Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 40, Number 4, 1972

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY ED TCmAX

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G L E N M . L E O N A R D , Managing

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M I R I A M B. M U R P H Y , Assistant

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ADVISORY BOARD OF EDITORS .:

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DAVID E. M I L L E R , Salt Lake City M R S . H E L E N Z. PAPANIKOLAS, Salt Lake City L A M A R P E T E R S E N , Salt Lake City HAROLD SCHINDLER. Salt Lake City J E R O M E S T O K F E L . Logan

T h e Utah Historical Quarterly is the official publication of the U t a h State Historical Society and is distributed to members upon payment of the annual dues: institutions, $7.00; individuals, $5.00; students, $3.00 (with

T h e primary purpose of the Quarterly is to publish manuscripts, photographs, and documents contributing new insights and information to Utah's history.

Manuscripts and material for publication — accompanied by return postage — should be submitted to the editor. Review books and correspondence concerning manuscripts should be addressed to the managing editor.

Membership applications and change of address notices should be addressed to the membership secretary. U t a h State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah 84102.

T h e Society assumes no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion expressed by .•,;•)•>•( . O ' H - . i . ! . .

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HISTORICAL QUARTERLY FALL 1 9 7 2 / V O L U M E 40 / NUMBER 4

Contents IN T H I S ISSUE

299

T H E UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 1897-1972

GLEN M. LEONARD

300

FRANKLIN D. RICHARDS'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS OF 1898

335

PRESIDENTS OF T H E U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

340

U T A H HISTORY: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

.

.

. S.

GEORGE

ELLSWORTH

AWARDS OF T H E U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY A STUDY OF T H E LDS CHURCH HISTORIAN'S OFFICE, 1830-1900

.

.

342 368

.

CHARLES

P.

ADAMS AND

GUSTIVE O. LARSON

370

STUDENT AWARDS OF T H E U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

389

BOOK REVIEWS

390

BOOK NOTICES

398

RECENT ARTICLES

401

HISTORICAL NOTES

411

INDEX 413 THE COVER Symbol of the Society, the lovely Kearns Mansion came into public view on November 2, 1899, when the Salt Lake Tribune published architect Carl M. Neuhausen's drawing of the front elevation. © Copyright 1973 Utah State Historical Society

F O L K L O R E SOCIETY O F U T A H , Lore of

Faith

and Folly

.

.

.

SORENSEN

390

Annals of the Kansas Gateway to the American West, 1540-1854 . A. R. M O R T E N S E N

391

BARRY, L O U I S E , The Beginning

S M I T H , O L I V E R R., ED., Six

.

VIRGINIA

of the

West:

Decades

in the Early West: The Journal of Jesse Nathaniel Smith; Diaries and Papers of a Mormon Pioneer, 1834-1906 . P. T . R E I L L Y S C H A A F S M A , P O L L Y , The Rock Art of

392

Utah:

A Study from the Donald Scott Collection, Peabody Museum, Harvard

University

.

.

.

GARDINER F . D A L L E Y

393

Books reviewed CARTER, W I L L I A M , AND M C D O W E L L , J A C K ,

Ghost Towns

of the West

H A M P T O N , H . D U A N E , How

Saved

Our National

.

the U. S.

Parks

.

GOLDWATER, BARRY M . , Delightful

Down

S T E P H E N L . CARR

394

Cavalry

JAY M . HAYMOND

395

Journey

the Green and

Colorado

Rivers

.

.

.

.

CRAIG, R I C H A R D B., The Bracero

Interest

.

WARD J. R O Y L A N C E

396

Program:

Groups and Foreign

Policy

G O O D M A N , DAVID M., Arizona

Bibliographic Adventures Nineteenth-Century Magazines

RICHARD

O.

ULIBARRI

397

PETERSON

398

Odyssey:

in CHARLES

S.

In this issue At a recent meeting of the Utah State Historical Society the four men above exchanged notes on the administration of historical agencies. A. R. Mortensen (left), Everett L. Cooley, Charles S. Peterson, and Melvin T . Smith are all currently engaged in the supervision of institutionalized historical programs. They have something else in common. During the past twenty-two years in the order listed above they have presided over the Society as directors. Their combined service covers nearly one-third of the Society's seventy-five year history, a relatively short period, but one which has seen Utah's official agency for state and local history experience its greatest development.

The Society's history is sketched in this issue of the Quarterly as a diamond anniversary feature. Three other articles examine parallel efforts in the keeping of the state's historical record. One of them traces the early activities of the Historical Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. T h e others look at the products and the potential of researchers and writers of our past. The view from seventy-five years ago and the analysis by a current historian provide some interesting observations about the status of local historiography. It is appropriate that this assessment comes as the Utah Historical Quarterly completes its fortieth volume, for the magazine published since 1928 as the official voice of the Historical Society has played an important part in the dissemination of readable and (it is hoped) accurate information about the past.

Historical organizations can help coordinate and stimulate activity in history, but, as the studies in this issue ably demonstrate, the task is bigger than any or all of them together can accomplish alone. Everyone interested in Utah's history must redouble his efforts if the work yet unfinished is to be soon accomplished.

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Thousands of visitors tour the Society's headquarters in the historic Kearns Mansion each year. Utah State Historical Society photograph.

The Utah State Historical Society, 1897 -1972

BY GLEN M. LEONARD

Historical Society, 1897-1972

301

declared the time was right, a former memA ber of the Utah Commission seconded the motion, and the state's first SALT LAKE NEWSPAPER

governor issued a call inviting help in organizing the Utah State Historical Society. It was 1897. The committee planning an appropriate observance in honor of Mormon settlement efforts had invited suggestions to ensure a successful jubilee. In response to this and to the editorial comments of the Salt Lake Herald, federal district court clerk Jerrold R. Letcher wrote to the Jubilee Commission. He urged the immediate founding of an organization to encourage historical research, collect and maintain a library of historical materials, and disseminate information on Utah's past. The resulting call of Governor Heber M. Wells brought twenty-seven persons together at the Templeton Hotel on Thursday, July 22, 1897. The Utah State Historical Society was on its way exactly fifty years after the vanguard of pioneer wagons entered the Salt Lake Valley.1 Brought forth as an approved activity of a fiftieth anniversary celebration and one year after statehood, the Sociey shared in all the good feelings and optimistic hopes engendered by those adulatory events.

Participating in the founding rites were the key figures of Utah's new government, civic leaders, and prominent religious hierarchs. In the slate of thirteen names proposed as officers and board of the initial organization one senses a careful balancing of sectarian, political, suffragist, and geographical interests. The Society hoped to represent all diverse elements from Utah's troubled past. It was to be the official agent for the new state's history, but it would have to wait twenty years before it would gain an aura of officiality and another twenty before it would enjoy much financial patronage from government. A third score of years would pass before the Society would have the constant supervision of professional historians. Only then would it achieve the best of both the academic and official worlds of professional competence and government support necessary for its full maturing. Since 1957 the Society has performed with a mixture of success and frustration the specialized tasks it has set for itself. Its seventy-fifth anniversary is cause for reflecting upon the Society's origins and pattern of development.2 Dr. Leonard is managing editor of the Quarterly.

Details of the founding activities are reported in Salt Lake Daily Lake Herald, July 23, 1897; and in a broadside printed for the Society, State Its Origin, Incorporation and Objects; First Annual Meeting and Election City, 1898?]).

2 Unless otherwise indicated, this study is based primarily on " U t a h Minutes," consisting of seven looseleaf, typed volumes reporting meetings of 1

Tribune and Salt Historical Society: . . . ([Salt Lake Historical Society the board a n d its

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Utah Historical

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Among the fifty-seven citizens who signed the governor's call of July 15, 1897, the one most responsible for the Society's formation was Jerrold Letcher, a forty-five-year-old journalist and lawyer who had moved to Utah in 1890 after twelve politically active years â&#x20AC;&#x201D; including service as the Democratic minority voice in the Colorado general assembly. It was Letcher who had talked Herald editor Alfales Young into running editorials on April 3 and 7 proposing a historical society. Letcher's letter of June 22 to the Jubilee Commission had been forwarded to Wells, Jerrold R. Letcher after which the Missouri-born lawyer helped the young governor draft an explanation of the purposes to be accomplished by the Society. Letcher appropriately found himself inducted by the governor as temporary chairman of the organizing meeting. He then worked with the committee which prepared articles of incorporation; these were approved at an adjourned meeting on December 28. The charter which was filed with the secretary of state three days later â&#x20AC;&#x201D; none too soon to meet the goal of organizing during the year of golden jubilee â&#x20AC;&#x201D; named officers who were elected to a full term at the first annual business meeting January 17, 1898. Letcher helped balance

committees, 1897-1972. Reports of the director and board committees were sometimes included as part of the minutes; they have been used along with other material in the Society's library: printed annual and biennial reports, newspaper clippings, and information in the Society's Quarterly and Newsletter. Two brief histories of the Society have been useful: A. R. Mortensen and Joel E. Ricks, "History a n d Activities," in State of U t a h , Report of Utah State Historical Society for the Biennium July 1, 1948, to June 30, 1950, p p . 2 - 7 ; and A. R. Mortensen, ed., " U t a h State Historical Society: Sixty Years of Organized History," Utah Historical Quarterly, 25 (July 1957), 1-30. Marguerite Sinclair Reusser included historical material in her " I n Memoriam: J. Cecil Alter, 1879-1964," Utah Historical Quarterly, 32 (Fall 1964), 323-29. Interviews and discussions with J o h n W. James, Jr., A. R. Mortensen, a n d Joel E. Ricks have also been helpful. Miriam B. M u r p h y has provided research assistance, a n d Melvin T. Smith has offered valuable suggestions for this article.

Historical Society, 1897-1972

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a ticket headed by Franklin D. Richards, seventysix-year-old historian for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.3 The position Letcher accepted was that of "recording secretary," one of seeming unimportance in Society affairs but one he made significant through his lengthy service. He kept the minutes faithfully for Templeton Building on the southeast corner eighteen years and pro- of Main and South Temple streets was site of Society's organizational meeting on July 22, vided a thread of continu- 1897. From Art Work of U t a h . ity during that first period of the Society's history. These were years in which the officers served as little more than a caretaker government for an organization which everyone agreed had ample reason to exist but no sizeable treasury from which to operate. The only visible activity from 1897 to 1916 was the meeting convened annually on the third Monday of January, often in the Deseret National Bank where Letcher's court had quarters. Sole purpose of many of those small gatherings was the constitutionally required election of officers. Presidents selected after Richards (1897-1900) were John T. Caine (1900-1902), Orson F. Whitney (1902-8), Joseph T. Kingsbury (1908-9), James E. Talmage (1909-12), and Spencer Clawson, Sr. (1912—17). Behind the scenes Clawson headed a standing committee of board members which met biennially with legislators for fourteen years to ask for money and recognition as a state institution. Ironically the sought-for recognition which began a new era in Society history was granted five months after Clawson's death.

Andrew Jenson, an assistant Mormon Church historian who had worked with Clawson on the Legislative Committee for four years, in3 The "Call to Organize" and "Articles of Incorporation" are included in "Minutes," July 22 and December 28, 1897, 1:3-5, 8-17; and State of Utah, Biennial Report of the State Historical Society of Utah, 1917—1918, by Andrew Jenson and Delbert W. Parratt, pp. 6—15.

Other original officers were Isabel Cameron-Brown, vice president; James T. Hammond, corresponding secretary; Lewis S. Hills, treasurer; Antoinette B. Kinney, librarian; and as an executive committee: George W. Thatcher, Joseph Geoghegan, Lewis W. Shurtliff, Joseph T. Kingsbury, Electa Bullock, John T. Caine, Henry W. Lawrence, Robert C. Lund, and Charles C. Goodwin. "Minutes," December 28, 1897, 1:13-14.

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volved himself in an active role as president (1917-21). With his recording secretary, Delbert W. Parratt, Jenson included the Society in railroad jubilees and — with a generous legislative appropriation — initiated the war history work which occupied his successors during this period. Of particular significance was the appointment of Andrew L. Neff as state war historian; he was commissioned to write the story of Utah's involvement in World War I, but the task was never completed.4 Presidents following Jenson were John A. Widtsoe (1921—22), D. W. Parratt (1922-23), Levi Edgar Young (1923-24), and Hugh Ryan (1924-26).

The Society in the early 1920s was searching for an identity within the halls of government where it had been provided with a tiny, first floor Capitol office and minimal expenses. It found itself — and inaugurated a new period of significant accomplishment — after almost fading into disorganization. During several years of inattention to the details of staggered terms, the board of control, traditionally elected by the general membership, had come up short two members. Society leaders decided the solution was appointment by the governor; Governor Charles R. Mabey, a friend of history, liked the idea. It would strengthen state control over the policy-making board and tie the Society closer to state government. The change was authorized by the 1925 legislature.

Several active contributors to the Society's development emerged from the reorganization which followed in 1926. Primary among them were board presidents Albert F. Philips, a transplanted midwestern newspaperman (1926-31), and William J. Snow, a southern Utah stockman turned history professor at Brigham Young University (1931— 36). Salt Lake meteorologist and history buff J. Cecil Alter was the workhorse of the Society through the decade of the Philips-Snow presidencies. Alter served as secretary-treasurer for the entire ten years and held the title of librarian for the last five. In 1927 he was named historian and editor and the following year brought out the first number of the Utah Historical Quarterly. This thirty-two page magazine fulfilled the Society's longing to disseminate historical information in a more permanent format than was possible through letters or sporadic 4 Neff, a University of U t a h professor, spent summers between 1920 and 1926 on the study, expending less t h a n half the $5,000 appropriated by the 1919 Legislature. Abandoning the collection of biographical d a t a after two years a n d giving u p on his a t t e m p t to find a distinct story in U t a h ' s involvement in the battlefield, Neff projected a series of monographs on home-front activities (Salt Lake Tribune, J a n u a r y 23, 1923, February 14, 1924). T h e incomplete, typed manuscript of about 300 pages is in the Society's library. Impatient with Neff's progress, the State Council of Defense went ahead with its own memorial, Noble Warrum's Utah in the World War. . . (Salt Lake City, 1924).

Historical Society,

305

1897-1972

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lecture meetings. The Society's newly won visibility, supported by an annual budget of around fifteen hundred dollars for expenses and personnel costs, faded when the 1933 Legislature eliminated the appropriation. This phase in the organization's history ended with three quiet years.

A triumvirate composed of president Herbert S. Auerbach, secretary Marguerite L. Sinclair, and editor J. Cecil Alter dominated Society affairs during a fourth segment of its history. The years from 1937 to 1949 were marked by effective political action, revitalization of the publications program, and expansion. Auerbach, a prominent merchant and bibliophile, sent cooperating board members on an educational campaign which succeeded in wresting an appropriation of $4,500 from the 1937 Legislature. Following a stormy fifteen months (1936-37) with Flora Bean Home as part-time secretary-treasurer-librarian — a

Utah Historical Quarterly

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Marguerite L. Sinclair boosted membership in the Society and beginnings of a library during her tenure as secretary-manager, Utah State Historical Society photograph.

organized 1937^49.

term clouded by misunderstandings5 — officers decided to look for a full-time executive secretary. Generally aloof from political partisanship, the Society in this instance bent to a telephoned request that the prospective manager be "formally endorsed by the District, Precinct, County and State Democratic Party Organization." 6 Several applicants were turned away before the state accepted Miss Sinclair, who had secured the designated backing. Although the board quickly condemned suggestions of political interference, its new agent proved that her most capable asset was, after all, that of lobbyist.7 Working hard for the election of Governor Herbert B. Maw in 1940 and continuing her support of him while entertaining legislators with her musical talents, Miss Sin5 The situation was explained in a letter from Herbert S. Auerbach to Governor Henry H. Blood, July 19, 1937, in response to Mrs. Home's letter to Blood on June 30. Copy in Society files. See also Salt Lake Telegram, July 7, 1937.

6 Executive Committee minutes, May 28, 1937, contained in "Minutes," October 1, 1937, 2:42.

7 Interview with Joel E. Ricks, Logan, Utah, August 28, 1972.

Historical

Society,

1897-1972

307

clair boosted the Society's budget during the 1940s past the ten, twenty, and then thirty thousand dollar marks.

Supervising a steadily multiplying force of office girls, including some hired by the WPA, Miss Sinclair managed Society affairs with skill. Under the steadying guidance of businessman Auerbach as president from 1936 to 1945, the Society established a momentum which carried it through the presidency of long-time supporter Levi Edgar Young (1945-48), a church leader and western history professor at the University of Utah.

T h e Society in the Auerbach-Young decade moved through three overlapping phases. T h e creation of a small research library with a generous gift of books from Alter and revival of the Quarterly in 1939, accompanied by a consistent membership effort by Miss Sinclair established the Society on its modern foundation. T h e n for several years after 1941 the Society was transformed into a historical records office. It chronicled Utah's participation in World War I I , an assignment which diverted it from other planned activities. I n the late 1940s an awareness born of New Deal records surveys turned the Society toward its obligation to preserve noncurrent state and county records. An archives program was the hope of board member William R. Palmer, but more pressing challenges faced officers as first J. Cecil Alter moved and then Miss Sinclair married (Herbert A. Reusser) and both resigned.

T h e first goal of U t a h State University history professor Joel E. Ricks when he began an eight-year term as president in 1949 was to find a qualified editor for Society publications. T h e post h a d been vacant since October 1946, with board members filling in. T h e search had been postponed for want of adequate salary and upon the advice of "prominent men in eastern universities." 8 When Miss Sinclair's shortterm successor, Elizabeth M. Lauchnor, resigned as secretary-manager after one year, Ricks merged the two vacant positions to provide the salary needed to attract a professionally trained historian. T h e qualifications by this time included competence in history and historical editing, the ability to meet with legislators and carry on other public relations work, and a willingness to travel the state to set up affiliated units and collect manuscripts. From a field of a half-dozen candidates, the board selected A. Russell Mortensen, a native U t a h n teaching in California.

H e was hired September 1, 1950, as executive secretary-editor, a position 8

"Minutes," April 7, 1947, 2:179.

Utah Historical

308

Quarterly

renamed "director" midway in his tenure to reflect his strengthened administrative role.

The new director was expected to implement goals Ricks had announced for his presidency -â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the organization of local chapters and the creation of a strong and greatly enlarged library. Mortensen and Ricks, with board assistance, worked together organizing five satellite groups.

The task of building a research library was entrusted to John W. James, Jr., librarian from 1952 to 1971. Chapters strengthened the Society at the grass roots level and extended its work into the counties. Professional direction for the library attracted numerous gifts of all kinds and provided a valuable service for Utah historians. Another major program inaugurated during this period was the archives. Despite inadequate funding and substandard housing, Everett L. Cooley charted a solid path for implementing records management and archival programs as state archivist from 1954 to 1960.

The introduction of professionals as administrator, librarian, and archivist created a new image for the Society. Professional advice had been available to the Society for years from historians serving as parttime, unpaid board members; their determination to introduce trained specialists as salaried employees opened new options. The transformation was made possible through a swelling of financial support from the state. The increase was threefold during the Mortensen years. It required the attention of a bookkeeper, so Iris Scott was hired in 1955, a n d her h a n d l i n g of a c o m plicated budget since that i , - , . date has r e c e i v e d t h e p e n odic plaudits of State audi-

tors.

The Society's most critical physical need in the early 1950s was solved in 1957 when Dr. Mortensen obtained the Governor's Mansion. Since sometime during the year prior to the business meeting of January 17, 1916, the Society had occupied rooms in the S t a t e Capitol.

For

mor

f than forty years the Society was housed in various State Capitol rooms. Quarters cramped. Utah State Historical were a\wayS Society photograph.

Historical

Society,

1897-1972

309

Operating first from Delbert Parratt's state fair office, the Society after 1920 h a d spent fourteen years in two other first floor rooms and then had been banished to a "temporary office" in the sub-basement. Herbert Auerbach described Room B-7 as "the 'dog house' in the basement." 9 It had no telephone or office equipment, one bookcase ("an old one, bought at second h a n d " ) and no closet for wraps. A four-year campaign to secure more distinguished quarters had lifted the Society in early 1941 to Room 337 adjacent to the State Law Library. Here Mortensen found the staff cramped into two small rooms with no space for expansion.

Getting the Mansion for Society use won the early support of the executors of the Kearns estate. Occupant Governor J. Bracken Lee, who had made Dr. Mortensen an informal counselor, was known to dislike the home's lack of privacy. A board committee's attempt in 1953, however, found the Legislature sentimental about the existing arrangement and fearful of the costs of replacing the gubernatorial residence. A second effort succeeded under Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr.'s optimistic chairmanship. Believing the Kearns home should become a historical shrine available to public inspection, Morgan's committee worked with Mortensen to secure passage of House Bill 225. 10 T w o years later, in February 1957, the staff unpacked Society belongings at 603 East South Temple to begin a new era of growth for the Society on its sixtieth anniversary.

T h e Society by then was already basking in an aura of new popularity. Professionalizing it had brought new respectability in the academic world. Interestingly enough this had also increased acceptance generally among history buffs. Under Dr. Mortensen's personable leadership, a well-attended annual dinner and a bimonthly lecture series were attracting local members and the public; a redesigned Utah Historical Quarterly with its special summer issues helped boost membership threefold to more than eleven hundred by 1958; and generous publicity and an involved board greatly extended public awareness of the Society. When University of U t a h history professor Leland Creer resigned his presidency (1957-61) as Mortensen was leaving, another period in the Society's history ended.

Because Everett Cooley had served an associate directorship during his final year as archivist, his return to the Society after a year at 9

Ibid., April 5, 1941, 2 : 1 0 1 .

U t a h , Laws of the State of Utah, 1955, chap. 135; see also Laws. . . , 1957, chap. 154.

10

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Utah State University brought a sense of continuity to existing programs. The popularity which Mortensen had created in the late 1950s continued into the early 1960s at a heightened pace. Radio and television spots, narration of the Pioneer Day parade, cosponsorship of the University of Utah's summer history workshop, newspaper feature articles, and more speaking engagements than he could accept occupied much of the director's time. Meanwhile Cooley, board committees, and the staff boosted the Quarterly's readership through a campaign which pushed membership toward the two thousand mark. The magazine appeared in an enlarged and modernized format; the annual dinner expanded into a crowd-drawing all-day conference; treks to historic landmarks carried members to Utah's far corners; holiday receptions attracted friends; four new chapters expanded Utah's historical consciousness; and an observance each January 4 remembered Statehood Day â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all of which helped to multiply opportunities to spread the word about Utah history.

Dr. Cooley's administration paralleled the presidency of Salt Lake attorney J. Grant Iverson (1961-69), and in the mid-1960s the two found a new interest for the Society in historic preservation. Both were intimately involved in the sometimes controversial movement to save Heber City's 1889 Mormon tabernacle. Local interest in Wasatch County, plus action in preserving the Washington County Courthouse, loss of Echo's flour mill, and talk of historic districts for Salt Lake City led to discussions of the need for an umbrella organization. The Society felt it could not provide the funds nor manpower for preservation, so it helped concerned Utahns establish the independent Utah Heritage Foundation April 12, 1966.

Closer to home the director was fighting his own battle for the preservation of a historic building. As archivist-associate director, Cooley had supervised renovations necessary to adapt the Kearns Mansion for use as offices, library, and period showrooms. The real challenge in maintaining an aging home appeared when he returned as director. A few months earlier, Dr. Mortensen had reported that a custodian from the Capitol, after carefully examining the building, flatly stated that the Society is faced with one of two decisions: Fix it up or get a bull dozer! The outside walls are crumbling badly. 11

Responding to one annoyance after another, and unable to find money for a permanent restoration of the soft, oolitic limestone walls, the Society 11

"Minutes," November 27, 1960, 4 : 155.

Historical Society, 1897â&#x20AC;&#x201D;1972

311

proceeded to remove the clinging vines and treat the stone, rewire the Mansion, renovate the furnace, rebuild the roof, and replace worn out curtains, blinds, and carpets. The jobs of recarpeting, improving burglar and fire protection, and attempting external preservation would continue into the 1970s.

Air pollution slowly erodes soft limestone of T h e Mansion her- the Kearns Mansion, home of the Society alded in 1957 as a cure- since 1957. Utah State Historical Society all for Society space needs photograph. swiftly became crowded as archival work multiplied. Cooley's post as archivist had been left vacant upon his resignation in 1960. The salary was used to hire records manager Ferdinand T. Johnson, a history major with an impressive background in federal records-handling operations. Additional funds secured in 1963 returned an archivist to the division in the person of T. Harold Jacobsen, a former administrator of church archives who was experienced in microfilm programs. A makeshift records center established in four basement rooms of the Capitol in September 1961 expanded the division's records management services to more state agencies, while the archives itself began filling available corners in the Mansion's cellar. With the need for an environmentally-controlled building greater than ever in the mid-1960s, state officials worked with the Society in planning for an appropriate solution. Complications postponed realization of this dream, and it was unfulfilled when executive department reorganization transferred the archives from Society jurisdiction in 1967. That same year a Division of State History was created as one of seven units under a Department of Development Services.

A good deal of institutional self-evaluation occupied the latter Cooley years, foreshadowing a period of transition which was given impetus during the brief administration of Charles S. Peterson. During a busy two and one-half years at the helm, Dr. Peterson steered the Society in new directions in an important redefinition of purposes. The

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prescript in these innovations was the involvement of Society patrons and government agencies as paying sponsors of historical programs conducted by the Society. The federal Bureau of Outdoor Recreation contracted with the Society for a study of the Mormon Battalion Trail. The State Parks and Recreation Division asked for historical input on their planned pioneer village. The Salt Lake Tribune contributed toward publication of a centennial history of the newspaper. And the family of Governor William Spry sponsored publication of a biography.

In addition to involvement as a research and publication center, the Society took on two extension programs: the Historic Sites Survey and the Humanities Pilot Project. State funds provided in 1969 as a matching contribution to federal money established the sites program.

Under the supervision of Melvin T. Smith, the Society launched a complete inventory of historical, architectural, and archaeological sites and prepared a statewide plan for the coordination of preservation activities.

Contact with the American Association for State and Local History brought the humanities project to the Society under a thirty-month grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. In this public education program, Glen M. Leonard tested reaction to slide shows, museum loan kits, community displays, and a Mansion tour program. Materials were loaned to schools and taken to civic and community groups.

Existing programs also received attention in an effort to strengthen Society ties in outlying areas, especially along Utah's eastern border.

New local chapters in Daggett, Washington, and Emery counties affiliated with the Society; an oral history program operated for two summers in San Juan County; and special issues of the Quarterly focused on such topics as women in history, Greek immigrants, Utah Indians, and conservation.

Succeeding to the directorship in 1971 was Melvin T. Smith, who had apprenticed as preservation officer. Continuing in the post to which he was elected in 1969 was board president Milton C. Abrams, Utah State University librarian. The Historic Sites Survey, nearing completion, was reoriented toward preservation planning with architect Gary Forbush as director. Dr. Leonard was named part-time coordinator of publications along with his humanities assignment, and Jay M. Haymond moved from his post as preservation historian to become librarian.

Although trends are still being established, this reorganization suggests some patterns for the 1970s. Increased federal funds have been channeled through the Society for brick-and-mortar preservation pro-

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jects. A broadened publications program has introduced the Utah History Research Bulletin, guides to historic trails and other books, and a fresh look for a forty-volume-old magazine. A technologically oriented library has sponsored new ventures in obtaining microcopies and tape recordings. T h e Society in 1972 m a d e a renewed effort to coordinate historical activities within the state â&#x20AC;&#x201D; by guiding preservation-conscious citizens, by increasing communication links among researchers, by conducting planning sessions for oral historians, and by stepping u p the Society's own involvement in preserving, publishing, and collecting U t a h history.

P U R P O S E S AND PROGRAMS

A brief survey of the Society's development at the administrative level leaves unsaid much interesting detail concerning the specific activities of the past three quarters century. T h e overall purposes of the Society and several basic programs deserve a further look, for they best illustrate the accomplishments of the U t a h State Historical Society.

T h e underlying philosophy which has guided administrators a n d boards of the Society was first articulated on July 15, 1897, in Governor Wells's open letter to the people of U t a h . W i t h slight alterations this broad statement of purposes was included in the articles of incorporation as follows: T h e objects for which this Society is organized a r e : T h e encouragem e n t of historical research a n d inquiry, by the exploration a n d investigation of aboriginal m o n u m e n t s a n d remains; the collection of such material as m a y serve to illustrate t h e growth, development, a n d resources of U t a h a n d the I n t e r - M o u n t a i n region; t h e preservation of manuscripts, papers, documents a n d tracts of value, especially, â&#x20AC;&#x201D; narratives of the adventures of early explorers a n d pioneers; t h e establishm e n t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e of a public library a n d m u s e u m ; the cultivation of science, literature a n d the liberal a r t s ; the dissemination of information; and, the holding of meetings at stated intervals for t h e interchange of views and criticisms. 12

These objectives were confirmed by the Twelfth U t a h Legislature when it recognized the Society as a state institution "with full power to carry out the objects and purposes for which it was organized." 13 T h e law of 1917 also gave the Society custody of all noncurrent public records.

12 Art. II, sec. 1, in ibid., December 28, 1897, 1:8-9; and printed with slight typographical variations in Biennial Report . . . , 1917â&#x20AC;&#x201D;1918, p. 8.

13 Utah, Compiled Laws of the State of Utah, 1917, chap. 8, sec. 5357.

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This archival responsibility was amplified in later legislation, as were the Society's rights to publish, solicit memberships, and receive gifts,14 The prospectus was rewritten as part of Dr. Cooley's effort to clarify the archives' legal role. Simplified without changing the overall thrust, this section in the act of 1957 reads: T h e duties a n d objectives of the U t a h State Historical Society shall be the stimulation of research, study, a n d activity in the fields of U t a h a n d related history; the m a i n t e n a n c e of a specialized history library; the marking and preservation of historic sites, areas, and remains; the collection, preservation, and administration of historical records, public archives, and other relics relating to the history of U t a h ; the editing a n d publication of historical records and public archives; and the improvement of standards for the making, care, and administration of public archives in Utah.15

These duties were transferred to the Division of State History when it was created in 1967, and the three italicized references to public archives were deleted upon formation of a separate archives two years later.16 Otherwise this list of objectives has been the legal mandate followed by the Society during the past fifteen years.

From these codes of 1897 and 1957 have come the Society's programs. All of them have centered around "the stimulation of research, study, and activity" in Utah history. In recent decades Society functions have been grouped under the three headings of preservation, publication, and collection. These terms have been construed in their broadest meanings by Society leaders. Thus "historic preservation" (related to historical, archaeological, and architectural sites) is what is meant by "preservation," a term whose narrower context would refer to the protection of manuscripts, printed records, etc. Similarly, the Society's "publication" program has included the promulgation of Utah history through public relations efforts, membership services (including printed matter), and liaison with other organizations; the phrase in common use by the Society until the early 1960s was "the dissemination of information." In its collection activities the Society historically has accumulated museum objects, a variety of library materials, and public archives.

14 Utah, Laws of the State of Utah, 1945, chap. 123, sec. 1-2; Laws . . . , 1951, chap. 110, and Laws . . . , 1957, chap. 141.

15 Utah, Laws. . . , 1957, chap. 141, sec. 3. (Italics added.)

16 Utah, Laws. . . , 1967, chap. 175, sec. 2, 3, 67-72; Laws. . . , 1969, chap. 199 sec.

1, 30, 41-45; chap. 212, 214.

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315 PRESERVATION

T h e Society's involvement in historic preservation programs has not come naturally. T h e original incorporators and those who redefined the Society's purposes in 1917 preferred the pattern of the literary organization â&#x20AC;&#x201D; of serving the researcher-writer through a library and publications program supplemented by occasional lectures. T h e organization's founders recognized the museum relic as a legitimate object of concern but failed to include the historic building or site. They did pay some attention to aboriginal sites in the charter. This interest produced lectures and a few articles published in the Utah Historical Quarterly.

Whatever involvement the Society has had other than these literary interests has been because of individual action by members or because the Society has been invited to participate in historic preservation activities. These invitations have usually come through government.

They have thrust the Society into programs of marking and administering sites and of coordinating preservation efforts.

Marguerite Sinclair's office from the early 1940s fulfilled numerous requests to proofread inscriptions written for state highway markers and some inquiries from private history groups seeking verification of their proposed historical markers. Besides blue-pencilling texts for others, her successors also cooperated in erecting at least two markers. T h e Society acted for the state in providing a granite block for the Washington Monument in 1951 (for placement beneath the existing "Deseret" stone) 17 and cooperated with the United States Forest Service in erecting a monument to Richard K. A. Kletting when a Uinta Mountains peak was named in his honor in 1964. T h e Kletting monument was quietly advertised as the Society's first historical marker. 18 About the time of Dr. Mortensen's arrival, the Society became involved briefly in the nominal administration of two state-owned historic sites. T h e Old Statehouse at Fillmore had been under the direct custody of the local Daughters of U t a h Pioneers, with the state paying maintenance costs. Governor J. Bracken Lee decided to funnel these funds through the Society to avoid direct appropriations to the private women's group. 19 In 1948 Camp Floyd was deeded to the Society by the U.S. Army. 20 Other state historic sites had been under the juris17

Deseret News, January 29 and August 24, 1950.

Society Newsletter, 14 (July 1964), 1.

19 Ricks interview, August 28, 1972.

20 Salt Lake Tribune, November 27, 1947, December 16, 1948.

18

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diction of the Department of Publicity and Industrial Development since 1941. Additional sites were under consideration in 1950 when the Society suggested it be given centralized control of all state parks. A simple bill to this effect became embroiled in debate over the sale of Sugar House State Park to Salt Lake City. When the final measure was adopted, the Society kept the Statehouse and the abandoned Camp Floyd, but This is the Place and other state historical parks were given to an Engineering Commission.21 The Society enjoyed a cordial relationship with local custodians of the Statehouse but disliked bearing the responsibility for the use of funds over which it had no effective control. The legislature provided no money for Camp Floyd. Thus transfer of these sites to the State Parks and Recreation Commission when it was created in 1957 22 sparked no opposition from the Society.

That same year the Society moved into the Kearns Mansion, a historic site over which it had direct administrative control. The home had been constructed by mining millionaire Thomas Kearns in 1902 and had served for twenty years as the official Governor's Mansion.

The board of trustees immediately declared the main floor rooms a period museum; yet aside from maintenance money for limited adaptive restoration, efforts to interpret the home for visitors have necessarily been limited thus far to a few attractive placards, a brochure, and numerous guided tours.

The Legislature which stripped the Society of its nominal involvement in historic sites outside its own home added a responsibility which would engender increased preservation activity for the 1960s. A redrafting of the Society's purposes in 1957 added as an obligation "the marking and preservation of historic sites, areas, and remains." Prodding from concerned citizens and requests for help in saving endangered sites resulted in the flush of preservation activity which led to the organization of the Utah Heritage Foundation in 1966. But just as the Society was shifting active involvement to the private foundation, Congress was approving the National Historic Sites Act of 1966 and that brought the Society its own fully staffed preservation office in 1969.

Under the direction first of Melvin T. Smith and since 1971 of Gary D. Forbush the office has stimulated broad citizen involvement.

Surveys, evaluations, and nominations have placed 49 important landmarks on the National Register, another 243 on a State Register, and 21 sa

Utah, Laws. . . ,1951, chap. 75.

Utah, Laws. . . , 1957, chap. 135.

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48 on a Century Register. All have been accepted for this honor by the Governor's Historic and Cultural Sites Review Committee and have thus become eligible for official markers and, in some cases, federal preservation monies. Concern for prehistoric sites first expressed by Society patrons seventy-five years ago has been revived, along with a fresh interest in architectural and historical sites from U t a h ' s past.

DISSEMINATING

HISTORICAL

INFORMATION

In its prime educational function the Society has operated successfully in at least three areas to distribute knowledge of U t a h history to the widest possible audience. It has spoken directly to the public through newspapers, radio and television, civic groups, lectures, schools, and celebrations. A second "public" audience, but one more inherently interested in history than the general populace, has been reached indirectly through allied historical organizations. T h e Society's third area of activity has been in serving its own members, for whom the Annual Meeting, treks, and publications have been created. These activities, especially formulated for the dissemination of historical information, have not been the Society's only means of public education. All of the Society's audiences, for example, have been influenced to some degree through preservation and library activities.

Salt Lake City newspapers helped advertise the need for a state historical society in 1897. They have publicized meetings, publications, and other activities of the Society regularly since then. Marguerite Sinclair was especially attentive to the task of furnishing newspapers with information about each issue of the Quarterly as it appeared. Successive administrators have followed her example in a n attempt to win public support by advertising Society programs. Dr. Mortensen's popular Tribune articles on historic buildings (later published in book form) 2 3 and Dr. Cooley's involvement in a weekly television series are examples of these efforts. T h e Society's public relations activities during the 1950s and 1960s benefited directly from the involvement of board members who were experienced professionals in these fields.

Each director and many staff members in the past quarter century have appeared before service clubs to talk about U t a h history or Society activities. T o supplement these restricted meetings Dr. Mortensen in 1958 initiated a series of lectures aimed at the general public. Each fall and winter season four knowledgeable speakers appeared at the 23 Early Utah Sketches; City, 1969).

Historic

Buildings

and Scenes in Mormon

Country

(Salt Lake

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Mansion in the bimonthly forum. Publicity in the Society Newsletter and reports in board meetings proclaimed them a success. Large audiences were generally in attendance, but the series was discontinued in 1964 to leave the Salt Lake Valley Chapter without competition.

To many twentieth-century Utahns the accomplishments of their nineteenth-century forebears have been most directly recalled through pageantry, parade, and celebration. The Society was born during one jubilee and has participated in several others as a means of reminding citizens of their heritage. Society officers Andrew Jenson and Delbert Parratt drew in civic and historical groups in 1919 and 1920 to organize the fiftieth anniversary observances of the completion of the transcontinental and Utah Central railroads. Marguerite Sinclair was secretary to the 1946 committee on the jubilee of Utah statehood. The Society participated in the Pioneer and Golden Spike centennials in 1947 and 1969 and created an annual Statehood Day program which has been held each January since 1963. Displays, special publications, and lectures have been among Society contributions to these events; in return the library has received the photographs, official papers, and correspondence from several of the celebration commissions.

One other public relations effort should be mentioned. The original bylaws of the Society allowed for the presentation of certificates of honor. The first were granted when Dr. Mortensen introduced the Fellow and Honorary Life Membership awards in 1960. Since that time other award categories have been added to recognize significant contributions in teaching, scholarship, and service.24 The work of Utah historians has also been commended through the awards program of the American Association for State and Local History, often in response to nominations initiated by the Society.

The Society's awards have been distributed to deserving recipients without regard to their affiliation or lack of affiliation with the Society.

The program has reached into all potential audiences for Utah history â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the general public, Society members, and other historical groups.

The Society throughout its history has been especially cognizant of its relationship with other organizations directly concerned with state and local history, whether direct affiliates or friendly competitors.

As a young and struggling organization in 1913, the Society considered approaching "the Archeological â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Art â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and other Associations having for their general purposes the same objects as the Historical 24

Persons honored by the Society are listed elsewhere in this issue.

Historical Society, 1897-1972

319

Society" 25 to discuss consolidation. The Society itself has been approached from time to time with plans of amalgamation, including overtures in 1945 from the Utah Humanities Committee. In their reactions Society boards have exhibited a confidence in the Society's ability to multiply its support through the direct enlistment of members.

One means employed during the past twenty years to increase Society influence and membership among Utahns has been the organization of local chapters. These autonomous, usually county-wide historical societies are manned by volunteers interested in doing at the local level what the Society does for history statewide. The possibility of founding such groups was suggested as early as 1937 by board member Joel Ricks but was taken under advisement and forgotten. During the centennial of 1947 the board took note of the effectiveness of local wings of other history groups and appointed Dr. Ricks to head a committee "on the organization of counties." 26 The committee postponed action until the arrival of Dr. Mortensen, then named him state supervisor. The primary responsibility for stimulating local interest, however, was retained by board members residing in the target areas.

Board members Joel Ricks and Russel B. Swensen organized the first two chapters in Logan and Provo â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Cache Valley and Utah Valleyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; in 1951 and 1953. Despite encouragement from board president Ricks, no further groups were established for five years. The opening of the Mansion as Society headquarters revived expansionist ideas in 1957.

To encourage prospects the Society promised to sponsor three speakers per year for each group adopting a joint membership arrangement.

The real spur to action, however, was a secessionist threat from Logan, which was disappointed that the system was not growing. One new chapter was formed during each of the next three years: Salt Lake Valley Chapter in 1958, a short-lived Southern Utah Chapter (Cedar City-St. George) in 1959, and a Weber Chapter in 1960.

Dr. Cooley gave the needs of local chapters special attention during the early years of his tenure by naming a corresponding secretary to assist them and by publicizing chapter activities in the Newsletter. The responsibility for organizing new chapters shifted from the board (who had had the assistance of the director) to the director. A revived Iron County Chapter appeared in 1962, the Sevier Valley Chapter was organized in 1964, Wasatch County Chapter was founded in 1965, and Sanpete County Chapter began operating in 1967.

25 20

"Minutes," February 4, 1913, 1:64.

Ibid., April 9, 1948, 2:200,

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An expansion movement directed by Dr. Peterson added three new groups as local chapters (Daggett County, Rio Virgin [Washington County], and Emery County Museum Association) in 1970 and another (Alta Canyon) the following year. This increased the number of active groups to twelve. Attempts over the years to organize units in several other regional population centers have thus far failed. The lectures, dinners, field trips, celebrations, and collection and preservation programs of existing local chapters during the past twenty years have strengthened the Society's ability to fulfill its own goals. The chapters have increased Society membership, have influenced legislators favorably toward Utah history, and have helped local citizens better appreciate their Utah heritage.

Apart from its own extension agencies in the counties, the Society has fostered the formation of several other historical groups. As mentioned earlier, it helped establish the Utah Heritage Foundation as an agent for historic preservation in 1966. In the fall of 1958, Dr. Mortensen was named to the advisory council of the Folklore Society of Utah, a new group which has since developed close ties with the Historical Society. When a branch of the Westerners organization was set up in Salt Lake City in 1968, Dr. Cooley was elected treasurer of the unit he had encouraged. Similarly, he cooperated with the Utah Museums Conference in its annual meetings, and when the conference formally incorporated itself as the Utah Museums Association in 1972 a representative of the Society was named secretary-treasurer. These four independent groups promote interest and activity in preservation, history, folklore, and museums supportive of the Society's general aims.

A less intimate relationship has existed with the private and state organizations whose aims overlap those of the Historical Society.

Among these friendly competitors are the local units of the Sons of Utah Pioneers, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, and the libraries of the Mormon Church and Utah universities. Albert F. Philips assessed the situation with some discouragement when he reported to the governor in 1926 that in gathering manuscripts and sketches of early settlers the Society had to meet the competition of the Daughters of the Pioneers who have a large part of the first floor of the Capitol for their display of historical matter; and for which incorporation the state makes an appropriation; the Bureau of Information in the Temple grounds; the State University which likewise has an appropriation by the state; the State Agricultural College with a like appropriation and which has a collector travelling

Historical Society, 1897-1972

321

over the state gathering d a t a . . . ; T h e Brigham Y o u n g College a t Provo; the M o r g u e of the C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of L a t t e r D a y Saints; then a n u m b e r of t h e schools . . . so t h a t . . . the State Historical Association without funds for any purpose is simply a figurehead. 2 7

In its relationship with these organizations over the years, the Society has consistently attempted to foster a spirit of cooperation and has encouraged an open use policy for private collections. Aware of its unique role as the "one official agency of state government charged by law with the collection, preservation, and publication of materials on Utah and related history," 28 the Society has taken the position that in accomplishing its goal of stimulating research and activity in Utah history it can do no better than to encourage all efforts and all organizations.

