 12()O ..

Triangle Cave,; the largest excavated site in the canyon, is located abou" It is located in a deep:, rounded alcove in the canyon wall" the alcove measuring l~~ ft~ long and 5Q ft •. vlide. The si te contained just over 6 ft~ of stratified midden deposi ts.

Similar pottery types oC,curred in all strata hovv9ver" and it is belived that the site represents seasonal occupation bycarriers of the Fremont cultural tradition over a period of several years •. Slab-lined cists were found in all levels. A romewhat larger cist of masonry construction with a broken

1/8 mi., ups trearn from the Gircle Terrace s.ite..

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sJ.ab metate built intn the floor was found associated with the uppermost level.- Artifacts recovered from the site include four IlIFremont type ~ de c r hide moccasins ,. several coiled baskets I, a large North Creek Gray olla Wit~1 a basket inverted over the mouth f , figurine fragments in the "classic FremGL lt" style and something over 2500 corn cobs and 16110 curctU'bi t ri,n d fregments ,. plus many corn leaves â&#x20AC;˘. stalks I ' etc ..

The quanti ties of cultigen remains indicate and extensive horticultural practice by the aboriginal inhabitants.

Both Fremont and Kay enta aherds were recovered I ' with Fremont predominatThe Kayenta types are late Pueblo II-early Pueblo III types~ dating between the loth and 12th centuries v although a part of a Flagstaff Elackon-white- jar found in the site may indicate that occupation continued into the early 13th century. ing~

S UJDI:lary of 'Har ris Wash .

Harris \'lash was occupied during late Pueblo II-early Pueblo III times

by Fremont peoples_ who probably migrated into the canyon either from the Fremont River area to the northeast or from the area around the present t won (,f Escalante near the head of the canyon to the west ~.

The Fremont peoples came into the canyon probably to farm and hunt and were successful at both" judging by the number of remains of domesticated plants am of deer" mountain sheep and "ther animals found in the several 8i teEt â&#x20AC;˘.

Kaiparowits Pla teau The first exploration of the Kaiparowit~ Plateau for archeological purposes was carried out by Donall~ Scott (Scott r, 1928) of Harvard University who visited the plateau briefly in 1928 and noted only a few sites although he traversed most of its length .,. The same summer" (n~rde Kluckhohn" then a ~tudent, visited the plateau on a vacation trip and noted a number of sites which he mentioned in a popular book published in 1933 (Kluckhohn., 1933)", In 1937 a Rainbow Bridge-Monument Valley archeological survey party recorded a few sites of which there is briefl mention in Beals\) Brainerd and Smith (1945:6).. Jennings in 19.51 and Jennings and Lis-ter in 1957 conducted brief reconnaissancea on the plateau and noted the archeological richness of the area~ In 1958~ the Upper Colorado River Rusin Archeological Salvage Project began intensive survey on the middle portion of the plateau" as an adjunct to work in the Glen Canyon region at the foot of the Plateau (Gunners on r 1959)". This latter survey recorded something over 300 sites.

As work progressed in the Glen Ganyon area, it became increasingly evident that an excavation program on the plateau \'!ould be necessary to gain an adequate understanding of the archeology of the Glen Canyon and adjacent regions&. Accordingly" as indicated above, excavations were conducted on the plateau~ the financial assistance for the work being provided by three private agencies~

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The Kaiparowits Plateau extends in e. southeasterly direction from the town of Es.calan-te to the Colorado River. The plateau is a narrow (2-,4~ mi. ) t,il ted tableland having an elevation of about 7300 ft.. This: contras.ts- wi th the ca .. 470'1 ' ft .. elevation of the Escalante Des,ert to the north of the Platc(.. , and 35''30 ft. eleil'atfion of the Colorado River to the south~ The plateau is' about 50 miles: long~ The 13 mile long a:rr-ea northWest of Ragin Canyon is e:lAtremely rough and dissected by deeply entrepched canyons, ar:rl is- accessible only by helicopter or" with extreme difficulty, on· foo.t., The area southeast of Basin Canyon is relatively flat and is characterized by broad sage fldS' rimmed by low sandstone ridges at the heads of the several canyons which drain wouthward across the Plateau from points of origin near the north rim ..

The ridges aTe covered by heavy'stands of pinyon and juniper and there aite 8,spen groves in the heads of many of the canyons ,.

