Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 33, Number 4, 1965

4

HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

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j . GRANT IVERSON, Salt Lake City, 1967 President J A C K GOODMAN, Salt Lake City, 1969 Vice-President EVERETT L. COOLEY, Salt Lake City Secretary

M R S . J U A N I T A B R O O K S , St. George, 1969

MRS. A. G. J E N S E N , Sandy, 1967 CLYDE L. MILLER, Secretary of State

Ex officio HOWARD c. PRICE, J R . , Price, 1967

M I L T O N c. ABRAMS, Smithfield, 1969 j . STERLING A N D E R S O N , Grantsville, 1967 DEAN R. B R I M H A L L , F r u i t a , 1969

M R S . E L I Z A B E T H S K A N C H Y , M i d v a l e , 1969

L. GLEN SNARR, Salt Lake City, 1967

EVERETT L . COOLEY, D i r e c t o r

T. H . JACOBSEN, State Archivist, Archives F. T. J O H N S O N , Records M a n a g e r , Archives

J O H N J A M E S , J R . , Librarian MARGERY w . WARD, Associate Editor

IRIS S C O T T , B U S I N E S S MANAGER

T h e U t a h State Historical Society is a n organization devoted to the collection, preservation, a n d publication of U t a h a n d related history. I t was organized by publicspirited U t a h n s in 1897 for this purpose. I n fulfillment of its objectives, the Society p u b lishes t h e Utah Historical Quarterly, which is distributed to its members with payment of a $5.00 annual membership fee. T h e Society also maintains a specialized research library of books, pamphlets, photographs, periodicals, microfilms, newspapers, maps, a n d manuscripts. M a n y of these items have come to t h e library as gifts. Donations a r e encouraged, for only through such means can the U t a h State Historical Society live u p to its responsibility of preserving t h e record of U t a h ' s past.

T h e primary purpose of t h e Quarterly is t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of m a n u s c r i p t s , p h o t o graphs, a n d documents which relate or give a new interpretation to U t a h ' s unique story.

Contributions of writers are solicited for the consideration of t h e editor. However, t h e editor assumes n o responsibility for t h e r e t u r n of manuscripts unaccompanied by r e turn postage. Manuscripts a n d material for publications should be sent to t h e editor.

T h e U t a h State Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed by contributors.

T h e Utah Historical Quarterly is entered as second-class postage, paid a t Salt Lake City, U t a h . Copyright 1965, U t a h State Historical Society, 6 0 3 East South T e m p l e Street, Salt Lake City, U t a h 84102.

FALL,

1965

• VOLUME

33

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NUMBER

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HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

c©mvtb®inr\b BINGHAM CANYON T H R O U G H T H E EYES OF A COMPANY DOCTOR

283

BY R U S S E L L G. F R A Z I E R

LIFE AND LABOR AMONG T H E IMMIGRANTS OF BINGHAM CANYON

289

BY H E L E N Z E E S E P A P A N I K O L A S

SERBIAN-AUSTRIAN CHRISTMAS AT HIGHLAND BOY

316

BY CLAIRE N O A L L

THE U.S. ARMY OVERLOOKS SALT LAKE VALLEY: FORT DOUGLAS, 1862-1965

BY L E O N A R D J . A R R I N G T O N A N D

326

T H O M A S G. A L E X A N D E R ..

THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR T H E FISCAL YEAR 1964-1965

351 357 364

BY J . G R A N T I V E R S O N

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS INDEX

l&H

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©OW©!?

3

An artist's concept of a miner's shack in Dinkeyville, Bingham Canyon, which took its name from the "Dinkey Skinners" as the engineers were called who operated the small dinkey engines on the railroad which served the mines.

B. F . LARSEN, ARTIST

EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR ART EDITOR

L. COOLEY Margery W. Ward Roy J. Olsen

EVERETT

..

-

P O M E R O Y , E A R L , The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada,

BY LELAND H . CREER

STANTON, ROBERT BREWSTER, the

BOOKS REVIEWED

Colorado,

357

Down

BY WARD J . ROYLANCE

358

S U N D E R , J O H N E., The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 1840-1865,

BY J A M E S L. CLAYTON

L E Y D E T , F R A N Q O I S , Time and The Flowing: Grand Canyon,

359

River

BY EVERETT L. COOLEY

359

T E M P L E T O N , S A R D I S W., The Lame Captain: The Life and Adventures of Pegleg Smith,

BY CHARLES KELLY

360

A D A M S , R A M O N F., Burs Under the Saddle: A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West, BY DON D. W A L K E R

361

T H O M A S GILCREASE I N S T I T U T E O F AMERICAN H I S T O R Y AND ART, Titans

of Western Art, BY J . ROMAN ANDRUS .... 362

R E I D , H . L O R E N Z O , Brigham Young's Dixie of the Desert: Exploration and Settlement,

BY A. KARL LARSON

Printed by ALPHABET PRINTING CO., Salt Lake City

362

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY A. L. INGLESBY COLLECTION

Main Street in Bingham in 1927. In the center of the street stands the Bingham Stage Lines Company bus managed by Dr. A. L. Inglesby.

The buses carried passengers between Bingham and Salt Lake City and points between.

Bingham Canyon through the Eyes of a Company Doctor

BY R U S S E L L G. FRAZIER

Thanks for asking me to write about Bingham. At present I am just an old snook fisherman — no typewriter, nothing but memories of the good people that made up Bingham Canyon. My memories become cluttered as I turn back the pages of time to 1918 up to the exodus, when the Dr. Frazier, resident of Salt Lake City and Everglades, Florida, was the resident physician for U t a h Copper Company for 40 years. At the request of the U t a h State Historical Society director, Dr. Frazier wrote his reminiscences of Bingham for publication in the Utah Historical Quarterly.

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town was evacuated in 1961 to make room for the expansion of the Copper Company. I started to work for Dr. D. H. Ray. My conveyance was a big black horse, my salary $100.00 per month, room, board, and experience.

My competitors were Dr. J. F. Flynn and Dr. F. E. Straup, the mayor of the town. These old doctors were great guys — well qualified in their work and very friendly to the young doctor, who knew it all. They came to my rescue on many occasions. Dr. Flynn had the Apex Mine contract.

Dr. Straup held the U.S. Mine and Highland Boy Mine. While Dr. Ray was the " U t a h Copper Doctor."

There was plenty of work for all of us. T h e Bingham District including Lark h a d a population of about 9,000 people. At one time Bingham had 17 different nationalities — including one Negro, Billie McCloud, an old teamster. Billie did not know that he was a Negro. H e lived up Freem a n Gulch and associated with the whites on equal terms until his death.

Mr. Charlie Adderly the manager of the Bingham Mercantile Company was one of our grand persons, whom I remember most kindly. Many were the bills of groceries Mr. Adderly handed out the back door of his store knowing well that he would not get paid. During the depression years there were very few people in Bingham that did not owe him a grocery and clothing bill. How he managed to carry all of them I will never know.

H e told me one day that most of the people h a d repaid him.

Louis Buchman, " L o u " as he was affectionately called by everyone, was one of Bingham's greats. H e started to work in Bingham as an underground "mucker" at $2.50 per day and worked his way to the top. My first "invite out" to dinner was at his home. Lou lived up M a r k h a m Gulch on a mine dump. After the meal I tilted my chair back on its two hind legs, as they gave way I fell through the front door and landed on the back of my neck in the front yard. During the depression Lou was concerned how his people were getting the medicine they needed. H e told me to put a number on their prescriptions and arranged with the drug store that they be charged to him, personally, unknown to the patient until this day.

Whenever I delivered a baby for an employee's wife I always told him and a bunch of flowers was sent to the home. H e had come up the ladder by hard knocks and knew what it meant to be poor. H e was born in White Russia and was brought to this country as a small child. Mr. D. C. Jackling, the Father of the low grade porphyries, told me personally, that Louis Buchman was the greatest miner that had ever lived, that he could move more rock faster and cheaper than any person he had ever known. His employees loved him.

Bingham Canyon Doctor

285

I must mention Mrs. Breckon, Grandma Mayne, and Mary Jane Crow. These good women spent many nights on the reception committee to most of Bingham's future citizens. I have seen them wade through snow up to their waists to be at the side of some girl when she was having her first baby. The comforting presence of these kindly women holding the hand of a girl in pain, made my work much easier. We delivered over 4,000 babies in homes and without an infection, which speaks volumes for the good care these women gave in homes of Italians, Greeks, Slovakians, and just plain Americans. Many of these mothers could not speak one word of English. The children from these homes are some of Utah's finest first citizens.

We lived through floods, fires, snow slides, and mine disasters that brought us close together. You could count on everyone in town being where needed — serving coffee and food to the workers, comforting the bereaved, hustling clothing for freezing children, opening their homes to the homeless, and being the good neighbor. A more kindly group of people never lived.

When I pass over the great divide I want Annie and Phoebe Masters to sing at my funeral. These sweet girls have sung at most of the Bingham funerals and have comforted the hearts of many people.

We have had some great characters too. Joe Berger I think tops the list. Joe came to Bingham as a mortician and has run the gauntlet — cigar store, pool hall operator, and souvenir salesman. Joe tells of the big shooting in Bingham — the Lopez man hunt. When an outlaw by the name of Lopez killed several men, Joe was to bury one of the victims.

There was no money. So Joe dressed the victim in a black suit, put his gold watch chain across his vest, a cigar in his mouth, and a plug hat on his head, stood him up in the back of his funeral parlor and charged admission to see him. Joe said he had enough left over for flowers.

One day while passing by Berger's "Nest," I heard a big commotion on the inside. Joe was stripping a young dude of his trousers. The fellow owed Joe a bill and would not pay him. The poor fellow caused quite a scene as he ran up the street in his shirt tail looking for a policeman to get his pants back. Where else could these things be done outside of a roaring booming mining camp?

Another character that every one in Utah knew was Dr. A. L. Inglesby. Besides being a good dentist, Doc, as everyone called him, ran the Bingham-Salt Lake stage line, the garage, and had one of the finest rock collections in the state. Bill Fahrni the manager of the Lark Mercan-

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tile came over to have Doc put an inlay in a tooth. After the metal clamps, rubber dam, and pads were in place, the phone rang. Doc grabbed his hat and flew out of the office, telling Bill he would be back in a minute.

After about 45 minutes the phone furiously rang. It was Doc, calling from Midvale. The stage driver had not shown up and he had driven the stage to Salt Lake — completely forgetting his patient. He told Bill to go down stairs and get the druggist to cut him loose.

There were several gathering places in town — The Copper King, Berger's Nest, and Doc Woodring's drug store. The center of attraction at the drug store was a nickel slot machine where everyone contributed their small change and listened to the juciest and latest gossip.

On Saturday afternoon the "good" women and their daughters did not come uptown. The girls from "up the street" started their parade to the Doctor's office for their weekly check up. At one time there were over 50 of these girls in town. As they came rustling down the street in their silks and satins and big picture hats, the pool halls all emptied on to the narrow steps out in front. Of course no one spoke. This was "etiquette."

"Doc" A. L. Inglesby (1872-1960) dental office in Bingham.

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY A. L. INGLESBY COLLECTION IrJL .Si.::*

and his

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY A. L. INGLESBY COLLECTION

Bingham Canyon Doctor

287

T h e narrow street was part of Bingham — seven miles long and 40 feet wide with a narrow strip of concrete for a side walk. T h e houses were built back up the mountainside. My roof was your front porch and running right down through the center of town was the open sewer — no stench and no bacteria. You probably wonder why we did not all die from some epidemic. The copper water from the mines killed both stench and bacteria.

Bingham was not all pool halls and speakeasies. We had four churches that were well patronized. T h e L.D.S. Church always had a missionary in the field. The churches sponsored scouting. Men like Bishop Lyons and Reverend Lester Fagan did a great job with the young boys of the camp.

T h e community house in Highland Boy was run by Miss Ada Duhigg a Deaconess. This was a great religious and culture center and an inestimable influence for good. Her gym was always full of boys and girls. T h e basketball teams were made up of all nationalities and religions, as were her Sunday School and church services. She was a shining light to a community of over 2,000 people, who did not have another church in the District. She was a very much loved individual.

We had good schools with devoted teachers, such men as Tommie McMullin, Joel Jensen, Howard Hausknecht and many others. T h e State of Utah could use a page out of Bingham's Book. We had no juvenile delinquency. T h e word was not heard. Basketball and baseball were run by the American Legion. There was scouting, both for the boys and girls, and everyone participated.

When you realize we were a polyglot of nationals you may wonder at the truthfulness of the above statement. T h e boys and girls were made to mind at home. T h e teachers were wonderful disciplinarians. From these foreign born parents came doctors, lawyers, teachers, mining men, financiers. T h e present sheriff of Los Angeles County is a product of a Greek home from Bingham Canyon.

Ivy Baker Priest, a national figure, was from a home up Carr Fork.

Her mother ran a boardinghouse, her father lost his leg in the mine. Ivy was a born leader — in her church a Sunday school teacher, in school the center of activities. Ivy was born to be great; she always had a smile and a cheery hello for everyone she met.

Bingham is very proud of Ivy Baker Priest, Mitchell Melich, Elliott Evans, Dr. Andrew Controtto, Dr. Lamar Marriott, Dr. Peter Pitchos, John Creedon, and a myriad of others. I could name names ad infinitum.

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I am very proud to have been a part of this fine old mining town.

They were happy years working with these hard working men and women.

They are scattered throughout our valley towns still working at the mines, still being good neighbors and fine citizens — proudly looking back on the years to the town that was Bingham Canyon.

Bingham City Hall constructed in 1914 is one of the few remaining buildings in Bingham Canyon today.

LIFE and LABOR AMONG the IMMIGRANTS of BINGHAM CANYON

by Helen Zeese Papanikolas

Immigrants and Bingham's terrain produced a unique life among mining towns. T h e long, winding Main Street reached for the cramped houses on the mountainsides and made them part of it. Talk, shouts, and oaths were heard in many languages outside the saloons, boardinghouses, candy stores, theaters, and dance halls.

T h e first of Bingham's immigrants were the young Irishmen fleeing the potato famine. They worked 10 hours a day on small claims, usually belonging to others, and lived in boardinghouses where they rivaled each other in boxing matches, wood cutting, and other feats of strength. 1 By 1870 the 276 inhabitants of Bingham were mostly Irish who resented the incoming English, the "Cousin Jacks" as they called them. 2 Saloons were many and prosperous, and traveling vaudeville acts were the high point in the miners' lives.

Mrs. Papanikolas is a resident of Salt Lake City and former contributor to the Quarterly.

Beatrice Spendlove, "A History of Bingham Canyon, U t a h " (Master's thesis, University of U t a h , 1937), 114.

2 Salt Lake Tribune, July 6, 1947.

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By 1880 the Irish were leaving Bingham, but immigrants from the British Isles were still dominant. T h e census for that year lists the following. 3 Americans (includes American-born children of immigrants, mostly British and Scandinavian) British Isles Scandinavia Ireland ....

Italy China Canada Finland Germany Prussia, France, N o v a Scotia Greece, Austria, Africa, Holland, and Portugal

452 170 83 51 35 32 22 19 17 2 each 1 each

T h e majority of the English-speaking miners were Cornish for whom mining was a hereditary occupation. 4 An easy relationship, based on their common tongue and ancestry, existed between the English- and the American-born miners. They held nightly track meets, broad jumped on the dumps, pole vaulted using iron pipes, and threw powder boxes. Boxing matches were weekly events, and men fought until they could no longer stand to the music of mouth organ, zither, and jewsharp. 5 Chinese and Negro "water boys" carried water from springs using pails suspended from shoulder poles. T h e most familiar was Nigger Jim who carried water for 30 years. 6 T h e water was bad and the sanitation primitive; the only protection for the miners was the old-country prescription of whiskey.

During the next two decades, Finns and Swedes came in greater numbers. Instead of skill they posessed the brute power that mining needed. T h e Italians followed, mostly Piedmontese, who were proficient at hammer work. They were also adept at leverage, and their stocky build and short legs gave them the nickname "Short Towns." In the early 3 U.S., Bureau of the Census, "10th Census, 1880, U t a h , " Bingham Canyon (MS schedules, Microfilm File, U t a h State Historical Society, Salt Lake City).

4 Bingham Press Bulletin, December 30, 1922.

5 U t a h Works Projects Administration, Utah: A Guide to the State (New York, 1945), 318.

6 Spendlove, "Bingham Canyon," 101.

Bingham Immigrants

291

1900's the Eastern Mediterranean and Balkan peoples came.7 Slovenes, Croatians, Serbs, Greeks, Italians, Armenians, and Montenegrins gave Bingham a color unmatched anywhere in Utah except in the Carbon County coal fields.8 The Chinese who had been in Bingham since 1875 running restaurants and doing menial labor had, except for a few, left town. Not until 1910 when Japanese and Korean labor gangs were brought in to work on the Bingham-Garfield Railroad construction did Bingham have a large colony of Orientals.9 7

Bingham Press Bulletin, December 30, 1922.

Helen Zeese Papanikolas, " T h e Greeks of Carbon County, X X I I (April, 1954), 143-64.

9 Spendlove, "Bingham Canyon," 112.

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Main Street in Bingham Canyon, described as 7 miles long and 40 feet wide, had so little traffic in 1912 a horse peacefully lies in the middle of the street. The building with dormer windows in the middle of the picture was Society Hall and served as a hall for fraternal organizations of Bingham. Farther up the street the two-story building was Miller's Hall, a dance hall, bar, and boardinghouse.

In the foreground to the left is the Bingham Hotel, and above the hotel is the Copperbelt Railroad. The first level on the east side of the canyon of Utah Copper Company can be seen.

JOHN J. CREEDON

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Gambling, drinking, bulldog fighting, and cock fighting now took p r e c e d e n c e over t h e simple pastimes of the t r a c k m e e t s a n d feats of strength. By 1900 there were 30 saloons on Main Street. "Old Crow" and "16 to 1" were the favorites. 10 T h e young, unattached men at the peak of their strength could not and, from the period's court notes it is obvious, did not try to control their restlessness. Disturbing the peace, assault, mayhem, and killing vied with death and maiming of mine accidents to keep the town in continuous excitement.

Each minority was a labor gang in itself, with a foreman who could speak English, and formed its colony around boardinghouses. 11 Names, nostalgic now, immediately told m u c h : Frogtown, where the natives lived; Yampa, a miniature town formed around the Apex M i n e ; Japtown; Dinkeyville, where powder-box cabins were built on company land; Highland Boy and Phoenix, where the Austrians and Slavs lived; Copperfield, where the Greeks had their boardinghouses; and Carr Fork, where Finns and Swedes h a d congregated.

Churches came 30 years after mining began. T h e Latter-day Saints established a church in 1890 as did the Methodist and Catholic churches, but without resident clergy. In 1897 a Methodist Mission Church was opened at Carr Fork, and in the same year Bingham was provided with a resident minister. T h e Catholic Church did not have a resident priest until 1907.12 Greek miners traveled to Salt Lake City for religious services.

In 1912 the government immigrant inspector's report to the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor showed a complete change in the minority populations. 13 English-speaking workmen were leaving mining for other opportunities, and South Europeans quickly took their places in the mines.

Greeks North Italians South Italians Austrians Japanese Finns English Bulgarians Swedes Irish Germans 10

_

1,210 402 237 564 254 217 161 60 ._ 59 52 23

WPA, Utah Guide, 318.

Thomas A r t h u r Rickard, The Utah Copper Enterprise (San Francisco, 1919), 4 1 .

12 Spendlove, "Bingham Canyon," 129-34.

13 State of U t a h , Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics, First Report of the State Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics For the Years 1911-1912 (Salt Lake City, 1913), 31.

11

Bingham Immigrants

293

T h e good and the sordid existed together. Zack (Jack) Tallas, at the time a young Greek fireman in Copperfield, describes it: I t was green then, not as it was later with the dumps. T h e r e were springs and wildflowers everywhere. In the draws of the mountains were three goat ranches run by Greeks. Now they're filled u p with capping. T h e companies had their boardinghouses, but other people ran boardinghouses too. T h e r e were so many men — don't believe the census; there were threethousand Greeks alone between the ages of twelve and twenty-one — that they built powder-box houses on company property and went to the barbershops to take a bath.

Each nationality had its own stores and bakeries. T h e Greeks had four or five bakeries, five candy stores and ten coffeehouses where until the middle of the Nineteen-Twenties dancers clinking castinets came from time to time and the famous Kharaghiozis puppets of Greece and Asia Minor delighted the men with the sly humor of the country peasant who pretends to be dumber than he is and has the last laugh.

T h e Greeks, Serbians, Austrians and Italians feuded with each other and among themselves. Killings were not unusual. T h e r e was a regular red-light district, but on paydays two-hundred fifty prostitutes came into town and men gave up their rooms to accomodate them during their stay.

In the mines a person had to be on his g u a r d ; there were company spies who spoke their language and who carried all rumor and talk of labor troubles to the mine officials. T h e companies were enemies. Miners were killed regularly. My brother was killed and the Company sent my parents three-hundred dollars. M a n y of the dead h a d wives and young children in the old country.

We got along good with the "Americans" for two reasons. We dressed well and neatly and we never got drunk. We h a d great times in those days. 14

The year 1912 was an important period in Bingham's labor history, union men of great potential but also distrust and apathy. T h e immigrants sheviks," the "Wobblies," the "labor agitators." They lived precariously, both needing to make themselves and their principles known to the miners and at the same time hiding their identity from the law. T h e authorities were alert to the vaguest of rumors on which to base indictments for sedition, and if unsuccessful, they brought vagrancy charges to put labor organizers in jail.

The vast mission field of immigrant labor presented a face to the union men of great potential but also distrust and apathy. T h e immigrants had to depend on interpreters who knew little more English than they did.