MEMBERSHIP SERVICES

Certain efforts in disseminating history have been aimed primarily at members of the Society. The Annual Meeting, historic treks sponsored by the Society, and the Utah Historical Quarterly exist through their financial support. When the Division of State History was created in 1967 to assume many of the general functions of the Historical Society, legislators preserved the Society as the vehicle for providing membership services.

An annual conference for the presentation of formal papers has been a rather consistent policy of the Society since its founding; yet the history of the Annual Meeting is one of numerous stops and starts.

Only since its revival under Dr. Mortensen's direction has the assembly been consistent enough to be listed chronologically. Thus, the meeting held in 1972 during the Society's seventy-fifth anniversary year was labeled the twentieth in the current series, even though "annual" meetings had been held before 1952.

Beginning in 1898 and continuing for twenty-eight years, members met in an annual business meeting each January to elect officers. On at least nine occasions these gatherings featured historical papers or addresses. Elections were eliminated in 1925, but the board decided to hold "public" meetings as part of their semiannual board meetings; they succeeded only twice in four attempts, then in 1931 dropped out of the lecture field, citing competition from other groups. Interest in 27

pp. 4-5.

Report of the State Historical Society, State of Utah, 1926, by Albert F. Philips,

28 The phrase appeared, among other places, on the inside back cover of Utah Historical Quarterly from 1963 to 1971.

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reviving the practice continued for a few years, then faded for a decade. Talk of "open" meetings appeared again in board discussions in the late 1940s, but it was 1952 before specific authorization led to action.

Implementing a plan to convene Society and chapter members for an evening dinner meeting, Dr. Mortensen and a comThe Society sponsored a trek to Hole-in-theRock in 1963. Utah State Historical Society mittee headed by Dr. photograph.

Swensen organized the first dinner at the Lion House and invited John D. Hicks to address the gathering. Its success initiated a tradition which has brought prominent western historians to Utah from all parts of the nation. Two innovations were introduced at the annual meet by Dr. Cooley. He took the meeting to Logan in 1968 for the first conference outside Salt Lake City; and he added daytime sessions in 1964. Dr. Peterson added a preservation section to the afternoon schedule in 1970, and folklore was first given a full session under the direction of the Folklore Society in 1971. From an after-dinner speech in 1952 the Annual Meeting has expanded to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas in three related fields of interest to Utah historians.

The Society sponsored two historic treks during the Cooley years before deciding it could not spare the manpower required for the planning and execution of these popular summer excursions. The first trip carried 240 people on a three-day excursion to Hole-in-the-Rock May 17-19, 1963. Busses took some one hundred persons to the high Uintas on a second field trip for the unveiling of the Kletting monument June 27, 1964. A trek planned to follow the Donner Trail to Pilot Peak in 1965 was cancelled; but members were invited on an excursion to the dedication of Glen Canyon Dam June 18-20, 1969.29 Except for this special trek the Society in the past seven years has left field trips to local chapters, which were conducting them before the Society entered the 29 Society Newsletter, 13 (March 1963), 1; ( M a y 1963), 1; 14 (July 1964), 1; 15, no.

3 ( 1 9 6 5 ) , 1; 19, no. 3 ( 1 9 6 9 ) , 3.

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field. The Utah Heritage Foundation and other private groups have also received the support and encouragement of the Society in sponsoring on-the-spot investigations of historic sites.

For armchair historians and as an outlet for the written products of Utah historians, the Utah Historical Quarterly has been an effective vehicle for the dissemination of information through forty volumes.

The Society's official publication at latest count was reaching nearly twenty-six hundred members in Utah and forty-five other states and in eight foreign countries. The Quarterly provides a permanent reference on numerous Utah history topics and has been the means of publishing hundreds of well-written, scholarly articles and dozens of original diaries.

Volume 1 of the Quarterly appeared in 1928 with J. Cecil Alter as editor. Andrew Jenson had tried to start a magazine earlier, but committees appointed to study available manuscripts in 1920 recommended against publication at that time. Discussion of a quarterly was made the first order of business by board president Albert F. Philips soon after the Society received its first major appropriation in 1927. The board's decisions on that occasion influenced the Society's publications program for years. It approved an optimistic print order of 1,000 copies and recommended the use of a large, boldface type and soft-finish paper of fine quality, appointed Alter editor-in-chief, and reserved for itself an assistant editorship. The board was active editorially until the early 1950s, although after 1931 it usually delegated its authority for the selection of manuscripts to a Printing and Publishing Committee. After 1952 the editor was merely required to present a list of projected contents for routine approval.

The board approved the treatment of Utah Indian history for the first volume, and that theme received continued attention through the first six years. The early numbers favored pre-Mormon topics and included many studies by board members who were encouraged to be regular contributors. Lack of funds temporarily suspended publication following the sixth volume in 1933; that volume was completed only because the board gave up its travel allowance and cancelled its final meeting of the year. The board promised an annual monograph until the Quarterly could be resumed. Only one was published and that did not appear until October 1938. It was J. Cecil Alter's Early Utah Journalism, prepared in response to William J. Snow's suggestion that a "full list of Utah newspapers . . . be published" 80 in the Quarterly. The 80

14-15.

"Minutes" April 4, 1931, 2:20. See also Early Utah Journalism (Salt Lake City, 1938),

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list became a 350,000-word manuscript which Marguerite Sinclair finally skeletonized into a monograph of about one-third that size.

In 1939 new appropriations revived the Quarterly, which depended only partially upon membership dues. Herbert Auerbach, president of the board, worked closely with Alter over the next six years. When Alter moved to Cincinnati in 1941 Auerbach became supervising editor, and Miss Sinclair was named business manager to supervise proofreading and printing. The board president's major contribution was his translation of the Escalante journal published as volume 11. Another significant volume during this period was Dale L. Morgan's history of the State of Deseret. Early Utah medicine, Colorado River exploration, the Spanish in Utah, and Mormon-government relations were also treated.

Work on Albert Tracy's Utah War journal was nearing completion when Auerbach died. Nineteen months later, in October 1946, Alter resigned.

He had come to realize the impracticality of his absentee editorship but was saddened that he must lose contact with his "beloved but sometimes neglected hobby." 31 During the next five years, editorial responsibilities were handed around among board members. The Rev. Robert J. Dwyer completed volume 13 with the assistance of Professors Ricks and Young and saw the next year's offering through the press in time for a commemoration of the Mormon Pioneer Days in 1947. Young served as acting editor during his term as president. Then in April 1949 president Ricks organized an editorial board to supervise publication efforts until the appointment of Dr. Mortensen in September 1950.

The Quarterly's founders had intended to base the magazine largely on documents and diaries. Primary sources were introduced gradually in early volumes; from 1943 to 1951 they dominated the publication.

The interim editors between Alter and Mortensen found it expedient to issue the Quarterly in a combined annual volume and even put two volumes into one in 1948-49 to bring up to date the schedule which had been a year behind since at least 1943. Mortensen fulfilled prior commitments by issuing Bolton's Pageant in the Wilderness and Dale Morgan's memorial number to J. Roderick Korns, West from Fort Bridger, before launching back into a true quarterly magazine format with volume 20 in 1952.

31 Telegram, Alter to Auerbach, February 12, 1943, quoted in "Minutes," February 13, 1943 2 : 1 2 6 . Auerbach's October 3 letter of resignation was presented to the board October 8. 1946, 2 : 1 7 1 - 7 2 .

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Following Alter's precedent, Mortensen assigned the mechanical responsibilities to his secretary, Dorothy Z. Summerhays, who served as an editorial assistant (later retitled associate editor). The board continued to appoint its own editorial committee on into the 1960s, but this advisory body withdrew from the active perusal of manuscripts, and in 1968 Dr. Cooley announced the appointment of a separate Advisory Board of Editors to counsel with the editor on publication matters.32 The new Quarterly after 1952, with its emphasis on short, readable articles, introduced two new sections suggested by the editor: book reviews (to which was soon added a list of periodical articles) and news of local chapters. Dr. Mortensen also introduced a new generation of authors whose names have become familiar to readers.33 Some earlier contributors also furnished articles.34 An experiment in special theme issues designed to appeal to the tourist proved tremendously successful in the late 1950s. The first of these was the Park and Scenic Wonders issue of July 1958. It was followed by the Valley of the Great Salt Lake in 1959 which quickly went out of print but which has been revised and reprinted in editions totalling one hundred thousand copies. In a third summer issue the Colorado River was featured but with a less "popularized" format.

Combined with the attractive subjects to boost sales and income was an appealing new layout. A new cover in 1953 had been the first step toward removing the formality of a scholarly publication. A second step, the introduction of pictures, had appeared the following year, along with color tip-in sheets and tinted covers. Publications income climbed so much during the late 1950s that the state allowed creation of a special nonlapsing revolving fund; it was discontinued by the auditor in 1969, but dedicated credits from memberships and sales have existed since the 1930s in a separate account used to pay printing costs.

Everett Cooley donned the editor's cap in 1962 with Margery W. Ward as associate editor. He introduced several changes in the Quarterly.

The "News and Comments" section was discontinued to allow for additional book reviews, and the "Articles of Interest" section was rearranged. The most visible change in format, one which brought mixed, 32

Society Newsletter, 18, no. 3 (1968), 1-2.

Among them were Leonard J. Arrington, C. Gregory Crampton, Gustive O. Larson, S. Lyman Tyler, David E. Miller, Stanley S. Ivins, Helen Z. Papanikolas, S. George Ellsworth, William Mulder, James B. Allen, Philip A. M . Taylor, T . Edgar Lyon, Davis Bitton, Richard D. Poll, Frank H . Jonas, Everett L. Cooley, Leland H . Creer, Eugene E. Campbell, R. K e n t Fielding, Jesse D . Jennings, and others.

34 Notably Robert J. Dwyer, Dale L. Morgan, J u a n i t a Brooks, and LeRoy R. Hafen.

83

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but generally favorable response, was the increase in page size, a trend apparent in the publications of other states at the time. A modernized look for the cover and internal changes in makeup completed the redesigning of the Quarterly. In place of regular special issues each summer, Dr. Cooley turned to theme issues keyed to centennial or other observances. He published special expanded numbers on Utah mining, the cattle industry, and transcontinental railroading, and was completing work on the John Wesley Powell issue when he left the Society.

Charles Peterson supervised the publication of four theme issues during his term as editor. Before leaving he helped organize a new publications staff with Melvin T. Smith as editor, Glen M. Leonard in a new position as managing editor, and Miriam B. Murphy as new assistant editor. They have introduced "Historical Notes" and "In This Issue" features, put "Recent Articles" under subject headings, and have experimented with topical numbers for every issue by combining under one cover compatible articles on a number of subjects.

Another publication received by members regularly (since December 1950) is the Utah State Historical Society Newsletter. The Newsletter was originally little more than an announcement sheet for the Quarterly â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an invitation to renew or to give gift memberships â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and a messenger to inform members of Annual Meetings and the lecture series.

By 1959 it was reporting activities of the Society as a true quarterly newsletter and in the 1960s as a bimonthly began including items about activities outside the Society itself. For example, in 1963 it began promoting Golden Spike observances and initiated a series introducing staff members; the following year the Newsletter began emphasizing preservation and museum activities. Feature articles, usually keyed to an anniversary somewhere in Utah, were added after 1966. Since 1962 the Newsletter has carried the names of all new Society members. It has also provided space to thank contributors to the library.

When Dr. Mortensen started mailing the Newsletter it was a two- or three-page flyer printed first in the blue ink of the ditto machine and after 1956 in black mimeograph. A lithographed heading in colored ink was introduced in 1958â&#x20AC;&#x201D;-a masthead featuring the Mansion on Society stationery. Since April 1960 it has been a printed publication with appropriate pictures and a changing masthead to match each new one on the Quarterly.

Two mimeographed newsletters are currently distributed by the Society to special mailing lists. Dr. Leonard initiated the bimonthly

Historical

Society,

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Chapter News in M a y 1971 to report activities of local chapters and to pass along information of interest to chapters a n d local museums. Utah History Research Bulletin, a semiannual listing of research in progress or recently completed, commenced publication with the Spring 1972 number.

T h e Society has issued special publications sporadically and usually with the backing of interested patrons or cooperating publishers. T h e journalism m o n o g r a p h of 1938 and the Tribune a n d Spry books of 1970 have been mentioned. This past year the Society has published a paperback reprint of Bolton's Pageant in the Wilderness and two special guides, Prehistoric Petroglyphs and Pictographs of Utah, a selective catalogue of I n d i a n rock art edited by R o l a n d Seigrist; and Mormon Battalion Trail Guide, by Charles S. Peterson, J o h n F. Yurtinus, David E. Atkinson, a n d A. K e n t Powell, the first in a projected series of field guides to western trails. T h e Society's first major publication effort after Early Utah Journalism was On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout. Interest in establishing a m o n o g r a p h series in 1956 led two years later to the decision to concentrate on the Stout diaries a n d a catalogue of M o r m o n literature (discussed b e l o w ) . J u a n i t a Brooks was a d d e d to the staff in 1960 as Education and Research Director to edit the Stout journal for publication. It a p p e a r e d in 1964 in two volumes under the joint imprint of the Society a n d University of U t a h Press.

SOCIETY

COLLECTIONS

A fundamental service of the Historical Society since the 1930s has been the maintenance of a research library on U t a h and related history â&#x20AC;&#x201D; which has been interpreted to m e a n the Mormons and the West. T h e Society's collections also once included museum relics and for fifteen years the official archives of the state.

T h e Society's brief interlude as a m u s e u m sponsor began with the inheritance of a small relic collection at the close of the Pioneer Jubilee celebration of 1897. T h e Society solicited the collection which h a d been displayed in a temporary Relic Hall on the southwest corner of South T e m p l e and M a i n streets. T h e relics not reclaimed by owners were among the first tangible assets of the newly formed Historical Society.

T h e Society sought legislative support for a m u s e u m building a n d salaried curator, b u t without funds or proper facilities to care for the miscellaneous collection, several successive sets of officers neglected the relics.

This inattention led to d a m a g e of several items, a n d at least one donor

. • • • • .

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• • • • , . .

Hall of Relics on southwest corner of Main and South Temple streets was built for Pioneer Jubilee of 1897. Unclaimed relics were given to the Historical Society which later transferred them to Daughters of Utah Pioneers. Utah State Historical Society photograph, courtesy Salt Lake Tribune.

threatened a law suit to recover damages for injury to "an old water jug and cooler." The Society responded by building protective fences around the collection in the State Capitol, then relinquished the relics to the Daughters of Utah Pioneers in 1926.35 Although the Society since then has had no direct involvement in museum collections — except as a peripheral interest in the Mansion — it has encouraged professionalism among Utah historical museum personnel. The vehicle for this encouragement has been the Utah Museums Conference, which the Society co-sponsored in 1964. In succeeding years the staff has participated in these annual museum meets, and museum efforts have received encouragement through Society newsletters.

The Society's library, like its projected museum, began with an inheritance from the Jubilee Commission. A handsome, leather-bound, two-volume collection of questionnaires completed by surviving Utah pioneers was the first item owned by the library. Until the late 1930s, 35

p. 2.

The relics "resurrected" by the DUP are listed in Philips's biennial Report for 1926,

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however, the library was nonexistent except for a very few books, manuscripts, and newspapers. After the appointment of a full-time, salaried secretary-treasurer-librarian in 1937, J. Cecil Alter donated the first of some five hundred volumes which he gave to the Society over several years to found a reference library of Utah history. Librarians had been appointed prior to Miss Sinclair but had served primarily to answer questions for state officials and patrons. Funds for acquisitions were limited even during the Sinclair years (1937-49), but she and clerical assistants sorted the Society's holdings into files for manuscripts, newspapers, pamphlets, etc., and began a card file and other indexes.

The library during this time also participated in two special projects at the request of government officials â&#x20AC;&#x201D;- first the work of Depression era writer-historians and then the record-keeping of World War II. The Society assumed a partial sponsorship of the WPA Writers Project in November 1939 at the request of Governor Henry H. Blood.

Two typists worked at Society offices indexing general history books, clipping and filing newspapers, copying journals and other manuscripts, and preparing data for historical markers. The statewide files of both the Utah Writers Project and the Historical Records Survey, along with WPA publications from most other states were deposited with the Society in 1943. The WPA work was phasing out when a gubernatorial proclamation of September 12, 1942, transformed the Society into a Department of War History and Archives. Its instructions were to preserve the records of all Utah servicemen and women plus the story of homefront activities. This assignment diverted planned historical efforts but did p r o d u c e a Store h o u s e of inf o r m a t i o n . T h e staff clipped , i i i

three hundred state newspapers monthly, assembled twelve file cases on war activities, and filled four other cases with war posters and pamphlets. Support of the wartime projects brought enduring benefits to the Society and the state, both in the work completed and in the new friends won for Utah history.

Utah's participation in World War II was chronicled by the Society. Utah State Historical Society photograph.

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During the interim period after Miss Sinclair left and before John James was named librarian, the board assumed a primary role in keeping library activities alive. Juanita Brooks, who had been active in the federal transcription project, actively sought out diaries as head of a Manscripts and Library Committee, while secretaries under Dr. Mortensen's direction began cataloging library materials.

When Mr. James set to work in 1952 under a mandate to create a first-class collection, he faced the challenges of inadequate space and a meager budget.36 The Mansion five years later provided needed stack areas in a former bowling alley and reading rooms in a suite of bedrooms, but even this lovely setting had its drawbacks. Most of the collection was, and still is, separated from the librarian and his two assistants who must climb forty-seven steps between the basement and the second floor. An annual book-buying budget of one thousand dollars per year was established for the new librarian â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an increase of about three hundred dollars over immediately preceding years â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and gradually increased to double that amount by 1958. Stabilized, and sometimes reduced drastically, this allotment proved less than enough to buy needed new books, and prevented purchase of older works. Recommendations of the board's Library Committee, vocalized by chairman Lyman Tyler, urged a doubling of funds for books in the early 1960s (subscriptions and microfilm budgets were figured separately). The long-awaited increase came in 1969.

Supplementary sources for income and library materials have long sustained the Society's collections. In the tradition of Alter, many donors have contributed books, manuscripts, pamphlets, periodicals, and photographs for preservation and use at the Society. Plans to move the Society into the Mansion triggered a new round of large gifts in the late 1950s.

Among them were Nicholas G. Morgan's library of some two thousand volumes and Charles Kelly's important collection which included the largest parcel of manuscripts received by the library up to that time (1959).

In addition to gifts in kind, financial contributions and the sale of surplus books from time to time have boosted the library's book budget. Manpower shortages have been eased since the early 1960s with consistent help from volunteers, among them members of the Salt Lake Junior League.

80 Interviews with Mr. James conducted by Miriam B. Murphy, August 9 and 17, 1972, have been helpful in interpreting the library's development.

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Another shortcut to increasing holdings has been the use of microfilm.

Dr. Mortensen purchased the Society's first (and to d a t e o n l y ) microfilm reader in 1951. The Society's holdings grew from 50 rolls in 1952 to 250 six years later and to about one thousand rolls at latest count. The collection includes copies of Utah Librarian John James and researcher Stan newspapers, government Ivins try out Society's microfilm reader. Utah records, and important State Historical Society photograph by William manuscript holdings from Beal. other depositories. In 1972 Dr. Haymond acquired two microfiche readers and began assembling materials for use on this technological innovation.

Other visual materials have been part of the library since at least the 1920s. The photograph library as it is known today, however, got its start with the Morgan collection in 1957. More than two thousand photographs were catalogued for use during the first year after Margaret D. Shepherd (now Lester) was assigned to the task. Collections of similar size from Charles Kelly and the Salt Lake City Engineer's Office, plus the mining centennial collection of the Salt Lake Tribune and numerous smaller gifts have made the picture library with its twentyfive thousand items a treasure house for authors and publishers.

Oral history tapes have been filed in the library during the past two years under a cooperative agreement established by Dr. Peterson.

Interviews conducted in southeastern Utah under the direction of Gary L. Shumway of California State University, Fullerton, have created about five hundred hours of intriguing reminiscences. Oral history was not new to the Society in the 1970s, but this was the first large scale effort and has led to the establishment of a permanent program and cooperation with other oral historians in Utah. Earlier oral histories were recorded by Dr. Mortensen and Dr. Cooley in 1959 when they ventured into Daggett County to talk with oldtimers. The Society's first known venture dates from 1941. On July 4 of that year board member William

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R. Palmer recorded Indian dances and songs in Cedar City on twelveinch disks later deposited with the Society's librarian.

The library under professional direction has served thousands of researchers. Collecting materials has been only half its assignment. The other half has been making those materials available for use. This has been done through indexes and card catalogues, as well as through the helpful, personal attention of Society librarians.

Sitting alongside the standard card catalogs and card indexes which guide the patron to the Society's holdings is the so-called Checklist of Mormon Literature. Dale Morgan offered his card file to the Society for copying in 1951. Dr. Mortensen accepted it, and John James and his staff worked persistently for several years copying and checking entries, multiplying ten thousand author cards into subject and title entries. Publication was arranged by Dr. Cooley at the University of Utah Press after Chad Flake of Brigham Young University took on the editing task and other organizations joined in as sponsors of the project. The published Union Catalog will contain an inventory and notes on the location of all known printed works about the Mormons from 1830 to 1930, a valuable reference tool for scholars.

A program of systematically disposing of government records and of maintaining archives of those records with enduring legal, administrative, or historical value came late to Utah. It was 1951 before a moderately workable law existed and even after its passage funds were not available for another three years. Once begun the state archives faced problems similar to those of the Society's early library â&#x20AC;&#x201D; inadequate housing and insufficient funds to carry out the program expected under the law.

William R. Palmer was the Society's early conscience in the archives movement. Having worked in the county records in southern Utah he recognized the need; it had been confirmed by WPA surveys.37 As a board member he knew that the 1917 law had given the Society authority over records of Utah government agencies, including counties. As early as April 1937 he was telling the board, in reference to local records, "They need safety, if we are ready for them." 38 It was ten years later, following a survey in southeastern Utah by a temporary employee of the Society, that Palmer was invited to serve as state archivist.

37 88

Salt Lake Tribune, December 10, 1936.

"Minutes" April 3, 1937, 3:4.

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In June 1947 he began his official activities after first inquiring of the attorney general to be certain of his right to gather county records. He spent a year visiting ten southern counties, copying some records and beginning a microfilming program. The latter activity was halted on the advice of Attorney General Grover Giles who recommended legislative clarification. This ended the initial phase of Utah archives history; an interim period lasted until 1954 while legislation was being drafted and funding being secured.

In 1954 Everett L. Cooley was hired to begin work as state archivist under a $7,000 deficit appropriation. Over the next six years he outlined a master plan, obtained clarifying legislation from the 1957 legislature, and built a small staff of assistants. The transfer of the Military Records Section from the National Guard in 1957 increased the responsibilities of the Archives Division of the Society, but lack of manpower and a shortage of storage space dictated a low-key program. By 1959 the archives had stopped soliciting records. It was accepting only those which were voluntarily offered or endangered. Many inventoried materials were left in the office of origin, thus frustrating the aims of the program to clear office space and empty file drawers for reuse.

Immediate archival storage needs were met with space in the Mansion's basement. The Carriage House was viewed as a possible interim records management center, but from about 1958 Society and state officials began planning for a new archives building on the east half of the Mansion lot. Planning on this was underway when Dr. Cooley resigned as state archivist in 1960 to accept a teaching post. Dr. Mortensen left the archivist position open in order to hire Ferdinand T. Johnson to further the records management aspect of the program. The Society's director served as acting archivist until funds were available in 1963 to fill the post with T. Harold Jacobsen.

Several alternatives for solving the critical space need were considered in the middle to late 1960s. Problems had developed in the plans for building an archives vault on the Mansion lot; other locations including areas on Capitol Hill were investigated, but the archives was removed from Society jurisdiction before final answers could be found. The Records Management office had moved into the basement of the Capitol in the fall of 1961. Eight years later the archives joined them and became a division of the State Finance Department. The Utah State Archives, with its central microfilming responsibility and its records management program for state and local government, was thought

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to fit more appropriately under Finance which is responsible for services used by all state agencies than under the Historical Society which had originated and developed the archival program.

Although divided by the Little Hoover Commission the Society was not conquered. It retained its traditional functions and has since moved toward an expansion of activities under the legislative mandate to collect, preserve, and publish Utah history.

What becomes of Utah's official agency for state and local history in the future will depend upon the support it receives from members and from Utahns acting through their elected representatives in government. During the Society's greatest period of growth in the last twenty years administrators and staff have suggested several programs still awaiting implementation. They offer potential for expanding historical services in the collection, preservation, and dissemination of Utah history.

Among the ideas suggested are the following: restoration of the Mansion, creation of a state program in historical archaeology, organization of a junior history system (including booklets, magazines, a historymobile, visual aids, and junior history clubs), appointment of a Society field agent to collect manuscript materials for the library and to advise local chapters and museums, compilation of a printed catalog of the Society's manuscript holdings, microfilm and microfiche publications of hard-to-get items, publication of a general interest magazine of Utah history and historic sites, compilation of a cumulative index of the Utah Historical Quarterly, publication of a concise encyclopedia of Utah history, and so on.

The Society was founded in 1897 under a charter which was to expire after fifty years. Thirty years before that expiration date the private historical organization had achieved its goal of becoming a state institution. Since 1957 the Society has been a division of the executive branch of state government. Its goals have varied little in seventy-five years, although emphasis has shifted from one program to another. Whatever happens to make unfulfilled goals a reality over the next quarter century will largely determine what historians have to say about the Utah State Historical Society when it sits for another portrait on a future anniversary.

Franklin D.

Richards

Franklin D. Richards's Presidential Address of 1898

INTRODUCTION

J L E S S T H A N T H R E E W E E K S after his appointment as president, and with scarcely more than one week's notice from the program committee, Franklin D. Richards delivered the address printed below on January 17, 1898, at the first Annual Meeting of the newly organized "State Historical Society of Utah." T h e speakers committee â&#x20AC;&#x201D; consisting of John T. Caine, Henry W. Lawrence, and Robert C. Lund â&#x20AC;&#x201D; had been appointed January 8 to arrange the program. In addition to Richards, they engaged Dr. Ellen B. Ferguson to explore the philosophical question of " T h e T r u e Mission of History" and Joseph T. Kingsbury to extol the virtuous accomplishments of " T h e U t a h Pioneers." T h e meeting was billed as a public musical and literary program, with a vocal solo

by Nellie Holliday, although its official purpose was to meet the Society's constitutional requirement for an annual business meeting each third Monday of January. The seventy-six-year-old Richards and the entire

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slate of officers appointed by the organizing committee of December 28, 1897, were reelected to full-year terms in a concluding gesture of the meeting in the Theosophical Hall on West Temple Street in Salt Lake City. T h e full texts of the three addresses were later printed in a broadside for distribution to the Society's seventy-five charter members. 1 Besides serving as the Society's first president, Richards was first president of the Genealogical Society of U t a h which he helped found in 1894 and h a d been associated with the Church Historian's Office of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for fourteen years, first as an assistant a n d since 1889 as church historian. I n his presidential address, the veteran keeper of M o r m o n history visualized his role as one of defining areas for research in U t a h history. H e therefore discussed the potential for work in more than a dozen broad subject areas, noted the abundance of source materials for U t a h historians, and appealed for legislative funding to support the work. Richards predicted that the new organization, through its collection, preservation, a n d dissemination of U t a h history, would someday rank among the best state historical societies in the United States, After nearly seventy-five years, the first presidential address of Franklin D. Richards is still of interest, both as a definition of the possibilities for research into Utah's varied past and as a document from the founding years of the U t a h State Historical Society.

PRESIDENT

RICHARDS^S A D D R E S S

Ladies and Gentlemen: Permit me to extend to you and to the State of Utah my congratulations on the organization of this Historical Society. It marks a step forward and upward on the path of Utah's progress. It has commenced at an opportune period. Half a century having passed since the Pioneers planted the flag of our country, as the signal of civilization, in this then arid spot on the Great American Desert, materials for the compilation of history exist in plentiful and varied forms. The relics of early times in Utah which made an interesting feature of our Semi-Centennial celebration, and which have been generously donated to this society by the Jubilee Commission, will form a nucleus for the accretion of similar articles, valuable for history in that particular direction. The work involved in their accumulation and care will constitute but one department for the consideration of this society.

The agricultural development of Utah embracing the fruit-raising, gardening, stock-growing, sheep-raising and kindred interests will form another department. The introduction, extension and application of the system of irrigation, 1 State Historical Society of U t a h , State and Objects . . . (Salt Lake City, [1898?]).

Historical

Society:

Its Origin,

Incorporation

Presidential

Address

of 1898

337

in which Utah was the pioneer in the United States, will furnish another field from which history may gather a valuable harvest.

T h e commencement and growth of manufactures, from the simplest handlabor articles of common necessity, up through the successive improvements in utensils and fabrics to meet the demands of more luxurious times, to the mighty machinery by which the precious metals are obtained from the crude ores forced out of the solid mountains, sugar is produced and crystalized from the carefully cultured beet, and electricity is brought into action as a nightly illuminator and a daily propelling force, will be another source from which the historian will derive appropriate information.

T h e mineral products of U t a h afford material for still another department of the history of the State. T h e vast extent and wonderful variety of these resources are the admiration of all investigators. At least eighty different kinds of mineral deposits have been discovered within Utah's boundaries. They include not only the precious metals and those essential to modern manufactures, but substances known to chemistry as of inestimable value. They are undoubtedly destined to attract the attention of the whole world, and to place this State in the very foremost rank of the mineral-bearing regions of the earth.

T h e evolution of architecture, as exhibited in the advancement from primitive log cabin to the stately mansion, and from the plain adobe structure with its small openings and little sashes, to the imposing edifices, public and private, erected and beautified with sandstone, granite, marble, onyx and other costly materials, obtained within our borders, must not be forgotten.

Nor must we omit the pleasing change that has taken place in the means of locomotion and inter-communication. T h e ox-teams and "schooners" or covered wagons, with which thousands of immigrants wended their way hither, more than a thousand miles across the plains and mountains, and which were the means of travel from place to place in this region, and even the mule teams which succeeded them, have disappeared. Even the fine horses bred in these valleys are now rarely used, except for pleasure-riding and short trips, and great railroad systems, bringing huge trains with living freight and masses of merchandise, have superceded them, built in large degree with Utah labor and capital.

T h e electric telegraph at an early date was utilized here and lines built to various points, and now we are in connection with the vast network of lines that reach over continents and under the bed of oceans, opening for us intercourse with the world. T h e telephone also has been brought into use, placing us in the lead of many more populous portions of the Republic. T h e torch and the oil-lamp have faded out in the glare of the electric light, which now illuminates our streets, our public buildings, our comfortable homes, and almost dispenses with the use of gas, once prized as a great light. T h e story of these transformations and the benefits which have resulted therefrom to individuals, to families and to the State, cannot fail to add lustre to the pages of our history, and should be chronicled as marks of Utah's advancement and willingness to utilize the improvements of the age.

T h e opening and colonization of other valleys than that of the Great Salt Lake, the means by which they were settled and by which, though located at

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altitudes where it was supposed to be impossible to raise anything but mountain grasses, splendid farms and orchards and thriving towns and villages, with comfortable homes, school houses, churches, marts of commerce and other evidences of civilization have taken the place of barrenness and solitude, will also be found a worthy subject for the pen of the historian.

T h e history of the progress of education in Utah will date back to the very earliest days of the occupation of this part of the public domain, which was then Mexican territory. It will be seen that this has been commensurate with the growth of population, the increase of wealth and the access to those facilities obtainable from the best sources of supply. I need not particularize on this department, as it will no doubt be dwelt upon in greater detail and ability by others.

T h e department of religion will also necessarily engage the attention of laborers in historical work. T h e establishment of the various churches, the obstacles they have overcome, the property they have accumulated, the success they have achieved, both at home and abroad, and their general effects upon society and the upbuilding of the State, are some of the topics to be treated upon in this department.

Utah's literature must also be considered. This will include the publication of daily, semi-weekly, weekly and semi-monthly newspapers, also magazines, books, pamphlets, works in poetry and in prose, the establishment of publishing houses, the founding of literary societies, contributions from Utah writers to the literature of other parts of the world, and the productions of literary genius and talent from various parts of the State, which through the modesty of the authors, or for other reasons, have not been given to the public.

T h e fine arts must come in for their share of attention. Among Utah's sons and daughters are artists of no mean abilities and attainments. Painters, sculptors, musicians, dramatists, actors, decorators, fashioners of dainty fabrics and embellishments, are numerous among them, and some have attained national and worldwide celebrity. Specimens of our sculptors' art occupy already not only places in our State Capital, but in the niches of fame abroad. Music sits enthroned in these mountain valleys, the sound thereof has gone abroad in mellifluous tones to the ends of the earth. T h e paintings of our home artists have appeared on the walls of the world's great galleries and of wealthy collectors who are conossieurs [sic] in art. The fair sex excel in ceramics, the finest needle work and other artistic productions of skillful hands, and in various ways Utah exhibits talent worthy of record.

In the field of invention, the Patent Office at the seat of government will furnish evidence that Utah is not behind in the march of the human family.

T h e social customs, manners and morals of Utah will also engage the attention of this society. O u r community is made up of people who have come from all the civilized nations and from some of the semi-barbarous tribes, while it has been surrounded by savages, the natives of the soil. T h e languages spoken by the residents of this State number at least twenty-five. The amalgamation of these varied elements of humanity into one harmonious social organism, is something worthy the attention of the student and the labor of the historian.

Presidential

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The political department of Utah's history is also of vast importance. From the time that the Pioneers established a local provisional government, which afterwards took the shape of the State of Deseret, seeking admission into the Great American Union, up through the conditions of territorial vassalage, the numerous efforts towards enlarged liberty, the repeated struggles and failures to effect this grand end, until at length the glorious boon of sovereign Statehood was obtained, and Utah gained her rights and privileges and was crowned with the glory of a free commonwealth, making the forty-fifth star in the National galaxy, points for the historian will be bristling with interest and ready to be recorded in the annals of our society.

The establishment of woman suffrage by the Territorial Assembly in 1870, its repeal by Congress, the incorporation of a provision in the State Constitution for equal political rights and privileges to both sexes, and its statutory enactment by the first State Legislature of Utah, after animated debates, are among those points that must not be neglected. The conflicts of parties, the works of our municipalities, our county boards, our Territorial and State Legislatures, the doings of our federal and local officials, the relations of our people to the government of the United States, the loyalty maintained through all the complications, difficulties and misunderstandings of the past, and the great and beneficient change that has taken place in the feelings of our fellow-citizens towards us throughout the Union, will all contribute to make this portion of our history momentous and of immense worth.

Among the means of information available on all these topics are the files of Utah newspapers, magazines and other periodicals, the local libraries, the State, county and municipal records, the journals and diaries kept by persons familiar with current events, for their own benefit or pro bono publico. The Genealogical Society of Utah, of which I have the honor to be president, has a library containing valuable historic records, pedigrees and kindred works. The collections in museums, and the recollections of old inhabitants still sound in mind and active in intellect, the libraries and museums in other states having a similar purpose to that of ours will also no doubt furnish many things which will aid in the work that lies before us.

It is obvious that this work cannot be accomplished without expense. Money will be needed for the prosecution of the labors of this society, and that which will accrue from the initiation fees and dues of its members will not be adequate to the growing demand. I suggest, therefore, that means be adopted to obtain from our State Legislature an appropriation to aid in effecting the purpose we have in view also to secure life-memberships, endowments and other voluntary contributions that the society may not be crippled or retarded for lack of necessary funds.

I regard the organization of this society as the foundation for a superstructure which will be continuously added upon, as the years pass by, until an edifice will appear which will command the admiration of successive generations, which will be invaluable to our mountain State, which will rank among the foremost institutions of the kind in our beloved country, and which will aid materially in the education of our people and advance the welfare of mankind.

James E. Talmage 1909-12

Spencer Clawson 1912-17

Andrew Jenson 1917-21

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Hugh Ryan 1924-26

Albert F. Philips 1926-31

William J. Snow 1931-36

Herbert S. Auerbach 1936-45

Franklin D. Richards 1897-1900

John T. Caine 1900-02

John A. Widtsoe 1921-22

Joel E. Ricks 1949-57

Orson F. Whitney 1902-08

Delbert W. Parratt 1922-23

Leland H. Creer 1957-61

Joseph T. Kingsbury 1908-09

Levi Edgar Young 1923-24 and 1945-49

J. Grant Iverson 1961-69

Milton C. Abrams 1969-

Utah History: Retrospect and Prospect BY S. GEORGE E L L S W O R T H

JL HE

EDITORS

OF

the Quarterly have asked me to essay an analysis of the history of writing Utah's history, including how current historical writing compares with earlier works, where we are today, and

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Orson F. Whitney's History of Utah in four volumes was published between 1892 and 1904.

Utah History

343

where we ought to be going. This has proved a most difficult task. Rather than give a bibliographical history of Utah's historical writing, I offer a general outline, with a few references to names, general remarks, and suggestions, in the hope that this essay might stimulate further study.

It is said that a typical society goes through about five stages of treating its past. First is the period of activity of conquest and pioneering, the performing of the great and heroic tasks. Second comes a period when society looks back on the heroic or activist period. During the third period the society attempts to identify its heroes and place them in a special patriotic aura, with elaboration of their deeds, enshrining their portraits in gold frames. This adulation may induce intensive study, and reaction may set in and hence the fourth period, one of debunking the heroes and a series of criticisms of past historians. A fifth stage may be reached when the society seeks the real meaning, the essence of its history, the ultimate meaning of the past and its usefulness to the future as a value system that helps give meaning to life in the present and possible direction for the future.

Utah's histories have not followed this sequence exactly, though there is a general similarity. There was a generation of doers before much was done with historical writing. True, that for the pre-1847 explorers and Mountain Men there was little awareness of their own importance and few records were systematically kept. T h e Mormons, on the other hand, were history-conscious from the beginning. Historical records were kept by commandment, and compilations of documents and historical essays were produced. T h e second or look-backward stage did not come for U t a h until many of the activist generation had passed away, during the 1880s and 1890s. Some heroes were identified, but for the most part, strange to tell, U t a h did not identify many heroes other than Brigham Young. We have not really had a period of debunking, certainly not with the intensity known to other fields. We have not come to the fifth stage, that of seeking the real meaning, the essence of our history. I n a way, all these stages are with us almost at the same time, but rather than conform the history of Utah's history to exact stages, let us see what stages historical writing in U t a h has passed through.

U t a h has an unusually strong tradition in fine history beginning in the nineteenth century. Within thirty years of settlement Edward W. Dr. Ellsworth is professor of history at U t a h State University, editor of the Western Historical Quarterly, and serves on the Advisory Board of Editors of Utah Historical Quarterly.

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Utah Historical Quarterly

Tullidge, Mormon convert from England, began his career as Utah historian, biographer, essayist, dramatist, and publisher. Tullidge was Utah's first historian of stature.1 While Tullidge rebelled against Brigham Young's leadership and took a leading role with the Godbeites, little or no indication or mention of these activities appears in his works. Surely no bitterness is to be found in any of his essays. His writings are both objective and defensive of the people of Utah. His Life of Brigham Young; or, Utah and Her Founders appeared in 1876, The Women of Mormondom in 1877, Edward W. Tullidge and the Life of Joseph the Prophet in 1878. The History of Salt Lake City came out in 1886 and was followed by Tullidge's Histories of Utah. Numbered volume 2 it leads us to think he considered the History of Salt Lake City as volume 1. He also edited and contributed largely to Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, three volumes, 1880-85. Tullidge's works were based on available documents, interviews, and personal experiences. The range of subjects was wide. It is doubtful that much of his work has been improved upon, considering the scope, documentation, and the times.

Hubert Howe Bancroft devoted a full volume to The History of Utah in his series of histories of western states and territories. Begun in 1880, the work was finished in 1885, readied for the printer in 1886, and published in October 1889. Throughout the five-year period of preparation, Bancroft put his full force to work collecting manuscripts and copies of documents for the book. His heuristic and writing methods have already been told.2 Suffice it to say that Alfred Bates, "a scholarly 1 William Frank Lye, "Edward Wheelock Tullidge, The Mormons' Rebel Historian," Utah Historical Quarterly, 28 (January 1960), 56â&#x20AC;&#x201D;75.

2 S. George Ellsworth, "Hubert Howe Bancroft and the History of U t a h , " Utah Historical Quarterly, 22 (April 1954), 99-124.

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and serious minded man," wrote most of the work, with Bancroft writing a goodly portion of it, while others on his staff may have made some contributions. Manuscripts and proof sheets were submitted to representatives of the Mormon Church for corrections, but little change was m a d e in the writing, chiefly additions.

Bancroft's History of Utah remains a monument to him and fulfills his expectation that it would constitute the foundation on which future histories must be built. T h e extensive collection of books, newspapers, government documents, and especially manuscript materials from the Church Historian's Office and citizens in U t a h constitute a foundation which will never be removed. Though the history is built on this foundation, the collection of manuscripts has not been fully exploited by historians. There is still much profit in using the manuscripts, and Bancroft's footnotes are guides to sources and topics still relatively untouched.

Viewed from today's research achievement we must say that Bancroft is weak on the pre-1847 period, that his summary of the history of the Mormons to 1846 is not bad, and that the bulk of the book which covers the period 1847 to the death of Brigham Young in 1877 is acceptable for general outlines. Chapters at the end of the book on church and state and social and economic life are useful to those who have not read extensively on these subjects. His footnotes and bibliography are amazing in their wealth of detailed citations. â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘ww Orson F. Whitney was the third of the distinguished early historians of Utah. In 1890 he was commissioned to write a state history. When business irregularities developed, the work was salvaged

by George Q. Cannon and Sons.

Writing was begun in May 1890 and the first two volumes were published in 1892-93. Volume 3 r did not appear until January 1898 Hubert Howe Bancroft and the fourth volume (about

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three hundred fifty biographies) was out in October 1904. Whitney's History of Utah followed the style of many state histories of the time.

His emphasis was on political, judicial, and legal history, with heavy use of documents, always centering around the lives of major political and ecclesiastical leaders. But the main thread of Utah political history was well worked out, and we are very grateful for the in-depth treatment and the publication of significant documents. Volume 1 devotes 280 pages to the coming of the Mormons; thereafter the volumes treat the history chronologically, year by year.

Once the four-volume work was completed, Whitney turned to write Utah's first school textbook: The Making of a State: A School History of Utah (1908). The major events in Utah's history were simply and directly told. In 1916 he condensed his longer work into a onevolume Popular History of Utah. This work is still a very useful tool.

Whitney wrote history that was both defensive of his people (he was ordained an apostle in 1906) and fair. I am impressed with the material he packs into his accounts and the evidence of wide reading, though we are aware today of different interpretations.

A very important chapter in Utah intellectual history, and for Utah history, opened when young Utah men went away to the universities of the nation and gained advanced degrees in professional fields.

Some of these, majoring in history, returned to Utah to bring a professionalism to Utah studies heretofore unknown. Levi Edgar Young was the first of the group. Graduating from the University of Utah in 1895, he went to Harvard three years later for a year of study under Albert Bushnell Hart, Edward Channing, Ephraim Emerton, and William James. He later took a master's degree from Columbia University (1910) and studied at the University of California, Berkeley, 192425, coming under the influence of Herbert E. Bolton. Professor Young taught history, specializing in Utah and western history, from 1899 to 1939. His students were legion and loyal to their inspiring teacher.

Andrew Love Neff completed his doctorate at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1918, writing on "The Mormon Migration to Utah," and joined the University of Utah staff in 1919. He had studied previously at Brigham Young University and Stanford University. He devoted a great deal of time and energy to writing the early history of Utah, and had his life been extended he would have written, most likely, the definitive multi-volumed history of Utah. As it was, his

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death in the fall of 1936 cut this project short, and his finished manuscript was published posthumously in 1940: History of Utah, 1847 to 1869.

William J. Snow also studied at Berkeley, earning his doctorate in 1923 and writing on "The Great Basin before the Coming of the Mormons." This was published in part in the Utah Educational Review, 1926-27. But Professor Snow also studied at the University of Utah and the University of Chicago; he joined the Brigham Young University faculty in 1910 and spent thirty-eight years there. His students were also numerous and have distinguished themselves.