'The Sites: Eleven si tes were excavated on the Plateaus. all located in the area bounded by Basin Canyon. on the west and Blackburn C~nyon on the easte Additionally a survey party made a reconnaisance to the routheast end of the Plateau en d recorded 49 sites in the area betweep. Lake Canyon md NavllLjc> Point~

Iif.os:t of the sHes on the Kaiparowits are small mul tiroom pueblos' built C'ln the sands-tone ridges which ring the sage flats ne<;lr the north :rim of the plateau •. However;; a variety of site types exist ori the Plateau and the. aim of the excavations was to sample each type of site represented. Four different aite tYfea are described below o Three

Fork Pueblo ( 4~J31.l

This site, located on a ridge overlooking the confluence of three ' canyons ,: is the largest structural complex recorded on the Plateau.. The complex is roughly oval in plan view" measuring 115 ft, north-south and 65 ft •. east-west .. At one corner of the ' complex was a l,a rge (33 by 21 ft .) room in the center of which was a pile of slabs- tha.tp~rhaps serv.s d a~ t;, 3 base for a roof support. North of this room was' ,a L-shaped structurel:i:o~3 80 ft •. long and 10 fto wide o' 'This, long " s:trtictu!.',~ was. probabl~ ori'gina'ily diVided ·in''fo s:egnien ts by walls of jacal or wa ttle and. daub.. From the, n!?rth6'!8st corner of this: structure a 93 ft.. long semi-circular wall extended to e. point near the s'outhw.est corner of the first mentioned large room I' enclosir., . '. a " Qourt yard" 58 by '78 fto The IrEisonry in the struct~res was of horizontaily laid sandstone slabs, probably ~et in adobe mortar~ The corners of the structures were not bonded.

11.1 though,. only one to three courses of rrasonry remained standing at the time ,.,f excavation,. sections of fallen wall indicate the structures were original,: 5 to 7 fto higho Other multiroom Ilueblos which were excavated 'exh~ bi ted features comparable to Three Fork Pueblo--a large room ,vi th a central roof suppor't:"a row of smaller, rectangluar rooms and an open c.ourtyard~

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WA/Kai-BW Golden Stairs Site (4?Ka524) The Golden Stairs site was located in a partially stabiliz.ed dune area on the rim of ffasin Canyon., The major features ~f the si te were two dablined .. burned down" pithouses built about 7 ft. apart. 'The larger structure, 32 by 24 ft., resembled a l0lr,..sided arch in plan view -- the north and east wal;l s were straight 'andat right engle~, to each other, the SYbuth and west wall~ were semi.circular.

The structure was built into a pit~ the lining ve,r ;t ically-set sandstone wall slabs I protruding below floor level., The structure Q:) ntained four charred post butts ,. two set into opposi te corners: of the room am two midway al ong the east and west walls res.-pecti vely. A numb,er of ,charred timbers were found inside and outside the north walls of the house 'Ihe pattern of fallen timbers and the ,placement ,of the poats suggest that the S-upers:truc,ture of the house was a lean- to affair" openi zig to the north.

In-thl;l" center of' 'eha: floor was a ' D-shaped ',moq.ellf;;d slab and adobe dIlUted firepit .. At about the mid-point of the east wall-'was a. well constructed ventilator shaft of vertically set sla.b , side~ and slab floor and roof which extended about 8 ft. beyond the house., 1\ .ba'sin ,metate set on end ererved as' a deflector.. The fill overlying the floo~. :of the structure consist ed of charred beams I' burned and melted a.dobe and artifacts covered by lo,se blow sand.

The smaller structure vias less well defin~d but was essentially circular A ventilator shaft of similar construction to that in the larger house was built into the east wall~ Floor features included a plastered clay floor and a circular firepit with a modelles clay rim. The fill in the house was charred beams, burned adobe and artifacts.

Four post h~les found in the corners' of the structure suggest vertical or near vertical walls and a flat roof for the structure. b~\ng about 11 ft. in dial

Pi'lclse t Rol1~\,1 FAr~ Ut21(a526 and 528) Too Pocket Ho~l'cw Farms are located about 200 yards. apart on a gentle rise in a large sage flat at the head of Pocket Hollow Draw. These sites contained three small open ended semicircular single structures" the largest measuring 7 by 14 ft. The structures consisted of low 1 fo 2 course high horizontally' laid sandstone slabs built around shallow pits. '!he lack ef wall spoil around the structures may indicate that they had s,u perstructuT( of perishable materials., All three contained charred poles and pos:t holes.

Near one of ,the .Stru<?tures were the remains of a circular a slab lined (,3'(') in. dia.) cis.t~ ,NJ..U;l~I'oUS fragments of grinding implements and a few sherds ,were found in and near all three struetures. Extensive trenching failed to reveal any other larger structures- nearby.,

It is tentatively suggested that three structures served as grinding and harvesting stations.. The extensive sage flats would have provided unllmi ted acreage ,for.' gardening activities and the houses: may have served as farm outbuildings for the peop' <13 occupying habitation sites on '-the Eturro1UJlding ridges.. A careful survey t, ,~. two ad jacent sage flats revealed a number of similar structures:.