They had come, too, from cultures where the rich were the powerful and that was the fate of life. An exception in Bingham was Louis Theos (Theodoropoulos) who was known among his fellow Greeks as an officer of the 14

Personal interview, January 17, 1964.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY ( JOHN D. SAGRIS)

East side of Copperfield ously on the sides of the

about 1927, with boardinghouses mountains.

and homes perched

precari-

IWW, and who had done undercover work for unions in the Carbon County coal mines. But in the main it was economics and not ideology that guided the immigrants. In contrast, for example, with the strike activities of the powerful Amalgamation of Garment Workers in the East where the immigrants had settled more than a generation earlier and produced their own leaders, the drawing of immigrant peoples of the West into strikes was emotional and not for principles.

The great Bingham strike of 1912 shows these factors graphically.15 On May 1 of that year, the Western Federation of Labor called a strike at the lead plant of the American Smelting and Refining Company at Murray demanding recognition of the union and an increase in wages from $1.75 per day to $2.00 per day. The strike lasted six weeks, involved between 800 to 900 men, and closed the smelter for a short time. The strike was broken by strikebreakers, who were Greeks from the Island of Crete, brought from Bingham16 and Helper. The strikebreakers were sent under orders of Leonidas G. Skliris, leading Greek labor agent in the West.17 Skliris was called the "Czar of the Greeks," and as labor agent for Utah Copper Company, Western Pacific Railroad, Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, and the Carbon County coal mines in Castle Gate, 15 Unless otherwise noted information regarding the strike was obtained from the following men who were either strikers at Murray or Bingham in 1912 or closely associated with the strikers: Spiro Stratis (Stratopoulos), Gus Delis, Nick Latsinos, George Papanikolas, Ernest Benardis, and Zack Tallas. Mr. P. S. Marthakis, Salt Lake City mathematics teacher for 41 years and state legislator for 10 years, was instrumental in obtaining some of these interviews.

16 Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics, Report . . . 1911—1912, 31.

17 Thomas Burgess, Greeks in America (Boston, 1913), 165.

Bingham

Immigrants

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Hiawatha, Sunnyside, and Scofield,18 he had great power. His contacts with labor agents in Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, and California could, within minutes of a telephone call, have men on a train traveling to a destination where they would be hired as workers or used as strikebreakers.

T h e labor agents of those years worked under the padrone system.19 T h e Italians, Greeks, and Japanese were dependent on this system to get work from their respective labor agents. They were the last laborers to be given work. T h e Japanese padrone system20 was of a different nature; housing and food were included in their contracts. T h e Sako brothers, who represented Japanese labor in Salt Lake County, had camps in Magna and Garfield that housed between 400 and 500 men.

T h e Italian padrone system, loosely organized in the Carbon County coal camps, does not appear to have been in effect in Bingham. Fortunato 18

Tribune, September 20, 1912.

The word padrone meaning patron or master came from the Italians who initiated the system in America.

20 S. Frank Miyamoto, " T h e Japanese Minority in the Pacific Northwest," Pacific Northwest Review, L I V (October, 1963), 143-49.

19

About 1940, Copperfield looking toward the west. The Greek camp is in the center of the picture, and the Jap camp is in the left foreground. To the right is Terrace Heights, and the large, multi-storied building in the center foreground is the U.S. Hotel. To the left of the hotel is the entrance to the U.S. Mine.

JOHN J. CREEDON

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Anselmo, the present Italian vice consul, denies it existed there. Italians found employment through relatives and countrymen. T h e various Balkan peoples (often listed as Austrians in official reports), Croatians, Serbs, Slovenes, and Montenegrins were divided by many diverse reasons: by old-country politics, by two different alphabets, and by three religions — Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Greek Catholic. A padrone common to them all would have been impossible. 21 T h e Greeks, however, were by far the majority of workers in Bingham, and Skliris was the dark force in their lives. T h e Greeks bitterly resented the suave, well-dressed countryman who lived in the amazing luxury of the newly built Hotel U t a h on the money he exacted from them.

O n e of the young miners waited for Skliris outside of the Hotel Utah with a pistol, but Skliris quickly disarmed him. Skliris did not lack courage and this kept him alive in his 15 years as a labor agent.

For almost two years Greek miners had tried to expose Skliris as an extortionist who exacted tribute before handing out jobs and threatened the miners with discharge if they did not trade at the Pan Hellenic Grocery Store. A further grievance was the paying of higher wages to the Japanese who usually worked as bank men. With ropes tied around their waists, they lowered themselves over the banks and swung their picks into the ore — a dangerous occupation.

It was an auspicious time for a strike. When the officials of the Western Federation of Labor began their talks, they found the Greeks incensed and ready. T h e anger of the Greeks explains the phenomenal success of the Federation in the summer of 1912. Voler V. Viles' report to the U.S. Department of Commerce showed 250 union members in July, 900 on August 27, and 2,500 in October. 22 At the meeting on the 17th of September, which was attended by at least a thousand miners, President Charles W. Moyer of the Federation asked that further attempts be made to negotiate with the mine officials before calling a strike. 23 At the time the payscale was $2.00 per day for surface men, $2.50 per day for muckers (diggers), and $3.00 per day for miners. 24 T h e union intended to ask for recognition of the Federation and a 50 cent a day raise for all workers.

T h e men refused Moyer's suggestion and unanimously voted a walkout immediately affecting 4,800 men. T h e American-born miners had 21 Information from Walter Bolic from the reminiscenses of his father, Nick Bolic, Croatian immigrant and long-time resident of Bingham.

22 Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics, Report . . . 1911-1912, 30.

23 Tribune, September 20, 1912.

24 Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics, Report . . . 1911-1912, 31.

Bingham Immigrants

297

stayed away from the meeting, not wanting to align themselves with the "foreigners." Another 150 steam-shovel men of American nationality were opposed to the strike, but "did not want to go against the wishes of the majority." 25 T h e foreigners were jubilant . . . chiefly Greeks and Austrians . . . shooting off firearms and intimidating American laborers. W h e n deputies attempted to quell the disturbance, the foreigners showed their wildest disorder. O n e Greek after firing several times after being ordered to cease, was shot in the wrist by Deputy Sheriff Schweitzer. T h e shot caused more excitement and a m o b of foreign laborers chased the deputy w h o was rescued by other officers.26

Fifty National Guard sharpshooters from Fort Douglas and 25 deputy sheriffs from Salt Lake City, supplied with several thousand rounds of ammunition, were brought in. Rifles from the munition stores of the Utah National Guard were made ready for delivery to Bingham. Saloons and gambling halls were closed, and railroad crossings and mines were floodlighted. 27 T h e day after the walkout, President Moyer told 800 strikers at the Bingham Theater that the union officials had waited all day for an answer from the mine managers and had not received one. R. C. Gemmel, of Utah Copper, told the press that "we do not treat with officers of the union regarding matters connected with the mines. We do not recognize the Federation." ! Gemmel said, "I don't think they [the miners] have any grievance. It is the officials of the miners' union who have stirred up trouble." 29 H e stated the following day that " W e advanced the men twenty-five cents [to become effective in November]. This was voluntary." 30 If the miners would work through committees, Gemmel claimed, the trouble could be adjusted.

President Moyer countered, "as for the men meeting with the companies as individuals, I will only say that a great many of them can not speak the English language, and their only opportunity is through their authorized representatives." 31 Moyer denied the raise to the miners was voluntary, insisting it was the result of a similar raise in the mines of Montana the past June. Even a 50-cent increase, he said, would be less than 25

Tribune, September 18, 1912.

Deseret Evening News (Salt Lake City), September 18, 1912.

27 Tribune, September 18, 1912; WPA, Utah Guide, 320.

28 Tribune, September 18, 1912.

29 Deseret Evening News, September 17, 1912.

30 Ibid., September 18, 1912.

31 Tribune, September 18, 1912.

26

298

Utah Historical Quarterly

what the Montana miners received for the same work.32 Moyer stated that "their [the miners] hours are too long and the current high price of copper justifies the raise." 33 The strikers took blankets and guns and settled in advantageous positions on the mountainsides. On the morning of September 19th, the strikers were given until noon to leave the mines; and if this ultimatum was defied, Salt Lake County Sheriff Joseph Sharp threatened to send 250 deputies armed with Winchesters.34 Governor William H. Spry said, "We are going up on the hill and drive them down." The governor was believed to be, according to the Deseret Evening News, "one of the party [who wanted] to attack the foreigners stronghold." 35 W i t h 800 foreign strikers a r m e d with rifles a n d revolvers strongly e n t r e n c h e d . i n the precipitous m o u n t a i n ledges across the canyon from the U t a h C o p p e r M i n e , raking the mine workings with a hail of lead at every a t t e m p t of railroad employees or deputy sheriffs to enter the grounds, the strike situation has reached its initial crisis.

A last attempt was made by President Moyer to convince the strikers to leave the mountainside. He sent Yanco Terzich, a director of the Federation, with his message, but his climb was in vain.36 While the union spoke of wages, the Greeks, mostly Cretans "famed as men who, when the spirit moves them to fight, are difficult to control," 37 were concerned first with getting Skliris fired.38 Utah Copper Company posted notices in the Greek language informing the men that they were not required to pay for their jobs, and Vice-President Daniel C. Jackling in San Francisco for business meetings sent a telegram to the same effect.39 Mr. Gemmel defended Skliris; and Governor William Spry, in response to a letter from one of the Greeks explaining Skliris' extortion practices, sent out a "Greek detective" who predictably found no such practices.40 Jackling, Moyer said, refused to believe the padrone system existed, perhaps because he was too busy. "I believe he does not look to the methods 32

Deseret Evening News, September 17, 1912.

Ibid., September 18, 1912.

34 Tribune, September 19, 1912.

35 Deseret Evening News, September 19, 1912.

38 Tribune, September 19, 1912.

37 Salt Lake Herald Republican, September 19, 1912.

38 Tribune, Deseret Evening News, and Herald Republican, September 20, 1912.

39 Ibid.

40 State of U t a h , Governors' Papers (William H . Spry [1909-1916]), correspondence files.

T h e Governors' Papers are in the U t a h State Archives, Salt Lake City.

Signatures of Greek miners and the fees they paid Skliris were collected in a notebook by Louis Theos.

33

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY A. L . I N G L E S B Y C O L L E C T I O N

Photographed about 1909, the Bingham Mercantile Company was constructed in 1907 and torn down in 1960.

of Skliris and his ilk, but simply asks cheap labor no matter how it comes."41 Governor Spry quickly called a meeting with Sheriff Sharp, Adjutant General E. A. Wedgwood (commander of the National Guard at Fort Douglas), and the mine operators to discuss the calling out of the militia and the proclaiming of martial law. Moyer and Terzich were invited to give testimony as to whether "the striking foreigners [were] amenable to the counsel of the strike leaders." The Salt Lake Tribune continued: "In Bingham the belief is prevalent that the foreign element among the strikers will be a law unto themselves despite the protestations of President Moyer."42 The union, Moyer admitted, could not handle the Greeks.43 "Foreigners" had bought arms in quantity from Salt Lake City hardware and sporting-goods "stores. "The men are known to be from Bingham because they took the 3:15 train back to that camp." Bingham store owners had stocked up on revolvers. They were requiring cash for all merchandise and were not sending out their delivery wagons. Druggists were told not to sell liquor. Deputies were arriving on every train.44 The Salt Lake Herald Republican reported on the "vile conditions" of the powder-box houses where miners slept in shifts and yet sent $580,000 41

Herald Republican, September 20, 1912.

Tribune, September 19, 1912.

43 Deseret Evening News, September 19, 1912.

44 Ibid.

42

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in money orders to Europe during the past year. 45 I n Bingham businessmen a n d native Americans were hostile to the strikers knowing the long economic misery that would come to the town. Rumors and attempts to prove the immigrants ungrateful to America kept the town in an upheaval.

All mines now except the Apex, which was working under Moyer's orders, were out on strike. Only Ohio Copper officials would consider a conference with the union. I n San Francisco Jackling told the press, " W h e n I fight, I'll fight h a r d . " 46 T h e strikers remained on the mountainside, a n d the deputies did not go u p a n d drive them down. T h e attack was delayed by rumors that strikers h a d broken into the U t a h Construction tunnel and stolen 60 cases of dynamite. While the deputies hesitated, 200 Austrians descended on the Denver and Rio Grande trestle between lower and upper Bingham and fired on anyone attempting to cross it.47 Governor Spry h a d expected the strikers to heed the ultimatum to leave the mines a n d was waiting in the Bingham Theater to talk with the men. His visit seemed fruitless until a bearded priest in black robes with the tall black kalimafkion on his head walked u p Main Street and up the mountain.

T h e i r warlike spirit subdued temporarily by a lone priest of the Greek C h u r c h , F a t h e r Vasilios Lambrides, w h o exhorted t h e m in the n a m e of their religion to refrain from further violence a n d defiance of the law, the a r m y of strikers e n c a m p e d on the m o u n t a i n side c o m m a n d i n g the works of the U t a h C o p p e r C o m p a n y , voluntarily descending from their stronghold yesterday afternoon.

T h e little father dressed in flowing clerical robes with a glittering cross of gold u p o n his breast, w e n t a m o n g the militant strikers like the spirit of p e a c e a n d b r o u g h t " t h e truce of G o d . " Everywhere guns were laid aside for h i m a n d h a t s were doffed in respectful salute.

45

Herald Republican, September 20, 1912.

T h e extremely frugal habits of the immigrants that enabled them to help their impoverished families and provide dowries for their sisters in their native lands was a vital aim of Mediterraneans that Americans were incapable of understanding. In his report to the Department of Commerce, the government immigrant inspector gave the following information on drafts and money orders sent to foreign countries.

Bingham Canyon postoffice $295,751.56 Citizens State Bank of Bingham $121,499.87 Bingham State Bank $142^839.59 Victor Anselmo, Italian storekeeper $ 21,028.00 T h e report continued: "Besides the foregoing there was a good deal of money sent through the Salt Lake banks and postoffices and a number of miners have safety deposits containing gold and silver a n d many others carry gold a n d paper money in belts around their waists. According to the bankers of Bingham Canyon, only about thirty per cent of the money paid out by the mining companies remains in Bingham Canyon." (Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics, Report . . .

1911-1912, 31-32.)

48 Tribune, September 19, 1912.

47 Ibid.

Bingham Immigrants

301

With few exceptions the men left their trenches a n d trooped down to the meeting place where Governor Spry was waiting to address them. 4 8

There, Sheriff Sharp wisely decided not to disarm the strikers although 250 deputies were at his service. T h e Greek miners "declared with vociferous acclaim" that they would go back to work at the present scale if U t a h Copper would refuse to have anything to do with Leonidas G. Skliris, "Czar of the Greeks." A carpenter, John (Scotty) Curie, speaking with a brogue, told the mine officials that the Greeks should not be given the entire responsibility for the strike because Italians and Austrians were also involved. Skliris, he told them, was the strike issue. Chris Kiousios repeated Scotty's speech in Greek to the strikers' "thunderous applause."

N. P. Stathakos, a Greek banker, spoke to the Greeks urging them to be peaceful.

A telegram was read from D. C. Jackling, representing U t a h Copper, reiterating his previous statement that men did not have to pay to get jobs at Utah Copper. Governor Spry spoke in platitudes, and Robert C. Gemmel defended Skliris. Angrily the strikers left to continue the strike. 49 Moyer was asked to take Governor Spry and his party up the mountainside. T h e barricades were empty but "Cretans with rifles were far up.

When Moyer's attention was called to them he said they were probably hunting jackrabbits." 50 T h e next day about 300 strikers patrolled the Bingham-Garfield Line ready to shoot at strikebreakers who were being brought into town. T h e Greek strikers, hearing that Skliris along with two Magna Greeks (Gus Paulos and Nick Floor), was now recruiting strikebreakers, became infuriated and taking a good supply of ammunition returned to their positions on the mountains.

Despite the strikers' vigilance strikebreakers were finding ways of entering Bingham unnoticed. T h e townspeople were asking why the patrols had not been disarmed, and the sheriff's office assured them that this would be done in the afternoon. People were leaving the canyon by the hundreds on the daily trains. T h e newspapers reported "White residents leaving c a m p , . . . T h e two daily trains carry about 200 of the better element of the c a m p , . . . the foreign element of Greeks, Italians, Austrians and Cretans are dominant in a situation into which the 'white' element has been forced against its will." 51 48

Ibid., September 20, 1912.

Ibid.

50 Herald Republican, September 20, 1912.

51 Deseret Evening News, September 20, 1912.

49

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T h e steady increase of deputies gave no confidence to the people of Bingham. Moyer said that among them were "irresponsible riff-raff of Salt Lake."

Promiscuous shooting, theft, drunkenness, and the accidental killing of one deputy by another bore this out. 53 Moyer asked if Sheriff Sharp and Governor Spry would "deputize a couple-hundred armed men to protect the strikers from the gunmen of U t a h Copper . . . the strikers, many of them citizens, who have committed the awful crime of banding together and demanding a better pay of their employers." 54 Skliris returned from Colorado and Idaho where he found young unemployed Greeks through the labor agents, Karavellas and Babalis. H e defended his 15 years as a labor agent in the West, insisting that he would pay $5,000 to anyone who could prove the padrone charge, the money to be used as a monument for Governor Stuenenberg 55 or for any other appropriate purpose. T h e Greek employees of U t a h Copper were loyal, he said, but were coerced by an armed mob. 56 Ernest K. Pappas, spokesman for the Greeks, answered Skliris saying, "Where there is so much smoke, there must be some fire." His letter to the Deseret Evening News continued: This padrone has grown rich on his exploitation of Greek laborers whom he had induced to come to California, U t a h , Nevada and Colorado by advertising in all Greek newspapers in the United States. These newspapers are widely circulated in Greece and Crete. O n arrival these immigrants pay Skliris or his underlings $5 to $20 or more. This applies not only to Bingham Canyon, but coal mines at Castle Gate, Kenilworth, Helper, Sunnyside, Scofield, etc.

T h e Greeks would not have left the mines h a d the padrone system not been in effect.

As to the grocery store charge, it is well known that Steve G. Skliris, Leon G. Skliris' representative, approves every Greek hired by U t a h Copper and threatens with dismissal those who do not trade at Pan Hellenic. Goes farther by saying, "Your account this m o n t h is too small. You've been buying elsewhere. We look out for your job, you look out for us." . . . If Greeks are loyal, why did they join union head first, 700 in one night took oath to gain freedom from padrone system. I accept M r . Skliris' offer of $5,000 . . . deposit in a Salt Lake bank with three judges appointed to decide question, one to be appointed by Governor Spry, one by Western Federation of Labor and one by U t a h Copper. 5 7 '2 Herald Republican, September 20, 1912. i3 Deseret Evening News, October 11, 12, 22, 26, November 9, 1912; Tribune,

October 18,

1912.

54

Tribune, September 21, 1912.

Frank Stuenenberg, governor of Idaho ( 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 0 1 ) , was killed by a bomb in 1905 during mine labor troubles. T h e court case won renown because of the lawyers — William E. Borah represented the state and Clarence Darrow the accused.

50 Deseret Evening News, September 22, 1912.

57 Ibid.

55

Bingham Immigrants

303

Two days later Skliris resigned. Nothing more came of his $5,000 offer. T h e Greeks celebrated in the Copperfield coffeehouses before gathering again on the hills.58 At this point they were ready to go back to work, but President Moyer convinced them that Skliris' resignation was secondary to the union's demands, 59 and the strikers themselves were wary of Skliris fearing he h a d "made a deal" with the U t a h Copper and would again supply the company with labor as soon as the strike was over.

T h e strikers became better organized and formed themselves into six-hour shifts with over a thousand men on picket duty. Skliris' resignation had brought the first sign of optimism to the town.

Miners spent their free time repairing their cabins, but, . . . last night coyotes appeared on the moon-licked canyon slope and broke the silence with their calls. This recalled an old superstitution that the appearance of these animals in a mining c a m p prefaces either a long tie-up or a catastrophe. 6 0

T h e Japanese, the better-paid gambling companions of the Greeks, had also gone out with the rest of the men.

T h e Greeks, it is said, did not consult them before striking but when the walkout occurred the Orientals took it for granted that work was suspended. Among them is Coney Shibota, said to be the champion wrestler of the camp. H e is a powerfully constructed m a n for his race and has downed many stalwart Greeks. T h e other Japanese have tacitly appointed him leader. 61

T h e union leaders now threatened a general strike if the union was not recognized. Strikebreakers were steadily infiltrating into Bingham, even though strikers were covering all entrances to the town.

I t was reported that the strikers, largely Greeks, h a d scattered out along the highways to and from Bingham and are now holding u p automobiles and vehicles to learn whether the occupants are strikebreakers. 62

T h e mine operators continued to ignore the union, and the Federation ordered 3,000 miners out at the Ely Nevada Consolidated Mine. 63 In Bingham the operators were hopeful at activity which they misconstrued as the Greeks leaving Bingham. However, the Greeks had heard rumors that the companies were going to evict them from the powder-box m

Ibid., September 24, 1912. ^Herald Republican, September 24, 1912. ''"Deseret Evening News, September 27, 1912.

61 Tribune, September 26, 1912.

02 Ibid., September 28, 1912. "'Ibid., October 2, 1912.

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houses they had built on company land and were taking the precaution of moving out of them before they were forced to leave. 64 Strikebreakers were coming into town in growing numbers. Nearly 500 were already settled in passenger trains made into sleeping cars in Bingham, and in six boxcars with kitchens at the Magna rail yards. When a sufficient labor force was brought together, work would be resumed, the mine officials said. Rumors that U t a h Copper had three machine guns were denied by its officials; Jackling reiterated that the mines would "have nothing to do with the Western Federation"; and on October 10 strikebreakers, mostly Greek, were brought in by boxcar. 65 Heavily guarded by mine guards and deputies, Highland Boy, owned

by U t a h Consolidated, began work with 50 strikebreakers on October 9; and the next day a skeleton crew of 100 men, using one steam shovel, resumed work at U t a h Copper. Fighting between guards and strikers broke out. In one incident an unarmed EDWARD JOHNSON Greek, Mike Katrakis, was ordered back by Sam Lewman, a guard, and shot in the leg as he turned. 66 T h e Greeks became enraged and met at the Acropolis Coffeehouse owned by the Leventis brothers, one of whom, John Leventis, was the acknowledged l e a d e r of t h e C r e t a n strikers.