Leland H. Creer earned his doctorate at Berkeley in 1926 and went to teach at the University of Washington where he published his dissertation, Utah and the Nation, 1846-1861. When Professor Neff died in 1936, Professor Creer was chosen to fill the position at the University of Utah.

Joel E. Ricks was the leader at Utah State Agricultural College.

He earned his bachelor's degree at the University of Utah in 1912, studying under Levi Edgar Young. He served as principal of Gunnison High School and president of Weber College. In 1922 he became professor of history at Utah State. He earned a master's in 1920 and his doctorate in 1930 at the University of Chicago. During the summers of 1924 and 1925 he became an intimate of Professor Frederick Jackson Turner who taught those summers on the Logan campus. Strong influences resulted. Professor Ricks also went to Berkeley to become acquainted with Herbert E. Bolton. Ricks's doctoral dissertation was on the "Forms and Methods of Early Mormon Settlement in Utah and the Surrounding Region, 1847-1877." It was published by Utah State University in 1964.

William J. Snow at Brigham Young University, Levi Edgar Young, Andrew Love Neff, and Leland Creer at the University of Utah, and Joel E. Ricks at Utah State Agricultural College were great intellectual leaders, historians, and teachers. They were also leaders in the Utah State Historical Society.

Other young Utahns followed the same pattern, specializing in other academic fields: Ephraim E. Erickson (Chicago, 1918, "The Psychological and Ethical Aspects of Mormon Group Life"), Joseph A. Geddes (Columbia, 1924, "The United Order Among the Mormons [Missouri Phase]"), Lowry Nelson (Wisconsin, 1929, "The Mormon

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Village, A Study in Social Origins"), Feramorz Young Fox (Northwestern University, 1932, "The Mormon Land System: A Study of the Settlement and Utilization of Land under the Direction of the Mormon Church").

Other historians have had less direct influence on Utah history but have been nonetheless important: LeRoy R. Hafen (University of California, Berkeley, 1924, "The Overland Mail to the Pacific Coast, 1848-1869") went to Colorado but upon retirement came to Brigham Young University; Thomas C. Romney (University of California, Berkeley, 1930, "The State of Deseret") went into the Mormon Church institute system as did Milton R. Hunter (University of California, Berkeley, 1936, "Brigham Young, the Colonizer").

The influence of Herbert Eugene Bolton, at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Bancroft Library, is obvious. Altogether that first generation of professional Utah historians was well trained and highly inspired by the great historians of their day. At Utah universities these professors taught courses in the West and Utah history, conducted seminars in historical method, and inspired a second generation of Utah historians.

In the meantime, other Utahns were performing essential and notable services to Utah history. With the coming of statehood, the subject of Utah history entered the public schools, and there has been a line of histories of Utah produced, among them some of the more distinguished efforts at complete histories. As mentioned, Orson F. Whitney's The Making of a State: A School History of Utah (1908) is still a fine work, based largely on his multi-volumed history. Levi Edgar Young published his The Founding of Utah in 1923. It is still a fine introductory account of early Utah social history. John Henry Evans, The Story of Utah, the Beehive State (1933) next came on the scene. It had merits of Whitney and Young and brought treatment of some subjects up-to-date. That same year the Department of Public Instruction made available its Utah â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Resources and Activities, Supplement to the Utah State Courses of Study for Elementary and Secondary Schools. This collaborative work was pulled together by L. R. Humphreys of Utah State Agricultural College. The book is a rather remarkable accumulation of articles on a wide range of subjects dealing with Utah as of that date.

It is still useful. Milton R. Hunter produced the next textbook used in the public schools: Utah in Her Western Setting (1946), since revised and retitled.

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Utah has benefited in the field of local history by the efforts of several historians, non-professors, who have approached their task with professional skills and considerable dedication. These "amateurs" (defined as non-professionally trained historians) have produced more history than the professionals, and in many instances the work of the professionals has not always matched the work of the amateurs. In reality, all works must be judged singly on their own merits. Among these so-called amateurs are some of Utah's most noted historians.

Andrew Jenson, assistant Mormon Church historian from 1891 until his death in 1941, has influenced the writing of Utah history as much as any one person. Following the tradition of Joseph Smith's "History of Joseph Smith," with a chronological arrangement of documents, he compiled the "Journal History of the Church" and similar compilations for each ward, stake, branch, mission, and several special topics (such as the Mormon Battalion). Out of the background of his work in the compilation of these hundreds of volumes, he published his Encyclopedic History of the Church . . . (1941); a Church Chronology (1899); Historical Record, a periodical (1886-90); an Autobiography (1938); and a History of the Scandinavian Mission (1927). Anyone using the Historical Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints has become acquainted with and has been influenced by his manuscript histories. His Encyclopedic History and Church Chronology are reference works indispensable today to the study of Utah and Mormon history.

While Andrew Jenson laid strong foundations which many writers have used, others addressed themselves to broad treatments of Utah or Mormon history. Noble Warrum is best remembered for his Utah Since Statehood, Historical and Biographical (3 vols., 1919), a collection of chapters on political affairs and a variety of topics, still useful. Joseph Fielding Smith, Mormon apostle and official church historian, published the first edition of his Essentials in Church History in 1922, a work now in its twenty-fourth edition. A defense of the Mormons, it is important for many contributions.

Brigham H. Roberts, a Mormon Church leader, produced many works which must be used by the Utah historian notwithstanding the fact they deal primarily with Mormon history. His Comprehensive History of the Church . . . (6 vols., 1930), besides being a defensive history of the church, is a political history of Utah as well. Volumes 3, 4, and

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5 on the territorial period are appreciated by students who apply themselves to reading them.

J. Cecil Alter, non-Mormon, meteorologist, and lover of Utah history, produced significantly for Utah history. His Utah, the Storied Domain: A Documentary History . . . (3 vols., 1932) brought together documents and newspaper extracts in a chronological order, supplemented with biographies, that made it a useful reference work. His Early Utah Journalism (1938) is a remarkable history of newspapers in Utah, another essential reference work.

The Daughters of Utah PioBrigham H. Roberts neers, under the editorship of Kate B. Carter, has published monthly lessons, bound into annual volumes in three series: Heart Throbs of the West (12 vols., 1939-51), Treasures of Pioneer History (6 vols., 1952-57), and Our Pioneer Heritage (15 vols, to date). The lessons have touched upon a wide range of subjects and have been the means of spreading a popular knowledge of Utah's history among a great number of people. Besides these products from the Central Camp, the various camps in the counties have produced county histories, in some instances the only county histories, and in some instances the best in a field. Altogether here is a body of studies which should not be overlooked by anyone.

Utah history made a new advance during the Great Depression.

That period saw the production of a great collection of source materials, books, and articles as well as the development of individuals into historians of national distinction. Juanita Brooks has told most of this in a somewhat autobiographical piece, "Jest a Copyin' Word f'r Word." 3 You must read her article, but it can be said here that the transcription of scores of diaries and the recording of scores of interviews produced Utah Historical Quarterly, 37 (Fall 1969), 375-95

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a vast body of materials; few people have gone deeply enough into the collection to appreciate the contribution of those personal records, Through the writing efforts of persons in that program there have come files and files of articles on a great variety of subjects. Unfortunately those materials are gathering dust, ill-housed and poorly cared for at this writing. Out of those writings, however, came Utah's volume in the American Guide Series, Utah, A Guide to the State (1941) â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a volume packed with detail and fascinating information for anyone willing to search its every corner. It remains perhaps the very best reference tool on the greater portion of Utah's history. Inventories of archives in the state were also compiled but neglected by subsequent searchers.

Town histories were also written. Perhaps the greatest achievement was the launching of the historical careers of Juanita Brooks and Dale L. Morgan.

Morgan, Brooks, and Nels Anderson cannot be called amateurs though they did not hold professional history degrees. Yet some fine historical studies have come from their typewriters. Nels Anderson wrote the first survey of Utah history in a generation when he produced his Desert Saints, The Mormon Frontier in Utah (1942), one of the best single volume treatments of Utah history and culture, though it does not treat beyond statehood. Juanita Brooks is the queen of Utah historians (there is no king). Her absorption with her native Dixie has given us many worthy works portraying life and times in southern Utah, especially in the pioneer period. Her Mountain Meadows Massacre (1950), the result of years of prodigious searching and study, is a classic in objectivity on one of the most difficult of topics. Her editing of the journals of John D. Lee (1955) and of Hosea Stout (1964) has drawn merited praise. Her biography of John D. Lee (1962) is perhaps the best biography we have of a Utah pioneer, though others might contend for the position. Her biography of Dudley Leavitt (1942) and bringing together the stories of her husband, Uncle Will (1970), have given us much pleasure and some insights.

While not a historian of Utah as a state, Dale L. Morgan has written extensively on Utah history and western American history and at his recent death was regarded as one of the leading historians of the American West. Of special interest to Utah are books for which he did most of the work but refused to take credit: Utah, A Guide to the State (1941) and West From Fort Bridger, The Pioneering of the Immigrant Trails Across Utah, 1846-1850 {UHQ, volume 19) by J. Roderic Korns. His

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"State of Deseret" {UHQ, volume 8) set a new standard for documentation of a unique political experience in Utah. His Great Salt Lake (1947) brought together the results of much of his study. His later contributions were in the field of the Mountain Men, with a definitive biography of Jedediah S. Smith (1953) and a documentary study of William H. Ashley (1964). Without this expertise in the study of the Mountain Men and overland emigrants during 1841-46, we would be hard pressed to write chapters on this fascinating period in Utah's history.

By the time of World War II, then, Utahns could go to several fine works for their understanding of Utah history. Nels Anderson's Desert Saints had just come out. Andrew Love Neff's History of Utah was available. On the shelves of many homes were the volumes of Whitney's History of Utah and B. H. Roberts's Comprehensive History of the Church. Joseph A. Geddes had published his dissertation, The United Order Among the Mormons (Missouri Phase), in 1924; Edward J. Allen had published his work, The Second United Order Among the Mormons, in 1936; and William John McNiff had published his dissertation, Heaven on Earth: A Planned Mormon Society, in 1940. The latter three works while not popularly circulated were available in libraries and were read by serious students who got a taste for sympathetic, detailed research and able reporting.

Another major chapter in Utah's intellectual history centers on the period following World War II when returning servicemen chose to accept educational provisions of the GI Bill of Rights and go on to gain higher degrees. In the field of history, those who were students of Young, Neff, Creer, Snow, and Ricks now had the opportunity for advanced study uninterrupted. By about 1950 several young men with doctoral degrees in history were back in Utah at the universities. At Brigham Young were Brigham D. Madsen and Richard D. Poll. At the University of Utah there was David E. Miller. Dello G. Dayton went to Weber, and S. George Ellsworth went to Utah State Agricultural College. A. R. Mortensen went to the Utah State Historical Society when the board decided upon a professional historian as director. Soon Everett L. Cooley joined him there as state archivist. Eugene E. Campbell was at the LDS Institute of Religion in Logan. While trained in economics, with his degrees in that field, Leonard J. Arrington, at Utah State, concentrated his energies on research in Utah and Mormon history and became closely identified with and a leader among the historians of the state,

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The historians were not the only recipients of benefits under the GI Bill; many students were trained in other disciplines, often writing theses and dissertations on Utah, the Mormons, and western subjects. Altogether the scholastic output of this second generation of advanced degree scholars was considerable. These young professors turned to creating their own courses and seminars, training a third generation which has been even more creative and voluminous in its output. In sheer numbers we can count about seventeen hundred theses and dissertations on Utah and Mormon subjects Levi Edgar Young (considered very broadly), of which about fourteen hundred forty have been completed since 1945, compared to about two hundred sixty written in the entire period before 1945. Yet few of these are truly significant, though helpful, and fewer still have seen any form of publication.

A very important and central part of the postwar story was the coming of professional historians to the service of the state in the persons of A. R. Mortensen as director of the Utah State Historical Society and of Everett L. Cooley as state archivist. Dr. Mortensen turned the Utah Historical Quarterly into a quarterly periodical with articles and book reviews, thus making possible an outlet for the increasing production of scholarly and popular articles on Utah history. Simultaneously the microfilm revolution struck, and various libraries began to acquire holdings of important materials on microfilm which would have been impossible to obtain and store otherwise. Materials in the Bancroft Library relating to Utah history were made available to Utah libraries through the courtesy and kindness of George P. Hammond, director of the Bancroft Library.4 The collection of typescripts of diaries, journals, 4 Ellsworth, "Hubert Howe Bancroft," and "A Guide to the Manuscripts in the Bancroft Library Relating to the History of Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly, 22 (July 1954), 197-247.

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and life sketches acquired during the WPA days was made available from the Library of Congress. Some of the territorial papers in the National Archives, as they were made available on microfilm, could be purchased by Utah libraries. Newspapers of the state, as they were put on microfilm, became available to every library.

University and private libraries in the state increased their manuscript and rare book holdings. Outside the state the great holdings were still the Bancroft Library, Yale University Library (William Robertson Coe Collection, for which Mary Withington wrote an excellent guide in 1952), Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, Harvard University Library, Wisconsin State Historical Society, and, a little later, the Princeton University Library (the Rollins Collection, headed by Utahn Alfred Bush).

The net result of the efforts of this second generation was the production during the 1950s and 1960s of a large series of significant books and hundreds of periodical articles. Leonard J. Arrington published his dissertation, revised, under the title Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (1958) and established an immediate reputation, confirmed by a long series of articles and other books on economic themes and Utah history. His bibliography in this book and in his numerous articles constitutes a great reference treasury for those who follow. William Mulder also published his dissertation, a classic study of Mormon immigration, Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia (1957). William Mulder and A. Russell Mortensen edited extracts from the primary sources to produce the best book of "readings": Among the Mormons: Historical Accounts by Contemporary Observers (1958). Austin and Alta Fife, nationally recognized experts on Mormon folklore, brought many of their studies together in Saints of Sage and Saddle: Folklore among the Mormons (1956).

Juanita Brooks had set the example of high quality research and reporting on Utah history in her Mountain Meadows Massacre {1950), followed by her editing of the John D. Lee diaries, Mormon Chronicle (2 vols., 1955), the biography John Doyle Lee: Zealot-Pioneer Builder-Scapegoat (1962), and the editing of another important diary: On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844-1861 (2 vols., 1964).

Another southern Utah historian quietly produced notable works in rapid succession â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Andrew Karl Larson. His first book was The Red Hills of November: A Pioneer Biography of Utah's Cotton Town (1957), then a major work covering the history of Utah's Dixie: "I Was Called

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to Dixie": The Virgin River Basin: Unique Experiences in Mormon Pioneering (1961), and most recently his full biography of Erastus Snow: The Life of a Missionary and Pioneer for the Early Mormon Church (1971). David E. Miller, besides his significant work on the Mountain Men and explorers, gave us the Hole-in-the-Rock: An Epic in the Colonization of the Great American West (1959).

Perhaps the most significant "find" in Mormon history, which has led to discussion and reinterpretation of much of Utah's history, related to the Council of Fifty. James R. Clark and Hyrum Andrus came through with the first essays on the subject; it remained for Klaus J. Hansen to put it all together in Quest for Empire: The Political Kingdom of God and the Council of Fifty in Mormon History (1967). Norman F. Furniss showed what could be done in Utah history by using manuscript materials in the National Archives alongside sources in Utah in his study of The Mormon Conflict, 1850-1859 (1960).

Mormon immigration was studied not only by M. Hamlin Cannon, Wilbur S. Shepperson, and William Mulder but by P. A. M. Taylor.

His Expectations Westward: The Mormons and the Emigration of their British Converts in the Nineteenth Century is a version of his doctoral dissertation. Wallace Stegner produced The Gathering of Zion: The Story of the Mormon Trail (1964) for the American Trails Series, concentrating on the experiences of the early years.

Gustive O. Larson has produced regularly, in articles as well as books. His Outline History of Utah and the Mormons (1958) and revisions have been a help to many students. Extended studies are brought together in his latest work: The "Americanization" of Utah for Statehood (1971).

Besides biographies of John D. Lee and Erastus Snow there has appeared a biography of Orrin Porter Rockwell: Man of God, Son of Thunder (1966) by Harold Schindler, a serious effort to get at a full biography.

These are a few of the major efforts to pull together a great deal of research on significant topics in Utah history. Many other books ought to be added to the fist â&#x20AC;&#x201D; each reader may select those that appeal to him.

That is one of the beauties of books.

While comparatively few authors put out books, many contributed the results of their research in the form of articles. Utahns published widely in national and state journals, but with the revitalization of the Utah Historical Quarterly after 1951, many found opportunity for outlet

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in those pages. A quick survey of articles in the Quarterly over the past twenty years shows us a little of the pattern of historical studies in the period. Nothing of consequence has appeared on the geology or geography of Utah, but two good articles on the prehistoric Indians of Utah were written by Jesse D. Jennings. On Utah's historical Indians little has appeared since 1951. The Bolton translation of the Escalante diary is the major effort on the Spanish. Good pieces have appeared on the Mountain Men by LeRoy Hafen, Dale Morgan, David Miller, and Charles Kelly. Overland emigrants crossing Utah between 1841 and 1846 have been dealt with in volume 19, a classic, while good pieces have also appeared, so the subject is somewhat covered.

Interestingly enough, very little has been published in the Quarterly on the coming of the Mormons and the first years to 1851. Exceptions: the Lorenzo Dow Young diary and Dale Morgan's "State of Deseret."

Very little has appeared on the pioneer settlement of Utah, but what has appeared has been well done â&#x20AC;&#x201D; pieces by P. A. M. Taylor, William Mulder, and LeRoy Hafen. On Utah in the 1850s only the Utah War and the Mountain Meadows Massacre have been treated, and those subjects have been well worked over.

It would appear that the Quarterly has done very well in picking up stories of the latecomers (the "Gentiles") to Utah, certainly a topic much neglected and still not adequately treated.

A great deal has been done on railroading, though mining has been hit less well. Excellent pieces have appeared on social and economic life in the latter part of the nineteenth century and similarly on the general theme of Utah's struggle for statehood, but the field remains relatively untouched. Nothing has appeared on Utah government under statehood, and not much on government in the territorial period. For the period from statehood to World War I there have been some pieces and some on broad topics, though most have been microstudies. Almost nothing has appeared on Utah during the 1920s and the Great Depression. We would have nothing on World War II, also, if it were not for the series on federal spending and installations in Utah by Arrington, Thomas G. Alexander, and others. Articles relating to recent years have concentrated on the Colorado River, reclamation, and defense installations. n But our editors have asked for a more thorough estimate of where we are and where we need to go â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;&#x201D; by way of research and essays on

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certain topics and themes. No two persons going through the wide range of Utah's history would come up with the same suggestions for additional research. I would suggest that most of what has been done can be done over again, better, that any topic in which a person is interested should be examined with thoroughness and written up with skill. A quick look through Utah's history, to me, brings up quite a few topics. The following paragraphs may be suggestive.

I am curious about the Escalante diary and the Miera map. After the expedition of 1776 what happened to the diary? Where was it lodged from time to time; where is it today; and who has done the work of verifying its authenticity and translation (though we seem not to worry about it since Bolton translated it). And the Miera map; or how many Miera maps are there? What is the relationship between the Miera maps? Who were the cartographers?

Another question closely related is, What is the history of the knowledge of the Escalante expedition? By what means and when was information about the Escalante expedition spread after 1776? The Mormon pioneers seem to have known about it, at least to some extent; whence came their knowledge?

The story of the Pioneer Company of 1847 is fairly well known. At least it is told in detail in Bancroft, Whitney, and Roberts. But little is known of the scores of other immigrant companies â&#x20AC;&#x201D; up to five companies a season â&#x20AC;&#x201D; from 1847 to 1869. The great story of the mass immigration from various corners of the globe, bringing converts from their native homes, across oceans, and overland to Salt Lake Valley, has not been told. It has been outlined, but the human drama involved has not been told. As suggested, the 1847 company story is available, and the handcarts story is known and told to us, but the rest is left to our imagination.

Perhaps the results are obvious, but it appears to me that there is a world of study in the acculturation process on the Mormon frontier: the fusion, the adjustment, the accommodation of a variety of cultural and national traits of immigrants meeting on the Utah landscape. William Mulder set a fine example with his study of the Scandinavian immigrants. Can studies be expanded to include all major groups?

Most accounts of land distribution in Utah during the months after July 1847 tell of the parceling out of "inheritances" in five-, ten-, twenty-, and forty-acre lots, according to the occupation and the need of the settler. After that, little is said about the inheritances of other settlers

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in other valleys. What about the land distribution system? What was the relationship between that early system and titles to land when the land office came, or when federal land laws were effected in Utah? What about treaties with the Indians for their lands? Do we know all there is to know about the water and timber "stewardships" in Salt Lake Valley in the first decade? And what of the railroad land grants in Utah and the relationship between these and the existing land laws and occupation under title?

Someone ought to write on Brigham Young among the people. Not every year, but surely an average of once a year, Brigham Young and a group of associates made short or extended visits among the settlements.

From the Salmon River Mission on the north to the Muddy Mission on the south, Brigham Young visited the settlements. What was the pattern of activities at the site of meetings in the settlements? What was the pattern of travel between settlements? Such long trips gave ample opportunity to talk and to discuss plans and people, and meeting with settlers for days gave him a personal contact with most of his people and they with him. And what of the women who went along? What did they do?

Caroline Crosby tells of the reception given by the women of Beaver to Brigham Young's company •— how the women insisted on doing the washing and ironing for the visiting women, if not for altruistic purposes, at least for a chance to see the latest fashions and take off patterns for themselves! The visits of Brigham Young were important as a factor in unifying the far-flung settlements of the Mormon kingdom.

Life and labor in the settlements, through the years, has not really been covered in all its aspects or from adequate and authentic sources.

While Levi Edgar Young and others did well for Salt Lake Valley with hints of other valleys, in reality the pioneering experience everywhere has not been told. Milton R. Hunter generalized some features of settlement history (he called it colonization). Joel E. Ricks got much closer to the settlement experience, pointing out forms and patterns of settlements. But the whole story has not been told — nor has it been told very well for some valleys or regions. Southern Utah has been best covered — perhaps even better than Salt Lake Valley — what with the works of Andrew Karl Larson, Juanita Brooks, Nels Anderson (those last chapters in Desert Saints), and Gustive O. Larson. The History of a Valley — Cache Valley, Utah-Idaho does well, though it too quickly skips over the details after initial settlement history to suit the purposes I am describing here.

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Another question: Was the Utah village pattern borrowed from the New England village or was it the expression of the City of Zion concept of Joseph Smith? Granted the two might be closely related, I believe that begs the question, and there ought to be a more realistic study. I believe the matter could be looked at again with profit.

Have you seen The Foxfire Book? Edited by Eliot Wigginton (1972), the book records how the people of Georgia performed the fundamental tasks of making a living. Chapters are on such subjects as tools and skills, building a log cabin, chimney building, making a chair, making a quilt, cooking on a fireplace, mountain recipes, preserving vegetables and fruit, slaughtering hogs, and so on.

Utah pioneers had many of the same tasks to perform, and there are people living today who can tell exactly how those tasks were performed. We could use such a book for Utah â&#x20AC;&#x201D; describing how to do the simple tasks about the household, farm, and ranch â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a how-to-do-it book for all the chores, as well as the arts and crafts. The Institute of American Design received from Utah a series of drawings and sketches, in color and black and white, watercolor and pen and pencil, showing rugs, weaving, tools, furniture â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all sorts of arts and crafts. That gives us a visual impression of the product, but how were they made, with what tools and in what manner? We are saving physical remains but are failing to preserve the knowledge of names and functions and how to perform the tasks.

It has been my pleasure from time to time to give talks to various groups, and invariably they enjoy most my (our, sometimes my wife and I do a duo) presentation of lives of Mormon women known best to us at our household, based on their diaries. There were some great Mormon women. They left diaries. Mrs. Bancroft interviewed a few of them or asked Mrs. F. D. Richards to have them write for Mrs. Bancroft their experiences. From this and many other sources we know there were some great women. Their story has not been told; we have had only poor summaries to this point. Tullidge did something.

And whenever such talks are given I wince because I know there must be some great stories of the lives of non-Mormon women in Utah.

What of the great Jewish women who braved such isolation and loneliness to be with their men in Utah? Helen Z. Papanikolas has done well on Greek women. What of many others? There must be records. There must be great stories there someplace. Until the stories are written from sound sources these people are not even known to us.

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It is relatively easy to write on the beginnings of mining, the discovery of the precious ores, and the beginnings of the towns. Much harder, but much more interesting to most readers is the true life and labor in and around those mines, life in the towns, and then the history of the mines and mining companies. It is so easy to center on the wealthy owners, but the story of the operators, the workers, the townspeople has not come through yet. Recently some fine efforts are showing up.

A great deal of work has been done by the anthropologists on the prehistory of Utah Indians, and work has been done on the Indians from literary sources prior to 1847. Some work has been done also on Mormon-Indian relations, but little or no work has been done on the life of the Indians themselves in Utah after 1847 — their own cultural adjustments, their patterns of life, all treated from the point of view of the Indian without overmuch regard for white contacts. What of the history of the Indian tribes which remained relatively unaffected by white contacts and removals to reservations? What of the Indian farms of the 1850s? What of the history of the Indians on the reservations — again the social-economic-cultural history of the Indians, from their own point of view?

The history of the settlement of the Uintah Basin in 1905 and thereafter has not been recorded. And it needs to be told from both the Indian and the white points of view. What of the land deals in connection with this settlement? The Indians lost precious lands; the whites gained. There were adjustments from time to time. It all needs to be studied.

Similarly, the history of settlement of the Colorado Plateau area of Utah •— Utah's great southeast — is comparatively unknown. The Mormon settlement needs to be told and also the coming of the cattle frontier and the subsequent conflict between the Mormon frontier moving into the area from the east and southeast. The expansion of Mormon settlement in most of Utah and the Mountain West was relatively uncontested, but by the time the Mormon frontier was moving into southeastern Utah and northeastern Arizona, an American frontier of cattlemen was there. Here there were serious conflicts new to the Mormon settlement of the Mountain West.

Back to the topic of Mormon settlement, it appears to me that there are some excellent institution-biography studies in the lives and services of bishops and stake presidents in the valleys and settlements. Bishops had a unique and important role in settlement history. They had ecclesiastical duties, true, but they were also temporal leaders, judges,

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and managers of much of the economic relations of their community with others through the tithing-in-kind system.

The social history of polygamous families has not been written. We have a few studies of polygamy by Samuel W. Taylor, Nels Anderson, Kimball Young, and Stanley Ivins. As good as it is to have these (I'm not sure about Young), we still do not have an adequate or correct picture of the varieties of experiences among polygamous families in Utah.

It may be too late to get it fully; time is of the essence in getting any living memory (be wary!) and in collecting the contemporary written sources in diaries and letters.

For the student of political institutions there is the study of actual operation of government (s) in Utah. Medievalists have shown us that it is one thing to study the laws and generalize practice from the statutes, and it is another thing to look to the local level of actual experience.

We have little by way of legal description of government in Utah, under the State of Deseret, the Territory of Utah, or the State of Utah. We have nothing that gets close to the experiences of communities, of the people themselves. This is a rich field.

And as much as has been done with the political conflicts (Mormonfederal controversies) we still lack studies of substance on the territorial officers, administrations, and relations among the officials and between the officials and the territorial legislature and the people.

While there have been three good studies of the Deseret News and one of the Salt Lake Tribune, I feel that we still do not have an adequate portrayal of those days of the anti-Mormon crusade at the time of statehood and of those years from 1896 to about the time of World War I when the Tribune changed its language. The editorial feuding between C O Goodwin of the Tribune and Charles W. Penrose of the Deseret News warrants full study.

The social history of Utah in the twentieth century is a field barren of studies of much consequence with few exceptions. How about the revolution in our ways of life â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the coming of the telephone, the coming of natural gas (where it was used), the coming of electricity and its many manifestations, including streetcars (electrically operated). While the interurbans of Utah have received a thorough treatment by the interurban buffs, a fortifying study accessible to the reading public is in order. The coming of the automobile is a world hardly touched, yet the automobile has created as great a revolution in our way of life as any single invention other than electricity.

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Even as the cattle industry needs a great deal more study, so does the sheep grazing industry. A history of the stockyards and meat-packing establishments in Utah would be welcome.

Perhaps more has been written on education in Utah than any other subject, what with so many master's theses in education. There are excellent studies in addition to the work of J. C. Moffitt. Yet there are gaps. Among the most important institutions in education in Utah were the LDS academies established between 1888 and 1911 when eight were founded. These institutions lasted only into the 1920s, but during their years they were perhaps the most important educational institutions in the state. It may be easy to tell of their founding and their ultimate transfer to the state, but there is a story of the life of those institutions: the faculty, the students, and the spirit of learning there. The evidence is strong that that generation had an unusual intellectual curiosity and openness of mind to all learning of high quality. Look at the names of the principals of some of those academies. Know that these men went on to the universities to be great educational leaders there too: Wayne B. Hales, Henry Peterson, Don B. Colton, William J. Snow, Hyrum Manwaring, Ernest A. Jacobsen, Henry Aldous Dixon, Joel E. Ricks, James L. Barker, Arthur L. Beeley, Ephraim E. Erickson, Joseph L. Home, Willard Gardner, Reinhard Maeser, J. Howard Maughan, Charles E. McClellan, Thomas L. Martin, Lorenzo H. Hatch, and many others.

Notwithstanding the work of Noble Warrum on World War I, we do not have an adequate essay descriptive of social, economic, and political affairs in Utah during World War I. Emphasis has been placed on the induction of military units, their service and release, war bond sales, and victory gardens. There is much more to the war period than this and even more to be done with the effect on Utah of the peace and the postwar disillusionment that characterized the nation. What effect had all this on the people of Utah? What of the Ku Klux Klan in Utah?

Utah suffered economic depression in many fields in the 1920s and in all fields in the 1930s. That story has not been told and it is one of the most significant periods, with the greatest implications for us all.

Statistics will not do it. The daily fives of the people must be described.

Perhaps the story is in those bundles of family letters in the back room.

That oral history can do much here has been shown in a couple of efforts by graduate students. We are rapidly coming to the place where all this experience will be lost to us; we must act quickly and well.

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Beginnings have been made on the story of reclamation and conservation in Utah, but the field has only been scratched. Similarly the whole story of the establishment and operation of Utah's national parks and monuments has been touched only superficially. The views must center on the Washington scene as well as the Utah scene. Perhaps irrigation has been studied sufficiently, yet there are many unanswered and obvious questions. We need a life of John A. Widtsoe as agricultural scientist and his relation to irrigation, dry farming, and reclamation efforts on state and national levels.

Notwithstanding the series of essays on defense installations in Utah prior to and during World War II by Arrington, Alexander, and graduate students â&#x20AC;&#x201D; for which we are very grateful â&#x20AC;&#x201D; we do not have a picture of Utah during World War II. We need to establish a balance by having histories of other wartime industries and businesses, particularly those on main street.

The story of Utah since World War II is an open field. Imagine: Bancroft began his enterprise just thirty-two-and-a-half years after that famous July 24, 1847. We are now over thirty-one years after Pearl Harbor, and there is no Bancroft in sight for the period.

There were and have always been several "worlds" in Utah, existing side by side from time to time. These culture worlds have not been fully defined or described. There may have been more than one Mormon culture world (as Mormon life in Salt Lake City, for example, was surely quite different from life in the distant settlements, despite elements of unity). There were the culture worlds of the mining camps, the Jewish community, the Greek immigrants, the federal officials, and so on.

These worlds had their individual and separate outlooks on life and its purposes, their own social institutions.

Sometimes culture worlds recognize the existence of the differences (as witness the present so-called "generation gap"), but they seldom understand each other. It is the responsibility of the historian somehow to get inside those culture worlds and delineate, portray, and truly describe them. Some early Utah writers got close to the Mormon world. Helen Z. Papanikolas has gotten close to the world of the Greek immigrant. Yet an "outsider" does not feel one with the world being described. One may be able to put time, space, and general boundaries on it, but it takes more to portray a world so well that it gives a reader a vicarious experience of living in that world. The historian can play the role of the dramatist and so portray his story as to effect in his readers the catharsis

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Aristotle attributed to Greek tragedy â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the purging of the soul of the audience through giving a vicarious experience. A general history of Utah may give the reader a sense of these worlds. They extend to the present day. m What are our opportunities and responsibilities for the future? We are in a better position today than we have ever been. A great work can be built on foundations now laid. Some libraries and archives are energetically performing their functions under professional leadership. Ambitious plans are afoot for many projects which will move Utah far toward the goal of historical writing worthy of her past.

But there are some specific needs before we can proceed toward the ultimate goals.

1. Utah needs a home for its state archives as a top priority; association with the Historical Society would seem to be a much more useful arrangement. For all the archives in the state we need written guides to the collections with calendars of papers and catalogues of groups of records. Holdings must be enhanced by continual acquisition of records, diaries, letters, photographs, and oral interviews.

2. For special manuscript collections in archives and libraries outside Utah we need the same. The Bancroft guide needs up-dating, and new guides must be written for the holdings of such libraries as at Yale, Harvard, Princeton, Wisconsin universities, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Henry E. Huntington Library, and others.

3. We need bibliographies. There is forthcoming a Mormon bibliography, 1830 to 1930. We need a complete bibliography of significant works on Utah history, organized and arranged in a useful manner. In my office is my own collection of well over twenty-thousand titles classified for ready use, but it needs up-dating and checking against major holdings in the state. Just recently the College of Religious Instruction, Brigham Young University, published A Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations Concerning the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Mormonism and Utah. We need other works of this magnitude.

4. Oral history is one of our greatest opportunities and needs. Oral history is not new; it is as old as history. But the recording devices are new, and a corps of workers could produce wonders for the future record

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of our history for this age that does not create diaries or make records of telephone calls. Some oral history projects are working; everyone needs to get into the act. The various agencies and parties in the state need to cooperate in these undertakings.

5. The publication of source materials is a high priority item. The great store of manuscript materials in the National Archives must be brought together for Utah and produced in a microfilm publication.

From such a publication on film it may not be so difficult to move to publication in book form. The collection of manuscripts on microfilm is an essential publications program. We need to search everywhere in the United States for our Utah materials.

There are special groups of documents and papers which need to be published. The Executive Record Books of the governors of Utah territory, 1850 to 1896, is one good example. There are many other basic documents and groups which are fundamental to an accurate history. Publication costs are high for such undertakings; a companion need is a means to support publication.

All of this adds up to our primary need to have the sources collected, known to us, and available for use, combined with the need to know what others have written on any and all subjects and what its worth is.

6. We need to improve the quality of our output. We need to brush up on the fundamentals of historical research. While we follow the rules to a degree, we sometimes lack thoroughness. In instances we have been content with secondary sources or transcripts of primary sources, we have accepted our sources second hand. We have not queried the provenance of the documents. Too, we are content with one or two documents and usually rely on the first group of papers we meet. We are not thorough enough to obtain all extant testimonies, and we often fail to view our subject from the broadest points of view.

The literary quality of our product leaves much to be desired.

Rarely is there a scholarly work of any literary merit. Too frequently an author is content with a first draft. We are not likely to have great history until we have great writing.

Utah has a history of epic proportions, but we have no historical accounts to match the achievement. There are several reasons for this, several factors which contribute to our low achievement (comparatively speaking, but matched against the great work that must one day be produced).

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First, we have not lived long enough, perhaps, to give us perspective on the past. We lack maturity to look at ourselves and those who went before and see the whole in relation to all else. Even as the child moves from "my world" to "our world" of the family, he must move one day into "the world," not just being aware of the world but participating as a citizen of the world. Most of us do not move from the second into the third. For Mormons, historical maturity would mean the disposition and ability to honestly seek the whole truth and publish it fully and freely; to describe institutions, practices, past and present, freely; to see themselves as others see them; to appreciate the contribution and viewpoints of others; and to appreciate the difference between the truth of history and "my belief." For the non-Mormons, historical maturity would mean to appreciate the Mormons and their contributions; to collect, preserve, and write fully and truthfully about the many worlds in Utah. I have a feeling that recent Mormon scholars (in some instances) have leaned over backwards to be objective, to the point of watering down their account of the past. On the other hand, some Mormon writers have no capacity for getting outside their own environment and looking at themselves or their history objectively. In some instances, the same can be said of non-Mormon writers.

A major deterrent to the production of great literature is the want of freedom. In Hellenistic times (the centuries after Alexander the Great) it became customary for literary figures to be wary lest they offend the new god-kings, hence a large production of adulatory essays in praise of the rulers. The great age of Greek literature was gone, oratory was gone â&#x20AC;&#x201D; there was no opportunity for the people to debate and discuss the great issues of the day. Those matters were in the hands of the god-kings.

Another deterrent is the lack of leisure. Ironically, in an age when we have the greatest number of time-saving devices and the means of obtaining sources and their reproduction, we seem to have the least leisure time to read, reflect, and write. The earlier Utah writers mentioned in this essay seem to have had a greater literary output than appears possible now. Their pace of life was different.

Then there is a tendency for us now to overdo microstudies. This is the law of specialization: we cannot know it all, so we delimit our studies and confine ourselves to the specific sources. Soon we are knowing more and more about less and less, and ultimately we wind up knowing everything about nothing. The multiplicity of little articles plagues

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the entire field. There is too great a temptation to bog down into little time periods with studies limited to selected factors. We are grateful for such studies, but the future need is to see the greater picture, both in time and in array of activities and related factors. Grants and subsidies have been a great boon to researchers in this past generation. But research moneys are continued only to those who produce, so the researcher is pressed to get something in print. This very situation has resulted in the preparation of too many half-baked ideas and repetitious reports.

Too frequently an author presents his one idea in two or three forms and palms those variations off on editors. Such a tactic enlarges his publication list, but it does not add to human knowledge and only frustrates the researcher.

As of now we have neither epic history, biography, nor poetry. We need books over articles. We need articles which synthesize major topics and movements. We need books which treat large themes in the grand (broadly conceived) manner. Synthesis must cover longer periods of time, and the story must be put into the context of all other relevant events and influences.

At a pioneer day ceremony in the Greek Theater on the Utah State University campus overlooking lovely Cache Valley, one summer many years ago, I heard Elder John A. Widtsoe of the Council of the Twelve, and former president of the college, speak on the pioneer heritage of Utah. He said that when their history came to be written it would be by one who had the mind of a historian, the heart of a poet, and the soul of a prophet. I believed him right at the time, and have come to regard the statement even more true as years have gone on. Just when we will get a person of such a remarkable combination of talents and virtues, I do not know. I do not see him on the horizon.

The great works of the future will not only represent a synthesis of much human knowledge, they will portray eternal human values, the essence of human experience, universal truths. They will read with a vitality and a truthfulness that will make the epic story of Utah meaningful not only for Utahns but for people anywhere in the world.

Awards of the Utah State FELLOWS for outstanding historical research and writing Leonard J. Arrington LeRoy R. Hafen Dale L. Morgan Wallace E. Stegner Juanita Brooks David E. Miller C. Gregory Crampton

1960 1960 1960 1961 1962 1962 1963

Olive W. Burt Gustive O. Larson A. Karl Larson Fawn M . Brodie Austin E. Fife Jesse D. Jennings

1964 1964 1965 1967 1968 1970

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS for distinguished service to the State and Society Charles R. Mabey 1959 (Honorary Life Board Member) Levi Edgar Young 1959 (Honorary Life Board Member) Kate B. Carter 1960 Charles Kelly 1960 Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr. 1960 Joel E. Ricks 1960 Horace A. Sorensen 1960 Leland H . Creer 1961

Howard R. Driggs A. Russell Mortensen Harold P. Fabian Bernice Gibbs Anderson Marguerite Sinclair Reusser Russel B. Swensen Everett L. Cooley Dean R. Brimhall John W. James, Jr.

1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 1966 1970 1971 1972

SERVICE AWARD for outstanding service to the cause of U t a h history Stanley S. Ivins Helen H . Romney Salt Lake Junior League John B. Stagg Andrea F. Bennett Virginia P. Kelson Wasatch Historical Society Floyd G a m Hatch Lucybeth Rampton Earl E. Olson

1963 1963 1963 1963 1964 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

J. Grant Iverson Eugene England Pearl F . Jacobson Elizabeth Newby William W. Newby George S. T a n n e r O . N . Malmquist LaVeil Johnson Melissa Sieg

1969 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 1971 1971 1972

Historical Society J. GRANT IVERSON SERVICE AWARD for distinguished service to the State and Society (in memory of J. Grant Iverson for his exemplary devotion and duty to public service) Karen Hackleman Ruth Witt

1969 1970

Floyd Garn Hatch Teddy Griffith

1971 1972

TEACHER AWARD for outstanding service to Utah history in the field of education William M. Purdy Ethel Law Pearl F. Jacobson Dean Bradshaw Jack W. Leifson Larry Haslam Gilbert Pedersen

1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Delia McClellan Florene Adams Carmen Hepworth Louise Hetzel Rebecca S. Payne Jean Hendrickson

1970 1971 1971 1971 1971 1972

MORRIS S. ROSENBLATT AWARD for the best general interest* article appearing in Utah Historical Quarterly (made in memory of Morris S. Rosenblatt by Mr. and Mrs, Jack Goodman for his lifelong interest in and devotion to U t a h history) Neal E. Lambert Thomas G. Alexander Helen Z. Papanikolas

1968 1969 1970

Fawn M. Brodie Nelson Wadsworth

1971 1972

DALE L. MORGAN AWARD for the best scholarly article appearing in Utah Historical Quarterly (made in memory of Dale L. Morgan's distinguished contribution to the research and writing of Utah and western history by Mr. and Mrs. Nick Papanikolas) Henry J. Wolfinger

1972

* Prior to the institution of the Dale L. Morgan Award in 1972, the Morris S. Rosenblatt Award was given for the year's single best article.

A Study of the LDS Church Historian's Office, 1830-1900

BY CHARLES P. ADAMS AND GUSTIVE O. LARSON

X

of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City has the most extensive collection of source materials extant on U t a h and the Mormons as well as much of HE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT

Combined residence-office for historian George A. Smith was begun in 1855 on South Temple. Charles R. Savage photograph, Utah State Historical Society collections, courtesy Leon Waiters.

vs.

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value on the American West.1 The history of the growth of this repository of manuscript and printed source materials from a poorly defined and inefficiently managed nucleus into a giant storehouse filled with a wealth of information is an important one. The reorganization and renaming of the Historian's Office early in 1972 heightens interest in the workings of this 142-year-old official depository of Mormon records. The present study looks at the formative years of the department in the nineteenth century â&#x20AC;&#x201D; at the men who served as historian and recorder, at their progress in compiling a church history, and at the materials they gathered. Countless scholars have availed themselves of that collection for research in the history of Utah and the Mormons.

The manuscript collection of the Historical Department has been broken down by Leonard J. Arrington into six classifications or divisions: The forty-seven-volume "History of Brigham Young," covering the years from 1847 to 1877, comprises the first division. This work was compiled by clerks under the direction of President Young and contains information on church and territorial affairs.

The second classification of source materials, "Journal History of the Church," which consists of a huge collection â&#x20AC;&#x201D; begun in the 1890s â&#x20AC;&#x201D; of excerpts from letters, journals, and newspapers, depicts the daily affairs of the church from 1830 to the present.

In the third classification, journal histories of the stakes and missions of the church are arranged chronologically and contain valuable information on the settlement of specific localities and ecclesiastical particulars relating to the areas. In essence they are much like the "Journal History of the Church."

The fourth division contains original journals, account books, and other sources which record colonizing, business, and ecclesiastical ventures initiated by the Mormons.

Another category is that of diaries; hundreds are on file. They provide some of the most valuable information available to researchers.

