Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 55, Number 4, 1987

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The Famous and the Forgotten

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

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( I S S N 0042-143X) EDITORIAL

STAFF

M A X J . EVANS, Editor STANFORD J . LAYTON, Managing Editor

Is/llRXAU.^. 'MVKVny, Associate Editor

ADVISORY BOARD OF EDITORS KENNETH L . CANNON II, Salt Lake City, 1989 ARLENE H . EAKLE, Woods Cross, 1987

PETER L . GOSS, Salt Lake City, 1988 GLEN M . LEONARD, Farmington, 1988 ROBERT S . M C P H E R S O N , Blanding, 1989 RICHARD W . SADLER, Ogden, 1988

HAROLD SCHINDLER, Salt Lake City, 1987 GENE A. SESSIONS, Bountiful, 1989

GREGORY C . THOMPSON, Salt Lake City, 1987 Utah Historical Quarterly was established in 1928 to publish articles, d o c u m e n t s , a n d reviews contributing to knowledge of U t a h ' s history. T h e Quarterly is published four times a year b y the U t a h State Historical Society, 300 R i o G r a n d e , Salt Lake City, U t a h 8 4 1 0 L P h o n e (801) 533-6024 for m e m b e r s h i p a n d publications information.

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H Z S T O R X C A X < CXI7A.RT&RZ«ir

Contents FALL 1987 / VOLUME 55 / NUMBER 4

IN THIS ISSUE

307

CHARLES HENRY WILCKEN, AN UNDERVALUED SAINT

WILLIAMC. SEIFRIT

308

HELENL. WARNER

322

JOHN FARNSWORTH LUND

335

OSCAR WILDE'S VISIT T O SALT LAKE CITY A VISIT T O T H E CHAMP'S HOUSE THE RISE OF TEX RICKARD AS A FIGHT PROMOTER MEMORIES OF WRESTLING AT THE FAIRGROUNDS COLISEUM

edited by VIRGINIA

FREDERICK VINING FISHER: METHODIST APOLOGIST FOR MORMONISM

RISHEL

340

MCNEELY

349

JANICEP. DAWSON

359

L. V.

BOOK REVIEWS

370

BOOK NOTICES

381

INDEX

385

T H E COYEK Jack Dempsey and Ira Philip Dern at Warm Springs north of Salt Lake City, 1929. Dern, a nephew of Utah Gov. George H. Dern and a champion wrestler, was credited with devising his uncle's 1924 campaign slogan: "We want a Dern good governor and we don't mean Mabey.'' Dempsey's second loss to Gene Tunney in September 1927 ended his active ring career, although he appeared in many exhibition matches into the early 1930s. Photograph courtesy of the

Deseret News.

© Copyright 1987 Utah State Historical Society

Books reviewed C.

GREGORY CRAMPTON.

Ghosts

of Glen Canyon: History beneath Lake Powell DwiGHT L .

SMITH

and C.

STAN JONES

370

GREGORY

C R A M P T O N , eds. The Colorado

River Survey: Robert B. Stanton and the Denver, Colorado Canyon and Pacific Railroad GARY TOPPING

371

S A M U E L G . H O U G H T O N . A Trace of

Desert Waters: The Great Basin Story

DONALD R . CURREY

372

K E N T R U T H . Landmarks of the West: A Guide to Historic Sites ROGER ROPER

374

B R I G H A M D . M A D S E N , ed.

B. H. Roberts: Studies of the Book of Mormon . . WILLIAM D .

T H O M A S G . ALEXANDER.

RUSSELL

375

B. GARMON HARDY

377

Mormonism

in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 1890-1930

T H O M A S N . BETHELL, DEBORAH E . T U C K ,

a n d M I C H A E L S . C L A R K . The Native

Home of Hope: People and the Northern Rockies MIRIAM B.

MURPHY

379

Cover illustration for an 1882 publication making fun of Oscar Wilde's pretensions. It sold for ten cents and was distributed on trains.

J life of '^

CA^S.-

K^nrfrick

In this issue " T h e r e is a history in all m e n ' s l i v e s , " Shakespeare tells us. A n d so there is, whether the person be famous or largely forgotten like Charles H .

Wilcken a n d Frederick Vining Fisher, subjects of the first and last articles in this issue. Battle hero, deserter, convert to M o r m o n i s m , and factotum to L D S church leaders, Wilcken represents the legions of community builders without w h o m little would be accomplished. Fisher, a Methodist minister in O g d e n , defended the M o r m o n s in the national press, introduced U t a h n s to the great C h a u t a u q u a educational m o v e m e n t , and promoted the state's scenic attractions.

Between these forgotten figures readers will get glimpses of m o r e famous personalities: poet Oscar Wilde whose 1882 American lecture t o u r promoted aesthetic values; boxer J a c k D e m p s e y , seen through the eyes of an a d m i r i n g boy; promoter T e x Rickard who ushered in a new era in sports with the $100,000 Jeffries-Johnson fight a n d the Dempsey-Willard championship bout; and, finally, an array of professional wrestlers who a p p e a r e d on the Friday night cards at the Fairgrounds Coliseum. This juxtaposition of the famous a n d the forgotten offers readers so inclined considerable grist for philosophical reflection.

Charles Henry Wilcken.

Deseret News, April 10, 1915.

Charles Henry Wilcken^ an Undervalued Saint

BY W I L L I A M C . S E I F R I T

a small village in Holstein, Germany, on October 5, 1830.^ Apprenticed to a miller whose trade he apparently mastered, he later distinguished himself as a soldier in a battle with Danish forces over control of the SchleswigHolstein provinces and was decorated with the Iron Cross by the PrusC H A R L E S HENRY WILCKEN WAS BORN IN ECHORST,

Dr. Seifrit is a historian living in Salt Lake City.

1 Much of the biographic information concerning Wilcken was extracted from unpublished MSS prepared by descendants, including Amy Wilcken Pratt Romney, "Stories from the Life of Charles Henry Wilcken"; "History of Caroline Christine Eliza Reiche Wilcken"; and "Sketch of Dora W. Pratt" all in the Utah State Historical Society Library, Salt Lake City. These accounts, based as they presumably are on family oral tradition, contain factual errors discovered by recent research. Wilcken himself provided some background information in his later years. See "Eighteen Hundred Fifty-seven," Young Woman's Journal 18 (1907): 393-97, 495-96. Additional information was obtained from his obituary in the Deseret Evening News, April 10, 1915, and from Wilcken Family Group Records, LDS Genealogical Library, Salt Lake City.

Charles Henry Wilcken

309

Charles H. Wilcken in his Prussian uniform. Photograph of a painting in the Deseret News, December 21, 1912.

sian King, Frederick WiUiam IV. Wilcken's military prowess was also noticed by the Danish king, Frederick VII, who let it be known that he wished to conscript the hero. But young Wilcken apparently had other ideas. After consulting with family and friends and collecting whatever cash was available, he left Echorst for South America to try to find an older brother who had emigrated several years earlier. In Liverpool he somehow managed to board the wrong ship and found himself, several weeks later, in New York.

Running short of cash and possibly suffering from a physical ailment, Wilcken listened to the pitch of a recruiting officer who was enlisting men to go to the western desert to put down a tribe of rebellious "Indians" called Mormons.^ Upon his enlistment he was sent to Fort Leavenworth for training and ultimately assigned to Capt. John Wolcott Phelps of the Fourth Artillery Battalion that became part of Johnston's Army.

Marching westward with the army in the summer and fall of 1857, Wilcken, in the early days of his twenty-seventh year, made a momentous decision, faced a close brush with death, and changed his life for2The enlistment record described Wilcken as six feet one inch in height, with grey eyes, brown hair, and fair complexion. Registers of Enlistments (Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1956), vols.

51-52, microfilm roll no. 25, Utah State Archives, Salt Lake City.

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ever. During the afternoon of October 7, 1857, he deserted and headed west. Within a few days he was captured by one of the Mormon defenders, Jonathan Ellis Layne, who had been out rabbit hunting. As Layne described it: Just then I heard a slight noise at my right hand. I did not turn my head, but drew my gun around toward the noise and there stood a large soldier.

[I] dropped the muzzle of my gun and pointed it directly at his heart, he threw up his hands and said "Don't shoot, I am unarmed." I told him to come up to me still holding my gun pointing at him, and he surrendered himself to me.

Layne confirmed the absence of weapons and then . . . with the big soldier went to the camp. While going he offered to exchange clothing with me as he was afraid if he was caught with the soldiers clothing on he would certainly be shot. I did not wish to swap with him, but when we came to the camp he soon got rid of his soldiers clothing. I turned the prisoner over to Porter Rockwell. . . .^

Layne gave half of his cooked rabbit to Wilcken, Several days later Wilcken arrived in Salt Lake City, accompanied by several sick Mormons and some one hundred fifty cattle that the Mormons had liberated from the army's stock herds. His presence was noted by a number of persons, including Hosea Stout: The deserter a long slab sided Dutchman reports that many of the soldiers would desert if they believed they would be well treated here, also that they were dissatisfied with their officers and that the officers were divided in their councils what to do.*

Unaware that an enduring friendship with this man would develop some years later, Wilford Woodruff also noted Wilcken's presence: The Brethren Came in from the East & brought in 153 head of Cattle. 3 teamsters & one deserter from the Army helped drive them in. The deserter reported that Neither Johnson nor Harney nor the Governor or Judges or any of the Territorial Officers had arrived at the Army neither any females. He said the soldiers were only allowed 3 buiscuit 2 Cups of Coffee & a small piece of Beef per day that they were not half fed. They had 75 waggons burned & the Contents of 76. 2 waggons saved.^

3Jonathan Ellis Layne Journal (undated, after the fact account inserted in the Journal History [LDS Church Library-Archives] after December 7, 1857). The journal entries of other Mormon defenders for October 7 and 9 confirm the presence of the "large soldier" in camp. See for example the journals of Andrew Jackson Allen, Henry Ballard, and Newton Tuttle in the Utah State Historical Society Library. *0n the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, ed. Juanita Brooks, 2 vols., (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1964): 2:641. sWilford Woodruff, Journal, ed. Scott Kenney (Midvale, Ut.: Signature Books, 1985), 5:107.

This entry is repeated almost verbatim in the Journal History of the same date.

Charles Henry Wilcken

311

Wilcken's arrival brought the Mormons more hard information than they had had for some time. In addition to the severe conditions of the soldiers recorded by Woodruff, Hosea Stout noted something of the army's capability: "The deserter who passed yester laughed with the joy that he had the priviledge of passing here in peace for he said we could destory the enemies' whole army here in a short time."^ Placed in the care of Provo Bishop Elias Hicks Blackburn, Wilcken must have found his new environment congenial, for he was baptized into the Mormon faith in December 1857. Then, for more than two years he effectively dropped from sight. From the winter of 1857-58 to 1860 or 1861 he may well have been living in Heber Valley, probably in or near Center Creek. He had assisted R. T. Burton in organizing a militia unit in Heber, operated a grist mill, assisted in planning a July 4 celebration in Heber, and served as adjutant in the county militia commanded by Maj. John W. Witt.'

Thoroughly at home in his adopted land and religion, Wilcken was formally called to fill a mission for the church in 1869 but was delayed in fulfilling that assignment. One reason for the delay is obvious: he had deserted from the U.S. Army, and traveling across the country may have been a most unattractive prospect. Traveling to Germany, especially northern Germany near Denmark, may have been equally unattractive. Whatever the reason, his mission was delayed for nearly two years until after a curious documentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;believable if not precisely trueâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;was written, signed, and attested to in Fillmore, Utah, on March 2, 1871: I hereby certify that in the year 1857 I held a Commission of Colonel of the militia of the Territory of Utah, and in the fall of that year in the month of October was with said detachment in the vicinity of Ham's Fork in Said Territory, and that said detachment did there at that time arrest and take prisoner one Charles Wilkin a German (who was then a soldier in the U.S. Army in the command of Gen A. S. Johnson) and convey him to the Mormon Camp at Echo Kanyon and there delivered him up to the Officer in Command at that place to be by him forwarded on to Salt Lake City.

The document was signed by Thomas Callister and attested to by Hiram B. Clawson. Two months later to the day Wilcken left Salt Lake ^On the Mormon Frontier, 2:642. ^Wilcken, "Eighteen Hundred," pp. 393-94; Elias Hicks Blackburn, Journals and "A Summary Sketch," Utah State Historical Society Library; Wilcken Family Group Records; John Crook, Journal, 1:41, 42, and William Lindsay, Autobiography, p. 16, both in Special Collections, Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo; Journal History, July 4, 1865; How Beautiful upon the Mountains, ed.

WilHam James Mortimer (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1963), p. 109.

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City for New York where, on May 10, 1871, he and a company of Saints left for Europe on the ship Liverpool. ^ After spending the summer in England, Wilcken "was assigned to labor as a traveling Elder in the Swiss and German mission under the direction of Bro. [Eduard] Schoenfeld" with whom he and Johannes Huber co-authored a forty-six-page pamphlet titled Der Mormonismus (Bern, 1872). By the spring of 1873 Wilcken was back in England serving as president of the Birmingham mission. He was released from that office on June 3, 1873, and left the following day for Utah in charge of a company of 246 Saints on board the Nevada. Among the passengers were his brother August, his widowed mother Annie, and three nieces—Wilhelmine, Emily, and Christine Damke—orphaned daughters of his older sister Anna Catharina Christine Damke.

Wilcken and his relatives arrived in Salt Lake City on June 26, 1873.^ He labored as a home missionary and earned a modest living working in the ZCMI produce department until November 1873 when he was engaged to operate "the lower B. Y. mill, on Kanyon Creek [later called Liberty Park]." His family was nearly burned out within a week or so of moving to the mill and farm, but Wilcken persevered and by the end of the year his white flour was being praised in the local press. ^° During the next several years Wilcken established many connections in the community and took on additional responsibilities as a kind of knight errant for the First Presidency of the LDS church and for Wilford Woodruff of the Quorum of the Twelve. His duties for church officials included driving them and/or their wives to various functions.

For example, he drove Elizabeth, a wife of Brigham Young, J r . , to the St. George Temple for the dedicatory ceremonies there in December 1876; he spoke for twenty minutes in the temple on Christmas Eve and later went quail hunting with Brigham Young, J r . , and Wilford Woodruff. In August 1879 he accompanied "Prest [John] Taylor . . .

A. M. Cannon, . . . R. T. Burton, & Jas Jack . . . to the Penitentiary to see Elder Geo. Q. Cannon at his request. . . }^ ^Deseret Evening News, April 7, 1869; Military Records, Utah Militia, Utah State Archives; Journal History, May 22, 1871. ^Journal History, September 21, 1871; Deseret Evening News, October 10, 1871, June 26, 1873. ^'^Deseret Evening News, November 3, 12, December 31, 1873. Wilcken was severely injured on the farm in 1878 when he was tossed by a bull owned by John W. Young. He suffered lacerations and bruises on his head and face that took several months to heal. See ibid., August 13 and December 9, 1878. m Woodruff, >Mma/, 7:296, 297; L . J o h n Nuttall, Journal, August 27, 1879, Special Collections, Lee Library.

s^jiyi

Isaac Chase mill in Liberty Park was later owned by Brigham Young. USHS collections.

By early 1879 Wilcken had begun his first term as Salt Lake City watermaster and was active in developing and maintaining the water system for an ever-increasing population. He helped plan for a canal from Parley's Creek in what is now Sugar House to the North or Dry Bench, and he saved the Salt Lake and Jordan Canal from sustaining serious damage by riding out to determine the cause of a sudden drop in the water level. After locating a blockage on the dam he enlisted several neighbors to assist with repairs and thereby insured an uninterrupted flow of water. Following the municipal election of 1884, Wilcken found himself without regular employment. The church newspaper took editorial notice of his absence from city service: We see no position awarded to the late Watermaster Mr. Chas H. Wilcken, but suppose that our City Fathers will find a post for him, so that his valuable services will not be lost. . . . He is a brave and reliable public officer, and we shall look for his appointment to some position of honor and trust within the gift of the municipality.^^ ^"iDeseret Evening News, March 28, 1879; June 13, July 16, August 1, 1883; March 19, 1884.

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T h e Deseret News h a d reason to cite Wilcken's bravery. In August 1883 he had been one of the principals in a most tragic incident. M a r shal Andrew Burt and "Special Police Officer" Wilcken h a d been summoned to subdue and take into custody a violent m a n , drunk, who was causing a disturbance and threatening citizens with a gun. D u r i n g the fray Burt was shot and killed and Wilcken suffered a serious gunshot wound but nevertheless managed to subdue the g u n m a n . H e was unable, however, to prevent a m o b from taking the prisoner from jail and lynching him.^^

By May 1884 Wilcken was on regular duty with the Salt Lake City Police Department. In that capacity he was called upon to arrest two drunken Idaho politicians who h a d been causing a disturbance in the Salt Lake Theatre. Wilcken and several others were sued by the political figures for defamation of character, among other things, but Wilcken's attorney successfully pled that he h a d simply been performing his lawfully prescribed duties and was therefore i m m u n e from suit.i* Wilcken continued to protect the weal of the community, both public and Saintly. In J a n u a r y 1885 he, L. J o h n Nuttall, H . C . Barrell, and President J o h n Taylor took the M o r m o n church " u n d e r g r o u n d " as the federal campaign against the church entered its most intense phase. This began one of the most exciting periods in his life.

T h e duties he performed, the risks he took, and the success of his efforts are proof of his devotion and loyalty to his church and its leaders.

During the period J o h n Taylor was in hiding it was Charles Wilcken who ran the mail between the safe house, or " D o " as it was called, and Salt Lake City, arranged transportation for other General Authorities who h a d business with each other and with Taylor, a n d stood guard while they met. In fact, Wilcken lived on the u n d e r g r o u n d with Taylor during the last two years of his life, commuting as necessary between the " D o " and Salt Lake City or elsewhere when not actually on duty. Most days he would make a trip to Salt Lake with the day's communications and return between 11 p . m . and 3 a.m. W h e n Taylor died in July 1887 Wilcken took his son Joseph E. Taylor, in the middle of the night, to his father's body.^^ i3Ibid., August 25, September 4, 15, 1883; Abraham H. Cannon, Journal (hereafter A H C Journal), August 25, 1883, Utah State Historical Society Library. i*Herbert L. Gleason, "The Salt Lake City Police Department, 1851-1949: A Social History" (Master's thesis. University of Utah, 1950), p. 61; Deseret Evening News, December 24, 1884, January 14, 1885. i^Samuel Bateman, Diary, September 1, 1886, through July 27, 1887, passim, Special Collections, Lee Library; Nuttall, Journal, July 25, 1887.

Charles Henry Wilcken

315

With President Taylor dead, Wilcken's services were even more in demand. For example, he confirmed to Abraham H. Cannon that rumors of a new "cohab" case against him were true and offered to keep him apprised of the case's developments. He was much concerned with the safety of church leaders and on one occasion drove George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith from the Cannon farm to the tithing office yard under a load of hay and farm implements. The two men then slipped into the Lion House without being seen. Another time, Wilford Woodruff was hidden by Wilcken in his own home one night.

Indeed, Wilcken was responsible for securing Woodruff's safety on several occasions. This account is typical: President Woodruff, at half past 9 o'clock a.m., had an interview with Marshal Dyer. Dyer stated to him in their conversation that he had no papers whatever against President Woodruff, but after Dyer left he [Woodruff] began to think that maybe it was a trap, and so did Bro Cannon and J. F. Smith and B. Young [Jr.], so C. H. W. [Wilcken] went and got our team and took them away, and in about a half hour after they had gone, Deputy [Bowman] Cannon came to the office to subpoena President Woodruff and to search for the other brethren. . . . [I] found C. H. W. and he told me President Woodruff was at his farm. [I] took him some medicine and 2 letters that C. H. W. had given me.^^

Over the years Wilcken developed especially strong ties to the Cannon families and to Wilford Woodruff. His closeness to the Cannons is no better illustrated than by this entry from Abraham H. Cannon's journal: "Father started today in company with Chas.

Wilcken for Logan; he went by team and will there meet Aunt Carlie and her children. The latter will be adopted to him as will Chas.

Wilcken." Wilcken's "adoption" by George Q. Cannon was more than a formality; it acknowledged a caring relationship. In early May 1888 when Abraham's daughter Emma died after a lengthy illness, Wilcken took the bereaved father for several rides to help him deal with his grief, offered the closing prayer at Emma's funeral, and later visited Abraham in company with George Q. Cannon and anointed Abraham. ^^ On Saturday, September 15, 1888, Wilcken performed yet another service for the Cannons; he and H. B. Clawson testified against George Q. Cannon before a grand jury as part of a previously arranged plea bargain. Then, on the following Monday, Wilcken and Cannon's 16AHC Journal, July 31, 1887; Bateman, Diary, August 2, 1887; V^oodvuff, Journal, 8:452; Bateman, Diary, October 15, 1887.

17AHC Journal, March 14, May 2-4, 1888.

f ^ - ^

George Q. Cannon, seated on chair, with other imprisoned polygamists and warden Dow at the territorial penitentiary in Sugar House. Charles H. Wilcken transported Cannon to and from the prison to serve his termâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;one of many duties he performed for LDS church leaders. USHS collections.

attorneys accompanied George Q. as he surrendered to Marshal Dyer.

Later that day Wilcken drove Cannon to the penitentiary and made a second trip with additional bedding. While George Q. was in the penitentiary Wilcken visited him almost daily. A typical entry in Cannon's prison diary reads: "Brother C. H. Wilcken brought out a wagon load of my children today . . . William also came out and brought with him Emma Wilcken, a daughter of Bro. C. H. Wilcken." Typically, when Cannon was released from prison, it was Wilcken who drove him away to Wilford Woodruffs home.^^ i^Ibid., September 15 and 17, 1888; M. Hamblin Cannon, ed., "The Prison Diary of a Mormon Apostle," Pacific Historical Review 16 (1947): 395, 396; 403; Woodruff, >MrÂŤa/, 9:8.

Charles Henry Wilcken

317

Early in 1889 new charges of polygamy and/or cohabitation were pushed by federal officials against church leaders, especially George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith. Wilcken took that message to L. John Nuttall who communicated it to Smith. Smith agreed that Wilcken should look out for the Smith families, and Charles made appropriate preparations.^^ Wilcken's life was not all hiding families, midnight messages and meetings, or confidential warnings; he enjoyed pleasant, sociable experiences as well. In April 1889 he accompanied Wilford and E m m a Woodruff, George Q. Cannon, H . B. Clawson, and daughter Mamie on a pleasure trip to California. They stayed initially at the Grand Hotel in San Francisco and then journeyed to Del Monte and visited geysers near Cloverdale. At the latter tourist attraction Wilford Woodruff needed some assistance: ' T leaned upon the arm of Brother Wilcken who aided me greatly by assisting me up the mountain. It gave Brother Wilcken a good sweating to do s o . " Wilcken was fifty-seven years old at the time and Woodruff was eighty-two.^° By 1890 Wilcken was spending more and more time with Wilford Woodruff, a relationship that was probably based more on collegiality and companionship than on the necessity for a bodyguard. He began accompanying Woodruff on many of the church president's trips. For example, he joined Woodruff on a journey through Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, occasionally speaking at meetings along the way. That same year, Woodruff "attended the Dedication of Charles H . Wilcken House & took supper. We had beautiful Music & Singing, "^i Despite his growing closeness to Woodruff, Wilcken did not neglect his other friends, especially the Cannons. At the request of Abraham H. Cannon, he confirmed a rumor that Marshal Doyle had obtained a warrant for Abraham's arrest, but Wilcken "bought Doyle off, and got his promise that . . . [Cannon] should not be molested, nor should any other person without sufficient notice being given for them to escape and to get witnesses out of the way." Doyle apparently gave Wilcken the names of fifty-one persons about to be arrested in Utah and Emery counties, and a messenger was dispatched to warn them. " T h u s , " Cannon wrote, "with a little money a channel of com-

i^Nuttall, Journal, January 31, February 1, 1?

20Woodruff, > ÂŤ m a / , 9:79.