T h e streets were crowded and the miners were in an uproar over the shooting which r e q u i r e d a m p u t a t i o n of t h e striker's leg. Deputies said the shooting was accidental, but two "Ibid., October 5, 1912.

Deseret Evening News, October 5, 9, 10, 1912.

66 Tribune, October 12, 1912; Deseret Evening News, October 11, 1912.

60

Fire at Highland Boy on September 8, 1932. The tallest building shown in the photograph is the Highland Boy School, which was destroyed.

Bingham Immigrants

305

Italian women who witnessed the shooting said it was intentional. The Greeks reported their houses had been entered by "several hundred gunmen" and ammunition and money stolen. A thousand Greeks met in the Greek Orthodox Church in Salt Lake City and sent a telegram to their consul in Washington, D.C., protesting their treatment and asking for an investigation.67 Hundreds of strikebreakers were still arriving each day, and by the middle of October 5,000 were expected to be at work. The majority of these were miners from Mexico who had been driven out of their country by the revolution and gone to California. Another 500 had been sent to Utah Copper by a New York labor agency. A later force arrived from Arizona and Mexico, and another 150 arrived the second week in November from Mexico and Wyoming. Utah Copper built housing for them behind the Bingham and Garfield Railway Depot.68 Tooele smeltermen, as the workers at Garfield had done earlier, passed a resolution refusing to handle ore mined by strikebreakers.69 To bring attention to their claims that deputies were committing "unlawful acts" under legal sanction, strikers and sympathizers held a rally that filled the Salt Lake Theatre. 70 On October 25 a battle in Galena Gulch, between strikebreakers and deputy sheriffs and strikers, ended with five men wounded of whom one, Harris Spinbon a Greek, died two weeks later.71 The next day John and Steve Leventis were taken into custody at their coffeehouse on suspicion of having been involved in the shooting. On November 4, 40 Greeks were arrested at the Acropolis Coffeehouse. Yanco Terzich, the Federation director, and E. G. Locke, the local secretary, tried to prevent the arrest of the men and were in turn arrested. A week later at the same coffeehouse, deputies went in to arrest Zaharias Rasiaskis (Rasiskis) in connection with the shooting at Galena Gulch, and in the fight that followed three Greeks were shot. One of them, George Padaladonis (Papandonis), died two days later. J. H. White and another officer, Phil Culleton, of the Bingham Police Department, went to the aid of an unarmed Greek who was being beaten by two guards. White arrested the guards and was discharged for his efforts. Culleton was given a future hearing.72 07

Deseret Evening News, October 12, 1912.

Ibid., October 14, 15, November 2, 14, 1912.

69 Ibid., October 7, 14, 1912.

70 Tribune, October 18, 1912.

71 Deseret Evening News, October 25, 1912.

'2Ibid., October 26, November 4, 12, 13, 14, 1912.

68

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Quarterly

O n October 31 Mr. Jackling of Utah Copper announced the company was ready to increase wages, as had been planned at the beginning of the strike, by 25 cents per day. This was to go into effect the following month and would include the Ely and McGill mines. This, Mr. Jackling said, was in accordance with a 1909 agreement that specified an automatic increase in wages when copper reached 17 cents a pound. 73 T h e announcement had no effect on the miners. Six weeks had passed with no sign of capitulation on either side. T h e miners were in desperate need. T h e Butte, Montana, members of the Western Federation sent help by voting $7,000 for the relief of the strikers. 74 Single men asking for relief received $3.00 per week and family men $6.00. 75 T h e strikers hoped that the companies would be willing to make concessions as the November 15 termination date of the strikebreakers' contracts approached. They hoped, too, that the inefficiency of the strikebreakers — caused by their lack of skill, their not being disciplined for regular work, and their being physically unaccustomed to hard labor — would force the companies to reconsider their position. T h e companies showed no sign of retreating, and the strikers saw the futility of their cause. T h e strike gradually died. T h e Federation remained unrecognized, and the 50-cent raise asked by the miners was denied. A 25-cent raise was granted to the muckers and miners; the surface men were raised 20 cents.76 During the duration of the strike, the mining industry suffered badly as did the smelting and milling plants, such as Garfield. Normal operations took five months to achieve. Business and transportation were seriously affected in the entire county. 77 T h e killers of the two strikers were never apprehended.

T h e importance of the strike can not be underestimated. It broke the power of Leonidas Skliris who went to Mexico and became part owner of a mine there. T h e padrone system was brought into the open, and officials could not longer pretend it did not exist. T h e immigrant inspector's report for the year included the following: T h e exploitation of foreign labor in this State by professional agents is an evil t h a t should be eradicated. I t was one of the causes that figured in the Bingham mining c a m p strike. W i t h some metalliferous and coal mining companies, a miner or laborer seeking employment can not secure such until he comes with a recommend of a padrone to w h o m he is obliged to 73

Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics, Report . . . 1911-1912, Tribune, October 31, 1912.

75 Deseret Evening Neivs, October 23, 1912.

76 Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Statistics, Report . . . 1911-1912, 77 Ibid.

30-31.

74

31.

Bingham Immigrants

307

pay from $25.00 to $50.00 for his job a n d a small sum m o n t h l y to hold the job after it is obtained. M a n y padrones secure from foreign laborers several thousand dollars each m o n t h a n d presumably "divy" with "higher-up officials" u n d e r w h o m they are working. 7 8

An after effect of the strike was a new immigrant minority in Bingham. Many of the Mexican strikebreakers remained. They now became the majority of cases on the court calendars, and gave Bingham its celebrated Lopez mystery.79 78

Ibid., 33.

Rickard, Utah Copper Enterprise.

Raphael Lopez was a lessee in the Apex Mine. H e was put in jail for a short time for "knocking down two Greeks molesting girls." T h e sheriff, misinterpreting the situation, was said to have pistol whipped him. This, according to the Bingham Standard, resulted in legendary hate for the law.

O n November 21, 1913, Lopez shot J u a n Valdez, who was found dead with a knife in his hand. Quarrel over Mexican politics was believed to be the reason by some, but the motive was never positively established. After the shooting Lopez armed himself with a rifle and cartridges and left Bingham. A posse followed his tracks in the fresh snow to a ranch near U t a h Lake. Lopez started firing and killed three of the four officers. Other posses arrived but found no trace of Lopez.

O n November 26 Lopez returned to Bingham and went to the house of a friend, Mike Stefano. There he gathered food, clothing, a rifle, and 40 rounds of ammunition. Stefano informed the police who traced Lopez to the entrance of the Apex Mine. Although trapped, Lopez had the advantage of being familiar with the miles of tunnels and pillars that could hide him.

Work at the mine was stopped, putting 200 men out of work. Guards were doubled and outlets sealed. Four men took a bale of hay inside and set it on fire in an attempt to smoke out Lopez. Three shots echoed in the tunnel killing one m a n and injuring another. A posse charged the mine, Lopez fired on it and disappeared deeper into the mine.

79

Markham Bridge in Bingham Canyon over which the B & G Railroad traveled from Bingham to Garfield. The photograph was taken in the early 1920's. The large building to the left is Canyon Hall, which at various times was a school, an opera house, a dance hall, a garage, a skating rink, offices of the Utah Power and Light Company, and a confectionery store.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

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World War I was now being fought in Europe, and American industry responded with increased production. In 1916, 14 million tons of metal ore were mined in Utah; 13 million of it in Bingham. This represented increased production of 77 per cent over the previous year. At Bingham and the Utah Copper Company mills in Magna, workers' salaries had been increased better than 35 cents a day.80 An attempt was made by the IWW under Big Bill Haywood to promote a strike, but it was unsuccessful.81 The town reached the peak of its population and was in a continual state of flux from many forces.

The newspaper serving the town, the Bingham Press Bulletin, was an instant mirror of the attitudes toward the immigrants and the disparate news they produced. A half century later it gives an interesting picture of the town. Samplings for the year 1918 follow: Mike Concas assault on Dan Cardich with deadly weapon. It seems Mike invited Dan outside at a party and then hit him over the head with shovel or club. (January 18) Jap Greek White Slave Case A queenly maiden from Missouri known to her friends in this section as Billie . . . crushingly beautiful, . . . worked in house in Copperfield for two years Japanese Yoko accused Billie of taking $100. Billie denied "cabbaging" money but beat it out of the neighborhood to Salt Lake with the Greek. Appears Jap loved Billie and Billie loved the Greek . . . found at the Newhouse Hotel. In Billie's muff officers found $1,400 and a thousand dollars in diamonds. (February 1, March 8) Foreigners Registering This Week (February 8) Mucker terribly mangled by old shot. Greek employed in MontanaBingham loses both eyes and is badly lacerated about the body when he strikes old blast with pick. (February 8) Bingham Oriental Enlists in Uncle Sam's Army (February 15) Meatless and Wheatless Days (February 22) Commercial Club Gives Farewell to Serbians Serbians have already sent 90 to front (March 22) Italians Hold Patriotic Meeting in Commercial Club Greater part of program in Italian tongue (April 5) O n the 1st of December, lump sulphur, d a m p gunpowder, and cayenne pepper were lighted near the mine entrance, and the fires kept going for five days. O n December 15th the mine was ransacked. All t h a t was found was Stefano's blanket.

J o h n J. Creedon, "Down M e m o r y L a n e , " Bingham Press Bulletin, November 22, December 6, 13, 1963, J a n u a r y 3, 10, 17, 1964, believes the mystery has been overly romanticized. Lopez knew the labyrinth of the mine well, and there were several openings by which he could have escaped. s0 Bureau of Immigration, L a b o r a n d Statistics, Report. . . 1915-1916, 17.

81 Spendlove, "Bingham Canyon," 7 3 - 7 4 .

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Chin Ming Silk Movie O p e r a t o r Died Suddenly H e was about 30 years of age and was one of the best Chinese in the camp. (April 5) J. A. Young Assists Foreigners to Fill Assessment Blanks Mr. Young spent the first of the week with the foreigners, many of w h o m were unable to speak English. Still he was greatly impressed with their honesty. M r . Young is well pleased with the people of Bingham and was agreeably surprised to find them so much better than he h a d been led to believe from the distorted accounts he had read of Bingham in the Salt Lake papers. (April 12) Vasil Malinch Killed in Apex Mine Native of Serbia (April 26) Finns Resent Broadside in Salt Lake Paper A big mass meeting Sunday night in Swedish-Finnish T e m p e r a n c e Hall to protest article in Salt Lake T r i b u n e alleging 125 Finns as I.W.W.'s [had] been discharged from Bingham mines was branded falsehood. . . . believed caused by animosity towards their temperance movement and trying to clean u p the camp, improving moral conditions. Denied Finns pro-German. . . . H e also stated that the Finns were not strike agitators and that among them all in the great strike of 1912 not more than three or four voted for the strike and since America entered the war they were unanimous in their opposition to strikes. ( M a y 10) Joe Melich Goes to New York Joe Melich prominent business m a n and official of Phoenix [Mine] will leave for New York to attend important national meetings of Serbian organization. (May 10) J o h n Sakellaris, native of Greece, invested entire savings $2,000 in bonds! First Greek citizen to invest such a large sum. Believe encouragement to other Greek citizens. (May 10) Smith in Court on I.W.W. Charge Eugene Smith alleged financial agent of I.W.W. in U t a h charged with obstructing the recruiting and enlistment services of U.S. and hampering the work of the military forces and alleged to have m a d e statements that " W a r is only m u r d e r " and that American soldiers — t h a t is, the militia — murdered and cremated women and children in Colorado. (May 10) T h e Jesse Knight Miners are on Strike D e m a n d a pay day every two weeks instead of monthly. ( M a y 17) Patriotic Meeting for R e d Cross A rousing address by Greek consul, M r . Pappalion and he spoke in English and Greek. (May 24) Nearly 500 Draft Slackers Quizzed in Bingham A large number of foreigners expressed willingness to serve, but some preferred being sent back to native country. ( M a y 31) Gamblers Raided O n e Japanese others Greek (June 21)

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Restaurants Discard Sugar Bowls (July 12) Sheriff Corless Warned Not to Destroy Booze Warning not to destroy anymore booze or may come in contact with T.N.T. Defender of booze says some miners connected with I.W.W. (August 9) Isolation of Huns Favored by Speaker (September 6) Call for Strike Monday Morning Not Heeded Called by M.M.W.I.U. 80 branch of I.W.W. from Butte (September 6) Bingham Has a Big Honor Roll The Great Copper Company has 284 men for Uncle Sam's Army.

All nationalities represented (September 20) Proprietors of Independent Grocery brought in whiskey marked as olive oil. (September 20) Japanese Hold Liberty Mass Meeting (October 4) Influenza Spreading (October 4) Serbians at Highland Boy gratified at conclusion of war celebrate with old-fashioned barbecue of ox. (November 15)

T h e war catalyzed changes that were evolving. T h e Southern Europeans were leaving the mines, and Orientals were becoming more numerous. In 1919 the U t a h Copper Mine listed the following 1,800 employees. 82 Americans Foreigners Japanese and Koreans Greeks Italians Armenians Albanians 15 other nationalities

600 1,200

_

416 406 151 72 55 100

T h e intensified production needed for war had brought a great number of men into mining and kept the copper and lead market favorable.

With the end of hostilities, the oversupply of labor became evident, and the copper and lead market declined. By 1920 the mines h a d reached a low in output, and by 1921 metal mining was in "its worst condition in more than a generation . . . in condition of complete collapse by end of year." U t a h Copper was idle as were U t a h Consolidated, U t a h Apex, Ophir Hill Consolidated, and U t a h Metal and Tunnel. 83 In 1922 a sudden revival in the market opened Utah Copper in April, and by autumn the output was half of normal capacity. T h e increased 82

Spendlove, "Bingham Canyon," 112.

State of U t a h , Industrial Commission, Report [1920-1922] (Salt Lake City, [1923]), 938.

83

of the Industrial

Commission

of Utah

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mechanization of the mines had brought problems which were new to the industry. Machinemen were needed, but the "old timers" preferred mucking, even though it paid less. The shortage of men was in part due to the Johnson Law which restricted immigration from any country to three per cent of that nationality in this country. This caused a drop of immigrants in 1921 to 355,000 compared with 1,218,480 in 1914 and 1,197,892 in 1918.84 Industry blamed the unions for their situation.

T h e shortage of drill men, particularly of the better type of Englishspeaking miners is a serious matter. O n e reason as already stated is the difficulties under union regulations of teaching young men the technique of drilling and blasting rock undergound. Some means must be found to do so. 85

Although the mine operators during this time were still very conscious of a miner's nationality, they stopped taking count of this specifically. The reports of the Utah State Industrial Commission included the nationality of the dead, maimed, and injured for identification purposes and also the small sum that the companies paid to the survivors — most often in the miners' native lands.

The immigrants and native Americans had an especially good relationship during the twenties. One important reason for this can be traced to the Copper League Baseball that was organized in April of 1923.86 Bingham had had a baseball team since April 5, 1918, but the Copper League included all the mine and smelting camps. The League inspired community interest and feeling and gave the sons of immigrants an identification with their town and a sense of equality with the sons of the native born.

The newspaper still reported killings and "disturbances" by "foreigners," particularly bootleg violations, but there was no sign of the Ku Klux Klan incidents that occurred in Magna and Carbon County.87 The Bingham Press Bulletin of February 28, 1925, said: "The Klan parade at Salt Lake Monday evening surprised even those who are supposed to be well posted."

Bootlegging involved the natives as well as the immigrants. It appeared at times to be a community project. A federal grand jury in May 1928, indicted 40 "citizenry, including people prominent in local circles" for conspiracy in running a bootlegging ring.88 84

Bingham News, December 30, 1922.

Ibid.

86 Ibid., April 28, 1923.

87 Papanikolas, "Greeks of Carbon County," U.H.Q., XXII, 159-62.

88 Bingham Bulletin, May 3, 1928.

85

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By the end of the 1920's, the pattern of immigration became apparent again. T h e older immigrants who had caused the "disturbances" which were recorded in court notes a decade or two earlier had been marrying and raising children. Seldom now were the old-country names of the Continent carried in the court notes, except, of course, for bootlegging.

T h e newer immigrants of this hemisphere, particularly the Mexicans, were the disturbers of the peace and the authors of violence. 89 Even the collapse of the economy did not change this.

T h e depression of the 1930's brought out a valiant effort by the town to relieve "the distress of unemployment." Benefits were held continually.

Jobs of cleaning out flumes and improving roads and culverts gave temporary help. A work center was organized for women whose husbands were without work. T h e women sewed and quilted for general relief of needy families for $1.25 a day. T h e reduction of copper production cut the employees' time. T h e policy of the companies was to hire more men at less time to help alleviate the destitute condition of the miners.

T h e W P A brought an education program for the unemployed — teaching English, Spanish, typewriting, stenography, bookkeeping, domestic arts, and shop. Schools were barely saved from closing. Union activity continued, helped by the Wagner Act which made strikes legal. An abortive strike occurred in 1931. A strike in the underground mines of Bingh a m and Lark, where the miners were members of International Mine, s9 F o r examples, see ibid., December 18, 1930, M a r c h 12, August 27, September 17 1931 November 3, 1932.

Originally a Methodist Church, the Highland Boy Community House, established and run by Miss Ada Duhigg a deaconess of the Methodist Church, was a place of recreation for the youth of Bingham.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOSEPH PORATH COLLECTION

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Mill and Smelter Workers, was called on October 12, 1936, and settled on December 18 after extreme suffering by the strikers' families. The miners asked a pay increase and an eight-hour portal-to-portal shift as at Tintic. The settlement called for a 25-cent pay increase per shift and no discrimination because of strike activity.90 Throughout the depression years the immigrant generation and their children continued their old-country celebrations. The Serbians on Lossovo Day (commemorating the battle of Serbs and Turks on the Plain of Blackbirds, June 28, 1389) barbecued young pigs and recalled their native country's songs and dances. The Greeks on Saints' Days barbecued lambs and sang epic songs of their 400-year bondage to the Turks. The Italians on their national holidays prepared pasta dishes and could well have been, for the moment, in Italy. The songs and dances of various native countries are remembered by the native Americans to this day. Doctors, especially, and other professional people were invited to the celebrations as a sign of respect.

The war years of the forties again brought great activity to Bingham, but the immigrant generation had become the steady workers, living a quiet life. Their children were working in the mines and serving in the Army. The street was still the recreation of the immigrants. "One of Bingham's most used recreation centers is the sidewalk. The men of the town congregate on steps and low walls to talk things over. The conversations exchange opinions in several languages." 91 Their young people were marrying and raising families. Their sons, more often of Yugoslavic origins in contrast to those of Greek roots whose fathers left the mines in the twenties, were making mining, as it had been for the first Cornish miners, a hereditary occupation.

The immigrants had fared better in Bingham than those in other western mining towns. Along with the crowded, narrow terrain with its long ribbon of Main Street that made for close, colorful, and tolerant living, were exceptional people dedicated to the welfare of the immigrants.

There were many native Americans who gave the immigrants the same respect that they gave each other. There were many immigrants who were hard-working and grateful to be in America, people such as the Catholic Creedons who ran a boardinghouse, Charles Demas from Greece who owned a grocery store. They represented industriousness and integrity that the American has always prized.

90 91

Tribune, November 15, 1936.

Ibid., January 8, 1950.

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All mining towns had worthy immigrants, but in Bingham the liberal attitude of the professional people reflected on the general population and made for the more enlightened atmosphere. In comparison with Carbon County, for example, where doctors, lawyers, and teachers usually stayed a short time and were often hostile to the immigrants, Bingham's professional people were long-time residents, actively interested in the immigrants.

Doctor F. E. Straup, the autocratic mayor of Bingham for many years, came to the " c a m p " with less than a dollar expecting to die of consumption. H e stayed, survived, and thrived. Dr. Russell G. Frazier (physician with Admiral Byrd's 1939 antarctic expedition) and Dr. Paul Richards' lives are interwoven with that of Bingham. Their work among the miners and their families is of the kind that inspires biographers.

John Creedon suggests that with passing time, mine managers felt closer to their workers and sponsored athletic programs and other civic projects for their benefit. T h e Gemmel Club was of great value to the community. Later managers lived in Bingham, and the absentee-landlord stigma was replaced with a sense of common ties. Louis Buchman, of Utah Copper; V. S. " C a p " Rood, superintendent of Apex; and Frank Wardlaw, of Highland Boy — all lived in the town.

T h e Catholic priests of the twenties and thirties did a great service to the youth of Bingham with their baseball and basketball programs as part of the Catholic Youth Organization. The relations between the immigrant children and the "American" children were better and closer than in most mining and smelting towns and can be traced to the efforts of priests, the Franciscan Sisters, ministers, and other religious representatives working together for the young people.

In Highland Boy a deaconess of the Methodist Church, Miss Ada Duhigg, came as a young woman and remained to help and comfort immigrant families. She kept a community house open to all nationalities. There she held kindergarten, provided a gymnasium, conducted funeral services, and helped those who were in need. Miss Vern Baer, well-loved teacher of an army of Bingham children for 32 years, says of Miss Duhigg, Miss Duhigg was a saint, if one can use that word for anyone it should be used for her. In the 1926 snowslide when thirty-nine people were killed and houses destroyed, Miss Duhigg worked without thought of herself to bring relief to the families. In the Highland Boy disaster of 1932 when the entire area was burned to the ground with stills blowing up, Miss Duhigg united the town to provide clothing and bedding. I n tragedies and in the

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOSEPH PORATH COLLECTION

With the expansion of operations of Kennecott Copper Corporation, homes and businesses were purchased and dismantled.