The last division is a miscellaneous collection of letters, papers, documents, and Mormon and anti-Mormon literature.2 Mr. Larson is associate professor emeritus of history at Brigham Young University and a Fellow of the U t a h State Historical Society. Mr. Adams is a graduate student at BYU. 1 Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latterday Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), 415. Dr. Arrington was appointed church historian in April 1972 and the Church Historian's Office renamed the Historical Department, with _ Elder Alvin R.^ Dyer as managing director. Dr. Arrington heads the Church History Division. Other division heads are Earl Olson, Archives, and Donald T. Schmidt, Library Services.

2 Ibid.

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Actually, these materials are the by-products of the Mormon zeal for record keeping. Most of the items contained within the Historical Department originated because of the historian's role as recorder of the life and works of the Mormon Church. Primary among his duties is the writing of a "history, and a General Church Record of all things that transpire in Zion." 3 This history, a part of which has been published in the Millennial Star, Deseret News, and other church publications, is referred to throughout source materials interchangeably as the "general history," "sacred history," "sacred record," or, simply, "the history." That part edited for publication (1902-32) by B. H. Roberts is commonly known as the Documentary History of the Church. Since "the history" has proven so important to the Mormon Church that many of the prophets have insisted upon having it read to them and approved before its adoption by the church, it is an excellent thread by which to trace the activities of the department known until 1972 as the Church Historian's Office.4 The office itself accepts April 6, 1830, as the date of its formation.

On that date at Fayette, New York, in the same meeting in which the church was organized, Joseph Smith announced a revelation marking the creation of the Historian's Office: "Behold, there shall be a record kept among you." 5 At that time Oliver Cowdery was appointed church recorder. Previously he had acted as scribe to the Mormon prophet during the translation of the Book of Mormon. Cowdery held the office of church recorder for less than a year.

On March 8, 1831, John Whitmer was called to "keep the church record and history continually" and to assist the prophet in transcribing. 6 Whitmer was sent to Missouri in the winter of 1831-32, and since the headquarters of the church was located at Kirtland, Ohio, it was impossible for him to fulfill his duties as historian in an effective manner.

After three years in which incomplete records were kept, Joseph Smith registered his "deep sorrow" over the condition of affairs in the Historian's Office. He stated that many important items of doctrine had been lost because they had not been recorded. He expressed the 3

Doctrine and Covenants 85:1 (Salt Lake City, 1921).

A good recent study identifying the writer and date of writing for each part of the manuscript "History of the Church" to 1844 is Dean C. Jessee, "The Writing of Joseph Smith's History," Brigham Young University Studies, 11 (Summer 1971), 439-73, 5 Doctrine and Covenants 21:1. e Ibid., 47:1,3.

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belief that had such items been recorded they might be used to decide "almost every point of doctrine which might be agitated." 7 The prophet's concern over the poor state of the office led to the reappointment of Oliver Cowdery as recorder of the church September 14, 1835. He retained the position for the next two years, after which he, too, was assigned church responsibilities in Missouri.

The next four years saw a succession of men named to the offices of church recorder and historian. On September 17, 1837, George W. Robinson was elected general church recorder, replacing Cowdery. The following April 6 two men — John Corrill and Elias Higbee — were set apart as church historians. Less than a year after his appointment to the office, Corrill apostatized and was excommunicated from the church.

Higbee found little time for the duties of historian. In November 1839 he was selected to accompany Joseph Smith to Washington, D. O , to petition President Martin Van Buren for redress of grievances. Later he was named to the committee to supervise the construction of the Mormon temple at Nauvoo.8 It is probable that during the Saints' expulsion from Missouri in 1838-39 assistance was rendered to the Historian's Office by such men as William Clayton and James A/tulholland. Mulholland was credited

by Willard Richards, a later historian, with 49,335 words of volume one of "the history" when Richards tabulated the contributions made by former clerks and recorders.9 On October 3, 1840, President Smith replaced Robinson as church recorder with Robert B. Thompson who must have showed some ability in the office, since Willard Richards later credited him with having completed 5,906 words of history.10 Unfortunately, Thompson's career in the Historian's Office was cut short by his sudden death at Nauvoo August 27, 1841. James Sloan was appointed by Joseph Smith on October 2, 1841, to fill the vacancy.

During the first decade of its existence the Historian's Office witnessed the succession of six men to the positions of recorder and historian. Of these, three — Cowdery, Corrill, and Whitmer — were excommunicated from the church in the closing years of the 1830s, and, according to Apostle Wilford Woodruff, they took most of the history 7 Joseph Fielding Smith, ed., Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City, 1938), 72.

8 Andrew Jenson, Church Chronology (2nd ed.; Salt Lake City, 1914), xix.

9 Willard Richards Journal, April 3, 1845, Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City. T h e department will be cited hereafter as H D C .

10 Ibid.

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they had compiled with them.11 Apparently this unstable situation contributed to Joseph Smith's removal of Sloan (he was called to a mission in Ireland) and to the appointment of Willard Richards.12 With Richards the offices of recorder and historian were combined and remain so today.

A close friend of the prophet, a member of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles, and a cousin to Brigham Young, Richards was a capable man, and for the first time some degree of stability was brought to the Historian's Office. He held the position until his death at Great Salt Lake City in 1854.

It must have been with much difficulty Willard Richards that Richards tried to bring order out of ten years of chaos in the Historian's Office. Many of the records had been stolen or lost through mishandling or carelessness. About the time of Richards's appointment, the following notice appeared in the Nauvoo Neighbor: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is hereby informed, that everyone, having in possession, any documents, facts, incidents, or other matter, in any way connected with the history of said church is requested to hand the same in, at President Joseph Smith's office, 2d story of the brick store; or forward (postpaid) by mail.

Nauvoo May 22nd, 1843.

P.S. The history is now compiling and we want everything relating to the same immediately.13

The next year Elder Richards busied himself with his responsibilities in the Historian's Office; at least part of each working day was set aside for the "history business." After Joseph Smith died in June 1844 and Brigham Young donned the mantle of the prophet, great strides were made in history compilation. Young took an active interest in the " M a t t h i a s F . Cowley, Wilford Woodruff (1909; reprint ed., Salt Lake City, 1964), 477.

Richards was appointed recorder at a special meeting July 30, 1843, in Nauvoo.

Although not formally sustained by the general conference of the church as historian until October 1845, Richards h a d served in the capacity at the request of Joseph Smith for about three years. (He was Smith's private secretary, general clerk, and temple recorder from December 3 1 , 1841, to June 28, 1842, and was renamed private secretary and historian December 21, 1842.) O t h e r responsibilities kept historian Elias Higbee from the work; his death on June 8, 1843, left the task to Richards. Jenson, Church Chronology, xiv-xx.

13 Nauvoo Neighbor, M a y 3 1 , 1843, p. 4.

12

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projects of the Historian's Office. Richards's journal repeatedly mentions the presence of Young at Brother Willard's history sessions, Brigham Young, often in the company of Apostles Heber C. Kimball and George A. Smith, sat with Dr. Richards "recording and revising history." Evidently the procedure was for the historian, after consulting what source materials he had available, to dictate the history of the church to a clerk who returned the written history to the historian. It was then read to members of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles. Errors were corrected and information added by those knowledgeable on the subject.

On April 1, 1845, Richards made the notation that Brigham Young and other apostles "began to read history at 42" and spent most of the day reading 180 pages. The following day was spent in the company of Young and George A. Smith who occupied themselves "revising history." 14 Later that month the historian noted that enough history had been compiled to be published in three volumes. When November 1845 dawned upon the Historian's Office, "the history" had been completed to the end of 1842 and read for accuracy by George A. Smith, who was spending more and more time with Dr. Richards. Brigham Young was noticeably absent, probably being occupied with more pressing matters â&#x20AC;&#x201D; namely, the exodus of the Saints west.

Although the decision to vacate Nauvoo was made in the fall of 1845, Richards first mentions preparations for the evacuation of the Historian's Office in a journal entry early in 1846 noting his presence "at home attending to assorting books and papers preparatory to journey to the West." 15 In the weeks which followed Richards supervised a systematic packing-up of the Historian's Office. The office was bustling with activity on February 4 as history clerks William Benson, George D. Watt, and Thomas Bullock, along with several others, prepared for the removal of valuable papers and documents to the West. Boxes containing Elder Richards's materials were painted and marked with his initials.

On February 7 boxes were weighed so that the heavy materials might be evenly distributed in the wagons which would be used for the exit of the Historian's Office. The following day the record boxes were loaded into wagons along with Richards's supply of "seeds, corn etc for the journey."

The historian recorded in his journal that many of the brethren had been crossing and recrossing the Mississippi River for several days.

14 15

Willard Richards Journal, April 1-2, 1845.

Ibid., January 20, 1846.

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He planned to make the crossing on February 14 but was delayed because of a heavy snowstorm. February 15, 1846, dawned cold but clear, and Richards, along with several ox-drawn wagons containing records from the Historian's Office and his personal belongings, crossed the river on a flatboat into Iowa.16 As previously noted, Richards recorded in his journal in November 1845 that "the history" had been read by the brethren to the end of 1842. Eight additional weeks of history were compiled before the exodus from Nauvoo. The difficult early years in Salt Lake Valley left little time for historiography. Richards's health was poor, and, in addition to this, President Young called him as his second counselor in December 1847. The new counselor retained his position as church historian, but, as president of the Legislative Council, secretary of state of Deseret, postmaster of Great Salt Lake City, editor of the Deseret News, and secretary of the Territory of Utah, he was left in his last years with little time to continue the work he had so zealously performed in Illinois. The records transported by wagon to Utah were not unpacked until June 1853, and the ailing Richards did not get back to the work.17 He died at the age of fifty on March 11, 1854.

The following month the Saints held their twenty-fourth annual conference. Jedediah M. Grant succeeded Richards as counselor to President Young, and Apostle George A. Smith was sustained as church historian. Apparently Richards was aware of who his successor would be, for he left a message for Smith on some blank forms in the Historian's Office.18 The new appointee was not long in commencing his labors as historian and recorder. Four days after his appointment he called on Brigham Young and received permission to remove the materials from the office of his predecessor. Smith, with the aid of his clerk Thomas Bullock, installed the Historian's Office upstairs in the Council House.19 In a letter to his fellow apostle, Franklin D. Richards, dated April 19, 1854, Smith describes the condition of "the history" as he received it from the late historian and counselor.

T h e history of brother Joseph Smith was brought u p by President Willard Richards to the 28th of February 1843. As you are aware, he was ready ie

Ibid., February 14-15, 1846.

The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star, 16 (June 24, 1854), 398-99.

18 Zora Smith Jarvis, comp., Ancestry, Biography, and Family of George A. Smith (Provo, 1962), 177.

19 Millennial Star, 16 (September 16, 1854), 583.

17

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to recommence compiling the History when he was taken sick, and I deeply regret his not having been able to continue the History, especially to the murder of Presidents Joseph and Hyrum Smith, as no person living can be as well qualified to do justice to the subject as himself.20

During the summer of 1854 Smith and his clerk Bullock journeyed to Utah County where they gathered information for the history.

In November 1854 Smith lost his office space in the Council House.

Almon W. Babbitt, secretary of state of the Territory of Utah, had been placed in control of the Council House. Under his authority the Historian's Office was removed to a place in the north end of the old Tithing Storehouse, a place formerly occupied by the church tithing clerks. Smith complained that the lighting was inadequate, and he worked under much discomfort because of his poor eyesight.21 Late in December the writing of history was suspended because several of the office clerks were called to perform similar services for the Legislative Assembly. By February 1855 Smith's clerks had been restored to him, and the following were named as full-time help: Thomas 2U

Ibid.

21

Jarvis, George A. Smith, 188.

Church Historian's Office was upstairs in the Council House until space was preempted by territorial secretary of state in November 1854.

Bennett Collection, Utah State Historical Society, courtesy Standard Optical.

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Bullock, John L. Smith (a brother of the historian), Leo Hawkins, and Robert L. Campbell. They are described by the church historian as efficient, but his hands were nevertheless full with the revising of previously written history and the inserting of additional items to flesh out meagre accounts of important events.22 In a letter dated February 28, 1855, George A. Smith declined an invitation to attend a Mormon Battalion party because of pressing responsibilities at the Historian's Office. The letter is particularly interesting in that the author describes in detail the physical condition of much of his source materials: I have six clerks engaged in the office a n d it keeps my brain in a perfect whirl to keep track of them. . . . M a n y records are nearly obliterated by time, d a m p and dirt. Others lost. Some half worked into mouse nests, and many important events were never written except in the hearts of those who were concerned. 2 3

In June 1855-â&#x20AC;&#x201D;on a lot next to the Gardo House on east South Temple â&#x20AC;&#x201D; construction began on the building which was to house the Historian's Office for over a half-century. In a letter to his uncle Richard Lyman, the historian described the house he was building as designed in the "gothic style by Truman O. Angel." He added that the church was constructing an office adjoining his house for the "history business." 24 His correspondence of August indicates that the timbers on the basement story had been laid and a fireproof safe had been erected.

The Historian's Office staff worked throughout the remainder of the year on "the history." George A. Smith was especially anxious to complete the record of the final days of the Prophet Joseph Smith.

In December "the history" was suspended a second time when George A. Smith found it necessary to travel to the Territorial State House in Fillmore, Utah, where the legislature of which he was a member was in session. In a second attempt to gain statehood, the assembly adopted a state constitution which Apostles John Taylor and George A. Smith were elected to present to Congress together with a petition for the admission of Utah into the Union.

Smith, although surprised by the call, accepted willingly. It would afford him the opportunity to work with John Taylor who was editing 22 George A. Smith to Brother Wheelock, February 7, 1855, "Historian's Office Letter Book," 1 (September 16, 1854-December 5, 1861), 87, HDC. 23 George A. Smith to John C. L. Smith, February 28, 1855, "Historian's Office Letter Book," 1:106.

24 George A. Smith to Richard Lyman, June 27, 1855, "Historian's Office Letter Book," 1:207.

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The Mormon, a church-owned publication in New York City. The church historian was still at work on the history of Joseph Smith's last days. Knowing that Taylor had been imprisoned with the Smith brothers at Carthage, Illinois, and had been a witness to their martyrdom, George A. Smith had many questions he felt Taylor was best qualified to answer.

After putting his affairs in order, the historian left the valley for the East on April 22, 1856.

During Smith's absence Apostle Wilford Woodruff was named acting historian. He had been a general authority of the church since 1839 and was an avid record keeper. His journal is one of the finest personal histories Wilford Woodruff preserved in the church archives. Very early he had sensed the inefficiency of the office, and for this reason he had "recorded nearly all the sermons and teachings that I ever heard from the Prophet Joseph . . . President Brigham Young, and such men as Orson Hyde, Parley P. Pratt and others." 25 In October Woodruff was sustained by the church as assistant historian, the first to be named to this position. Undoubtedly Woodruff's excellent sense of the historical and his private records aided the Historian's Office immensely in writing and revising history.

In the meantime, attempts to gain statehood had proven futile, and George A. Smith traveled to New York City where he hounded John Taylor to write the account of the assassination of Joseph and Hyrum. On September 14, 1856, Smith wrote to Woodruff that he had remained in New York City for the sole purpose of bringing to the mind of Taylor the task of writing the account of the assassination. Taylor responded by devoting his spare time for over a month to the history. When at last the church historian started for Utah the completed account of the assassination was in his possession. From Saint Louis he again wrote the assistant historian stating that he was certain the history would never have been completed had it not been for his persistence.26 Smith Cowley, Wilford Woodruff, 477.

Jarvis, George A. Smith, 214.

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was back in the valley by June 1, 1857, and immediately took up his duties at the Historian's Office.

When news arrived in Utah in late July of the approach of the U. S. Army, much of Smith's time was taken up as a special agent of Brigham Young. The historian traveled widely, calling for volunteers and supervising the defense of the Saints.

Young instructed Woodruff on August 13 to summon the apostles to the Salt Lake Temple site. There, after the group had assembled, the prophet, assisted by Woodruff, packed some sixty-five books â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "chiefly Church works" â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in a stone box which was buried in the foundation of the temple.27 During the winter months of 1857-58 Woodruff spent much of his time compiling biographies of the leading churchmen. After each history was completed, the subject was called to the Historian's Office to hear it read to insure accuracy. President Young often came to hear the biographies read and to listen to "the history."

With the arrival of spring in 1858, the Mormon populace hurriedly prepared to evacuate the northernmost settlements. On April 7, amid this excitement, Woodruff loaded his wagons with records from the Historian's Office and left in a heavy snowstorm for Provo, forty miles south of Salt Lake. The evacuation of the north continued through the next several weeks, and the assistant historian made many trips between the two cities, transporting valuable church materials and private possessions to Utah Valley.28 Although a successful settlement of differences was made between the Mormons and the United States government on June 11, President Young and other prominent church officials did not return to their homes until July 1. Gradually the Saints filtered northward, and the Historian's Office was packed up and returned to Salt Lake. In October 1858 George A. Smith, along with two of his seven wives, moved into his new residence-office.

During the Civil War years Smith's life fell into a pattern. His time was divided between the Historian's Office and the territorial legislature, interspersed with special assignments from Brigham Young. Notable among the latter were Smith's leadership in the organization of the southern colonies, the establishment of the Cotton Mission, and the settlement of St. George, Utah.

27 28

Cowley, Wilford Woodruff, 384.

Ibid., 400.

LDS Church Historian's Office

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In the spring of 1865 he spent considerable time in the company of his cousin Elias Smith, a first cousin to Joseph Smith. The two men were at work revising the book, Joseph Smith the Prophet, written by the dead prophet's mother, Lucy Mack Smith. It had been rejected for "inaccuracies" by Brigham Young. The historian and his cousin were attempting to weed out the parts the president had found objectionable.29 In June 1868 Heber C. Kimball, first counselor to Brigham Young, died, and the following October George A. Smith was named to fill the vacancy in the First Presidency. The George A.Smith duties of first counselor were sufficient to occupy all of his time, but he was not released from his responsibilities as church historian and recorder until October 1870. With his removal, the Historian's Office lost one of the most competent men ever to preside over it. George A. Smith and his family continued to live at the historian's residence until his death in September 1875.30 Apostle Albert Carrington was named to succeed Smith as historian, and Wilford Woodruff was retained as assistant. On May 9, 1874, Carrington became a counselor to President Young, and Orson Pratt became church historian.

Perhaps the decade of the 1870s, and especially the administration of Pratt, can best be summarized by the findings of a special committee of apostles directed by John Taylor â&#x20AC;&#x201D; who had followed Brigham Young as church leader in 1877 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to "examine and inquire" into the condition of the Historian's Office. The committee made its study and filed a report of its findings with the First Presidency on September 27, 1881.

"The history" had been published to 1844 in church periodicals, and, according to the report, further compilation of it had ceased in 1856. In 1874 Pratt picked up the work on it at this point. Composed of copied extracts from various publications, "the history" was completed under Pratt's direction through the year 1877, and work was being done ' Jarvis, George A. Smith, 235.

Ibid., 262,

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by clerks on the remaining years prior to Taylor's ascendancy to the presidency in 1880. The compilation had not been read and compared with the originals since Pratt's commencement in office.

The committee complained that unlike previous historians Pratt had neglected to procure duplicates of all literature which contained articles for or against the church. The reason given for the neglect was lack of funds. The report also brought to Taylor's attention the fact that the Historian's Office had failed to keep scrapbooks containing information pertinent to the church. The report continued in part: N o person seems to have a n a d e q u a t e idea of w h a t t h e office contains. . . .

T h e r e a r e no catalogues a n d no p r o p e r registry kept of books borrowed, loaned a n d returned. . . . T h e r e is no safe or vault of any kind . . . the present building being . . . entirely insecure against burglary, incendiary or other casualty. T h e r e is no g u a r d kept in t h e building a n d n o other means of protection provided. . . . the floors a r e strewed with boxes, books a n d papers for which there seems to b e no other place. T h e Historian, clerks, tables^ cupboards a n d library are all in one c o m p a r t m e n t a n d everything is cluttered a n d inconvenient. 3 1

Apostle Joseph F. Smith and the other members of the committee concluded the report with several recommendations, the following being some of the more important: That a new building be constructed as soon as possible large enough to accommodate the Historian's Office and staff adequately. That one of the office clerks be made librarian and given the responsibility of cataloging and registering books loaned and returned. That an appropriation be made to the office for the purchase of books, papers, and supplies. That a scrapbook containing articles â&#x20AC;&#x201D; both pro and con â&#x20AC;&#x201D; about the church be kept. That efforts be initiated to record the activities of the First Presidency and the Quorum of Twelve Apostles. That the office suspend the copying of extracted history after December 1879.32 After receiving the committee's report Taylor issued instructions that because the Historian's Office was a privately owned institution no one was to be allowed access to its contents without permission of the trustee-in-trust.33 Wilford Woodruff explained that this action resulted from "our enemies" using the contents of the office to obtain information on which they based "slanderous and malignant attacks" against the church. Woodruff concluded that Taylor had been surprised to learn that 31 Joseph F. Smith, Francis M. Lyman, and John Henry Smith to the First Presidency and Council of the Twelve Apostles, September 27, 1881, p. 1, HDC. 32 Ibid., 2.

33 "Historian's Office Journal from January 1, 1881, to September 30, 1882," March 31, 1882, HDC.

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this had not always been the policy.34 The Mormon practice of polygamyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; "the last relic of barbarism" â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and charges involving church domination of political affairs were, undoubtedly, the subjects of the attacks made by the enemies of the church who had been searching in the Historian's Office for ammunition to fight the Mormons.

It was during this time that Hubert H. Bancroft of San Francisco finally succeeded in his attempts to secure information from the church.

He had petitioned the Mormon leaders as early as 1860 for data to be used in compiling a history of the Pacific Slope, but he had had little success because President Young and George A. Smith distrusted the motives of the Californian. Bancroft's letters of request, often accompanied by a list of questions for which he desired answers, were ignored completely or were unsatisfactorily answered. Understandably, the author was unhappy with answers like the following which was forwarded to him by George A. Smith in August 1862: T h e administration of Govr. [Alfred] Cumming, of Georgia, was remarkable for the a m o u n t of intoxicating drinks used, and their consequent effects in producing blasphemy, riot and bloodshed.

T h e short administration of acting Governor [Francis H.] Wootton, of Maryland, was marked by no event of importance, saving only that when he left, bad liquor fell in price. 35

Although unsuccessful, Bancroft continued to request source materials from the Historian's Office with vows of "fair and just" treatment of the Mormons. However, Young and Smith remained skeptical, and when Orson Pratt became head of the Historian's Office, he, too, responded to Bancroft's requests with caution. For twenty years Bancroft hounded the Historian's Office with promises of an "honest and objective" history if he were provided the necessary primary sources. The following is typical of his approach: I neither bow the knee to the United States Government nor revile U t a h . . . . This, then, is the point, fair-minded men, who desire to see placed before the world a fair history of Utah. 3 6

Bancroft was finally promised the materials he requested. Perhaps his dogged persistence and apparent sincerity played some part in President John Taylor's decision to cooperate with the publisher; but, if so, it was overshadowed by another factor.

Ibid.

'George A. Smith to H. H. Bancroft, August 21, 1862, Bancroft Folder, HDC. 1 Bancroft to James Dwyer, January 12, 1880, Bancroft Folder.

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The Mormon practice of plural marriage had given the church a highly unfavorable press. Church officials felt much of this "slanderous" propaganda originated with trouble-making Gentiles in Utah. Congress was being pressured to "clean-up Utah" for good, and attempts made by the church to quiet the national uproar over polygamy had proven futile. If a historian of Bancroft's reputation were supplied the sources to write a "truthful" history of Utah, then perhaps he would succeed where the church had failed in placing the Mormon side of the polygamy question before the world. Additional food for thought came when Bancroft notified the church that if the only sources he had available were those of the Gentiles, his history would quite naturally favor them.

With these points in mind, church leaders decided to furnish Bancroft with the materials he desired. In addition, Apostle Franklin D. Richards was given a special assignment to assist the publisher in the compilation of the history. Under the direction of Richards, the Historian's Office sent letters throughout the territory requesting data for Bancroft. John Jaques, a clerk in the office, was put to work searching out information in the church files.37 In early July 1880 Richards, preparing to leave Utah for San Francisco to confer with Bancroft, became concerned when he noticed that a history of Salt Lake City had been omitted from the collection of sixty town histories prepared by the Historian's Office for Bancroft. He notified Orson Pratt of the omission and requested the history be forwarded to him at once.

I desire t h a t the metropolitan city of U t a h shall have a faithful a n d thorough representation in M r Bs History for it has been t h e stomping ground a n d threshing floor for all the Territory â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in matters Civil, Legal, Political, Judicial & Ecclesiastical. 38

Jane Snyder Richards, one of Franklin D. Richards's eleven wives, accompanied her husband to San Francisco to confer with Bancroft. A cordial relationship soon developed between the Mormon couple and "Mr. B." Richards spent much time with the publisher, assisting him and furnishing information for the history. So pleased with the results was Bancroft that he wrote a letter to President John Taylor stating: A fortnight with M r . Richards has been completed most satisfactory to me. . . . H e is doing all that a m a n can do, a n d I earnestly hope you will not be disappointed in the result. 39 37

Smith, Lyman, and Smith to First Presidency, September 27, 1881, p. 1.

Franklin D. Richards to Orson Pratt, Orson Pratt Papers, HDC. 39 Bancroft to John Taylor, July 23, 1880, Bancroft Folder.

38

LDS Church Historian's Offi,ce

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The Historian's Office forwarded copies of applicable information to San Francisco as it filtered in from outlying settlements, and Jaques continued to search out data requested by Richards until the Bancroft history was completed.

With the death of Orson Pratt in late 1881, Wilford Woodruff was named church historian. He had served as assistant historian for over a quarter-century and knew the workings of the office well. However, his years as historian proved to be stormy ones for the Mormons.

Contrary to the hopes of the Saints, the federal crusade against polygamy did not subside, and increased pressures were applied by Congress with the passage of the Edmunds Act in 1882. The law was actually an amendment to the Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862 with an added provision making polygamous living â&#x20AC;&#x201D; called unlawful cohabitation â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a misdemeanor punishable by up to six months' imprisonment and a $300 fine, or both. Armed with this more enforceable anti-polygamy legislation and supported by Supreme Court rulings, federal officers launched a judicial crusade which threatened imprisonment for hundreds of polygamists.

When pressure reached the point where husbands had to abandon extra wives or go to jail, many went into hiding rather than serve a prison sentence. President Taylor, then seventy-seven years of age, and most of the apostles, including Woodruff, went into exile or on "the underground" as it came to be called. Apostle Woodruff's career as church historian was ended. Taylor spent the rest of his life in hiding, and Woodruff was still dodging federal deputies (mostly in southern Utah) when he was elevated to higher leadership upon Taylor's death in the summer of 1887.

With the leaders of the church in hiding, the Historian's Office took on a new dimension of authority. Apostle Franklin D. Richards, who had assisted with the Bancroft history, had been made assistant church historian in the spring of 1884. Although a polygamist, he was accepted by the United States marshal as the only one of the General Authorities not living with his plural wives.40 As such, his name was not on the most wanted list. He was the leading church authority at liberty to move about the Mormon community openly and transact church business. A system of secret communication was devised, and under the constant instruction and counsel of the First Presidency, Richards directed the _ 40 John M. Whitaker Journal, no. 3, folder no. 4, May 11, 1886-June 27, 1886, typescript, Huntington Library, San Marino, California.

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affairs of the church, an arrangement which earned him the title of "the visible head of the Church." 41 Richards made his home in Ogden, thirty-five miles north of Salt Lake, and commuted the distance each day by train. During his absence from the Historian's Office, especially at night, responsibility was delegated to members of the staff. One employee, John M. Whitaker, has left a particularly valuable account of the activities of the Historian's Office during this period. As secretary to the church historian â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and before his marriage to President Taylor's daughter â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Whitaker had a sleeping room in the basement of the Historian's Office. He was in an ideal position to observe the hide-and-seek activities of deputy marshals and polygamists in the mid-1880s. In the exercise of his duties, he was instrumental in helping many fellow churchmen elude capture, including Apostles Wilford Woodruff, Heber J. Grant, and John Henry Smith.42 Federal officials were to some degree aware of the part played

by Richards and his staff. In February and again in November of 1886, deputy marshals armed with warrants raided the Historian's Office in attempts to locate President Taylor and his first counselor, George Q. Cannon. Both visits proved fruitless. Because the office served as a dropping-off place, it was closely watched by federal officers. Only with the utmost care and luck did the hierarchy of the church succeed in avoiding capture.

In the spring of 1887 the Edmunds-Tucker Bill, designed to strengthen the weaknesses in the Edmunds Act relating to polygamy violations, became law. This new act was aimed at total destruction of the political and economic power of the Mormon Church. Under its provisions, a lawful wife might testify against her husband in court, and the property of the disincorporated church was escheated to the United States. In late July 1887 the United States filed suit against the Mormon Church and in October proceeded to take possession of its properties.

Aided by Whitaker, Apostle Franklin D. Richards, in anticipation of an early visit by the court-appointed receiver, worked all day November 5, 1887, and late into the evening to take i m p o r t a n t letters, books, documents, records, valuables etc. to a n o t h e r place of safety . . . to preserve the records of t h e Church, for if once in the hands of the Marshals or Receiver, no telling w h a t would become of them. 4 3 41

Franklin L. West, Franklin D. Richards (Salt Lake City, 1924), 200.

Whitaker Journal, no. 3, folder no. 4, June 17, 1886.

43 Whitaker Journal, no. 4, folder no. 5, October 30, 1887.

42

LDS Church Historian's Office

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On November 17 Marshal Frank H. Dyer, who had been appointed receiver on November 7, appeared at the Historian's Office and took control. The "visible head of the Church," fearing that he was in danger of being dragged into court and forced to testify against the church, was "out of the reach of the deputies" when Dyer took over the office.44 After the government had confiscated a substantial part of the church's real property, the Historian's Office, as well as other administrative buildings, was rented to the church on a monthly basis.

As the decade wore on, the federal crusade against polygamists relaxed under the adjudication of such men as Elliott F. Sandford, chief justice of Utah. Nonetheless, any hope entertained by the church of a victory in the battle with the government was ended May 19, 1890, when the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Edmunds-Tucker Act. The church had without positive results exhausted every legal avenue open to it. Submission or destruction of the church lay ahead.

In September of that year President Woodruff announced that as a result of his appeals for divine guidance church members should refrain from contracting "any marriage forbidden by the laws of the land." With the issuance of the now-famous Manifesto and the grooming of Utah for statehood, the Historian's Office gradually returned to the routine it had followed prior to the stormy decade of the eighties.

When Wilford Woodruff ascended to the office of president of the church on April 7, 1889, Apostle Franklin D. Richards succeeded him as church historian. Richards held the office until his death. His administration was marked by an intense desire to " 'secure the strictest accuracy possible' " and to have all history " 'subjected to the most careful scrutiny that may be available.' " 4 5 Richards enlisted the services of three assistants â&#x20AC;&#x201D; John Jaques, Apostle Charles W. Penrose, and Andrew Jenson â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to research and compile church history.

No overview of the Historian's Office would be complete without a mention of Andrew Jenson. He had developed early a great sense of the historical, and for years before becoming associated with the Historian's Office he had collected and compiled history pertaining to Utah and the Mormons. In the late 1880s he was given a two-year allowance from the church while he gathered historical information on the "various "Ibid., November 7, 1887. ^ F r a n k l i n D . Richards to leaders of church stakes a n d missions, April 16, 1891, as quoted in Andrew Jenson, Autobiography of Andrew Jenson (Salt Lake City, 1938), 193-94.

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stakes of Zion." 46 However, it was not until February 1891 that Jenson was retained as a permanent member of the staff of the Historian's Office. In 1898, as a result of his valued services, he was sustained as assistant historian.

As an employee of the Historian's Office, Jenson traveled widely and worked diligently. Under his supervision the massive 750-volume "Journal History of the Church" was compiled.47 Also, it is probably much to his credit that shortly after the turn of the century a committee called

by Joseph F. Smith to investigate the condition of the Historian's Office could submit a report of findings much different from that which was forwarded to President John Taylor in 1881: Upon careful inspection, we found that the original letters, documents, manuscripts and books of the Church now in possession of the General Church Historian are in a good state of preservation . . . and have been filed and catalogued and made easy of access . . . carefully filed away in modern files.48

The turn of the century marked the seventieth anniversary of the founding of the Historian's Office. In that time, thirteen men had served as recorder or historian or both. Some of the more gifted men, such as George A. Smith and Franklin D. Richards, made contributions for which they will be remembered â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Smith for his organization and dedication, Richards for his devotion to objectivity and authenticity.

Although the early period was characterized by rank inefficiency, it was not untypical of the birth pains of any social institution struggling for life. Much of the upheaval stemmed from lack of experience and of a clear-cut understanding of what was expected rather than from lack of ability. Men assigned to "record the history" were saddled with other responsibilities and little realized that what seemed routine to them would come to be called history. Repeated movement in search of permanent settlement, pressures from unfriendly neighbors, invading armies, and harassment from federally appointed receivers â&#x20AC;&#x201D; these do not provide the ideal circumstances under which to maintain a library-archives and to compile history.

At the close of the nineteenth century, many of the problems which had plagued the Historian's Office were solved, most notably the preservation of original sources from destruction by natural elements. Yet, 18

Jenson to Woodruff, September 20, 1889, in Jenson, Autobiography, 187.

Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 415.

48 John Henry Smith, Heber J. Grant, and Rudger Clawson to Joseph F. Smith, May 19, 1908, p. 1, H D C 47

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other problems remained. New facilities were again needed. As late as 1908, investigating committees were attempting to inaugurate a system of registration whereby no documents would be allowed to leave the office without the consent of the historian. And even after seventy years the church was still trying to convince employees of the office that "all data, manuscripts, documents and records" must be regarded as the property of the church.49 The role of the Mormon Church in the development of Utah and the West has been considerable. It is indeed fortunate that a record of its activities and influence is preserved today and is available for research in the Historical Department's modern facilities in Salt Lake City.

49

Ibid., 2.

STUDENT AWARDS OF THE U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY I n 1962 the Society began a p r o g r a m to honor the outstanding graduate in history from the state's four-year colleges and universities: University of U t a h ( U U ) , U t a h State University ( U S U ) , Weber State College ( W S C ) , College of Southern U t a h ( C S U ) , Brigham Y o u n g University ( B Y U ) , a n d Westminster College ( W ) . Below is the honor roll to date.

James C. Olson (BYU) 1962 R. J. Snow ( U U ) David Woodrow Harris ( W ) Wayne K e n d a l l H i n t o n ( U S U ) 1968 William S. Callaghan ( U U ) Robert White (BYU) R i c h a r d Louis Jensen ( U S U ) Curtis Jensen ( W ) Marilyn S. R. Anderson ( W S C ) 1963 J u d i t h A n n D i e t e m a n ( U U ) Stuart Cyril Collyer (BYU) Julie Robinson ( U S U ) M a r g a r e t Faye Brady ( W ) Clifford Terry W a r n e r (BYU) 1969 E d w a r d W . M u i r , Jr. ( U U ) T h o m a s M . W o r t h e n , Jr. ( W ) Bruce R. Bringhurst ( U S U ) 1964 William A. Evans ( U U ) Susan C. Koldewyn ( W S C ) M a r y a n n Savage ( U S U ) L a D a w n Williams ( C S U ) Larry V . Bishop ( W S C ) J u d i t h Lynn Dennison (BYU) D e a n Lowe M a y (BYU) Jerry Rose ( W ) R o n a l d V . Shelly ( W ) 1970 R i c h a r d A. Firmage ( U U ) 1965 Carroll M . Gillmor ( U U ) C a r m a Lois Waddley ( U S U ) F. Ross Peterson ( U S U ) Diane M o w e r ( W S C ) Boyd L. Eddins ( W S C ) J o h n W o o d l a n d Welch (BYU) Phillip Eril L o t h y a n (BYU) Elaine Johnson ( W ) G o r d o n K a y McBride ( W ) 1971 K a t h l e e n A. Q u e a l ( U U ) Perry Glen Datwyler ( U S U ) 1966 Stephen G. W o o d ( U U ) Francis Wikstrom ( W S C ) Paul Christensen ( U S U ) G u y F . Potter (BYU) R o b e r t Greenwell ( W S C ) Christopher Merritt (W) William G. Hartley (BYU) M a r y E. Simonette ( U U ) Riley W. G r a n t ( W ) 1972 Burke Christensen ( U S U ) 1967 Lawrence A. M a u e r m a n ( U U ) Vickie Merrill ( W S C ) Susan R. Ryster ( U S U ) J e a n n e Nicholas Stoker (BYU) Russell Willoughby ( W S C ) Bette Albrecht M c C o n n e l ( W ) D a p h n e C. Dalley ( C S U )

Lore of Faith and Folly. Compiled by t h e F O L K L O R E SOCIETY O F U T A H . Edited by T H O M A S E. C H E N E Y , assisted by A U S T I N E. F I F E a n d J U A N I T A B R O O K S . (Salt L a k e

City: University of U t a h Press, 1971. [viii] + xii + 274 p p . $7.50.)

Lore of Faith and Folly is a big golden treasury. If that seems superlative it is because, for a n old U t a h n like me, this book is like a visit h o m e to childhood.

I t seems o d d when t h e ordinary stuff of one's life comes to be described as history a n d folklore, though I seem never to have taken for granted t h e singularity of life in M a n t i . I was certainly not, as a child, consciously "collecting," b u t I m a d e lists in a fat notebook sibilantly labeled "Songs a n d sayings a n d stories of Sanpete." Some of this proved valuable as early as high school w h e n I began to write stories. Y e t I was surprised, soon after the publication of my second novel, to be asked to speak a t a folklore conference at t h e University of Denver o n the subject " M y Use of Folklore in Fiction."

As m y old friend Austin Fife says in his brilliant foreword to Faith and Folly, "the scope of folklore is m u c h broader t h a n t h e typical reader is likely to think." T h e myth, h e says, transcends the history. I n m y early books, I n o w realize, I w a s forever trying to m a k e fiction seem true by bolstering it with the tried truths of living folk. I a m sure all writers d o this more or less, b u t hindsight tells m e t h a t my lists were used obliquely, a kind of craftiness. I still have a letter Dale M o r g a n wrote t o m e after reviewing On This Star for t h e Saturday Review. H e objected t o m y curious, distorted m e t h o d of seeing reality a n d hoped I would " a b a n d o n M o r monism in t h e next novel" a n d write

directly about t h e world I lived i n in 1946. H e wondered in his review why I h a d bothered to call a n obvious M a n t i by a n o t h e r name.

But I was too bemused by t h e folk to follow his advice. I n that same letter h e t h a n k e d m e for offering to send h i m "the B r a n n a n stuff" I h a d " u n e a r t h e d . " I t is interesting that both of t h e "culture heroes" described so vividly by K a r l Larson a n d T h o m a s Cheney in Faith and Folly were, early on, p a r t of m y own myth. M y Porter Rockwell period flowered n o t only into a few r o m a n t i c short stories b u t into a most interesting correspondence with Charles Kelly of Holy Murder, a n d t h e " B r a n n a n stuff" became a big novel still mercifully u n p u b lished. As for William Mulder's Scandinavians, I followed them clear back to Denmark!

O n e sees h o w far into m y o w n past Faith and Folly led m e before I h a d so m u c h as finished t h e table of contents.

T h e list of authors includes a good m a n y of m y choicest friends a n d colleagues.

Bill a n d Austin a n d Alta a n d K a r l a n d F r a n k a n d J u a n i t a , if I m a y b e in this place so folksily familiar w i t h first names. W i t h Claire Noall a n d Olive Burt I have shared bread a n d facts.

Even t h e dedication t o H a l Bentley is reminiscent of literally fabulous nights of songs a n d stories a n d authentic food a n d fire, t h e very things which a p parently brought about t h e Folklore Society of U t a h itself a n d created t h e composite a u t h o r of this splendid book.

391

Book Reviews and Notices How familiar the sly wit and human laughter and true pathos of pieces like "Wine-making in Utah's Dixie," "Pranks and Pranksters," "Red Magic," and "Tales of the Supernatural," and how uncommonly rich the stories about common-seeming Washington and Midway and Mendon, about Dixie drinking and conscientious objectors in jail for excessive wifery. Even the murders and madness and village tragedies have a peculiarly Utah slant. Reading Frank Robertson here, that incomparable spinner of westerns, I cannot help remembering how, in his Provo Herald column, he captured the essence of my father the day after he died.

I could wish this great gift of a book were ten times its size, for I miss loved pieces like Juanita's "The Water's In" and much of Bill Mulder and Olive

Burt that I have treasured and lost in necessary abandonments of collections and libraries as I have moved farther and farther away from Zion.

More volumes then, please, and thanks to everybody who helped create for outlanders (and inlanders, too, of course, for this is vanishing treasure) this good big book. Its value is quite opposite from that of ordinary books; time can only render it more interesting and useful. To the Fifes I would like to send a special message. Even I feel a bit shocked that I was so easy and unscholarly in my early days; if I needed a special "old song" for my characters to sing, I used simply to make one up!

VIRGINIA SORENSEN

Tangier,

Morocco

The Beginning of the West: Annals of the Kansas Gateway to the American West, 1540-1854. By LOUISE BARRY. (Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1972. viii + 1296 pp. $14.75.)

With the appearance of Louise Barry's near monumental volume, The Beginning of the West, many scholars and history buffs of the Great West have another mother lode to mine. Here it is in all its microscopic detail -â&#x20AC;&#x201D;â&#x20AC;˘ 1300 plus pages, handsome and useful map endpapers, and several clusters of graphics, including maps, old prints, and halftones. At the same time its broad sweep of more than three hundred years details nearly the complete story of Kansas and much of the rest of the West from Coronado's great entrada to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. With no apologies to the Omaha crossing of the "Big Muddy," the importance of Saint Louis in the fur trade and after, or to any other so-called "gateway," it would not be entirely inaccurate to call this book simply Kansas: The Gateway to the West. Surely, as the jumping-off place for the Santa Fe Trail and containing a major segment

of the Santa Fe, as well as significant sections of the Oregon and many other western trails, the area we now call Kansas was visited by many, if not most, westbound travelers in the years of the fur trade and after.

The importance of this book is immediately apparent. To paraphrase Dale Morgan in his foreword, all serious scholars of the Great West who fail to consult this massive tome in the years to come do so at their own peril. More particularly, for the purposes of the readers of this journal, this book has important values for the serious student of Utah and Mormon history. It is true that travelers in the first wave of Mormon migration to the Far West from Nauvoo crossed the Missouri at the Council Bluffs-Omaha area, and followed up the valley of the Platte on their way to the Great Basin. In subsequent years thousands of Mormon converts from the eastern United States

392 a n d from E u r o p e used the MississippiOhio-Missouri water routes and began their western land travel on the Missouri-Kansas frontier, leaving the Missouri River at such places as Westport, Fort Leavenworth, and Saint Joseph.

T h e y traveled in a northwesterly direction until they reached the Platte, which they then followed to the Sweetwater, over South Pass, a n d on to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake. I n any event, m a n y M o r m o n immigrants crossed a significant section of the present state of Kansas.

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Louise Barry, the Kansas State Historical Society, a n d its staff have rendered a magnificent service to the thousands of scholars and laymen w h o devote their time to researching in the history of the Great West. O n e last n o t e : the book is graced w i t h a brief b u t eloquent foreword by U t a h ' s own best scholar, the lamented Dale L. Morgan.

A. R.

MORTENSEN

Chief Historian National Park Service

Six Decades in the Early West: The Journal of Jesse Nathaniel Smith; Diaries and Papers of a Mormon Pioneer, 1834-1906. Edited by OLIVER R. S M I T H . (3rd ed.; Provo, U t a h : Jesse N . Smith Family Association, 1970. xiv + 556 p p . $15.00.)

Jesse N . Smith's journal, originally published to answer a family need, soon caused students of M o r m o n pioneer history to realize t h a t here was rich source material of historical value. T h e Jesse N. Smith Family Association is to b e congratulated for making this expanded third edition available to scholars.