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DF~Ma/Kai-HW

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The observatory site is: a uniClue structural complex lac_a ted on the tip of' ~ high ri,qge' overlooking Llewellyn Draw., The site when discovered c.onsisted of a large truncated conical mound of sandstone .!'.lab:s ~nd dirt and the outlines of two con'ciguo;us rec,tangular s truc:.tures::, one of which abutted the mourtd on the northeast side,. The langet' rectanGle measured 20 by ~5 :f't" I, the smaller one Which abutted the mound!, ]2 by 18 fto Only the two lower courses of the larger structure rema ned in place. These base cdursc~ were remarkable because of the size of the slab$' up M 6 ft. long" 18 ih .. wide and 12 in. thick. The slabs had been carefully shaped So that the in<ar'" ior of the wall was set flush and smooth~ The s;tructure contai ned a, sIDnoth ~ hard-packed clay floor laid. over the irr8gular surface of the underlying bedrock. An 8 in~ dia~ charred post butt was found set into the center of the floor.. The floor was overlain by a layer of burned and mel ted adobe . containing charred pole fragments...

"-" 'The smaller recta,1gular structure shared a common wall with the larger rectangle but the two structu:ces were not r0 nded together.. 'The walls at right angles to the common walll:: abutted! the slope of the conical mound •. r:: The smaller room also contained a clay floor which was overlain by burned debris ..

Q

The co nical mound ~ ]2 ftl> a era-80S: the base " 5 ft. high and 18 ft'; across the f:!.at toP?, was the latest structure at the si te" n , has been partially built over the slI'.8.1ler rectangular room., I'ric,r tn exct;'I,,-ation it was though t that the mound mi.ght have represented a c01lnpsGd. circ:LlJ,ar tower .. Excavati on revealeIiU1, however!, that the mound Was an :::.8 ft., in di9. r.' 1 5 ft. deep"!: circular room wi th a double wall of hori zona tally laid mortared sandstone o-la,bs around which rubble had been piled" The rubble "buttressing" around the cii-eular room thu& aerved to create a pseudo-underGround structure. The interior of the structure contained a plastered floor which was lapped up onto the ba5e~ Qf the wEtll stones., Prior to:. or at the time of~ abandonment the circular room was deliberately filled in level with large sandstone slabs,. dirt" broken metates and artifacts •.

Few artifacts other than chi'p:ged and ground stone am pottery were r", .. covered from eith8r the excav~tions or tho survey of the Plateau--due to the open Dature of' the .sites. Few lJl:ldden areas of any c..t;3pth were encount·· ered since most or' tho sites \781'e built 011 the bedrock of sandstone ridges and any midcien d-0posits have lO!lg since washed duwn th'3 slopes of the ridges.

AS, wi th most other s i teE) in the Glen Canyon. area;, pottery provides the best clue to dating and cultural affiliations of the Plateau 8i tes" No thorough discussion of the ceramics problems ariSing from the Kaiparowits excavations can be attempted here., Tn. ~,eneral the pottery indicates that the majnr tnCCUpation of the Plateau was by c8rriers of the Kayenta Anasazi cultural tradition during late Pueblo II~early P1.l.e.blo III times (ca. A .. D., 900 to 12no)" Many sherds probably attribu..t; ,:',-ule to the Virgin Dr;mch of the K.::lyenta AnaSoa:H. of southvlestern Utah a 1c. the i.rizona striIJ were also recovered. However,. there are serious questions as to the validi ty of Virgin Blranch types or,; for that matterl' of the reality of the Virgin Branch Culture as a distinct entity.

Hence ~ the authors-: hesi tate to make any interpretations at this time. It is, e4.~cted·" that. \Y~rk ~Q, be u!lg.,e:r'ta~en dur~ns.. J~e coming summer in s.oUthVlesterrn Utah will provide data r'or a" 'bett'er unde'rstandi bg~ of what' cons ti tu,tes' the 8 :0called \Tirgin Rranch.. Ceramics attribuztable ttl" 'the'"Fre-m'ont: t!radi tion "ere also found., Like the Kayenta types" the Fremont wares date jo Puebln 11Pueblo III times o L

..

~

"page .,

'11

"

I'

DF ,MA/Kai-J[\{

The summary the Kaiparowi ts Plateau was occupied by Pueblo peo[lles probably during the lOth to .t he 13th centuries A.Du The occupation wa~ fairly intensive in some areas; site density is over 10 sites per a quare mile$ Whether the occupation was seasonal 01' year round is unknown.. Certainly the Plateau was occupied during the summers when extensive areas: now sage covered could have been farmed ~

References. Ci ted /Beals I : F.alph. L~~ G"n. lirainerd, and W. Smith Arch~ological Studies in Northeast Arizona 1945 Uni ver s i ty of Cali for ni a Public a t i ons in Americ an .: .