21 Ibid., 9:105-9 and 79.

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munication is kept open between the government offices and the suffering and persecuted Church members. "^^ Two years later, in October 1891, Wilcken again had occasion to warn Abraham Cannon of his impending arrest on new cohabitation charges. In fact, the grand jury had quizzed Deputy Marshal Bowman Cannon closely as to why Abraham had not been arrested. Bowman had been a member of several search parties that were unsuccessful in capturing polygamists and/or witnesses, and there is circumstantial evidence that Bowman and perhaps another may have been on a Mormon payroll. That, together with Wilcken's ties to the law enforcement community, may help explain why so many polygamists escaped capture. As an aside, it should be noted that Bowman Cannon was not related to the George Q., Angus M., or David H. Cannon families, but he did have a Mormon connection. He was the son of Marsena Cannon, the pioneer photographer, who with his entire family was excommunicated in October 1874.^^ Wilcken became adept at hand holding during the period of the raid. L. John Nuttall, for example, had been toying with the idea of giving himself up to the court on anticipated charges of unlawful cohabitation. Wilcken traveled to Provo where Nuttall was in hiding to have a long talk with him and to bring the message from George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith that he "must not do it at present." A few months later, in February 1891, circumstances had changed, and Nuttall was still anxious to break his exile. He talked with H. B. Clawson and Wilcken about it, and the latter told him . . . there would be no difficulty in my coming out; and if anything was said about me, he would know of it and I would not be interferred with, that he would guarantee my safety, everything having been satisfactorily arranged.

Wilcken's relationship with Nuttall was not limited to the latter's fear of imprisonment. A few days after the above conversation was recorded, Nuttall became suspicious that his daughter Eleanor had been out all night with "an outsider." Nuttall sent for Wilcken and "put him on the hunt for her or the man we supposed she had gone with. . . . " The errand was probably fruitless, for Eleanor apologized 22AHC Journal, October 18, 1889.

23Ibid., September 20, 1888; Deseret Evening News, October 15, 1874. The Cannon entry details one occasion of his receiving inside information that his father's farm was about to be raided. Deputy Edward A. Franks, according to Cannon, complained that news of the imminent raid "must have leaked from the Grand Jury room." Cannon then went on to say, "The fact is he himself, being under pay from our people, keeps certain ones informed of all that goes on at Marshal Dyer's office."

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almost immediately for having stayed at the home of a married sister without having informed her parents.^* Through his entire life in U t a h Wilcken was willing to do what he could for his church and its leaders. A G e r m a n named Joseph Walter Dietrich had been befriended, possibly by Wilcken but certainly by the First Presidency. H e h a d been given financial support and encouragement in his efforts to publish a German-language newspaper. Then, he apparently turned on his benefactors and became virulently antiMormon in his newspaper. It became Wilcken's duty to close up the publication and advise Dietrich that his attitude and actions no longer enjoyed church support. Sometimes his counseling was less radical. In September and October 1891 he and L. J o h n Nuttall visited Beck's Hot Springs in an effort to talk the manager, Lehi Pratt, out of his abuse of alcohol.^^ In July 1889 Wilcken had entered upon what was probably the most ambitious business project of his life. With the backing of M o r m o n church leaders, a n u m b e r of men organized the Deseret and Salt Lake Agricultural and Manufacturing Company. Wilcken was elected one of the trustees. Other principals included the First Presidency, J o h n Q . and A b r a h a m H . Cannon, B. Y. H a m p t o n , and others. Their plan was to build a d a m on the Sevier River to provide irrigation water for thousands of acres of land in Sevier County. As the 1890s opened Wilcken became increasingly involved in trying to make a success of the company, but it was tough going. H e m a d e frequent trips to Deseret to inspect the dam-building progress, survey town and home sites, and occasionally speak to groups of Saints in the area. By J a n u a r y 1892 the company directors were preparing to sell off some of the assets of the company to relieve their debt load, and because of an administrative mix-up the company was in danger of losing its water rights on the Sevier River. Following a reorganization during the winter of 1891-92, Wilcken had been made vice-president and given the responsibility of securing uncontested water rights and settling all the company's debts. Despite his efforts the project would ultimately be plagued with problems severe enough to thwart its complete fruition.

His involvement with the company continued until M a r c h 25, 1903, when he resigned.^^

24Nuttall, Journal, February U , July 3, 6, 1891.

25AHC Journal, August 1, 1890; Nuttall, Journal, September 28, October 8, 1891.

26Nuttall, Journal, July 1, 1889, October 22, 1891, March 25, 1903; AHC Journal, July 1, 1889, January 30, February 5, 1892.

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As if the trouble-ridden canal company were not enough for a sixtyyear-old church coachman, bodyguard, and policeman, Wilcken found himself involved in May 1892 in the construction of the Saltair Railroad. He and L. John Nuttall negotiated a right-of-way agreement with Archibald Gardner that allowed the line to pass near Gardner's candy factory "over Jordan." Wilcken purchased the right-of-way as agent for the railroad and also became involved in negotiations for the purchase of railroad ties for the line. In 1894 his railroad interests included some exploring for the proposed Salt Lake and Los Angeles Railroad.^''

Wilford Woodruff.

Charles H. Wilcken served as his companion and nurse.

USHS collections.

The final twenty-five years of Wilcken's life that have been discoverable show only gradual diminution of activity. He spent a great deal of time with Wilford Woodruff, generally as a companion and nurse. His relations with the several Cannon families also matured. He was one of those in charge of the remains of Wilford Woodruff and George Q. Cannon when those gentlemen died. He also served as a 27Nuttall, Journal, May 18, 28, 1892.

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pallbearer during the funeral of Lot Smith. He was reappointed Salt Lake City watermaster in 1896 and also served as assistant superintendent of the Deseret Telegraph Company. On April 13, 1911, he was named a patriarch by Joseph F. Smith. He lived out his days as a guide on Temple Square and died in a Salt Lake hospital on April 9, 1915, at age eighty-four.2^ The focus of this paper has been on Wilcken's public life, especially his many services to the LDS church and its leaders. Space does not permit an examination of his home and family life, his two failed marriages, his various employments, his career as an unsuccessful real estate speculator, or the nature and value of his published writings, of which there are several. Rather, the aim has been to fit Wilcken into the rich tapestry of Utah history. No church doctrine carries his name.

He authored no legislative act. There are no schools, streets, or communities named for him. The only public notice of his presence on earth is his name on a plaque and a seat in Pioneer Memorial Theatre at the University of Utah. Why then pay so much attention to an obscure, barely known nineteenth-century Saint?

Wilcken and perhaps scores of men like him made it all work.

While others whose names are much more familiar dealt with questions of God and man, law vs. religion, statehood vs. subservience, Wilcken went about the business of caring for his own families, assisting and protecting others as necessary, and simply doing what had to be done.

He was not necessarily a great man, but he was a worker bee in Zion's hive. He may have saved some livesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;especially in the incident that led to Marshal Burt's deathâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and he certainly shielded fellow and sister Saints from arrest and imprisonment. He improved the environment in which he lived, and he lived a lawful, respected, and undervalued life.

28journal History, March 3, 1896; Woodruff, yowrwa/, 9:531; Journal History, April 13, 1911; Deseret Evening News, April 10, 1915.

The aesthetic Oscar Wilde was captured by theatrical photographer Napoleon Sarony in 1882 on arrival in the U.S. for his lecture tour.

Oscar Wilde's Visit to Salt Lake City

BY HELEN L. WARNER

Miss Warner lives in Sait Lake City.

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If you're anxious for to shine in the high aesthetic line as a man of culture rare, You must get up all the germs of the transcendental terms and plant them everywhere.

You must lie upon the daisies, and discourse in novel phrases of your complicated state of mind (The meaning doesn't matter if it's only idle chatter of a transcendental kind).

And everyone will say, As you walk your mystic way, "If this young man expresses himself in terms too deep for me, Why, what a very singularly deep young man this deep young man must be!"^

T H E CITIZENS OF SALT LAKE CITY were looking forward to the visit of that famous personage, the "singularly deep young man" of the Aesthetic Movement, Oscar Wilde, who was making his extensive American tour in 1882. Like theaters all over the United States, the Salt Lake Theatre had presented Gilbert and Sullivan's latest comic opera. Patience, to sold-out audiences in order to acquaint people with Oscar Wilde, the Sunflower Apostle. His visit was well-publicized, and people here were very curious to see a man who still wore knee breeches and spoke of the virtues of sunflowers and lilies. For most people, however, Wilde's visit to Salt Lake turned out to be a great disappointment.

When Wilde made his American lecture tour in 1882, he had only recently gained fame, not for the strange poetry he had published but for his depiction as the foppish aesthetic poet, Bunthorne, in Patience.

Many did not believe that he could be as ridiculous as Gilbert had portrayed him. Since it was well-known that Oscar had attended the premier performance in London, it did seem as if he approved of the image forced upon him. It is not known if Oscar, had it not been for Patience, ever would have dressed in the velvet knee breeches or carried the aesthetic lily in his hands for which he became so famous. Since his career had not really begun yet, he likely adopted this exaggerated "aesthetic" manner and dress as his trademark. Needless to say, almost instantly he became a celebrity.

1 William Schwenk Gilbert, "Bunthorne's Song: The Aesthete," from Patience, Victorian Prose and Poetry, ed. Lionel Trilling and Harold Bloom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 709.

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Wilde seems to have been the chief spokesman, if not the originator, of the "aesthetic craze" that began about 1880.

Three aspects of the Aesthetic Movement became popular during the last half of the nineteenth century. In the most general sense, the disciples of the Aesthetic Movement worshipped Beauty, especially as found in art, music, architecture, fashion, and speech. Intellectuals in the movement adhered to the "art for art's sake" philosophy that Beauty should be appreciated for itself and does not need a practical purpose. This was carried further by William Morris and the Arts and Handicrafts aspect of the Aesthetic Movement. Man should surround himself with beautiful things, such as furniture, paintings, wallpaper, and architecture, in order to be happy. One must be careful to avoid creating ugly art, even if it is useful, because ugliness does not contribute to forming a morally good character.

This admirable philosophy The Daily Graphic, New York, was very attractive to many January 11, 1882, captioned this cartoon ' Aestheticism as Oscar understands it. " people in England in the 1880s.

Some got carried away, however, and, following the lead of Oscar Wilde, the extremists began to behave in a rather bizarre manner: The male members of this school . . . wore sad superfluous collars and had "lank limbs and haggard cheeks"; its female adherents clad themselves in garments of sage-green, and decorated their drawing rooms with dadoes, Japanese fans, and peacocks' feathers. Both sexes indulged in writing poetry, which was described as a "mixture of Swinburne and

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water"; and all had the reputation of living on lilies and of trying to live up to their blue china. ^

This third aspect of the Aesthetic Movement, better described as a "craze," may have been started by Wilde as a reaction to the serious side of Aestheticism. His attitude would change after his American tour, however, as Wilde himself became more familiar with the ideas of Walter Pater and other serious disciples of the movement. Works like The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Importance of Being Earnest show a maturity lacking in Wilde's "aesthetic young man." He seems to have gained a true appreciation for the Arts and Handicrafts aesthetics of William Morris, the aspect he had presented earlier, in a rather haphazard fashion, to his Utah audience.

When Wilde announced shortly after the first performance of Patience at the Standard Theatre in New York City on September 22, 1881, that he was planning an extensive lecture tour to America, many became curious and formed plans for the entertainment of this eccentric person. Poems and songs were written in his honor, and his popularity grew rapidly: I'll sing to you of a nice young man, Of virtues rich and rare.

Of stature tall and ankles thin.

And long and curly hair.

Aesthetic to a great degree.

In actions sweet and mild, Sublimely lank and nonchalant, But just a little "wild."

Oscar, dear; Oscar, dear!

How flutterly utterly "flutter" you are, Oscar, dear; Oscar, dear!

I think you are awfully wild!^

On January 1, 1882, the Salt Lake Daily Herald and the Salt Lake Tribune presented their readers with the first news of Oscar's impending arrival in the United States. Both newspapers contained the same paragraph about his sailing and his first appearance on January 9 and also noted the Standard Theatre's hundredth performance of Patience, illustrating the tremendous enthusiasm for Gilbert and Sullivan and for Oscar Wilde. The excitement also had begun to infect the people of Salt Lake. Three days later, on January 4, the Herald and the 2Stuart Mason, Oscar Wilde and the Aesthetic Movement (New York: Haskell House, 1920), p. 1.

3M. H. Rosenfeld, "Oscar Dear!" (Cincinnati: F W. Helmick, 1882).

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Deseret Evening News proclaimed his arrival in New York with identical reports: While the fight between steam and mud was in progress, the shivering mass of humanity greeted, with round after round of applause, the towering form on the Arizona's deck. It was of a man, youthful in appearance. He stood six feet four inches; he has a smooth face and long flowing locks, an overcoat of bottle-green cloth; a fur-lined and fur collar, seal skin cap and yellow kid gloves, made the man more conspicuous. It was Oscar Wilde, poet and journalist.

With nothing to declare "but [his] genius," Oscar was here to greet, lecture, and see America and its people. He was determined to bring culture to the New World, no easy task for one man, even an aesthetic man with all of Oscar's confident abilities.

The people of New York loved Oscar and he loved New York.

Perhaps as his enthusiasm had not yet diminished, he was able to make a good impression: "His voice is pleasing and well-modulated," one man reported, " a n d he speaks very distinctly."* This would change as Wilde made his long journey across the United States, lecturing at every town at which he stopped. The novelty quickly wore off.

The West was less inclined to appreciate Oscar's religion of Beauty. Life there was hard in 1882, and people tended to be more practical than aesthetic. Man-made ugliness was everywhere, and it was too difficult to escape it. People were still curious to see the Sunflower Apostle but were more able to recognize him for the clever fool he really was.

He comes! The simpering Oscar comes.

The West awaits with wonder As bull-frogs list to beating drums Or hearken to the thunder.

The women pause with bated breath, With Wild and wistful faces.

And silent as the halls of death Seem all our public places.

He comes with words sublimely dull.

In garb superbly silly, To tell us of the Beautiful, The sunflower and the lily.

Behold him here among you now.

Oh, how divinely utter!

4Talula Young, "Oscar Wilde," Contributor 3 (1882): 182.

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His sensual chin, his narrow brow, His brains like April butter.

Here in the energetic West We have no vacant niches For clowns with pansies in the vest Or dadoes on the breeches.

We do not live by form or rule.

We love our wives and lassies; We like to look at Western mules.

But not aesthetic asses.^

The people of Sacramento—his stop directly before Salt Lake City— liked Oscar and gave him a favorable review. He was equally impressed with California and expressed his wish to return. Teased almost everywhere but most of the time only good-naturedly, he continued to draw crowds to his lectures and attention to himself.

Oscar was scheduled to arrive in Salt Lake on April 10, 1882, and to lecture that evening. The local newspapers began to advertise well in advance, with the earliest mention of his forthcoming lecture on April 4 in the Herald— a special announcement from the Home Dramatic Club which was postponing its production of a play called Saratoga "in order to give the public an opportunity to hear the celebrated aesthete. "^ The Herald, the best promoter for Wilde's visit to the valley, all the next week printed reminders of the lecture, exciting Salt Lake residents about the approaching visit of "the Oscah!"

On April 6 the Deseret Nevus and the Herald explained in similar articles the topic of "the Oscah's" lecture—"the Practical Application of Aesthetic Theory to Everyday Home Life and Art Ornamentation."

Although he had given this talk all over the country, it was an intriguing subject to the Mormons, who had successfully created an oasis of prosperity, beauty, and culture on the edge of the Great Basin.

On April 7 readers of the Herald learned that tickets were available at the box office at the usual theater rates. Prices ranged from twentyfive cents for the cheapest seats to two dollars seventy-five cents for seats in the Dress Circle.^ By April 8 the lecture was being thoroughly covered by all three newspapers and seats were selling quickly. Almost everyone was anxious to see and hear the "untamed Oscah."

5Anonymous poem to Wilde, Chicago Daily News, February 11, 1882, in Oscar Wilde Discovers America by Lloyd Lewis and Henry Justin Smith (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), p. 165.

6Salt Lake Daily Herald, April 4, 1882.

7Salt Lake Theatre tickets in the David McKenzie Papers, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.

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It seems from the tone of articles printed in the Deseret SALT LAKE THEATRL News that this paper was not impressed with Wilde, "the celebrated poet, lecturer, aesthete, or whatever he is called" and was TBiTBlfwjron determined not to like him even before he had arrived. While the -A.:F>:RIX4 l o .

Herald teased O s c a r goodSUBJECT: naturedly, as h a d so m a n y other i i papers across the West, the Deseret News was ready to believe Detoff tbe Pr«oticAl Appiicstkn he was just a ridiculous figure pretending to be a great scholar.

CSTIfETIC THEORY Despite this, they sardonically TO r e c o g n i z e d his t r e m e n d o u s attraction: " T h e r e is little doubt Every-Day Home life but that Salt Lake will feel the AAD prevailing desire to gaze upon so ART ORNAMENTATION. noted a personage."^ This attiBox eiBee X«w • p e n . tude towards the strange m a n in the black velvet knee breeches, This advertisement for Wilde's lecture however, h a d not been unusual appeared in the Deseret News. as Oscar toured the country.

T h e r e would always be skeptics of the religion of Beauty no m a t t e r where its prophet went.

Aestheticism was spreading in America despite the negative publicity. T h e Deseret News reported on April 8 the arrest of two women in Denver, one for wearing a huge sunflower in her hat which could be seen a block away, and the other for carrying a "large, artificially aesthetic" lily. Since there was nothing really illegal about this and the jails were already too full, the two ladies h a d to be released. T h e y did, however, promise "to eschew the aesthetic sunflower and seductive lily and confine themselves to more ordinary methods of personal ornamentation. T h e y determined to be no longer disciples of the eccentric O s c a r . " Although Americans were paying him one thousand dollars a lecture to bring " c u l t u r e " to America, the spread of his cultural beliefs and practices was not encouraged.^

MR. mm

WILOE

ART DECORATION"

8"Oscar Wilde," Deseret Evening News, April 8, 1882. sYoung, "Oscar Wilde," p. 182.

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In another article related to Wilde, Lily Langtry, named for that seductive flower and a recipient of Oscar's affections, also had promised to visit America but was worried about her reception here after hearing of the mockery of her friend. The Tribune assured her that she would be judged for her acting talent, not her beauty: "Beauty will have its influence also, but Mrs. Langtry must not adopt Oscar's dress.

She will never make a hit in America in knee breeches."^^ The day before the arrival of "the Oscah," the Tribune announced the lecture and advised Salt Lakers to treat their guest with respect, reminding them that it was wise not to laugh at someone who probably knew more than oneself. A friend, Horace Wickham, who had arrived in Salt Lake a week before, described in an interview Oscar's earlier life, proclivities, poems, and peculiarities. Although a refined young man now, Oscar had once been, Wickham stated, a very clumsy youth, always knocking things over, and voted a "muff" by his class at Trinity College, Dublin. This opinion changed, however, when he punched the class bully in a dispute over one of his poems and everyone recognized his spunk. Claiming that Oscar had always loved beauty, especially in color and design, and was a great admirer of elegance, Wickham believed Wilde was bringing Americans fresh new ideas for house decoration and would undoubtedly leave the States a successful man. This article also pointed out that "the American press has generally credited him with writing poetry unfit for decent people to read." Readers were invited to read four poems by Oscar and pick out the objectionable lines. ^^ This alleged lack of morality in Wilde's poems would not have endeared him to the "decent" Salt Lake Mormons.

The morning of April 10 dawned, and despite reservations about their guest the residents of Salt Lake City were prepared to see him.

The visit had sparked the imaginations of many young ladies who had planned to entertain him, but it seems that none of these schemes came to fruition. When Oscar arrived on the morning train, "he was the observed of all observers."^^ At noon he went to his hotel, the Walker House at 242 South Main, where, observed by a small crowd of the curious, he and his servant disappeared through the ladies' entrance.

The hotelkeeper, G. S. Erb, was ready for Oscar and sent a bellboy, who wore a sunflower in his buttonhole and an embarrassed look on his face, to show him to his room. Wilde took his midday meal in his room. ^^Salt Lake Tribune Weekly Edition, April 8, 1882. i^Salt Lake Tribune, April 9, 1882. 'i-'iDeseret Evening News, April 10, 1882.

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while many ladies in the hotel dining room wore lilies in their hair, hoping the famous guest would join them.^^ Next on Wilde's busy agenda was an afternoon visit with LDS President John Taylor at his home, the Gardo House, at 70 East South Temple. Formerly the Amelia Palace, named in honor of one of Brigham Young's wives, the Gardo House was one of the finest homes in the valley. Oscar later reported to Londoners, "When [Brigham Young] died the present president of the Mormons stood up in the Tabernacle and said that it had been revealed to him that he was to have the Amelia Palace, and that on this subject there were to be no more revelations of any kind!"^* The Gardo House was a rococo masterpiece sparing no expense with elaboration inside and out and boasting bay windows, balconies, balustrades, colonnaded porches, railings, soft carpets, elegant furniture, statuary in nooks, and oil paintings. Oscar praised President Taylor for his fine aesthetic judgment, and Taylor, although considering the Gardo House "the acme of bad taste, "^^ accepted the compliment with grace. The two then went on a tour of Salt Lake, Oscar seeing as much as possible and being seen as little as possible. Much to the disappointment of those who did see him, he was not wearing knee breeches.

One of Salt Lake's main attractions was the Tabernacle near the unfinished Mormon Temple. Oscar commented that it was the shape of a soup-kettle and the decorations were suitable for a jail. He later wrote to Mrs. Bernard Beere, "The Opera House at Salt Lake is an enormous affair about the size of Covent Garden, and holds with ease fourteen families. They sit like this: < % - » ^ ^

J.

i

^

<w

rooODav • vvix=>Ro«oooow : vrtr>0(=)«> and are very, very ugly." In fact. Salt Lake provided him with the rare opportunity of seeing the ugliest women he had ever seen, he recounted later to a Denver reporter. ^^ 13"Art Decoration: Oscar Wilde Enlightens a Large Audience on the Subject," Salt Lake Tribune, April 11, 1882.

1*"Impressions of America," The Artist as Critic: Critical Writings of Oscar Wilde, ed. Richard Ellmann (New York: Random House, 1968), 9.

15Samuel Taylor, "The Kingdom or Nothing," p. 670, original ms. submitted to Macmillan, in Taylor Family Papers, Special Collections, Marriott Library. ^^The Letters ojOscar Wilde, ed. Rupert Hart-Davis (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1962), p. I l l ; Denver Tribune, April 13, 1882, as quoted in Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections, ed. E. H . Mikhail, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1979), 1:8.

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Interior and exterior of the Salt Lake Theatre.

The front row was filled with "young men . . . each adorned with an enormous sunflower" when Oscar Wilde appeared on stage to deliver his lecture. USHS collections.

The Deseret News had predicted that the theater would "doubtless be crowded with curiosity seekers and those who love to breathe the poetic hatmosphere, aving a heye and a hear for the Beautiful." And it was very crowded. One member of the audience recalled that when Oscar came out onto the stage in his medieval costumeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the black velvet coat, vest, and knee breeches, ruffles at the throat, breast, and wrists, black stockings, and low pumps with pointed toes and silver bucklesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;he appeared disconcerted for a moment at the array of young men on the front row each adorned with an enormous sunflower.^'' Oscar gave his "Art and the Handicraftsman" lecture, stating that the artist and the workman should combine forces and talents to make beautiful decorations for the home. These workmen, as well as oneself, should be surrounded with beautiful objects that inspire creativity. He then described the beauties of Italy: the art and the architecture left from antiquity and the Renaissance. Explaining the different purposes of the landscape painter and the decorator, he went on to say that the Aesthetic Movement in England, with the work of such men as ^TDeseret Evening News, April 10, 1882; Alfred Lambourne, A Play-House (Salt Lake City: n.p., n.d.), p. 28.

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Drawings made during Oscar Wilde's New York lecture were published in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, yanMary 21, 1882.

William Morris, strove to enhance the beauties of objects by ornamentation as had been done in Italy. Americans also had the surroundings and abilities to create beauty. All good art is honest and conscientious and should be encouraged; therefore, one should not make cheating, dishonest designs. Paper should not be made to look like marble, nor should jewelry be hollow. All this shows an age of sham. He was glad to hear that cast iron, used in America largely for fences and balconies, was being smashed with rocks by boys in the street. Americans might avoid such vandalism by producing beautiful art.

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The audience listened with politeness, uncertainty, and some astonishment. The delivery occupied fifty minutes and was recognized with short-lived applause. What a disappointment to hope for a wonderful, humorous lecture and instead hear a strange-looking man mutter a memorized speech all in one breath, with only a definite beginning and end, sentences running into each other! Oscar had obviously lost his enthusiasm for lecturing long before he reached Salt Lake City.