T h e book generally is well done. Journal entries have been edited to comprise 459 pages, the editor dividing the text into seventeen chapters, appropriately titled. F o u r appendices a n d various illustrations (of interest primarily to the Smith family), maps of U t a h a n d Arizona, a n d an index embody the book.

T h e objective foreword was written by the able Charles S. Peterson.

I t is not clear how m u c h editing was performed. Despite the statement t h a t "some routine entries of insignificant n a t u r e " h a d been omitted (in the preface to the second edition), there are indications t h a t some sensitive entries also were excluded.

Regrettably, the index and m a p s d o not fulfill their intended functions. Both err in the detail provided, but the m a j o r fault is omission. For instance, the ferry

established by Harrison Pearce is mislocated and its road is not shown. (Jesse N. Smith considered using this route on April 13, 1880.) T h e overlapped portion of southern U t a h is different in the Johnson area of each m a p , a n d the pioneer road has been mislocated on Buckskin Mountain, Jacob's Lake being confused with Jacob's Pools. T h e brief, four-page index is in error and also omits m a n y names a n d places, a failing which will trouble serious researchers.

Jesse N . Smith was an aggressive leader w h o was politically oriented both within his church a n d in the frequently critical n o n - M o r m o n world. H e was in a position to write fascinating accounts of the events in which h e participated, but his delineations invariably are understated a n d highly condensed.

Apparently Smith compiled his record as a duty chore in response to Doctrine a n d Covenants 2 1 : 1 . His journal probably was written in retrospect u p to December 1855, at which time, as an I r o n County representative, h e went to the territorial legislature in Salt Lake City. T h e r e he began making

Book Reviews and Notices irregularly-dated entries. F o r long periods he wrote nothing, although his descriptions on two missions to Europe were full a n d nearly continuous. Between the dated notations of September 15, 1870, a n d August 16, 1878, he wrote only twenty-four short passages. Usually his writings are a melange of things positive to his point of view, but on rare occasions controversy is revealed, especially when he felt he was challenged. A n example of such a reaction is described on M a r c h 25, 1885 (p.

307).

Smith m a d e some very candid statements regarding the business ability of J o h n W. Y o u n g (pp. 2 5 0 - 5 1 ) , b u t h e also acknowledged his help on other occasions. W h e t h e r h e writes of Amnion M . Tenney's pique (p. 2 4 8 ) , the reject-

393 ed bid for political compromise with the Barth "ring," or the maneuvering of Brigham Young, Jr., to evade signing the notes for the land purchases of Snowflake, Taylor, and Woodruff (p.

364), we know that he has m a d e shrewd assessments of the situations, even though his written descriptions are meager.

T h e Smith journal will m e a n more to those w h o are thoroughly familiar with the history of the Saints' migration a n d settlement t h a n it will to the casual reader. I n this respect it must be ranked with the most important journals pertaining to the M o r m o n experience in Arizona.

P. T .

Sun City,

REILLY

Arizona

The Rock Art of Utah: A Study from the Donald Scott Collection, Peabody Museum, Harvard University. By POLLY SCHAAFSMA. (Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum of Archaeology a n d Ethnology, 1971. xxii + 1 7 0 p p . $6.50.)

Mrs. Schaafsma's excellent monog r a p h should be well received in m a n y quarters, as it is of interest and value to both professionals â&#x20AC;&#x201D; whether historian, artist, or anthropologist â&#x20AC;&#x201D; as well as to interested nonprofessionals, m a n y of w h o m have spent countless hours searching for, admiring, and recording pictograph a n d petroglyph sites. T h e volume is the most extensive published pictorial record of the rich and varied rock art of the whole of U t a h (55 plates and 136 figures) ; also, it is the first attempt to place the rock art of the entire state in a n areal, temporal, cultural, and developmental context.

Primary d a t a for Schaafsma's study are d r a w n from a large collection of photographs a n d notes gathered over the years by the late D o n a l d Scott and deposited with the Peabody M u s e u m collections.

Mrs. Schaafsma has also done extensive field work in U t a h , but most of this was subsequent to the completion of the manuscript for the work here reviewed.

T h e organizational base for Schaafsma's study is the concept of style, a m e t h o d employed by several authors over the past few years and to date one of the most promising approaches to the study of rock art. Basically, the underlying premise in the use of style is "the assumption t h a t every style is peculiar to a period of culture and that in a given culture or epoch of culture, there is only one style or at least a limited range of styles." By using several criteria such as form, size, formal elements, presence or absence a n d relative percentages of elements, execution and elaboration, panel layout, and internal relationships, Schaafsma has been able to delimit several styles and style areas for the state. Also, comparisons with other areas are m a d e with suggestions as to external relationships a n d developments over time.

T h e majority of the art Schaafsma treats is of generally unquestionable Frem o n t affiliation. Some Anasazi material

Utah Historical

394 is included, as well as the art of t h e western deserts (probably both F r e m o n t a n d A r c h a i c ) , a little protohistoric material, a n d the rather enigmatic "Barrier Canyon Style," which Schaafsma sees as Archaic in origin with close resemblances to some a r t of the Pecos River area of Texas.

I n sum, Schaafsma's scholarship is critical a n d of high standard. T h e r e is little interpretation in t h e volume n o t backed by close reasoning a n d t h e best d a t a available at the time of writing.

T h e r e is n o doubt that revisions a n d n e w interpretations will be forthcoming as new d a t a accumulate. This simply Ghost Towns

Quarterly

means that there are still several areas of U t a h not well known archaeologically, and, concomitantly, the rock a r t of these areas is not well known. Nonetheless, the volume can be expected to stand for several years as the definitive reference on U t a h rock art, a n d it will never lose its value a n d appeal as a pictorial record a n d tribute to t h e work of Donald Scott.

GARDINER F . D A L L E Y

Department

Staff Archaeologist of Anthropology University of Utah

of the West. By W I L L I A M CARTER a n d J A C K M C D O W E L L . ( M e n l o Park,

Calif.: L a n e Magazine & Book Company, 1971. 256 p p . $11.75.)

An arrestingly haunting cover a n d dust jacket in full color of an old ghost town in deepest M o n t a n a almost impel one to open t h e book to see its interior.

T h e author, who is a professional p h o tographer, has used his talents well in portraying m a n y abandoned villages as they n o w are.

T h e book is divided into sections of the western U n i t e d States a n d C a n a d a , including Alaska, according to geographical location a n d chronological occurrence. M u c h of the history of each town considered is written into the captions of the hundreds of pictures â&#x20AC;&#x201D; m a n y in c o l o r â&#x20AC;&#x201D; m a p s , a n d drawings which in general make u p the book. Some cities a n d towns which were more i m p o r t a n t to their locale are treated m o r e extensively. M u c h of the interest of t h e text is found in the old photographs of various towns as they appeared a t their peak, including human-interest sidelights. Historical sketches of the mining booms accompany the old pictures, bill heads, a n d posters.

Of necessity, the book deals only with those towns in which are found m a n y photogenic buildings still standing.

T h e r e is a slight emphasis on "tourist-

t y p e " ghost towns which still harbor a few residents a n d have been to some extent refurbished to render a feeling of nineteenth-century boom times. T h e purpose has been to cover only towns which t h e average a r m c h a i r or weekend ghost towner c a n visit a n d see something m o r e t h a n just a weathered pile of ruins. As a result, while general historical implications are b r o u g h t out of a specific era or location, particular histories of most of the towns a r e skimpy.

I n proportion to the n u m b e r of ghost towns left, the a m o u n t of space a n d photographs devoted to each state are roughly proportional, being a little heavy on California forty-niner camps a n d a bit restrictive on U t a h a n d Arizona towns.

Only ten of U t a h ' s ghosts a r e treated, a n d two of t h e m mistakenly. A mere mention is m a d e of Ophir, M e r c u r , a n d Silver Reef; Scofield is presented as a contrast between the 1900 m i n e disaster funeral a n d the cemetery seventy years later. A miniscule picture of Ebenezer Bryce's historic chapel in Pine Valley is included, as are a couple of photos of Park City, including a striking one of t h e town's landmark, the Silver K i n g

Book Reviews and Notices Coalition Mine terminal. Grafton's history is summarized, accompanied by an excellent picture of this charming village. A short resume of the life of Spring Canyon is given along with a disappointing picture of a snow-covered overstuffed chair. A rather interesting picture of the abandoned store in M u t u a l is erroneously captioned as being the company store in Spring Canyon. A double-page picture of a recently-dead coal tipple in a snowstorm that could easily win a prize for its effectiveness is also mislabeled as being in Spring Canyon. Although belonging to the Spring Canyon Coal Company the location is actually in Standardville a bit further

395 u p the canyon. These errors make one wonder h o w m a n y inaccuracies have been written concerning towns in other states. Also, from a U t a h point of view, the most important omissions include the towns of Bingham Canyon, Frisco, Gold Hill, Sego, and the Tintic area.

All in all, it is a well-done book: the photography is excellent, structural drawings enhance the value, and present-day m a p s assist the traveler in locating the old places. T h e r e is a good index a n d two pages of bibliography.

S T E P H E N L.

Salt Lake

CARR

City

How the U. S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks. By H . D U A N E H A M P T O N (Bloomington: University of I n d i a n a Press, 1971. viii + 246 p p . $8.95.)

W i t h a good bibliography and notes from a b u n d a n t research M r . H a m p t o n uncovers for the reader the awful t r u t h of w a n t o n misuse of resources and wildlife, especially in the area that became Yellowstone Park. For the first one h u n d r e d pages of his book the author tells us how nobody saved our National Parks; of a Congress m a d e impotent by ignorance, distance, and noisy local interest groups; and of rogues and charlatans whose ingenuity at sustaining their own way of life thwarted the manifest will of the people's representatives. This will, embodied in t h e legislation passed before 1894, afforded meager protection of Yellowstone, especially the empty enforcement provisions. H a m p t o n maintains, amazingly, that success in bringing meaningful law enforcement provisions into existence turned on such a small pivot as t h e greed and exploitive behavior in a single act of one m a n .

After a brief discussion on the titled subject, with scant mention of saving

action in Yosemite, Sequoia a n d General G r a n t National Parks, the a u t h o r outlines the difficulties encountered by the army w h e n it tried to withdraw from the park protection assignment. T h e n , with satisfying clarity, M r . H a m p t o n discloses the recent threats to the N a tional Parks, especially the Yellowstone and including the central Arizona water project aimed at using Colorado River water for the Southwest but with the side effect of inundating a portion of G r a n d Canyon National Park. Further, he correctly reasons that the real threat to the parks is yet to come in the form of intensive use by the hordes of pilgrims to these meccas of pristine beauty.

D u a n e H a m p t o n has done us a service by reminding us of our own shortsightedness as well as the greed of our fathers. T h e thought persists â&#x20AC;&#x201D; are the National Parks saved after all?

JAY M.

HAYMOND

Librarian Utah State Historical Society

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Delightful Journey down the Green and Colorado Rivers. By BARRY M. (Tempe: Arizona Historical Foundation, 1970. xii + 209 pp. $15.00.)

GOLDWATER.

396

In July and August of 1940, Barry M. Goldwater—now U.S. Senator from Arizona —was a member of a boating expedition led by noted river guide Norman Nevills, Senator Goldwater joined the small group at Green River, Utah, and emerged with it onto Lake Mead forty-seven days later.

Delightful Journey is based on the senator's daily journal entries and blackand-white photographs made by him during the trip. Passages of historical and geographical background apparently were added later.

According to river authority Dock Marston, who checked the author's manuscript for accuracy, fewer than one hundred persons are known to have run the length of the lower Green and main Colorado rivers to the mouth of the Virgin prior to 1940. The Nevills-Goldwater party is numbered among these first hundred wooden-boat pioneers who set the stage, so to speak, for the many thousands who have followed them aboard inflated rafts since World War II. In 1940 Glen Canyon and Flaming Gorge dams were little more than dreams. The great rivers still flowed free to Lake Mead, and for the most part their canyon fastnesses were as wild as they were before Powell's exploration of 1869. The Nevills-Goldwater party traveled in three newly built wooden "cataract boats" designed by Nevills to improve on his Mexican Hat first used in 1938. These provided intimate rapid-running thrills not afforded the large commercial groups of later years. In the author's words, "I feel privileged to have gone down the river at a time when the journey was still a great and rare adventure."

Senator Goldwater's volume is noteworthy, I believe, primarily for its vivid descriptions of the rivers and their can-

yons, the country through which they flow, the adventures of the men who preceded him, and the author's personal experiences and impressions during the journey. Strictly from a literary and descriptive standpoint, I would rank the volume among the river-running accounts of Powell, Dellenbaugh, the Kolbs, and other "first hundred" writers.

This is not to argue that it is a major classic. Time and consensus will determine that. Still, because of the author's writing talent, his national stature and that of Nevills, date of the journey, type of equipment used, and other uncommon factors, the book merits special attention.

Delightful Journey is not a lengthy book—-the illustrations occupy nearly half of the 209 pages — and it does not reveal any important new findings.

Nevertheless, river buffs are likely to find the book a nostalgic treat. The author has a fluency and lucidity that are rare, and any reader having an interest in the river country will enjoy his perceptive account.

The book is illustrated with more than ninety of the author's photographs, many of which are aesthetically and technically pleasing. (They would have been much more impressive if the book had been printed on a paper more suitable for halftone reproduction.) The volume is attractively designed and produced in large-page format.

Worthy of special mention are the two supplemental essays: a four-page paper on "Prehistoric Man in the Grand Canyon" by Professor Robert C. Euler and a twelve-page "Geological Review of the Colorado Canyons" by Professor Carleton B. Moore.

WARD J. ROYLANCE

Salt Lake City

397

Book Reviews and Notices

The Bracero Program: Interest Groups and Foreign Policy. By RICHARD B. CRAIG. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971. xviii + 233 p p . $7.50.)

Professor Craig's study considers the bracero p r o g r a m within four headings: the international agreements between the U n i t e d States a n d Mexico which served as bases for bracero labor contracting, U . S . Public L a w 78 which formed the legal base for the bracero p r o g r a m and around which the competing domestic interest groups conflicted, conflict between international a n d domestic interests, and the effect of the international environment on domestic political processes.

T h i s work is written for the student of international relations and as such will not meet the expectations of those interested in the social aspects of the bracero program. T h e author's chief concern is analyzing the bracero p r o g r a m within the context of political

process theory. F r o m this point of view, the subject provides an excellent model, for throughout its existence, the bracero p r o g r a m was continually involved in a vortex of political conflict. I t is t h a t conflict, along with its combatants, which is the focal point for the work.

T h e study is very scholarly, welldocumented throughout, with heavy use of primary government documents.

However, a major criticism is the relative lack of corresponding Mexican sources. O t h e r t h a n this, Professor Craig is successful in fulfilling his intent.

R I C H A R D O . ULIBARRI

Institute of Ethnic Weber State

Director Studies College

Arizona Odyssey: Bibliographic Adventures in Nineteenth-Century Magazines.

By DAVID M . GOODMAN. ( T e m p e : Arizona Historical Foundation, 1969. xvii + 360 pp. $25.00.)

David M . Goodman's excellent Arizona Odyssey: Bibliographic Adventures in Nineteenth-Century Magazines, joins a n impressive list of guides to the historical literature of Arizona. Consisting of 2,826 entries, this bibliography contains Arizona items from many m o n t h lies, quarterlies, a n d a few weeklies dating to the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Entries are organized into twenty-five broad categories including archaeology, I n d i a n customs a n d traditions, the U . S . Army, travel and description, the G r a n d Canyon and the Colorado River, transportation a n d communication, government a n d politics, farming and ranching, t h e M o r mons, a n d other useful headings. I n addition to such major classifications, marginal subheadings, somewhat sporadically applied, help to specify topical content.

T h e holdings of thirty major libraries in the East a n d in the F a r West were consulted. T h e Library of Congress was heavily used by M r . G o o d m a n , a n d other collections a p p e a r in good balance, with utilization depending in some degree u p o n special regional interests or connections with Arizona. Used in U t a h were the libraries of the U t a h State Historical Society, Brigham Y o u n g U n i versity, the Historical D e p a r t m e n t of the C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a n d the University of U t a h .

E a c h entry is briefly annotated. Annotations attempt to break materials down by topic a n d to assess t h e m as to authenticity, potential for research, and, in a few cases, to indicate something about the author. I n the main they are useful a n d escape most of the tediousness usually incident to bibliographic annotations.

398 Of special interest to readers of t h e Utah Historical Quarterly are entries on the M o r m o n s a n d U t a h . I n addition to twenty-two items u n d e r t h e h e a d ing " T h e M o r m o n s , " G o o d m a n has including m a n y articles dealing with Latter-day Saints a n d U t a h a n d m o r e t h a n a few by U t a h or M o r m o n authors under topical headings scattered throughout his book. Occasionally, as in the cases of M o r m o n I n d i a n missionaries A. Z. Stewart a n d Llewellyn H a r ris, usefulness for U t a h researchers could have been enhanced by cross-referring other topics to " T h e M o r m o n s , " b u t perhaps this presumes too m u c h specialized knowledge on a wide range of topics. While one or two of Goodman's references to M o r m o n topics show some lack of comprehension, one is impressed with the thoroughness with which h e has read a n d the soundness of his a n alysis.

Six Utah-related periodicals form t h e core of the book's M o r m o n a n d U t a h listings. These include the Juven-

The Search for the Well-Dressed Soldier, 1865-1890: Developments and Innovations in United States Army Uniforms on the Western Frontier. By GORDON C H A P P E L L . M u s e u m M o n o -

g r a p h N o . 5. (Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1972. iv + 52 p p . $2.50.)

Lieutenant Colonel Innis N e w t o n Palmer, c o m m a n d e r of Fort L a r a m i e in 1866, shared the frustration of m a n y a n enlisted m a n regarding ill-fitting mili-

Utah Historical

Quarterly

ile Instructor, Woman's Exponent, Improvement Era, Contributor, Utah Monthly, a n d Millennial Star. Also including numerous M o r m o n references are the magazines of other missionaryoriented churches, scientific quarterlies, popular magazines, a n d Irrigation Age, which was published in Salt L a k e City for a time during the 1890s.

T h e Arizona Historical F o u n d a t i o n has done a beautiful j o b in publishing the Arizona Odyssey. F o r this service, along with the grant u n d e r which the book was written, the foundation is to be thanked. I n teaming with David Goodman, the foundation h a s produced a most useful a n d attractive bibliography. Hopefully U t a h will soon emulate Arizona's example in providing more guides to the vast a m o u n t of p u b lished materials dealing with U t a h .

C H A R L E S S. P E T E R S O N

Associate Professor of History Utah State University

tary clothing. H e found t h e c u t of the yellow-trimmed cavalry jackets a n d trousers "simply execrable" a n d declared in disgust they must have been designed for "goose necked a n d pot-bellied men, neither of which should ever be enlisted."

This carefully documented treatise describes t h e battle for improved military clothing in the late 1800s. Generously illustrated a n d attractively printed, it looks at military dress from h e a d

Book Reviews and Notices

399

to t o e : forage caps a n d helmets, fivebutton blouses a n d buffalo overcoats, cartridge belts, leather gauntlets, suspenders, a n d boots. Deficiencies, innovations, a n d developments are all briefly reviewed in a n easy-to-read monograph on post-Civil W a r uniforms on t h e frontier.

Scenery Mines.

of the Plains, Mountains

By F R A N K L I N

and

LANGWORTHY.

E d i t e d by P A U L C. P H I L L I P S .

(New

York: D a Capo Press, 1972. xviii + 292 p p . $12.50.)

Franklin Langworthy was a preacher, scientist, a n d philosopher from Illinois. Little is known of him apart from his travel narrative. T h e California gold fields drew h i m west in 1850-53; a n d he kept a daily record which he rewrote for publication in 1855. Paul Phillips edited the account in 1932 for t h e Princeton Narratives of t h e Trans-Mississippi West series. T h e series is being reissued by D a Capo.

I n his introduction, Phillips suggests that t h e book's major contribution is its portrayal of " a cultured man's reactions to t h e gold rush." Langworthy lectured enroute to travelers a n d settlers on astronomy, geology, natural history, a n d Mormonism. U t a h scenes a n d people are described in chapter 4, where Langworthy reveals a dislike for M o r m o n beliefs a n d practices a n d chronicles t h e complaints lodged against the settlers by immigrants a n d Gentiles. T h e geographical setting, t h e economy, a Twenty-fourth of July celebration, polygamy, and U t a h government are also discussed before Langworthy moves on to California a n d then home by way of Nicaragua a n d N e w York.

A List of References for the History of Agriculture in the Mountain States.

Compiled

by

EARL

M.

ROGERS.

(Davis, California: University of California Agricultural History Cen-

ter, 1972. viii + 91 p p . Available through the publisher upon request.)

This latest in a series of annotated bibliographies on American agricultural history contains more t h a n one thousand references to books, monographs, articles, chapters from state a n d regional histories, agricultural bulletins, theses, and dissertations through 1971.

U t a h is well represented in the paperback booklet with thirty-six entries in the section on States a n d dozens more i n topical divisions such as Crops (especially sugar beets), Livestock, a n d I r rigation. O t h e r subheads in this useful bibliography for t h e eight mountain states are General and Regional, I n d i a n Agriculture, L a n d and L a n d Use, Movements, Institutions, a n d States.

Copies are available at no charge from the Center a t Davis, California 95616.

T h e Agricultural History Branch of t h e U.S. Department of Agriculture is cooperating in this worthwhile bibliographical project.

My Life and Experiences

Among

Our

Hostile Indians. By OLIVER O . H O W ARD. N e w introduction by R O B E R T M .

U T L E Y . (New York: D a C a p o Press, 1972. xviii + 570 p p . $15.00.)

I n his new introduction, Robert M .

Utley, director of t h e Office of Archaeology a n d Historic Preservation, National Park Service, briefly reviews t h e career of t h e one-armed "praying general" a n d I n d i a n fighter w h o tamed Apache chieftain Cochise in 1872 a n d chased Chief Joseph a n d the Nez Perces across I d a h o a n d M o n t a n a on their flight to C a n a d a in 1877.

Utley adds a suggested reading list of twelve supplementary titles.

The Black Infantry 1891.

in the West,

By A R L E N L. F O W L E R .

1869(West-

port, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1971. xviii + 167 p p . $9.50.)

400

Utah Historical

A Brief Bibliography for the Restoration of Historic Buildings. Compiled by

PAUL

GOELDNER.

Charters, Constitutions and By-Laws of the Indian Tribes of North America, Part 11: The Basin-Plateau Tribes.

Compiled a n d edited by GEORGE E .

FAY. Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology Series, N o . 12.

(Greeley: University of N o r t h e r n Colorado M u s e u m of Anthropology, 1971. v + 123 p p . M i m e o g r a p h , $2.00.)

Charters, Constitutions and By-Laws of the Indian Tribes of North America, Part 12: The Basin-Plateau Tribes (continued).

Compiled a n d edited b y GEORGE E. FAY. Occasional Publications in Anthropology, Ethnology Series, N o . 13. (Greeley: University of N o r t h e r n Colorado M u s e u m of Anthropology, 1971. v 4- 115 p p .

Mimeographed, $2.00.)

Concentration Americans

Camps USA: Japanese and World War II. By

ROGER DANIELS.

(New York:

Holt,

R i n e h a r t a n d Winston, I n c . , 1971. xiv 4 176 p p . Paper, $2.45.)

East of Antelope OF U T A H

Island. By D A U G H T E R S

PIONEERS, DAVIS

COUNTY

C O M P A N Y . F o u r t h edition. ([Salt L a k e City:] Daughters of U t a h Pioneers, N o r t h Davis County Company, 1971.

519 [+29] p p . $10.00.) History of t h e first fifty years of Davis County. A d ditions t o "fourth edition" include brief subject index, n a m e index, a n d several pages of new material.

The

Emigrants'

Guide

ton edition which was reprinted with notes by J o h n Caughey from t h e 1849 guide.

(Washington,

D . C . : Historic American Buildings Survey, National Park Service, 1971.

5 p p . Free.)

to

California.

By J O S E P H E. W A R E . ( N e w Y o r k : D a

C a p o Press, 1972. xxiv + 6 4 p p . $7.95.) R e p r i n t of t h e 1932 Prince-

Quarterly

Guide to Historic Preservation, Historical Agencies, and Museum Practices: A Selective Bibliography.

Compiled

by FREDERICK L . R A T H , J R . , a n d M E R RILYN

ROGERS

O'CONNELL.

(Coop-

erstown: N e w York Historical Association, 1970. xvi + 369 p p . $12.50.)

An

Icarian Communist Commentary

by Emile

by H .

ROGER

GRANT.

in Nauvoo: Vallet. Edited (Springfield:

Illinois State Historical Society, 1971.

79 p p . $2.00.) R e p r i n t of a 1917 p a m p h l e t critical of Etienne Cabet a n d c o m m u n a l experiments in N a u voo, 1849-56. / . Sterling Morton. By J A M E S C. O L SON. R e p r i n t of t h e 1942 edition.

(Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society Foundation, 1972. xvi + 451 p p . $7.95.) M o r t o n served as acting governor of Nebraska Territory, 1 8 5 8 59, 1861, a n d as Grover Cleveland's agriculture secretary, 1893-97. T h i s definitive biography is reissued t o note t h e centennial of t h e founding of Arbor D a y in 1872.

Kate Field and J. H. Beadle: Manipulators of the Mormon Past. By LEONARD J. ARRINGTON. American West Lecture. (Salt L a k e City: Center for Studies of t h e American West, U n i versity of U t a h , 1971. 20 p p . $1.00.)

Land Cessions in Utah and Colorado by the Ute Indians, 1861-1899.

Compiled by GEORGE E. F A Y . M u s e u m of Anthropology Miscellaneous Series, No. 13. (Greeley: University of N o r t h e r n Colorado M u s e u m of A n thropology, 1970. v + 60 p p . M i m e o graphed, $.50.)

Book Reviews and Notices The Legend of Charlie Cowboy on the Range.

401

Glass: Negro Colorado-Utah

By W A L K E R D . W Y M A N

J O H N D. HART.

and

(River Falls, W i s . :

River Falls State University Press, 1970. 18 p p . $1.00.) Tells of Glass's mysterious death in 1937 on the Lazy Y Cross ranch. F r o m a n article p u b lished originally in Colorado Magazine of History, Winter 1969.

Nevada's Governors: From Territorial Days to the Present, 1861-1971. By MYRTLE

TATE

MYLES.

Knopf, 1972. $4.95.) Mormons included. Written for children.

(Sparks,

Nev.: Western Printing & Publishing Co., 1972. xvi + 310 p p . $10.00.)

The

Sun Dance

the Powerless.

V. O ' C O N N O R .

(Washington, D . C :

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972. ix + 339 p p . $12.50.) Contributions by ten participants in t h e federal a r t p r o g r a m of t h e 1930s. Memoirs originated as reports to Connor.

Power

for

SEN. (Chicago: University of C h i ago Press, 1972. 448 p p . $22.00.)

Touring

the Old West. By K E N T R U T H .

(Brattleboro, V t . : T h e Stephen Greene Press, 1971. vi + 218 p p . $6.95.) A tourist's guide by a n Oklah o m a travel editor, filled with personal experiences a n d with attractive maps a n d drawings by Robert M a c Lean.

The Wild Bunch

The New Deal Art Projects: An Anthology of Memoirs. Edited by FRANCIS

Religion:

By J O S E P H G. J O R G E N -

at Robbers

Roost. By

PEARL BAKER. ( N e w Y o r k : Abelard-

Schuman, 1971. 24 p p . $6.95.) Originally published in 1965, this edition is completely revised a n d certain n e w material h a s been added by t h e author.

Wily

Women

of the West.

By GRACE

ERNESTINE RAY. (San Antonio: T h e

The Sun Dance People. By RICHARD ERDOES. ( N e w York: Alfred A.

Naylor Company, 1972. xviii + 12 + 158 p p . $5.95.) Mining queens, rustlers, gamblers, a n d outlaws.

AGRICULTURE AND MINING D e Neveu, Gustavus, " F a r m i n g in t h e American West, 1858," Agricultural History, 46 (April 1972), 268. A brief excerpt from t h e author's 1858 Patent Office Report o n agriculture.

Simmons, M a r c , "Spanish Irrigation Practices in N e w Mexico," New Mexico Historical Review, 47 (April 1972), 135-50. Discusses t h e upper R i o G r a n d e basin's irrigation system as a variation of traditional Spanish practices.

402

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Tenney, Gordon, "From Bullets to Fishes," Pow Wow, 6 (June 1972), 2-3. Includes history of lead, silver, and gold mining at Lincoln Mine near Minersville.

Townley, John M., "The Delamar Boom: Development of a Small, One-Company Mining District in the Great Basin," Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, 15 (Spring 1972), 3-19.

T H E ARTS Faulconer, James E., "The Difference Between a Mormon and an Artist," Utah Artisan, May-June 1972, pp. 4-5. Reprinted from the 1972 Brigham Young University literary magazine, Wye. Hutslar, Donald A., "The Log Architecture of Ohio," Ohio History, 80 (SummerAutumn 1971), 172-271. An illustrated study in nine chapters examining construction materials, tools, techniques, design, furnishings, and history, with applications for other areas.

Kieley, James F., "William Henry Jackson: Yellowstone's Pioneer Photographer," National Parks & Conservation Magazine, 46 (July 1972), 11-17.

Krainik, Clifford, "Photography and the Old West," The [Chicago] Westerners Brand Book, 28 (December 1971), 73-74.

Lambert, Linda, "The Image of Mormons in Films," The New Era, 2 (May 1972), 12-15.

"Pioneer Craft House," Utah Artisan, May-June 1972, pp. 6-8. Describes the objectives and program of "Utah's unique museum community school."

Woodbury, Lael J., "Mormonism and the Commercial Theatre," Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Winter 1972), 234-40. Discusses plays about Mormons or on Mormon themes.

Woodworth, M., " R D T : Democracy in Dance," Dance Magazine, 46 (March 1972), 47-62. ' BIBLIOGRAPHY Bullen, John S., ed., "Annual Bibliography of Studies in Western American Literature," Western American Literature, 6 (Winter 1972), 277-93.

Christensen, Michael E., "Sources and Literature for Western American History: A List of Dissertations," The Western Historical Quarterly, 3 (July 1972), 299-308.

Crawley, Peter, "Mormon Americana at the Huntington Library," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 (Autumn-Winter 1971), 138-40.

Flake, Chad J., "Mormon Bibliography: 1971." Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Spring 1972), 292-302. Lists recent books, pamphlets, and articles.

Fritz, Henry E., ed., "The Cattlemen's Frontier in the Trans-Mississippi West: An Annotated Bibliography," Part I [1916-51], Arizona and the West, 14 (Spring 1972), 45-70; Part I I [1952-70], (Summer 1972), 169-90.

Jacobsen, T. Harold, "The Utah State Archives," Genealogical Journal, 1 (June 1972) 31-34. Describes the function of the archives and notes holdings of interest to researchers.

Articles and Notes

403

Lyon, Thomas J., ed., "Research in Western American Literature," Western American Literature, 6 (Winter 1972), 289-93. Theses and dissertations^ completed and in progress.

Peabody, Velton, "A Survey of Mormon Bibliography," Mormonia: A Quarterly Bibliography of Works on Mormonism, 1 (Winter 1972), 3-7.

Tutorow, Norman E., "Source Materials for Historical Research in the Los Angeles Federal Records Center," Southern California Quarterly, 53 (December 1971), 333â&#x20AC;&#x201D;44. The center serves federal agencies in southern California, Arizona, and Clark County, Nevada.

Vollmar, Edward R., "Writings on the History of Religion in the United States, 1970," Manuscripta, 15 (July 1971), 77-84. An annual listing.

CONSERVATION Boynton, K. L., "Desert Vocalist [coyote]," Desert Magazine, 35 (March 1972), 26-29.

Dodge, Frank H., Jr., and Donald R. Cain, "More Than Just a Fish: Scrappy Cutthroat Trout Has Survived 500 Centuries," Our Public Lands, 22 (Spring 1972), 4-6.

Greenleaf, Richard E., "Land and Water in Mexico and New Mexico, 1700-1821," New Mexico Historical Review, 47 (April 1972), 85-112. Summary of a lengthier analysis of Spanish land grant policy in North America.

[Loveless, Kathleen Wood], "Utah's 'Dead Sea' Is Still Alive," Reclamation Era, 58 (May 1972), 1-5. Historic photos.

Parley's Creek Water Plant," The Rambler [Wasatch Mountain Club], May 1972, pp. 7-8. East of Salt Lake City.

Schneeberger, Jon, "Escalante Canyon: Wilderness at the Crossroads," National Geographic Magazine, 142 (August 1972), 270-85.

Spillett, J. Juan, and Larry B. Dalton, "Bighorn Sheep in Utah: Past and Present," Utah Science, 32 (September 1971), 79-91. Includes maps and tables locating prehistoric skeletons, historic (pre-1950) sightings, and current sightings.

Wixom, H., "Save the Provo," Field and Stream, 76 (March 1972), 74-75.

Wright, Derral, "Minersville Lake State Recreation Area," Pow Wow, 6 (June 1972), 1-2. History of Minersville area irrigation dams.

Yadon, Vernal L., "Western Museums and the Environmental Responsibility," Western Museums Quarterly, 8 (March 1972), 14-18. Examines the question of collecting specimens of threatened species.

EXPLORATION Booth, James P., and H. S. Hamlin, "DeVaca, DeSoto, Coronado: America's First Explorers," The Pony Express, 38 (November 1971), 3-7.

Castel, Albert, "Zebulon Pike, Explorer," American History Illustrated, 7 (May 1972), 4-11, 45-48.

Cutright, Paul Russell, "The Journal of Private Joseph Whitehouse: A Soldier with Lewis and Clark," The Bulletin [Missouri Historical Society], 27 (April 1972), 143-61. Assesses new information from a paraphrastic version of the Whitehouse journal discovered in 1966.

404

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Dees, Harry C , "George W. Bean, Early Mormon Explorer," Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Winter 1972), 147-62. Narrative of travels in Utah and the Great Basin, 1847-73.

"Early Wasatch Explorations," The Rambler [Wasatch Mountain Club], June 1972, pp. 7-8.

Garber, D. W., "Jedediah Strong Smith, Patrick Gass and Doctor Titus Gordon Vespasian Simons," The Pacific Historian, 16 (Summer 1972), 10-20.

Examines the possibility that Gass, rather than Simons, was Smith's source for information on the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Hayden, Willard C , "The Hayden Survey," Idaho Yesterdays, 16 (Spring 1972), 20-25.

Miller, David H., "The Ives Expedition Revisited: A Prussian's Impressions," The Journal of Arizona History, 13 (Spring 1972), 1-25. Based on the diary of Balduin Mollhausen, Prussian artist and naturalist with the Colorado River trip of 1858.

"Photographs from the High Rockies," Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, 15 (Spring 1972), 29-39. Photoreproduction of an article and woodcuts from Harper's New Monthly Magazine, September 1869, concerning the work of Timothy H. O'Sullivan, photographer for Clarence King's fortieth parallel survey.

Pike, Donald G., "Four Surveyors Challenge the Rocky Mountain West: Fighting Bureaucracy and Indians in a Wild Land," The American West, 9 (May 1972), 4-13. Hayden, King, Wheeler, and Powell surveys.

GOVERNMENT Ambrosius, Lloyd E., "Turner's Frontier Thesis and the Modern American Empire: A Review Essay," Civil War History, 17 (December 1971), 332-39.

Ault, Wayne, and J. Keith Melville, "Student Impact on the 1970 Utah Nominating Conventions," Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Winter 1972), 163-70.

Maxwell, Neal A., "The Lonely Sentinels of Democracy," The New Era, 2 (July 1972), 46-50. Discusses Mormonism and democracy; the first lecture in the LDS Church educational system's Commissioner's Lecture Series.

Richardson, Elmo R., "Was There Politics in the Civilian Conservation Corps?"

Forest History, 16 (July 1972), 12-21.

HISTORIANS Andrews, Ralph W., "Pioneering Pictorial Histories: First Twenty-five Years of Superior Publishing Company," Journal of the West, 11 (April 1972), 367-78.

Billington, Ray Allen, "Frederick Jackson Turner: The Image and the Man," The Western Historical Quarterly, 3 (April 1972), 137-52.

Dyer, Alvin R., "The Future of Church History," The Ensign of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2 (August 1971), 58-61. Activities of the Historical Department of the Mormon Church.

Hafen, LeRoy R., "A Westerner, Born and Bred," The Western Historical Quarterly, 3 (April 1972), 129-35. Autobiographical sketch with a selected bibliography.

Articles and Notes

405

"In Memoriam: Dean R. Brimhall," Enchanted 1972), p. 3.

Wilderness Bulletin, no. 5 (June

Hanna, Archibald, "The Ten Books . . . 1/Western Americana," Scholarly Publishing, 3 (January 1972).

"News of the Church: Emphasis in Historical Research," The Ensign of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2 (June 1972), 16-17. Appointment of James B. Allen and Davis Bitton as assistant church historians.

"The Older the Better," Outlook: Utah State University, Describes the work of USU archivist Jeff Simmonds.

3 (April 1972), 11.

Osgood, Ernest S., "I Discover Western History," The Western Historical 3 (July 1972), 241-51. Autobiographical.

Quarterly,

Pfeiffer, George, III, "Why Wallace Stegner Won the Pulitzer Prize with a Work of Historical Fiction," The American West, 9 (July 1972), 49. An editorial comment.

HISTORIOGRAPHY Bloom, Jo Tice, "Cumberland Gap Versus South Pass: The East or West in Frontier History," The Western Historical Quarterly, 3 (April 1972), 153-67. Challenges provincialism and the trans-Missouri emphasis in frontier history.

Conway, Thomas G., "Public Interest in the Indian," The Indian Historian, 5 (Spring 1972), 23-25.

Heckman, Richard Allen, "History or Social Studies?" Phi Kappa Phi Journal, 52 (Spring 1972), 47-56.

Howard, Richard P., "The 'History of Joseph Smith' in Its Historical Setting," Part I, Saints' Herald, 119 (July 1972), 49; Part II, (August 1972), 49. "Since Yesterday" column; briefly presents the case for multiple authorship and recounts the publishing history of the work also known as Documentary History of the Church.

Lewis, Merrill E., "The Art of Frederick Jackson Turner: The Histories," The Huntington Library Quarterly, 35 (May 1972), 241-55. Discusses Turner's attempt to replace traditional narrative history with a new analytical history using "representative men" and "personified sections" â&#x20AC;&#x201D; devices borrowed from imaginative literature.

Lukes, Edward A., "Ethno-History of Indians of the U.S.," The Indian Historian, 5 (Spring 1972), 23-25. Includes a suggested outline for teaching Indian history.

Perry, P. J., "Agricultural History: A Geographer's Critique," Agricultural History, 46 (April 1972), 259-67. Focuses on New Zealand, but with applications for Utah agricultural history.

Schnell, J. Christopher, and Patrick McLear, "Why the Cities Grew: A Historiographical Essay on Western Urban Growth, 1850-1880," The Bulletin [Missouri Historical Society], 27 (April 1972), 162-77. Includes Salt Lake City.

Sievers, Michael A., "Sands of Sand Creek Historiography," Colorado Magazine, 49 (Spring 1972), 116-42. Discusses changing attitudes towards the "Chivington massacre" of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, November 29, 1864.

406

Utah Historical

Quarterly

H I S T O R I C SITES Dunyon, Joy F., "East Mill Creek History, Part I I I : The Cozy Little Chapel by the Bend of the Stream," The Pioneer, 19 (May-June 1972), 9.

Hedges, Viky L., "Johnston's Station," Utah Artisan, May-June 1972, pp. 14-15.

Renovation of the North Salt Lake Bamberger Railroad Station as home and art studio for the Richard Johnstons.

Padfield, Jan, "Picturesque Peaks and High Valleys," Utah Holiday, 1 (June 19July 10, 1972), 8-10, 26. Historic and recreational sites in Summit and Wasatch counties.

Price, Barbara, " 'Sustain Israel in the Mountains': They Carved a Road Through Rock," Our Public Lands, 22 (Spring 1972), 7-10. The trail used to haul timber from Mount Trumbull, Ariz., to St. George for the LDS temple in the 1870s.

Read, Dennis, " 'Frogtown' and 'Johannesburg of America,' " Utah Holiday, 1 (June 19-July 10, 1972), 6-7. Describes historic sites in the Fairfield area and at Mercur, Utah.

"Restoration Trail Foundation Buys Historic Home," Saints' Herald, 119 (May 1972), 56-57. Built by Jones H. Fournoy in 1826 in Independence, and believed to be the site where Joseph Smith in 1831 signed papers related to the temple lot.

"Turn-of-the-Century Tour in Downtown Salt Lake City," Sunset, 148 (May 1972), 40. Mentions Beehive House, Kearns Mansion, and Keith Mansion.

"Unusual Utah Stone House to be Restored," Preservation News, 12 (April 1972), 7.

Photo of Isaac Pullum Home, Trenton, Cache County.

Ursenbach, Maureen, "Utah's Precious Pioneer Churches," Utah Holiday, 1 (May 829, 1972), 4-6.

INDIANS Aikens, C. M., "Fremont Culture: Restatement of Some Problems," American Antiquity, 37 (January 1972), 61-66.

Chaput, Donald, "Generals, Indian Agents, Politicians: The Doolittle Survey of 1865," The Western Historical Quarterly, 3 (July 1972), 269-82.

Edwards, Elbert B., "Notes and Documents: Indian Legend Explains Formation of Valley of Fire," Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, 15 (Spring 1972), 41-43.

Moapa Valley in southeastern Nevada.

Long, James A., "Mormons Versus Navajos," Frontier Times, 46 (March 1972), 24-25, 59-61.

Monongye, Preston, "After 51 Miracles: The Story of the Gallup Inter-tribal Indian Ceremonial," Arizona Highways, 48 (July 1972), 2-23.

Parman, Donald L., "J. C. Morgan: Navajo Apostle of Assimilation," Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives, 4 (Summer 1972), 83-98. Counters the interpretation that educated Indians usually "returned to the blanket" in a rejection of government efforts to assimilate Indians.

"Slavery Was an Old Indian Social Evil," The Pacific Northwestern [Spokane Westerners], 16 (Spring 1972), 31-32. Reprinted from J. P. Dunn, Jr., Massacres of the Mountains (1886), ch. 12.

Articles and Notes

407

T h o m a s , Joe D., "Indians of the Southwest," Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives, 4 (Summer 1972), 70-76. A p h o t o section.

W y m a n , Leland C , "A Navajo Medicine Bundle for Shootingway," Plateau, 44 (Spring 1972), 131-49. Describes ceremonial equipment of Navajo singers.

LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE Anderson, J o h n Q., "Another Texas V a r i a n t of 'Cole Younger,' Ballad of a Badm a n , " Western Folklore, 31 (April 1972), 103-15.

Barsness, Larry, "Superbeast and the S u p e r n a t u r a l : T h e Buffalo in American Folklore," The American West, 9 (July 1972), 12-17, 6 2 - 6 3 .

D e Caro, Rosan J o r d a n , "Language Loyalty a n d Folklore Studies: T h e MexicanAmerican," Western Folklore, 31 (April 1972), 77-86.

Edwards, Paul, " T h e Sweet Singer of Israel: David H y r u m Smith," Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Winter 1972), 171-84. Life a n d poetry of fifth living son of Joseph Smith, Jr. Ewers, J o h n C , "Folk Art in the F u r T r a d e of the U p p e r Missouri," Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives, 4 ( S u m m e r 1972), 99-108.

Fetzer, Leland A., "Bernard D e Voto a n d the M o r m o n Tradition," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 ( A u t u m n - W i n t e r 1971), 23-38.

Fludson, Lois Phillips, " T h e Big Rock C a n d y M o u n t a i n : N o Roots â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and N o Frontier," South Dakota Review, 9 (Spring 1971), 3 - 1 3 .