Ar cnaeolog y and 'Ethnol ogy ,. Vol& 10 JBlerkeley" 8

, Burch,. Robert F o and Charles Ro Scoggin The Archeology of Castle Fark~ Dinosaur National 1948 Monument .!L~rs i t y of Colorado S tudi es i' Series in AnthropologyI' No~ 2. Boulder •.

G'

./Day!. Kent G..

1961

Archeological S urvey and Testing in Mo;;;,ui Canyon and Castle 'Yash" 1961. .lI:tBh A rcba~'}f' ]o~y.

Vol~ 7~ No~ 4~ PPG 12-140

\./"Gunnerson l ' James NO'

1959

Archeolocicai S urvey of the Kai[larowi ts Plateau", Grlen Canyon Archeological S urvey,,'" fun n. Fowler,; et a1. I. Univer s ity of tl tc.h Anthr opol og ... ieal Paper s¢ lfo~ 39 .. pt. IIG! PPo 319- /4.69. Salt Lake Cit;.

.1~ ~'I'he

Kluckhohn" Clyde

1933

~yo nd

t he Rai nbow ~

1H:oston <>

-Lis.ter .. Robert R"

1960

- S cott I. Donald 1928

Summary Report" Site Tes_ting ProGram." 1960;.

San Juan Triancle Area and Es.calante J. Utah. llTnIlublished M.S. .. I> Uni versi ty of Utah, Departmen t of Anthropology" Sal t Lake o.i ty"

Recom taissance in Southern Utah on the Kuiparowi ts Plateau and in the Southwest Draniage of the Escalant~ River,. May 18-2.8~ 1928 Unpublis hed M.S •. h Harvard University. Cambridge.

Page 12

DF , Ma/Kai-]JIJ

3harrock,. Floyd ..

1961

A Preliminary Report of 1961 Archeological Excavations in Moq,ui Gan~Ton and Custle \'lash.

Utah Archaeology" Vol . 7e; No·.. 4. PD. 6-11.

- 3uhm, Dee Ann

ExtendeJ Survey of the Bight mank of the Glen Canyon. J.n "The Glen Canyon Archeological Survey. II DonD. Fowler, et a1.,; Univer8'i t y of Utah Anthropologi cal Pa pl'!:J'?1h. No. 390; pt. I. pp. 163-284.

Salt Lake City.,

1.959

.... .::,.

Page

13

REPORT OF AN INDIAN SKULL FIND JOHN L. CROSS 0RElVI, Ul~H

The skull de~creibed herein is the prnperty of and is in ,the possession of Mr .. larry Davis of Wellingtons. Uttah<. It Clame into his po~ession through and uncle who in turn obtained it fr om a youth who had found it somewhere in the vicinity of Duchesne, Utah.. From the sketchy story I have received t u date" I believe this was from a prehistoric, cave buriaL 'This skull was first shown to me Juiliy 5" 1961 s. by Mr. Davis and was covered wi th dirt and other materials! some of which proved to be badly decomposed basketry" saturated with blood and intergrown with rootlets of some vegetal growth~ The storYI generally: as I received it fo~Jl.owso: The youth who made the find came across the mandi ble as a surface find ar.d began to dig aild"'npokel(} around the area, In the process of searching, he succeeded in uncovering the balance of the skull.. Whether any additional segments: of sketetal remains were found I do not know nor do r know whether any were sought.. The obtai ning of additional bones would possibly help to selve a mystery that was to present itself later., The youth carried the skull to the second party and he in turn placed it in a box until a few days la ter when it was turned over to Mr â&#x20AC;˘. Davis on the 3rd of J~lyo ~n the 5th of July plans were made to clean and preserve the relic. The dirt etc Of, was cleaned away wi th a pen knife and brush and the s'kull was then placed in a bath of dilute clorox. The mandi ble VIas treated in the same manner even though it was \1ell cleaned and bleached due to exposure â&#x20AC;˘.

Vlhen I had firs t seen the skull I did not believe that the mndi ble belonged as the condyles did not properly situate into the mandibular fossa.

However" as the cleaning progres sed I there was evidence of a wcund on the left side of the skull.- A blow had been reneived from behind and below, centering on and fracturing the area of the cranium from the occipital sutTe to the mastoid pr ocess._ A fragment of the occipital bone 1-9/16 inchem: long by 3/4 inch: wide at its greatest dimensions was broken off by the blow and driven into the cr~nial cClvi ty., It was recovered from among "the dirt and matter still inside the cavityo Further examination showed numerous fractures running through the temporal bone and the great wing of the sphenoid. SphenOid, zygomatic and frontal sutures inside the left orbital cavi ty were opened about 1/32 of an inch" The zygomatic process of the temporal bone was broken and two fragments were recovered during the cleaning process.