The Deseret News called his ideas absurd and unoriginal. The Herald said he lacked expression, and while his words themselves were beautiful, "there was no attempt at enthusiasm, and the only impression one could obtain of the lecturer himself from the lecture was that he was an enthusiast without enthusiasm. "^^ Later, the Herald reporter, having put aside prejudices, went to interview Oscar who, having been reprimanded for his lecture by the Deseret News as well as other papers across the United States, told him, "I am quite conscious that much of what I say may be annoying but, after all I came to say it and so long as audiences with such forbearance and good breeding allow me to strut my brief hour upon the stage, I should be singularly stupid not to take advantage of my hobbies. "^^ It is obvious that although Oscar was a mediocre lecturer at best, he was no fool. He confessed modestly to the Herald reporter that he had never studied elocution and had not become famous or known at all for his public-speaking ability before embarking upon his American lecture tour. Yet he was perhaps the best crowd-drawing lecturer in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. No matter where he went, audiences flocked to gawk at his odd clothing and hear him ramble on about Beauty. What was his attraction? Perhaps it was merely the fact that he dared to attract attention to himself by dressing and behaving unconventionally in a period when unconventionality was synonymous with scandal. He was repulsive yet attractive.

The residents of Salt Lake City had known what to expect because of the publicity that had preceded him, but this did not detract from his appeal to their curiosity. They came to see him in his old-fashioned clothing and hear him "violate every rule of rhetoric. "^° Then why

^^Salt Lake Daily Herald, 11 April 1882: 1. i9"Oscar Wilde: A Pleasant Chat with the Aesthete; His Impression of America and Her People and Poets; The Courtesy of His Audiences; His Peculiar Dress the Coming Thing of the Fashionable World," Salt Lake Daily Herald, April 12, 1882. ^<^Salt Lake Daily Herald, April 11, 1882.

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were they so hard on him when he splendidly lived up to all their expectations? Perhaps they did not approve of his apparently indecent morals as displayed in his poetry, or he wasn't as witty as they had hoped, or he was too pompous, or they just disliked being thought ugly.

There was only one good review of Oscar's lecture. An editorial in the valley's non-Mormon paper, the Salt Lake Tribune, on April 13, 1882, reprimanded "John Taylor's Mormon Critics" for their unjust dislike of the aesthetic poet. The Tribune's editor had found nothing wrong with the delivery of the lecture or in the aesthete's appearance: "It is for the people and through the people that he would re-awaken the love of art." Who else could fill up an hour in such an enjoyable manner? Few others besides "the Oscah!" Perhaps this was just another way for the gentile citizens of Salt Lake to oppose the Mormon residents, which they did whenever possible in this period.

Quietly Oscar left Salt Lake City. "Fortunately . . . , he has come and gone unmolested," the Herald reported,^^ referring to the earlier schemes of the native young ladies to entertain the aesthete. His next stop was Denver, where the Denver Tribune had this to say about Oscar's lecture there: As a deliverer of speech, the aesthetic is fluent but monotonous in his enunciation. He speaks with signal stations of commas and semi-colons, and is everlastingly reaching after a period on a pole. He played upon the words "noble" and "rational" and the expression "I need not tell you," until they seemed set in stereotype.^^

So the Mormon journalists were not the only people to criticize the Sunflower Apostle, although they tended to be more severe in their assesssment of him.

Wilde's visit to Salt Lake City did not make a great or lasting impression. Always the object of criticism and satire, he took it all in stride and continued to lecture successfully to sold-out audiences. Although Salt Lake residents did not like "the Oscah," they did have a chance to see and hear one of the most prominent celebrities of the era.

If they felt that they had wasted their money to gaze upon the "singularly deep young man," they did it willingly.

21 Ibid.

22Quoted in Deseret Evening News, April 15, 1882.

John F. Lund, left, never forgot his boyhood encounter with the champ. Jack Dempsey, right. Photographs courtesy of the author and USHS collections.

A Visit to the Champ's House

BY J O H N FARNSWORTH LUND

the heat arose in waves; the street asphalt melted and crept like molasses. A good day for running through the lawn sprinklers or following the ice wagon. A good day for lengthy discussions on the sizes and shapes of girls, but best of all a day on which a guy does nothing. The telephone call changed all this.

The kids in the old Seventeenth Ward on First North and West Temple in Salt Lake City survived the First World War and were free of the grind of knitting washcloths for our soldiers overseas and eating every bite of food because children starved in Armenia. This was never fully explained, but it was in the line of "doing one's bit" and we T H E JULY DAY BLISTERED EVERYTHING;

Mr. Lund lives in Salt Lake City.

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accepted it. The question lingered. How could eating my oatmeal help a starving child thousands of miles away?

The Boy Scouts were assigned the task of helping the Relief Society gather donations to the war effort and to help the less fortunate in the ward. Jack Dempsey's mother was a heavy donator to the program, and on this day she telephoned the ward that she had a donation to be picked up. She said to bring a wagon. My cousin Zack Lund, Tom Margetts, Gene Duffin, Spencer Robbins, and Lowell and Willard Morris were among those who worked this detail.

With the first big money Jack Dempsey made at fighting, he bought his mother a bungalow on Center Street just north of the triangle separating North Main and Center. Salt Lake housed very few black people, but perhaps the largest concentration of blacks lived in frame houses on the triangle at North Main. Maybe fourteen or fifteen houses.

This was a day on which I was totally alone. Try as I might, I could not scare up any pals to help me with Mrs. Dempsey's donation.

Jack Dempsey and newsboys at the Paris Co. store in Salt Lake City, 1939. The famous fighter "seemed to make time to joke and talk to kids. " USHS collections.

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She said to bring a wagon, so I took the little red wagon belonging to my sisters. Mrs. Dempsey had eleven children, so there was always a crowd at her house. She laughed heartily when I appeared alone with the tiny wagon.

"I meant you should bring a wagonâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;with horses!" she shouted.

"Some wagon!"

I thought she was small and dainty to be the mother of such a great fighter. I saw her side of the joke and laughed with her. I promised to do the best I could to get her offering to the ward. There were six sacks of potatoes, five gunny bags of onions, two crates of oranges, and other goodies such as celery, carrots, and lettuce.

Jack Dempsey had started boxing for Hardy K. Downing at his Hippodrome Theatre club on East Second South, just east of the Semloh Hotel on State Street. He began for five doUars a bout but was now receiving thousands of dollars for his fights and was being boosted as a contender for the heavyweight championship of the world. His real name was WiUiam Harrison Dempsey, named for our president. His first fights were as Willie Dempsey. The Jack came later. He was married but came often to his mother's house for her cooking and mothering.

He was never alone. Other boxers, reporters, and promoters hovered close. He seemed to be always talking business, and he scowled more often than he smiled.^ Fighting was his business and he wanted to be the best. Savage in the ring, and said to be suspicious and surly in his dealings, he was always approachable to a kid. He seemed to make time to joke and talk to kids, and he bought hundreds of newspapers at 25 or 50 cents each. He was also known as a soft touch for has-beens, and the much larger group of never-weres. He impressed me as a huge cat, ready to pounce, always ready to claw. I never could square his high-pitched, nervous voice with the rest of him.

He always needed a shave due to his wiry, black stubble.

Jack's brothers, Bernie and Johnny, started fighting but were not successful. Jack possessed the speed, physique, and instincts of a great natural fighter. I heard his mother say he never wanted to be or attempted to be anything else. I, like so many other kids, tagged after him everywhere, from Joe Vincent's cafe and the Mint to the Tribune

1 Despite Jack's scowl he became a romantic and stalwart figure in the movies, married to actress Estelle Taylor. His series of serial fight pictures were shown every week in Salt Lake City at the old Kinema (later the Rialto and still later the Trolley) near Third South and Main.

Salt Lake's Second South provided several gathering places for sportsmen, notably the Mint and Joe Vincent's in the block between Main and State, above, and Hardy K. Downing's Hippodrome Theatre Club at 119 East. Originally on the south side of the street, the Mint later moved to the north side and remained a gathering place for sportsmen and journalists until the 1970s. USHS collections.

press room and the two or three gyms around town. I was in a group one day to hear h i m talk about fighting. H e said a fighter would never go far without oversized hands and wrists. His hands were like h a m s .

Jack did not look muscular in a street suit because his muscles were not bulky. T h e y were supple and elastic and carried the kick of a mule. H e professed great respect for the lanky, raw-boned farm boys, for they were the courageous, m u r d e r o u s punchers. A picture I shall never forget is Jack sitting on his mother's back porch in an underwear shirt, his rugged face twisted in wrinkles and a bitter scowl, his eyes closed to slits against the smoke of a cigar. I d o n ' t think he ever smoked in public. It was also the only time I ever saw him alone.

I recognized one of Jack's visitors as H a r d y K. Downing, who came to U t a h as a bicycle racer at the original Salt Palace and stayed in

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Salt Lake to eventually promote boxing. Hardy K's photo was often on the sports pages, so he was easy to spot.

An old black touring car with glassine window flaps which could be wrapped around in case of a storm stood forlornly near. Bernie Dempsey had his arm in a sling from attempting to crank it. All cars had to be cranked, and some were temperamental and dangerous. The car had been there for two weeks.

A couple of fellows helped me load for my first trip. The wardhouse was downhill about three blocks away. I had trouble balancing the load so it would ride evenly, causing more trouble going down than if I were going up. On each trip I phoned around the neighborhood for help, but to no avail. After my second trip, Mrs. Dempsey had cold lemonade for me. After the fourth, with two or three more to go. Jack said, "That's enough kid. You can send for the rest of it next week.

We're going to Saltair."

Somebody got up enough nerve to crank the old car, because it was gone in two or three days. The Scout troop picked up the rest of the donation.

Salt Lake did not see much of Jack Dempsey after he became champion. He moved his mother to a large house on the corner of Tenth East and South Temple and, later, to an estate in Murray.

I worked hard the day of my visit to the champ's house and will always remember it.

Jack Dempsey, right, was the featured guest in a 1957 "This Is Your Life" production. To his right are boxers Luis Angel Firpo and Georges Carpentier and the show's host. Courtesy of the Deseret News.

• % ' • .

. , , •

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Tex Rickard.

Drawing by Cherie Hale.

The Rise of Tex Rickard as a Fight Promoter E D I T E D BY V I R G I N I A R I S H E L

W ! D. " B I L L " RISHEL FIRST CAME TO U T A H IN 1896, a footloose young man out of Cheyenne, Wyoming. Later he lived for several years in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was impressed with the way eastern newspapers handled sporting news. He established the first sporting page in the Intermountain West in the old Salt Lake Herald in 1900.

Rishel was an amateur athlete. As sporting editor—not sports editor as the position is called today—he participated in various sports in Utah and was especially proficient in bicycling, swimming, and boxing. Although he was opposed to boxing as a profession and never Miss Rishel, a daughter of W. D. Rishel, is the author of Wheels to Adventure: Bill Rishel's Western Routes (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1983) which tells how Rishel blazed trails to scenic and historic sites in the Intermountain West in his famous car, the Pathfinder.

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entered the ring in a public contest of any kind, he frequently boxed with m a n y of the fighters training in Salt Lake City. H e often boxed with a fighter in training one day and the next day boxed with his coming opponent. H e felt it gave him a good line on the outcome of their fight and kept h i m in good physical condition as well. H e boxed with such notables as J i m Jeffries, Bob Fitzsimmons, J i m Corbett, and Jack Johnson. H e frequently donned the gloves with Jeffries when the fighter spent six weeks in Salt Lake and boxed daily to keep himself in shape.

In this article, written just two years before his death in 1945, Rishel relates some long forgotten tales about how prize fighting was promoted in the West, who the promoters and fighters were, and what happened at some of the historic bouts that took place during the early years of this century.

RISE OF T E X RICKARD AS A FIGHT PROMOTER RISE OF BATTLING NELSON JEFFRIES-JOHNSON FIGHT

(Written November 22, 1943)

BY W . D . (BILL) RISHEL

The management of the Gans-Nelson fight at Goldfield, Nevada, and the promotion of the Jeffries-Johnson fight at Reno catapulted Tex Rickard into the arena as the greatest fight promoter of all times. Later in his career Rickard brought Jack Dempsey out as one of the all-time champions.

The rise of Tex Rickard began back in the early 1900-1909 period when I was sporting editor of The Salt Lake Herald.

In those days holding prize fights was against the law in every state in the Union except Nevada. In many states, fights got by under the guise of boxing contests, but frequently these were stopped when the matter was taken into the courts. Here in Utah, shortly after 1900, the sport was revived as boxing and during the next few years the game thrived with only a temporary shutdown now and then when a reform element got busy. However, in a short time some ambitious promoter would start again and before long the game would be going full tilt.

A local fight promoter named Kelly, anxious to break into the game, matched "Battling" Nelson with "Spider" Welsh. Nelson, a Dane, born in Copenhagen, had been fighting in Chicago, but was practically unknown.

Welsh was an up-and-coming lightweight from San Francisco, strongly touted as sure to win the lightweight championship sooner or later. The fight was

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The old Salt Palace was used as a sports arena as well as a theater. ' 'Battling Nelson and "Spider" Welsh fought there. Nelson's upset win in this fight raised his stock. USHS collections. pulled off in the old Salt Palace building. While the fighters were in training here, Welsh became the favorite with the public and it was thought Nelson did not have a chance. Welsh was favored about 4 to 1 when they entered the ring.

W h e n the fight started it was Welsh all the way. H e h a m m e r e d Nelson all over the ring. For several rounds things went along in Welsh's favor but Nelson kept coming back for more. T h e n Welsh not Nelson began to tire, gradually growing weaker until in about the sixteenth round (as I remember) Welsh stood helpless in the center of the ring, with Nelson hammering away all the time. T h e referee stopped the fight and gave it to Nelson with Welsh still on his feet, utterly bewildered. Welsh was led away by his second, S a m m y McClintock, to his room where he collapsed and was out for about three hours. T h e report was circulated that he had died but fortunately it was not true. Welsh never recovered as a fighter.

T h a t fight raised Nelson's stock. H e went to the coast and got a match with Eddie Hanlon, the next fighter above Welsh and right behind J i m m i e Britt, who was then the white lightweight champion. T h e San Francisco fans could not see Nelson, and he entered the ring with Hanlon about a 4 to 1 favorite. McClintock was accused of laying down with Welsh in Salt Lake.

Wise S a m m y said nothing but bet all his money on Nelson. It was a carbon

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copy of the Salt Lake fight. In about ten rounds Hanlon was down and out and Nelson the winner. T h e n young Corbett followed Welsh and Hanlon.

In spite of these victories, I, like practically all other sporting writers, could not see Nelson as a great fighter. H e was awkward in the ring, and he apparently lacked punch. It was just not natural to look on him as a fighter. Wally Young, a San Francisco sporting writer, however, hit the nail on the head when he called Nelson " T h e Durable D a n e , " a n a m e that stuck to him throughout his career.

W. D. "Bill" Rishel, ca. 1940.

Nelson was then matched with Courtesy of the author.

Aurelio H e r e r r a , the Mexican champion, at Butte, M o n t a n a . Herrerra was acknowledged the hardest hitting lightweight in the ring. I thought that would be the end of Nelson because any fighter could hit him when and where he desired. Nelson simply could not protect himself from his opponent's blows. In the first round Hererra knocked Nelson down and it appeared to be all over. T h a t did not bother Nelson. In a second or so he was on his feet chasing Hererra all over the ring. About the fourteenth round Hererra was down and out, and Nelson, apparently unharmed, was on his feet ready for more.

As far as I was concerned the Hererra fight completely changed my mind. I was for Nelson against the world and never again lost that faith in him. After a visit to Salt Lake Nelson went back to San Francisco after J i m m i e Britt, the then acknowledged white lightweight champion. H e got his match after considerable squabbling and Britt went the way of the rest. Nelson was now the acknowledged white lightweight champion of the world. Nelson made Salt Lake his home after he began to climb upward, joined the Eagle Lodge at Bingham Canyon, and spent his spare time around this vicinity.

However, there was Joe Gans, colored lightweight champion. Gans was without doubt one of the greatest fighters that ever livedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;crafty, clever and a puncher. But he had a Chicago manager who used Gans to promote his own financial interests. Gans won or lost a fight under orders from his manager. If he could make more money in betting by having G a n s lose, why Gans lost, and came back at a future date to win over the same m a n . Gans finally broke away from this manager and confessed he had faked under orders, but he found it hard to clean up his reputation. This was the status of Gans when Nelson defeated J i m m i e Britt. And Gans stood between Nelson and the undisputed lightweight championship title.

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Now comes the Gans-Nelson fight. Nelson a n d his manager, Billy Nolan, were in Salt Lake vacationing. Nelson was resting and having a good time. Goldfield, Nevada, was a booming mining c a m p . About 25,000 miners, prospectors, promoters, businessmen and gamblers h a d gathered there.

Money seemed to grow on the trees and everybody was prosperous. We h a d a fighter here in Salt Lake at that time n a m e d Jack Clifford. H e was a fair boxer, h a d a lot of experience and was a pretty decent fellow. H e approached Nelson and his m a n a g e r Billy Nolan and asked them if they would give him a fight if he could get a $10,000 purse h u n g u p in Goldfield. They said they would and the next day Clifford was off by train to Goldfield. In about a week there came a wire from Goldfield in care of m e , as sporting editor of The Herald, offering Nelson a $10,000 purse to meet Clifford. Nelson's m a n a g e r wired back "Yes" and asked for transportation money to come to Goldfield to sign articles a n d arrange details.

In about a week another wire came to m e from the Goldfield promoters asking Nolan how m u c h money he wanted to meet G a n s instead of Clifford.

Right there I advised Nolan and Nelson to let G a n s aloneâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;he was dynamite and dangerous. However, Nolan wired back he wanted $30,000. Almost immediately a wire came back. "We will give Nelson $30,000 for his share in a fight with G a n s . " I handed the wire to Nolan and he said he would put it u p to " B a t . " W e went down to the old Salt Palace a n d found Nelson at his favorite sportâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;riding a bike and watching the riders train on the Salt Palace track. Nolan h a n d e d " B a t " the wire without saying a word. Bat read it slowly and turning away said. 'T would fight m y own m o t h e r for $30,000. Tell them we accept." T h a t was the largest a m o u n t of money ever offered a fighter for his share of the purse u p to that time.

Nolan went at once to Goldfield. Nelson departed a few days later and preparations for the fight were on. Goldfield became the pugilistic center of the world at once. There were a dozen leading Goldfield citizens, bankers, businessmen a n d gamblers, on the committee to promote the fight. As usual u n d e r such circumstances there were a dozen m a n a g e r s and the promoters were working at cross purposes. A meeting of the whole committee was called and Tex Rickard was selected as the m a n a g e r and placed in full charge of the fight.

This was R i c k a r d ' s first connection with a prize fight and as a promoter, and he traveled a long way afterwards before death suddenly called him.^ Well, the fight came off as scheduled and G a n s was awarded the fight in the forty-second r o u n d by George Siler, the aged, near-sighted referee from Chicago.^ H e claimed Nelson h a d struck a low blow thus committing a foul.

1 George Lewis "Tex" Rickard rented and refurbished the second Madison Square Garden in New York during World War I and ushered in a new era in boxing with Jack Dempsey. Boxing, declared legal by the New York State Legislature, flourished, but the Garden was demolished in the mid-1920s to make room for the headquarters of New York Life, the site's owner. Rickard quickly found investors to build a new Madison Square Garden (the third and most famous) on Eighth Avenue between 49th and 50th streets, which opened in December 1925. Sporting News, May 12, 1986.

2 The fight took place on September 3, 1906.

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Goldfield, Nevada, September 1904. Two years later the boom town hosted the GansNelson fight. USHS collections.

T h e real truth was that Gans could go no farther and claimed a foul as a last resort. However, the crowd was with G a n s from the start on account of Nolan's actions during the preparadons for the fight and his d e m a n d that Gans weigh in at ringside with his shoes on at 133, the lightweight limit. G a n s did, but it weakened him and the crowd was for h i m all through the fight.

Gans h a d a very pleasant personality anyway and could always make friends.

I had met h i m a n u m b e r of times and must admit he was one of the most ingratiating Negroes I ever knew. However, George Siler was wrong and the blow was not a foul as it remained for m e to demonstrate later.

Immediately after the fight Nelson and Billy Nolan came to Salt Lake with moving picture films of the fight, which u n d e r the agreement became Nelson's property. We took the films to H a r r y Shipler,^ who reproduced that part of the film showing the questioned blow u n d e r a heavy glass and enlarged it. T h e enlarged print showed the blow was clear-cut. It was too high for a foul and was pointed upward, a typical so-called solar plexus blow with which Fitzsimmons defeated Corbett.

I reproduced the blow from a photo in The Herald and my copy was widely reprinted all over the country. Later G a n s and Nelson met again and Nelson won a clean-cut victory. G a n s died shortly after and it was commonly claimed that the beating he received at Goldfield was the real cause of his death.

But to continue with Tex Rickard. D u r i n g the period covered by this article the fighting game was gradually closed in the East and then the Middle

3Shipler, a photographer, owned a studio and photo supply firm in Salt Lake City.

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West. All fights of major importance, therefore, were held on the Pacific Coast, in San Francisco in particular. Immediately after these big fights the contestants' ultimate destination was Broadway, New York. The trip across the continent was generally made in short jumps, with the leading contestants, both winners and losers, making public appearances to pick up some easy money. Salt Lake was the first stop, with Denver, Kansas City and Chicago following in the order named.

We Salt Lake sport writers therefore had an opportunity to meet these sporting celebrities and in some cases to become more or less well acquainted with them. It was thus I met both Jim Jeffries and Jack Johnson.

During this time Jeffries had met and defeated every contender for the heavyweight championship. He then went into retirement to lead the easy life he had won in his long and victorious career. Then came a fight between Tommy Burns and Marvin Hart,'^ which was billed as a fight for the championship left open by Jeffries' retirement. To give it a reality, Jeffries announced that he would give the title to the winner and it was so advertised.

Burns won and proclaimed himself the heavyweight champion of the world.

After a short time Burns left for Australia to capitalize on his title.

In the meantime Jack Johnson, colored heavyweight, came to the front as a fighter of ability. Johnson tried to get a match with Burns and finally went to Australia where he forced Burns to fight him.^ Johnson won easily and came back to America with the title. He had little trouble in defending it and a clamor started for Jeffries to come out of retirement and again assert himself as champion. Jeffries did not want the job and fought the meeting off for some time but was finally induced to come out and re-enter the ring. As it proved later, Jeffries had been out of the game too long and could not get in condition to meet Johnson who was then at his prime. After signing articles it was agreed they would meet in New York and accept the highest bid for the fight in early December 1909.

Where would they fight? The East was closed to the fighting game and so was the Middle West. London and Melbourne, Australia, were mentioned as possibilities. Of course there was California and Nevada.

I believed Utah would stand for the fight as the city government was very liberal at that time and we had pulled off some pretty big fights here.''

Notably the Root-Gardner fight for the light heavyweight championship and a return defense fight for the title between Gardner and Schrek. So I began to get busy.

During this time the Goldfield boom exploded. The live wires left for greener fields and Tex Rickard transferred his activities to Ely, Nevada, which was rapidly coming to the front with the opening of new mining activities. Ely's only large city connection was and is Salt Lake. Therefore, Tex

â&#x20AC;˘ipebruary 23, 1906, in Los Angeles. sDecember 26, 1908, in Sydney.

6The anti-Mormon American party controlled Salt Lake City government for six years following the election of 1905.

The Rise of Tex Rickard Rickard came to Salt Lake frequently and we became very well acquainted.

H e was always interested in fights after the Gans-Nelson success and we naturally discussed fighters.

With the field open to bid for the Jeffries-Johnson fight I believed Tex Rickard, with his record behind him, could bring that fight to Salt Lake.

R e m e m b e r the gate for the Gans-Nelson fight stood at some sixty-odd thousand dollars, the largest gate ever taken in at any fight up to that time, and this was under Rickard's m a n a g e m e n t . I wrote Tex and asked him to come over to Salt Lake as I had something that should interest him. Tex came and I laid out the fight situation all over the country and m y plans for landing the fight for Salt Lake. I set the purse at $100,000, a prize that should stagger all other promoters. Tex fell for the idea and we canvassed the public officials, state officials and the C h a m b e r of Commerce. T h e C h a m b e r appointed a committee with A. Fred Wey as chairman. It was decided that I should go with Rickard to New York as I was personally acquainted with both Jeffries and Johnson.

347

Jack Johnson, United Press International photograph. Rickard and Rishel tried to get the Jeffries-Johnson fight for Salt Lake City.

W e left Salt Lake quietly, no one with the exception of Fred Wey knowing our mission. T e x carried with him a certified check for $25,000 as a deposit for his bid.