Jones, Alfred H a w o r t h , " T h e Persistence of the Progressive M i n d : T h e Case of Bernard De Voto," American Studies [formerly Midcontinent American Studies Journal], 12 (Spring 1971), 37-48.

Keller, K a r l , " T h e Witty a n d Witless Saints of a Nobel Prize Winner," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 ( A u t u m n - W i n t e r 1971), 48-54. Halldor L a x ness's 1962 novel about Mormons, Paradise Reclaimed.

Milton, J o h n , "Conversation with Wallace Stegner," South Dakota Review, 9 (April 1971), 45-57.

Peterson, Levi S., "Tragedy and Western American Literature," Western American Literature, 6 (Winter 1972), 243-49. Examines the general lack of the tragic a n d the preference for the heroic in frontier literature.

Rees, Robert A., " ' T r u t h is the D a u g h t e r of T i m e ' : Notes T o w a r d an Imaginative M o r m o n History," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 ( A u t u m n - W i n ter 1971), 15-22.

Stegner, Wallace, "Bernard D e Voto a n d the M o r m o n s : T h r e e Letters," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 ( A u t u m n - W i n t e r 1971), 39-47.

Whipple, M a u r i n e , " M a u r i n e Whipple's Story of The Giant Joshua," as told to M a r y r u t h Bracy a n d L i n d a Lambert, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 ( A u t u m n - W i n t e r 1971), 55-62.

Zochert, Donald, " 'A View of the Sublime Awful': T h e Language of a Pioneer," Western American Literature, 6 (Winter 1972), 251-57. R o m a n t i c influences in the literary style of frontiersman James Clyman.

MILITARY AND LEGAL Backman, James H., " U t a h ' s Proposed Federally-Based Individual Income T a x Act," Utah Law Review, 1971 (Winter 1971), 4 9 3 - 5 1 1 .

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Brown, Elizabeth Gaspar, "Frontier Justice: Wayne County, 1796-1836," The American Journal of Legal History, 16 (April 1972), 126-53. Challenges the traditional view of informal, ad hoc justice by examining the business before the court in Wayne County (Detroit area), Michigan.

Earl, Phillip I., "The Montello Robbery," The Northeastern Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, 3 (Summer 1972), 3-19. Attempted train robbery in 1883 at Montello, Nevada, in which Sylvester Earl â&#x20AC;&#x201D; later a Mormon bishop in Virgin, Utah â&#x20AC;&#x201D; claimed he was framed.

Egan, Ferol, "The Building of Fort Churchill: Blueprint for a Military Fiasco, 1860," The American West, 9 (March 1972), 4-9.

Ellis, Richard N., "The Humanitarian Generals," The Western Historical Quarterly, 3 (April 1972), 169-78. Attitudes toward Indians of six military men.

Faulk, Odie B., "The Mexican War: A Seminar Approach," Journal of the West, 11 (April 1972), 209-12. Introduces special Mexican War issue.

Lambert, A. C , "War and Peace," in Louis Midgley, ed., "Notes and Comments," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 (Autumn-Winter 1971), 141-45.

Mormon attitudes toward war, reprinted from a 1938 religious education manual used for freshman at BYU. Livingston-Little, D. E., "Composition and Activities of U. S. Military Forces in California During 1846-1848," Journal of the West, 11 (April 1972), 299-306.

Includes Mormon Battalion.

Smith, Bruce A., "Once a Threat, Now a Refuge," Utah Holiday, 1 (April 17-May 8, 1972), 4-5, 10-11. Establishment of Fort Douglas.

White, Lonnie J., "Western Indian Battles and Campaigns: An Introduction," Journal of the West, 11 (January 1972), 1-8. Introduces a complete issue on the subject, with emphasis on battles of the post-Civil War period in the transMississippi West.

Yarnell, Michael A., "The State University's Place Among Overlapping Police Jurisdictions During a Student Mass Disturbance," Utah Law Review, 1971 (Winter 1971), 474-86.

MUSEUMS Brooks, Garnet, "Famous Guns of the West," Persimmon Hill, 2, no. 3, pp. 32-35.

National Cowboy Hall of Fame exhibit.

Lennert, Ellen Gooley, "X-rays and Artifacts at the San Diego Presidio Excavations," The Journal of San Diego History, 18 (Summer 1972), 22-24.

Link, Martin A., "A Museum for the Navajo People," Western Museums Quarterly,^ (June 1972), 11-13.

Peplow, Edward H., Jr., "The Frontier Community Called Pioneer, Arizona, is a Living History Museum," Arizona Highways, 48 (July 1972), 34-39.

Smith, Kevan, "Pioneer Village Holds Place as Museum Supreme," The Pioneer, 19 (May-June 1972), 5.

Wilson, Don W., and Dennis Medina, "Exhibit Labels: A Consideration of Content," History News, 27 (April 1972), 81-88. Practical AASLH guide.

Articles and Notes

409 RELIGION

Allen, J a m e s B., ed., " T h e Historian's Corner," Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Spring 1972), 306-18. Notes and documents, including: "A N o n - M o r m o n [Josiah Jones] View of the Birth of M o r m o n i s m in O h i o , " "Solomon C h a m b e r lain: Early Missionary," and " T h e D e a t h D a t e of Lucy Mack Smith: 8 July July 1775-14 M a y 1856."

Britsch, R. Lanier, " T h e Latter-day Saint Mission to India, 1851-1856," Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Spring 1972), 262-78.

Furnier, T h u r m a n S., "Historical Facts on Sidney Rigdon," The Gospel News, 28 ( J u n e 1972), 2, 6, 12.

Hill, M a r v i n S., "Joseph Smith and the 1826 T r i a l : New Evidence a n d N e w Difficulties," Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Winter 1972), 223-33.

H o w a r d , R i c h a r d P., " E m m a S m i t h : M o t h e r of Restoration Hymnody," Saints' Herald, 119 ( M a y 1972), 45. "Since Yesterday" column.

Irving, Gordon, "A Review of the Administration of President Joseph Fielding Smith, J a n u a r y 23, 1970-July 2, 1972," The Ensign of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2 (August 1972), 40â&#x20AC;&#x201D;41. This issue also includes t h e texts of funeral sermons and stories and anecdotes of Smith.

"President Harold B. Lee Ordained Eleventh President of the C h u r c h , " The Ensign of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2 (August 1972), 19â&#x20AC;&#x201D;21. I n cludes biographical sketches of N . Eldon T a n n e r , Marion G. Romney, and Spencer W. Kimball.

Thomasson, Gordon C , "Foolsmate," in Louis Midgley, ed., "Notes and Comments," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 ( A u t u m n - W i n t e r 1971), 148-51.

Questions the thesis that Joseph Smith h a d a plan for world government.

Williams, Frederick G., "Frederick G r a n g e r Williams of the First Presidency of the C h u r c h , " Brigham Young University Studies, 12 (Spring 1972), 2 4 3 - 6 1 . Second counselor to Joseph Smith in the original M o r m o n First Presidency, 1832-37.

Zuck, R. B., "Letter to a M o r m o n Elder," Moody Monthly, 72 (November 1971), 24-25ff.

SOCIETY AND EDUCATION Brewer, Emily, "Pioneers Were P r o m p t to Start Education in Deseret Territory," The Pioneer, 19 ( M a y - J u n e 1972), 11.

Dunyon, Joy F., "East Mill Creek History, P a r t I V : Log Cabin School Planted Love of Learning," The Pioneer, 19 (July-August 1972), 22.

Eddington, Nora, "Ride into the Sun," The Ensign of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2 (August 1972), 8 7 - 8 9 . Story of Geneva R a c h a e l Cliff, widowed M o r m o n mother in Heber City, U t a h .

Godfrey, Audrey M., "Pioneer Beauty: A F o r m u l a of Bear Grease, Charcoal T o o t h paste, and Milkweed Juice," The New Era, 2 (July 1972), 16-17.

Godfrey, Audrey M., "Pioneer Games," The New Era, 2 (July 1972), 18-19.

H a r m e r , W . Gary, " H o w U t a h Ranks, 1971-72," Research Bulletin of the Utah Education Association, 17 (April 1972), 1-44. National standing in population, financial resources, government expenditures, educational attainment, etc.

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Larson, T. A., "The Woman's Right Movement in Idaho," Idaho Yesterdays," 16 (Spring 1972), 2-15, 18-19.

Skurzynski, G., "Chicanos in Mormon Land," America, 126 (March 18, 1972), 29093.

TRAVEL "America's Newest National Park," Desert Magazine, 35 (May 1972), 46-47. Capitol Reef.

Foushee, Mary, "Bluff, Utah: Where Time Stands Still," Desert Magazine, 35 (May 1972), 12-14. " 'The Grand Canyon of Arizona': A Panorama by Jules Baumann," The Journal of Arizona History, 13 (Spring 1972), 26-32. Baumann's 1908 wax crayon drawings.

Howard, Enid, "Land of Standing Rocks," Desert Magazine, 35 (May 1972), 4 0 44. In Canyonlands National Park.

Kramer, William, ed., "The Western Journal of Isaac Mayer Wise," Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly, Part I, 4 (April 1972), 150-67; Part II, (July 1972), 202-27. July 10, 1877, entry describes Salt Lake City (pp. 202-4).

"Leaves from the Old Wasatch: From Horses to Gas Fumes," The Rambler, July 1972, pp. 7-8. Big Cottonwood Canyon traffic, ca. 1915.

Murdock, S., "Mormon Trails in the Midwest," Travel, 137 (January 1972), 58-63.

Noegel, Joe, "Dream Vacation! Through the Four-State Colorado Plateau Country," Arizona Highways, 48 (June 1972), 2-5.

Pepper, Jack, "Hubs to Hole-in-the Rock," Desert Magazine, 35 (May 1972), 3033, 48. , "On the Trail to Rainbow Bridge," Desert Magazine, 35 (May 1972), 16-19.

Roylance, Ward J., "Capitol Reef," Enchanted Wilderness Bulletin, no. 5 (June 1972), pp. 1-3.

WESTWARD MOVEMENT AND SETTLEMENT "Bountiful Tabernacle," The Pioneer, 19 (July-August 1972), 2. Includes town's settlement.

Christensen, N. LaVerl, "Fort Utah: First Pioneer Settlement in Utah Valley," The Pioneer, 19 (July-August 1972), 10-11.

Daniel, Janice Poole, "Dust on their Petticoats," American Scene, 13, no. 1 (1972), 1-20. Entire issue devoted to pioneer women, including Mary Ann Bates, Jane Lewis, and Elizabeth Jackson.

Grimsted, David, "Rioting in Its Jacksonian Setting," The American Historical Review, 77 (April 1972), 361-97. Passing mention of Mormons (p. 389) and 1853 illustration of Joseph Smith's death.

Hansen, H. N., "An Account of a Mormon Family's Conversion to the Religion of the Latter-day Saints and of Their Trip from Denmark to Utah," Part I, Annals of Iowa, 41 (Summer 1971), 709-28; Part II, (Fall 1971), 765-79.

Articles

and

Notes

411

Hawkins, Johnna, "Nauvoo, the Beautiful and Tragic," Dispatch from the Illinois State Historical Society, series 4, no. 2. (April 1972), pp. 5-6. Student essay reprinted from Illinois History: A Magazine for Young People, November 1971.

Jackson, Richard H., "Myth and Reality: Environmental Perception of the Mormon Pioneers," Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 9 (January 1972), 33-38.

King, William F., "El Monte, An American Town in Southern California, 1851â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 1866," Southern California Quarterly, 53 (December 1971), 317-32. Mentions Mormon activities in nearby San Bernardino.

Poulsen, Ezra J., "Pioneer Portraits: William Budge," Idaho Yesterdays, 15 (Winter 1972), 20-26.

gj$8?=r

The Utah State Historical Society has announced the J. F. Winchester Award for the best manuscript on the "role of automotive transport, i.e., trucking, in Utah from statehood to the present." T h e award carries a $300 prize posted

by John F. Winchester of Phoenix. Manuscripts should be seven to ten thousand words in length, unpublished, typewritten on 8 l/2 -by-11 -inch plain white paper, and double spaced. Footnotes should be in a separate section at the end. Entries should be submitted by July 1, 1973, to the J. F. Winchester Award Committee, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, U t a h 84102.

A diary of Brigham Young, Jr., for the years 1900-1902 has been listed among recent acquisitions of the library of the Utah State Historical Society. Other additions of interest to researchers are a Salt Lake Tribune index, twelve linear feet of manuscript material from Milton Musser â&#x20AC;&#x201D; including the papers of St. Joseph White, seventy-five reels of oral history tapes from San Juan County, and 250 pages of trial records from the 1914-15 trial of Tse-na-got, Paiute Indian accused of murdering a Mexican sheepherder in San Juan County.

Utah Historical Quarterly has now been listed among the most important social science periodicals to be indexed annually by Book Review Index to Social Science Periodicals beginning with volume 40.

T h e Western History Association has announced an awards program to encourage scholars who contribute articles on western America to the many journals which offer little or no pay for submissions. Editors of participating journals may submit the best article to appear in their publications during the

412

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Quarterly

calendar year. Eligible articles are those relating to the North American West â&#x20AC;&#x201D; including Mexico, Canada, and Alaska â&#x20AC;&#x201D; printed in any regular periodical for which the author received less than $75 in compensation. T h e winning author will receive a certificate and a check for $200 at the annual W H A meeting in October.

T h e records and papers of Frederick Kesler, prominent millwright in early Utah, have been presented to Western Americana, Marriott Library, University of U t a h . Among the material is an original manuscript page of the Book of Mormon containing a portion of the fourteenth chapter of the First Book of Nephi, Kesler's diaries from 1857 to 1899, day and record books, correspondence, a variety of publications dating from 1837, and some papers of his descendants.

T h e records were housed in a black walnut and bird's-eye maple chest crafted

by Kesler and recently restored by William W. Newby.

T h e Historical Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has processed and made available for use the following: the records of the Pacific Board of Education, 1 9 5 7 - 6 5 ; the E m m a Smith Woodruff Collection, including correspondence between E m m a and Wilford Woodruff; papers of Stephen Post, 1835-1921, including correspondence between Post and Sidney Rigdon; papers of Seymour Bicknell Young, 1857-1924, including personal and professional medical papers and First Council of the Seventy rolls; the Marion Adaline Belnap Kerr Collection; papers of Carlos Ashby Badger, secretary to Reed Smoot from 1903 to 1928; and a photograph of Brigham Young, ca. 1845.

T h e National Archives has accessioned a small collection of correspondence concerning the later career of western photographer William Henry Jackson, from May 1935 to August 1937. T h e materials were accumulated by the Western Museum Laboratory of the Geological Survey.

Records of the Utah Superintendency, National Archives as microfilm publication the correspondence of the superintendencies to the Ute, Paiute, Shoshoni, Bannock, and cially before 1860, are quite incomplete.

1853-70 is now available from the number M834. Part of a series on of Indian Affairs, the records relate Pahvant Indians. T h e records, espe-

Boise State College has issued the first ten pamphlets in the Western Writers Series under the general editorship of Wayne Chatterton and James H .

Maguire. Each pamphlet of less t h a n fifty pages provides an authoritative introduction to the lives and works of authors who have written significant studies about the American West. Initial titles treat Vardis Fisher, Mary Hallock Foote, John Muir, Wallace Stegner, Bret Harte, Thomas Hornsby Ferril, O w e n Wister, Walter V a n Tilburg Clark, N . Scott Momaday, and Plains Indians autobiographers.

INDEX

Abajo Mountains, described by H.L.A. Culmer, 65, 68 Abbey, Edward, Slickrock: The Canyon Country of Southeast Utah, reviewed, 282-83 Abrams, Milton C.: photograph of, 3 4 1 ; U S H S president, 312 Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities, passed, 56 Adams, Charles P., "A Study of the L D S Church Historian's Office," 3 7 0 - 8 9 Adams, Franklin J a c o b : biography of, 58 n.

7; cooked for 1905 Natural Bridges expedition, 5 8 ; described prehistoric Indians, 6 9 ; excavated Indian dwelling, 7 5 ; at K a c h i n a Bridge, 76; roped cattle, 8 3 ; at Sipapu Bridge, 77-78 Adams, J o h n E., Bluff rancher and hotel keeper, 58 n. 7 Adams, William, Bluff innkeeper, 58 n. 7 Adele, Sister, organized Saint Vincent de Paul Thrift Store, 264 Adler, Jacob, wrote of W. M . Gibson era in Hawaii, 161 Advertising, in 1884 Gazetteer, 163-65, 174 Advisory Board of Editors, appointed by E. L. Cooley, 325 Agriculture: Chicanos in, 232; in Huntsville, 112—21; Japanese contributions to, 2 2 2 ; migrant workers in, 229; of Mormons in Arizona, 126, 128, 130—36; in southeastern U t a h , 68-69, 8 6 ; underproduction of, in U t a h , 171, 173 Albrechtsen, Clifford, Mormon bishop in Hiawatha, 267, 272 Alexander, Thomas G., historical writings of, 356 Allan, J a n e Fleming Fergensen Shaw, cooked in Bluff, 69 Allen, Edward J., historical writings of, 352 Alta Canyon Chapter, organized, 320 Alter, J. Cecil: Early Utah Journalism by, 3 2 3 ; gave books to U S H S , 307, 329; historical writings of, 350; edited Utah Historical Quarterly, 3 0 4 - 5 , 3 2 3 ; photograph of, 3 0 5 ; resigned, 307, 324 American Association for State and Local History: awards of, 318; National Endowment for the Humanities funds awarded by, 312 American Geographical Society, photo collection of, 52 The "Americanization" of Utah for Statehood: by Larson, reviewed, 8 8 - 8 9 ; noted, 355 Anasazi Culture, rise and fall of, 218—19 Andrus, Hyrum, and Council of Fifty, 355

Anderson, George Edward, opened Springville gallery, 54 Anderson, Nels, historical writings of, 3 5 1 52, 358 Andersons, Hiawatha residents, 267 Angell, T r u m a n O., designed L D S historian's office-residence, 378 An Annotated Bibliography of Western Manuscripts in the Merrill Library at Utah State University, Logan, Utah, by Washington, reviewed, 181—82 Annual Meeting, of U S H S , 309-10 Anthony, H . T., pioneer New York photographer, 50 Anti-Bigamy Act of 1862, amended, 385 Arches National Park, portion of, described

by H.L.A., Culmer, 63 Architecture: Greek principles of, 7 - 8 ; of Utah's stone houses, 6-23 Archuleta, Benny, photograph of, 260 Archuleta, Madalene, photograph of, 260 Arellano, Perfecto, assistant pastor at Saint Patrick's, 248 Arizona: agriculture of Mormons in, 126, 128, 1 3 0 - 3 6 ; early capitalist failures in, 125; Mexican Americans in, 127, 2 5 4 ; Mormon settlement in, 122—41 Arizona Cooperative Mercantile Institution: economic functions of, 1 3 3 - 3 4 ; photograph of, 135 Arizona Odyssey: Bibliographic Adventures in Nineteenth-Century Magazines, by Goodman, reviewed, 397-98 Armenians, in Westside Salt Lake, 248, 252 Armstrong Creek, in Natural Bridges, 73 Arrington, Leonard J . : classified L D S archival material, 3 7 1 ; historical writings of, 354, 356; noted federal policies toward Mormons, 1 3 6 - 3 7 ; review of Athearn, Union Pacific Country, 8 9 - 9 0 ; taught at U t a h State University, 352 Art and Artists, H . L. A. Culmer diary, 55-87 Arthur, Chester A., set aside Navajo Reservation, 221 Athearn, Robert G., Union Pacific Country, reviewed, 89—90 Atkinson, David E., co-author of Mormon Battalion Trail Guide, 327 Attey, • , family of, worked at G u a d a lupe, 252 n. 14 Auerbach, Herbert S.: campaigned for state funds for U S H S , 305; complained about U S H S offices, 309; death of, 324; editorial work of, 3 2 4 ; photograph of, 3 4 0 ; as president of U S H S , 307 Augusta Bridge. See Sipapu Bridge Ausick, Paul, Guadalupe youth director, 264

Utah Historical

414 Austrians, baptismal records of, 246 Autobiography,

by Jenson, 349

B Babbitt, Almon W., moved office to Council House, 377 Bakers' Hill, in H i a w a t h a , 271 Ballard, H . A., Thompson's Springs merchant, 61 Ball, M a r y , at G u a d a l u p e , 254 n. 15 Bancroft, Mrs. H . H., interviewed U t a h women, 359 Bancroft, H u b e r t H o w e : historical writings of, 357, 3 6 3 ; History of Utah by, 3 4 4 - 4 5 ; p h o t o g r a p h of, 3 4 5 ; sought L D S information, 3 8 3 - 8 5 Bancroft Library, U t a h materials in, 353—54, 364 Bargallo, Antonio, at G u a d a l u p e , 257 n. 20 Barker, James L., educator, 362 Barrett, Gwynn, " W a l t e r M u r r a y Gibson: T h e Shepherd Saint of L a n a i Revisited," 142-62 Barry, Louise, The Beginning of the West: Annals of the Kansas Gateway to the American West, 1540—1854, reviewed, 391-92 Bates, Alfred, wrote most of Bancroft's History of Utah, 345 Battle Creek, U t e resistance at, 220 Bayles, M a r y A., wife of George W. Perkins, 58 n. 7 Beaman, E. O., photographer on Powell expedition, 54 Bear D a n c e , of Utes, 241 Bear L a d d e r Ruin, in W h i t e Canyon, 7 9 - 8 0 Bears Ears, described, 72 Beckwourth, James P., fur trapper, 213 Beeley, A r t h u r L., educator, 362 The Beginning of the West: Annals of the Kansas Gateway to the American West, 1540-1854,

by Barry, reviewed, 3 9 1 - 9 2 Belden, Galen O., H i a w a t h a doctor, 267 Belia, L D S missionary to Samoa, 1 5 3 - 5 4 Bender, H e n r y E., Jr., Uintah Railway: The Gilsonite Route, reviewed, 280—81 Bennett, J o h n O , compared to Walter M u r ray Gibson, 162 Benson, Ezra T., excommunicated W. M .

Gibson, 156 Benson, William, L D S history clerk, 375 Benteen, F . W., major at F o r t Duchesne, 215 Bernhisel, J o h n M . : letter of W. M . Gibson to, 146; proposed M o r m o n relocation, 143, 1 4 6 - 4 7 ; reported on Morrill Act, 153 Bibiana, Sister, at G u a d a l u p e , 249 n. 10 Bigler, H e n r y W., president of H a w a i i a n Mission, 145 Bing Cong T o n g , Chinese benevolent association, 227

Quarterly

Bingham Canyon, Japanese miners in, 222 Bishop Glass School, built, 256 Bitton, Davis: ed., The Reminiscences and Civil War Letters of Levi Lamoni Wight: Life in a Mormon Splinter Colony on the Texas Frontier, reviewed, 278-79; review of, Washington, An Annotated Bibliography of Western Manuscripts . . . , and Special Collections D e p a r t m e n t , Name Index . . . of Mormon Diaries, 181-82 Black H a w k W a r , d a t e of, 220 Black Rock Beach, p h o t o g r a p h of, 42 Blacks: discrimination against, 211, 2 1 7 ; economic problems, of, 216—18, 2 3 2 ; first, in U t a h , 213—14; as fur trappers, 2 1 3 ; historic survey of, in U t a h , 213—18; location of, in U t a h , 213, 216—17; in military, 2 1 4 - 1 6 ; in M o r m o n Church, 2 1 4 ; photographs of, 215, 2 1 6 ; in population, 212, 2 1 6 - 1 7 ; slavery of, 211—12; in Westside Salt Lake, 243 Blanche, Lake, p h o t o g r a p h of, 53 Blanding, p h o t o g r a p h of, 64 Bleak, James, historian of St. George colonists, 38 Blood, H e n r y H., a n d W P A Writers Project, 329 Blue Mountains. See Abajo M o u n t a i n s Bluff: homes in, 6 9 ; outfitting place for expeditions to N a t u r a l Bridges, 68—69 Board of Geographic Names, r e n a m e d Natural Bridges, 59 Bolton, Herbert E . : influence of, on historians, 346—48; Pageant in the Wilderness by, 324, 3 5 6 - 5 7 Book Cliffs, crossed by Southern U t e s , 234 Book of M o r m o n , transcribing of, 372 Boren, Kerry Ross: Footprints in the Wilderness: A History of the Lost Rhoades Mine, reviewed, 187—88; review of H u g h e l , The Chew Bunch in Brown's Park, 91—93 The Boston-Newton Company Venture: From Massachusetts to California in 1849, by H a n n o n , reviewed, 93 Bountiful, photographs of stone houses in, 7, 13 Bourne, J o h n M., review of Watkins, Gold and Silver in the West: The Illustrated History of an American Dream, 191—92 Bowen, Ewell C , H i a w a t h a postal worker, 267, 272 Box Elder C o u n t y : Japanese truck gardening in, 2 2 2 ; stone houses in, 6 Boy Scouts, at G u a d a l u p e , 257 The Bracero Program: Interest Groups and Foreign Policy, by Craig, reviewed, 397 Brady, M a t h e w , photographer, 29, 4 8 Brannan, Samuel: in California, 1 4 3 ; compared to Walter M u r r a y Gibson, 161-62 Brigham Y o u n g M o n u m e n t , Blacks listed on, 213-14 "Brigham Young, the Colonizer," dissertation

by H u n t e r , 348

Index Brigham Young University: historians at, 347, 3 5 2 ; extension classes of, 271 Broaddus, J. A., broadcast H . L. A. Culmer diary, 60 Brockbank, Alan, realtor, 257 Brodie, Fawn M . : childhood photographs of, 114, 119; "Inflation Idyl: A Family Farm in Huntsville," 112-21 Brooks, J u a n i t a : historical writings of, 327, 3 5 0 - 5 1 , 354, 358; " I n M e m o r i a m : Dean R. Brimhall," 2 0 8 - 9 ; and WPA diary project, 350-51 Brooks, Will, biography of, 351 Brothers of Social Service, originated by Bishop H u n t , 256 Brown, James S., missionary companion of W. M. Gibson, 147 Brown, John, gifts of, to LDS Church, 214 Brunvand, J a n Harold, A Guide for Collectors of Folklore in Utah, reviewed, 2 7 6 77 Buchanan, James, relations of, with Mormons, 143, 146-47 Buddhist Church of America, headquarters of, at Topaz, 224 Budo, -, Hiawatha resident, 268 Buffalo Soldiers, Black Cavalry troops, 215 Building Materials, used in U t a h , 6—7, 17 Bullock, Thomas, LDS history clerk, 375-78 Burdick, Alden, Hiawatha resident, 271—72 Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, funded Mormon Battalion Trail study, 312 Bush, Alfred, at Princeton, 354 Bush, John, director of St. Mary's Home, 258 Bush, Virginia, taught at Hiawatha, 266-67 Business: conservatism of, in U t a h , 170—71, 173 n. 3 3 ; promotion of, in U t a h , 164, 166-67 Butler Wash, in southeastern U t a h , 7 1 , 74

Cache County, stone houses in, 6 Cache Valley Chapter, organized, 319 Caine, John T . : elected president of U S H S , 3 0 3 ; as Honolulu newspaper agent, 150; photograph of, 3 4 1 ; on speakers committee of U S H S , 335 California: legislature addressed by W. M .

Gibson, 148; linked to Intermountain area by Spanish Trail, 229.

California State University, Fullerton, conducted U S H S oral history project, 331 Californios, as Chicanos, 229 Calvinism, anti-Mormon influence of, 145 Campbell, Eugene E d w a r d : review of Gardiner, In Pursuit of the Golden Dream: Reminiscences of San Francisco and the Northern and Southern Mines, 90-91; teacher at LDS Institute, 352

415 Campbell, Robert L., LDS history clerk, 378 Camp Floyd, deeded to U S H S , 315 Camp Kearns, surplus chapel purchased from, 255 Cannon, Bouman, son of Marsena, 39 Cannon, Dr. father of Marsena, 34 Cannon, George Q . : eluded marshals, 3 8 6 ; led mission to Hawaii, 144 Cannon, George Q., and Sons, published Whitney's history, 345-46 Cannon, Marsena: advertised, 33-34, 3 6 - 3 7 ; Boston gallery of, 3 5 ; came to U t a h , 3 5 - 3 6 ; daguerreotypes by, preserved by Carter, 4 2 ; defeated for city council, 3 9 ; died at Poor Farm, 3 9 ; excommunicated, 39; as a Mormon, 3 4 ; photographic achievements of, 3 5 - 3 8 ; photograph of, 3 3 ; photographs by, 35, 36, 3 7 ; took C. R. Savage as partner, 49 Cannon, M. Hamlin, studied M o r m o n immigration, 355 Cannon, Sarah, daughter of Marsena, 39 Cantwell, J o h n Joseph, Catholic bishop of Los Angeles, 248 Carbon County: Blacks in, 217; life in, in 1930s, 2 6 5 - 7 4 ; S O C I O in, 262; teaching in, 265—74 Cardenas, Garcia Lopez de, with Coronado, 229 Carlisle, southeastern U t a h cattle outfit, 6 6 67 Caroline Bridge. See Kachina Bridge Carpintero, Secundio, godparent, 246 Carrington, Albert: as LDS counselor, 387; as LDS historian, 381 Carr, Stephen L., review of Carter and McDowell, Ghost Towns of the West, 3 9 4 95 Carter, Charles William: advertising card of, 4 0 ; came to U t a h , 4 1 ; copied Joseph Smith daguerreotype, 3 0 - 3 2 ; described by daughter, 4 1 ; died, 4 5 ; galleries of, 4 1 ; joined Mormon Church, 4 1 ; learned photography, 3 9 - 4 0 ; photographed Brigham Young, 3 8 ; photographed Indians, 43—44; photograph of, 4 0 ; photographs by, 24, 28, 42, 43, 4 4 ; sold pictures, 4 5 ; worked for C. R. Savage, 41 Carter Collection, of L D S Information Service, 42, 4 5 - 4 6 Carter, Kate B., edited Daughters of U t a h Pioneers histories, 350 Carter, William, Ghost Towns of the West, reviewed, 394-95 Cascade Cave: described, 72; named, 7 1 ; picture of, 72 Casacade Gorge, described, 71 Casement, Dan, camp of, at Promontory, 51 Casement, Jack, camp of, at Promontory, '51 Castle Pasture, in Grand Gulch, 82 A Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations concerning the Church . . . , published

by Brigham Young University, 364

416 Cataract Canyon, joins Dark Canyon, 61 Cathedral Parish, Mrs. Cosgriff member of, 257 Catholic Charities, second-hand store of, 264 Catholic C h u r c h : baptismal records of, 2 4 6 ; Guadalupe Parish of, in Salt Lake, 242— 6 4 ; parish of, defined, 249 n. 8; role of, for Mexican Americans, 243 Catholic Monthly, story of Italian Mission

in, 246 Catholic Youth Organization, honored Carol Elizondo, 258 Cattle industry, in southeastern U t a h , 72—73, 83, 86 Cedar forests, in southeastern U t a h , 72 Cedar Ridge, crossing of, 72, 83 Central Pacific Railroad, construction of, by Chinese, 226 Century Register of Pioneer Homes, listings on, 317 Cianifichi, Dominick: Hiawatha baker, 267; photograph of, 268 Cime, Catechist, at Guadalupe, 254 n. 15 City and County Building, stone for, in Salt Lake City, 57 City of Zion, conceived by Joseph Smith, 359 Civil War, ended slavery in U t a h , 214 Chaffin, L. W., partner of Cannon, 38 Channing, Edward, at Harvard, 346 Chaplin, Charlie, movies of, 253 Chapter News, published by U S H S , 326 Chase, Daryl, review of Florin, Western Wagon Wheels: A Pictorial Memorial to the Wheels that Won the West, 96 Chavez, Guadalupe, baptized, 246 Chavez, Miguel, father of Guadalupe, 246 Cheap Cash Store, in Nauvoo, 27 Checklist of Mormon Literature, originated

by Dale Morgan, 332 The Chew Bunch in Brown's Park, by Hughel, reviewed, 91—93 Chiavini, Virgilio: H i a w a t h a baker, 267; photograph of, 268 Chicanos: culture of, 230; definition of, 2 2 8 29; economic problems of, 232; education of, 232; history of, in U t a h , 2 2 8 - 3 2 ; land of, taken over, 2 1 1 ; not assimilated, 2 1 1 ; photographs of, 228, 2 3 0 ; in population, 212, 2 2 8 ; at military installations, 230—31. See also Mexican Americans Chinese: businesses of, 226—27; history of, in U t a h , 226—28; immigration discrimination against, 2 1 1 ; location of, in U t a h , 2 1 3 ; in mining, 226; photograph of, 2 2 7 ; photograph of ghetto of, 210; population of, in U t a h , 226; and transcontinental railroad, 226 Christensen, , Hiawatha resident, 268 Chuckaluck Mountains, seen by Culmer, 84 Church Chronology, by Jenson, 349

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Church Historian's Office. See Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Historical Department of Churchill, Stephanie, This is the Place: Salt Lake City; An Entertaining Guide, reviewed, 190-91 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: activities of members of, 138—39; apostasy in, 144-45, 3 7 3 ; Arizona settlements of, 1 2 3 - 4 1 ; a n d Bancroft's history, 345, 3 8 3 8 5 ; Black members of, 214; building program of, 175; colonial policies of, 124; contemporary problems of, 137—40; converts to, 19; disincorporated, 386—87; doctrinal latitude within, 139—41; economic institutions of, 123-24, 1 3 1 - 3 6 ; evolution of, 1 4 1 ; excommunication in, 140; founding of, 372; in Hawaii, 144-45, 153, 1 5 5 5 7 ; hierarchy of, 135—36; Indian grant lands of, 2 2 1 ; Japanese members of, 226; at Kirtland, 3 7 2 ; and Morrill Act, 153; sold Sixteenth W a r d Chapel, 2 6 3 ; temples of, 175—76. See also Polygamy, Mormons, names of various church leaders Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Historical D e p a r t m e n t of: collections in, 370—71; condition of, investigated, 378, 381-83, 3 8 8 - 8 9 ; creation of, 3 7 2 ; history of, 3 7 0 - 8 9 ; inefficiency of, 3 7 2 - 7 4 ; Jenson manuscripts in, 3 4 9 ; moved, 375—76, 380; office built for, 378, 3 8 0 ; photographs of offices of, 370, 3 7 7 ; and polygamy crusade, 385—87; reform of, suggested, 3 8 2 - 8 3 ; reorganized, 371, 3 7 4 - 7 6 ; use of, by anti-Mormons, 382-83 Clark, James R., and Council of Fifty, 355 Claus Spreckels, by Jacob Adler, 161 Clavel, , H i a w a t h a resident, 268 Clawson, H . B., home of, burned, 52 Clawson, Spencer, Sr., photograph of, 340; as president of U S H S , 3 0 3 ; sought state funds, 303 Clayton, William, aided L D S historian, 373 Clifford, Catechist, at Guadalupe, 254 n. 15 Cluff, William W . : excommunicated, 156; Hawaiian missionary, 150 Coal, abundance of, in U t a h , 172 Coal mining, economics of, 272—74 Coates, Lawrence G., review of Shepardson and H a m m o n d , The Navajo Mountain Community: Social Organization and Kinship Terminology, 97 Coe, William Robertson, collection of, at Yale, 354 Collins Canyon, near G r a n d Gulch, 80, 82 Collins Cave, campsite in Collins Canyon, 80, 82 Collins, James E a r l : death of, 2 5 6 ; education of, 2 5 1 ; ministry of, in G u a d a l u p e Parish, 248, 2 5 1 - 5 5 ; photographs of, 242, 250, 252 Collodion process. See Wet-plate photography Colonization, of Lanai by W. M . Gibson, 151-52

Index Colorado: Chicanos from, 229, 254; Japanese in, 223 Colorado River, featured in Utah Historical Quarterly, 325 Colton, D o n B., educator, 362 Columbus Day, celebrated at Hiawatha, 268-69 Comb Ridge, crossing of, 71, 84 Comb Wash, crossing of, 71, 84 Commerce, promotion of, in U t a h , 164, 166— 67 Commercial Club Expedition. See Natural Bridges Expedition of 1905 Committee of Thirteen, Hawaiian annexationists, 159 Communalism, of Mormons, 122—41 Comprehensive History of the Church . . . ,

by Roberts, 349-50, 352 Compromise of 1850, permitted slavery in U t a h , 214 Conservation, federal action on, 56 Cooley, Everett L.: and Annual Meeting, 3 2 2 ; chapter activities of, 319; as director of U S H S , 3 0 9 - 1 0 ; elected secretary of Westerners, 320; interviewed Daggett residents, 3 3 1 ; and Mansion renovation, 310; and Mormon bibliography, 332; organized treks, 322; photograph of, 299; television series of, 317; as Utah Historical Quarterly editor, 3 2 5 - 2 6 ; and U t a h State Archives, 308, 311, 314, 333, 3 5 2 53 Cooper Martin & Co., of Moab, 61 n. 13, 63-65 Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, expedition of, 219, 229 Corrill, J o h n : apostasy of, 3 7 3 ; named L D S historian, 373 Cortez, Colorado, described, 86 Cosgriff, Mrs. James E., bequest of, to Guadalupe Parish, 257 Cosgriff, Marian, Catholic worker, 252 n. 14 Cottonwood Creek, crossing of, 71 Council House: LDS historian's office in, 3 7 6 - 7 7 ; photographed by Cannon, 3 7 ; photograph of, 377; preservation of, 5 Council of Fifty, effect of, on U t a h history, 355 Courlander, Harold, The Fourth World of the Hopis: The Epic Story of the Hopi Indians as Preserved in Their Legends and Traditions, reviewed, 284-85 Court House Station, north of Moab, 63 Cowboy Slang, by Potter, reviewed, 286 Cowdery, Oliver: apostasy of, 3 7 3 ; as LDS recorder, 372—73 Coyotes, hunting of, in Huntsville, 117 Craig, Richard B., The Bracero Program: Interest Groups and Foreign Policy, reviewed, 397 Creer, Leland H . : dissertation by, published, 3 4 7 ; photograph of, 3 4 1 ; resigned as U S H S president, 309; as a teacher, 347

417 Crimean War, photography in, 39-40 Crocker, Charles W., recruited Chinese railroad workers, 226 Crombie, Jack, Hiawatha student, 269 Crombies, Hiawatha residents, 267 Crosby, Caroline, wrote of B. Young's visit to Beaver, 358 Crosby, Oscar, pioneer Black, 213-14 Crowder, David L., review of Driggs, History of Teton Valley, Idaho, 284 Culmer, H . L. A.: biography of, 5 7 ; diary page of, reproduced, 5 5 ; and geology, 7 7 7 8 ; and " T h e Natural Bridges of White Canyon: A Diary of H . L. A. Culmer, 1905," 5 5 - 8 7 ; paintings and sketches of, 55, 5 7 - 5 8 , 6 1 , 63, 7 3 - 7 7 ; photograph of, 5 5 ; recorded southeastern U t a h folklore, 6 6 - 6 7 ; spoke at Bluff on art, 85.

Cumming, Alfred, territorial governor, 383 Cummings, Byron, preservation efforts of, 56, 60 Cummings, Charles O., baptized by W. M. Gibson, 149 Curtis, Theodore, sent gift to Joseph Smith, 27 Custer, George, at Little Big Horn, 215, 234 Cyrillic alphabet, newspaper in, 269

D Daggett County, oral history in, 331 Daggett County Chapter, of U S H S , 312, 320 Daguerre, Louis Jacque Mande, invented photography, 25 Daguerretotypy: invented, 2 5 ; in Nauvoo, 2 7 - 3 3 ; in U t a h , 3 3 - 3 9 Dahlsrud, H . A., Hiawatha school principal, 267 Daily Mass Society, at Guadalupe, 253 Dalley, Gardiner F., review of Schaafsma, The Rock Art of Utah: A Study from the Donald Scott Collection, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 393-94 Dalton, Orson, folklore of, 66-67 Dark Canyon, north of White Canyon, 6 1 62, 68 Daughters of Charity, in Salt Lake, 264 Daughters of U t a h Pioneers: at Old Statehouse, 3 1 5 - 1 6 ; publications of, 350; relation of, to U S H S , 320, 328 Davis County: Blacks in, 217; citizenry of, 176; Japanese farmers in, 2 2 2 ; S O C I O in, 262; stone houses in, 6 Davis, Elmer, redcap, photograph of, 216 Davis, Mary, Hiawatha student, 269 Dayton, Dello G., education of, 352 Dead Bull Flat, in southeastern U t a h , 83 Deep Creek Reservation, on Utah-Nevada border, 221 Delamora, , baptized, 246 Delia, Sister, charitable work of, 264

418 Delightful Journey down the Green and Colorado Rivers, by Goldwater, reviewed, 396 Demman, Joseph, Hiawatha teacher, 267 Democratic Party, endorsed Marguerite Sinclair, 306 Denver and Rio Grande Railroad: accused of stifling Utah's development, 1 7 1 ; sold Savage's stereoscopic views, 50 Denver, Norma, comp., Ute People: An Historical Study, reviewed, 95—96 Department of Defense, installations in U t a h , 217 Department of Development Services, created, 311 Department of Publicity and Industrial Development, administered historic sites, 315-16 Department of W a r History and Archives, U S H S so designated, 329 Deseret Agricultural a n d Manufacturing Society, 1881, fair of, 168 Deseret National Bank, U S H S meetings in, 303 Deseret News: E. L. Sloan assistant editor of, 168; histories of, 3 6 1 ; M o r m o n history published in, 3 7 2 ; praised Gibson, 152; published account of N a t u r a l Bridges expedition, 64 Desert Culture, characteristics of, 218 Desert Saints, The Mormon Frontier in Utah, by Anderson, 351-52, 358 Dickebohm, Mary, at Guadalupe, 254 n. 15 Diocesan Development Drive, funds from 263-64 Division of State History, created, 311, 314.