The processes of the temporal bone from zygomatic to the mastoid and on the inferior side of the cranium to the occipital sutur~ were fractured 6nd misplaced about i inch anterior and 3/8 inch towards the .medial line on the inferior side.

The posterior edge of the temporal was forced inside the occi pital with about a 3/B in" overlap. Crown of the left occipi tal condyle is missing" whether due to fracture or decay" it is hard to sayo It may be assumed however" that it was due to fracture as. none of the rest of the skull shows.: m.ny natural decomposi tion â&#x20AC;˘.

After cleaning, the entire area described was found to be discolored a pinkish cast, presumably due to hemorrage~ The balance of the skull is of a creamy color~ Page

14.

I'\LJ!iosi te the "i tt;; of' the. blo\'l !:Hid frc;cture

~ on the right- side ('If the CL1IU ,â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘ _" the coronal 3uture : was ,0 pened 318 of an inch extending from the s§.gi ttCl l suture inferiorly along the temporal-aphenoid suture, thence along the inferior ,:, side of the crani urn back to the fracture area of the left temporal process I forming an almost complete (', ranial fracture" The 8uperior segment of the occipital .!Iuture and the Bnterior and the pt")S teri or ~egments ,.,f the sagittal suture were forced! open 'about 1/16 of an :inch... The rnandi ble ehvv/s no fractures from the blow, but there is sli ght discnloration on the ridge of the left coronoid process and a portion of the cap of the left condyle is missing" which may be due to natural decomposition in turn due to exposurE of the mandible to the elements~

The general lateral deacription of the skull is as follows; The cr1:mi UL is rather longish, typical of the B~sketmaker.. The potIterior 1/3 is- somewhat flattened from midway on the parietals to the occipitals. ~ccipital at the back of the cranium appears- somewhat bulbous and the external occfpital protuberance is paractically nonexistant.. From the lateral" the fa~e L-; flat~ The frontal bone is h~gh and rounded.

The general anterior description is long and somewh~ t pear sh~ped.

Frontal at the forehead is narrow. Qrbital cavities are more rounded and appear to be very large (approximately 1-15/32 of an inch in diameter).

Nasal cavity is rounded rather than elongate ( approximately 31/32 of an inci, in diameter). The supra orbital foramen of the right side is centered above the orbital cavity an is 3/8 of an inch above the ridge While the left suprb orbital foramen is located to the left of center of the orbital cavity and is right on the ridge.

On the left side, the sUfB rior_ and inferior nasal concha are in tact while the middle concha is missins. On the right sid e,the superior conch ", is intact while the middle and inferior conchas are missing. The vomer is also intact.,

From the superior, the skull has an elongated, somewhate hexagonal aPJ:the distance being gre&ter from the frontat bone to the parietal' bulge ~about 2/3 the total lBng th).. 'T'he frontsl a r.d occipital have a fla Hened appearance from this viev/., earance~

The teeth are interesting and the diagram shows those still those missing and those not yet erupted.

intact~

The teeth are shown as though you ', mre looking into the mouth frqJn the front. 7he third molars or Wisdom teeth are missing and the sockets a re empty, at this stage of developement, they vould still have been buds. ~he second molars have no,t yet erupted. The first molars are in very fine di tier. shoViing no caries or wear.. 'The second premolars have the crowns -completely decayed on the posterior portions. The anterior roots of the first premolar on the ri Ght side have grown through the bone a ol ' are exposed full length, possibly an-' indication of pyorrhea .. The balance of .the teeth are ' missing. Buried in : the osseous tissue mid"ay between the sockets of the 'temporaries are the permanent canines not yet errupted.

con-

The condition of the uPI~er teeth differs somewhat from that of the lower ones-. The sockets are small ang. someWhat closed over where the second molar would erupt though there is no evidence of the tooth" . On the left side, the first molar has not erupted and is in place. 'The premolar on that side is large and badly decayed. On the right side, the first molar is

Page

l5

missing and the first premolar is large and badley decayed. The premolar is in place but loose enough to be removed. It is in a of decay md when removed, the permanent bicuspid is beneath it, The balance of the teeth are missing. Both canine sockets c~rry are not erupted.

second bad st8te also loose. teeth that

From the condition of the teeth it can be determined that the aGe of the individual at the time of death was 10-12 ye~rs. Premolar 1 & 2 are still in place .. Absorption of roots em maxillary 2nd IJremolar and position of succeeding biscuspit indicate this age& Canine teeth and 12 year molars still in bony process. The Dalatine suture is not closed and there is some evidence here that the individual is a male.. These facts were corroborated

by Albert Clark, DDS." Orem, Utah ..