Scene of the dismantling of the Thompson Building, which was a rooming house, a bar, barbershop, and even housed the county jail at one time. Photograph taken in 1962. ordinary incidents of everyday life Miss Duhigg was indispensable. She was the intermediary between us at the school and the children's parents. No one did more to unite the immigrants and the native Americans and make Bingham a closely knit community than Miss A d a Duhigg. 9 2

With people such as these, with the vigorous life of which they were a part, and in the narrow, protected canyon that gave security, the immigrants found their new-world home. Their exodus in the early 1960's, made necessary by the needs of the copper industry to expand their operations into the canyon, was their second uprooting. They lingered until the final moment. To leave their town was as hard for them as the leaving of their native lands when they were young. The old-timers feel their dispersion strongly and recall with nostalgia their town that has now only vestiges of what it had been. They know with regret that some day there will be no trace of the life that had been lived in Bingham Canyon.

Personal interview with Miss Vern Baer.

SERBIANAustrian Christmas at Highland Boy

BY CLAIRE N O A L L

The house of Pete and Milka Loverich was warm from more than the flame on the hearth and the glass in the hand when Dr. Paul Snelgrove Richards first paid his friends a Christmas visit. That snowy day in 1923 he called on nine different families at Highland Boy, a Utah mining camp in the right-hand fork of Bingham Canyon. As in the other homes of the settlement of between 3,000 and 4,000 people, at the Loveriches he was greeted with the joyous expression, "MzV Boze, Kristos se Rodi!"

Pete slapped this new friend on the back and gave him a kiss on both cheeks.

Young Milka, Sophie, and the boys in the family echoed their parents' greeting in English, "God's peace, Christ is born!"

The whole large dining room of people, miners who were boarding at this house and some of their friends from other homes, spoke up, offering the traditional greeting.

"You honor us," said one. Another man gave the doctor a friendly slap. Genuine hospitality would be extended to everyone who entered this door during the three days of the festivities.

Some of the women were dressed in their native costumes. And as it slowly Mrs. Noall is an author and former contributor to the Quarterly. Dr. Paul Richards, about whom Mrs. Noall writes, was company physician and surgeon for the United States Mining, Smelting, and Refining Company at Bingham for 35 years.

In writing this story the author consulted the typescript "Memoirs of Dr. Paul Snelgrove Richards" (in the possession of Mrs. J. Bryan Barton) ; "Serbian Christmas Customs," by Voislav M. Petrovitch, and "Why Do We Celebrate Christmas on January Seventh?" in The Messenger; and notes from Mrs. Ethel Richards Baker (daughter of Dr. Richards), Walnut Creek, California.

T h e author is grateful for the assistance of the following individuals for their help through personal interviews: Mrs. Lucile Ewart Hutchings, Miss Mary Joy Richards, Mr. Steve Smilanich, and Mrs. Milka Smilanich.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Highland Boy Mine in Bingham Canyon about 1910. The building with the smoke stack in the center of the picture is the compressor house for Highland Boy Mine.

burned, the large end of the Badnyak, the sacred log — an oak in Serbia, a juniper in Highland Boy — scented the room. Mrs. Loverich passed Dr. Paul the wine, bobbing an old-world curtsy as she held the tray. He reached for a glass of red wine. She deftly turned and with a smile indicated the choicer but also homemade white beverage.

Like Christmas bells the doctor's characteristic laugh rang through the room. He smelted the bouquet. For the first time he toasted these patients, these friends, at the beginning of the three-day festival. On the last Christmas before his death, he again toasted those who were still living, but now in young Milka's home. She was then Mrs. George Smilanich — a widow, with some of her children quite grown. Her parents no longer

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kept the boardinghouse. Like young Milka's husband, they too had gone.

I n 1958 Dr. Paul's face was as white as the snow through which he had ridden horseback to the feast in 1923. Yet, as with all but very few Christmases after that first year, nothing could have kept him from his friends.

Lost for a moment in the crowd while all were still toasting each other on this January 7th, 1923, he noticed the Serbs lifting the glass to the Austrians, and the other way about. Having already visited many homes this day, he realized that the Austrians — who, as a nation, were strictly Roman Catholic — had joined the Serbs in observing the day set aside for the Nativity according to the Gregorian Calendar. In their religion the Serbs at the camp were Eastern Orthodox. T h e doctor fell in with the spirit and atmosphere, but he could hardly believe the pattern of these toasts. T w o men known to be fiercely at odds were raising the glass to each other. H e looked, he gulped and cracked a joke hardly fit for a nun but which was undoubtedly aimed at cementing still further this amazing act of friendship.

As the day passed he learned that this offering was no more than typical. All enmity was now banished from the homes. T h e doctor may have recalled the tree which he h a d placed at the door of the building down the canyon, which housed both hospital and medical clinic. The tree still stood on the porch in the center of the town of Bingham, glittering with tinsel and colored baubles. His new friends, the miners and their families, h a d been so impressed by this first public display for Christmas in Bingham that several of them immediately urged Dr. Paul to attend their January 7th celebration.

"You would honor us," said a m a n with a crushed finger. " W e would like to have you come, Doc," said his wife. "Please, do."

At the Loveriches, as an undertone to the merriment, Dr. Paul studied the spirit which seemed so very different from the Christmas rites among his own beloved people. H e watched, he waited, he had to understand the nature of this distinction.

With another ringing laugh, he accepted a second glass of wine. Once more he toasted both men, the Austrian and the Serb. H e toasted this house. T h e boarders stood around. They had all chipped in for the feast ; they were now ready to receive their reward. T h e ruddy faces reflected the light from the embers of the log. Everyone was keen for the meal. T h e actual preparations had begun months ago, in late September and early October, with the vintage of the grapes imported to Bingham, almost by the carload. Each year it was the same. T h e day that the children showed

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up on the schoolgrounds with their feet stained purple, the whole town knew they had been crushing the fruit in the great vats at Highland Boy. T h e immediate beginning of the feast had occurred with the roasting of the suckling pig in the dooryard of the boardinghouse, only yesterday.

T h e tantalizing odor of the meat had risen with the steam. As it wafted down canyon, up the hill trailed the youngsters. Nearing the spit, they broke into a lively gait, tramping down the snow, rushing forward with great chunks of bread in their hands. Breathlessly, each waited his turn to scoop up some of the drippings from the pan beneath the spit. With this act, Christmas had really begun for the camp. Pete Loverich had never turned down a single youngster. Though their mischief could at times rise to the sky, at this moment the kids were his gang. T h e meat would taste all the better at the table because they would have had their taste of the drippings.

Milka, Pete's wife, had commenced her preparations at sink, stove, and counter weeks ago. A great storeroom ran directly into the mountain, connected with the kitchen by a narrow passage. This underground cooler, or "refrigerator," had been heaped with smoked hams and other meats, such as beef, bologna, sausage; with salted fish, pickled cucumbers, and preserved fruits; with cheeses, butter, and large pans of sarma; almost anything one could put away ahead of time.

At each place at the long table, to be occupied mostly by men and served by women, a soup plate now stood waiting. Once the guests were seated, Milka brought in a huge tureen of her delicious broth. It was simply floating with homemade noodles, cut as fine as the blades of rosemary she had dropped into the pot. Here she had also simmered the tender part of a head of cabbage. At the same time she had parboiled some outside leaves for the sarma. Sniffing the aromatic odor, Dr. Paul, as guest of honor, was the first to pass his dish forward.

After the soup the cold meats were served, and now came the sarma, piping hot. For this typically Eastern dish, Milka had held on the palm of her left hand, one at a time, the parboiled leaves. With exactly the right turn, she had folded in the edges of the cabbage leaf around a tablespoonful of wonderfully seasoned, ground pork. After filling several large pans with the meatballs, she put them aside in the underground room.

T h e sarma now came to the table straight from the oven. W h a t a tantalizing note it added to the cold meats and the sauerkraut, and even to the pickles, preserves, and fancy breads that Milka had m a d e ! One of these was the pevitza, mixed with honey and crushed walnuts.

Barbecuing the traditional pig for the SerbianAustrian Christmas.

STEVE SMILANICH

The head of the barbecued pig being displayed. The head is placed upright in the center of the table with a glass of wine in its mouth as the symbol of the Serbian Boar's Head and the blood of Christ.

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Still, no man's appetite was dimmed. The real highlight of the feast was yet to come. Milka, followed by the girls with dishes of hot vegetables, brought from the huge iron stove the suckling pig. She placed the great platter, smoking hot, before her husband. Cheers and sighs went up from the men. Pete took his sharp knife and severed the head. He arranged it upright on a special plate. Before transferring the plate to the center of the table he removed the apple that was resting on the top of a glass of red wine. He sipped the wine and offered the glass to Dr. Paul, who also took one sip and then asked the blessing of the Lord upon this house and all the friends therein. Pete placed the glass in the mouth of the pig as the symbol of the Serbian Boar's Head and the blood of Christ. Near the center of the table a can tied with a small bow of ribbon held a cluster of sprouted wheat which Milka had planted on December 19th, St. Nicholas' Day. Its fresh and charming green complemented the ceremonial wine as the sign of the resurrection after the Cross.

When the meat was served, the guests fell to, singing their praises and again cracking their jokes. The laughter rang from end to end of the table. Milka, the daughter, clapped her hands when Dr. Paul found a coin in his piece of the round flat loaves baked for the occasion. The children had washed and polished several pieces of money until they shone brighter than any little old bauble on a fir tree. The mother had hidden them in the dough as a token of the giving of one's means as well as his heart.

Finally, with appetites still quite competent, the guests were ready for the dessert. Over a rich dough, beaten, kneaded and rolled thin upon a cloth that covered the top of the kitchen table, Milka, the mother, had spread a bounteous layer of freshly sliced apples. After sprinkling them with cinnamon and other spices, she picked up the corner of the cloth to roll the strudel. As the concoction took shape, she peeled the cloth away and then folded the roll, tripling it from end to end so that it just fit into her largest roasting pan. At the table she cut the strudel crosswise and served it hot with another taste of wine.

At last the doctor sat his good horse for the homeward journey. In those days he made all his calls on horseback. With his family he lived just across the street from the hospital in downtown Bingham. His mount knew the way by starlight. Dr. Paul pondered the essence of the meaning of this day as he again heard the folk songs of the young people who had dressed in costume. Again he saw the intricate steps of the peasant dances.

At times the group had made a wide circle and had then broken up for a measure or two, as in a square dance. What was this wonderful, different

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matrix of the East? Dr. Paul asked himself. Some day he was sure to understand. Another year would come and, with it, other invitations. At this camp a man's word was his promise.

During the years Dr. Paul had a rich experience as company physician and surgeon for the "United States Mines." Actually, these works were part of the United States Mining, Smelting, and Refining Company at Copperfield, which was one of many groups to work the underground tunnels in the mountains high above the open pit of the famous copper mine. The doctor's fame as a mender of broken backs spread until patients were flown to him from all over the United States.

In time he leased the Bingham Hospital and Clinic. Psychologically, he did a remarkable job with his patients. In his dark brown eyes there was a special gleam, a light that served as both lure and goad. When watching a man attempt his first wobbly steps in an effort to come back to the world after some terrible injury, Dr. Paul would stand by. If he did not actually speak the words, his glance formed the command, "Try, man, try. I know you can do it." The magnetic voice might then boom out, "Go on, go on. Of course you can walk!" The joyous laugh would follow the successful effort.

Every Christmas after he had leased the hospital, Dr. Paul assembled his staff at six o'clock in the morning. Doctors, nurses, and maintenance workers would stand around the piano in the corridor of the second floor.

Down the hall and into the rooms would travel the sounds of the traditional carols, the ancient songs from many countries that honor the birth of Christ. Some of the patients might find their eyes moist with tears over the thought of still being alive, or even of missing the fun at the camp.

Among the staff was a couple who had met in Bingham, John and Lucile Ewart Hutchings. They fell in love and married, and became proteges of the doctor. John had commenced his work at the hospital in order to settle an account charged to his brother, who was very ill. Lucile was a splendid nurse. John felt happy to see her accept the invitations for the Christmas festivities at the camp as the doctor's companion for the day.

After Pete and Milka Loverich had both died, their daughter Milka carried on in their place. She had long since married George Smilanich.

Friends and relatives now gathered at their home in the camp. Later, after his own father had died, it was young Steve Smilanich who gave Dr. Paul a slap on the back and offered the kiss of affection.

Just 35 years after the doctor's first Christmas at Highland Boy, he again shared the holiday with the Smilanich family. Steve had become a

Christmas in Bingham

323 writer for the United Press International. Since 1923 the only celebrations Dr. Paul had missed among his friends in the canyon were when he h a d gone East for surgery on his hands, and following this incident, when he was at his ranch near West Yellowstone. Like Bingham itself, he had to face a new way of life. His protection against the X-ray machine which had enabled him to study his patients' injuries h a d been a little less than perfect. H e had spared nothing k n o w n in his defense against t h e powerful ray, but in the long run he paid the full price for this usage.

As happy as he was to be at the Smilanich home in 1958, says Lucile Dr. Paul Snelgrove Richards Hutchings, Dr. Paul looked surprised, (1892-1958) even a bit hurt over such tidbits as olives, potato chips, and store-bought dill pickles. Even the can of sprouted wheat was tied with a bow of red, white, and blue ribbon. Yet the eyes of Milka Smilanich shone with tenderness while she and her children observed the old ways. Milka had attended the local school. She was American ; still she was devoted to the symbols of the East.

Today, Highland Boy is a ghost town. T h e underground mines are closed, while the work of the Kennecott Copper Company has been amazingly extended. Milka now lives at the mouth of the canyon in Lead Mine.

Until 1962 she held the Christmas celebration at her home. In 1963 the party was moved to Tooele, where her sister Sophie lives.

Mrs. Hutchings tells how Dr. Paul called for her early on that morning for his last "Bohonk" Christmas. H e often used this term in speaking of the celebration at the camp. For him this was a pet name, employed only in deep affection and respect. Although he then drove an excellent car, he wanted an early start. T h e road was slippery, the steep-walled mountains were white with snow. T h e narrow, winding road was still subject to many a hazard.

At the Smilaniches the doctor h a d always offered his h a n d to help Lucile over the snow and up the icy path. But that day the nurse, who

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had worked at Bingham until the hospital itself was forced to close its doors because of the change in mining conditions, wanted very much to help Dr. Paul. "But this," she says, picturing that last Christmas with a somewhat wistful glance, "was something one would not dream of suggesting. And once within the house the doctor found warmth enough to offset the weather."

In that narrow fork with its deep snow, Dr. Paul's last visit to the Smilanich home might have been tempered by his own pain had he not retained his courage. For some years he had been practicing at the Memorial Medical Center in Salt Lake City, an organization for whose governing spirit he had been responsible. Now, however, it could have been his turn to be wheedled or goaded into action. He required no such treatment. His laugh was not denied. Like Christmas bells it rang through the room.

In his own words we may read of his admiration for the "Bohonk Christmas." He had long since come to understand its essential meaning: This was a time when judgment against another for some individual trespass simply could not be held by anyone. The doctor understood this sense of forgiveness and love in the radiant faces of the women, and in the clasp of brotherhood when hand met hand among the men.

In answer to the urging of two of his sisters1 he finally dictated his memoirs. In reference to the Christmas celebration at Highland Boy, he said: I think this was one of the most interesting things that ever came into my life. I t was an entirely new and different concept of Christmas — something I h a d never known before. H e r e the spirit of Christmas was the emotional giving of one's self openly and wholeheartedly to any and all w h o would come to the door. T h e Austrian homes were open twenty-four hours a day for three consecutive days, and all w h o came were invited in and fed. T h e meal was a b a n q u e t such as I h a d never experienced in a home previously. Everyone was wined and dined most royally a n d the feeling of friendship and genial association was very impressive. I comprehended for the first time in my life t h a t the giving of one's self to his friends and to all those who were attracted to his home is the true spirit of Christmas. T h e r e was nothing in the home t h a t passed from one person to another that was not produced with their own hands. T h e people raised their own sheep and pigs a n d these were dressed and barbecued the day before the Christmas celebration. T h e entire b a n q u e t was prepared from things that the family h a d m a d e in their own home. T h e custom of giving to others with no feeling of a purchase presence [sic] moved me deeply.

1

Miss Mary Joy Richards, Mrs. J. Bryan Barton.

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The gifts were all homemade. The planning and the work, the selfexpression and real feeling that went into them were remarkable and unique.

Strangely, Dr. Paul still referred to the customs he so much loved as the Austrian Christmas. He must have known that it was the Serbian tradition that had shaped the festivities. In any case he now understood its meaning. He finally left the house on this, his last day in Highland Boy, knowing well where he himself stood with the world. In farewell he said, "Mir Boze, Kristos se Rodi!" And the laugh rang out.

Bingham, despite its mere 37 voters, is still legally a thirdclass city. Once populated by thousands of persons, Bingham is being cleared out as Kennecott Copper Corporation buys up privately owned land in the canyon and moves ahead swiftly in expanding operations at its Bingham open-pit mine.

Only two business houses remain in operation. So does the City Hall. Everything else, except a few homes, has either been removed or is in the process of being removed.

Panoramic

view of Fort Douglas,

1868, looking southwest

toward Salt Lake

Valley.

THE U.S. ARMY OVERLOOKS SALT LAKE VALLEY At the outbreak of the Civil War, the federal government became worried about the safety of the Overland Mail route. With the exception of an enclave of Mormons in Utah and miners in several other areas, the United States was essentially two nations. To the east of Utah, the frontier line stood at about the first tier of states west of the Mississippi River; to the west, settlements and states had been created on the West Coast. The connection between these two areas was, at best, tenuous. Although the wires of the transcontinental telegraph were joined on October 24, 1861, they were menaced, as were the Pony Express and Overland Mail, not by dissident Confederates, but by hostile Indians.

The press of wartime conditions forced the government to pull troops from Camp Floyd (renamed Fort Crittenden) in July 1861. In April 1862 President Abraham Lincoln authorized Brigham Young to raise and equip one company of volunteers for 90 days to protect the lines of communication. Led by Captain Lot Smith, a full company of 100 men saw limited service until mustered out in August. This was only a temporary expedient, Leonard Arrington is professor of economics, U t a h State University. Thomas Alexander, assistant professor of history at Brigham Young University, was visiting professor of economic history at U t a h State University at the time the article was written. This is the seventh of a series of articles on the history and economics of defense installations in U t a h , all of which have been supported by grants from the U t a h State University Research Council.

J t „,*#*•-«.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

FORT DOUGLAS, 18624965 by

LEONARD J. ARRINGTON and THOMAS G. ALEXANDER Aerial view of the Fort, 1965.

U.S. ARMY PHOTOGRAPH

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however, and the W a r Department soon called upon General George Wright, commander of the Department of the Pacific, to furnish protection for the mail route. Wright decided to establish posts at Simpson's Park, California; Ruby Valley, Nevada; and C a m p Floyd, Utah. Under orders from General Wright, therefore, Colonel (later General) Patrick Edward Connor, with 700 men of the Third California Infantry and part of the Second California Cavalry, moved toward Utah. Connor's task was made doubly hard by the belief of federal officials that the mail route was not secure in Mormon hands and that surveillance of the Latter-day Saints was also necessary. 1 LOCATION OF C A M P DOUGLAS

By early September Connor and his troops had reached Fort Ruby in eastern Nevada, where the colonel left his men to personally investigate the U t a h situation. H e visited C a m p Floyd, then traveled on to Salt Lake City, where he spent September 9 in reconnoitering the Mormon capital. 2 After this visit Connor concluded that C a m p Floyd, which was in ruins, was unsuitable for his troops. T h e owner asked $15,000 for the few buildings remaining, the timber supply at the Cedar Valley post was scarce, and the only redeeming quality was the abundance of grazing land. By this time Connor was also convinced that the Mormons constituted "a community of traitors, murderers, fanatics, and whores," and that unless protection of the Overland Mail route were to be the government's only consideration, a fort near Salt Lake City would be a necessity.3 Connor then transferred his troops to the Mormon capital where, on September 20, 1862, on a plateau about three miles east of the city "in the vicinity of good timber and sawmills, and at a point where hay, grain, and other produce can be purchased cheaper than at Fort Crittenden," he established camp.

At this point, he wrote, "1,000 troops would be more efficient than 3,000 on the other side of the Jordan." Officially established on October 26, 1862, the post was named after Senator Stephen A. Douglas, the "Little Giant" and Lincoln's opponent in the 1860 election. 4 1 Ray C. Colton, The Civil War in the Western Territories: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (Norman, 1959), 1 6 2 - 6 3 ; History of Fort Douglas, Utah 22 Oct 1862 — 30 Sept 1954 (n.p., ca. 1954, pamphlet, U t a h State Historical Society Library), no pagination (hereafter cited as History of Fort Douglas, 1954).

2 Gustive O. Larson, " U t a h and the Civil War," Utah Historical Quarterly, 33 (Winter 1965), 62.

3 Connor to Drum, Sept. 14, 1862 in George W. Davis, Leslie J. Perry, and Joseph W. Kirkley, eds., The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C., 1897), Series I, Vol. L, Part 2, p. 119.