Jeffries and Johnson were both touring the country with road shows at this time d r u m m i n g u p interest in the coming fight and incidently earning a little extra money for themselves.

Tex and I went directly to Chicago where we registered under assumed names as we did not want to tip our hands. There we located Jeffries playing in Indianapolis and Johnson appearing in Pittsburgh. We started on Jeffries first and after three days had his consent to fight in Salt Lake u n d e r Rickard's management for a $100,000 purse. We next went to Pittsburgh and contacted Johnson and at the end of a week had Johnson lined u p on the same terms.

We then left for New York to attend the opening of the bids about three days before the time set for the occasion. Again we registered under assumed names. So well did we keep our secret that not a single sporting writer in Chicago, Indianapolis, Pittsburgh or New York learned of our presence. We rode around in automobiles with them, and either Jeffries or Johnson, but no

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one learned of our presence until Tex Rickard slapped his bid and twenty-five $1,000 bills for the fight on the table. Another $1,000 was added to our bid at the last minute because Johnson told us M c N a r y of Los Angeles intended to enter a $100,000 bid.

Well, we landed the fight. At the last minute I induced Rickard to insert " U t a h , Nevada or California" as the scene for the fight to protect himself in case something came up to prevent the fight being held in Salt Lake. This proved wise as things turned out. We came home and began preparation to hold the fight here in Salt Lake. A certain clique wanted in on the fight and threatened to stop it if Tex did not declare them in. Well anybody that knew Rickard knew he could not be bluffed. In a short time the preachers went into action and called on Governor [William] Spry to stop the fight. T h e C h a m b e r of Commerce refused to go to bat for the fight and Governor Spry refused to act without being requested to do so by the C h a m b e r of Commerce.

Rickard h u n g around Salt Lake for about six weeks trying to get assurance the fight would not be stopped and finally left for San Francisco in disgust. There he found the same trouble he had in Salt Lake. J i m m y Coffroth was the boss of the game there and he wanted in or no fight. Coffroth was one of the bidders at New York, but sixty thousand was as far as he would go.

Finally Rickard left for R e n o where u n d e r the law any person could get a permit for a prize fight upon the payment of a thousand dollar fee.

There the fight of the century was pulled off.^ Johnson was awarded the fight in the fourteenth round, because though Jeffries was still on his feet, never having suffered a knockdown, he was too weak to continue. A tired old m a n , he had tried to defy nature and failed.

This fight proved a financial success for Rickard and launched him as the greatest promoter of all times. Later he brought out Jack Dempsey at Toledo, Ohio,^ and set the stage for the million dollar gates which followed.

Rickard was a natural showman, but he always wanted the best m a n to win and always gave both men in the ring an equal break.

I was greatly disappointed that Salt Lake did not get the fight. I h a d spent about six months giving my time and efforts to land the fight for Salt Lake. Just think of the publicity it would have given the old town. It was m y idea of a sporting editor's duty to his paper and his town.

7July 4, 1910. sjuly 4, 1919.

Sketches by Utah sculptor Mahonri M. Young, one of many early twentieth-century artists and writers fascinated by boxing. Courtesy of Brigham Young University.

,... _ .,.,.. _ Âť*

One Friday night I took Deseret News publisher Mark E. Petersen's daughter Marian, at her request, out to the Coliseum. I warned her not to sit in the press seats, but she did and sure enough a wrestler ended up in her lap. It was probably the last match she attended. The wrestlers above were local men.

Memories of Wrestling at the Fairgrounds Coliseum

BY L. V. MCNEELY

I STARTED WORKING FOR THE Z)£5£i?£rA^£W^5 in January 1945. During the next twenty-four years I photographed LDS church leaders, visitMr. McNeely, an Honorary Life Member of the Utah State Historical Society, lives in Pine Point, Florida.

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ing dignitaries, accidents, thousands of babies for my Baby Talk column, and all the other subjects in a typical daily newspaper. In my off hours I often went out to the Fairgrounds Coliseum to watch the professional wrestlers. I got to know Phil Olafsson, the promoter, and he asked me to photograph the matches on Friday nights for $25, an assignment I happily accepted.

Phil was, himself, perhaps the most interesting of all the wrestlers I met at the Coliseum. He was a native of Sweden and had been on the way to a great career as a champion skier when he developed the terrible disease that enlarged and disfigured his skull. He came to America and was working as a lumberjack, he told me, when he and another man both claimed to have shot the same deer. The other man,

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The Speed Graphic camera people gave me a prize for this photograph of Brother Jonathan subduing Chief Little Wolf.

Brother Jonathan was an instructor at the Deseret Gym in Salt Lake City.

a professional wrestler, was startled by Phil's appearance and told him he could have a great career as a wrestler. Phil took the idea seriously and became the Swedish Angel. He looked awesome in the ring, but he was the gentlest of giants outside and beloved by his wife and daughter.

Of the hundreds of wrestlers who came and went during those years, a handful remain unforgettable to meâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;guys like the Blimp whose career was cut short by a heart attack; Chief Little Wolf, a Navajo Indian who was once married to a beautiful Powers' model; and Gorgeous George, the wrestlers' answer to Liberace. The photographs that follow are some of my personal favorites of these men and of other men and women who appeared on the Friday night cards at the old Coliseum.

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The Blimp looked slimmer than his 600 pounds walking down the aisle to enter the ring. This photograph is very evocative of the 1950s when men and women dressed up for an evening out even when the event was a wrestling match.

I also like the man with the stogie who looks like he might have walked off the set of Guys and Dolls or a gangster movie.

There were always kids eager to get autographs, and the Blimp was happy to oblige.

Many wrestlers were nice guys outside the ring. The Blimp died of a heart attack a year or so after I took this photograph. Notice it took two chairs to seat this man.

Top: The Swedish Angel puts the pressure on with a body scissors. He was adept at any style of wrestling, including Japanese. Center: As a wrestler, a referee, and a promoter Phil Olafsson did a lot for the sport. Here he is signing Gypsy Joe for a match. Joe's wife was always with him, even in the ring before the match started. Left: Look out, here he comes. There's no doubt that the Swedish Angel could intimidate his opponents just by his looks. He was a great competitor and a man of many talents.

/ don V rrjnrmhrr their names, but these women and others at first startled (and maybe even shocked) some of the public by their a/>/uarancc in the ring and their toughtwss. What would be ne.xt, people wonderedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;female

Right: Chief Little Wolf puts a hold on Joe Melich, a very good friend of mine.

Below: This is a good close-up of a wrestling hold.

I don't remember the men's names.

Right: The Masked Marvel with his head in a vise. As I recall, he was an ex-football player with a college degree.

This is Lou Thez, the heavyweight champ at that time. He was not being choked as it appears. He closed his eyes to protect them from the flash. It was a lucky shotâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;one that has been very popular.

Chief Little Wolf at a temporary disadvantage. I can't remember the referee's name, but he had been a heavyweight wrestler at one time.

First Methodist Church, Ogden. Frederick V. Fisher was pastor there during 1910-12. USHS collections.

Frederick Vining Fisher: Methodist Apologist for Mormonism

BY JANICE R DAWSON

First Methodist Church from 1910 to 1912, exhibited an ecumenical spirit unusual among Utah evangelicals of the early twentieth century. Through broad community involvement, including support of prohibition, boys' programs, and the Chautauqua movement, Fisher sought to generate understanding and conciliation between the Mormons and the gentiles.

Intolerant of the "prejudice and factional feuds of the past," he envisioned a "new age" where "bigotry and religious strife must cease." During and after his Utah ministry, Fisher defended Utah and the Mormon people as worthy of public respect.^ A product of New England and Yale, Fisher was an author and platform lecturer as well as a minister. He formerly served his church in a number of different states, including Alaska before it became a territory. He had visited Utah some twenty years before his appointment and so knew firsthand something of the situation he would encounter.^ Soon after his arrival in October 1910 the Evening Standard recognized Fisher as a "moral force" in the community with a "spirit which promises to be helpful, not only to those within the church, but beyond his congregation." His community activities exemplified the counsel of his first sermon in which he emphasized the importance of attaining a good life by setting goals. A good life was serious business to the Reverend Fisher, and high among his goals were those to end moral evils and religious strife in Utah.^ F R E D E R I C K VINING FISHER, PASTOR OF Ogden'S

Mrs. Dawson lives in Layton, Utah. ^Evening Standard, January 30, 1911.

2Ibid., November 19, 1912; Ogden Morning Examiner, ^xAy 30, 1911. ^Evening Standard, October 24, November 5, 1910.

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In a follow-up discourse Fisher suggested several goals for Utah's citizens. No person or religious group was excluded from his admonition to send their "children out into life unhandicapped by the sectarian differences and distrust of the past, free from that which has cursed Utah for fifty years." Those who perpetuated former misunderstandings upon Utah's children, said he, whether they are gentile or Mormon, "will have to answer to the throne of Almighty God for this crime." They should seek to live a Christianity of "the kind Christ preached and lived. Will Utah do all this? . . . If she fails her judgement day will surely come." Fisher envisioned a golden age as "Mormon and Gentile united for the welfare" of all.* Soon after his arrival Fisher began a personal campaign for a dry Utah. He urged citizens to take "fresh courage" against the "unholy alliances" of those who promoted the sale of alcohol, regardless of their religious affiliation. Utah should be swept clean of the filthy saloons. If Kansas could bring this about, why not Utah with its "immense Church population?" Continuing his fight against the evils of drink, Fisher served as vice-president of the local prohibition group.^ Working with boys' organizations was another important aspect of Fisher's philosophy. He was active in the newly established Boy Scout program, leading an Ogden group. After assisting in the organization of the Associated Boys Clubs of Utah, he became its first state president. Fisher also sought to fill another need in the community. He noted, "For twenty years because of religious bigotry, hundreds of young men have gone to the devil in Ogden for the lack of a great central Y. M. C. A." Along with other leading men he served on a committee to correct this oversight.ÂŽ After laying this foundation for harmony, Fisher helped to cement the concept in the community's mind through his work as manager of Utah's "first" Chautauqua. If anything exemplified unity and cooperation at this time, it was America's great Chautauqua programs.^ The Chautauqua movement began in 1874 as a week-long Bible study class at Chautauqua Lake, New York. The annual event soon expanded to include music, literature, recreation, and even drama.

Lively lectures by many famous speakers of the day from poets to 4Ibid., January 30, 1911. sibid., November 14, 1910, January 30, 1911; Deseret Evening News, July 31, 1911. In June 1911 most of Utah's towns supported prohibition, but Ogden, Salt Lake, and many mining towns voted wet. eEvening Standard, November 5, December 1, 1910; January 30, 1911.

7 In 1892 a group of Protestant ministers attempted to establish a permanent Chautauqua in Salt Lake City. See the Salt Lake Tribune, August 9-18, 1892. By 1911 this was a forgotten event.

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Frederick Vining Fisher. Courtesy of Smith Memorial Library, Chautauqua Institution, New York.

politicians were also featured. Nonsectarian religion remained a regular part of the schedule. The Chautauqua idea soon captivated the nation, and numerous independent organizations sprang up, especially in the Midwest. The circuit Chautauquas held in large tents also proved popular after 1907. Not to be confused with the traveling circus, these groups presented an interesting amalgam of culture and entertainment that served to assuage the "mental poverty of Main Street." As Fisher and others worked to establish the Chautauqua movement in Utah in 1911 they essentially followed the motto of an eastern group: "to take the Mutiny out of the Community and to leave the Unity."ÂŤ As manager of the Utah Chautauqua Association, Fisher's untiring efforts to unite the community, especially its disparate religious elements, resulted in an unprecedented event. The ten-day program, held at Ogden's newly acquired Glenwood Park,^ drew participants from around the state and as far away as Idaho and Colorado. Concurrent lectures on subjects ranging from evolution and politics to literature sVictoria Case and Robert Armond Case, We Called It Culture: The Story of Chautauqua (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948), p. 142. See New York Times, June 10, 1923, in reference to the Swarthmore Chautauqua.

9Glenwood Park is now known as Lorin Farr Park.

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and farming were held each day. Evening schedules included a single grand event such as Wagner's Parsifal, "illustrated with elegant views and with music by the auxetephone." The highlight of the week was the Pioneer Day program that included a patriotic address by B. H. Roberts and a grand historical pageant presented by hundreds of people that lasted until midnight. Local as well as national talent was utilized for this educational, entertaining marathon.^^ The Sunday gatherings were carefully planned to include all local Christian denominations in the nonsectarian services. It was reported that, drawing from Ogden and adjacent towns, over six thousand people attended the first Sunday meeting as children of all faiths marched into the auditorium for a grand Sunday school demonstration. The meeting "was the first of its kind ever seen in Utah.

Sectarian lines were abolished and all creeds assembled to worship God and His Son without thoughts of 'isms and doctrines.' " Surely Fisher saw this as a great step forward for his vision of Utah's golden era.^^ Not one to slacken his pace, the Methodist minister extended his pacifistic efforts beyond Utah's borders. By looking for the good in his Mormon neighbors he had found it, and typically he shared his insight with others. After a period of comparative quiet, anti-Mormon writings in the national periodicals, agitated by former Utah senator Frank J. Cannon's articles in Everybody's magazine, escalated sharply in 1910-11. Protestant missionaries and non-Mormon politicians exacerbated the situation in Utah. Irritated by the untruths being presented, Fisher, himself a missionary, published an article, "A Methodist Minister's View of Mormonism," in a New York magazine, the Outlook.

"Utah deserves some fair play at the hands of the press," he stated, and having lived in Utah he declared himself more able than those who "spent from two days to a month in the State seeking material to prove a predetermined prejudice."^^ Fisher's article emphasized three main points in understanding the Mormons. First, they were not only deeply religious, but they were also "an evangelical Protestant church, if the test of the Federal Council of Churches be a true test." Second, "the Mormon Church was born of some of the best blood of New England and the Middle West of early days," and their ancestors were "heroes of the Revolution." ^'^ Ogden Morning Examiner and Evening Standard for the month of July 1911.

11 Ogden Morning Examiner, July 24, 1911. i2Richard O. Cowan, "Mormonism in National Periodicals" (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1961), pp. 61, 77, 118; Ogden Morning Examiner, July 30, 1911.

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The Desert Gvn)tiiastuni, Sait Lake City. Utah.

The Mormons' Deseret Gymnasium, then in the block east of Temple Square, helped to form "clean young men, " F. V. Fisher told critics of the church. USHS collections.

Third, "the Mormon people are not peasants or illiterate." In other words, aside from a few unusual beliefs, Mormons were typical Americans and worthy of respect instead of vilification.^^ Fisher also answered to current charges being made against the Mormonsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"polygamy, deception, bigotry, and the seeking of poHtical power." He declared that polygamy was a dead issue in Utah now and besides, "it was practiced as rehgious duty, was not sensual and was infinitely better than tandem polygamy in the east." He praised the church for its support of temperance, its Sunday schools, and its great Deseret Gymnasium in which were found "clean young men, clear eyed, brainy, and manly." He acknowledged that bigotry "exists wherever there is isolation, but . . . in the light of common friendship and service together for common good it dies in Utah, as it dies anywhere." He admitted that the Mormons were involved in politics but that it was normal when one group was dominant. Moreover, it was necessary for self-protection, but they in no way aimed at national supremacy. Finally, Fisher denied accusations made in England about polygamy which had caused rioting in that country. They "are refuted by facts here and seem absurd to one in Utah," he said.^* ^^Outlook, July 29, 1911, pp. 726-28; Ogden Morning Examiner, July 30, 1911. i*Ibid.

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Typically, Fisher summed up his arguments with an appeal for ecumenical understanding and tolerance. "What Utah needs today is not a fight on Mormonism, but a common fight of Mormon and Methodist, Protestant and Catholic, on sin; not bitterness, but brotherhood; . . . not a chasm between Gentile and Mormon, but a union of the strongest leaders of both types of Christianity to build between these mountains the best kind of Christianity on earth. "^^ Opposing editorial comment accompanied the Fisher article.

Although the Outlook editors, Lyman Abbott and Theodore Roosevelt, published Fisher's viewpoint, they chose to ignore his message. Instead, Abbott reiterated the fashionable sentiments of the day. He lashed out at Fisher personally for his audacious defense which was "interesting because it is surprising. . . . We do not recall ever to have seen from the pen of a missionary so warm a commendation of a religion the errors of which he was supposed to counteract. In a minister's view of Mormonism we look for an indictment, and behold a eulogy. "^^ Abbott listed the reasons why "Mormonism has a bad name in the United States. [It is] the fraud on which it was founded; its extraordinary literalistic theology; its polygamy; and its past ecclesiasticopolitical despotism." The first two points did not concern him and, though he acknowledged that polygamy was dead, he assured his readers that it was sensual. But Abbott's main concern was Mormondom's political involvement which he saw as America's new peril. "In Utah not merely Mormons but Mormonism is in politics"; and the community, controlled by "active agents" of a "hierarchy," is in grave "peril. "^^ Reverberations from the Fisher article were felt far and wide, including Utah. Both Ogden papers reprinted Fisher's essay and Abbott's reply without editorial comment of their own. In the Mormon capital, however, Fisher's remarks intensified an ongoing controversy between the Salt Lake Tribune and the Deseret Evening News over polygamy. ^^ When the News printed Fisher's article with no mention of the Outlook's critical editorial, the Tribune lambasted its rival vigorously, noting that the "cup of the church organ's dishonesty is full to the 15 Ibid.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

^^Evening Standard, July 29, 1911; Ogden Morning Examiner, July 30, 1911. William Glasmann was editor of both papers.

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brim." The Tribune was delighted to see the Outlook take "square issue" with Fisher and praised its comments except for one point: polygamy was not dead. Fisher simply did "not know what he [was] talking about." They agreed with him that Utah needed "brotherhood" rather than "bitterness," but reminded their readers that "the bitterness, however, is chiefly on the other side. No one is persecuting the Mormons. . . . Every one wants to do them good."^^ When the Outlook editorial made its tardy appearance in the News, each point was carefully refuted. As to the "bad name" of the Mormon church because of "the fraud upon which it was founded," the News reminded its readers that the church was in good company, for "the followers of the Nazarene, too, had a 'bad name' " for the same reason. Perhaps as a motive for not including the editorial in the first place, the News added, a magazine "that is so ill-informed concerning the Church cannot expect us to take its criticism very seriously."2° Rounding out the editorial battle, which lasted for several days, the Tribune accused the "filthy columns of the News" of being "the great and misleading enemy of Utah and the betrayer of its people through all the years." In the same issue, the Tribune completed publication of Frank J. Cannon's series of anti-Mormon exposes from Everybody's magazine. ^^ Possibly anticipating repercussions at home concerning Fisher's notoriety, the Ogden Methodists firmly supported him. At the annual conference of the Utah Methodist Mission held in August 1911 in Salt Lake City, at which Bishop Henry W. Warren of Colorado presided, a unanimous resolution from the Ogden church requested Fisher's reappointment for another year. Those present honored the request and Fisher was also elected to serve as an officer of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society.^^ Although "very bitterly assailed" for his point of view from a number of sources, perhaps the most disconcerting criticism was that of Fisher's fellow ministers. There was "indignant criticism" of him

^^Deseret Evening News, July 31, 1911; Salt Lake Tribune, August 1, 1911. "^^Deseret Evening News, August 1, 1911. i^Salt Lake Tribune, August 2, 1911. '^'^Evening Standard, August 5, 1911; Salt Lake Tribune, August 14, 1911; Deseret Evening News, August 11, 1911. After their participation in the Ogden Chautauqua program. Dr. Charles F. Aked, a nationally prominent minister, and Professor Daniel W. Howell of the New York Chautauqua enthusiastically supported Fisher's article. Howell commented, "Wherever I go I shall certainly do all I can to disprove the charges made against the 'Mormons,' and tell the people 'that I found them different to what others and magazines have said against them.' " Deseret Evening News, August 2, 1911.

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"throughout the church," and no Methodist would justify Fisher's "defense of Mormonism; for it is not defensible. "^^ A Boston Methodist weekly, Zion's Herald, lashed out at him.

Writing extensively about Fisher's "Astounding View of Mormonism," the editor could only "marvel" at the minister's application of the term "evangelical" to Mormonism. It was not evangelical by any definition he knew. Neither could he accept Fisher's evaluation of Mormon scholarship and asked, "Who are these scholastic 'leaders of the world' among the Mormons?" But Fisher's claim that "polygamy is dead," brought the strongest response. "The attempt to minify the iniquitous features of polygamy," the Herald editor railed, was "one of the worst things" about Fisher's article. Basing his position on Frank J. Cannon's writings, he claimed polygamy was indeed alive and well, and one need only compare Cannon's and Fisher's articles and then they "may judge for themselves which writer gives the correct picture of Mormonism. "^^ Fisher was also severely castigated at the Methodist's Colorado Conference. Those present "flamed into white heat in protest and indignation over Mr. Fisher's statements." Then, after an "intensely earnest and wildly applauded speech by Dr. Thomas C. Iliff," a unanimous resolution denouncing the Mormon church and its practice of polygamy was passed. They also called for Fisher to give, through the Outlook and the church papers, "the date of the death of polygamy."

Bishop Warren, who had presided at the Salt Lake Conference that reinstated Fisher ten days after publication of the Outlook article, was now reported to be "deeply stirred and offended at Mr. Fisher's misrepresentations," and he "informed the Conference that he expects the resignation" of Fisher.^^ Criticism was received from as far away as England. One Hans P. Freece, organizer of a group agitating for the expulsion of the Mormon missionaries from England and Scandinavia, disputed Fisher's statements regarding polygamy as pure fiction. He also accused the church of controlling Utah politics and extorting tithing money from poor foreign converts to provide a "vast income" for its prophet.^^

23Outlook, October 7, 1911; Zion's Herald, September 13, 1911.

'2'^Zion's Herald, August 9, September 13, 1911.

25lbid., September 13, 1911; Current Literature 51 (November 1911): 537. Bishop Warren "did not anticipate any variation from the usual routine of conference business" nor did he see any "important changes in assignments" for the year. Salt Lake Tribune, August 10, 1911. â&#x20AC;˘^'iQutlook, October 7, 1911, pp. 343-44.

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Responding to the accumulation of rumors and accusations, Fisher's Ogden congregation continued to defend him vigorously. In a letter sent to the local dailies, the church papers and the Outlook, the Board of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Ogden expressed its "hearty approval and appreciation of the work" of the Reverend Fisher. Most of the city's businessmen also endorsed him. The board pointed with pride to his active support of prohibition, the statewide boys' programs, and to his successful management of the Chautauqua.

Their confidence and support was freely offered as they sustained his right to express an honest opinion.^^ Meanwhile, Fisher continued to serve his pastorate and to exert some criticism of his own. In a pre-election sermon on civic conditions, titled "If I Were Mayor," Fisher called for a number of reforms. He was especially critical of the social vices and sexual sins within the city and he remarked that 25th Street was "one of the most disgraceful gateways to a city on the continent." Citing a number of other problems, Fisher then challenged the next mayor to make himself subject to recall if he did not perform as promised. William Glasmann, Ogden mayor and Standard editor, acknowledged everyone's respect for Fisher and admitted the need for reforms, but he also pointed out that it was easy to tell the other fellow what to do and warned him against advocating "socialistic" doctrines which included the recall.^^ Following his initial success with the Ogden Chautauqua in 1911, Fisher became more extensively involved with the movement. He was named official western representative of the New York Chautauqua Institute and traveled throughout California and the Northwest in April 1912 making arrangements for the summer programs. He was again a director of the Ogden association and was manager of the Pocatello Chautauqua for 1912.^^ Fisher also remained active in Utah during 1912. In August he was reappointed pastor for the third time at Ogden's Methodist church. In addition, he was editor of a weekly newspaper, the Advance, published by the Advertising Publishing Company.^°

27lbid., p. 343. '^^Evening Standard, October 16, 1911.

29Ibid., May 3, November 19, 1912; Ogden Morning Examiner, July 18, 1912. Fisher was not unique in this activity. The Reverend Frank G. Brainerd of Ogden's First Congregational Church, previously active in Ogden's Chautauqua, spent most of the summers of 1914-16 booking and managing on the Chautauqua circuits. Salt Lake Tribune, April 16, 1916. ^oEvening Standard, August 20, 1912; J. Cecil Alter, Early Utah Journalism (Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1938), p. 387.

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In October 1912 Fisher resigned as minister of the First Methodist Church to accept a position as director of the lecture bureau of the PanPacific Exposition. This great fair, to be held in San Francisco in 1915, was scheduled to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal.