It may also be noted that the decay of the several described teeth may be due to bacterial action after death. These teeth show no discoloration as one would expect to find if decay took place in a livinG being ..

CONCLUSIONS~ Frnm the skull alvne it is not possible to determine the causlI of death, that is, whether it VIas a single direct blow such as might be delivered by a club or a stone, Had additional ~ortions 'of the skeleton been found bearing ev:idences of fractures ,. then we might assume that death resulted from a faTl" from a height I possibly s·triking the base of the skull as the body fell feet first. These assumptions are purely conjecture on the pa:rt of the writei-.

The fragments of decomposed basketry and matter material re~overed with it, including blnod, ,:,ould suggest that burial took place soon aOfter death had occurred ..~nd that ,burial had been with' the .left (injured) side down •.

Some tiny whi telines ar:e evid'ent on the skull where roots had grown along the skull. In the·"yicinityof the frdcture, ·the · smaller lines are on the discolored section of the ~emporal and parietal bones of the left sid e" and as they grow up around the skull they are \'lider I indicating the direction of the growth~ The skull I believe to be that of a male, 10-12 years of age and probably of the Anasazi culture dating it about 900 years old ..

u PPE. R PERNIA ('J E(\d

not erupted

~

,,,mporary

I decay~._ .~ ..~ ~~/1 .. ..

' II

\

empty - - - , , ;

E.l.Gl.U..-

~

no t arupted____ ~ fine condition , entire crep decayed~. ~'J;, part of cap decayed not erupte ampty

b"'~ 7:iVL+:;

[j

missing

\ --------...lIDniiasi ng

\

l)14

~

rf

~

~ I'0~ f:\ ~e I -(7-o()~ I ~,l, I I v VV(JQ

. ~. ' '. . ,' -

J

l

C \AJt:R

F' ER N\ AN £ f\.IT FIGU R E. 1

Page

'

not eruyted

G.Jdogr~~ a~~~~~dcap

~

\

_

17 '

-~mpty

'"

,

LE F I

not erupted fine condition entire cap decayeq part of cap decayed not erupted

Area of Discoloration

FIGURE 2

aite of blow piecw brJ!l>ken out

lEFT

FIGURE

SIDE'

:3

RIGID'Srm Pege 18

Lerlrer l i nes: indiC13."Ite openiOO 0'£ sutures: along lines. of fra~ture

- --..:-.

.

.Area

...

.."

",

of

Dis co lora ti on

SUPERIOR

VIEW

FIGURE 4-

. "

•j -_ _

v.-r,*"__._'Il:e

Axea Olf

tion

Di.s('·al~a­

of' blow

Darker lines indicate opening. of suturea along lines of fracture.

nmmrOR vmr FIGURE Page J?

5

HOPI INDIANS PRESENT "PRAYER FEATHER" Te UTAH FAMILY hy MRS o WAU.ACE WlNTCH stheep have always been and will continue t~ be significant to man I~ well-being. Evidences- of sheep and their predecessors are found' in s QIDe of the earliest human habitations~ The Spanish Explorers are given credit for bringing sheep to our own continent. Some ..,r these soon came into the posess ion of the Nay.a jtn'S, taday'~ lar&e~t Indain tribe o This. tribe is refered to as "a nation of aheIlerd~11 and "'the people of wandering flocks'9" It ia taken for granted the Spanish taught the Indians how to weave wi th wool~ ,l<ooording to legend, h-cwever t\ when the World was young "Spider Woman" taught many things to the Indians;..-how to weave with wool, how to make des-igns> and how to find dyeS' in desert plan ts ~ to add: c:olor t~ the natural brown3." blacks I greys~ and whi teg: of wot-JI ..

Usinc the wool, the maat and sometimes. the milk (f,..,r chees:e) flocks became more valuable to the tribes. OVer the years. Indians improved their ~heeD and the sheep impl";)ved the life Af their owners" The shepherds: wandered I, but not as: far as. former-ly and their natures: became less fier~m...

War and flocks: of Lilieep did not go well together'"

Another great people are the Bapi8'~ who claim t~ be the oldest ~f all tribos:.. Their continued life on the mesas: ff;r c8i1turies atteat to .' :the meaning of Elopi-- "Peaceful"" Havins. sheep is' s:till a way of life for numhe-rs of the 1Ho:pis., T.le esteem and conUGl'n 'Wii th which they hold their flocks is evident in the creation of their ~P~yer Feather~n PorteE Timechet. a Hopi friend who llias; a hand of aheep,. recently sent U$ a "Prayer Feather n, with this accompaning letter: "This: "Ba-lHa' or tprayer Feather" is made for your herd of fiheep., it is made in the Kiv.a during the S<rya-lu,l.J.a ceremony on Ohris¡;tmaa day.