4 Connor to Drum, October 20, 1862, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 187: Connor to Adjutant General, November 9, 1862, ibid., 2 1 8 ; Salt Lake Tribune, February 3, 1930, October 19, 1952; Fred B. Rogers, Soldiers of the Overland (San Francisco, 1938), 19, 27. Some suggestions

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329

Because Connor and his Volunteers arrived at Salt Lake City late in the season, they were forced to construct temporary winter shelters. T h e troops built 32 dugouts, 13 feet square and 5 feet deep, over which they pitched tents for enlisted men. Small buildings of logs and adobe over similar excavations were constructed for the officers. I n addition the troops constructed a commanding officer's quarters, a guardhouse, a bake house, a small log hospital with three ward tents, six stables, a blacksmith shop, and a quartermaster building. 5 After wintering in these temporary quarters, Connor's Volunteers constructed more permanent quarters in 1863. With the exception of the guardhouse, the magazine, and the arsenal, which were of stone, all of the buildings were constructed of wood. Because the Volunteers hauled most of the timber from the canyons, the Army h a d to pay only for small amounts of lumber, shingles, and nails. T h e troops built 11 barracks, 85 by 28 feet, each with an open veranda; 8 officers' quarters, 40 by 26 feet, with 8 rooms each; 12 married soldiers' quarters; and a post ice house, coal house, hospital, and wood and hay yards. 6 C A M P DOUGLAS D U R I N G T H E CIVIL W A R

After the establishment of C a m p Douglas, Colonel Connor and his men busied themselves with the discipline and control of Indians. Their were made in 1863 that Fort Crittenden might be reoccupied, but this was apparently not done.

Drum to Connor, July 18, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 547-48 and D r u m to Connor, August 19, 1863, ibid., 5 8 1 .

5 Rogers, Soldiers of the Overland, 5 7 - 6 0 ; War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 3 2 5 - 2 6 ; History of Fort Douglas, 1954.

0 Rogers, Soldiers of the Overland, 118—20.

U.S. ARMY PHOTOGRAPH

Painting of General Patrick Connor (1820-1891) hanging in the Fort Douglas Officers' Club.

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Utah Historical Quarterly

most important expedition was that which led to the Battle of the Bear on January 29, 1863. Connor believed that the Indians whom he fought there had harrassed the Overland Mail for 15 years and had murdered miners in northern Utah and southern Idaho. Connor's men virtually wiped out a party of more than 300 men, women, and children.7 This expedition, for which Connor was promoted to brigadier general, was only the most outstanding of a number of forays, most of which took place in 1863, which aimed at quieting the Indian menace to the Overland Mail lines, to prospectors, and to western-bound emigrants.8 Other skirmishes, led by men from Connor's command, took place in Cache Valley, Skull Valley, Cedar Valley, and Utah Valley.9 In the summer of 1863, after the spring expeditions, the general, together with Governors James Duane Doty of Utah and James W. Nye of Nevada, negotiated treaties with many of the tribes. Thereafter, Indian relations in Utah were fairly peaceful until the Black Hawk War began in 1865.10 Other campaigns in which Connor and troops from Camp Douglas participated, such as the Powder River Campaign of 1865, were generally outside the Territory of Utah.

It has been widely believed that Connor was entirely unjustified in his intense dislike of the Mormons and his desire to keep them in check.11 One historian has recently pointed out, however, that it was not uncommon for "outsiders" to misinterpret the Mormon doctrine of the Kingdom of God. Certainly, Connor's feelings toward the Saints evince a belief that they (the Mormons) had sought to establish a temporal power to supersede the federal government.12 Of even greater importance to the general was the aid which Mormons appeared to be giving to the "enemies" of the United States — not the Confederates, to be sure — but the 7 Wright to Thomas, San Francisco, February 20, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 1, 184; Connor to Drum, February 6, 1863, ibid., 185-87; Col ton, Civil War, 164-66. See also Brigham D. Madsen, The Bannocks of Idaho (Caldwell, Idaho, 1959), Chap. 5 ; M . D. Beal, A History of Southeastern Idaho . . . (Caldwell, Idaho, 1942), Chap. X I I ; Edward W. Tullidge, Northern Utah and Southern Idaho, from Tullidge's Histories . . . (2 vols., Salt Lake City, 1889), I I , 36 Iff. 8 O n Connor's appointment to brigadier see Halleck to Connor, March 29, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 1, 187; Colton, Civil War, 166.

9 Colton, Civil War, 163-69. For the correspondence dealing with these events see Connor to Drum, March 23, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 363; Connor to Drum, April 9, 1863, ibid., Part 1, 1 9 8 - 2 0 1 ; Report of Anthony Ethier, April 6, 1863, ibid., 2 0 0 - 0 1 ; Connor to Drum, April 13, 1863, ibid., Part 2, 3 9 1 ; Connor to Drum, April 16, 1863, ibid., 404; Connor to Drum, April 28, 1863, ibid., 4 1 5 ; and Connor to Drum, June 11, 1863, ibid., 4 8 1 . " C o l t o n , Civil War, 169-70; Connor to Drum, July 18, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 5 2 7 - 3 0 ; Connor to Drum, June 7, 1863, ibid., 474.

11 O n this point see the quotations from several historians in History of Fort Douglas, 1954.

12 Larson, " U t a h and the Civil War," U.H.Q., 33, pp. 6 3 - 6 4 ; Connor to Drum, June 24, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 492-94.

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Indians, who to the troops at C a m p Douglas, presented the more immediate threat. Numerous reports came to Connor of Mormons giving help to Indians who had been fighting his troops or attacking the Overland Mail lines. 13 T h e Mormon attitude is easily explained by their theological disposition to respect and be friendly with the Indians and by the necessity of coexisting with those who might represent a threat to them. (This is not to deny that the Mormons may have sought to use the Indians to accomplish desired ends.) But these considerations did not assuage Connor's distrust after he saw great numbers of his men killed and the mail lines disrupted by the same "savages."

Connor's distrust of the Mormons also led him to other actions, such as posting a provost guard in Salt Lake City after he concluded that the Saints had caused the new national currency to depreciate. H e removed the guard after General Irvin McDowell, who had replaced General Wright as commander of the Department of the Pacific, feared that trouble might result. 14 Forgetting the cost of transportation from the nearest eastern market, Connor was also outraged by the high prices which he had to pay for goods purchased from the Mormons; and for that reason, he imported most of his supplies from the East. 15 Obviously suspicious, Connor found symptoms of disloyalty not only among the Mormons, but also among overland emigrants, employees of the Overland Mail lines, and other Gentiles who interfered with federal activities. 16 O n September 17, 1863, less than a year after the California Volunteers h a d established camp in Utah, argentiferous ore was discovered by " M o r m o n boys" in Bingham Canyon and brought to General Connor for assay. Under Connor's direction a claim was filed, and the West Mountain Quartz Mining District was organized. This was the first recorded mining claim in the Territory of Utah, and the first mining district to be 13 For the reports see Wright to Thomas, February 20, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 1, 184; Connor to Drum, February 6, 1863, ibid., 1 8 5 - 8 7 ; Connor to D r u m , April 9, 1863, ibid., 1 9 8 - 9 9 ; Report of Anthony Ethier, April 6, 1863, ibid., 2 0 0 - 0 1 ; Connor to D r u m , April 13, 1863, ibid., Part 2, 3 9 1 ; Connor to D r u m , April 28, 1863, ibid., 4 1 5 ; Connor to Halleck, April 13, 1863, ibid., 2 1 5 ; Connor to Drum, J u n e 11, 1863, ibid., 4 8 1 ; Connor to D r u m , June 24, 1863, ibid., 4 9 2 - 9 4 ; Connor to Drum, June 28, 1863, ibid., 499.

14 Colton, Civil War, 189-90. For the relevant correspondence see War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 889, 893-94, 9 0 1 , 904, 909-10, 913-14, 9 2 3 ; also ibid., 715-16, 7 4 8 - 5 0 ; D r u m to Connor, July 27, 1864, ibid., 9 2 3 ; D . Alexander Brown, The Galvanized Yankees (Urbana, Illinois, 1963), 148. T h e currency depreciation charge, of course, merely illustrates the lack of sophistication of the general in monetary matters and his propensity to believe that the Mormons conspired to undermine the Union. T h e new United States Notes — "Lincoln Skins" — were circulating at a discount in many parts of the nation — not only in U t a h !

15 Connor to Halleck, February 15, 1864, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 7 4 8 - 5 0 ; Connor to Drum, February 19, 1863, ibid., 318.

16 Connor to Drum, December 20, 1862, ibid., 2 5 6 - 5 7 ; Connor to Drum, July 18, 1863, ibid., 527-30.

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formally organized and recorded. Due to the failure of the legislature to pass a law permitting the general incorporation of mining companies, however, a new company, the West Jordan Mining Company, was later incorporated under the laws of the State of California and began working the claims. 17 These and other opportunities induced Connor to propose a "peaceful" solution to " t h e Mormon problem" by promoting the development of mining in Utah. 1 8 H e instructed his officers to lead patrols into various areas for the express purpose of prospecting for precious minerals in the hope that Gentiles attracted by the mines acting in concert with the now oppressed b u t dissatisfied saints, will peacefully revolutionize the odious system of c h u r c h domination which has so long b o u n d d o w n a deluded a n d ignorant community and threatened the peace a n d welfare of the people a n d country. 1 9

T h e prospecting ventures took miners into areas stretching from southern U t a h to southern Idaho.

I n an attempt to secure the federal position in the West and to aid settlers, Connor also promoted other ventures. H e sent troops to garrison such posts as Fort Bridger to help secure the Overland Mail route. 20 H e also took a group of Morrisites, an apostate Mormon sect, to Soda Springs, Idaho, where he established C a m p Connor to guard the point at which the road from Salt Lake City north intersected the Oregon-California Trail. His troops there discovered a new trail which cut about 70 miles from the old overland route. 21 Connor also proposed an abortive scheme to supply C a m p Douglas in winter time by opening a route to the Colorado River at Fort Mojave, Arizona. 22 T h e life of the frontier soldier during the Civil War, however, was not all fighting Indians, establishing new posts, and outwitting Mormons.

C a m p Douglas, even in "war-time," was not without its diversions. T h e troops built a theater which was remodeled in the fall of 1864, in which national theatrical companies such as the Wanton Stock Company played.

Between acts the men could buy pies, cakes, candies, fruits, and soft drinks 17 See Leonard J. Arrington, "Abundance from the E a r t h : T h e Beginnings of Commercial Mining in U t a h , " U.H.Q., 31 (Summer, 1963), 194ff.

18 Connor to Drum, October 26, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 655. w Connor to Drum, July 1, 1864, ibid., 887; Lewis to Smith, May 9, 1864, ibid., 845; Lewis to Baldwin, May 11, 1864, ibid., 8 4 6 ; and Lewis to Berry, May 13, 1864, ibid., 845.

20 D r u m to Connor, December 12, 1862, ibid., 251.

21 Connor to Drum, April 22, 1863, War of the Rebellion, I, L, Part 2, 4 1 1 ; Connor to Alvord, June 10, 1863, ibid., 4 7 9 ; D r u m to Connor, May 6, 1863, ibid., 4 2 7 ; Connor to Drum, June 2, 1863, ibid., Part 1, 2 2 6 - 2 9 ; Connor to Drum, June 29, 1863, ibid., Part 2, 501-02.

22 Connor to Drum, March 20, 1864, ibid., 803.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY FRED B . R O G E R S C O L L E C T I O N

Printing office of the U n i o n Vedette at Fort Douglas in 1868.

at refreshment stands. General Connor, himself, apparently preferred to go into the city to see performances in the Salt Lake Theatre. O n Saturday evening girls from the city were invited to participate in dances held at C a m p Douglas Hall. Soldiers could ride the four-horse, doubledecker bus to Salt Lake City, then a frontier metropolis of 20,000, though it is doubtful that the $16.00 per month which recruits received went far.

Among other diversions were meetings of the lodge of the Good Templars, a temperance organization. Still, camp life was no continual round of enjoyment; activities such as inspections, woodcutting details, and twicedaily drills kept the troops on their toes.23 F R O M T H E CIVIL W A R TO T H E S P A N I S H AMERICAN W A R

In November 1865 General Connor relinquished command to Colonel Carroll H . Potter, and by the end of the winter of 1865 almost all of the California and Nevada Volunteers had been mustered out.24 This evacuation left the post garrisoned almost entirely by ex-Confederates, or "Galvanized Yankees," of the Sixth Volunteer Infantry. Late in the spring of 1866, the Southerners left for Fort Bridger, and the Eighteenth U.S. Infantry took command of the post.25 23

Brown, Galvanized Yankees, 1 4 7 - 5 1 ; Rogers, Soldiers of the Overland, 122.

Connor was offered a commission as colonel of cavalry in the regular Army, "but declined on account of his mining interests." H e was mustered out of service on April 30, 1866, and returned to Stockton, U t a h , to resume active direction of his mining and smelting ventures. These did not prove profitable. Connor died in Salt Lake City on December 17, 1891.

25 Brown, Galvanized Yankees, 157-59.

24

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Because the buildings had been hastily constructed, they remained in serviceable condition for only a few years. In November 1866 General James F. Rusling, while conducting an investigation of western posts, commented on how poorly the barracks looked. When they started to fall apart, the troops tried to brace them with iron rods, but this expedient proved inadequate. Three, new 100 by 50 foot storehouses — two of them with basements — were under construction, but Rusling recommended that the deteriorated buildings be rebuilt with stone from the canyons to the east.26 Although the government did not act upon Rusling's suggestion until 1874, a new barracks building was added in 1870, at a cost of $7,500, and some other improvements were made. T h e commander, General Henry A. Morrow, ordered the construction of a graded and graveled road from the C a m p to Salt Lake City limits, and a bridge was built across a ravine which separated the C a m p from the city. A park was constructed in front of the headquarters building, and an avenue lined by rows of Lombardy poplar, locust, box elder, and mulberry trees led to the edge of Lake Morrow which C. R. Savage designed for the general. 27 These improvements aided the Camp's general appearance, but by the summer of 1872 General E. O. C. O r d reported that the quarters were "old and dilapidated . . . [and] scarcely habitable on account of the logs in that d a m p winter climate having rotted." H e asked for an appropriation of $30,000 to construct new stone quarters. 28 By the summer of 1873, provision had been made to inaugurate construction, and by October 1874 work had begun on a number of stone buildings, including five barracks valued at $30,000. By 1876 the post had been completely rebuilt in stone — much of it consisting of the famous red sandstone in Red Butte Canyon.29 In 1877 it was reported that Colonel John E. Smith and the Fourteenth Infantry, then stationed at Douglas, enjoyed one of "the largest, best built, most creditable posts in the Army." 30 In December 1878 the 26 U.S., Congress, House, Report of Brigadier General James F. Rusling, 39th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1866, House Ex. Doc. 45, pp. 61—62 (hereafter referred to as Rusling Report).

27 U.S., War Department, Surgeon-General's Office, A Report on the Hygiene of the United States Army with Descriptions of Military Posts, Circular No. 8, May 1, 1875 (Washington, D.C., 1875), 339 (hereafter referred to as Surgeon's Report) ; " C a m p Douglas," Utah Mining Gazette, I (August 22, 1874), 409; "A Visit to Camp Douglas and Vicinity," ibid., I (November 29, 1873)^ 106.

2S U.S., War Department, Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1872 (Washington, D.C., 1872), I, 54 (hereafter these reports will be referred to as War Department Report, with the year, volume, and p a g e ) .

29 War Department Report, 1873, I, 4 2 ; ibid., 1874, I, 3 3 ; Surgeon's Report, 333-34; Tribune, February 22, 1948.

30 War Department Report, 1877,1, 85.

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Division of the Missouri, to which Camp Douglas had since been reassigned, redesignated the post as Fort Douglas.31 Though the War Department undertook some subsequent construction, the post deteriorated to some extent between the mid-seventies and the outbreak of the Spanish American War. While the Post Exchange was reported in 1896 to be a "model in its arrangements and operations," arrangements had to be made in that and the following year to make some greatly needed repairs on the water and sewage systems. Most of the structures built in the late 1880's and the early 1890's — including officers' and non-commissioned officers' quarters, an NCO club, a post chapel, and several other buildings — were frame rather than stone.32 During the Civil War some 700 men had been stationed at the Camp.

By 1866, a year after the war, the post housed only 200, composing three small companies of infantry. The post also employed 151 civilians, most of whom were engaged in the construction of the warehouses, at a monthly cost of $8,830. In the early 1870's, when Indian difficulties threatened, Mormon-Gentile conflicts were numerous, and the transcontinental and north-south railway lines were completed, Camp Douglas assumed new importance. Some 421 troops, consisting of six companies of the Fourteenth Infantry, were at the post during those years.33 In 1891 the entire Sixteenth Infantry regiment was stationed at Fort Douglas.34 It is probable that, with the new importance, the number of civilians employed by the post in these years grew also, even though Rusling had recommended that the number be cut to 20 or 25.

31 I r m a Watson Hance and Irene Warr, eds., Johnston, Connor, and the Mormons: An Outline of Military History in Northern Utah ([Salt Lake City], 1962), 76.

32 O n conditions during the period see War Department Report, 1889, I, 168; ibid., 1890, I, 200; ibid., 1891, I, 2 5 1 ; ibid., 1896, I, 150; ibid., 1897, I, 174; History of Fort Douglas, 1954.

33 Surgeon's Report, 334; Tribune, February 22, 1948; Aaron DuBois, The Chaplain's Daughter: An Account of the Life of Elizabeth Van Home in Army Posts at Sitka, Fort Vancouver, Fort Douglas, and Elsewhere with her Father Chaplain Thomas B. Van Home (New York.

1958), 29.

34 War Department Report, 1891, I, 251. For other shifts of troops see War Department Report, 1888,1, 172-74.

Fort Douglas stable and tether line. used as a warehouse.

This building

still stands and is presently

being

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After the Civil War, of course, the Douglas soldiers had to cope with periodic Indian outbreaks. After the extinguishment of the small Indian farms created by Brigham Young and other agents during the 1850's, the government began, in 1865, to remove the Ute Indians to the Uintah Reservation. Unfortunately, niggardly congressional appropriations for supplies caused the Indians to return to make depredations upon the herds and crops of settlers in central Utah, and troops were sent to return the Indians to the reservation.35 By the mid-eighties, the situation at theUintah Reservation had calmed somewhat, but Indians from Colorado and Arizona invaded southeastern Utah. Troops from the Fort were sent to Montezuma Creek to protect lives and property in San Juan County.36 As railroad facilities were extended into the Mountain West, the centrally located Salt Lake post began to absorb other nearby installations.37 In 1882 General George Crook, commander of the Department of the Platte, and General P. H. Sheridan of the Division of the Missouri, both recommended that Fort Douglas be made one of the principal posts in the mountain area. Railroads had made it possible to concentrate troops at central locations, and as Crook said, all "that we can expect to do with our present meager military establishment is to leave at extreme frontier posts garrisons large enough to guard supplies and to hold their own until re-enforcements can be hastened forward from the reserve posts." 38 In 1883 troops were removed from Fort Hall to Fort Douglas, and other posts such as Forts Thornburgh and Cameron were also abandoned in favor of the centrally located Salt Lake post.39 Difficulties with the Mormons were also anticipated. As with General Connor, General Rusling believed that the Latter-day Saints were disloyal — or at least should not be given aid and comfort, and he recommended that the government favor Gentile merchants and freighters with its business, even when more costly than "Mormon business." 40 In 1870 troops were sent to establish Fort Rawlins near Provo, but they were withdrawn after several drunken soldiers outraged local citizens.41 During the polyg35 Thomas G. Alexander, " T h e Federal Frontier: Interior Department Financial Policy in Idaho, Utah, and Arizona, 1863-1896" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1965), 96-97, 125-26. For a report on one of the outbreaks see War Department Report, 1872, I, 52.

30 War Department Report, 1885, I, 145; ibid., 1886, I, 118; ibid., 1887, I, 133.

37 This trend had been predicted as early as 1868. War Department Report, 1868, I, 22.

38 Ibid., 1882,1, 79-80 and 96.

39 Ibid., 125-26; Thomas G. Alexander and Leonard J. Arrington, " T h e U t a h Military Frontier, 1872-1912: Forts Cameron, Thornburgh, and Duchesne," U.H.Q., 32 (Fall, 1964), 337, 342.

40 Rusling Report, 63-64.

41 War Department Report, 1870, I, 3 4 - 3 5 ; ibid., 1871, I, 33.

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amy prosecutions in 1888, a guard was stationed in downtown Salt Lake City until ordered withdrawn by Commanding General John M. Schofield.42 Before the extensive construction program of the mid-seventies, life at Camp Douglas was anything but idyllic. Living in poorly constructed and insufficiently heated barracks, the soldiers had to cope with disease and vermin, contracted illnesses, had to recuperate with inadequate health facilities, and ate improperly cooked or handled food. In fiscal 1872, of the 364 men at the Camp, fully 216 suffered from typhoid fever or some similar disease; 230 had diarrhea or dysentery; 54 suffered from rheumatism; and 101 had contracted bronchitis.43 This, it should be noted, was at a base on the eastern outskirts of the largest city in Utah, and a full two years after the driving of the Golden Spike.

Part of the reason for the unfavorable conditions may have been the high cost of coal and other supplies. During the Civil War coal cost $45.00 per ton, and even in 1866 the Army paid $30.00 per ton. The coming of the railroad in 1869 helped mitigate the situation, of course, and by 1874 the price of coal ranged from $8.00 to $10.00 per ton.44 Fort Douglas had the responsibility of furnishing supplies for soldiers at Fort Bridger as well as those on its own post. Rusling estimated that contracts for supplying food, clothing, and fuel for the troops cost the government $150,000 yearly.

"Ibid., 1888,1, 172.

43 Surgeon's Report, 339.

44 Rusling Report, 63—64; Surgeon's Report,

339; Rogers, Soldiers of the Overland,

Fort Douglas looking toward the headquarters building Officers' Club), with the officers' residences on the left.