Fisher's appointment, to begin January 1, 1913, at a salary of $2,500, was for three years. He, with a group of subordinate lecturers, planned to tour the country informing schools, legislatures, and over 1,000 Chautauquas, along with other gatherings, regarding the advantages of the new Panama Canal and the wonders of the San Francisco exposition.^^ Fisher returned to Utah periodically in connection with his popular speaking engagements. In the fall of 1916 he delivered a dozen lectures in southern Utah and, in preparation for a new illustrated lecture, he filmed the beautiful scenery of "Little Zion." In December he was again in Salt Lake and Ogden and offered "America before the World," a travelogue of hand-painted lantern slides depicting the natural wonders of America.^^ During this visit Fisher was invited to speak at the afternoon services in the Ogden Tabernacle. His friendship with Apostle David O. McKay, through their close association in the Chautauqua and the Ogden Betterment League, prompted this invitation. He paid high tribute to Elder McKay, and still pleading for peace and brotherhood between races, creeds, and political parties, Fisher delivered his popular Chautauqua sermon, "One Blood," based on the scripture "and he hath made of one blood all nations of men." He presented this talk successfully on many different occasions.^^ Early in 1917 Fisher previewed his newest lecture, "Utah, the Crown of the Continent." In it he offered a brief tribute to the founders of Mormonism, told of its persecutions and the migration of its people to Utah. Over 300 "hand-painted dissolving views" of the history, people, resources, and scenery of Utah from Weber Canyon on the north to Cedar City in the south were climaxed with views of Little Zion. Fisher predicted the southern canyons would become a mecca for tourists, and Cedar City would challenge Salt Lake soon ^'^Evening Standard, October 16, 26, November 19, 1912. Fisher spoke on the exposition at the national NEA convention in Salt Lake. Ogden Standard, July 7, 1913. At the New York Chautauqua Fisher's 1913 lecture was titled "The Panama Canal and the Panama Pacific Exposition in the Program of Civilization." The following summer he discussed artistic and architectural aspects in "The City of Dreams." The Chautauquan 71 (1913): 93-94; 72 (1914): 726. ^'^Washington County News, October 12, 1916; Ogden Standard, November 8, December 12, 14, 1916.

3^Ogden Standard, December 18, 1916; Acts 17:26.

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Cedar City, above, would grow dramatically once the railroad made Utah's southern parks more readily accessible, F. V. Fisher predicted. USHS collections.

after the railroad provided ready access. This lecture, which he would soon deliver across the country, was the culmination of his love affair with Utah and its people.^* During his life, both as a minister and a lecturer, Frederick Vining Fisher followed the Christian creed to "love thy neighbor as thyself." He did not espouse the doctrines of his Mormon friends, but he did defend them, as he did all people, as true brothers in the gospel with a right to their own peculiar beliefs. Fisher endangered his own position as a minister in the Methodist church in an attempt to foster understanding for his highly respected neighbors. This was not a superfluous friendship, for he worked closely in several capacities with high Mormon officials as well as lay members and made numerous lasting friendships. In return, he was greatly admired by his Mormon friends. At a time when national and much local opinion was strongly set against the Mormon people, Fisher rose to the occasion by becoming a Methodist apologist for Mormonism.

3*Salt Lake Tribune, February 4, 1917; Deseret Evening News, February 10, 17, 1917; Washington County News, April 5, 1917; Ogden Examiner, May 13, 1917.

Ghosts of Glen Canyon: History beneath Lake Powell. By C. GREGORY George, Ut.: Publishers Place, 1986. 137 pp. Paper, $14.95.)

Thirty years ago history professor Crampton began a long and rewarding in-the-field adventure aimed at discovering and documenting all vestiges of human activity, ancient and modern, in the Colorado River's remote Glen Canyon and its many sheerwalled tributaries. Those gorges, in southern Utah and northern Arizona, were soon to be inundated by waters of manmade Lake Powell as they backed up behind huge new Glen Canyon Dam. Dr. Crampton made thirteen preinundation survey tours through the 200-mile length of Glen Canyon between 1957 and 1963, often in the company of ethnologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, and biologists.

He and his associates came out of the chasms with a treasure trove of Anasazi, Piute, and Navajo artifacts. They also brought priceless photographs of "rock autographs" and rusting relics left by later men who had literally hacked their way into the gorges in search of mineral wealth.

The results of what Crampton calls "a glorious experience" â&#x20AC;&#x201D; six years of laborious river-running and hiking into some of the most inaccessible but spectacular realms in Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;were published in the early 1960s by the University of Utah under the title Anthropological Papers. Eagerly received by students and scholars, the great mass of interesting information in

CRAMPTON.

(St.

those Papers was never made available to the general public in book form.

Now, in Ghosts of Glen Canyon, the indefatigable Crampton shares his "glorious experience" with everyone.

His attractive new book is a nonscientific, easy-to-read, abbreviated compilation of the most fascinating finds contained in the revealing ^n^Aropological Papers. Outstanding in its pages are 179 historic photographs that allow the reader to actually see and better understand the history that does indeed lie beneath Lake Powell. A number of excellent pen-and-ink drawings and map sketches also appear throughout the book, providing insight into prehistory, identifying sites mentioned in texts and reproduced in photos.

"1 wanted to tell the world what was lost" is how the eminent historianwriter explains his latest book. But his texts are not laments for once-regal canyons now occupied by a reservoir.

One must recognize what is gone and what has been created in its place, he says, adding that he enjoys new Lake Powell as much as anyone.

Ghosts of Glen Canyon is an attractive soft-cover volume that is more terse and less imposing than Crampton's previous books {Standing Up Country and Land of Living Rock). In fact, Ghosts is more like an exquisite photo album, each of its pages dominated by one or more black-and-white pictures. Short,

Book Reviews and Notices caption-like texts explain the significance of scenes that portray facets of Glen Canyon's eons-long creation or its much shorter but equally as dramatic human history. Many of the memorable photographs were taken by the author. Others were gleaned from archives of the Utah State Historical Society and from the University of Utah where Crampton taught history for thirty years.

Most of the subjects of the book's photos lie today far below the 252 square miles of Lake Powell's surface which extends up 186 miles of Glen Canyon's length. One important fact is missing from the book: a great deal of the beauty and mystique that rivermen found in canyons now inundated continue to remain in more than a hundred gorges accessible by boating

371 into what are today narrow, rockbound lake waterways. At the end of navigable water many of those canyons can be hiked for long distances through pristine scenery that may rival that of "the river days."

Dr. Crampton's scholarly pen cannot hide the love he feels for Glen Canyon country. And he is not alone; in its twenty-four years Lake Powell has become one of the three most visited attractions in the West (California's Disneyland and Arizona's Grand Canyon are the other two). Enjoyment of the vast lake by any visitor can be immeasurably enhanced by keeping a copy of Ghosts of Glen Canyon close at hand.

STAN JONES

Page, Arizona

The Colorado River Survey: Robert B. Stanton and the Denver, Colorado Canyon and Pacific Railroad. Edited by DWIGHT L . SMITH and C. GREGORY CRAMPTON. (Salt Lake City and Chicago: Howe Brothers, 1987. xiv + 305 pp. $29.95.)

None of Robert Brewster Stanton's star-crossed ventures on the Colorado River during the period 1889-1909 achieved fruition. They included a survey for a railroad through the canyons from Grand Junction, Colorado, to the Gulf of California, a mining project in Glen Canyon, and a twovolume history of the river. The railroad was never built, the mining venture went bankrupt, and the book was finished but never published.

Nevertheless, the records of all three are among the most valuable documents of human encounter with the river, and we are fortunate that others have mined the Stanton papers for publishable nuggets better than Stanton himself mined Glen Canyon's elusive flour gold. Prominent among those editors are C. Gregory Crampton and Dwight L. Smith, who individually and in collaboration have

been publishing Stanton papers over a longer span of time than Stanton spent engaged with the canyons.

The Colorado River Survey is Stanton's field notes during the railroad survey of 1889-90 and should be read in conjunction with his later account of the project in his history of the river, published by Smith in 1965 as Down the Colorado. The two books complement each other in important ways, each offering details and interpretive comments missing in the other. It is a pity that the field notes were not published immediately upon Stanton's return from the river, for they represent an immense gain in knowledge: they record the second descent of the entire river, and they are the record of a systematic instrument survey with supportive notes by a skilled observer.

A water-level railroad through the Colorado canyons? From an engineer-

372 ing standpoint the idea is not at all untenable, for steam railroads require relatively gentle grades such as that cut by the river, and an abundant water supply. The canyon walls themselves are precipitous enough in only a few places to require heroic engineering measuresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;for the most part, ironically, in gentle Glen Canyon.

That the survey was ever completed is a tribute to Stanton's energy and determination alone, for virtually every other factor was against it. Frank Mason Brown, the president of the company, was perhaps its worst enemy until his nonchalant attitude toward the river cost the lives of himself and two others in Marble Canyon. The fragile and unstable boats he provided ("I was awfully disappointed when I saw them," Stanton wrote), his refusal to allow the use of life jackets, and his insistence upon untoward haste caused frustration and friction with Stanton.

Stanton himself contributed to the difficulties through snap judgments in his choice of crew members, and his field notes record almost relentless bickering, resulting finally in the desertion of Harry MacDonald, perhaps his most competent employee.

The editorial apparatus for this major river document is generally useful and accurate. Even those who know the canyons well, for example, will appreciate the editors' geographic correlation of Stanton's notes with modern nomenclature, and scholars will applaud the bibliographic depth of the footnotes. The photographs and sketch maps from the expedition add appealing visual dimensions. There

Utah Historical Quarterly are, however, minor errors that closer proofreading could have prevented.

The editors seem uncertain, for example, whether the photographer was Frederick or Franklin Nims (the latter is correct), and most people would place the Henry Mountains primarily to the north rather than to the west of Glen Canyon.

Editorial redundancy, though, is the book's greatest fault: we have altogether too many footnote recapitulations of events already thoroughly and clearly stated by Stanton. Extolling the beauty of one section of Marble Canyon, for example, Stanton says (p.

141), "This portion of the canyon through which we have sailed today is wonderfully beautiful," and the editors echo at the bottom of the page that the party had just "traveled through an extravagantly beautiful section of Marble Canyon."

The editors do call attention to a striking irony that lingers in the modern reader's mind, though it eluded Stanton completely. As he progressed through the canyons, Stanton fell increasingly under the spell of their great beauty. All the while, though, he doggedly continued to note potential bridge and tunnel sites and other necessary surgery that would significantly have changed the canyons. The magnetism between the two poles of that irony has become charged with lightning potential in our own day, and we have failed as completely to resolve it as Stanton failed to notice it.

GARY TOPPING

Utah State Historical Society

A Trace of Desert Waters: The Great Basin Story. By SAMUEL G . HOUGHTON. (Salt Lake City and Chicago: Howe Brothers, 1986. vi + 287 pp. Paper, $11.95.)

First published hardbound in 1976 as volume X in the Western Lands and Waters Series of the Arthur H. Clark

Company, A Trace of Desert Waters was republished in paperback by Howe Brothers in 1986 with no changes in

Book Reviews and Notices the original text, black and white photographs, and maps. A Great Basin portfolio of ten color works by eminent landscape photographer Philip Hyde and a preface by Jesse D. Jennings, a living legend in Great Basin archaeology, have been added to the republished version. From its first printing the book clearly established itself as the most comprehensive introduction to the regional and historical geography of the Great Basin.

In A Trace of Desert Waters, the late Samuel G. Houghton crafted a highfidelity synthesis of prodigious subject matter scope within his chosen geographic domain: the Great Basinâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; sprawling over parts of six states and northwestern Mexico to comprise the hydrographically closed heartland of the Intermountain West. Houghton's synthesis follows the familiar regionalhistorical-topical model. The basic organization of the book is regional, with five sets of chapters that treat the far northwest (Northwest Lakes), northwest (Lake Lahontan System), southern (Death Valley System), central, and northeast (Lake Bonneville System) regions of the Great Basin.

Across the historic and PleistoceneHolocene prehistoric continuum of time, Houghton perceptively distilled a wealth of information about geology, climatology, biology, culture, and, above all, hydrology. The spirit of place (to borrow a phrase from another of the West's great landscape photographers, David Muench), the contrasts between past abundance and more recent scarcity of water, and historical depth are recurrent themes in Houghton's synthesis. Houghton saw himself choosing, assembling, organizing, and articulating "various histories," which clearly include anthropological prehistory, environmental prehistory, recorded human history, and modern natural history.

373 The book includes a brief but effective glossary of the more technical anthropological, geological, and environmental terms that Houghton used with restraint and precision. The index is comprehensive but not exhaustive. The bibliography provides full references to the broad array of maps, guidebooks, works of historical and special interest, and professional papers that are cited in the text.

The most recent entries in the bibliography are dated 1974, a reminder that growing obsolescence of content may be a problem. Fortunately, almost all of the subject matter is of the enduring sort; the small fraction that is not is in some cases remarkably prescient.

One of Houghton's enduring contributions will be his cartographic delineation of the Great Basin and its subregions. Other scholars (notably Guy King at the University of New Mexico) are perfecting the hydrographic approach to Great Basin regionalization.

In the meantime, however, the hydrographic boundaries outlined by Houghton are eminently suitable for most applications where a natural regionalization of the Great Basin is useful or required but where schemes based on alternative criteria such as vegetation or geology are inappropriate.

In his foreword of June 1975, four months before his death, Houghton anticipated that scientific discoveries, particularly in archaeology, would result in increasingly obvious inadequacies in his work. Inevitably, of course, that has come to pass, most obviously in subject matter relating to the reconstruction and geochronology of prehistory, as he suspected. An example of this occurs near the end of the book, where an important and still very useful map of major Pleistocene lakes of the Great Basin is a valuable inclusion. This map was skillfully re-

374 drawn for Houghton's book from U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map 1-416, originally pubhshed in 1964. In the book's 1976 printing the map appears as a fourpage foldout; in the 1986 printing it is reduced to two facing pages with no loss of information but with a gap in the map at the binding. Unfortunately, by the early 1980s more than a dozen of the smaller Pleistocene lakes shown on the map had been found to be former marshes, not former lakes, and at least one Pleistocene lake had been recognized that is not on the map.

These and similar lapses of currency are but a small part of the whole; nevertheless, this reviewer could not

Utah Historical Quarterly help but echo a wish expressed in the publisher's preface — that Samuel Houghton were here to bring the Great Basin story up to date.

A Trace of Desert Waters exemplifies the highest traditions of eclectic historical geography, wherein chronicled human history and natural history— set against the backdrop of reconstructed h u m a n prehistory and environmental prehistory—are interwoven to enrich our appreciation of place currently and to enlighten our management of place in the future.

DONALD R . CURREY

University of Utah

Landmarks of the West: A Guide to Historic Sites. By KENT RUTH. (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1963, 1986. x + 309 pp. Cloth, $39.50; paper, $17.50.)

An 1812 Russian fort in California.

The largest and most influential Indian mission-school in Kansas. An 1867 stone fort built to protect the Mormon church's new telegraph line. These are among the 146 historic sites in the twenty-one states "beyond the Mississippi" that are profiled in Landmarks of the West. The book was first published in 1963 under the title Great Day in the West, and, with the exception of more current photographs in some instances and a slightly cleaner layout. Landmarks is virtually identical to its predecessor.

The book was written, as Ruth states in the preface, more for the "curious buff" than the "serious scholar," though it strives to satisfy both. It is meant to be an entertaining, easy-to-use guide as well as a reliable source of historic site information. It fulfills that dual role relatively weU. The obvious shortcoming for the scholar is the lack of footnotes and bibliography.

Landmarks is well organized and easy to use, as a guide book should be. The sites are arranged under their respective state headings, which are alphabetically ordered, and there is an index at the back to assist the serious reader in tracking down specific references.

Each site has just one page of text with a facing page of "then" and "now" photographs or drawings—an especially attractive feature of the book.

There is also a small schematic map showing the location of the site within the state and in relation to the nearest city. The maps are for general purposes only and do not provide directions for driving to the sites.

The concise, informative text achieves the author's principal goal that the book be "interesting simply to read." Though there are usually plenty of names and dates packed into the one-page capsule histories, there are also firsthand accounts and tangential facts that enrich and broaden the story. For example, the vignette on St.

375

Book Reviews and Notices George, U t a h , not only explains the purpose of the settlement—to supply the territory with cotton, sugar, grapes, etc.—but also offers personal accounts of the oppressive heat a n d of the discomfort felt by a sore-fingered pioneer who h a d the task of picking out cotton seeds.

A sometimes disappointing aspect of this book is the choice of sites. T h e r e seems to be an abundance of military forts a n d posts (approximately 40 percent of the total), while there are no engineering structures (dams, bridges) and no strictly Native American sites.

T h e only Native American sites included are those that represent Indian cooperation or conflict with whites— for e x a m p l e , C u s t e r Battlefield, Shawnee Mission, a n d W o u n d e d K n e e Battlefield.

Included among the significant sites are also a n u m b e r of cities, such as Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, a n d San A n tonio, that are just too large a n d complex to be effectively dealt with as single landmark sites. T h a t problem is mitigated somewhat by the inclusion of photographs a n d discussions of specific

buildings in the capsule histories of those cities.

Another criticism of the selection is that m a n y of the sites do not meet the standards of integrity a n d significance that have been accepted nationwide since the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. For example, approximately one-third of the structures in the book do not meet the integrity requirements for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, i.e., they have been demolished, reconstructed, or substantially altered. This failure to update the original 1963 perspective of the book m a y disappoint historic preservationists of the 1980s, who are acquainted with the current standards that properties must meet to merit l a n d m a r k status.

T h o u g h not likely to become a staple for the history scholar. Landmarks of the West is a useful a n d enjoyable book for the historic site enthusiast a n d the "curious buff."

ROGER ROPER

Utah State Historical Society

B. H. Roberts: Studies of the Book of Mormon. Edited a n d with a n introduction by BRIGHAM D . MADSEN. W i t h a biographical essay by STERLING M . M C M U R R I N .

( U r b a n a and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1985. xxxii $21.95.)

In 1830 a young m a n in western New York published a book that recounts a "history" of an ancient people that Americans h a d never heard of before. Millions of persons since that time have accepted his story as history. M a n y others have rejected his claim a n d regard the book as fiction.

While faith (or lack of it) is the major factor in determining how persons respond, the historian will b e interested in whether those claims are plausible or not on historical grounds.

+ 375 p p .

T h e book u n d e r review here contains three studies that Brigham H .

Roberts (1857-1933) produced during the 1920s, wherein he discusses intellectual problems with the M o r m o n assertion that the Book of Mormon is history. "Book of M o r m o n Difficulties: A S t u d y " consumes 83 pages a n d was written in 1921 in response to a request from Apostle J a m e s E. Talmage that Roberts prepare answers to questions p r o p o u n d e d by a M r . C o u c h of Washington, D . C . Discussions d u r -

376 ing the winter of 1922 with church leaders who read Roberts's research failed to produce serious examination of the issues. Frustrated, Roberts continued his research. His second work is "A Book of Mormon Study" (66 pages) in which he discusses the possibility that Ethan Smith's View of the Hebrews might have served as the "ground plan" for the Book of Mormon.

Roberts also prepared in parallel columns a summary of the similarities between the two books. "A Parallel" takes up 22 pages of the book.

Editor Brigham D. Madsen added helpful footnotes to these three studies.

He also included a biographical essay

by Sterling M. McMurrin and eleven letters â&#x20AC;&#x201D; written by Roberts, William E. Riter, George W. Middleton, and Ralph W. Chamberlain â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that help the reader understand the setting in which Roberts did his research.

Faced with Roberts's collection of evidence that undermined the traditional Mormon claims about the Book of Mormon, church leaders could have decided to begin revising the church's position on the Book of Mormon or they could have left it to individual members to decide for themselves on what level the Book of Mormon is "true."

There are, after all, alternatives other than the polar positions (either the book is precisely what Joseph Smith claimed it to be or it is a hoax). It might be a history of ancient America that was also influenced by Joseph's religious and cultural heritage as he translated it. Or it might contain doctrinal "truth" set in the framework of a story about ancient Americans. It is not surprising, though, that the General Authorities responded to Roberts's research by ignoring the issues he raised and reaffirming their testimonies of the Book of Mormon. Quite likely the General Authorities of today would respond in the same way. Indeed, affirming the Book of Mormon as

Utah Historical Quarterly history seems to be given an important emphasis by them, perhaps because of an awareness that some Mormons no longer accept it as history.

Had RLDS church leaders in Missouri been confronted with studies such as Roberts's in the 1920s they no doubt would have reacted similarly.

They did confront the question in the 1960s, however, when certain intellectuals within the church raised the same kinds of issues that Roberts's three studies discuss. In 1962 RLDS church statistician James E. Lancaster published in the November 15 issue of the Saints' Herald a study of the method of translation of the Book of Mormon. In one of the most controversial articles ever published in the church's official periodical, Lancaster argued, similarly to Roberts, that Joseph translated the work by gazing into a peepstone buried in a hat, with the plates on a table under a cloth. Later in the 1960s Wayne Ham of the church's Religious Education Department wrote a summary oi Book of Mormon problems, intended only for private discussion among church leaders, much like Roberts's studies. But copies were leaked, and when fundamentalists photocopied and widely distributed this essay and other similar papers written in the department. Ham published his essay in the September 1970 issue of Courage: A Journal of History, Thought and Action. Other RLDS members also advocated revisionist views of the Book of Mormon, which were summarized by this author in the September 1982 Sunstone. As a result of public and private discussion, church leaders have followed H a m ' s advice and have soft-pedalled the Book of Mormon in church curricula and publications.

This book will be read because Roberts was an important figure in Mormon history and in Utah history.

He was a major political figure in Utah. McMurrin rightly calls him the

Book Reviews and Notices best historian and theologian that Mormonism produced in its first century (p. xxvi). Whether this great defender of the Book of Mormon had come to seriously doubt the book's historical claims in his later life is an important question in assessing both his thought and Mormon historical claims.

Roberts's studies have an important place in the history of the debate over the historical claims of the Book of Mormon. Generally that debate has been between Mormons and non-Mormons.

Therefore it is fascinating that a high church official and leading intellectual was raising serious questions in the 1920sâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;and not finding satisfactory answers. "Whether or not Roberts retained his belief in the Book of Mormon may never be determined," concludes Madsen (p. 30).

Given Roberts's high position within the Mormon church and given the fact that the General Authorities control the determination of religious truth for Mormons, it is hardly surprising that Roberts's discussion of these problems with the Book of Mormon was a private discussion with church leaders, rather than a public debate.

For those familiar with the debate, the issues Roberts discussed will be reasonably familiar. Orthodox Mormons have said that new research since Roberts's time has answered the problems that troubled him. But new research has also raised new problems not recognized by Roberts. Eventually orthodox "solutions" will be offered for all Book of Mormon "problems," but how plausible are the solutions?

These studies reveal that Roberts's

377 intellect and scholarship were impressive. And the debate will continue, as long as the Mormon church expects its members to regard this book of scripture as historically true. Mormons and other persons who believe that divinity reveals itself to humanity will avoid what Thomas Alexander refers to in his Dialogue review (winter 1986) as the genetic fallacyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"that something can be solely explained by its cultural context." But that is not to suggest that the cultural or historical context is not extremely important for understanding the Book of Mormon. The temptation for those predisposed to believe traditional claims about the Book of Mormon is to invent creative explanations for any historical evidence that runs against the grain of orthodoxy even if such explanations stretch historical probabilities to the breaking point.

Often these explanations posit divine interventions which, of course, cannot be proven or disproven. While human reason is quite fallible, if we have to create fanciful explanations for problem after problem the cumulative effect is to stretch faith beyond reason. Most modern persons are uncomfortable if their faith frequently conflicts with reason. While historical explanations of the Book of Mormon may not be fully satisfactory, they are an important tool for evaluating Mormon claims.

We are indebted to Brigham H. Roberts for his intellectual honesty and to the University of Illinois Press for making his research available to us.

WILLIAM D . RUSSELL

Graceland College

Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 1890-1930. By THOMAS G .

ALEXANDER. (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986. xii + 383 pp. $19.95.)

This book begins with Mormonism's struggle to redefine itself around

the turn of the century. Feeling their way. Mormon leaders grappled with

378 how to employ the church's influence for the good of local society without evoking criticisms of impropriety. Tensions of the kind associated with political activities by Moses Thatcher and B. H. Roberts at the time statehood was granted continued to surface in succeeding years over questions such as compulsory smallpox vaccination, the prohibition movement, and local political candidates. Alexander makes it clear, however, that in the period covered by his book. Mormon leaders gradually moved away from direct involvement in politics. President Heber J. Grant refusing at times to express his own political views even at private family gatherings.