See also U t a h State Historical Society Dixon, Henry Aldous, educator, 362 Documentary History of the Church, ed. by Roberts, 372 Dolores, Colorado, train stop at, 69, 85-86 Domestic animals, raising of, in Huntsville, 115-20 Dominguez-Escalante expedition: Chicanos on, 229; documented Indians, 219 The Donner Party, by Keithley, reviewed, 277-78 Donner Trail, trek on, cancelled, 322 Dorsey, George A., analyzed sun dance, 241 Dougan, Terrell, This is the Place: Salt Lake City; An Entertaining Guide, reviewed, 190-91 Draper, J o h n W., taught daguerreotypy in New York, 29 Driggs, B. W., History of Teton Valley, Idaho, reviewed, 284 Dry Valley, between M o a b and Monticello, 65 Dugway Proving Grounds, Blacks employed at, 217 Dunbar, D. C : and 1884 Gazetteer, 167; and Salt Lake Herald, 167-68

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Dunbar, William C , founded Salt Lake Herald, 168 Duncan, , infantry captain, 215 Durango, Colorado, White Canyon artifacts exhibited at, 76 Dutch, suspicious of W. M. Gibson's activities in Sumatra, 146 Dwellings, built by pioneer stonemasons, 6-23 Dwyer, Robert J., editorial work of, 324 Dyar, W. W., published story of Natural Bridges, 56 Dyer, Frank H , U. S. marshal, 387

Early Learning Center, at L a Hacienda, 264 E-arly Utah Journalism, by Alter, 323, 350 East Indies, activities of W. M . Gibson in, 146 Eastman, George, and flexible film, 54 Echo, flour mill in, 310 Echo Canyon, photograph of, 24 Economics: a n d agriculture in Huntsville, 112-16, 1 2 0 - 2 1 ; effect of, on Mormon marriage patterns, 128—29; of Mormon settlement in Arizona, 123-24, 131-36 Eddington, William, Portsmouth, England, stationer, 46 Eddy, Haven B., and W. M. Gibson, 149 Edmunds Act of 1882: passed, 385, weakness of, 386 Edmunds-Tucker Bill, provisions of, 386—87 Education, in H i a w a t h a in 1930s, 265-74 Edwards, , H i a w a t h a resident, 268 Edwards, Elbert B., review of Paher, Las Vegas: As It Began —• As It Grew, 285-86 Edwin Bridge. See Owachomo Bridge Edwin Gulch, naming of, 73 Elizondo, Carol, organized youth club, 2 5 8 59 Elk Mountains, seen by H . L. A. Culmer, 84 Elk Ridge, described, 68 Ellsworth, S. George: education of, 352; " U t a h History: Retrospect and Prospect," 342-67 Emerton, Ephraim, at H a r v a r d , 346 Emery County: Blacks in, 2 1 7 ; chapter of U S H S in, 312 Emery County Museum Association, organized, 320 Emigration, of Hawaiians, 150 Emigration Canyon, pioneer monument in, 213 Encyclopedia History of the Church . . . ,

by Jenson, 349 Engineering Commission, administered This is the Place Monument, 316 English, at Catholic summer school, 252 Epps, Walter S., redcap, photograph of, 216

Index Erastus Snow: The Life of a Missionary and Pioneer for the Early Mormon Church:

by Larson, reviewed, 1 7 9 - 8 1 ; noted, 355 Erickson, Ephraim E., dissertation of, 347; educator, 362 Escalante, Velez de, diary of, 324, 357 Essentials in Church History, by Smith, 349 Euler, Robert C , review of Nagata, Modern Transformations of Moenkopi Pueblo, 188-89 Evans, John Henry, historical writings of, 348 Eveleth, Dwight, sent U t a h news to W. M. Gibson, 154-55 Expectations Westward . . . , by Taylor, 355 Exploration, of Natural Bridges, 55â&#x20AC;&#x201D;87 Fagiolo, Father, trained Catholic brothers, 256 Fairbanks, Ortho, sculptures by, 5 Farmington, photographs of stone houses in, 10, 14 Feast of O u r Lady of Guadalupe, photograph of participants in, 258 Federal Housing Authority, approved U t a h Nonprofit Housing, 261 Federal, Joseph Lennox, Catholic bishop of U t a h , 263 Fennemore, James, photographer on J. W. Powell expedition, 54 Fenton, Roger, photographer, 40 Ferguson, Ellen B., spoke at first annual Meeting of U S H S , 335 Field, J., Nauvoo store owner, 27 Field Museum, Chicago, Indian studies of, 241 Fife, Alta, folklore by, 354 Fife, Austin E.: folklore by, 354; "Stone Houses of Northern U t a h , " 6-23 Fike, , Thompson's Springs hotelkeeper, 61 Fillmore, legislature in session at, 378 Flake, Chad, edited Union Catalog, 332 Flake, Green, pioneer Black, 213-14 Flanders, Robert, review of Bitton, ed., The Reminiscences and Civil War Letters of Levi Lamoni Wight: Life in a Mormon Splinter Colony on the Texas Frontier, 278-79 Flat Town, in Hiawatha, 267, 271 Flegge, William H . : named pastor of Guadalupe, 259; named vice-rector of cathedral, 263 Flirt, boat of W. M. Gibson, 145-46 Florin, Lambert, Western Wagon Wheels: A Pictorial Memorial to the Wheels that Won the West, reviewed, 96 Folk a r t : origins of, 1 7 - 1 9 ; in Utah's stone houses, 6â&#x20AC;&#x201D;23 Folklore, of southeastern U t a h , 6 6 - 6 8

419 Folklore Society of U t a h : Lore of Faith and Folly, reviewed, 3 9 0 - 9 1 ; relation of to U S H S , 320 Food for Christ Hungry, sponsored by Guadalupe, 258 Footprints in the Wilderness: A History of the Lost Rhoades Mine, by Rhoades and Boren, reviewed, 187-88 Forbush, Gary D., directed preservation programs, 3 1 2 , 3 1 6 Fordham University, Father Collins studied at, 251 "Forms and Methods of Early Mormon Settlement in U t a h and the Surrounding Region, 1847-1877," by Ricks, 347 Fort Douglas: Black troops at, 216; stone houses at, 18 Fort Duchesne: Black soldiers at, 2 1 5 - 1 6 ; established, 2 1 4 - 1 5 ; Indian agency at, 221 Fort Hall, Shoshonis at, 221 Fort Sidney, Black cavalry troops from 215 Fort Steele, Black cavalry troops from, 215 Foster, Lucien R.: daguerreotypes by, preserved, 4 2 ; excommunicated, 3 2 - 3 3 ; L D S Church activities of, 29, 3 2 - 3 3 ; learned photography, 2 9 - 3 0 ; in Nauvoo, 2 7 - 3 2 ; photograph by, 2 9 ; photographed Joseph Smith, 2 8 - 3 2 ; political activities of, 30 The Founding of Utah, by Young, 348 Four Corners, described, 68 The Fourth World of the Hopis: The Epic Story of the Hopi Indians .as Preserved in Their Legends and Traditions, by Courlander, reviewed, 284-85 Fox, Feramorz Young, dissertation of, 348 The Foxfire Book, described, 359 Foy, Thomas, teamster and cook, 6 4 - 6 5 Franklin Brown Company, M o r m o n wagon train, 49 Freeman's Cave. See Cascade Cave Fremont, J o h n C , use of photography by, Furniss, Norman F., historical writings of, 355 Fur trade, out of Santa Fe, 229

Gabriel Richard Leadership Course, conducted at Guadalupe, 261 Galaviz, Antonio, at Italian Mission, 248 Galaviz, Turibio, at Italian Mission, 248 Gallegos, Albert, photograph of, 260 Gallegos, Emma, photograph of, 260 " G a n g Busters," Boy Scouts listened to, 253 Garbers, Hiawatha residents, 272 Garcia, Florence, photograph of, 260 Garcia, Frances, at Guadalupe, 254 n. 15 Garcia, Manuel, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Garcia, Victorio, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Gardiner, Howard C , In Pursuit of the Golden Dream: Reminiscences of San

420 Francisco and the Northern and Southern Mines, reviewed, 90—91 Gardner, Alexander, partner of Mathew Brady, 48 Gardner, Willard, educator, 362 Garfield, Japanese smelter workers in, 222 Gates, Jacob F., witnessed sale of C. W. Carter negatives, 45 The Gathering of Zion . . . , by Stegner, 355 Gazet[t]eer of Utah, and Salt Lake City Directory, 1874, by E. L. Sloan, 166 Geary, Jennie, listed as godparent, 246 Geddes, Joseph A., historical writings of, 347, 352 Genealogical Society of U t a h , founded in 1894, 336 General Storehouse and Tithing Office, photographed by M. Cannon, 3 7 - 3 8 Genetics, of inbreeding, 126 Germania Smelter, photograph of, 170 Germans, baptismal records of, 246 Gerras, Ramon, assistant pastor of Guadalupe, 254, 255 n. 19 Ghost Towns of the West, by Carter and McDowell, reviewed, 394—95 Gibbons, Ann, mission worker, 252 n. 14 G I Bill of Rights, historians studied under, 352-53 Gibson, Henry, son of Walter, 147 Gibson, John, son of Walter, 147 Gibson, T a l u l a : a n d Brigham Young, 147; daughter of Walter, 143; in Hawaii, 145, 152, 156 Gibson, Walter M u r r a y : accusations against, 144, 149, 152, 161-62; against annexation of Hawaii, 157—58; against Hawaiian migration, 154; and Catholic sisters, 1606 1 ; children of, 145; deported, 159; in Dutch Sumatra, 145—46; excommunication of, 144, 155-56, 162; founded newspaper, 1 5 7 - 5 8 ; illness and death of, 1606 1 ; Lanai property of, 152-53, 155; Mormon missionary activities of, 14-3—45, 147— 50, 153-54; as a philanthropist, 152; photographs of, 142, 160; place card of, 159; political activities of, 144, 158-59; social ideas of, 154—55, 158; urged Mormon relocation, 143, 1 4 6 - 4 7 ; "Walter Murray Gibson: The Shepherd Saint of Lanai Revisited," 142-62 Giles, Grover, U t a h attorney general, 333 Girls Sodality, at Guadalupe, 153 Glen Canyon Dam, dedication of, 322 Godbeites: LDS reform movement called, 38; Tullidge a leader of, 344 Godbe, William S., founded New Movement, 38 Goddard, Benjamin, and C. W. Carter negatives, 45 Goeldner, Paul, Utah Catalog: Historic American Building Survey, reviewed, 189 -90

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Goff, J o h n S., review of Jonas, ed., Political Dynamiting, 93—94 Gold and Silver in the West: The Illustrated History of an American Dream, by Watkins, reviewed, 191—92 Golden Spike Centennial, celebrated, 318 Goldwater, Barry M., Delightful Journey down the Green and Colorado Rivers, reviewed, 396 Gonzalez, , baptized, 246 Goodman, Charles, Bluff photographer, 71 Goodman, David M., Arizona Odyssey: Bibliographic Adventures in NineteenthCentury Magazines, reviewed, 397—98 Goodwin, C. C , feud of, with C. W. Penrose, 361 Goodwin, Roy A., redcap, photograph of, 216 Gordon, W. E.: cabin of, near Monticello, 6 5 - 6 7 ; folklore of, 66-67 Gordons, Hiawatha residents, 267 Gosiute Indians: as desert dwellers, 219; reservation of, 221 Goss, Peter L., review of Goeldner, Utah Catalog: Historic American Building Survey, 189-90 Gotwaldt, W. M., wrote poem, 63 Governor's Historic and Cultural Sites Review Committee, role of, 317 Governor's Mansion. See Kearns Mansion Graham, C. C , explored White Canyon, 75 Grand Gulch, in southeastern U t a h , 68—69, 8 0 - 8 3 , 86 Grand Junction, Colorado, railway stop, 87 Grand River, described, 63 Grant, Heber J., eluded marshals, 386 Grant, Jedediah M., named L D S counselor, 376 Great Basin: climate of, 1 7 1 ; and Mormon settlement, 123-24, 136 " T h e Great Basin before the Coming of the Mormons," by Snow, 347 Great Basin Kingdom. . . , by Arrington, 354 Great Depression: effect of, on Arizona Mormons, 128, 137; effect of, in U t a h , 217, 223, 231, 245-46, 249 Great Salt Lake, by Morgan, 352 Great Salt Lake, inadequate facilities at, 173 Greeks: at Catholic summer school, 251—52; in Hiawatha, 266, 272; as small businessmen, 245; in U t a h studied, 312 Green, Dee F., review of Harrington and Harrington, Rediscovery of the Nauvoo Temple: Report on the Archaeological Excavations, 183—84 Green River, homesteading on, 234 Grow, Uncle John, hunted coyotes in Huntsville, 117 Guadalupana Society: discussed center, 2 6 1 ; organized, 259; photograph of, 260 Guadalupe Boys Club, organized, 257 Guadalupe Center, activities of, 260-64

Index

421

Guadalupe Church: addition to, 256; photographs of, 255, 256 Guadalupe Mission: chapel of, 259; children's classes at, 2 5 0 - 5 3 ; closed, 2 6 3 ; history of, 242—64; made a parish, 254; photographs of, 242, 249, 250, 252; religious activities of, 2 5 3 ; song of, 254; status of, 260 n. 2 3 ; summer school at, 251-53 Guadalupe Parish: census of, 259; created, 254; growth of, 2 5 4 - 5 5 ; history of, # 2 4 2 6 4 ; rectory of, 256; social service activities of, 256, status of, in diocese, 255; youth activities of, 258 Guadalupe Parish Council: elected, 259; members of, 259 n. 22 A Guide for Collectors of Folklore in Utah,

by Brunvand, reviewed, 276—77 Gunnison River Valley, in Colorado, 87 Gutierrez, Joe, photograph of, 260 Gutierrez, Mary, photograph of, 260 Gwilliam, Robert F., review of Lyman and Denver, comps., Ute People: An Historical Study, 95-96

H Haalelea, Hawaiian Mormon sympathizer, 150 Hafen, LeRoy R.: dissertation by, 348; ed., The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, vols. 5 and 6, reviewed, 1 8 4 - 8 5 ; historical writings of, 356 Hale, "Big Jim," Guadalupe Boys Club leader, 257 Hales, Wayne B., educator, 362 Hall, N., McElmo Canyon farmer, 86 Hall of Relics: built for Pioneer Jubilee, 3 2 7 ; photograph of, 328 Halverson, Ruel, Hiawatha teacher, 267, 269 Hammond, Blodwen, The Navajo Mountain Community: Social Organization and Kinship Terminology, reviewed, 97 Hammond, George P., director of Bancroft Library, 353 Hammond & Sons Co., Moab store, 64 Hampshire sheep, characteristics of, 118-20 Hampton, H. Duane, How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks, reviewed, 395 Hannon, Jessie Gould, The Boston-Newton Company Venture: From Massachusetts to California in 1849, reviewed, 93 Hansen, Klaus J., historical writings of, 355 Hanson, Mae, photograph of, 265 Hanson, Virginia: " I Remember Hiawatha," 2 6 5 - 7 4 ; photograph of, 265, 270; taught elementary grades, 267; taught Sunday school, 271 Happy Valley, near Ouray, Colorado, 87 Harman, Father, trained Catholic brothers, 256 Harney, Sam J., lynched, 217 Harper's Ward, photographs of stone houses in, 11, 16, 18, 20

Harper's Weekly, published Savage photos as woodcuts, 50—51 Harrington, J. C , Rediscovery of the Nauvoo Temple: Report on the Archaeological Excavations, reviewed, 183-84 Harrington, Virginia S., Rediscovery of the Nauvoo Temple: Report on the Archaeological Excavations, reviewed, 183-84 Harris, John Sterling, review of Keithley, The Donner Party, 277-78 Hart, Alfred A., photographer at Promontory, 52 Hart, Alfred Bushnell, at Harvard, 346 Hart, William S., movie of, 253 Harvard University Library, U t a h materials in, 354, 364 Hatch, Lorenzo H , educator, 362 Hawaiian Annual, published by T. G. Thrum, 144 Hawaiian Islands: activities of Gibson in, 144—45, 147—62; apostasy of Mormons in, 1 4 4 - 4 5 ; Mormon missionaries in, 144—45; native population of, declined, 158; politics in, 144, 157—59, 1 6 1 ; sugar factors sought annexation of, 158—59 Hawaiian Mission: elders of, supported W. M. Gibson, 156; grew under Gibson, 154; history of, 144 The Hawaiian Kingdom: The Kalakaua Era, by Kuykendall, 161.

Hawkins, Leo, LDS history clerk, 378 Hayden Survey, photographer with, 54 Haymond, Jay M . : review of Hampton, How the U. S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks, 395; as U S H S librarian, 312, 331 Hayselden, Frederick H., son-in-law of W. M. Gibson, 159 Heart Throbs of the West, ed. by Carter, 350 Heaven on Earth: A Planned Mormon Society, by McNiff, 352 Helper, Japanese miners in, 222 Hewitt, Edgar Lee, preservation efforts of, 56 Hiawatha: company store at, 267; economics of coal mining in, 272—74; history of, 266 n. 1; languages spoken in, 270; leisure activities in, 271—72; population of, lessens, 274; teacher's dormitory at, 266 Hiawatha School, faculty of, 267 Hicks, John D., addressed first U S H S dinner, 322 Higbee, Elias, LDS historian, 373 Hill Air Force Base, Blacks employed at, 217 Hillas, Steve, Hiawatha student, 269 Hillers, John K., photographer on J. W. Powell expedition, 54 Hispanamer, Inc., economic efforts of, 262 Historical Records Survey, of WPA, 329 Historic Sites Survey, of U S H S , 312

422 Historiography: difficulty of, in early U t a h , 376; needs of, in U t a h , 3 6 6 - 6 7 ; theory of, 343 The History of a Valley, Cache Valley, evaluated, 358 "History of Brigham Young," in L D S archives, 371 "History of Joseph Smith, documents in, 349 History of Salt Lake City, by Tullidge, 344 History of Teton Valley, Idaho, by Driggs, reviewed, 284 History of the Church . . . , ed. by Roberts, 372 History of the Scandinavian Mission, by Jenson, 349 The History of Utah, by Bancroft, 3 4 4 - 4 5 ;

by Whitney, 3 4 5 - 4 6 , 352 History of Utah, 1847 to 1869, by Neff, 347 Hite, Cass, saw N a t u r a l Bridges in 1883, 56 Hobbs, Bob, at Verdure, 68 Holbrook, Arizona, county records in, 127 Hole-in-the-Rock. . . , by Miller, 355 Hole-in-the-Rock, photograph of U S H S trek to, 322 Holliday, Nellie, singer, 335 Holmes, Carleton W . : climbed N a t u r a l Bridges, 73, 76, 7 7 ; joined 1905 expedition; and varmints, 68 Holmes, Edwin Francis: biography of, 57 n. 2 ; bridge named after, 7 3 ; organized 1905 trip to Natural Bridges, 5 6 - 5 7 ; preservation efforts of, 60 Holy Cross Hospital, sponsored Westside Clinic, 256 Homeward to Zion. . . , by Mulder, 354 Honolulu, photograph of waterfront of, 1 4 8 49 Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, elected W. M. Gibson secretary of immigration, 158 H o m e , Flora Bean, part-time U S H S secretary, 305-6 H o m e , Joseph L., educator, 362 Horse Canyon, photographed, 83 Horse Creek Gorge, cave in, 83 Horses, introduction of, to Indians, 219 House Bill 225, gave U S H S use of Mansion, 309 How the U.S. Cavalry Saved Our National Parks, by H a m p t o n , reviewed, 395 Hughel, Avvon Chew, The Chew Bunch in Brown's Park, reviewed, 91—93 Hulse, James W., Lincoln County, Nevada, 1864—1909: History of a Mining Region, reviewed, 97—98 Humanities Pilot Project, funded, 312 Humphreys, L. H., history text by, 348 H u n t , D u a n e G.: originated Brothers of Social Service, 2 5 6 ; photograph of, 256

Utah Historical

Quarterly

H u n t , J o h n , bishop of Snowflake, Arizona, photograph of, 132 H u n t , Marshall, photograph of, 122 H u n t , Sarah Ann Runyan, photograph of, 122 Hunter, Milton R., historical writings of, 348, 358 Huntington, Henry E., Library and Art Gallery, U t a h materials in, 354, 364 Huntsville: "Inflation Idyl: A Family Farm in Huntsville," by Brodie, 1 1 2 - 2 1 ; photograph of, 112 Hutterites, utopianism of, 122 Hyde, Orson, speeches of, recorded by W. Woodruff, '379 Hyde, Philip, Slickrock: The Canyon Country of Southeast Utah, reviewed, 282-83

Idaho, Spanish influence on Indians in, 229 I n d e p e n d e n t Party, defeated in 1870 elections, 39 Indian Peace Medals in American History,

by Prucha, reviewed, 279-80 I n d i a n s : as Chicano forebears, 2 2 8 ; economic problems of, 2 3 2 ; federal policies toward, 214—15; historical writings on, 356, 360; location of, in U t a h , 2 1 3 ; loss of lands of, 2 1 1 ; percentage of, in population, 212; progress of, 2 2 1 ; status of, 2 1 8 - 2 1 ; sun dance of, 233—41; at Tooele Ordnance D e p o t 231. See also various tribes Indian Territory, proposed for Gosiutes, 221 In Pursuit of American History: Research and Training in the United States, by Rundell, reviewed, 186—87 In Pursuit of the Golden Dream: Reminiscences of San Francisco and the Northern and Southern Mines, by Gardiner, reviewed, 9 0 - 9 1 Institute of American Design, U t a h sketches at 359 Intermountain Catholic, Father Collins wrote article for, 251 Irish: baptismal records of, 2 4 6 ; at Catholic summer school, 252 I r o n County Chapter, organized, 319 An Island Kingdom Passes, by Mellen, 161 Italian Mission: beginning of, 2 4 6 ; evolution of, 2 6 4 ; moved, 2 4 7 - 4 8 Italians: baptismal records of, 246; at Catholic summer school, 2 5 2 ; in Hiawatha, 2 6 6 ; in railroading and mining, 2 4 5 ; in St. Patrick's Parish, 248 Iverson, J. Grant, photograph of, 3 4 1 ; as U S H S president, 310 Ivins, Stanley, photograph of, 331 Ivory, Ben, mission worker, 252 n. 14., 253 "I Was Called to Dixie" . . . , by Larson, 354-55

Index

Jackson, William H., photographer on Hayden Survey, 54 Jacobsen, Ernest A., educator, 362 Jacobsen, T. Harold, archivist, 311, 333 Jacob's Wells, south of Moab, 65 James, John W., J r . : and Dale Morgan's Mormon bibliography, 332; developed U S H S library, 308, 330; " I n M e m o r i a m : Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr., 1 8 8 4 - 1 9 7 1 , " 4 - 5 ; photograph of, 331 James, William, at Harvard, 346 Japanese: and agriculture, 222; celebrated Mikado's birthday, 274; in Ogden and Salt Lake, 2 2 3 ; in Hiawatha, 266, 272; history of, in U t a h , 222—26; immigration discrimination against, 2 1 1 ; location of, in U t a h , 213, 2 2 2 - 2 4 ; photographs of, 212, 222, 224; population of, in U t a h , 2 2 2 - 2 4 ; relocation of, 2 2 3 - 2 4 ; success of, 226 Japanese American Citizens League, membership of, 226 Japanese Church of Christ, membership of, 226 Jaques, Chase, redcap, photograph of, 216 Jaques, John, LDS historian's clerk, 3 8 4 - 8 5 , 387 Jaramillo, , baptized, 246 Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, 140-41 Jennings, Jesse D., historical writings of, 356 Jenson, Andrew: compiled "History of the Hawaiian Mission," 144, 1 6 1 ; historical activities of, 387—88; as LDS assistant historian, 3 8 7 - 8 8 ; organized railroad jubilees, 3 1 8 ; photograph of, 340; as president of U S H S , 3 0 3 - 4 ; and U S H S publications, 3 2 3 ; writings of, 349 "Jest a Copyin' Word F'r Word," by Brooks, 350 Jim Joe, Navajo sheepherder, 84 Joan, Sister, classes of, 264 John Doyle Lee. . . , by Brooks, 354 John J. Boyd, immigrant ship, 47 "Johnny Buckets," bachelor coal miners, 274 Johnson, Charles M., redcap, photograph of, 216 Johnson, Ferdinand T., hired as records manager, 311, 333 Johnson, George H., redcap, photograph of, 216 Johnson, LeRoy, redcap, photograph of, 216 Johnson, Zeke: and H. L. A. Culmer diary, 6 0 ; photograph of pack train of, 70 Johnston, Albert Sidney, ordered to U t a h , 146 Jonas, Frank H., ed., Political Dynamiting, reviewed, 93-94 Jones, Carl, curator of Temple Square Museum, 4 5 - 4 6

423 Jones, Mary Nielson, ran co-op store in Bluff, 85 Jones, Michael Owen, review of Brunvand, A Guide for Collectors of Folklore in Utah, 276-77 Joseph City, Arizona, use of tithing in, 126, 132-33 Joseph Smith the Prophet, revised, 381 "Journal History of the C h u r c h " : compiled

by Jenson, 349; in L D S archives, 371 Jubilee Commission: approved founding of U S H S , 301—2; collected pioneer relics, 336; gave pioneer volumes to U S H S , 328 Judge Memorial H i g h School, teachers at, 259 Junior High School Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, organized, 258-59

K Kachina Bridge: camp at, 75, 77; measurements of, 60; naming of, 59 n. 9, 7 5 ; painting of, by H . L. A. Culmer, 76 Kailihune, • , misused Mormon funds, 151 Kaiser, Thomas J., pastor at Guadalupe and Magna, 257, 259 Kakaako, Hawaii, photograph of hospital at, 160 Kalakaua, David: government of, attacked, 144; named W. M. Gibson premier, 1 5 8 5 9 ; photograph of coronation of, 157 Kamehameha V, supported W. M. Gibson, 157 K a n a b , Indian place name of, 218 "Kanaka Saints," Hawaiians visited by W. M . Gibson, 149 Kane Gulch, reached by Natural Bridges expedition, 73 Kane's Springs, south of Moab, 65 K a n e Wash, south of Moab, 65 Keanae Branch, apostasy of, 145 Kearns, executors approve use of Mansion

by U S H S , 309 Kearns Mansion: crowded by archives, 3 1 1 ; lecture series at, 3 1 7 - 1 8 ; period museum in, 316; photographs of, 300, 3 1 1 ; preservation of, 3 1 0 - 1 1 ; state records in, 3 3 3 ; tours of, 316 Keithley, George, The Donner Party, reviewed, 277-78 Kelly, Charles: historical writings of, 356; manuscript and photograph collections of, given to U S H S , 330-31 K e m p , R. J., photograph of band of, 215 Keystone Cops, movies of, 253 Kimball, Heber C : baptized W. M. Gibson, 143; death of, 3 8 1 ; interest of, in L D S history, 3 7 5 ; praised by Gibson, 149 King Cole Mine, at Hiawatha, 265 Kingsbury, Ilene H., review of Rose, Dougan, and Churchill, This is the Place: Salt Lake City; An Entertaining Guide, 190—91

424 Kingsbury, Joseph T . : addressed first Annual Meeting, 3 3 5 ; photograph of, 3 4 1 ; as U S H S president, 303 Kipikona, Hawaiian nickname of W. M. Gibson, 155 Kletting Monument, unveiling of, 322 Kletting Peak, named, 315 Kletting, Richard K. A., U i n t a peak named for, 315 Kolovich, •, Hiawatha resident, 268 Kolovich, Eli, photograph of, Hiawatha student, 273 Kolovich, Jennie, photograph of, Hiawatha student, 273 Kolovich, Mike, photograph of, Hiawatha student, 273 Kopp, Mother Marianne, befriended W. M. Gibson, 160-61 Korns, J. Roderic, West from Fort Bridger by, 324, 351-52 Krenkel, J o h n H., ed., The Life and Times of Joseph Fish, Mormon Pioneer, reviewed, 192-94 K u Klux Klan, U t a h activities of, 217 Kuykendall, Ralph S., wrote of W. M. Gibson in Hawaii, 161

La Branche, John, at Guadalupe Parish, 252 n. 14, 254 La Hacienda: Early Learning Center at, 264; photographs of, 207, 263 Laie, Mormon gathering place on Oahu, 157 L a Morena Cafe: photograph of, 262; proceeds from, 263 Lanai: Mormon settlement on, 150-52, 155; W. M. Gibson on, 144, 151-56 Land policies: of L D S church, 135, 153; of W. M. Gibson, 153-54 Larson, Andrew K a r l : Erastus Snow: The Life of a Missionary and Pioneer for the Early Mormon Church, reviewed, 179—81, historical writings of, 354-55, 358 Larson, Gustive O . : The "Americanization" of Utah for Statehood, reviewed, 8 8 - 8 9 ; historical writings of, 355, 3 5 8 ; "A Study of the LDS Church Historian's Office, 1830-1900," 3 7 0 - 8 9 Lara, Rosario, at Guadalupe, 254 n. 15 LaSal Mountains, described, 6 1 , 6 4 - 6 5 , 67 Las Vegas: As It Began — As It Grew, by Paher, reviewed, 285-86 Latin Americans, as Chicanos, 229 Lauchnor, Elizabeth M., as secretary-manager of U S H S , 307 Lawrence, Henry W., on speakers committee of U S H S , 335 Lay, Hark, pioneer Black, 213—14 Leamasters, Hiawatha residents, 267 Leavitt, Dudley, biography of, 351

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Lee, J. Bracken: disliked living in Mansion, 309; funneled Daughters of U t a h Pioneers funds through U S H S , 315 Lee, J o h n D., writings of and about, 351, 354-55 Leeon, Hiawatha student, 269 Lemos, — , baptized, 246 Lemos, Julio, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Leonard, Glen M . : directed U t a h Humanities Project, 312; named publications coordinator, 312; "R. W. Sloan's 1884 Gazetteer: Boosting Utah's 'Glorious and Imperishable Future'," 163—77; The U t a h State Historical Society, 1897-1972," 300-334 Leone, Mark P., " T h e Evolution of Mormon Culture in Eastern Arizona," 122-41 Lester, Margaret D., curator of photographs, 331 Letcher, Jerrold R.: and founding of U S H S , 3 0 1 - 2 ; photograph of, 302; political activities of, 302; recording secretary of U S H S , 303 Lewis and Clark expedition, noted SpanishIndian contact, 229 Ley, Catherine, at Guadalupe, 254 n. 15 Library of Congress, WPA materials in, 354 The Life and Times of Joseph Fish, Mormon Pioneer, ed. by Krenkel, reviewed, 192-94 Life of Brigham Young. . . , by Tullidge, 344 Life of Joseph the Prophet, by Tullidge, 344 Light Brigade, battlefield of, photographed, 40 Like, Edna, catechist at Guadalupe, 254 n. 15 Liliuokalani, Queen, of Hawaii, 161 Lincoln, Abraham, set aside U i n t a h Reservation, 221 Lincoln County, Nevada, 1864-1909: History of a Mining Region, by Hulse, reviewed, 9 7 - 9 8 Lion House, site of first U S H S dinner, 322 Little Big Horn, battle at, 234 Little Bridge. See Owachomo Bridge Little Colorado River settlements: agricultural conditions of, 1 3 0 - 3 1 ; map of, 125; of Mormons and non-Mormons in, contrasted, 136; under United Order of Enoch, 124 Little Hoover Commission, recommended archives leave U S H S , 334 Lizard H e a d Pass, in Colorado, 87 Logan: L D S Institute of Religion in, 352; photograph of stone house in, 2 3 ; youth of, economically pessimistic, 176 Logan Temple, described, 176 Lone Cone, sighted by H . L. A. Culmer, 66 Long, Horace, J.: named Caroline Bridge, 7 5 ; at Natural Bridges in 1903, 5 6 ; at Sipapu Bridge, 77 Looking Glass Rock, in southeastern Utah, 65 Lopez, •, baptized, 246

Index

425

Lore of Faith and Folly, by Folklore Society of U t a h , reviewed, 390-91 Lund, Robert C , on speakers committee of U S H S , 335 Lyman, Amasa M., on mission with W. M. Gibson, 147 Lyman, Francis, on mission with W. M. Gibson, 147 Lyman, June, comp., Ute People: An Historical Study, reviewed, 95â&#x20AC;&#x201D;96

M Mabey, Charles R., and U S H S Board of Trustees, 304 McClellan, Charles E., educator, 362 McDowell, Jack, Ghost Towns of the West, reviewed, 394-95 McElmo Canyon, east of Bluff, 85-86 McEwen, Jas, lost in San J u a n country, 85-86 McGhee, Johnnie, redcap, photograph of, 216 Mclnally, Patrick, R., co-pastor of Guadalupe, 263 McKay, David: divided his Huntsville land, 113; photograph of, 114; photograph of home of, 119 McKay, Edward, photograph of, 114 McKay, Fawn Brimhall: experiences of, on Huntsville farm, 1 1 2 - 2 1 ; photograph of, 119 McKay, Flora, childhood photograph of, 119 McKay, Thomas B., son of Thomas E., 113 McKay, Thomas Evans: life on farm of, in Huntsville, 1 1 2 - 2 1 ; photographs of, 119, 121 McKean, James B., judge who tried Brigham Young, 44 McLoyd, W. C.: explored White Canyon, 7 5 - 7 6 ; looted Indian ruins, 79 McNichoIas, Martin A., assistant at Guadalupe, 257 n. 20 McNiff, William John, dissertation of, 352 Madsen, Brigham D., education of, 352 Maeser, Reinhard, educator, 362 Maestas, Abe, photograph of, 260 Maestas, Mary, photograph of, 260 Magna, Japanese smelter workers in, 222 Mahon, Pat, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Maio, , family of, worked at mission, 252 n. 14 Majors, ranch of, in southeastern U t a h , 85 Majors, William W.: English painter, visited Nauvoo, 32; portrait of Joseph Smith by, 28 The Making of a State: A School History of Utah, by Whitney, 346, 348 Manifesto, issued by Woodruff, 387 Manoa, LDS missionary to Samoa, 153-54 Mansion House, inn at Nauvoo, 27 Manti Temple, described, 176

M a n waring, Hyrum, educator, 362 Maragakis, Alexandra, Hiawatha resident, 272 Maragakis, John, Hiawatha student, 269 Maragakis, Nick, Hiawatha resident, 272 Maria de Guadalupe, Sister, served at Guadalupe, 249 n. 10 Maria de la Luz, Sister, served at Guadalupe, 249 n. 10 Maria de la Paz, Sister at Guadalupe, 249 n. 10 Maria del Espiritu Santo, Sister, served at Guadalupe, 249 n. 10 Maria del Pastor, Sister, served at Guadalupe, 249 n. 10 Maria del Socorro del Sagrado Gorazon, Sister, supervisor-general, 250 Marriage, patterns of, among Mormons in Arizona, 125-30, 137 Marshall, Robert, hanged in Price, 217 Martin, Inocencio, at Italian Mission, 248 Martin, Thomas L., educator, 362 Martinez, , baptized, 246 Martinez, Bennie, photograph of, 260 Martinez, Bennie E., operated thrift store, 264 Martinez, Clara, photograph of, 260 Martinez, Manuel G , at Guadalupe, 261 Martino, Sam, Hiawatha resident, 271-73 Mary Frances, Sister, organized thrift store, 264 Mary Martha, Sister, charitable work of, 264 Maughan, J. Howard, educator, 362 Maui, Hawaii, apostasy of Mormons in, 145 Maw, Herbert B., election of, as erovernor, 306 Mechams, Hiawatha residents, 272 Medina, Luis B., directed L a Hacienda project, 264 Meears, George A., Prize Essay, won by R. W. Sloan, 168 Mejia, , baptized, 246 Mejia, Abraham, Salt Lake cafe owner, 244 Mellen, Kathleen, wrote of W. M . Gibson in Hawaii, 161 Mello, Hiawatha student, 269 Mendon, photograph of stone house in, 22 Mennonites, utopianism of, 122 Merrill, Jerald H . : "Fifty Years with a F u t u r e : Salt Lake's Guadalupe Mission and Parish," 2 4 2 - 6 4 ; served at Guadalupe, 257 n. 20, 259, 263 Mexican Americans: in Arizona, 127; in Catholic Church records, 246; and civil rights, 2 6 1 - 6 2 ; as coal miners, 2 4 5 ; future of, 264; history of, in Salt Lake, 2 4 2 - 6 4 ; immigration of, to U t a h , 244-46, 254; meeting place for, 2 6 1 ; prejudice against, 245; as strikebreakers in Bingham, 2 4 5 ; from Texas, 262. See also Chicanos

426 Mexican Revolution of 1910, effects of 230, 248 n. 7 Mexicans: at Catholic summer school, 252; as Chicanos, 2 2 8 - 2 9 ; in Hiawatha, 266; immigration of, to U t a h , 244—46; as priests in U t a h , 2 4 8 ; in Saint Patrick's Parish, 248 Mexican War, effects of, 219, 230, 244 Mexico, emigration from 244-45 Michael, Brother, trained to assist priests, 256 Miera, Bernardo de, m a p by, 357 Migrant workers, in U t a h agriculture, 232 Military: Black troops in, 2 1 4 - 2 1 6 ; employment of minorities by, 213, 216—17; in U t a h Territory, 143, 146 Millennial Star: edited by E. L. Sloan, 168; edited by E. W. Tullidge, 168; Mormon history published in, 372; praised W. M .

Gibson, 152 Miller, David E.: education of, 352; historical writings of, 355—56; review of Hafen, ed., The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, vols. 5 and 6, 184-85 Millerton Dairy, at Hiawatha, 267 Mining: development of, urged, 172; minorities employed in, 216-17, 222, 230-31,. 245 Minorities: championed by Gibson, 145—47, 157-59; location of, in U t a h , 2 1 3 ; percentage of, in population, 212; in Salt Lake, 2 4 2 - 6 4 ; survey of, in U t a h , 210-32.

See also Chicanos, Blacks, Chinese, J a p a n ese, Mexican Americans Mississippi Company, slaves in, 214 Mitani, , H i a w a t h a resident, 268 Mittens, sketched by H . L. A. Culmer, 69 Mitty, John J., Catholic bishop of U t a h , 248 M o a b : described, 63—65; folklore of, 66 Modern Transformations of Moenkopi Pueblo, by Nagata, reviewed, 188—89 Moffitt, J. C , educational studies by, 362 Monopoly, played by Boy Scouts, 253 Montana, Spanish influence on Indians in, 229 Montezuma Creek, in southeastern U t a h , 86 Montgomery Ward, catalogs of, 271 Monticello, folklore of 66-67 Montoya, • , baptized, 246 Montrose, Colorado, railroad stop, 87 Monument Valley, view of 69, 84; visit to, considered by H . L. A. Culmer, 84-85 Morgan, Dale L., historical writings of, 324, 332, 351-52, 356 Morgan, Nicholas G., Sr.: helped secure Mansion for U S H S , 309; " I n Memoriam,"

by James, 4—5; library and photographs of, given to U S H S , 330-31 Mormon Battalion: documents of, compiled

by A. Jenson, 349; party of, 378

Utah Historical

Quarterly

M o r m o n Battalion Trail, study of, by U S H S , 312 Mormon Battalion Trail Guide, published by U S H S , 327 Mormon Chronicle, diaries of J. D. Lee, 354 The Mormon Conflict, 1850-1859, by Furniss, 355 " T h e M o r m o n L a n d System: A Study of the Settlement and Utilization of Land. . .," by Fox, 348 " T h e Mormon Migration to U t a h , " by Neff, 346 Mormons: in Arizona, 122—41; beliefs of, 166, 175; catalog of literature on, 332; at Catholic summer school, 2 5 1 ; communalism of, 1 2 2 - 4 1 ; Council of Fifty in history of, 355; dissertations on, 347-48, 3 5 3 ; historiography of, 366; and Indians, 214—15, 2 1 9 - 2 1 ; influence of, on trade, 2 2 9 - 3 0 ; left Missouri, 3 7 3 ; marriage patterns of, 125—30; photographers of 2 4 - 5 4 ; record keeping of, 3 4 3 ; relocation of, proposed

by W. M . Gibson, 143, 1 4 6 - 4 7 ; as slaveholders, 2 1 3 - 1 4 ; and U t a h War, 143.

See also Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints Mormon Trail, photographed by C. R. Savage, 49 " T h e Mormon Village, A Study in Social Origins," by Nelson, 347-48 Morrill Act, limited Mormon Church property, 153 Morrill, Justin S., Vermont congressman, 153 Morrissey, W. F., signed baptismal record, 246 Morse, Samuel F. B., taught photography, 29 Mortensen, A. Russell: as first U S H S director, 307-10, 315, 3 1 7 - 2 1 , 324, 331-33, 352—53; photograph of, 299; review of Barry, The Beginning of the West: Annals of the Kansas Gateway to the American West, 1540-1854, 3 9 1 - 9 2 ; as Utah Historical Quarterly editor, 324—25, 3 5 3 ; wrote Early Utah Sketches, 317 The Mountain Empire: Utah, by R. W. Sloan, 169 Mountain Meadows Massacre, by Brooks, 351 Mountain Meadows Massacre, writings about 351, 356 Mountain M e n : kept few records, 3 4 3 ; writings on, 355 The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, vols, 5 and 6, ed. Hafen, reviewed, 184-85 Mulder, William, historical writings by, 3 5 4 57 Mule Shoe Wash, south of Moab, 65 Mulholland, James, aided L D S historian, 373 Murphy, Cora, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Murphy, Miriam Brinton, review of Abbey and Hyde, Slickrock: The Canyon Country of Southeast Utah, 282-83

427

Index Murray, Henry, Guadalupe caretaker, 254 n. 15 Murray, Mary, Guadalupe housekeeper, 254 n. 15 Musser, Joseph B. belittled, W. M. Gibson, 161 Mustang Springs, between Monticello and Bluff, 68 Mystery of the Desert, painted by H. L. A. Culmer, 63 Myton, residents of, at sun dance, 235

N Nagata, Shuichi, Modern Transformations of Moenkopi Pueblo, reviewed, 188—89 Name Index to the Library of Congress Collection of Mormon Diaries, by Special Collections, U t a h State University Library, reviewed, 181—82 National Archives, U t a h materials in, 354, 365 National Endowment for the Humanities, funded project at U S H S , 312 National Historic Sites Act, approved, 316 National Park Service: established, 5 6 ; renamed Natural Bridges, 59 National Register of Historic Places, U t a h sites on, 316 Natural Bridges Exploratory Party of 1905: at Court House Station, 6 3 ; equipment and personnel of, 5 6 - 5 9 ; itinerary of, 6 0 6 2 ; measured Kachina Bridge, 7 6 ; mishaps of, 71, 75, 8 0 ; returned to Bluff, 84; sponsored by Commercial Club, 5 7 ; at Thompson's Springs, 6 1 . See also, Culmer, H. L. A.; Holmes, Edwin F. Natural Bridges National M o n u m e n t : designated in 1908, 6 0 ; m a p of, 74; measurements of bridges in, 6 0 ; naming of bridges in, 59 n. 9; " T h e Natural Bridges of White Canyon: A Diary of H. L. A. Culmer, 1905," 55-87 Nauvoo: m a p of, 2 8 ; Mormon exodus from 3 7 5 - 7 6 ; Mormon temple at, 3 7 3 ; photograph of, 29; photography in, 25, 2 7 - 3 2 ; political activity in, 2 9 - 3 0 ; state presidential convention in, 29 Nauvoo Neighbor, notice in, for LDS history, 374 Navajo Indians: migrated from Canada, 219; reservation of, 2 2 1 ; on San J u a n River, 84-85 Navajo Mountain, sighted, 72 The Navajo Mountain Community: Social Organization and Kinship Terminology,

by Shepardson and H a m m o n d , reviewed, 97 Navajo Pass, on Comb Ridge, 71 Navajo Springs, camp at, 84 Naval Supply Depot, Blacks employed at, 217 Naylor, M o r m o n elder in Hawaii, 144

Neff, Andrew Love: education of, 346; historical writings of, 347; as state war historian, 304; as a teacher, 347 Negroes. See Blacks Nelson, Lowry, dissertation by, 347—48 Nevada, in Catholic Church records, 246 New D e a l : farm policies of, 120—21; records surveys of, 307 New Guinea, proposed as Mormon relocation site, 143 New Mexico: Mexican Americans from, 246, 254; migrant workers from 229 New Movement, founded by W. S. Godbe, 38 New Sheridan Hotel, in Telluride, Colorado, 87 Newton, photograph of stone house in, 15 New York Times, reported on Mormon relocation proposal, 143 Nichiren Buddhist Church, membership of, 226 Nielson Cash Store, in Bluff, 58 n. 7 Nielson, Freeman August: biography of, 58 n. 7; climbed bridges, 73, 7 6 - 7 7 ; as packer for 1905 Natural Bridges party, 58 Nielson, Jens, founded Bluff general store, 58 n. 7 Nielson, Margaret C , wife of John E. Adams, 58 n. 7 Nightfall at Nauvoo, by Taylor, reviewed, 178-79 Ninth Cavalry, called "Buffalo Soldiers," 215 Noll, John Francis, co-founder of Society of Missionary Catechists, 253 Northrup, Lois, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Noyes, John Humphrey, Utopian, 143 Nucich, Helen, Hiawatha student, 269 Nuhou, Hawaii newspaper of W. M. Gibson, 152, 157-58 Nuttall, L. John, letter of, about Arizona, 141 Oahu, Mormons in, 144-45, 157 Oblates of Saint Francis de Sales, served at Guadalupe, 259 O'Carroll, Mary, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Occidental Hotel, San Francisco residence of W. M . Gibson, 160 Ockey, George, Carbon County school clerk, 265 O g d e n : Blacks in, 217; Chinese businesses in, 226; citizenry of, described, 176 Old Coyote, Barney, review of Paige, Songs of the Teton Sioux, 281—82 Old Statehouse (Fillmore), administered by U S H S , 315 On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, published by U S H S , 327, 354 Oppermann, , H i a w a t h a resident, 268

428 Oral history, need for, 364—65 Orfanakis, , H i a w a t h a resident, 268 Orientals: adjustment of, to U . S., 232; immigration discrimination against, 2 1 1 ; not assimilated, 2 1 1 ; percentage of, in population, 212. See also specific national groups Orr, Clarence M., H i a w a t h a mine official, 267 Orrin Porter Rockwell . . ., by Schindler, 355 Osborn, M a r y Carter, daughter of C. W. Carter, 41 Ouray, Colorado, setting of, described, 87 Ouray, U t a h ferry crossing at, 234 O u r Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church, photograph of, 255. See also Guadalupe O u r Lady of Guadalupe Mission: became autonomous, 249; named, 248 Our Pioneer Heritage, edited by Carter, 350 Outline History of Utah . . ., by Larson, 355 " T h e Overland Mail to the Pacific Coast, 1848-1869," by Hafen, 348 Owachomo Bridge: Culmer arrived at 7 2 7 3 ; described, 72, 7 7 ; measurements of, 60, 7 2 ; naming of, 59 n. 9, 72 Owen, Robert, Utopian, 143 Pacific Commercial Advertiser, praised W. M .