(presently

serving

122.

as the

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY ( C . R. SAVAGE)

mm

•-,:,

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Quarterly

This figure included a profit of about $50,000 to the contractors, most of whom were Mormons. 45 Fort Douglas also had the distinction in 1879 of being the terminus of the first demonstration telephone in Utah. T h e other end of the line was at Salt Lake City.46 T H E S P A N I S H AMERICAN W A R AND A F T E R

Most troops were withdrawn for active duty at the outbreak of the Spanish American War. When the W a r Department mobilized the U t a h Light Artillery, these Utahns trained at Douglas. In 1900 only two companies garrisoned the Fort, but in 1901 a board of officers recommended that the Fort be utilized as a permanent military post, and the installation returned to regimental status. 47 Life at the Salt Lake camp just after the turn of the century was a far cry from the vermin-infested existence of the late sixties. In 1902, with the war in the Philippines over and peace coming to the islands, the Twelfth Infantry was transferred to Fort Douglas and Fort Duchesne.

T w o batteries of field artillery already stationed there made for lively competition with the foot soldiers.48 Football contests took place between the soldiers and students at the University of U t a h and the U t a h State Agricultural College (now U t a h State University). Some soldiers, who could stretch their $13.00 to $18.00 per month, went to Saltair; others frequented the red-light district on Commercial Street in the center of town.

Some took hunting trips to places like the Strawberry Valley, and officers and enlisted men arranged dances on alternate Friday nights. The regimental band attracted civilians to the Fort for Sunday afternoon concerts.

Some soldiers married Salt Lake City girls, and some who were discharged settled in the city and secured jobs. Both officers and enlisted men preferred to wear civilian clothes while in town so they could be absorbed into the population.

T h e troops also had more unpleasant duties to perform, but these tasks were lightened some by humorous incidents, one of which occurred at the target range, north of the post. T h e soldiers had to fire across the 4a Rusling Report, 63—64. Rusling recommended that contracts be let only to Gentile merchants even though it would cost the Army an additional $5,000 per year. He believed it would be worth it to have the contracts filled by "loyal" Americans.

40 "Between the Lines: Mountain States Telephone," Vol. I V (September, 1961), Robert C. Early Papers ( U t a h State Historical Society Library) (hereafter the collection will be cited as Early Papers).

47 War Department Report, 1898, I, Part 2, 191; ibid., 1899, I, Part 3, 2 5 ; ibid., 1903, I I I , 24; ibid., 1904, I I I , 161; Hance and Warr, Johnston, Connor, and the Mormons, 76.

48 Information on conditions right after the turn of the century based upon O. W. Hoop, "Recollections of Fort Douglas at the T u r n of the Century," U.H.Q., X X I (January, 1953), 57-66.

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streetcar track which circled around the north end of town and came into the north end of the Fort. During target practice danger flags were put up, and a sentry gave the signal to cease firing and told the motorman to hurry.

O n one occasion an enlisted m a n from Company D fired an experimental shot in front of the streetcar, missing it by a mere 10 feet. T h e motorman j a m m e d on the brakes, the front wheels jumped the track, and the car slid into a ditch. It took two hours for the company to lift the derailed car back on the track.

I n addition to recreational and post activity, soldiers could improve their minds. In 1904 for instance, six enlisted men took advantage of school facilities maintained at the post during the year, and the post library contained 1,349 volumes and subscribed to seven magazines and four newspapers. If the soldier happened to be dissatisfied with the magazine selection at the library, he could visit the Post Exchange, which in 1911 did a $26,000 business. 49 T o accommodate the lively soldiers and keep the post up-to-date, on recommendation from the W a r Department the installation was improved to some degree between 1904 and 1916. Additional new buildings included a B O Q (bachelor officers' quarters), several buildings around the Post Exchange, a post hospital (constructed in 1908-09), a hospital steward's quarters, six barracks for 176 men each, and a band barracks for 33 men.

In 1910 and 1911 electric lights and central steam heating were installed. 50 WORLD WAR I

I n the fall of 1916, as part of the national preparedness campaign, the government opened a civilian training camp at Fort Douglas. Charges were made at other training camps that the Army was operating gentlemen's vacation clubs—but this was not the case at the U t a h fort. T h e camp attempted to develop a democratic spirit by assigning men to companies according to age. T h e Oregon Short Line sent about 100 men who wanted to be in the same company, but that was not allowed. Men of relative wealth, such as Thomas Kearns, Jr., shared barracks and facilities with others less affluent.51 At the outbreak of the war, the Twentieth Infantry which h a d been sent to the border to fight Mexicans was again stationed at Fort Douglas, 49

War Department Report, 1904, I I I , 161; ibid., 1911, I I I , 129.

T e d B. Sherwin, A History of Fort Douglas (n.p., October 8, 1946), 13-14 (mimeographed copy, U t a h State Historical Society). For reports on the needs of the post see: War Department Report, 1907, I I I , 177; ibid., 1908, I I I , 153; ibid., 1909, I I I , 124; see also History of Fort Dogulas, 1954.

51 H a r r y E. MacPherson, "Fort Douglas Training C a m p , " New West Magazine, V I I (September, 1916), 28-33.

50

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but even with these seasoned soldiers there were too few officers to handle the 4,000 to 5,000 new recruits who poured into the camp for training.

I n addition the soldiers experienced a shortage of bedding and housing facilities. Contractors, who had fabricated the Hotel U t a h and other buildings in downtown Salt Lake City, were employed to construct barracks and other buildings at the Fort to house the three regiments stationed there. A general hospital was established at the post in 1918, and new construction was authorized and partly completed at that facility, though it was stopped in 1919.52 During World W a r I Fort Douglas also played host to some 331 Germ a n prisoners of war, most of whom had served in the navy. The prison barracks were surrounded by two barbed wire fences 15 feet apart, behind which the prisoners carried on their camp duties. T h e Germans made numerous attempts to escape by bombing, tunneling, and cutting wire.

In December 1917, after one party was discovered tunneling out, post officers called in experts to determine the character of the subterranean soil. After the soil scientists had obtained their information, the guards simply tapped the Germans on the shoulder, thanked them, and returned them to the compound. 53 People in Salt Lake City did their share to make life away from home bearable for the "doughboys" at Fort Douglas. Local citizens established the Salt Lake Army Club, with chaperoned Comrade Girls. Soldiers were invited to homes for dinner, and the grill of one of the local hotels which had been abandoned when the state went "dry" was renovated and furnished with a library, lounges, and billiard tables. T h e soldiers themselves had spent something like half a million dollars in Salt Lake City by August 1917.54 T H E INTERWAR PERIOD

After the Armistice the ensuing cutbacks made it appear that Fort Douglas would follow Forts Cameron, Thornburgh, and Duchesne (which had been abandoned in 1912) into oblivion. Instead of fading away with the Indian frontier as the other posts had done, however, for a few years it stood as a monument to American isolationism. During 1921 no troops were garrisoned at the post because legislation was pending before Con52 James L. Gartland, "Salt Lake, the Soldiers and the Prisoners of War," N.W.M., V I I I (August, 1917), 1 9 - 2 1 ; Hance and Warr, Johnston, Connor, and the Mormons, 16—11.

53 Fred Bagby, " T h e War Prison Camp at Fort Douglas," Goodwin's Weekly, X X V I I I (July 14, 1917), 9, 2 8 ; Tribune, October 19, 1925 [sic, must be 1952], Early Papers.

54 M a r t h a Spangler, "Salt Lake W a r Camp Community Service," N.W.M., I X (June, 1918), 2 9 - 3 1 ; Gartland, "Soldiers and Prisoners of War," ibid., V I I I , 21.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY HOWARD C. PRICE, JR., COLLECTION

Construction of Red Butte Dam in 1929 with various types of machinery — in foreground a mule-drawn wagon, in the background a track vehicle.

being

used

gress which contemplated its complete abandonment. The legislation did not pass, and Fort Douglas became once more operative on June 5, 1922.55 In June 1922 the famous Thirty-eighth "Rock of the Marne" Infantry, which had fought so valiantly in France in 1918, came to the Fort to remain until the Army transferred it to Texas in 1940.56 Under the administration of General U. G. Mac Alexander, Colonel Howard C. Price, and those who followed, numerous improvements were made during the twenties and thirties at the installation. A golf course and polo field were laid out, and local sportsmen, together with soldiers, formed the Fort Douglas Golf Club. In 1930 a new stone club house was erected just off the post to prevent embarrassment to the Army when drinks were served during Prohibition.57 Beginning in 1928 the government made extensive improvements on the reservation. Under the direction of the Corps of Engineers, the Utah Construction Company built the Red Butte Dam, at a cost of $370,000.

A modern water and sprinkling system was installed in 1930 which, for the first time, made possible the beautiful parade grounds which can now 55 John E. Ireland, director, Inventory of Federal Archives in the States, Series I V , T h e Department of War, No. 43, U t a h (Salt Lake City, 1940), 1.

66 Tribune, February 22, 1948, October 23, 1952, Early Papers.

57 Hance and Warr, Johnston, Connor, and the Mormons, 7 8 ; interview with Howard C. Price, Jr., June 4, 1965. T h e authors are grateful to M r . Price for his assistance in providing information on the interwar period.

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be seen at the installation. In 1931-32 the government constructed six officers' quarters and five NCO quarters, all of red brick, at a cost of more than $149,000. Another barracks was completed in 1939 at a cost of $299,000. In 1932 the War Department theater was completed at a cost of $20,000. In 1937 a modern bathhouse and swimming pool were constructed. During the depression a number of walks, curbings, new roadways, and landscape improvements were made. In cooperation with Utah State University, Colonel Price inaugurated the planting of 500 elm trees.58 In 1930, under Colonel Price, a group of 180 applicants began training at Douglas under the Citizens' Military Training Camp (CMTC) program. Under this program, men between the ages of 17 and 28 trained in military science and tactics during the summer months with regular Army officers as instructors.59 During the depression the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) undertook various projects at the installation. Indeed, in April 1933, the CCC opened headquarters of the Fort Douglas CCC District at the post. The district consisted of 38 camps served by a total of 100 commissioned reserve officers and 6,000 enrollees. Members of the Corps engaged in forestry, fire fighting, improvement of grazing lands, soil conservation, national and state park service, and general policing duties. They received wages which ranged from $30.00 to $45.00 per month and had opportunities to learn trades and attend classes in elementary or advanced subjects.60 "s Hance and Warr, Johnston, Connor, and the Mormons, 11-IS; Price interview; Sherwin, History of Fort Douglas, 1 4 - 1 5 ; Tribune, February 17, 1952; History of Fort Douglas, 1954; clipping file in the possession of Howard C. Price, Jr. (hereafter referred to as Price clipping file).

59 Price clipping file; History of Fort Douglas, 1954; Price interview.

60 History of Fort Douglas, 1954; Sherwin, History of Fort Douglas, 14-15.

Citizens' Military

Training

Camp about 1930. Mess halls are in the

foreground.

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Community relations during the early thirties were excellent. Unlike the Connor period the commanding officers were on excellent terms with prominent local citizens and church leaders. With the aid of the community, a monument to General Connor was erected in the cemetery. T h e Thirty-eighth Infantry Band was famous for its concerts and participation in parades and celebrations. T h e city, in an emergency, would lend its road grading equipment to the post. T h e troops and band from Fort Douglas also participated in the dedication of the Salt Lake Airport and the Hogle Zoo. Under the direction of the post veterinarian, the Army Remount Service placed prize stallions on various farms throughout Utah to help upgrade the quality of stock which the Army later planned to purchase. Troops from Fort Douglas also participated in the Uintah Basin Industrial Congress which met annually at Fort Duchesne. 61 The early 1930's were a period of transition in the Army and at Fort Douglas. Horse-drawn vehicles were still the rule, but motor vehicles began to appear in increasing numbers. O n Red Butte D a m the contractor still used horses and scrapers, but limited use was also made of steam shovels and even a half-track. T h e soldiers on encampments presented an interesting sight with the ancient and the modern working together. 62 Expenditures at the installation gradually increased during the 1930's and with them the impact of the post on the community. In 1930 the Fort spent approximately $625,000 on payroll for enlisted and command personnel and $1.4 million for post maintenance and special projects. I n that year the Army spent $170,000 for food, $26,500 for forage, $4,500 for electricity, $12,300 for the C M T C camp, $30,000 for wages for civilians, $370,000 on Red Butte Dam, $72,000 for other construction, and $40,000 for conversion from coal to gas. In 1937, as the second World W a r neared, 61 82

Price interview.

Ibid.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY HOWARD C. PRICE, JR., COLLECTION

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the W a r Department was expending $15 million a year at Fort Douglas, including Army disbursements, C C C , and W P A funds.63 I n 1941, just prior to the outbreak of World W a r II, Fort Douglas underwent an extensive construction program. Enoch Chytraus and Son of Salt Lake City obtained the contract for the construction of a new hospital addition consisting of a surgeon's building, two barracks, a recreation building, an officers' quarters, and enclosed passageways, for $87,763. In addition the W P A made $100,000 worth of improvements on the hospital and $70,000 on the hospital annex. Later, in September 1941, WPA Director Darrell J. Greenwell announced a $295,450 remodeling and general improvement project which included remodeling of the buildings; extension and relocation of gas, water, sewer, telephone, and power line facilities; and general grading, leveling, and landscaping of the grounds. 64 T H E SECOND WORLD W A R

As the United States began its defense build-up in anticipation of World W a r I I , the Air Corps stationed a reconnaissance squadron, two bomber groups, an air base group, and a headquarters group at the Fort. 65 With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, West Coast installations became vulnerable. Thus, on January 3, 1942, less than a month after the attack, the regional headquarters or Ninth Service Command which directed operations, not only on the coast, but in all the states from the Rocky Mountains westward, moved to Fort Douglas. From then until March 1946, Fort Douglas was the military nerve center of the western United States. 66 In addition to its administrative functions, Fort Douglas was the first Army post which many youths from the Rocky Mountain States saw as they were inducted. T h e Army had established a reception center at the Fort as early as December 1940. Housed at first in a tent village, the center was moved to frame buildings on the southwestern part of the reservation in February 1941. When the Army announced, in May 1945, that all men who had accumulated enough points or who were over 42 years of age could be discharged, men from camps in Utah, Idaho, Nevada, and Mon03

Price clipping file; Tribune, June 24, 1937, Early Papers.

Tribune, January 21, February 2, April 4, September 9, 1941. m Fort Douglas, 1938 ([Fort Douglas], 1938), 26, 70. (This is a year-book-type publication in the possession of the U t a h State Historical Society, embossed with the name of Governor Henry H. Blood.) Also, "Military Forts of the West," Heart Throbs of the West, I I I ( 1 9 4 1 ) , 172-73.

60 Sherwin, History of Fort Douglas, 17; Tribune, October 17, 1943, April 5, 1944. In M a r c h 1946 the Ninth Service Command was abolished, and the area which it formerly covered was redesignated the Sixth Army Area, with headquarters at the Presidio of San Francisco.

Clipping entitled "NSC Abolished; Performed Supply Miracles During War," Early Papers.

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tana went through the Fort's separation center. During the war Fort Douglas also played host to Army Service Forces units from the Army Finance Office and served as an ASF personnel center.67 As the headquarters of the Ninth Service Command, Fort Douglas directed the repair and salvage of military vehicles and implements in all Western States. When the major emphasis of the war shifted to the Pacific Theatre, long lines of jeeps, cargo trucks, tractors, trailers, and cars poured into Douglas maintenance shops. In the single month of November 1944, Ninth Service Command shops repaired 5,454 vehicles; and the following month they serviced a total of 31,187 small arms, pieces of artillery, and sighting and fire control instruments. Owing to their combat use, many of the vehicles and instruments which were returned to Douglas had to be sold as surplus or salvage. In December 1943, for instance, the Ninth Service Command disposed of cars and trucks in competitive bidding which brought $ 126,415.6S From November 1941 to May 1947, Fort Douglas was an Army Finance Office, subordinate to the chief of finance, United States Army.

As such, it handled financial matters for all military installations in Utah, including Hill Air Force Base, Ogden Arsenal, Wendover Air Force Base, Kearns Air Force Base, Tooele Ordnance Depot, Bushnell General Hospital, Dugway Proving Grounds, Deseret Chemical Depot, Utah Ordnance Depot (Remington Arms Plant), the Japanese-American Relocation Center at Topaz, Camp W. G. Williams, and the Ninth Service Command headquarters. In the fiscal year 1942, for instance, the finance office at Douglas distributed $97,666,585. In the months of July and August 1942 alone, the Fort paid out more than $40 million. By 1944 the total disbursements leveled out at a relatively meager $12 million per year.

To speed the operation the base used a checkmaker which prepared 30,000 checks an hour and which had a self-contained accounting system which controlled every check. One new employee, evidently not realizing that the machine recorded each check it printed, after making several mistakes ripped up the faulty checks and threw them in the wastebasket. When a financial error was discovered, the embarrassed employee was obliged to return to the office, retrieve the checks, and paste them together to make the books balance.69 67

Sherwin, History of Fort Douglas, 18; Tribune, October 21, 1944, M a y 12, 1945.

Tribune, December 18, 1943, M a y 22, December 3 1 , 1944, J a n u a r y 1, 1945.

69 Ibid., J a n u a r y 23, 1944. Information on disbursements supplied by Mr. Leslie D. Marsell, of the comptroller's office at Fort Douglas, August 1961.

68

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As with many military installations in Utah and elsewhere, Fort Douglas ran short of personnel. In 1944, for instance, the Fort needed 200 employees to fill vacancies caused by the release of able-bodied men for combat. Under these conditions the administration was obliged to keep working conditions as pleasant as possible in order to retain workers who might otherwise have been attracted by non-essential private industry.

An employee suggestion award system was inaugurated which, while giving the employees prizes, also saved the Army time and money. In addition Walker Bank and Trust Company opened a service branch in 1943 for the convenience of Fort Douglas employees. 70 T H E POSTWAR PERIOD

Within a year after the end of the war, Fort Douglas began to look more and more like a bow and arrow in the age of missiles. T h e Ninth Corps headquarters returned to the Presidio of San Francisco in 1946, and the Fort closed its separation center. While the post still inducted troops from Utah, Nevada, Montana, and Idaho, its other activities were curtailed. T h e Fort retained its finance office, reserve and National Guard units, a field intelligence office, an Inspecting General's Office, a regional film library, a surplus property disposal office, and the intermountain civilian personnel office. In May 1947 the finance office moved to Utah General Depot. T h e Fort continued to service some satellite stations to which it sent supplies, food, hospital needs, pay, and post exchange goods.

Among these were 20 recruiting stations for the Air Force and Army in U t a h and southeastern Idaho. 7 1 In November 1946 the Fort picked up some of its lost activities when it became headquarters of the Utah, Idaho, and Montana Military District. In this process the Army abolished the former U t a h Military District. T h e separation center which had been closed was again reopened.

By February 1947 the Fort had released, from its old and new separation centers, a total of 56,910 enlisted men and women and 7,373 officers.72 Buildings made vacant by the removal of military activities were used to house other government agencies: the Veterans Administration, the Bureau of Mines, the Forest Service, the W a r Assets Administration, some activities of the University of Utah, the Utah National Guard, the Bureau 70

Tribune, J u n e 29, 1943, M a r c h 7, 20, 1944.

Ibid., June 26, 1946, February 3, 1947; Deseret News (Salt Lake City), February 6, 1949. Information on finance office supplied by Mr. Marsell.

72 Tribune, November 26, 1946, March 2, 1947.

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of the Census, a Naval Recruiting unit, a unit of the Geological Survey, and the Farmers Home Administration.73

By February 1948 the government had decided that Fort Douglas was entirely too small for its needs. Not even a single division could train at the post, and the base was no longer on the outskirts of Salt Lake City where it could expand and take up new property; the city had grown around it.

On March 15, 1948, a large part of the property was turned over to the War Assets Administration for disposal. By the end of March, the WAA announced that the 6,700-acre watershed and a 7-acre tract in the southern section of the post would be turned over to the Department of Agriculture for use by the Forest Service. The Veterans Administration received 25 acres for a new hospital. The Bureau of Mines got 10 acres, and the Navy received 7 buildings and a 7-acre tract of land. Of the government agencies which received the subdivided land, the National Guard obtained the most, with a total of 33 buildings, including pistol, rifle, skeet, anti-aircraft, machinegun, and shotgun ranges and a gas chamber.74 The Army retained for itself the older buildings, a 100-acre tract for a new post cemetery, and its reservoir in Red Butte Canyon. By October 1949 the Fort consisted of only 7,286 acres. A total of 253 acres had been turned over to the Veterans Administration; and, in addition, the city of Salt Lake purchased 46 acres and the University of Utah received 299.

73 74

Ibid., February 3, 1947.

Deseret News, February 23, March 22, November 7, 1948.

Officer's home on Fort Douglas Circle. The residences still stand in their original state with minor alterations.

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY H O W A R D C. P R I C E , J R . , C O L L E C T I O N

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The University property included 61 of the post's buildings and the golf course.75 The Navy decided to establish a training center in the buildings assigned to it. By February 1949 about 750 men were training at the Naval Reserve Center, using $700,000 worth of equipment including radar, electronic devices, and machine tool equipment.76 By 1949 Fort Douglas was a mere shadow of its once important position; in October of that year only 150 men were stationed at the base.77 Although the government abandoned Fort Douglas as an active military training base immediately after World War II, its other functions have made it more important since the Korean War. Reserve units have increased their activities at the base, and as the only Class I installation in the Intermountain area Douglas has been the only Fort which gave full logistic support to reserve and ROTC units in Utah, Idaho, and Montana.

In 1953 the Department of Defense established a chaplains' school for reserve units, and training of all reserve units since that time has continued at an increased rate. In October 1959 Brigadier General H. L. Ostler said it would cost about $24 million for the government to duplicate the facilities then used by the reserves at Fort Douglas. The reserve units grew so quickly that the National Guard had to expand off the post to make room for them.78 To accommodate the growth of the reserve units, the government added new buildings to the Fort. In April 1961 the post opened a new $388,000 center to house an intelligence detachment, a hospital unit, a quartermaster group, an engineer company, and an Army garrison unit. In 1956 the post chapel was renovated and modernized at a cost of $5,000.79 Since the loss of the post property immediately after World War II, the Fort's size has remained relatively stable. In 1959 the post declared 82 acres surplus so the city could construct a junior high school and administration building plus a playground and park. At about the same time, however, the University of Utah's request for 95 more acres was denied.