Parallel to its withdrawal from the political arena was a similar disengagement from the church's earlier and extensive involvement in the local economy. The book provides sketches of the church's changing fortunes in a variety of ventures, including the sugar industry, the Salt Lake Theatre, Salt Air Beach Company, and Z C M I .

Its success in these and other enterprises was uneven. Alexander says that by the time of the Grant administration, church leaders had become so sensitive to the charge of interference in business that they sometimes adopted policies injurious to their own enterprises. Concern with its image notwithstanding, the forty years covered by the study reveal a clear movement away from support for cooperative undertakings and a decisive endorsement by Mormon leaders of individualistic, capitalist values.

One of the book's chief themes is how, at the time Mormonism was receding from claims of temporal authority, it was modernizing its own internal structure. During these years, the church moved from a barter system to a money economy. It adopted modern methods of accounting, especially after

Utah Historical Quarterly the appointment of Presiding Bishop Charles W. Nibley in 1907. It implemented a bureaucratic structure that emancipated church leaders from preoccupation with administration. Most important, church authorities reduced the autonomy of auxiliary organizations by subjecting them to closer priesthood control. This was a significant development because it tended to reorient church members away from non-Mormon humane commitments, directing them more singly into church-invented activities.

At the same time, nothing so marks the twentieth-century church as its proselyting vigor and a nervous concern with image. The Smoot investigation in combination with persecution of Mormon missionaries led to greater interest in public relations. Missionary preparation courses were attempted.

The Bureau of Information, constructed on Temple Square in 1904, was soon serving thousands of visitors each day (despite the reservations of Apostle Francis M. Lyman who felt the tabernacle should be off-limits to non-members). The success enjoyed by the church's missionary program was aided by sterner policies toward those who sought to perpetuate polygamy and by changes in the meaning of terms such as "celestial marriage" which, largely due to Apostle James Talmage, came to mean only an eternal monogamous union. It also helped to redefine the notion of "the gathering" so as to approve residence of members in native locations, however distant from Utah.

It is in connection with changes of doctrine and practice that, in my view, Alexander is at his best. An entire chapter is devoted to the emergence of the Word of Wisdom as the most distinctive feature of modern Mormon life. Step by step, Alexander leads us from a period of diverse views among

Book Reviews and Notices the leaders to show how water was substituted for wine in the sacrament service in 1906, how Progressive and prohibitionist influences were absorbed until, under President Heber J. Grant in 1921, adherence to the code was made a requirement for admission to the temple. This was important because, as Alexander indicates. Saints and strangers alike have tended to supplant the roles played by polygamy and temporal authority during the nineteenth century with a defining attitude associated now with what Mormons eat and drink.

The book also treats the church's fading attention to belief in an imminent return of the Savior, changes in temple clothes, the temple ceremony, and use of temples for restoration of health. It discusses the period's retrenchment so far as the role of women was concerned in administering to the sick. And, there is a description of growing Mormon discomfort with the exercise of Pentecostal gifts. As Alexander concludes, by the time of the church's centennial in 1930, Mormonism had achieved a striking amicability with American society at large.

Altogether, this is a very important book. While one might quibble with

379 the choice of 1930 as an ending date (the centennial by itself had nothing to do with the dynamics of the church's administrative or doctrinal evolution) or wish the author had teased more from some of his findings, these are matters of a lesser order when compared to the book's great strengths.

The number of themes and issues it treats, exceeding what has been mentioned here, alone recommends it to anyone interested in how the Mormon church acquired its present character.

Its contemporary leaders would especially profit from a reading of it.

The extent of Alexander's research, based heavily on diaries, official correspondence and other archival materials, is matched by the fairness of his tone. With neither recrimination nor applause, the work carefully sets forth an institutional portrait of Mormonism from the 1890s to the 1930s: its growth and adaptation; internal differences among its leaders; its equivocations, errors, and successes. It is a splendid example of Mormon historical scholarship at its best.

B. CARMON HARDY

California State University Fullerton

The Native Home of Hope: People and the Northern Rockies. Edited by THOMAS N .

BETHELL, DEBORAH E . TUCK, and MICHAEL S. CLARK. (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1986. xii + 196 pp. Paper, $12.50.)

Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming share a rich past that includes the Plains Indian culture, fur traders, the epic Lewis and Clark expedition, cowboys, and legendary characters like Custer and Buffalo Billâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the stuff of enduring myths. The Northern Lights Institute was formed in 1981 to look beyond the confining, mythic past to today's realities: the people, resources, economics, and politics of a vast but still sparsely settled area of America.

To suggest where the future of the Northern Rockies may lie, the institute interviewed individuals of varying backgrounds and interests. The resulting twenty-three personal narratives should certainly stimulate healthy dialogue among planners, developers, politicians, and ordinary citizens.

Beyond whatever practical uses the narratives may have, they present as a whole a remarkably vivid portrait of the people of the Northern Rockies and

380 their engagement with each other and with a unique landscape. One of the book's great strengths is that these articulate but unstudied and highly individual narratives mesh to provide an insightful, multidimensional account of the region.

Colleen Cabot, director of the Teton Science School, sees the region as essentially rural with no major urban centers that dictate political policy. She would be tempted, she says, to include Utah with the Northern Rockies, "but Salt Lake and the whole Wasatch Front have done some bizarre things to Utah. They have concentrated people and forced some decisions that haven't been forced in the Northern Rockies."

Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho have options no longer available in most states, Cabot believes.

Seed farmer Burtt Trueblood, public utilities commissioner Perry Swisher, and corporate executive Walter Minnick, all Idahoans, view development with mixed emotions.

Trueblood claims Idaho is being "Californized something terrible" by outsiders who want pieces of the state's pristine land to escape to and "like a bunch of pigs in a pen . . . ruin what they are after." Swisher, an outspoken critic of the media ("The interest in scandal speaks to the banality of the human race. . . . " ) , also decries people who want to "live where they [can] pretend that they are pioneering if they [can] still have all the amenities." Minnick thinks growth has been too rapid and that the response to it in Boise has been inappropriateâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"a Los Angeles solution" that is uneconomic and will add to pollution and traffic problems.

Wyoming rancher Tyler Dodge also espouses a "think smaller" mindset, noting that small water projects are often more productive than large undertakings like the Grayrocks Dam

Utah Historical Quarterly which, he claims, covers up better agricultural land than it irrigates. But bureaucrats get little mileage out of small ventures, and communities tend to see big projects as bonanzas even when they provide only a few jobs for local people and create serious social problems.

Preserving both the land and a lifestyle concerns many of those interviewed. Salmon River outfitter Norman Guth says the economic value of wilderness is often overlooked, while bookstore owner Lynn Dickey claims everyone in Wyoming loves the wildlife but may not take the steps needed to preserve itâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"We're not very good at planning." Arnold Silverman, head of the geology department at the University of Montana, believes "Montana is ahead of every other state in the Rocky Mountains in articulating a community of shared, basic public concerns." He hopes for a balanced approach to the future: Montana should not be a giant national park or the nation's boiler room.

While addressing present and future concerns, many of the personal narratives provide fascinating glimpses into the historical matrix of the region: the power of the Anaconda Copper Company and the cattle barons, the fight for female suffrage, the range wars of the cowboys and the sheepmen, the struggle for agricultural survival, and the union movement. Further, as William Kittredge points out in his introduction, "These are people talking and retalking the significance of their lives . . . and their notions of the good life . . . who we have been and who we could possibly beâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;both individually and politically."

The book has the directness and charm found in a good conversation with intelligent and responsive people, and it is enhanced by numerous evocative photographs. Anyone interested in

381

Book Reviews and Notices the future of the Northern Rockies, and I would include Utah despite agreeing with Colleen Cabot's description of the Wasatch Front, should find

\iL

America. By ROBERT G . ATHEARN.

(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986. xii + 319 pp. $25.00.)

Completed by Elliott West and published posthumously. The Mythic West is the last of Athearn's eleven books. Based not so much on research as on personal observation, experience, and interpretation, it is also the least characteristic of Athearn's works but perhaps the most entertaining, stimulating, and challenging. Though there are several important studies of images of the nineteenth-century West in the American mind, this is among the first to focus on the twentiethcentury West and is thus a valuable addition to the literature.

The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, vol. 3: August 25, 1804 -April 1805.

Edited

by

MIRIAM B . MURPHY

Utah State Historical Society

Book Notices

The Mythic West in Twentieth-century

6,

The Native Home of Hope thoughtprovoking.

GARY

E.

MouLTON. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987. x -i- 544 pp. $40.00.)

Volume 3 continues the same high quality of typography, editorial embellishment, and readability that charac-

terized the first two volumes. It covers the expedition's trek from the Vermillion River (South Dakota) to Fort Mandan (North Dakota) and includes accounts of encounters with Sioux, A r i k a r a , M a n d a n , and H i d a t s a Indians.

Forty Years in the Wilderness: Impressions of Nevada, 1940-1980. By JAMES W. HuLSE. Nevada Studies in History and Political Science No. 22. (Reno: University of Nevada, 1986. xvi + 141 pp. Paper, $9.95.)

Professor Hulse begins by evaluating the state's limited resources, unstable population, uneven regional growth, water, and land. The second half of the book focuses on gambling, the state's key source of tax revenue.

He asks why the casino industry has not contributed more to the cultural and educational enhancement of Nevadans. The true value of the gambling industry (and by extension of any industry), he suggests, should be measured by its contributions to social legislation, education, artistic endeavor, and cultural progressâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the very fabric of community life. The author concludes that a growing

Utah Historical Quarterly

382 number of responsible Nevadans believe that the gambling industry has "gotten out of hand, that some of its practitioners have become too arrogant in the exercise of their privileges," leaving " t h e moral as well as the legal questions to the politicians and bureaucrats, who have proven . . . that they are not good custodians of the social conscience for very long."

Tourtellotte and Hummel of Idaho: The Standard Practice of Architecture. By PATRICIA W R I G H T and LISA B .

REITZES. (Logan: Utah State Uni-

versity Press, 1987. x + 109 pp.

Paper, $13.95.)

Connecticut-born John Tourtellotte and German-born Charles Hummel arrived in Boise in the early 1890s and over the next half-century designed scores of buildings throughout Idaho, eastern Oregon, and Washington.

While their best known buildings are in Boise and include the Idaho State Capitol, St. J o h n ' s Cathedral, the Egyptian Theater, and Hotel Boise, Tourtellotte and Hummel also designed churches, schools, university buildings, libraries, business buildings, courthouses, fraternal halls, and residences, most of which remain as a rich architectural heritage for the Gem State. Their 1912 design for the Utah State Capitol," a somewhat bizarre, somehow mesopotamian design," won a $750 prize from the Utah State Capitol Commission but finished behind the design of another German immigrant architect, Richard K. A. Kletting.

The book includes a 15-page introductory essay providing some biographical information on the architects, the history of their firm, and comments about their architecture.

The major part of the book is a catalogue of significant works richly illus-

trated with photographs, sketches, drawings, and floor plans. A list of projects by year and location is also included.

Houses and Homes: Exploring Their History. By BARBARA J .

HOWE et al.

(Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1987. xiv + 168 pp. Paper, $13.95.)

This is the second volume in the AASLH's Nearby History series designed to provide assistance to researchers interested in investigating the "close-at-hand world." The purpose of this book is to guide local historians through the process of documenting and interpreting the residential buildings around them. Part I introduces the sources used to research house histories, and Part II offers instructions on how to interpret the research d a t a that those sources generate. House histories are an important component of any comprehensive local history program, providing information about construction and domestic technology as well as social and cultural history at the basic family level.

Gerald Haslam. By GERALD LOCKLIN. Helen Hunt Jackson. By ROSEMARY WHITAKER. Richard Brautigan. By JAY BOYER. Ole Edvart Rolvaag. By ANN MOSELEY. Lanford Wilson. By MARK BUSBY. N O S . 77, 78, 79, 80, and 81

in the Western Writers

Series.

Edited by WAYNE CHATTERTON and MAGUIRE. (Boise: Boise State University Department of English, 1987. 52 pp. each. Paper, $2.95 each.)

JAMES H .

This continuing series, primarily regional in nature, provides brief but authoritative introductions to the lives and works of authors who have written

Book Reviews and Notices significant literature about the American West. The idea is a terrific one because it makes these authors readily accessible to general readers as well as students and teachers who want some solid information about a writer's life and work but lack the time or inclination to read a book-length study or pour over literary journals.

The series began with Vardis Fisher.

Other writers with strong Utah connections that are included in the series are Wallace Stegner, Edward Abbey, and Virginia Sorensen.

The 1987 crop illustrates the scope of the series. Haslam is a contemporary California writer whose short stories about the Central Valley have won critical a c c l a i m . J a c k s o n ' s Ramona, an 1884 best seller, helped to romanticize southern California history. Brautigan's experimental fiction — including Trout Fishing in America— continues to receive mixed reviews from the critics. Rolvaag's Giants in the Earth, on the other hand, remains one of the great classics of prairie and immigrant fiction. Wilson, who won the 1979 Pulitzer Prize for his play Talley's Folly, has become one of America's leading playwrights.

River of Lost Dreams: Navigation on the Rio Grande. By PAT KELLEY. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. xii -t- 149 pp. $19.95.)

River of Lost Dreams describes the Rio Grande, stretching from southwestern Colorado to the Gulf of Mexico, and the attempts to travel it by steamboat, keelboat, and flatboat. European exploration and settlement along the river, diversion of water for irrigation, trade, Mexican and American politics and economics, and intrigue and corruption have all affected the use of the river. Kelley's narrative brings to light

383 fascinating aspects of the story ignored by earlier writers.

Bacon, Beans, and Galantines: Food and Foodways on the Western Mining Frontier. By JOSEPH R . CONLIN. (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986. xii + 246 pp. $27.50.)

First of all, this is not another cookbook. It is, rather, a delightful and scholarly social history of food on the western mining frontier—a subject that reveals much about the daily rituals and habits of American metal miners and their wives. Beans, bacon, and biscuits are part of the myth of the West—the traditional diet of the cowboy, the miner, and the settler. But Conlin reveals that miners were not only sophisticated in their tastes but ingenious in arranging to have extravagant foods such as oysters, champagne, and strawberries rushed across the high desert to their dinner tables.

Salt Lake City, for example, was particularly noted as a source for fresh fruits (p. 49). Not all the food was exquisite in the mining camps, of course.

The "awful g r u b " at Utah's Apex Mine was bewailed in the colorful ditty (p. 170).

Desert Cantos. By RICHARD MISRACH. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987. x + 108 pp.

Cloth, $39.95; paper, $19.95.)

Misrach is a widely exhibited photographer with a continuing interest in the desert, particularly the southern California desert. Reyner Banham's introduction advises that the desert Misrach "presents here is the other desert. Not the pure unsullied wilderness . . . the desert of Christian purification and American longing, but the real desert that we mortals can actually

384 visit â&#x20AC;&#x201D; stained and trampled, franchised and fenced, burned, flooded, grazed, mined, exploited, and laid waste. It is the desert that is truly ours, for we have made it so and must live with the consequences." So there are photographs of burning trees (not the burning bush) and burning dumps, flooded resorts and abandoned houses, mobile homes and ATV tracks.

The book is beautifully printed and

Utah Historical Quarterly makes a statement worth makingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; humans foul their own nests. Many of the photographs have such a hazy pastel quality, however, that the ugliness of a flooded marina or a burning dump becomes muted and almost dreamlike. Perhaps that is part of the statement: we have become so accustomed to ugliness that it is muted in our consciousness.

INDEX Italic numbers refer to illustrations.

Abbott, Lyman, Outlook editor, view of Mormons of, 364 Abbott, Mary Ogden, artist, 200 Adams, Samuel, and Colorado River, 116, 118 Aesthetic Movement, and Oscar Wilde's 1882 U.S. lecture tour, 322-34 Alarcon, , early Spanish explorer, 106, 108 Albright, Horace M., NPS director, 217, 227; acquisition politics of, 214-15, 220; and Cedar Breaks, 219, 221, 222, 225-31, 234-35 Aleson, Harry: and Norman Nevills, 193, 194; river running business of, 196 Allan, Mrs. James, early San Juan settler, 63 Allen, Oren D., Moab home of, used as courthouse, 77 Allen, Robert, army officer, and Colorado River survey, 114 Allen, Thomas J., NPS supt., and Cedar Breaks, 222-26 Allen, W. I., Silver Reef mine manager, 25 Allred, Billy, early Moab resident, 75 Allred, James, militia officer during Black Hawk war, 13, 15, 16-17, 19 Allred, William, LDS bishop in Circleville, 13, 16, 17, 19 Alviso, Jesus, and Mitchell and Merritt murders, 55 Ambrois, Louis, trapper, and Green River, 112 Ambrosio, , priest in Santa Fe, library of, 108 American party, control of SLC govt, by, 346 n. 6 Amos, Joseph, prison warden, 27 Anderson, A. C , and Circleville massacre, 18 Ashley, William H., Green River exploration of, 109-10 Associated Boys Clubs of Utah, 360 Associated Civic Clubs of Southern Utah, and Cedar Breaks, 223 Atkinson, W. E., member of Nevills's 1938 river trip, 187, 190-91 Aztec Creek, 139

B Bai-alil-le, Navajo, shooting incident involving, 61-62 Baker, Mildred E., on 1940 Nevills river run, 192-93 Ball, Bill, L C Cattle foreman and posse leader, 44 Bamberger, Simon, Nevada mining interests of, 245 Bandelier National Monument, 217, 218, 220 Barney, Lewis, courier during Black Hawk War, 12 Barney, Orson, Black Hawk War casualty, 10 Barton, Amasa, San Juan County sheriff, 44 Barton, Morgan A., early San Juan described by, 37

Baskin, Robert, SLC mayor, and Industrial Army, 29 Bates, Sarah M . , difficulties of, with LDS leaders, 23-24 Bean, George W., and exploration of eastern Nevada, 240-41 Bear, Iby, Goshute leader, 267 Bear, Richard, Goshute leader, 267 Beck, Carl, Indian agent, 264, 266 Beckworth, Jim, and exploration of Green River, 109 Beere, Mrs. Bernard, letter of Oscar Wilde to, 330 Belknap, William W., secy, of war, and Colorado River, 118 Bell, Lorin, and 1938 Nevills river run, 190-91 Bennett, Ben, and Matilda Hales, 285 Bennett, Lillie Hales, sister of Matilda Hales, 280, 286 Bennett, Myrle Western, and Matilda Hales, 279, 282, 286, 287, 293 Bernheimer, Adolph (uncle), 140 Bernheimer, Alice (daughter), 141 Bernheimer, Charles Leopold, 137, 145; background and personality of, 139-45; expeditions of, in southeastern Utah and northern Arizona, 137-66, 156, 163, 164, 166, 183; geographical accomplishments of, 165; and Rainbow Bridge, 138, 140, 142, 144, 149, 154-55, 147-65; writings of, 140-42 Bernheimer, Clara Silbermann (wife), 140-41; natural bridge named for, 141, 144 Bernheimer, Helen (daughter), 141 Bigler, , Mormon Battalion diary of, 271 Billings, Alfred N., leader of Elk Mountain Mission, 67 Bingham, Utah, copper mine at, 246-47 Birdseye, Clarence H., USGS maps by, 125 Birney, Hoffman, writer, member of Charles Kelly's Glen Canyon party, 122, 122-27, 128, 129, 136 Black, Dean, resident of Deseret, 285 Black Hawk, Ute Indian, raids of, 4, 5, 6, 17, 67 Black Hawk War (1865-68): history of Circleville massacre during, 4-21; Indian casualties of, 4, 5-6, 7-8, 15; veterans of, 9; white casualties of, 5, 8, 10, 14 Black, Inga, and Matilda Hales, 285 Black, Verno, and Matilda Hales, 285 Black, Victoria, Relief Society member, 282 Blanding, Utah, Mormon Co-op at, 145 Blackburn, Elias Hicks, LDS bishop in Provo, 311 Blasdel, H. G., gov. of Nevada Terr., and mining, 242 The Blimp, pro. wrestler, 351, 352 Bliss, W. J., Grand County sheriff, 83 Bluff Co-op, herd of, 150 Bluff, Utah, 36, 41, 57; early Mormon settlement in, 37-40, 56-58

386 Boreman, judge in Ann Eliza Young alimony suit, 24 Boren, Emil, gold strike of, 80 Boulder Dam, building of, 248 Bowman, John, Navajo agent, 64-65 Boxing, reminiscences of, and boxers in Utah, 335-48. See also names of individual boxers Boy with Many Horses, Navajo, 55 Boy Scouts: in SLC, 336; in Ogden, 360 Bransons, family in Moab, 77 Bringhurst, William, and Colorado River, 114 Britt, Jimmie, lightweight boxer, 342, 343 Brock Gang, southern Utah rustlers, 76 Brooks, Bob (son), 274 Brooks, Clare (son), 274 Brooks, Grant (son), 274 Brooks, Juanita, 268, 273; civic activities of, 276; diary projects of, 271, 272-73; as Dixie College teacher, 270; and Mountain Meadows Massacre, 271, 276-77; a son's recollections of, 268-77 Brooks, Karl (son), 273-74, 275 Brooks, Tony (son), 274 Brooks, Willa (daughter), 271-72, 275 Brooks, William ("Will") (husband), 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276-77 Bryant, Harold C , NPS education director, 227, 227, 230, 231 Bryce Canyon National Park, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 234 Buchanan, James, and Utah War, 240-41 Burg, Amos, river runner, 131, 133 Burns, Tommy, boxer, 346 Burt, Andrew, marshal, death of, 314, 321 Burt, C , inscription hoax of, 135 Burton, R. T.: and C. H. Wilcken, 312; and Heber City militia, 311 Bush, Joe, U.S. marshal, and Carlisle Cattle Co., 47; and San Juan Mormons, 46 Busky, William, and Joe Hill case, 35 Butler, James, wounded in Black Hawk War, 15 Butt, Parley R., Bluff road supervisor, 58 Butt, Willard ("Dick"), San Juan County sheriff, 46 Butterfield, , and Colorado River navigation, 116-17

Gaboon, and Matilda Hales, 285 Caliente, Nevada, 239, 243 Callister, Thomas, LDS bishop of Fillmore, 19, 21 Callister, Thomas, militia officer, 311 Callville, Utah, brief Mormon settlement of, 117-19 Cammerer, Arno B., NPS assoc. director, 227, 231 Camp Floyd, theatrical performances at, 69 Cannon, Abraham H.: polygamy cases against, 26-27, 315, 317, 318; and Sevier dam, 319

Utah Historical Quarterly

Cannon, Angus M., 312, 318 Cannon, Bowman, deputy U.S. marshal, 24, 315, 318 Cannon, David H., 318 Cannon, Emma, daughter of Abraham H., 315 Cannon, Frank J., anti-Mormon articles by, 362, 365, 366 Cannon, George Q.: arrest and imprisonment of, 26, 27, 312, 316, 316, 317; and C. H. Wilcken, 315, 318, 320 Cannon, John Q,., and Sevier dam, 319 Cannon, Marsena, photographer, 318 Cannon, Walter, St. George postmaster, 272 Capitol Reef National Monument, 220 Cardenas, Spanish explorer, 106 Carlisle Catde Co.: and Henry Mitchell, 62; problems of, with San Juan Mormons, 45, 46-49 Carlisle, Edmund, cattleman, 45 Carlisle, Harold, cattleman, 45 Carter, , secy, of Arizona Terr., 118 Cassidy, Butch, hideouts of gang of, 76 Cato, Charles, 80 Cattle industry: in northeastern Nevada, 247-48; in San Juan County, 39, 43-44 Cedar Breaks National Monument, 212-12, 232-33; rivalry of Forest Service and Park Service over, 213-35 Cedar City Chamber of Commerce, and Cedar Breaks, 223-25 Central Pacific Railroad, Elko, Nevada, established by, 239 Chaffin, Arthur, river runner, 134, 193, 197 Chaffin, Delia, wife of Arthur, 197 Charles III, expulsion of Jesuits by, 107 Chase Mill, 313 Chautauqua movement, program of, in Utah, 359-62, 367, 368 Cherry, , Third District Court judge, 31 Christensen, Carrie, mother-in-law of Edna Hales Christensen, 287 Christensen, Christian, casualty of Black Hawk War, 14-15 Christensen, Edna Hales, niece of Matilda Hales, 287-88 Chryst, William, member of Stone expedition, 130, 131 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: and early law enforcement in San Juan County, 36-49; exploration of eastern Nevada by, 240-41; influence of, in Nevada, 249; reaction of, to Mountain Meadows Massacre, 276-77; and settlement of southeastern Utah, 37-40, 67-69; theocracy of, 237 Circleville, Utah: history of massacre of Indians in, during Black Hawk War, 4-21; inadequate defenses of, 9, 11-14; settlement of, 8-9 Clark, John, SLC mayor, 31 Clark, William A., Montana senator, 248 Clawson, Hiram B., and C. H. Wilcken, 311, 315, 317, 318

387

Index Clawson, Mamie, daughter of Hiram, 317 Clayton, Nephi, territorial official, 26 Clifford, Jack, SLC boxer, 344 Clover, Elzada, botanist, 186-87; member of Nevills's 1938 river trip, 190-91, 193 Clyde, Earl, wildlife researcher, 173, 176 Coffroth, Jimmy, San Francisco fight promotor, 348 Cohen, Julius Henry, colleague of C. L. Bernheimer, 141, 143 Collier, John, BIA commissioner, 266 Colorado River: boats used on, 184, 186, 188, 196-97; Charles Kelly's trips in Glen Canyon of, 120-36, 127; commercial river trips on, 181-82, 190-91, 192, 195, 197, 198-99; early exploration of, and its tributaries, 105-19; maps of, 104, 172, 187; navigability of 113-19; 1938 French kayak trip on 167-80 Colville, Clyde, partner of John Wetherill, 146, 149 Combined Metals Reduction Co.: and mining and smelting in Nevada and Utah, 245-46; plant of, 244 Connor, Patrick Edward, and mining in eastern Nevada, 242 Corbett, J i m , boxer, 341, 343, 345 Corbin, J . N., editor of Grand Valley Times, 73 Corless, , deputy sheriff, and Joe Hill execution, 35 Coronado, , Spanish explorer, 106 Correll, Harry, prospector, 124-25 Cownover, A. G., militia officer during Black Hawk War, 13 Crafts, Bill, nephew of Matilda Hales, 281 Crafts, Elizabeth Hales, sister of Matilda Hales, 280, 281, 286 Crafts, Mary, niece of Matilda Hales, 281 Crafts, Ralph, nephew of Matilda Hales, 281, 282, 285, 287, 290 Cramm, T. J . , army officer, and Colorado River survey, 114 Cramton, Louis, federal attorney, 251 Creel, Lorenzo, BIA official, 258-59 Critchlow, J . J., supt. of Indian affairs, 67 Cropper, Fannie, Relief Society member, 282 Crosby, Jesse W., and Colorado River navigation, 118 Crosby, Sarah Jane Hales, sister of Matilda Hales, 280, 282 Croxall, Mary E., plural wife of A. H. Cannon, 27 Cummings, Byron, anthropologist, 148, 149, 153, 161 Curry, George ("Flat Nose"), gang leader, 79 Cutler, Hugh, on 1940 Nevills river run, 192-93

Dallin, Cyrus E., sculptor, 69 Dalton, D. H. ("King"), San Juan commissioner, 47-49

County

Dame, William, and exploration of eastern Nevada, 241 Dame, W. H., militia leader during Black Hawk War, 16-17 Damke, Anna Catharina Christine, sister of C. H .