Thia ia made to hang in the sheep corral and is put up high enough 80 nothing can harm it. It is made for the ,,!'t.:I'puffe of having plenty ry¡f rain,. better grass" more sheep and a healthy strong herd o You will notice the grass attached tA the prayer stick and the corn hUffk~ It is put there for the herd to have plenty of good food--the corn husk is; filled with &eeda. ~e fe~thers are genuine eagle feathers o " MThe National '1/001 Gl'ower

'f

~,prll

1960

EuglL;

/"""te~thers ./

.....

Grasses

~

.....,- - .' .. .

~

.'

. ". ', :

""'>~"~~,~ ", f"l..'":..

,

Figure

6

-'

1, BURIj,L FROtI AN OPEl! SITE IN WILLAt'ID RESERV0IR I' B0X ELDER COUNTY ravid M.. Pendergast and Francis K", Bas881

In the course of surface checking of sites in ~illard Reservoir fRr the purpose of selecting those apparently warranting excavatirm" the open s:ite of 42:&076 was examined briefly .. The site" which is one of more than 2.5 located within the reservoir during the survey carried out by Mr .. and Mrs .. F .K•. Bassel, consists of an open level m1Ad flat and a ~andy ridge lying near the center of the reservoir area& Attention was directed to the si te not only because of '~he exis tence of 5urface artifac:ta on the flat" but al8:o due to extens ive aeolian erosion of the sar.dy ridge area, occasioned by draining of the reserv oir in 196G o Blowouts· extending for approximately 1/4. mi le along the ridg e were found to Qontain ffcatt@red p.-)ttery, pro jectile po:ii.nts;~, and flakes 2 plus occasional larger fragments cf stonE' 0

While assembling a surface collection frcm the eroded surfuee of the sd te:. m me SJTaII fragmer.ts of bone were noted protruding from the sand near the southwestern end of the occupation area.. Furtial clearing of the fragments revealed the eX:!'[:ltence of a burial lying immediately below' the pretJent si te surface 0 .AJ.·shough excavation of the si te had not been planned" the burial Vias removed in o:cder to prevent its destructior. 8l.S the site eroded further •.

'Ihe bu.rial lay on the left side in u comparatively tight flex" wi th the knees drawn up near the sternum 9• the right arm tightly bent wi th the elbow touching the knees an.d the hand near tpe fac.e ~ and the left arm 1.oosely flexed\> with radius ar.u ulna lying below, and roughly at 8!. right .:ag,le withs. the bones of the left leg. The cranium also rested on the le:fit &ide s, facing roughly nortteast", Orientation of the burial was; ~.ppr~:J[imately northwes:t-aoutheast.

Since the skeletion lay in extremely 100ae sandi> no definition of a burial rit was. possible .. The b.uriaJL crccupied an area. approximately 39" by 2211~. although the few artifacts: probably in association lay from 1011 to 181:' south of the skeleton ..

Resting surface of the burial was appro7:imately 1411 below the present , s;ite surface Q

AS noted above, the burial was ditlcovered as a result of the protrusion of portions of the skeleton above the pres.ent site s:urface ..

The protruding elements ,: including the distal end of the right femurj> the proximal ends' of the right tibia and ill hula I, and the right ([emprolIal and padetal areas of the cranium, had been severely damaged due to exposure to the elements. In addition~ alternate inundation and de~si­ cation of the burial with fluctuations of the level of Great Salt lake contributed to dec ompos i tion of most of the bones to a degree s:ufficient to prevent removal of the skel.etal material in.tact" As: a result, metrical and morphological analysis:: of the material is limited to few observations., Of the selvaged sF~eletal material" only the left radius: and ulna are complete~ although fragments of the left innominate bone 0 the left half of the mandible~ and the left te~poral and parietal bone ~ $ plus portions of the occipi tal oone" remain. Sufficient portions of the left humerus and femur a::."e preserved to allow measurement of midabaft diameters. The few obtainable metrical data a~e presented below; no eS.time te of stature can be made from them.

Page

22

n1F/ FKE -

Left Radi u~ ~,.arimum

l e ngth ; 25 1 rom ..

~, iidshaft" Ilia:me t ers-;.

. ..:

':,.'

ant .. - pO"'- t., 1 1 mID j, l a t e ral

14

mm ..

}. '"

left ulna , l.~iumum

length;.

273 rrnn •.

.. Iidshaft diameters;

ant.- pos t. 14 rom.,

~

lateral

ll.5

1ll!!j.