The commander explained that it would have required $650,000 for the Army to replace the buildings, particularly the maintenance shops which the University wished to take over. In 1962, however, the post did grant 142 acres to the University for its medical college.80 75

Tribune, October 26, 1941; Deseret News, M a r c h 22, October 3 1 , 1948.

Deseret News, February 6, 1949.

77 Tribune, October 26, 1949.

78 Ibid., October 24, 1959; Deseret News, July 15, 1959.

79 Tribune, April 29, 1961; Deseret News, July 17, 1956, November 5, 1960.

80 Tribune, October 20, 24, 1959, July 3 1 , 1962.

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During the Korean War, the post underwent no general buildup as it had during the second World War. It continued to serve as an induction center for Intermountain men, but there was no great increase of administrative activity. As a matter of fact, the Fort was required to institute a cost-conscious program in an attempt to live within its budget. T h e employees were told not to chew the ends of their pencils, to use them at least three inches, and to avoid the excessive use of electricity. 81 In May 1954 the Defense Department returned the finance office to Fort Douglas, and the post has been an important agent for Army affairs in the Intermountain area since that time. As a gauge to this activity, one can examine fiscal 1960, when total disbursements for the year were $18,235,423. This amount included more than $2 million for military and civilian payroll and more than $1.5 million for the Army reserve and $9.8 million for National Guard pay and support. These disbursements were spent in the entire area served by the post, which included Idaho, Utah, and Montana. 8 2 In recent years the installation has played a role much different from its earlier activities. In June 1962 the Defense Department established the Deseret Test Center under the command of General Lloyd E. Fellenz, former commander of the U.S. Army Chemical Center at Edgewood, Maryland. At the center representatives of the Navy, Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, together with officers of the United States Public Health Service, about 50 military and 100 civilians in all, perform tests in conjunction with research work being carried on at Dugway Proving Ground. 83 T H E FUTURE

O n November 19, 1964, Colonel Joe Ahee, commander at Fort Douglas, announced that the facility would be inactivated, and that some 450 civilian and 500 military jobs, a payroll of about $5.87 million annually, and an operating budget of about $22 million would be affected.

T h e phaseout was to be completed by June 1967. At first it appeared that Fort Douglas would be lost to U t a h forever. O n closer examination, however, it became apparent that the phaseout of the installation was not exactly that. In December the Army announced that only 46 military and 41 civilian jobs were to be abolished, and that an additional 30 military and 51 civilian personnel would be transferred out of Utah. 8 4 81

Deseret News, February 26, 1952.

Typewritten paper entitled "Disbursements" in the possession of Major Thomas G. Goodbold, comptroller's office, Fort Douglas, 1961. Information on the return of the finance office supplied by Mr. Marsell. *3 Deseret News, J u n e 28, 1962.

84 Tribune, November 20, December 1, 1964.

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Many of the activities currently being carried on at the Fort will remain there, others will be transferred to other U t a h installations, and some will be transferred to other posts in the West. T h e administrative and logistical support for Class I Active Army units and activities, and support for USAR, R O T C , and National Guard activities, are to be reassigned to Fort Lewis, Washington, and the Presidio of San Francisco. Tooele Army Depot is to gain the medical, dental, and veterinary services now housed in Fort facilities. Some of the activities will simply be removed to other facilities in Salt Lake City. After careful investigation with a view to use of the facilities for state functions, Governor Calvin L. Rampton concluded that most of the installation would probably be retained for military and other federal functions. T h e Geological Survey and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare have both expressed interest in buildings and Warehouses. Another tenant likely to stay is the Deseret Test Center. 85 Thus, it appears that citizens of Utah will be able to retain at least a part of the rich historical heritage which has been associated with Fort Douglas. Though the economic impact of the post was probably considerable during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the symbolic impact of the installation has probably been its greatest affect on Utah.

Fort Douglas will always stand as a monument to the non-Mormon contribution to Utah's development. Connor and his men made the Overland Mail routes safe from Indians and began large-scale prospecting in Utah. Since the Connor era, the Fort has stood as a symbol of federal authority and the federal contribution to Utah. During the late nineteenth century, the installation was one of the main guardians against Indian outbreaks on the western frontier. After the Indian menace subsided, the post housed one regiment after another of federal troops who served in the Philippines, on the Mexican Border, in France, and later in Germany and the Pacific. Since the second World War, the Fort has symbolized the pervasive influence of the military activities of the federal government in the Mountain West. As the activities of the government have expanded, so have the number and type of federal agencies using facilities at Fort Douglas. If nothing else, the Fort will continue to serve as a reminder to citizens of Utah that their state has contributed significantly to the military program of the United States, and that the government, in turn, has contributed markedly toward the economic development of Utah.

Ibid., December 1, 1964; Deseret Nezvs, March 18, 1965.

The President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 6 5

by J. GRANT IVERSON

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

As president of the Board of Trustees of the U t a h State Historical Society, I stand before you this evening with mixed emotions — emotions stirred by significant events in the Society during the last year.

As I reported to you just one year ago, the Society seemed on the verge of new horizons in its accomplishments. New programs were being outlined, old ones seemed nearer fulfillment. There appeared to be a new and encouraging interest in U t a h history and in the welfare of the U t a h State Historical Society.

By the end of the year, membership in the Society reached the highest peak in its history. Just less than 2,000 persons and institutions were receiving the Quarterly. T h e climate seemed favorable for the imminent Prominent Salt Lake attorney, Mr. Iverson has been a member of the Board of Trustees since 1959 and president of the board since 1961. T h e President's Report was presented at the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Society.

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construction of an Archives building. The long-awaited Hosea Stout diaries were nearing publication. The Society was cooperating with the Utah State Highway Department on a revision and upgrading of their historic highway signs. The home of the Society was undergoing further improvements and repairs. The Society was attempting to assist the enthusiastic and dedicated group of residents and former residents of Heber City to save the beautiful, old Heber City Tabernacle, and other communities were demonstrating an awareness of the value of historic buildings located within their boundaries.

All-in-all, the Society's future appeared to be a bright and challenging one.

Since then, however, our enthusiasm has been somewhat dimmed — our progress has slowed, considerably. Unfortunately, tonight I cannot report that all the programs were achieved or are continuing. Several of the programs have been abandoned or temporarily delayed. Because the income of the State of Utah is inadequate to meet fully the numerous requirements of many of the agencies of state government, we within must curtail our activities. We, however, must make every effort to minimize our curtailment of vital services and seek assistance wherever we may find it. We hope that those individuals in a position to aid the Society will see value in the work of the Society and lend their support. I make this a call to action for you present to acquaint your legislators and administrators of the urgent needs of the Society, for only through their wholehearted support and understanding can the Utah State Historical Society live up to its responsibility of "collecting, preserving, and disseminating" Utah history to all the people of Utah.

Of uppermost importance for the Society is an adequate budget to provide staff and facilities commensurate with its responsibilities. While the present Mansion of the Society is a beautiful relic of a by-gone era — and as such deserving of preservation — the program of the Society demands that a modem building be constructed to preserve and protect the permanent and historic records which are in the custody of the Archives and the Library of the Society. Every day these valuable, irreplaceable documents are being subjected to destructive agents. Any state or society worthy of recognition as responsible entities should undertake the best possible care for the records of its achievements — and failures. For each future generation will want to read the record of those who preceded them — to see how well they did their task or try to understand why they failed — and take lessons therefrom to guide them through their brief stay upon

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this planet. For truly, as the inscription on the National Archives in Washington, D.C., proclaims "The Past is Prologue." The deeds and records of those who preceded us vitally affect our lives and institutions as we will influence those who follow us.

If my sentiments, thus far, seem somewhat pessimistic, my hopes are high for brighter and greater things for the Utah State Historical Society.

During the past few weeks, the staff of the Society has been cooperating with the Little Hoover Commission. The board and staff of the Society welcome a study and evaluation of its operations by the Commission. We earnestly believe that we are doing a good job as far as funds and facilities permit. We more earnestly believe that an impartial and detailed study will benefit this organization by drawing the legislators' attention to the work and needs of the Society. We fully expect a favorable report to be written and sincerely hope that the Legislature will put the recommendations into effect.

We would be less than grateful this evening if we failed to take note of those persons who have served the Society and pay tribute to some retiring board members. Four loyal, dedicated, and able historians were replaced as members of the Board of Trustees. Their absence will be felt keenly by the board and the staff, for they brought to the board professional background and experience which proved invaluable in guiding the Society to the position it presently occupies.

One man, Dr. Joel E. Ricks, has served longer than any other board member in the history of the Society. For 40 years — eight as president — Dr. Ricks served without pay, but with unbounded dedication. He saw the Society grow from a struggling group of a few individuals with a devotion to history to a thriving organization of almost 2,000 persons; from a basement room in the Capitol to a Mansion on South Temple; from a part-time staff of one person to a staff of 16 highly qualified individuals; from an organization that published intermittently an historical pamphlet to an organization that produces a quality historical journal, a newsletter, and special books such as the Hosea Stout diaries. Many of these accomplishments are directly attributable to the efforts of Dr. Joel E. Ricks.

Dr. Leland H. Creer faithfully served the Society for 16 years — four years as president of the Board of Trustees. He, too, helped the Society grow from its one-room status at the Capitol to the flourishing organization it is today.

Although not serving on the board for as long a period, Drs. Dello G. Dayton and S. Lyman Tyler provided constant guidance and inspiration

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Quarterly

to the board and staff. Their wise and valued counsel will be sorely missed at the Society.

T h e new appointees on the board — Mrs. Juanita Brooks, Mrs. Elizabeth Skanchy, Dr. Dean R. Brimhall, and Dr. Milton C. Abrams •— are welcome and will, no doubt, make their own contribution to the further growth and maturation of the Society. Mr. Jack Goodman, board vicepresident, has served one four-year term. His reappointment is welcomed by staff and board.

T h e work of the staff of the Society should be recognized. It is a loyal and dedicated group of individuals who work devotedly in serving the public and advancing the work of the Society. While there have been several staff changes in the past year, able replacements have been found to carry on the work. I compliment and congratulate these fine employees.

They are public employees who are a credit to the state.

Without going into great detail, I would, pridefully, like to point to some Society achievements during the year.

Both the Archives and Library serviced more patrons than any previous year — yet, at the same time they were able to accession and catalogue books, pamphlets, microfilms, and records at an astonishing rate.

Utah State Historical Society Award Winners for 1965. Left to right: president of the Wasatch Historical Society, Don R. Barker, received a Service Award for that Society's successful efforts in preserving the Heber City Tabernacle; Mrs. Bernice Gibbs Anderson received an Honorary Life Membership for her lifetime devotion to promoting the memory of the Golden Spike ceremony and in being instrumental in the creation of the Golden Spike Historic Site; Mrs. Pearl Jacobson received the Teacher Award for her efforts in promoting an interest in and her excellent teaching of Utah history in the Sevier School District; A. Karl Larson received the Fellow Award for his life's work of scholarship and publication on Utah history.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

President's Report

355

Significant money savings were achieved through the orderly destruction of useless records (some 2,566 cubic feet — equivalent to 322 file cabinets with a value of $32,000). At the same time valuable permanent records (123 cubic feet) were brought into the Archives. Other records were preserved through microfilming, although on a modest scale due to financial limitations. The Records Center in the State Capitol is operating at capacity with all available space occupied, and service supplied to numerous state agencies to the fullest possible extent by the staff.

Joining with the Utah Mother of the Year organization, the Society is adding the life histories of Utah's outstanding women to the Library's holdings. These and other manuscript holdings have been made more valuable through the continued efforts of the Salt Lake City Junior League Volunteers who are cataloguing the Library's collections.

For the second year in succession, the Society has co-sponsored a Utah Museums Conference in order to upgrade the historical museums of the state. Working with other interested organizations, the Society promoted the creation of a Golden Spike Centennial Commission by the Legislature.

The Commission is planning toward the 1969 centennial. National legislation has created a National Historic Site at Promontory which will add considerably to Utah's historic attractions.

The growth and development of the Society is, perhaps, reflected best in the growth and greater activity of the local chapters. During the year one more chapter — Heber City — was organized. This brings to seven the number of chapters which are adding to the cultural and educational life of communities in Utah. As time and staff permit, other communities will be enriched through organizing local historical societies. Delta and Price are ready for such organizations.

While these are the programs and the areas in which we can take pride for achievement, there are others where the Society is falling behind.

The Library was given less money to operate on in the present biennium than they had the past two years. Such a situation is deplorable in a period when the calls upon the Library for services are increasing weekly.

The Legislature must be shown that the Library is performing a necessary and vital function. While it is and should be supported through private grants and contributions (for which we are ever grateful), still the primary responsibility for the maintenance of our historical collection rests upon state support.

The same is true with the Archives. The Archives had more than half of the budget eliminated for its Military Records Section. If the Archives

356

Utah Historical Quarterly

is to live up to its many legally imposed responsibilities, it too must be given the wherewithal to perform its duties.

And so, tonight, I especially want to thank you who are present for supporting your State Historical Society. But I also call upon you to exert yourselves to help the Society grow and prosper. "Sell" the Society to your friends; encourage them to subscribe to the Society's publications; and promote the Society with your legislators; for the ultimate fate of the Society depends upon how well the public generally and state officials in particular are informed about the work of the Society.

Visit the Society, become acquainted with its program, and become an ambassador for your Utah State Historical Society.

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

FINANCIAL REPORT S U M M A R Y OF PROGRAM E X P E N D I T U R E S

Appropriation

$124,081.81

Refunds

3,057.28

Expenditures Recurring Nonrecurring

127,078.01 $124,081.77 2,996.24

Administration and Publications Personal Services Travel Current Expenses Capital Outlay

931.52 20,999.12 1,400.11

-

Library Personal Services Travel Current Expenses Capital Outlay

$ 23,427.60 $ 17,762.80 12.67 5,652.13

Archives Personal Services Travel Current Expenses Capital Outlay Special Publications Revolving Fund Cash on H a n d Accounts Receivable Inventory

$ 59,529.38 $ 36,198.63

$ 44,121.03 $ 35,382.00 ~~.~

438.79 6,704.11 1,596.13 $ 15,000.00 $ 10,849.16 1,629.43 6,230.74 $ 18,709.33

REVIEWS and PUBLICATIONS The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada.

By EARL POMEROY.

(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. xiii + 404 + x v i i p p . $8.95) This excellent study traces the history of the Pacific Slope — California, Oregon, Washington, I d a h o , U t a h , and N e vada—from Spanish occupation in 1769 to the completion of Americanization in 1960. Emphasizing the evolution of western traits a n d institutions with a regional approach, the text describes the activities of fur traders, missionaries, and miners; the expansion of agriculture and industry; a n d t h e rise of such metropolitan centers as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, and Salt Lake City.

Spain occupied this interesting region for defensive purposes — to keep the foreigners (England, France, and Russia) out of her established El Dorado. M e a n while, however, Englishmen and Americans went less to California than t o the Northwest Coast, n o t merely because Spain excluded foreign traders, b u t because for a generation the better trade was in t h e fur pelts of colder climates.

T h e period of Spanish occupation of California was colorful a n d exciting, even if not efficient and prosperous.

By t h e middle of the ninetenth century, preliminary steps for the organizat i o n of s t a t e s o r t e r r i t o r i e s h a d b e e n established. Exploration and settlement had determined rival claims and marked off proposed state and territorial boundaries. Of all the areas thus appropriated, Salt Lake City appeared t o have been the most orderly and conservative. Here

at least the transformation from wilderness t o order h a d been accomplished without the agony of political anarchy.

T h e unique State of Deseret, a theodemocracy of unusual design, was t h e Saints' answer to t h e frontier political problem.

By 1900 the Pacific Slope h a d achieved a more solid a n d diversified economic base than gold mining h a d provided, a n d was capable of supporting a m u c h larger population. Wheat, cattle, a n d sheep ranches h a d developed b u t were rapidly retreating eastward t o make room for a more intensive agriculture. Industry a n d commerce were being developed, especially in t h e c o a s t a l cities. A n d says Pomeroy, "Economic control in significant areas h a d shifted from Easterners to Westerners, from outsiders to residents" ( P . 119). ' In his most colorful analysis (Chapter 6 ) , the author has this to say about the role of the city in early western society. " T h e prospective settler headed for Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Portland or one of their later rivals; if h e did n o t work in the city, he visited it often, a n d it dominated his life economically a n d culturally, the most significant divisions were not state boundaries b u t the watersheds of urban allegiance a n d control" (p. 120).

T h e comprehensiveness of the subject covered by this book, the complexity of its treatment, mitigates against clarity and simplicity in its analysis. Generalizations appear next to impossible. " I n the face of the vast a m o u n t of w h a t the historians have yet to explore, the one generalization that is possible is t h a t t h e

Utah Historical Quarterly

358 West as an area separate a n d different from the rest of the United States is rapidly disappearing. Each census records approximation to the national averages" (p. 3 7 2 ) . I n distribution of ages, races, sexes, health, industrial attainment, a n d occupations, westerners were becoming as representative of the n a t i o n as a n y o t h e r s e c t i o n of t h e country.

The Pacific Slope, handsomely printed

by Knopf, is destined to become a recognized, authoritative volume in the field of American history, particularly for the period since 1890. I t is thought provoking, richly documented, a n d carefully written with reference to facts. T h e style of the text is lucid, forceful, a n d challenging. I n the opinion of the reviewer, The Pacific Slope will be accepted as one of the standard works in the field of modern American history.

LELAND H. CREER

University Down the Colorado.

of Utah

By R O B E R T B R E W -

STER S T A N T O N . E d i t e d by D W I G H T L.

S M I T H . ( N o r m a n : University of Oklah o m a Press, 1965. x x v + 2 3 7 p p . $5.00) Following the Powell expeditions of 1869 a n d 1871-72, for almost 20 years no parties of record traversed the length of the main Colorado River from Cataract Canyon to its mouth. T h e n , in 1889, one of the most remarkable, ill-fated surveying projects in the history of the West w a s l a u n c h e d from G r a n d J u n c t i o n , Colorado, a n d Green River, U t a h . This was the Denver, Colorado Canyon & Pacific Railroad survey along the canyons of the Green a n d Colorado rivers, intended to determine the engineering feasibility of a water-level railroad between G r a n d Junction and southern California.

Frank M . Brown, of Denver, was president of the sponsoring company. Chief engineer was Robert Brewster Stanton,

who thereafter became so enamored of the Colorado River a n d its canyons that he devoted considerable effort to compiling a thousand-page manuscript history of the river — not to mention his well-known a t t e m p t at placer mining in Glen Canyon. For thousands of Glen Canyon boaters, Stanton's dredge was a nostalgic landmark for 60 years, until covered recently by the waters of Lake Powell.

T h o u g h the Brown-Stanton expedition in some ways was more ambitious and eventful than Powell's, before the appearance of this volume little of a detailed nature written by a member of the expedition ever appeared in print.

Now, in Down the Colorado, the complete story of this most disastrous of all Colorado expeditions is m a d e available.

Written a n d revised over a period of 31 years after the expedition, Down the Colorado was compiled by Stanton from his diary entries, engineering notebooks, and other sources. I t details the expedit i o n ' s b a c k g r o u n d , gives c h a r a c t e r sketches (always magnanimous, even in criticism), meticulously documents circumstances surrounding the deaths of Frank M. Brown a n d two other party members in Marble Canyon. I n his descriptions of the canyons the author reveals himself as a poet at heart, a m a n of aesthetic sensitivity enchanted as so many others by the strange magic of the river country. T h e combination of careful, minute engineering notations with poetic description is seldom encountered as it is in Stanton; a n d marked similarities to the anomalies of Clarence E. Dutton are striking.

In some ways this book is repetitious and anticlimactic. Its general subject matter has long been known, and the Colorado canyons have been thoroughly described in scores of books a n d articles.

Yet the river literature would not be complete without this volume; it fills a void that no other publication could fill, and students of the Colorado must now

359

Reviews and Publications give it a place beside the accounts of Powell, Dellenbaugh, Kolb, and other major chroniclers of the river.

W A R D J. R O Y L A N C E

Utah State Tourist and Publicity Council The Fur Trade on the Upper 1840-1865.

Missouri,

By J O H N E. SUNDER. (Nor-

m a n : University of O k l a h o m a Press, 1965. xiv + 2 9 5 p p . $5.95) I n recent months a spate of unusually detailed books on the American fur trade of the F a r West have been published by well-known authors. Some of the best of these are David Lavender's Fist in the Wilderness, Dale Morgan's The West of William H. Ashley..., LeRoy R. Hafen's first volume of the Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, and the subject of this review by J o h n Sunder.

All have the same basic purpose — to fill gaps in earlier works.

Of t h e b o o k s m e n t i o n e d S u n d e r ' s monograph fills the largest gap. Until now little was known of the post 1840 fur trade of the U p p e r Missouri — the c e n t e r of t h e w e s t e r n t r a d e — a n d Sunder's well-researched book will be indispensible as a source for any scholar studying that period.

The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri describes the shift from beaver pelts to buffalo robes a n d Indian annuities, and correctly maintains that this shift in emphasis and the isolation of the area is w h a t made the fur trade of the U p p e r Missouri profitable following the decline of the beaver. Sunder also describes the inefficiency of the Pierre Chouteau Company which held a near monopoly in that region and introduces the reader to a series of new albeit minor and equally inefficient competitors. Although realistic in handling the illegal liquor trade which continued all during this period, Sunder's book, thankfully, is not another "lo the poor I n d i a n " account.