Gibson, 158 Pacific Navigation Company, warehouse of, scene of lynch attempt on W. M. Gibson, 159 Pacific Railroad, photo collection of, 52 Pack Creek, south of Moab, 65 Pageant in the Wilderness . . .: published

by U S H S , 3 2 4 ; reprinted, 327 Paher, Stanley W., Las Vegas: As It Began —• As It Grew, reviewed, 285—86 Pahute Jim, photographed by C. W. Carter, 43-44 Pahvant Valley, Indian name of 218 Paige, H a r r y W., Songs of the Teton Sioux, reviewed, 281-82 Paiute Indians, as desert dwellers, 219 Palawai Valley, Mormons in, 150, 155, 157 Palmer, William R.: recorded Indian dances, 3 3 2 ; and state archives, 307, 332— 33 Panguitch, I n d i a n place name of, 218 Panorama Productions, Salt Lake photo studio, 46 Papanikolas, Helen Z., historical writings of, 359, 363 Parent-Teacher Association, in Hiawatha, 268 Paris Peace Treaty, ended Crimean War, 4 0 41 Parks and Scenic Wonders, special issue of Utah Historical Quarterly, 325 Park City, Chinese in, 226

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Parowan, Indian place name of, 218 Parratt, Delbert W . : as U S H S president, 304, 3 0 8 - 9 , 3 1 8 ; photograph of, 341 Patriarchal blessings, use of, by Mormons, 138 Patterakis, , H i a w a t h a resident, 268 Peale, Mount, in the LaSals, 65 Pearl H a r b o r : bombing of, 2 2 3 ; cession of, 158 Pearson, Lorene, review of Courlander, The Fourth World of the Hopis: The Epic Story of the Hopi Indians as Preserved in Their Legends and Traditions, 284-85 Penrose, Charles W . : feud of, with C. C. Goodwin, 3 6 1 ; named assistant to L D S historian, 387 Peperakis, Mrs., H i a w a t h a resident, 272 Peperakis, Angelina, Hiawatha store clerk, 267 Peperakis, Angelo, H i a w a t h a policeman, 267 Perkins, Mrs. cooked for Natural Bridges party, 85 Perkins, Benjamin, Monticello hotel keeper, 67-68 Perkins, George W . : biography of, 58 n. 7; with N a t u r a l Bridges party 58 76-77, 83-84 Perkins, H y r u m , met Natural Bridges party, 65 Perkins, Margaret, wife of Freeman Nielson, 58 n. 7 Perkowski, Fred, H i a w a t h a resident, 271-72 Perrucis, H i a w a t h a pepperoni makers, 267 Peter, Brother, trained to assist priests, 256 Peter's Hill, near Abajo Mountains, 65 Peterson, Charles S.: activities of, as U S H S director, 3 1 1 - 1 2 , 320, 322, 3 2 7 ; photograph of, 2 9 9 ; review of Goodman, Arizona Odyssey: Bibliographic Adventures in Nineteenth-Century Magazines, 397-98; review of Rhoades and Boren A History of the Lost Rhoades Mine, 187-88 Peterson, Henry, educator 362 Peterson, Levi S., review of Taylor, Nightfall .at Nauvoo, 178-79 Petroni, Rosie, H i a w a t h a student, 268 Petroulakis, Elizabeth, Hiawatha resident, 272 Philadelphia Photographer, article by C. R. Savage in, 50 Philips, Albert F . : activities of, as U S H S president, 304, 3 2 0 - 2 1 , 3 2 3 ; photograph of, 340 Photographic Society of London, secretary of, 40 Photography: as historical evidence, 2 6 ; history of, among the Mormons, 2 4 - 5 4 ; invented, 2 5 ; loss of early works of, 2 5 - 2 6 ; modernization of, 5 4 ; wet-plate process of 41-42 Photojournalism: beginnings of, 25, 2 9 ; of C. R. Savage, 51

429

Index Pictographs, in White Canyon, 75 Piercy, Frederick Hawkins, Liverpool engraver, 38 Pike, Marybelle, drove teachers to Hiawatha, 266 Pilot Peak, on Donner Trail, 322 Pinedale, Arizona, tithing records of, 126 Pinion pine, described, 77 Pioneer Art Gallery, of C. R. Savage, 49 Pioneer Day: centennial of, 318, 324; parades of, narrated by U S H S , 310 Pioneer Jubilee of 1897, relics of, 327, 336 Piute County, named for Indians, 218 Plains Indians, sun dance of, 241 Plum Alley, photograph of, 210 Plumbe, John, Jr., daguerreotypist, 34-35 Political Dynamiting, ed. by Jonas, reviewed, 93-94 Poll, Richard D., education of, 352; review of Larson, The "Americanization" of Utah for Statehood, 88-89 Polly, Hiawatha student, 269 Polygamy: campaign against, 383—87; explained to Hawaiian official, 150; folklore of, 14; mentioned in 1884 Gazetteer, 175 Polynesian, Honolulu newspaper, 151-52 Popular History of Utah, by Whitney, 346 Potter, Edgar R., Cowboy Slang, reviewed, 286 Poverty Hill, near LaSal Mountains, 65 Powell, A. Kent, co-author of Mormon Battalion Trail Guide, 327 Powell, John Wesley: photographers with expedition of, 5 4 ; special Utah Historical Quarterly issue on, 326 Pratt, Orson: death of, 3 8 5 ; historical activities of, 3 8 1 - 8 5 ; named L D S historian, 381 Pratt Parley P., speeches of, recorded by W.' Woodruff, 379 Prehistoric Indians: evidences of in southeastern U t a h , 69, 7 2 - 7 3 , 75-76, 79-80, 8 2 - 8 3 ; summary history of, 218-19 Prehistoric Petroglyphs and Pictographs in Utah, published by U S H S , 327 Price, Virginia N., review of Potter, Cowboy Slang, 286 Price, Willie, led Guadalupe Boys Club, 257 Prince Lot, supported W. M. Gibson, 157 Princeton University Library, U t a h materials in, 354, 364 Promontory: completion of railroad at, 226; photography at, 51—52; woodcut of, 51 Provo: Chinese businesses in, 226; citizenry of, described, 176—77 Provo Canyon, photograph of, 3 Prucha, Francis Paul, Indian Peace Medals in American History, reviewed, 279-80 " T h e Psychological and Ethical Aspects of Mormon Group Life," by Erickson, 347 Public works projects, by Mormons, 134

Pueblo Indians, song practice by, 239 Pueblo Tradition, evolved from Desert Culture, 218 Pullman community in Chicago, utopianism of, 122 Q Quest for Empire. . . , by Hansen, 355 Q u o r u m of Twelve apostles, supervised LDS history, 375

Rabbit Valley, cattle in, 86 Radakovich, • , Hiawatha resident, 268 Railroads, minority workers on, 226, 230, 245 Raimondo, M., led Italian Mission, 246-47 Ramsey, Lewis, painted portrait of Joseph Smith, 31 Randlett, citizens of, went to sun dance, 235 Rasbach, John, Guadalupe administrator, 257 n. 20 Rasmussen, Olive Lulu Cannon, daughter of Marsena, 39 Rattlesnake Valley, ram herd in, 67 Rawlins, Berness: H i a w a t h a teacher, 266, 269; photographs of, 265, 270 Recapture Creek, near Bluff, 69, 85 Red Canyon, south of White Canyon, 61-62 Red Cap, U t e leader, 234 The Red Hills of November. . . , by Larson, 354 Rediscovery of the Nauvoo Temple: Report on the Archaeological Excavations, by Harrington and Harrington, reviewed, 183-84 Reilly, P. T., review of Smith, Six Decades in the Early West: The Journal of Jesse Nathaniel Smith; Diaries and Papers of a Mormon Pioneer, 1834-1906, 392-93 The Reminiscences and Civil War Letters of Levi Lamoni Wight: Life in a Mormon Splinter Colony on the Texas Frontier, ed.

by Bitton, 2 7 8 - 7 9 Reorganized C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, guide to library of, needed, 364 Rescued

by Radio, play produced at Hiawatha, 268 Reusser, Herbert A., husband of Marguerite Sinclair, 307 R h o a d Canyon, in southeastern U t a h , 84 Rhoades, Gale R., Footprints in the Wilderness: A History of the Lost Rhoades Mine, reviewed, 187—88 Rich, Charles C , missionary companion of W. M. Gibson, 147 Rich, Joseph, missionary companion of W. M. Gibson, 147 Richards, Franklin D . : activities of, as an L D S historian, 3 8 4 - 8 8 ; as first president

Utah Historical

430 of U S H S , 303, 3 3 5 ; photographs of, 335, 3 4 1 ; positions held by, 3 3 6 ; told of L D S history, 3 7 6 - 7 7 ; U S H S presidential address of, 335—39 Richards, Mrs. F. D., collected stories of U t a h women, 359 Richards, J a n e Snyder, wife of Franklin D., 384 Richards, W i l l a r d : activities of, as L D S historian, 3 7 3 - 7 7 ; death of, 3 7 6 ; p h o t o g r a p h of, 3 7 4 ; positions held by, 376 Ricks, Joel E.: activities of, as president of U S H S , 3 9 7 - 9 8 ; 319, 3 2 4 ; education of, 3 4 7 ; historical writings of, 3 5 8 ; photog r a p h of, 3 4 1 ; as a teacher, 347, 362 Rico, Colorado, mining town, 66, 8 6 - 8 7 Ridgway, Colorado, railway stop, 87 Rio G r a n d e Hotel, G u a d a l u p e Center at, 260 Rio Virgin Chapter, organized, 320 Roberts, Brigham H . : historical writings of, 3 4 9 - 5 0 , 352, 357, 3 7 2 ; p h o t o g r a p h of, 350 Robinson, George W., L D S recorder, 373 The Rock Art of Utah: A Study from the Donald Scott Collection, Peabody Museum, Harvard University,

by Schaafsma, reviewed, 393—94 Rockwell, O r r i n Porter, biography of, 355 Rocky M o u n t a i n F u r Company, James P. Beckwourth employed by, 213 Rodriguez, Reyes, assistant pastor at G u a d a lupe, 259 Rojas, Librado, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Rollins Collection, at Princeton, 354 Romney, T h o m a s C , dissertation by, 348 Roosevelt, T h e o d o r e , at San J u a n Hill, 216 Rosario, Sister, superior, 249 Rose, Josephine, This is the Place: Salt Lake City; An Entertaining Guide, reviewed, 190-91 Rose Park, subdivision financed by Veterans Administration, 254 R o u n d dance, of Utes, 241 Roylance, W a r d J., review of Goldwater, Delightful Journey down the Green and Colorado Rivers, 396 R u i n Canyon, in Hovenweep National M o n u ment, 86 Rundell, Walter, Jr., In Pursuit of American History: Research and Training in the United States, reviewed, 186-87 Ruskin, J o h n , cited, 76 Russell, A n d r e w J., photographer at Promontory, 52 Ryan, H u g h : elected president of U S H S , 3 0 4 ; p h o t o g r a p h of, 340 Ryan, William K , Catholic priest, 247

Sadler, R i c h a r d W., review of Bender, Uintah Railway: The Gilsonite Route, 280-81 St. George, colonized, 38

Quarterly

St. George's Cave, campsite, 8 3 - 8 4 St. George Temple, described, 176 St. John's, Arizona, county records in, 127 St. Joseph, Arizona, tithing records of, 126 St. Louis World's Fair, U t a h represented at, 57 St. Mary's Academy, in Salt Lake, 246 St. Mary's H o m e , for transients, 258 St. Mary's Hospital, in San Francisco, 160-61 St. Mary's Seminary, F a t h e r Collins studied at, 251 St. Patrick's C h u r c h : dedicated by Bishop Scanlan, 2 4 6 ; new, completed, 247 St. Patrick's Hall, in Salt Lake, 256 Saints of Sage and Saddle. . . , by Fife a n d Fife, 354 St. T h o m a s House, for transients, 258 St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store, organized, 264 Salazar, , baptized, 246 Salazar, Vera, photograph of, 260 Salt Lake Buddhist Church, membership of, 226 Salt Lake City: Blacks in, 216—17; Chinese business in, 226; G u a d a l u p e Mission and Parish in, 242—64; historic districts in, 310; M o r m o n administration in, 134-35 Salt Lake City Directory and Business Guide for 1869, by E. L. Sloan, 166, 168 Salt Lake City Directory, 1908, advertisem e n t from, 244 Salt Lake City Engineer, p h o t o g r a p h collection of, 331 Salt Lake Commercial Club, sponsored 1905 exploration of N a t u r a l Bridges, 56—57 Salt Lake C o u n t y : Japanese truck gardening in, 2 2 2 ; poor farm of, 3 9 ; S O C I O in, 262 Salt Lake Daily Telegraph, r u n by E. L. Sloan a n d W. C. D u n b a r , 168 Salt Lake Daily Times, published by H . L. A. Culmer, 57 Salt Lake Fire Brigade, at fire, 52 Salt Lake Herald: advertised in 1884 Gazetteer, 164; founded, 168; personnel of, 167; urged founding of U S H S , 301-2 Salt Lake J u n i o r League, volunteers of, 330 Salt Lake R o t a r y Club, helped with T h u n d e r bird Y o u t h Center, 263 Salt Lake Tabernacle (old) : W. M . Gibson lectured in, 143, 147—48; photographed

by M . C a n n o n , 3 6 - 3 7 Salt Lake T e m p l e : described, 176; photographed by M . Cannon, 37 Salt Lake Tribune: history of, 312, 3 6 1 ; mining photographs of, at U S H S , 331 Salt Lake Valley, pioneers entered, 213 Salt Lake Valley Chapter, organized, 319 Samoa, L D S missionary work in, 153—54 Samuel Booth's Printing Office, in New York

47

Index Sanders, John, pastor of Guadalupe, 257 Sandford, Elliott F., chief justice of U t a h , 387 San Francisco, Chinatown tongs in, 227 Sanitary Instructions for Hawaiians, published by W. M. Gibson, 158 San J u a n County: exploration of Natural Bridges in, 55—87; oral history in, 312 San J u a n Hill, Black troops at, 216 San J u a n River, in southeastern U t a h , 72, 82, 84-85 San Miguel Mountains, described, 87 Sanpete County Chapter, organized, 319 Savage, Charles Roscoe: advertising card of, 4 7 ; career of, 46—54; converted to Mormonism, 4 6 ; death of, 5 3 ; employed C. W. Carter, 4 1 ; fire in studio of, 52 founded Pioneer Art Gallery, 4 9 ; monu ment to, 54 n. 4 9 ; photograph of, 47 photographs by, 3, 4 8 - 4 9 ; 5 3 ; at Promontory, 51—52; in Tabernacle Choir, 52 travels of, 4 7 - 5 1 Savage, John, father of Charles R., 46 Scandinavians, at Catholic summer school, 252 Scanlan, Lawrence, dedicated St. Patrick's Church, 246 Schaafsma, Polly, The Rock Art of Utah: A Study from the Donald Scott Collection, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, reviewed, 3 9 3 - 9 4 Schindler, Harold, biography of Porter Rockwell by, 355 Schneider, Ernest, assistant pastor at Guadalupe, 255 n. 19 Scorup, Emma, wife of J o h n Albert, 58 n. 7 Scorup, James, and Natural Bridges, 56, 75, 86 Scorup, J o h n Albert: biography of, 58 n.

6, 7; and trips to N a t u r a l Bridges, 56, 58, 6 7 - 6 9 , 73, 78, 8 2 - 8 3 , 86 Scott, Iris, hired as U S H S bookkeeper, 308 Sears, catalogs of, 271 The Second United Order among the Mormons, by Allen, 352 Semi-Centennial. See Pioneer Jubilee Settlement, historical writings on, 360 Seventy-first New York Regiment, at San J u a n Hill, 216 Sevier Valley Chapter, organized, 319 Shakers, utopianism of, 122 Shay Mountain, in the Abajos, 65 Sheehan, Michael F., pastor of St. Patrick's, 248 Sheep, effect of grazing of in southeastern U t a h , 6 1 , 65, 6 8 - 6 9 , 71 Shepardson, Mary, The Navajo Mountain Community: Social Organization and Kinship Terminology, reviewed, 97 The Shepherd Saint of Lanai, by T h r u m , 144, 161

431 Shepperson, Wilbur S., studied Mormon immigration, 355 Shew, William, Boston gallery manager, 35 Shipler, Harry, photographer, 54 Shool, , family of, worked at mission, 252 n. 14 Show Low, Arizona, tithing records of, 126 Shumway, Gary L., oral historian, 331 Siboney, hospital at, 216 Siegrist, Roland, and rock art catalogue, 327 Sigstein, J o h n J., co-founder of Society of Missionary Catechists, 253 Silk Stocking Row, in Hiawatha, 266 Sinclair, Marguerite L . : photograph of, 306; political activities of, 3 0 6 - 7 ; resigned, 307, 330; as secretary-manager of U S H S , 305, 307, 315, 3 1 7 - 1 8 , 324, 329 Sipapu Bridge: drawing of, 80; measurements of 60, 7 7 ; naming of, 59 n. 9; sketched by H . L. A. Culmer, 77 Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration, service of, to Guadalupe Mission, 248-53 Six Decades in the Early West: The Journal of Jesse Nathaniel Smith; Diaries and Papers of a Mormon Pioneer, 1834—1906, ed. by Smith, reviewed, 392-93 Sixteenth W a r d Chapel, sold, 263 Skewes, William, Salt Lake undertaker, 164 Skull Valley, Gosiutes in, 221 Slavery of Blacks in U t a h , 211, 213-14 Slickrock: The Canyon Country of Southeast Utah, by Abbey and Hyde reviewed, 282-83 Sloan, Edward L . : founded Salt Lake Herald, 168; Gazet[t]eer by, 166 Sloan, James, L D S historian, 373-74 Sloan, Robert W . : career of, 167-69, 1884 Gazetteer by, 163—77; photograph of, 163; purchased Logan newspaper, 1 6 7 - 6 8 ; in state legislature, 169; won Meears essay contest, 168 Small Business Administration, loans by, to minorities, 262 Smith, A. L., excommunicated W. M. Gibson, 156 Smith, Elias, revised Joseph Smith the Prophet, 381 Smith, Frederick M., owned painting of Joseph Smith, 31 Smith, Mrs. George, daughter of C. W. Carter, 45 Smith, George A.: activities of, as LDS historian, 3 7 5 - 8 1 , 383, 3 8 8 ; called for U t a h W a r volunteers, 380; and Cotton Mission, 380; named LDS counselor, 3 8 1 ; photograph of, 3 8 1 ; presented statehood petition 3 7 8 ; and Walter M u r r a y Gibson, 155 Smith, Helena, at Guadalupe, 254 n. 15 Smith, H y r u m : death of, 25, 379; portrait of, 31 Smith, J o h n Henry, eluded marshals, 386

432 Smith, J o h n L., L D S history clerk, 378 Smith, Joseph F . : and L D S Historian's Office, 382, 3 8 8 - 8 9 ; and Walter M u r r a y Gibson, 154, 156 Smith, Joseph Fielding, historical writings of, 349 Smith, Joseph, J r . : and apostates, 3 0 ; church property in n a m e of, 1 5 3 ; City of Zion concept of, 3 5 9 ; communal experiments of, 1 2 3 ; a n d Historian's Office, 3 7 2 - 7 4 ; history of assassination of, 378—79; M a n sion House of, 2 7 ; paintings and photographs of, 25, 2 7 - 3 2 , 4 6 ; petitioned V a n Buren, 3 7 3 ; presidential campaign of, 2 9 3 0 ; speeches of, recorded by W. Woodruff, 379 Smith, Joseph, I I I , questioned authenticity of Ramsey portrait of Joseph Jr., 31—32 Smith, Lucy Mack, Joseph Smith the Prophet, 381 Smith, Melvin T . : directed preservation office, 316; a n d Historic Sites Survey, 3 1 2 ; named U S H S director, 3 1 2 ; photograph of, 2 9 9 ; review of H a n n o n , The BostonNewton Company Venture: From Massachusetts to California in 1849, 9 3 ; review of Larson, Erastus Snow: The Life of a Missionary and Pioneer for the Early Mormon Church, 179—81 Smith, Oliver R., Six Decades in the Early West: The Journal of Jesse Nathaniel Smith; Diaries and Papers of a Mormon Pioneer, 1834-1906, reviewed, 3 9 2 - 9 3 Smithfield, stone houses of, 13, 19 Snow, Erastus, biography of, 355 Snow, Lorenzo, and W. M . Gibson, 155-56 Snow, William J . : education of, 3 4 7 ; elected president of U S H S , 304; encouraged Early Utah Journalism, 3 2 3 ; photograph of 3 4 0 ; as a teacher, 347, 362 Snowflake, Arizona: photographs of, 129, 132; tithing records of, 126 Snowflake S t a k e : minutes of, 132; tithing records of, 1 3 0 - 3 1 , 134 Society Islands, visited by James S. Brown, 147 Society of Missionary Catechists, served at G u a d a l u p e Mission, 2 5 3 - 5 4 Sofia, Sister, at G u a d a l u p e , 249 n. 10 Soldiers of Fortune, silent film, 87 Songs of the Teton Sioux, by Paige, reviewed, 281-82 Sons of U t a h Pioneers, relation of, to U S H S , 320 Sorensen, Virginia, review of Lore of Faith and Folly, 3 9 0 - 9 1 Southern U t a h Chapter, organized, 319 Southern U t e Agency, Indians from, came to Whiterocks sun dance, 234—35 Southwest: climate of, 1 3 1 ; Mexican Americans in, 2 4 4 - 4 6 Southwestern Monuments Monthly Report, H . L. A. Culmer diary published in supplement to, 60

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Spanish: as Chicano forebears, 2 2 8 - 2 9 ; influence of, over Indians, 219 Spanish-Americans, as Chicanos, 2 2 8 - 2 9 Spanish-American War, Black troops in, 216 Spanish-speaking Organization for Commuity, Integrity, and Opportunity ( S O C I O ) , organized, 262 Spanish T r a i l : established, 2 2 9 ; through I n d i a n country, 219 Special Collections D e p a r t m e n t , Merrill Library, U t a h State University, Name Index to the Library of Congress Collection of Mormon Diaries, reviewed, 181—82 Spencer, Joseph E., noted inbreeding in Springdale, 126 Springdale, effects of inbreeding in, 126 Spry, William, biography of, 312 State C a p i t o l : photograph of office in, 3 0 8 ; U S H S offices in, 304, 3 0 8 - 9 Statehood Day, observance of, 310, 318 State L a w Library, in Capitol, 309 " T h e State of Deseret," by Morgan, 3 5 2 ;

by Romney, 348 State of Deseret, history of, 324 State Parks a n d Recreation Commission, historic sites transferred to, 316 State Register of Historic Sites, listings on, 316 Steckelman, William, Hiawatha, nightwatch-

man, 267 Steen, Charlie R., ed., " T h e N a t u r a l Bridges of W h i t e C a n y o n : A Diary of H . L. A. Culmer, 1905," 5 5 - 8 7 Stegner, Wallace, historical writings of, 355 Stenhouse, T h o m a s B. H., a n d C. R. Savage, 46-48 Stoffel, Jerome, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Stone, Bessie, mission worker, 252 n. 14 Stone houses: basic types of, 8 - 1 5 ; builders of, 8, 1 7 - 1 9 ; floor plans of, 9 - 1 1 , 16-17, 21—22; in northern U t a h , 6 - 2 3 ; origins of, 17—19; photographs of, 7, 10—23; structural details of, 8, 15—17 The Story of Utah, the Beehive State, by Evans, 348 Stout, Hosea, diary of, 351, 354 Strancar, Ignatius, assistant pastor of G u a d a lupe, 255 Strang, James J., compared to W. M . Gibson, 162 String T o w n , in H i a w a t h a , 266 Strong, Isobel, drew placecard for W. M .

Gibson, 159 Sugar, industry favored annexation of Hawaii, 158-59 Sugar House State Park, sale of, 316 Sugihara, M r . and Mrs., H i a w a t h a residents, 272 Sugihara, Yemiko, H i a w a t h a student, 272 Sullivan, Genevieve, at G u a d a l u p e , 254 n. 15 Sumatra, W. M. Gibson's activities in, 146

433

Index Summerhays, Dorothy Z., U S H S editorial assistant, 324-25 Sun-Advocate, Price newspaper, 269 Sun dance: described, 2 3 3 - 4 1 , drawing of, 2 3 3 ; photograph of, 239 Swensen, Russel B., organized U S H S activities, 319, 322 Syrians, at Catholic summer school, 252; in St. Patrick's Parish, 248

Talmage, James E.: elected president of U S H S , 3 0 3 ; photograph of, 340 Tanks, between Moab and Monticello, 65 Tanner, George S., review of Krenkel, ed., The Life and Times of Joseph Fish, Mormon Pioneer, 192—94 The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540-1848,

by Weber, reviewed, 275-76 Taylor, Arizona, tithing records of, 126 Taylor J o h n : death of, 385; edited The Mormon, 3 7 8 - 7 9 ; in hiding, 3 8 5 - 8 6 ; historical activities of, 379, 381—84; presented statehood petition, 378 Taylor, Joseph E., Salt Lake undertaker, 164— 65 Taylor, Joseph William, Salt Lake undertaker, 164 Taylor, P.A.M., historical writings of, 3 5 5 56 Taylor, Samuel W., Nightfall at Nauvoo, reviewed, 178-79 Telluride, Colorado, described, 66, 87 Temple, Shirley, movies of, 272 Templeton Hotel: photograph of, 3 0 3 ; U S H S organized at, 301 Territorial State House, legislature at, 378 Texas: Mexican Americans from, 246; migrant workers from, 229, 232 Theosophical Hall, U S H S meeting site, 336 This is the Place M o n u m e n t : administered

by Engineering Commission, 316; Blacks named on, 213—14 This is the Place: Salt Lake City; An Entertaining Guide, by Rose, Dougan, and Churchill, reviewed, 190—91 Thompson, Robert B., L D S recorder, 373 Thompsons, Hiawatha residents, 267 Thompson's Springs, described, 61 Thornburg, Ann, mother of Guadalupe Chavez, 246 T h r u m , Thomas G., attacked Walter Murray Gibson, 144, 161 Thunderbird Youth Center, program of, 263 Thurston, Lorrin A., favored Hawaii revoluton, 161 Thurston, Smith B., and Hawaiian apostates, 145 Timpanogos, Mount, Indian name of, 218

Tithing houses, as general stores, 131—33 Tithing Storehouse, LDS historian in, 377 Tocqueville, Alexis de, cited, 264 Tolmy, , lost in San J u a n country, 85-86 Tooele County: Blacks in, 216—17; Japanese smelter workers in, 222 Tooele Ordnance Depot, minorities employed at, 217, 224, 231-32 Topaz: Japanese relocation camp at, 223— 24; photographs of, 212, 222, 224 Tourism: development of, in U t a h urged, 173, 175; in the West, 56 Townley, J o h n M., review of Hulse, Lincoln County, Nevada, 1864-1909: History of a Mining Region, 97—98 Tracy, Albert, U t a h W a r Journal of, 324 Trade, along Spanish Trail, 229 Trail Canyon, in southeastern U t a h , 80 Transportation, inadequacy of, in U t a h , 171-72 Treasures of Pioneer History, ed. by Carter 350 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, annexation of Southwest under, 244 Trujillo, , baptized, 246 Tullidge, Edward W.: editor of Millennial Star, 168; historical writings of, 3 4 3 - 4 4 ; photograph of, 344; on women, 359 Tullidge's Histories of Utah, by Tullidge, 344 Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, ed. by Tullidge, 344 Turkey dance, of Utes, 241 Turkeys, raising of, in Huntsville, 117 Turner, Frederick Jackson, at Logan, 347 Twenty-fourth Infantry, Black regiment at Fort Douglas, 216 Twenty-fourth of July, in Huntsville, 117 Tyler, S. L y m a n : review of Prucha, Indian Peace Medals in American History, 279— 80; review of Rundell, In Pursuit of American History: Research and Training in the United States, 1 8 6 - 8 7 ; urged more funds for U S H S library, 330

u U i n t a h and Ouray Reservation: fort near, 2 1 4 - 1 5 ; photograph of home on, 220; set aside by Lincoln, 221 U i n t a h County: Blacks in, 2 1 4 - 1 7 ; named for Indians, 218 Uintah Railway: The Gilsonite Route, by Bender, reviewed, 280-81 Uinta M o u n t a i n s : Kletting Peak in, named 3 1 5 ; U S H S trek to, 322 Uinta River, Whiterocks on, 234-35 Ulaino Branch, apostasy of, 145 Ulibarri, Oliver, at Guadalupe Center, 261 Ulibarri, Richard O . : review of Craig, The Bracero Program: Interest Groups and

434 Foreign Policy, 3 9 7 ; "Utah's Ethnic Minorities: A Survey," 210-32 U m i , Salomona, Lanai District president, 151 U n c o m p a h g r e Peaks, in Colorado, 87 Union, Sacramento newspaper, praised W. M . Gibson, 152 Union Catalog of Mormon references, 332 Union Pacific Country, by Athearn, reviewed 89-90 U n i o n Pacific Railroad: accused of stifling U t a h ' s development, 1 7 1 ; and C. R. Savage's photographs, 50-52 " T h e United O r d e r among the Mormons (Missouri P h a s e ) , " by Geddes, 347, 352 United O r d e r of Enoch, Little Colorado settled under, 123-24 U.S. Army, deeded C a m p Floyd to U S H S , 315 U . S. Forest Service: erected Kletting marker, 3 1 5 ; established, 56 U . S. Mail, delivery of, in southeastern U t a h , 65 U . S. Supreme Court, upheld anti-polygamy legislation, 385-86 University of U t a h : historians at, 347; history workshop at, 310; field project of G r a d u a t e School of Social Work of, 264 University of U t a h Press: co-publisher of Hosea Stout diary, 327; publisher of M o r m o n bibliography, 332 U n k n o w n Canyon, naming of, 78 U r b a n life, in Westside Salt Lake, 2 4 2 - 6 4 U t a h : climate of, 175, 177; constitution of 1855 of, 3 7 8 ; economic indifference in, 177; economy of, boosted, 164, 166—67; I n d i a n place names in, 218; percentage of minorities in, 232 Utah, A Guide to the State, by Morgan, 351 Utah and the Nation, 1846-1861, by Creer, 347 U t a h Art Institute, and H. L. A. Culmer, 57, 85 Utah Catalog: Historic American Building Survey, by Goeldner, reviewed, 189—90 U t a h Central Railroad: jubilee of, 318; praised by R. W. Sloan, 171 U t a h Commission, J. R. Letcher on, 301 U t a h Course of Study, followed in H i a w a t h a School, 269 Utah Educational Review, published W. J. Snow, 347 Utah Gazetteer and Directory . . . 1884: boosted economic development, 164, 166— 6 7 ; described towns, 166—67; listings a n d statistics in, 167; publishers of, 167—68; story of, 163-77 U t a h General Depot, Blacks at, 217 U t a h Heritage Foundation: investigated sites, 3 2 3 ; organized, 310, 316, 320; preservation activities of, 23 Utah Historical Quarterly: advertising of, 3 1 7 ; contents of, 312, 315, 3 5 5 - 5 6 ; first

Utah Historical

Quarterly

issue of, 304; format of, 3 0 9 - 1 0 ; funding of, 3 2 1 ; history of, 3 2 3 - 2 6 ; index for, 334; issued as an annual, 324; revival of, 307; statement of ownership, management, and circulation of, 87 U t a h history: analysis of writing of, 342—67; dissertations on, 347—48, 3 5 3 ; education of writers of, 3 4 6 - 4 8 ; goals of, 3 6 4 - 6 7 ; library materials on, 353-54, 3 7 0 - 7 1 , 389; non-academic writers of, 349—52; pre1847 records of, 3 4 3 ; stages of, 3 4 3 ; themes for research in, 336-39, 356—64 Utah History Research Bulletin, published

by U S H S , 313, 326-27 U t a h Humanities Committee, and U S H S , 319 Utah in Her Western Setting, by Hunter, 348 U t a h M i g r a n t Council, aided farm workers, 262 U t a h Museums Association, incorporated, 320 U t a h Museums Conference, U S H S cooperated with, 320, 328 U t a h National Guard, Military Records Section of, transferred to U S H S , 333 Utah Nippo: circulation of, 2 2 6 ; page of, reproduced, 225 U t a h Nonprofit Housing Corporation, building by, 261 Utah—Resources and Activities. . . , by Humphreys, 348 Utah Since Statehood, Historical and Biographical, by W a r r u m , 349 U t a h State Agricultural College, historians at, 347, 352 U t a h State Archives: beginnings of, 3 0 7 - 8 ; facilities for, 311, 333-34, 364; program for, late in U t a h , 332; reorganized, 3 3 3 ; responsibility for, 3 1 4 ; staff of, 3 1 1 ; transferred from U S H S , 311 U t a h State D e p a r t m e n t of Public Instruction, history texts used by, 346, 348 U t a h State Historical Society ( U S H S ) : awards of, 318, 368-69, 389; educational programs of, 309, 3 1 7 - 2 2 ; federal programs supervised by, 312; first director of, hired, 307—8; founding of, 301—2; goals of, 334; historians as leaders in, 3 4 7 ; history of, 300—34; legislature defined role of, 3 1 3 - 1 4 ; library of, 5, 307, 3 2 7 - 3 4 ; local chapters of, 312, 3 1 9 - 2 0 ; in M a n sion, 309; meetings of, 3 0 2 - 3 , 321-22, 3 3 5 - 3 6 ; membership of, 307, 3 0 9 - 1 0 ; museum relics of, 327—28; officers and trustees of, 302-4, 321, 3 2 3 - 2 4 ; oral history program of, 312, 3 3 1 - 3 2 ; outside funding of, 312; photograph of library of, 3 3 1 ; photographs of presidents of, 340—41; preservation activities of, 23, 310, 312—13, 3 1 5 - 1 7 ; publications of, 3 1 2 - 1 3 , 318, 3 2 1 , 3 2 3 - 2 7 ; public relations efforts of, 310, 318, 3 2 0 - 2 1 ; reorganization of, 304; viewed by its first president, 336—39. See also U t a h State Archives and names of presidents and officers U t a h State Institute of Fine Arts, evolved from U t a h Art Institute, 57

Index

435

U t a h State Legislature: defined role of U S H S , 3 1 3 - 1 4 ; funding of U S H S by, 304-5 U t a h State Parks and Recreation, planned pioneer village, 312 Utah, the Storied Domain. . . , by Alter, 350 U t a h Valley Chapter, organized, 319 U t a h W a r : effect of, on L D S historian's office, 380; A. S. Johnston ordered to U t a h because of, 146; missionaries return from Hawaii because of, 145, 150; Mormon relocation proposed during, 143; settled, 380; writings about, 356 U t e I n d i a n s : as desert dwellers, 2 1 9 ; sun dance of, described, 2 3 3 - 4 1 ; on U i n t a h Reservation, 221 Ute Mountain, seen, 66, 68 Ute People: An Historical Study, compiled

by Lyman a n d Denver, reviewed, 95—96 Utopianism, in nineteenth-century America, 122-23, 143

Valdez, — -, Hiawatha resident, 268 Valdez, Bea, photograph of, 260 Valdez, Becky, photograph of, 260 Valdez, Carlos, photograph of, 260 Valdez, Manuel, photograph of, 260 Valley of the Great Salt Lake, special issue of Utah Historical Quarterly, 325 V a n Buren, Martin, Mormons petitioned, 373 Vance Junction, in Colorado, 87 Veillard, , H i a w a t h a resident, 268 Verdi, Genero F., assistant pastor at Guadalupe, 255 n. 19, 256 Verdure, south of Monticello, 68 Veterans Administration, loans of, funded Rose Park, 254 Victoria, Sister, at Guadalupe, 249 n. 10 Vigil, , baptized, 246 Voluntary Improvement Program, for adult education, 261

w Wadsworth, Nelson, "Zion's Cameramen: Early Photographers of U t a h and the Mormons," 2 4 - 5 4 Waialua Branch, apostasy of, 144 Walker Brothers Fire Company, fought downtown fire, 52 Walker War, date of, 220 Walsh, Bill, directed Guadalupe youth program 264 Ward, Margery W., associate editor, 325 Wards, M o r m o n organization of, 138-39 Warner, Ted J., review of Weber, The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540-1846, 275-76 Warrum, Noble, historical writings of, 349, 362

Wasatch County, preservation activities in, 310 Wasatch County Chapter, organized, 319 Washington County, chapter of U S H S in, 312 Washington County Courthouse, efforts to preserve, 310 Washington, Mary, An Annotated Bibliography of Western Manuscripts in the Merrill Library at Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 181-82 Washington Monument, U t a h stone for, 315 Wasatch Mountains, canyons of, 173; Indian name of, 218 Watkins, T. H., Gold and Silver in the West: The illustrated History of an American Dream, reviewed, 191-92 Watt, George D., L D S history clerk, 375 Weber, David J., The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540— 1846, reviewed, 275-76 Weber Chapter, organized, 319 Weber C o u n t y : minorities in, 217, 222, 230; S O C I O in, 2 6 2 ; stone houses in, 6 Weber State College, historians at, 352 Wells, Heber M., favored founding of U S H S , 3 0 1 - 2 , 313 Wellsville, photographs of stone houses in, 12, 17 Weltevreden, D u t c h prison in Sumatra, 146 Westerners, organized in Salt Lake, 320 Western Standard, Mormon newspaper, 150 Western Wagon Wheels: A Pictorial Memorial to the Wheels that Won the West, by Florin, reviewed, 96 West from Fort Bridger. . . : Dale L. Morgan worked on, 2 5 1 - 5 2 ; published by U S H S , 324 Westside Catholic Credit Union, assets of, 261 Westside Clinic, sponsored by Holy Cross Hospital, 256 Westside Family Cooperative, organized, 261 Westside Family Market, supported, 261 Westside Salt Lake, m a p of, 247 Wetbacks, as Chicanos, 229 Wet-plate photography: portability of, 4 0 4 2 ; described, 41 Whitaker, J o h n M., and LDS historian's office, 386 Whitaker, Samuel T . : biography of, 5 7 - 5 8 ; equipment of, 5 9 ; explored near Sipapu, 78; as photographer, 57—58, 64 White, William, redcap, photograph of, 216 White Canyon, described, 6 1 , 76-77 White Mesa, in southeastern U t a h , 68 White River, Colorado, U t e home, 236 Whiterocks: photograph of, 2 3 5 ; sun dance at, 2 3 3 - 4 1 ; Utes left to visit Sioux, 234 Whitmer, John, and L D S records, 372

436 Whitney, Orson F . : historical writings of, 3 4 5 - 4 6 , 348, 352, 357; photograph of, 3 4 1 ; as president of U S H S , 303 Whittlesey, White, silent film star, 87 Widtsoe, J o h n A.: biography of, needed, 3 6 3 ; photograph of, 3 4 1 ; as president of U S H S , 304; spoke in Logan, 367 Wigginton, Eliot, ed., The Foxfire Book, 359 Willard: photographs of houses in, 15, 2 1 ; stone houses in, 6 Willet, Willis, comic strip character, 269 Williams, J. W., Moab physician and conservationist, 64—65 Wilson, Mount, seen by H. L. A. Culmer, 87 Winroth, Julius, Hiawatha miner, 2 6 6 - 6 7 , 271 Winter Quarters, Nebr. Terr., Marsena Cannon in, 3 4 - 3 5 Wisconsin State Historical Society, U t a h materials at, 354, 364 Withington, Mary, guide by, to Yale's Coe Collection, 354 W o m e n : role of in Arizona settlements, 135; stories of, in U t a h , 359 The Women of Mormondom,

by Tullidge, 344 Woodruff, Arizona, tithing in, 126, 132 Wood, Mrs., cooked for Natural Bridges party, 85 Woodruff, Wilford: became L D S president, 3 8 7 ; in hiding, 3 8 5 - 8 6 ; historical activities of, 3 7 9 - 8 3 , 385; and Manifesto, 3 8 7 ; noted lost L D S history, 3 7 3 - 7 4 ; photograph of, 379; visited Marsena C a n n o n in Boston, 34 Wootton, Francis H., territorial governor, 383 World W a r I : study of, needed, 362; U t a h in, 304 World W a r I I : effect of, on minorities, 217, 223-24, 2 3 1 - 3 2 ; effect of, on M o r m o n economy, 129, 137; photograph of U S H S display for, 3 2 9 ; study of, needed, 3 6 3 ; U t a h historians and, 352—53; U t a h records of, 307, 329

Utah Historical

Quarterly

W o u n d e d Knee, S. Dak., slaughter at, 234 W P A : records survey of, 332; writers project of, 307, 329, 350-51

Yale University Library, U t a h materials in, 354, 364 Yankee, ship to Hawaii, 148—49 Yellowstone National Park, established, 56 Yosemite National Park, established, 56 Young, Alfales, editor of Salt Lake Herald, 302 Young, Ann Eliza Webb, divorce of, 45 Young, Brigham: assumed L D S leadership, 374; distrusted H. H . Bancroft, 3 8 3 ; fiscal policies of, 153; as a hero, 3 4 3 ; historical interests of, 3 7 4 - 7 5 , 3 8 0 - 8 1 ; I n d i a n policy of, 220; local visits of, 358; named W. Richards counselor, 3 7 6 ; photographed, 32, 37, 43, 5 0 ; property of, 1 5 3 ; speeches of, 3 7 9 ; trial of, 4 4 ; during U t a h War, 3 8 0 ; and W. M. Gibson, 143, 145, 1 4 7 5 1 , 153-54 Young, J o h n R., reported on Hawaiian apostates, 145 Young, Karl E., "Sun Dance at Whiterocks, 1919," 233-41 Young, Levi E d g a r : editorial work of, 324; education of, 346; historical writings of, 348, 3 5 8 ; photographs of, 341, 3 5 3 ; as a teacher, 3 4 6 - 4 7 ; as U S H S president, 304, 307 Young, Lorenzo Dow, diary of, 356 Yurtinus, J o h n F., co-author of Mormon Battalion Trail Guide, 327

family of, worked at mission, Zaelit, 252 n. 14 Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution, model for A C M I , 133

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UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIE:

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Division of D e p a r t m e n t of D e v e l o p m e n t Services BOARD OF STATE

HISTORY -

MILTON C. ABRAMS, Smithfield, 1973

President DELLO G. DAYTON, Ogden, 1975

Vice President MELVIN T. SMITH, Salt Lake City Secretary M R S . JUANITA BROOKS, St, George, 1973

JACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City, 1973 M R S . A. C. JENSEN, Sandy, 1975 THERON L U K E , Provo, 1975

CLYDE L. MILLER, Secretary of State

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SEVENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY YEAR