Wilcken, 312 Damke, Christine (daughter), 312 Damke, Emily (daughter), 312 Damke, Wilhelmine (daughter), 312 Damron, Marie, Relief Society member 282 Darrow, , Moab stage driver, 72 Darrow family, feud of, with Gibsons, 74 Darrow Hotel, Moab, used as jail, 76-77 Darrow, Ma, Moab rooming house of, 76-77 Daugherty, James F., San Juan County activities of, 57-59 Davies, Byron, and Crossing of the Fathers, 129 Davis County, Industrial Army in, 29 Davis, James L., early San Juan settler, 53 Davis, Jefferson, secy, of war, and Colorado River, 114 Davis, Mrs. James, early San Juan settler, 52 Day, , deputy, 79 Day, Herbert, brother-in-law of Martha Westwood, 73, 75 Day, Jimmy, death of, 75 Day, Mary, sister of Martha Westwood, 73, 75 Deason, B. V., on 1940 Nevills river run, 192-93 Decker, James B., San Juan County sheriff, 39 Decker, Zechariah B., San Juan County selectman, 38 DeColmont, Bernard, 167, 176, 179, 180; 1938 kayak trip of, on Green and Colorado rivers, 167-80 DeColmont, Genevieve, 167, 170, 174, 179, 180; 1938 kayak trip of, on Green and Colorado rivers, 167-80 DeGrauw, Aymar & Co., New York oar firm, 189 Delamar, J . R., Nevada mining interests of, 245 Demaray, Arthur E., NPS official, 227 Dempsey, Bernie (brother), 337, 339 Dempsey, Johnny (brother), 337 Dempsey, William Harrison (Jack), 335, 336, 339; career beginnings of, 337; earnings of, 336, 337, 339; and kids, 336, 337, 339; mother of, 336-37; promotion of, by Tex Rickard, 341, 348; size of, 338 Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad: line of, completed to Thompson, 69; and National Park Service, 220 Derby, George H., naval officer, and Colorado River, 113 Deseret and Salt Lake Agricultural and Manufacturing Co., 319 Deseret Gymnasium, 363, 363 Deseret News: L. V. McNeely photographer for, 349; and Oscar Wilde's SLC lecture, 326, 327, 328, 331, 333; and polygamy controversy, 364-65; and SLC Police Dept., 29-32; and subpoena served on Brigham Young, 23 Deseret Telegraph Co., 321

388 Deseret, Utah, early midwife and nurse in, 278-93 Deseret Ward Relief Society, 282 DeSeyne, Antoine, 167, 170, 180; 1938 kayak trip of, on Green and Colorado rivers, 167-80 Desloge, Joe, on Green River, 181 DeSpain, Roy, boat builder, 173 Dewey, Utah: ferry at, 79-80; school at, 3; Westwood homestead at, 81 Dewsnup, Arprilla, resident of Deseret, 285 Dewsnup, Henry, and Matilda Hales, 285 Diaz, Melchior, Spanish explorer, 106 Dietrich, Joseph Walter, and German-language newspaper, 319 Dilly, Tom, cattle rustler, 79 Dixie College, Juanita Brooks taught at, 270 Dodge, Frank B., USGS employee, 186, 193 Dominguez, Atanasio, priest/explorer, 108, 129 Donner party, Charles Kelly's writings on, 121-23 Double, Mildred, 86 Douglass, A. E., astronomer, 153 Douglass, William Boone, General Land Office official, 148, 149 Downing, Hardy K.: as bicycle racer, 338-39; SLC club of, 337 Doyle, , U.S. marshal, 317 Duckwater Shoshone Indians, 267 Duffin, Gene, Boy Scout, 336 Dunn, William, member of 1869 Powell expedition, 130 Durkee, Charles, territorial governor and Black Hawk War, 20, 20-21 Dyer, Frank H., U.S. marshal, 26, 27, 315, 316

Eastman, Galen, Navajo agent, and murder of Mitchell and Merritt, 55 Eddington, Wes, wildlife researcher, 173, 175, 177 Eddy, Clyde L., Grand Canyon traverses of, 193 Edmunds Act, 25-26 Eliason, Eldon, eulogy of, for Matilda Hales, 279, 293 Elkington, Lenora Bennett, niece of Matilda Hales, 290, 291, 292 Elkus, Charles, river trip of, 186 Elliot, R. H., bandit, 85-86 Ely, John, and Nevada mining, 242 Ely, Nevada, 236; ties of, to Utah, 236 Emery County, Moab and Grand County originally part of, 66, 68, 75 Erb, G. S., hotelkeeper, 329 Exum, , federal marshal, 27

Farrow, Edgar, agent for Paiutes, 263 Ferguson, , Arizona canyon named for, 157 Ferry, James, and Colorado River navigation, 116-17

Utah Historical Quarterly Fewkes, Jesse W., archaeologist, 153 Fickey, Fred, insurance adjuster, 60-61 First Methodist Episcopal Church of Ogden, 358; minister of, 359-69 Fish, Joseph, and Black Hawk War, 20 Fisher, Frederick Vining, 361; and Chautauqua movement, 359-62, 367; defense of Mormons by, 359-60, 362-67, 368, 369; as Methodist minister in Ogden, 359-69; and Pan-Pacific Expo., 368; and prohibition, 359-60; travelogues of, 368-69 Fitzpatrick, Paul, associate of J . H. Cohen, 143 Fitzsimmons, Bob, boxer, 341, 345 Flattum, Pat M . , 1931 Colorado River expedition of, 183 Flavell , river running contribution of, 188 Forbidding Canyon, Bernheimer's exploration of, 137-66 Fort Lewis, troops from, sent to San J u a n County, 62-64 Fort Montezuma: early San Juan settlers built, 53; flood at, 64 Fort Sanford, garrison north of Panguitch during Black Hawk War, 13, 15 Fort Wingate, troops from, sent to San J u a n County, 63 Four Corners area. Mormon colonization in, 37-40 Fowles, Henry, R. D. Westwood lived with family of, 70-71 Frazier, Russell G., 131, 134; Bingham physician, river trips of, 129, 130-32, 133-36 Freece, Hans P., anti-Mormonism of, 366 Freighting in Utah and Arizona, 71 Frenchie, early Moab area resident, 68 Froid, James, Black Hawk War casualty, 10 Frost, John A. ("Jack"), USGS employee, 185 Frost, Nana, wife of John A., 185

Galloway, Nathaniel, river runner and boat designer, 130, 168, 170, 188, 193 Gambling, 342, 343 Ganado Mucho, Navajo leader, 58 Gans, Joe, boxer, 341, 343-45 Garces, Francisco, priest/explorer, 107-8 Gardner, Archibald, and Saltair Railroad, 320 Gardner, Root, boxer, 346 Gardo House, Oscar Wilde's description of, 330 Gass, Octavius D., and Colorado River navigation, 117 Gates, Sam, prospector, 125 Gearheart, Mrs. , teacher in Hite, 197 Gibson, , Moab resident, 74 Gibson, William C , photographer on Nevills's 1938 river trip, 187, 190-91 Gibson, John, cowboy/outlaw, 47 Gila CUff Dwellings National Monument, 217 Gilbert and Sullivan's Patience, popularity of, 323, 325

389

Index Given, John, family of, killed during Black Hawk War, 5 Glasmann, William, mayor of Ogden, 367 Glen Canyon: Charles Kelly's trips into, 121-36, 128; Crossing of the Fathers in, 129, 130; flooding of, 121, 130; map of, 127 Glenwood Park (Ogden), Chautauqua program in, 360-61 Godbe, William S.: and Brigham Young, 244; mining interests of, in Nevada, 243-45 Goldfield, Nevada, 345; as boomtown, 344, 346; Gans-Nelson fight in, 341, 343-45 Goldwater, Barry, and river running, 192-93, 200 Gompers, Samuel, and Joe Hill case, 34 Gordon, William ("Latigo"), Carlisle foreman, 47-49 Gorgeous George, pro. wrestler, 340, 351 Goshute Indians, 250, 253, 258, 260, 261; attachment of Skull Valley band of, to homeland, 251-67; Ibapah group of, 252; 1863 federal treaty with, 253, 254, 258; struggle of, with federal govt, to retain homeland, 251-67; and Utes, 254, 256 Goshute Reservation: constitution of, 265; in Deep Creek Valley, attempts to get Skull Valley band to locate there, 262-66 Grand Canyon, traverses of, by boat, 193-94, 196, 197, 198-99 Grand Canyon National Park, 216, 219, 220, 229 Grand County: creation of, 75; economy of, 75-76; law enforcement in, 76-80, 83 Grand River Toll Road Company of Provo, 80 Granstaff, William ("Nigger Bill"), early Moab area resident, 68 Grant, Alexander G. ("Zee"), and Nevills's 1941 Grand Canyon traverse, 193-94 Grant, Ulysses S., administration of Indian affairs under, 148 Great Basin, Indians of, attached to native lands in, 251-67 Green River: commercial river trips on, 181, 182, 190, 192, 192, 196, 197, 198-99; early exploration of, 105, 108, 109, 111-13; map of, 172; 1938 French kayak trip on, 167-80 Greene, Silas, cattleman, killed by Indians, 68 Gregory, Herbert E., geologist, 138, 146 Grey, Zane, and Rainbow Bridge, 138 Grove, William, and murders of Walcott and McNally, 61 Guggenheim family, investment of, in Utah and Nevada copper cos., 246-47, 148 Gurr, James E. ( " E d " ) , forest supervisor, 223 Gypsy Joe, pro. wrestler, 353

H Hakes, Collins R., and Black Hawk War, 15 Hales, Albert (brother), 280 Hales, Bert (nephew?), 282 Hales, Charles (brother), 280 Hales, Eliza Ann Ewing (first wife of father), 279

Hales, Emma Sloan (sister-in-law), 281 Hales, George (brother), 280 Hales, Henry William (father), 279-81, 280, 283, 293; home of, 283 Hales, Horace (brother), 280 Hales, Hugh (brother), 280, 281 Hales, Hulda (niece), 288 Hales, Ira (brother), 280 Hales, Jacob (brother), 280 Hales, John (brother), 280 Hales, Joseph William (brother), 280 Hales, Mary Ann (sister), 280, 281, 283, 285, 286, 292 Hales, Matilda: biography of, Millard County nurse and midwife, 278-93, 278, 280, 283, 286; education of, 281, 282-83; and LDS church, 281, 282, 284, 287, 291; remedies of, 288-90, 289; song book of, 292 Hales, Roy (brother), 280, 281, 283, 290 Hales, Sara Jane McKinney (mother), 279-81, 280, 283, 286, 293; home of, 283 Hall, Ansel F., and Rainbow Bridge, 183 Hamblin, Jacob, and Colorado River, 116, 117, 118, 129 Hamblin, William, silver discovery of, in Nevada, 241, 242 Hamilton, , physician, 287 Hampton, B. Y., and Sevier dam, 319 Hanlon, Eddie, boxer, 342-43 Hansen, Hans Christian, Black Hawk War casualty, 10 Hardy, A. P., Washington County sheriff, 25 Hardy, R. W. H., and Colorado River, 110 Harrell, Andrew J., Texas and Nevada cattleman, 248 Harriman, Harrison H., early San J u a n settler, 53 Harris, LaPhene ( " D o n " ) , river runner, 186, 187-91, 199 Hart, Marvin, boxer, 346 Haskell, Thales: and Ives survey, 115; and Navajo Frank, 41-42 Hatch, Bus, river runner, 177 Hatch, Mrs. Bus, and French kayakers, 177 Hawkins, Jim ("Silver T i p " ) , horse thief, 79, 80 Head, F. H., Utah supt. of Indian affairs, 21, 67 Health care, early provider of, in Millard County, 278-93 Hector, B. W., camp of, robbed, 85 Heilersen, Ole, Black Hawk War casualty, 10 Heintzelman, Samuel P., and Colorado River, 113 Hererra, Aurelio, boxer, 343 Hewitt, Edgar, L., archaeologist, 153 Hill, Joe, execution of, 33-35 Hippodrome Theatre, Dempsey boxed at, 337 Hite, Cass: and Colorado River, 132; and Indian grazing practices, 59 Hobbs, George, early San Juan settler, 53 Hole-in-the-Rock expedition, 56; artifacts on trail of, 135

Utah Historical Quarterly

390 Holmes, rancher, 170 Holmes, R., NPS official, 227 Holmstrom, Haldane ("Buzz"), river runner, 131, 133, 191, 193 Home Dramatic Club, 327 Hoover Dam, building of, 248 Hoover, Herbert: administration of, and NPS, 220; Nevada mining interests of, 246 Hot Springs National Park, 226 Houston, D. F., secy, of agriculture, 216-17 Howland brothers, members of 1869 Powell expedition, 130 Hudson, Ed, on 1942 Nevills river run, 194 Hughes, Byron O. ("Barney"), on Charles Kelly river run, 123, 125, 126 Humboldt County, Utah Territory, creation of, 238 Hunt, Ernest P. ("Husky"), Stanford coach and river runner, 184, 186 Huntington, William D., southeastern Utah explored by, 67 Hurst, Susannah, aunt of Richard Webley Westwood, 69 Hyde, William E., San J u a n County sheriff, 48 Hyde, William, trader to the Navajos, 53, 57, 58, 61, 64

149-51; as guide with Bernheimer expeditions, 142, 144-46, 145, 150; and Natural Bridges, 142, 145, 146, 151 Johnson, George A., and Colorado River, 114, 116 Johnson, J . W., and prisoners in Moab jail, 85 Johnson, Jack, boxer, 341, 346-48 Johnson, Joe, and bootleggers, 84 Johnson, Joel H., father of Ezekiel, 149 Johnson, Joseph H., 80 Johnson, Nephi, brother of Ezekiel, 150 Johnson, V. R., murderer spotted by, 85-86 Johnson, William, cowboy/outlaw, 47 Johnson, Willis D., river runner, 103, 133-36 Johnston's Army, 309-11 Jones, Fredrick I., settled Monticello, Utah, 45 Jones, Kumen, early San J u a n County resident, 41-42, 44, 63, 65 Jones, W. W., inscription by, in Moki Canyon, 135 Jotter, Lois, graduate student and river runner, 187, 190-91, 193 J u d d , Neil M., archaeologist, 146, 149, 183 Julien Denis, trapper. 111, 111-12

I

Kaibab Reservation, 258 Kanosh, Pahvant chief, 19,20 Kay, Lee, wildlife researcher, 173, 176 Kelly, , SLC fight promoter, 341 Kelly, Charles, 120, 131; as Capitol Reef custodian, 121; character and personality of, 120-22, 136; and Crossing of the Fathers, 129; and Glen Canyon, 121-36, 124, 134; investigations by, of Salt Lake Desert and Donner trails, 121, 122; and Ku Klux Klan, 121; and Stone expedition, 129-33; writings of, 122-23 Kelly, Harriet Greener, wife of Charles, 121 Kelly, Robert, cowboy/outlaw, 47 Kessel, Dmitri, Life photographer, 194 Ketchum, H. H., capt., report of, on Indianwhite conflict in San J u a n County, 63-64 King, Samuel, ferry at Dewey, Utah, built by, 80 King, William H., U.S. Sen., and Cedar Breaks, 223 Kino, Eusebio Francisco, Spanish priest/explorer, 107 Kolb, Emery C , and river running, 188, 191, 193 Kreps, J . F., lieut., and Indian-white conflict in San J u a n County, 62-63 Ku Klux Klan, Charles Kelly a founder of, in Utah, 121

Ibapah, Utah, Indian farm at, 252, 254 Ickes, Harold L., secy, of interior, and Cedar Breaks, 235 Iliff, Thomas C , anti-Mormonism of, 366 Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 262, 265, 266 Indians, federal " r e m o v a l " policy toward, 251-67. See also specific tribes and individuals Industrial Army, arrival of, in Ogden, 29 Ingalls, G. W., Indian agent, and Goshutes, 256-57 Inglesby, A. L., dentist, member of Stone expedition, 130, 131 International Workers of the World, and Joe Hill case, 33-34 Irwin, Jake, river run of, 186 Ives, Joseph C , Colorado River survey of, 114-15, 115

Jack, James: and C. H. Wilcken, 312; as territorial official, 26 Jeffries, Jim, boxer, 341, 346-48 Jenkins, Bruce, U.S. District Court judge, 249 Jenkins, Sam, posse member, 79 Jensen, Blanche Dewsnup, and Matilda Hales, 284, 290 Jessum, Jose, trapper, 112 Johnson, A., and murders of Walcott and McNally, 61 Johnson, D. A., amateur actor, 78 Johnson, Ezekiel ("Zeke"): background of,

K

Langtry, Lily, actress, 329 Larabee, Charles W., river runner, 192-93, 196 Larsen, B. F., friend of Juanita Brooks, 272

391

Index Larsen, Oluf Christian, and Black Hawk War, 16, 18, 19 Larsen, Ronald, illness of, 272 LaVatta, George, Shoshone Indian, 266 Layne, Jonathan Ellis, C. H. Wilcken captured by, 310 L C Cattle Co., San Juan County outfit, 44 Lee, Francis, and settlement of Panaca, Nev., 241-42 Lee, John D., biog. of, 277 Lee, William, Grantsville setder, 252, 256 Leroux, Antoine, guide and trapper. 111, 113 Lewis, Albert, Black Hawk War casualty, 14 Lister, Florence, biographer, 142, 154 Lister, Robert, biographer, 142, 154 Little Moon, Goshute leader, 265 Little Zion Canyon, 219 Logan, Harvey ("Kid Curry"), outlaw, 79 Lowder, ______ militia officer during Black Hawk War, 15 Lund, John Farnsworth, and Jack Dempsey, 335, 335-39 Lund, Zack, Boy Scout, 336 Lutz, Alma, early Moab resident, 74, 75 Lyman, Joseph, posse member, 42 Lyman, Lynn, and 1944 film of river run, 194 Lyman, Platte, D., early San J u a n County settler, 38, 39-40, 63

M McBride, James, and Goshutes, 252 McClintock, Sammy, boxer's second, 342 McCormick & Co., A. Pratt employed by, 26 McCullough, Rose, and Matilda Hales, 288 McDonald, Catherine, Nez Perce, 105 McKay, David O., Ogden civic activities of, 368 McNally, James, prospector, murder of, 60-61 McNary, , L.A. fight promoter, 347 McNeely, L. V., photographer, and pro. wrestling, 349-57 Madsen, David H., NPS wildlife supervisor, 226 Manley, William L., gold seeker, and Green River, 113 Manuelito, Navajo leader, 58 Marcy, Randolph B., and Colorado River surveys, 113, 118 Margetts, Tom, Boy Scout, 336 Mariano, So. Ute leader, 54 Marston, Otis R., river runner, 194, 196, 197 Martineau, C. F., BIA land agent, 262-63 Marysvale, Utah, during Black Hawk War, 11, 12, 14-15 Masland, Frank, river runner, 189, 198, 200 Mather, Stephen T., 217; first NPS director, and Cedar Breaks, 213, 215, 219; policies and tactics of, 216, 217, 218, 220, 228, 234, 235 Matthews, James, and settlement of Panaca, Nev., 241-42 Maxwell, George R., U.S. marshal, 23 Maxwell House, Moab hotel, 77

Mayes, Thorn L., and 1933 Rainbow Bridge exped., 183-84 Mayhugh, John, Indian agent, 251 Merritt, James, partner of Ernest Mitchell, murder of, 53-55 Methodist church: attitudes within, concerning Mormonism, 362-67; F. V. Fisher minister of, in Ogden, 359-69; Ogden building of, 358 Mexican War (1846-48), 112 Miera, Bernardo, map of, 108 Millard County, early health care in, 278-93 Miller, Henry W., and Colorado River navigation, 118 Miller, Ralph, and bandits, 85 Mills, Anson, army officer, and Colorado River navigation, 118 Mining: in Bingham Canyon, 246-47; in Nevada, 237, 238, 241-47 Mint, SLC cafe, 338 Mitchell, Clara M., daughter of Henry L., 52 Mitchell, Ernest, son of Henry L., murder of, 53-54 Mitchell, Henry L., San Juan County homesteader and trading post operator, conflict of with Mormons and Indians, 50-65 Mitchell, Mrs. Henry L., and Navajo shooting incident, 61-62 Mitchell, Porter, son of Henry L., 51 Moab, Utah: becomes county seat, 75; exploration and settlement of, 67-69; incorporation of, 76; lawlessness in, 76, 79-80, 84; originally in Emery County, 66, 68; social life in, 74-75 Mollhausen, H. B., Ives survey artist, 115 Monticello, Utah, settlement of, 45 Monument Valley, 50, 183 Moody, Alice, Relief Society member, 282 Moon, Ennis, Goshute leader, 265, 267 Moon, Sam, Goshute leader, 265, 265 Moore, Walter, early Moab area resident, 68 Mormons: and California gold rush, 112; and Callville settlement, 117-19; and Colorado River, 114, 116, 117, 118; defense of, by F. V. Fisher, 359-60, 362-67, 368-69; and mining in Nevada, 241-42; and Oscar Wilde, 329, 330, 334; relations of, with Indians, 54, 56-57, 63; settlements and missions of, in Nevada, 7-8, 114, 115; in southeastern Utah, 36-49, 50-65, 67, 83; and state of Deseret, 112; and Utah War, 309-11. See also Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Polygamy, and names of individual Mormons Morris, Earl Halstead: archaeologist, background of, 151-54; expeds. of, with Bernheimer, 145, 151, 152, 154, 157-65, 160 Morris, Lowell, Boy Scout, 336 Morris, Scott N., father of Earl, murder of, 152 Morris, Willard, Boy Scout, 336 Morris, William, and Aesthetic Movement, 324, 325, 332 Morrison, Arling, murder of, by Joe Hill, 33 Morrison, John G., murder of, by Joe Hill, 33