Left humerus lilidshaft diameters;

ant .. - pos t" 2.0

mm~

j, lateral 14 mm.

Left femur l.Iidshaft diametersj,

ant .. -post •. 26 ' mID •. j, lateral 25 rnn • .

Sex of the individual is judged to be' female,> based upon the co~::­ parativ;e width and shalloyrness of the greater sciatic notch on the remaining fragment of the left innominate, a nd the general cracili ty of the pelvis and other bones, as well as limited protrusion of the mastoid process, lack of ruggedness of the zygomatic arch, and several characteristics of the fereaining fragmentary left portion of the mandi bl, , including narrO\7ness and lightness of the ascending ramus, small si ze of the coronoid process ,. lack of eversion and roughness at the Gonial angle, and the obtuse angle formed by the ascending ramus and the body of ' the mandi ble. ' : ': lhile several of the types of data necessary for age es tima tion are lacking, complete apiphyseal union, sli~ht obliteration of the so..s.gittal suture" and little obliteration of the lambdoidal suture sugge s t. that the individual VlaS a young adul t" bet\"leen the ages ' of 2.1 ani 35 p proba bly falling closer to the upper end of this.. age rangEl. Occlusal surface wear is exi!1ensive ' ~ in all of the 13 teeth present" vrhich include canines, premolars, and molars I: but none of the incisors.

Attrition ranges from obliteration of cusps to exposure of the pulp cavi ty. In no case can molar cusp patterns be determined... Caries are notes. in · the 10\"ler left canine and third molar, in each case on the mesial surface immediately below the enamel border, and in the case of the third molar extending upvrard into the enamel., Although tooth wear and carification cannot be used as indicators of age" the condition ,of the available dentition of the 42~076 burial does not fall outside the expectable pattern nithin the suggested age range. Due to poor preservation of the skeletal material, and to the amount of dental a ttri tion, no comparisons are possi ble betv/een the 4;2BO$6 burial and other skele tal remai ns from northern Utch .'

Cultural materials apparently associa ted rri th the burial, which include a single projectile puint" a grooved Iii shaft smoother",. and t\-;,C large pottery sherds, probably from the same vessel, exhibit similarities VIi th mterials found elsewhere in northern Ut~h. The projectil e point I of chalcedony end 17 rom. long x 14 IIlIl .. in maximum width" is a page.

23

IMP/FKH form found in a variety of si tes in areas near Hillard Reservoir" including both the shallow fl8hoshoni n camps-i tes I ' nf which 4~076 is IlBn example" and the deeper sites of possible Promontory affiliation" such as that at Bear Hi ver (see Pendergast" 1961), all of which are of comparati vely la te date. The point appears to fall wi thin the range of Rudy I S' Type ISI (Rudy" 1953: 115)" which he sugg ests may be of Ghoshonea n .affiliation, . . ' The 'Ishaft smootherll't, an ovoid scoria cobble 77 mm. long, 51 mm. wide, and 36 mm •. thick,. with a Groove 1 rom•. deep extending the length of one surface" is likeWise a form widespread in the northern part of the state, occurring in both of the contexts dis c ussed a bove. The sherds ~ while they are not typical of the pottery as soicated either vri tIl. campsites or with sites of the -B ear River , type" resemble in temper, core color and texture, surface finish and color, and wall thickness,.

Rudy"s (l953: 94) preliminary description of Shoshoni \'[are. Since t he sherds 'differ from most of the ceramic material colle cted from the surfaces of tlShonshoni'1 campsi tes but show no close resemblance to other northern Utah wares, they may be taken as exemplifying one e nd of the range of varia tion wi thin Shoshoni i lare. Thus the limi ted range of cultur ~l materi~ls e ssociated wi t h t he 42Bo76 burial,. in addition to the type of site from which the buria l came" indicate a Shos-honean cultural affiliation~ \7hile regrettably few statements can be ,made regarding the physical characteristics of the occupants of 42B076 on the basis ' of the evidence provided by the single burial o the circumstances and the character of the find indicate that further examination of the shallow campsites scattered over the area east of Great Salt Lake might be expected to yield additional data of greater value concerning burial pr~~tices and physical characteristics of the late prehistoric and protohistoric Shoshonean occupants of northern Utah y

BIBLI(.GRAPhY Pendergast I , David lVI. 1.961 Excavations at the Bear River 8i teq, Box Elder County" Utah •. UtahA rcha eoloPZ:Y "Vol. 7" I~o.., 2" pp .. 14-18., Rudy,. .lack R., 1953 Archeological Survey of \'lestern Utah,,' Uni ve r si ty of Utah Anthropologi oal Papers 1 • No", 12:. Salt lake City r

Fage

24

"