Utah Historical Quarterly

392 Morrow, Henry, Indian agent, 257 Moskey, George A., NPS attorney, 227, 227 Moss, James, and Colorado River, 116 The Mountain Meadows Massacre, 271, 276-77 Mowry, Sylvester, army officer, and Colorado River, 114 Mukuntuweap National Monument (Zion National Park), 220 Munson, Eliza M . , and Black Hawk War, 11 Munson, James W., and Black Hawk War, 11 Murphy, Heber, Grand County sheriff, 83 Murray, Eli H., terr. gov., 26

N Narraguinip, So. Ute leader, 54 National Lead Corp., 245 National Park Service: rivalry of, with Forest Service, and Cedar Breaks, 213-35; staff of, 217, 227 Navajo Frank, renegade in San J u a n County, 40-42 Navajo Indians: and Black Hawk War, 17; and murder of Mitchell and Merritt, 55; relations of, with Mormons, 54, 56-57, 63, 64, 65, 67; in San J u a n County, 40-42, 53, 58-63 Navajo Lzike, 222 Navajo Mountain, 183 Neck, Lisa Moon, Goshute leader, 267 Neff, Victor, and murders of Walcott and McNally, 61 Nelson, "Battling," boxer, 341-45 Nelson, Nels C , so. Utah exped. of, 146, 153 Nevada: cattle industry in, 247-48; eastern counties of, history of and continuing ties of to Utah, 236-49; establishment of, as terr., 138-39; gambling in, 249; mining in, 237, 238, 241-47 Nevada Consolidated Copper Co., 246-48 Nevada Northern Railroad, 248 Nevills, Doris Drown (wife), 185, 186, 189, 19293, 196, 199-200 Nevills, Joan (daughter), 186, 189 Nevifls, Mae Davies (mother), 182 Nevills, Norman Davies, 181, 183, 189, 195, 196, 200; biography of, commercial river runner, 181-200; boats of, 184, 186, 186, 187-89, 191, 198-99, 200; controversial personality of, 182, 195; death of, in plane crash, 182, 199-200; and French kayakers, 177; lodge of, at Mexican Hat, 184, 185 Nevills, Sandra Jane (daughter), 193 Nevills, William Eugene (father), 182, i 5 5 New Mexico and Kansas Land and Cattle Co., 45 Nielsen, Ellen A., and Black Hawk War, 11 Nielsen, Mads, and Black Hawk War, 11 Nielsen, , LDS bishop in Bluff, 41, 42, 44, 49 Nielson, Jens, San J u a n County selectman, 38 Nolan, Billy, "Batding" Nelson's mgr., 344-45

Noland, Ernest O., trading post owner, 62 Not-si-san, Navajo guide for Bernheimer, 155 Nuttall, Eleanor (daughter), 318-19 Nuttall, L. John, LDS aide to church leaders, 314, 317, 318, 319, 320

Ogden Betterment League, 368 Ogden, Peter Skene, 110 Ogden, Utah: Boy Scouts in, 360; Chautauqua movement in, 359, 360; Industrial Army in, 29; Methodist church in, 358, 359-69; Y.M.C.A. in, 360 Okus, Paiute captured during Black Hawk War, 8 Olafsson, Phil ("Swedish Angel"), pro. wrestler, 350-51, 353 Old Peejo, Navajo, 63 Oliver, Ellen, sister of Martha Westwood, 73 Oliver, John, husband of Ellen, 73, 74 Olsen, Ed, cinematographer, 194 Onate, J u a n de, Spanish explorer, 106-7

Paiute Indians: agency for, 264; attachment of, to native lands, 251; and Black Hawk War, 4-21; description of, 6-7; in early San J u a n County, 53, 59, 60; and murder of Mitchell and Merritt, 55; relations of, with Mormons, 54, 56-57 Panaca, Nevada: founding of, 241-42; and so.

Utah, 239 Panguitch, Utah, and Black Hawk War, 12, 13 Parker, Ely S., commissioner of Indian affairs, 254 Parkinson, Danna, asst. regional forester, 223-25 Parowan, Utah, ranchers in, opposed to Cedar Breaks, 224-25 Pater, Walter, and Aesthetic Movement, 325 Patraw, P. P., NPS supt., and Cedar Breaks, 227 Pattie, James Ohio, trapper, 110-11 Perkins, Hyrum, posse member, 42 Petersen, Marian, and wrestling match, 349 Petersen, Mark E., Deseret News publisher, 349 Petersen, N. S., and Matilda Hales, 291 Peterson, Mable Crafts, niece of Matilda Hales, 280, 281, 283, 285, 290, 291, 292 Peterson, Mons, Monticello store owner, 47 Pfoutz, Delbert, bandit, 85-86 Phelps, John Wolcott, capt. in Johnston's Army, 309 Piede Indians. See Paiute Indians Pike, Zebulon, capture of, by Spaniards, 108-9 Pinkley, Frank ("Boss"), NPS supt., 217-18 Pioche Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co., 245 Pioche, Nevada: mining in, 241-46; and so.

Utah, 239 Pipe Spring National Monument, 220 Piute Indians. See Paiute Indians

Index Polygamy: arrests or attempted arrests of LDS leaders for, 314-18; attitudes toward, 24, 25; enforcement of federal laws against, 25-28; F. V. Fisher's view of, 363-66; and Joseph Smith, 24; Lyman Abbott's view of, 264; national controversy over, 362-67; in San J u a n County, 40, 46 Powell, George, early Moab settler, 68 Powell, John Wesley: boats used by, 132-33, 168; and canyons of the Green and Colorado rivers, 105, 119, 130, 132, 177-78; and Goshutes, 256-57; monument dedicated to, 197 Pratt, Agnes E. Caine, wife of Arthur, 22, 23, 28 28 Pratt, Arthur, 22, 28; assault charges against, 28; attitude of, toward polygamy, 25, 27; and Brigham Young, 22-23, 24; law enforcement career of, 22-35; and Silver Reef strike, 25 Pratt, Lehi, mgr. of Beck's Hot Springs, 319 Pratt, Orson, father of Arthur, 23, 24, 26 Preace's Ferry, on Colorado River, 116 Preece, , Uintah County sheriff, 79 Provost-LeClerc company, trappers, 109 Pulsipher, Ernest, son of Juanita Brooks, recollections of, 268-77 Pyle, Ernest Taylor, journalist, 191 Pyle, Jerry, wife of Ernest, 191

Radcliffe, Mark, BIA land agent, 264 Railroads, and development of national parks, 219-20 Rainbow Bridge: and Bernheimer expeds., 13839, 140, 142, 144, 149, 154-55, 157-65; efforts to preserve, 183; first visitors to, 138 Rainbow Plateau: Bernheimer's exploration of, 137-66; naming of, 138 Rasmussen, , wildlife researcher, 173 Raymond and Ely Co., Pioche mining developer, 242, 244, 245 Reagan, Ronald, and M X missile, 249 Red Jacket, So. Ute leader, 54 Redd, Lemuel H., J r . , San J u a n County tax assessor and posse member, 39, 42 Reed, Del, river runner, 190-94 Reichmann, Dr., honored by city of St. George, 276 Reid, R. J . , and bandits, 85 Republican party, organization of, in Utah, 28 Richards, Franklin D., reports of, on Circleville, 8-9 Rickard, George Lewis ( " T e x " ) , fight promoter, 340, 341, 344-48 Riddle, Isaac, and Colorado River crossing, 116 Rigg, Jim, and the Nevillses, 200 Riordan, D. M., Navajo agent, 58-59, 62 Rishel, W. D. ("Bill"): Salt Lake Herald sporting editor, and early 20th century boxing, 340-48; and Gans-Nelson fight photos, 345 Ritchie, Morris L., judge in Joe Hill case, 34

393 Rivera, Juan Maria Antonio, Spanish explorer/ trader, 107 Robbins, Spencer, Boy Scout, 336 Roberts, Boliver, terr. treasurer, 26, 28 Roberts, Brigham H.: arrest of, for unlawful cohabitation, 26; Chautauqua program talk by, 362 Robinson, , capt., and Ives survey, 115 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., and national parks, 216 Rockwell, Porter, and C. H. Wilcken, 310 Rogers, Clarence, packer hired by Bernheimer, 143 Roosevelt, Franklin D., and Cedar Breaks, 235 Roosevelt, Theodore: view of Mormons of, 364; visit of, to Rainbow Bridge, 138 Rosner, Ann, river runner, 192-93 Rusling, James F., army officer, and Colorado River navigation, 118 Rust, David Dexter, commercial river runner, 125, 182 Rutledge, Richard H., regional forester, and Cedar Breaks, 222, 231

Sagi-nini-jazi, and Bernheimer exped., 160 St. George Temple, dedication of, 312 St. Mary's County, Utah Territory (present Nevada), 247; history of, and continuing ties of area of, to Utah, 236-49 Sale, Thomas C. W., and Black Hawk War, 6-7 Salmon River, commercial river trips on, 182, 195, 199 Saltair Railroad, 320 Salt Lake and Los Angeles Railroad, 248, 320 Salt Lake City, 338; American party control of, 346; boxing and boxers in, 335-48; lynching in, 314; and Oscar Wilde's U.S. lecture tour, 322-34; pro. wrestHng in, 349-57; water system of, 313 Salt Lake City Board of Police and Fire Commissioners, 30 Salt Lake City Chamber of Commerce, and Jeffries-Johnson fight, 347-48 Salt Lake City Gas Co., 28 Salt Lake City Police Dept., reforms and controversies in, under Arthur Pratt, 28-32 Salt Lake Herald: libel suit of Arthur Pratt against, 31; and Oscar Wilde's SLC lecture, 325-26, 327, 328, 333, 334; sporting page of, 340, 341, 345 Salt Lake Tabernacle, Oscar Wilde's description of, 330 Salt Lake Theatre, 331; Gilbert and Sullivan's Patience in, 323; Oscar Wilde's lecture in, 327, 328, 331-34 Salt Lake Tribune: founding of, 244; and Oscar Wilde's SLC lecture, 325, 329, 334; and polygamy controversy, 364-65 Sah Palace (old), 342, 342, 344 San J u a n Canyon, gold seekers in, 150

394 San Juan County: cattle industry in, 39, 43, 4344; conflict among early settlers and Indians in, 50-65; development of law enforcement in, 36-49; formation of, 38; Mormon colonization of, 37-40; Native Americans in, 37; taxation in, 39 San Juan County Court, 38, 39 San J u a n River: boats used on, 184, 188; commercial river trips on, 182, 194-99; map of, 187 Sanpitch, Ute chief, capture and death of, during Black Hawk War, 6 Schock, W. H., mining cabin of, 135 Schoenfeld, Eduard, LDS mission leader, 312 Schrek, , boxer, 346 Sedelmayr, , priest/explorer, 107 Seventeenth Ward (SLC), WWI projects of, 335-36 Severe, Harrison, and Goshutes, 252 Sevier River, dam project on, 319 Shadani, Navajo wrangler on Bernheimer exped., 155 Shafer, Frank, early Moab area resident, 68, 78 Shaw, Joseph, gatekeeper for Brigham Young, 22-23 Sherwood, Stephen, and silver in Pioche, Nev., 241 Shipler, Harry, photographer, 345 Shipp, Ellis R., physician and teacher, 282-86 Shiprus, Goshute, 258 Shoemaker, Ferdinand, and Goshutes, 262 Shoemaker, John ("Jack"), river runner, 123, 126 Shoshone Indians, attachment of, to native lands, 251 Silbermann, Jacob, N.Y. silk mfgr., 140 Siler, George, fight referee, 344-45 Silver Reef, Utah, 1881 strike at, 24-25 Sitgreaves, Lorenzo, army officer, and Colorado River navigation, 113 Six Companies, Inc., and building of Boulder (Hoover) Dam, 248 Skewes, John B., Grand County sheriff, 83, 85 Skull Valley Indian Reservation, 251, 255, 260, 260-67, 261; school at, 259, 261 Skufl Valley, Utah, Goshutes in, 250, 251-67, 253, 259, 260, 261, 265 Smith, Al, wrangler on Bernheimer exped., 155, 160 Smith, Allan, capt., sent to San J u a n County, 63-64 Smith, Edward, commissioner of BIA, 256, 257 Smith, Elias, judge, 26 Smith, George A., and Black Hawk War, 12-13 Smith, Jedediah, and Green River, 110 Smith, Jess, and Bernheimer exped., 160, 164, 165 Smith, Jesse N., leader in Parowan, 13 Smith, Joseph, and Sarah M. Bates, 24 Smith, Joseph F., and C. H. Wilcken, 315, 317, 318, 321

Utah Historical Quarterly Smith, Lot, funeral of, 320 Smith, "Pegleg," and attack on Indians, 105 Smith, Silas S., early settler and judge in San Juan County, 38, 50, 52 Smith, Silas S., and Indian troubles in Circleville, 7, 13, 15-16 Smith, Thomas L., trapper, 110 Smoot, Reed: and Cedar Breaks, 223; and toll r o a d CO., 80

Snake River, commercial trips on, 182, 196, 199 Snow, Erastus, 20; militia general in Black Hawk War, 17, 19, 20; and settlement of Panaca, Nev., 242 Snow, Warren, S., militia officer in Black Hawk War, 5, 6, 9 Snyder, E. H., mining and smelting interest of, in Nev. and Utah, 245-46 Sore Leg, So. Ute accused of murder, 60 Southern Ute Indians, activities of, in early San Juan County, 53-57, 60, 62, 64 Southworth, John S., river runner, 192-93 Spanish Trail, in southeastern Utah, 67 Sparks-Harrell, cattle outfit, 248 Sparks, John, Nev. gov. and cattleman, 248 Spencer, , store owner on San J u a n River, 62 Sports. See various sports and names of individual athletes Spry, William: and convict labor, 32; and JeffriesJohnson fight, 348; and Joe Hill case, 34-35 Stanton, Robert Brewster: Glen Canyon mining venture of, 130, 132; and James White controversy, 119 Stark, Malissa, amateur actress, 78 Stark, Zola, amateur actress, 78 Stearns, Frederic A., and 1931 Flattum-Wetherill exped., 183 Stegner, Wallace, view of, on Utah-Nev. ties, 239 Steward, Julian H., anthropologist, 123-29, 136 Stewart, Omer C , anthropologist, 251 Stewart, Randolph, LDS bishop and Moab orchardist, 68, 78 Stewart, Sarah, Moab midwife, 68 Stock, Angus, early Moab resident, 75 Stocks, Arch, murderer arrested by, 86 Stocks, Len, murderer arrested by, 86 Stone, George, son of Julius, 130, 131 Stone, Julius, river trips of, 129-33, 131, 170 Story, Isabelle F., NPS official, 227 Stout, Hosea, and C. H. Wilcken, 310, 311 Stuart, Robert Y., chief forester, and Cedar Breaks, 225, 228-31, 234 Sullivan, D. A., disgruntled voter, 28 Swain, Frank, river runner, 130, 131, 131-32

Tabby, Goshute leader, 253, 253, 258 Tangren, Andrew, horses of, stolen, 79 Taylor, , Moab judge, 74

395

Index Taylor, Crispin, southeastern Utah cattleman, 68 Taylor, John: and C. H. Wilcken, 312, 314; federal authorities eluded by, 26; funeral of, 27; and Oscar Wilde, 330 Taylor, Joseph E., son of John, 314 Taylor, Lester, early Moab resident, 75 Taylor, N. J., river runner, 186 Taylor, Norman, Colorado River ferry of, 69 Thomas, Arthur L., terr. gov., 54 Thomas, Dudy, guide, 143 Thompson, Louis, and Black Hawk War, 5-6 Thorne, Robert, rancher, 176 Toll, Roger, Yellowstone supt., and Cedar Breaks, 226 Tonto Canyon National Monument, 217 Tooele County, Utah, smelter and mifl in, 244, 245 Tourism, boosting of, by F. V. Fisher, 368-69.

See also various national parks and monuments Tourtellotte, J. E., Utah supt. of Indian affairs, 67, 254, 256 Tracy, Peter, killed by Indians, 60 Transportation, routes of, in early San J u a n County, 57 Trout, Tom, Moab school site donated by, 76 Trumbull, James, steamer of, on Colorado River, 113 Tweedy, , Colorado ferry passenger, 72 Tyler, Jesse, Grand County sheriff, 79

u Uintah and Ouray Reservation: Colorado Utes at, 67; and Skull Valley Goshutes, 254, 256, 258, 267 Ulloa, Francisco de, Spanish explorer, 106 Union Pacific Railroad, Cedar Breaks Lodge built by, 212-13, 220 U.S. Air Force, and M X missile siting, 249 U.S. Forest Service, rivalry of, with NPS, and Cedar Breaks, 213-35 University of Utah, Anthro. Dept. at, 123 Utah: legal status of boxing in, 341, 346; relationship of, to eastern Nev., 236-49 Utah Chautauqua Assn., 361 Utah Construction Co., 248 Utah Copper Co., 246-47 Utah Department of Fish and Game, and French kayakers, 173-76, 174 Utah Magazine, 244 Utah Methodist Mission, 365 Utah Sanitarian, 283 Utah State Fair, pro. wrestling in Coliseum at, 349-57 Utah State Prison (Sugarhouse), 33; and Joe Hill Execution, 33-35; reforms at, under warden Arthur Pratt, 32 Utah Territorial Legislature, creation of counties by, 238 Utah Territorial Penitentiary, 27

Utah Territory: establishment and extent of, 237-38; loss of territory by, to Nev., 238-40, 242; western part of (present Nev.), history of and continuing ties of, to Utah, 236-49 Utah War, 240-41, 309-11 Utah Woolgrowers Assn., and Cedar Breaks, 223 Ute Indians: and Black Hawk War, 4-21; and Goshutes, 254, 256; Mormon mission to, 67

Van Buren, C. M., early Moab area resident, 68 Vandermark, J. N., and silver in Pioche, Nev., 241 Velez de Escalante, Silvestre, priest/explorer, 108 Vincent, Joe, SLC cafe of, 338 Virgin River, early exploration of, 110-11, 116-18

w Wadleigh, Frank, D&RG exec, 220 Walcott, Samuel, prospector, murder of, 60-61 Walkara, Ute chief, 113 Walker House, SLC hotel, 329-30 Walker, Joseph Reddeford, trapper, 112 Walker, Mark, early Moab resident, 75 Walker, Milt, Dixie College student, 270 Walnut Canyon National Monument, 217 Walton, Charles E., San Juan County clerk, 38 Warner, Orlando W., Moab fruit grower, 68, 75, 76, 78 Warren, Henry W., Methodist bishop of Colorado, 365, 366 Wash, Tom, Goshute leader, 267 Webb, J. H., gold strike of, 80 Wells, Daniel H.: and Black Hawk War, 14, 14, 20; SLC mayor, 23 Wells, Heber M., gov., and outlaws, 79 Wells, Rulon S., election judge, 28 Welsh, "Spider," boxer, 341-42 Wendover, Nevada, casinos in, 249 West, Lewis, river runner, 193 West, William, and Black Hawk War, 15 Western, John Henry, and Matilda Hales, 291 Western River Tours, 196 Western Shoshone Agency, 251, 264 Westwood, Anna (daughter), 81 Westwood, Anthear (sister), 69 Westwood, Catherine Dallin (mother), 69, 70, 70 Westwood, David (great uncle), actor, 69 Westwood, Ella (daughter), 77, 82 Westwood, Grace (daughter), 78 Westwood, Ida (daughter), 81 Westwood, Kate (daughter), 77, 82 Westwood, Louisa Baker (stepmother), 70 Westwood, Martha Wilcox (wife), 66, 71, 72-78, 73, 81-83, 86 Westwood, Mary Ellen (daughter), 66 Westwood, Mercy Ellen Tuckett (great aunt), actress, 69 Westwood, Neil (son), 78, 80, 83, 86

396 Westwood, Philip (great uncle), actor, 69 Westwood, Richard Dallin, 66, 73, 80, 86; background of, 66-75; ferry of, 81-83; as a freighter, 71, 74, 77; as Grand County law enforcement official, 75-77, 79, 83-86; homesteads of, in Moab and Dewey, 71-72, 83; murder of, 85-86 Westwood, Richard Webley (father), 69-71, 70 Westwood, Ruth (daughter), 77 Westwood, Sylvia (sister), 70 Westwood, Vere (son), 80, 81 WetheriD, Benjamin Kite (father), 147-48 Wetherill, John ("Hosteen J o h n " ) , 147; background of, 146-49; as guide with Bernheimer expeds., 143-49, 152, 154-55, 157-65; 1931 Colorado River exped. of, 183; and Rainbow Bridge, 144, 146, 148-49; trading post of, 146, 149 Wetherill, Louisa Wade ("Asthon Sosi") (wife), 144, 148, 149 Wey, A. Fred, SLC C. of C. boxing committee chair, 347 Wheeler, George M., army officer, and Colorado River exploration, 117 Whipple, Amiel Weeks, army officer, transcontinental railroad survey of, 113 White, James, and Colorado River, 114, 119 White Mountain Expedition, 240-41 Wickham, Horace, and Oscar Wilde's lecture tour, 329 Wilcken, Annie (mother), 312 Wilcken, Charles Henry, 308, 309; association of, with LDS leaders, 312-21; business activities of, 319-20; German immigrant, biog. of, 308-21; mission of, 311-12; as police officer, 314; as SLC watermaster, 313, 321; and Utah War, 309-11 Wilcox, Hazard, brother of Martha Westwood, 71 Wilcox, John, brother of Martha Westwood, 72 Wilcox, Matilda Westwood, sister of R. D. Westwood, 71 Wilcox, Violet, wife of John, 72 Wilde, Oscar, 307, 322, 324, 328, 332; comments of, on Mormons, 329, 330, 334; 1882 U.S. lecture tour of, 322-34; SLC visit of, 323, 327-34 Wifliams, , husband of Clara M. Mitchell, 52

Utah Historical Quarterly Williams, LaDue, robbery reported by, 85 Wilson, A. G., early Moab settler, 68 Wilson, Dudley, early Moab resident, 75 Wilson, Mrs. A. G., founder of Moab fruit industry, 68 Wilson, Woodrow, and Joe Hill case, 34 Wirth, Conrad L., NPS official, 227 Wise, John, and Colorado River, 113 Wissler, Clark, museum official, 154 Witt, John W., mflitia leader, 311 Wolfskin, William, Spanish Trafl traveler, 67 Wolgamott ranch, Wayne County, 124, 124 Women's Foreign Missionary Society, Methodist org., 365 Wood, Bill, river runner, 183, 184 Woodruff, Emma (wife), 317 Woodruff, Wilford, 320; friendship of, with C. H. Wilcken, 310, 312, 315, 316, 317, 320 Woolley, E. B., boat design of, 188 World War II, effect of, on river running, 194-95 Wrestling, pro., at Fairgrounds Coliseum, 349-57

Yomba Western Shoshone Indians of Nevada, 267 Young, Brigham: divorce case of, 24; and exploration and settlement of southeastern Utah, 67; and Las Vegas mission, 114; mill of, in Liberty Park, 312, 313; and mining, 242; property dispute involving, 24; subpoena served on, 22-23; and White Mountain Exped., 240-41 Young, Brigham, J r . , and C. H. Wilcken, 312, 315 Young, Elizabeth, wife of B. Y. J r . , 312 Young, Ewing, trapper, 110 Young, George C , Spanish Trail traveler, 67 Young, John, prospector, 124 Young, Wally, San Francisco sportswriter, 343 Yount, George, trapper, 110 Yuba Mining and Reduction Co., 245

Zion National Park, 221, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 234 Zion's Herald, Methodist publication, 366

U T A H STATE H I S T O R I C A L SOCIETY

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The Utah State Historical Society was organized in 1897 by public-spirited Utahns to collect, preserve, and publish Utah and related history. Today, under state sponsorship, the Society fulfills its obligations by publishing the Utah Historical Quarterly and other historical materials: collecting historic Utah artifacts; locating, documenting, and preserving historic and prehistoric buildings and sites; and maintaining a specialized research library. Donations and gifts to the Society's programs, museum, or its library are encouraged, for only through such means can it live up to its responsibility of preserving the record of Utah's past.

This publication has been funded with the assistance of a matching grant-in-aid from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service, under provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended.

This program receives financial assistance for identification and preservation of historic properties under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabihtation Act of 1973. The U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, or handicap in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.