If The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri offers more new general narrative t h a n the other recent works, it is probably the least interesting. Essentially this is not because Sunder is not a competent scholar a n d a capable writer. H e is both.

T h e problem is that after the 1820's the American fur trade represented an ever decreasing share of our G N P , a n d following the 1830's the center of the trade was shifting from the U p p e r Missouri region to the Great Lakes area. This later region produced an ever increasing quantity of furs and skins at t h e very time the fur trade of the F a r West was declining.

I n a d d i t i o n t h e fur t r a d e r s of t h e U p p e r Missouri after 1840 were on the whole a colorless lot and their environment unusually drab. Even numerous I n dian skirmishes fail somehow to brighten the picture. Moreover, the minute description of the fur traders' interminable ascending and descending of the Missouri River — despite its well-known difficulties — becomes tiresome after a few chapters. Indeed, more interpretative insights a la David Lavender (of which J o h n Sunder is undoubtedly capable) and less insistence on minutiae would have m a d e this a stronger monograph.

As it stands it is of real value to the scholar b u t unlikely to attract the general reader. _ T T J A M E S L. C L A Y T O N

University Time

and the River

Canyon.

Flowing:

of Utah Grand

By FRANCOIS LEYDET. Edited

by DAVID B R O W E R .

(San

Francisco:

Sierra Club, 1964. 176 p p . $25.00) Time and the River Flowing is propaganda, b u t more attractive, more artful propaganda is difficult to imagine. For the Sierra Club has produced in beauty and fine bookmaking a publication even excelling their The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the Colorado (1963).

T h e reader is immediately captivated by the brilliantly colorful plates (100 of

360 them) which literally fill the book. And it is not the color alone which catches the eye and causes one reluctantly to turn one page after another. With master photographers like Ansel Adams, Philip Hyde, Clyde T h o m a s , Clyde Childress, Richard Norgaard, and others, providing the illustrations, the reader or only the viewer, cannot resist being won over to the "preservationist" point of view which is the message of the book.

T h e "message" of each photograph is enhanced through the captions which are taken from the "classics of conservation." T h e accompanying caption for Philip Hyde's "Toroweap Overlook" comes from Clarence E. Datton's des c r i p t i o n s of " T h e W a l l s " of G r a n d Canyon. In like manner, Joseph Wood Krutch's writings give word pictures to complement or supplement the artistry of Ansel Adams. J o h n Wesley Powell, Wallace Stegner, J o h n Steinbeck, Lewis Mumford, Rachel Carson, and others are quoted to give greater meaning and feeling to the illustrations.

T h e "text" by Francois Leydet is persuasive writing. It is difficult to read Time and the River Flowing and not be convinced that the Bureau of Reclamation is primarily interested in building dams in every conceivable spot along the Colorado River system despite the havoc to be wrecked upon N a t u r e , history, beauty, plant and animal life, and putting an end to wilderness.

Dams are the destroyers of those things held sacred by the Sierra Club. And the case against dams and the Bureau presented by Richard C. Bradley, Alexander Hildebrand, and Daniel B. Luten is a persuasive one. O n e cannot read the statements of these men without questioning the intentions and the wisdom of the d a m builders. For it is not the conservation of water that is the issue, but the productions of electrical power.

Time and the River Flowing presents other elements which should be seriously considered before the beauty and wilder-

Utah Historical Quarterly ness of G r a n d Canyon is destroyed by the Bureau with d a m projects. And to serve as a reminder for that which is forever gone through the construction of Glen Canyon D a m , the final portion of the book presents outstanding photographs of scenes and sites now buried beneath the waters of Lake Powell.

T h e book cries out " D o n ' t let it happen again" — this time to G r a n d Canyon which is supposedly protected from desecration by being in the National Park system. But is it sufficiently protected? Only an adequately informed and aroused public can insure the preservation of the remainder of the grand canyons of the Colorado.

This is a book worth reading.

E V E R E T T L. C O O L E Y

Utah State Historical

Society

The Lame Captain: The Life and Adventures of Pegleg Smith. By SARDIS W. T E M P L E T O N . (LOS Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1965. 239 p p . $7.50) H e r e is a b o o k t h a t w a s p u b l i s h e d about 30 days too soon!

Almost everyone has heard about Pegleg Smith, and the two stories about him most generally known are that he cut off his own leg and later discovered a hill covered with nuggets of black gold.

T h e book contains several versions of the amputation story, b u t the most reliable seems to indicate that Thomas L. Smith threatened to cut off his own leg, but that eventually his companions did the operation. It is not certain where this occurred. T h e author thinks it was in Brown's Hole, but this is only a guess.

A4y o w n i n f o r m a t i o n is t h a t h e was nursed back to health by squaws of Chief Walker's b a n d at the winter camp near Parowan, U t a h . And because of his appreciation for this care, Pegleg operated for years with Chief Walker on his famous horse stealing expeditions. T h e other story about the black nuggets . . . but wait!

361

Reviews and Publications T h e author of this book is not a professional writer, a n d this is his only production. However, he has done a creditable job, has turned u p much new information not familiar to this reviewer, and has produced a work that is well worth reading a n d owning. In fact he is m u c h more accurate in his research than some other publications of the Westernlore Press.

Because of his horse stealing raids in California and later because of his trading post on Bear River on the Oregon Trail, Pegleg accumulated considerable property. But he abandoned the trading post and spent the proceeds in the saloons of San Francisco. T h e r e he told and retold the story of the black gold nuggets and guided several expeditions in search of the place, all without result.

Pegleg died in San Francisco in 1866 at the age of 65.

In the M a r c h issue of Desert Magazine is the report of the discovery of Pegleg's black gold nuggets by a m a n w h o will not divulge his name, b u t says he has over $300,000 to prove his story. T h e report appears to be authentic since it is accompanied by samples of the nuggets a n d p h o t o g r a p h s of t h e p l a c e w h e r e found. But this is not mentioned in the book — it was published about 30 days too soon! _ CHARLES KELLY

Salt Lake Burs Under the Saddle: A Second at Books and Histories of the

City Look West.

By R A M O N F. A D A M S . ( N o r m a n : U n i -

versity of O k l a h o m a Press, 1964. x + 610 pp. $20.00) "Just as burs under the saddle irritate a horse, so the constant writing of inaccurate history irritates the historian."

T h u s writes R a m o n F . Adams, the wellknown bibliographer, lexicographer, a n d historian of the West, in his Introduction to a collection of "burs" from 424 works in western history. Ranging from E. C.

Abbott's We Pointed Them North to Scout Younger's True Facts of the Lives of America's Most Notorious Outlaws, Adams brings a lifetime's accumulation of facts to the correction of "tall tales, faulty reminiscences, a n d just plain fiction" about outlaws a n d gunmen. N o reader of Burs Under the Saddle can rem a i n unimpressed by the h a r d h e a d e d matter-of-factness of Adam's work.

And yet, impressive as this kind of correction may be, it leaves m u c h to be desired in the advancement of western historiography. I n seeming to assume that history is merely a collection of facts, it seems to ignore the many other kinds of distortions which can come into history, even sometimes when facts are being rigorously respected.

As a case in point take S a m P. Ridings' The Chisholm Trail. Adams deals with the work briefly, pointing out that Ridings repeats many of the legends concerning Billy the Kid's boyhood and has Billy kill 21 men by the time he was 21 years old. Adams further points out that Ridings "gets many proper names wrong or misspells them, such as 'John' G. M c Coy for Joseph G. McCoy, 'McSwain' for McSween, 'McClasky' for McCloskey, 'Bowdry' for Bowdre, a n d 'Shurlock' for Scurlock." Again, one appreciates such corrections, b u t nevertheless wishes that Adams — or some other critic of western historians—would take into account other tendencies in Ridings' work. T h e r e is, for example, a strong streak of Texas chauvinism; Texas is "one of the greatest, if not the greatest State, of the Union of States," with a beauty "unsurpassed" and with cattle in the old days with horns "so large that in this day a n d age they are beyond conception." T h e r e is, for example, a tendency to indulge in historical elegy, to linger nostalgically over " t h e scenes of childhood in the west" that "will never be seen again." And there is at the point of the Indians the use of a quaint historical d r a m a of a weaker race "being crowded out by force and by the

Utah Historical Quarterly

362 intrusion of a superior race. Such has been the course of the world, both before and since we have h a d recorded history."

N o w all of this may perhaps be forgiven a m a n who did not claim to be a professional historian, who was first and last one of "the men w h o traveled the old trails of the West." And such personal biases, such personal ways of thinking a n d feeling, may not bear directly on the way he handles R a m o n Adams' outlaws.

Yet in the long run, the style, the tone, the patterns of selection and exclusion, the organizing philosophy have a good bit to do with the total objectivity of history or the lack of it. Adams' facts are simply not enough.

D O N D. WALKER

University

of Utah

Russell tends to organize his works to vibrate with the rhythms of life.

This issue is visually loaded. Layouts are lively a n d clean with colors well used.

T h e profusion of pictorial material is tastefully chosen and presented. A stimulating variety of pertinent articles along with reproductions of letters, drawings, bronzes, photographs, and paintings, including full spreads, is designed to convey the action and vigor of the works as well as the lives of the men. If the two artists merge within the impact of the total impression, then let them do so since neither of these powerful personalities will remain in obscurity.

T h e book is a "must" for lovers of W e s t e r n A m e r i c a n a a n d a d m i r e r s of these Titans of Western Art. J. R O M A N A N D R U S

Titans of Western Art. Volume V , No. 4, American Scene Magazine.

(Tulsa: T h o m a s Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art, 1964. 64 pp. $1.25 paperbound, $5.00 deluxe) Titans of Western Art is an exciting publication — the kind of material to enrich the private library. H e r e are brought together Frederic Remington and Charles M . Russell, whose salty works were legend without "Wagon T r a i n , " " R a w h i d e , " or other western television spectaculars to focus attention on the romance of the West.

Both of these men loved the West.

Both h a d a way, though different, of making a horse or a m a n particular.

Each was a master of his craft without letting craftsmanship interfere with the statement. Perhaps most significant in the work of each is the feeling of immediacy, almost to the point of becoming aromatic, that seems to hover over the most informal sketch or large painting.

Some of the works by each painter have a tentative quality as if the artist is waiting to see how the West will turn out before making the statement complete. While Remington's work is more painterly,

Brigham

Young

University

Brigham Young's Dixie of the Desert: Exploration and Settlement.

By H .

L O R E N z o REID. (Zion National Park: Z i o n N a t u r a l H i s t o r y Association, 1964. ix + 2 4 4 p p . $3.50) I n his Introduction the author states that "the aim in this volume has been to tell the story without confusing details and thus let the reader see the early explorers and settlers in action, and . . . reveal the spirit and atmosphere amid which they lived and worked."

T h e b o o k consists of 24 c h a p t e r s grouped into six sections. T h e beginning, "First Streaks of D a w n , " deals with the explorations of the Escalante party and the companies led by Jedediah S. Smith.

"Day Breaks over the Desert" considers the O l d Spanish Trail and some of the famous figures who traveled it. " T h e H o u r before Sunrise" tells of early Mormon efforts at colonizing in southern U t a h . "Sunrise in the Desert" sets forth the establishment of the Cotton Mission late in 1861 and the trials and drawbacks i n h e r e n t in t h a t h e r o i c b e g i n n i n g .

"Working in the H e a t of D a y " develops

363

Reviews and Publications the various aspects of pioneering in t h e mission — the struggle to control t h e mercurial Virgin River for irrigation, the cooperative movement, the United Order, t h e impractical attempts to establish a water route to t h e Pacific by way of the Colorado River, relations with the Indians with t h e main emphasis on t h e activities of Jacob Hamblin and his missionary associates, t h e M o r m o n system for preserving law a n d order through use of local church organization, the d e velopment of schools a n d cultural pursuits such as music a n d t h e d r a m a , t h e opening of t h e mines of Pioche a n d Silver Reef with their beneficial a n d baleful effects, a n d finally t h e discovery by t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d of t h e b e a u t i e s of U t a h ' s Dixie through t h e vivid descriptions of J o h n Wesley Powell a n d his associates, particularly of t h e t w o gorgeous canyons of the Virgin River ( M u k u n t u weap a n d Parunuweap) a n d their evolution into Zion National Park. T h e final section, " T h e Approach of Evening" relates the building of the St. George T e m ple during the decade of the 1870's.

T h e book is beautifully illustrated with 50 photographs in color a n d in black a n d white, many of them full-page size. I t seems probable that M r . Reid's service as park ranger for a dozen years accounts for t h e emphasis on pictures of Zion Park a n d its environs which decorate the volume.

T h e r e is n o index. T h e publishers would have done well to include one.

This, together with a more careful proofreading t o eliminate certain errors in p u n c t u a t i o n , g r a m m a r , a n d spelling, would improve a n already attractive volume.

. ,.,

The Branding Iron [Los Angeles Westerners Corral] — No. 73, J u n e 1965: "Alexis Godey [mountain m a n with J o h n Charles Fremont]," by W A L T WHEELOCK,

Iff.; " N o t e s o n D o n

Cristobal Slover [mountain m a n ] , " by D R . A R T H U R WOODWARD, 6-8.

The Colorado Magazine—XLII, Spring 1965: "Gold Rush Governments," by CALVIN W . G O W E R , 1 1 4 - 3 2 ; " R a m -

bling Recollections of a Bookhunter,"

by F R E D A. R O S E N S T O C K , 151-59.

Michigan History—XLIX, M a r c h 1965: " T h e Saints Come to Michigan," by J O H N AND A U D R E Y C U M M I N G , 12-27.

Natural History — L X X I V , J u n e - J u l y 1965: " T h e Ecology of M a n a n d t h e L a n d E t h i c , " by STEWART L. U D A L L ,

32-41.

The Nevada Centennial Magazine — " T h e Beginning of N e v a d a [Mormons in N e v a d a ] , " by F L O R E N C E L E E J O N E S .

Nevada Historical Society Quarterly —• V I I I , Spring 1965: " T h e Mormons in Carson County, U t a h Territory," by J U A N I T A B R O O K S , 4 - 2 3 ; "Early M o r -

mon Settlements in Southern Nevada,"

by E L B E R T B. E D W A R D S , 2 6 - 4 3 .

Pacific Historical Review — X X X I V , May 1965: " U t a h ' s Small Arms A m munition Plant During World W a r I I , " by T H O M A S G. ALEXANDER a n d LEONARD J. A R R I N G T O N , 185-96.

Pacific Northwest Quarterly •—LVI, April 1 9 6 5 : " W o m a n Suffrage in Wyoming," by T . A. L A R S O N , 57-66.

T

A. K A R L L A R S O N

Dixie

College

ARTICLES OF INTEREST Arizona Highways — X L I , July 1965: "Boat T r i p to Rainbow Bridge," by T H E L M A HALL T O W L E , 2-11.

Western Folklore—XIII, October 1964: " M y t h F o r m a t i o n in t h e Creative Process," by Austin E. Fife, 229-39.

The Western Political Quarterly — X V I I I , J u n e 1965: " T h e 1964 Election in U t a h , " by F R A N K H . J O N A S ,

509-13.

INDEX Abrams, Milton C , appointed to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 354 Adams, R a m o n F., Burs Under the Saddle: A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West, reviewed, 361-62 Adderly, Charlie, manager Bingham Mercantile Company, 284 Ahee, Joe, commander Fort Douglas, 349 Air National Guard, see U t a h Air National Guard Alexander, T h o m a s G., " U t a h ' s Biggest Business: Ogden Air Materiel Area at Hill Air ForceBase, 1938-1965," 9-33; " U t a h ' s First Line of Defense: T h e U t a h National Guard and C a m p W. G. Williams, 1926-1965," 141-56; "Ogden's 'Arsenal of Democracy,' 1920-1955," 237-47; " T h e U . S . Army Overlooks Salt Lake Valley, Fort Douglas, 1862-1965," 326-50 Almo, Idaho, 258, 270 American Smelting and Refining Company, 1912 strike at Murray, 294 American State Archives, by Posner, reviewed, 183-84 Anasazi, inhabited Glen Canyon, 3 9 ; subcultures, 3 9 ; horticulture of, 3 9 ; division into time periods, 39; migration into Glen Canyon, 39; abandoned Glen Canyon, 4 0 ; explanation for abandonment of Glen Canyon, 4 6 ; picture of prehistoric implements of, 4 9 ; picture of sandals of, 4 9 ; see also Glen Canyon Anderson, Bernice Gibbs, picture, 354; received U t a h State Historical Society Honorary Life Membership, 354 Andrus, J. R o m a n , Titans of Western Art, review by, 362 Angel Arch, Canyonlands National Park, picture, 118 Antiquities Act, 124, 126 Archeology, " T h e Clen Canyon: A MultiDiscipline Project," 34-54; "firsts" in Glen Canyon, 41 ; collaboration with soil scientists and botanists in Glen Canyon Project, 44-45 Architecture, discoveries in Glen Canyon, 4 1 42 ; picture of kiva, 47 Arimo, Idaho, 258 Arizona, secessionist activities, 58 Armenians, in Bingham, 291 Army, see United States Army Arrington, Leonard J., " U t a h ' s Biggest Business : Ogden Air Materiel Area at Hill Air Force Base, 1938-1965," 9-33; " U t a h ' s First Line of Defense: T h e U t a h National Guard and C a m p W. G. Williams, 1926-1965," 141-56; "Cooperative Community in the N o r t h : Brigham City, U t a h , " 198-217; " T h e U.S. Army Overlooks Salt Lake Valley, Fort Douglas, 1862-1965," 326-50 Art, pictures of vessels excavated in U p p e r Colorado River Archeological Salvage Project, cover No. 1; discoveries in Glen Canyon, 42

Austrians, in Bingham, 2 9 2 ; "Serbian-Austrian Christmas at Highland Boy," 316-25 B Baer Creek, 261 Baer, Vern, teacher in Bingham, 314 Bailey, Paul, For Time and All Eternity, reviewed, 80-81 Baird, Alexander, stage manager Brigham City Courthouse Theatre, 189; picture, 192; actor, 194; brief biography, 194 The Banditti of the Prairies or, The Murderer's Doom!.' A Tale of the Mississippi Valley, by Bonney, reviewed, 86-87 Bannon, John Francis, ed., Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands, reviewed, 275-77 Baptiste, John, grave robber banished to Fremont Island, 222 Barker, Don R., picture, 354; president Wasatch Historical Society, 354 Barnard Spring, 263 Bartleson-Bidwell Party, 265, 266 Battle of Bear River, Indians massacred, 330 Be It Enacted: The Creation of the Territory of Arizona, by Sacks, reviewed, 174-76 Beal, Merrill D., The Last Days of the Sioux Nation, review by, 79-80; The Yellowstone National Park, review by, 180-81 Bear Lake, 258 Bear River, 250. 255, 256, 257, 258, 264, 264 fn. 28, 265, 266, 267 Bear River City, U t a h , 267 Bear River Valley, 257, 265 The Beaver Men: Spearheads of Empire, by Sandoz, reviewed, 277 Beebe, Lucius, The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads, reviewed, 18182 Berger, Joe, resident of Bingham, 285 Bernier, Baptiste, explored Fremont Island, 219 Bigler, Henry W., met Hensley exploring party on California Trail, 250; diary entries concerning Salt Lake Cutoff, 251, 252, 255 B i n g h a m C a n y o n , " B i n g h a m Canyon T h r o u g h the Eyes of a Company Doctor," 283-88; exodus, 283-84, 315; pictures of M a i n Street, 283, 2 9 0 - 9 1 ; physicians, 284; population, 284, 3 0 8 ; maternity care in, 2 8 5 ; meetingplaces, 286; prostitutes, 286; churches, 287, 2 9 2 ; description of Main Street, 287; juvenile delinquency, 287; prominent citizens from, 287; sanitation, 2 8 7 ; sports activities, 2 8 7 ; City Hall picture, 2 8 8 ; English settle in, 289; first residents of, 289; Irish settle in, 289; "Life and Labor Among the Immigrants of Bingham Canyon," 289-315; population, 289, 290, 2 9 2 ; Chinese in, 290; Finns settle in, 290; Italians in, 290; nationalities in, 290, 291, 2 9 2 ; negroes in, 290; recreation, 290, 292; towns in, 292; description of life in, 2 9 3 ; 1912 labor conditions, 293, 310; 1912 strikebreaker activity, 294; strike of 1912, 296-306; U t a h National Guard called to, 2 9 7 ; living conditions of miners, 299-300;

Index priest urges conciliatory meeting of 1912 strikers, 300-1; citizens leave, 3 0 1 ; activities of law enforcement officers during 1912 strike, 302; violence in 1912 strike, 304; battle in Galena Gulch during 1912 strike, 305; Mexican immigrants in, 307; metal mined ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 308; newspaper accounts of activities in 1918, 308-10; Orientals in, 310; conditions during 1930's in, 312-13; strike in 1931, 312; conditions during 1940's, 313; picture of dismantling of, 315; "Serbian-Austrian Christmas at Highland Boy," 316-25; ore discovered in, 331 Bingham, Edwin R., ed., The Frontier Experience: Readings in the Trans-Mississippi West, reviewed, 81-82 Bingham-Garfield Railroad, labor gangs, 2 9 1 ; strikers patrol, 301 Bingham Mercantile Company, manager, 284; picture, 299 Biology, studies in Glen Canyon, 42-45; evapo-transpiration study in Glen Canyon, 42-43; plant identification study in Glen Canyon, 4 3 ; discoveries regarding aboriginal human diet in Glen Canyon, 43, 4 4 ; study of distribution and age of prehistoric corn and cucurbits, 44 Black Hawk War, began, 330 Black Robe: The Life of Pierre-Jean DeSmet, Missionary, Explorer & Pioneer, by Terrell, reviewed, 177-78 Blind Spring, 268 Blood, Henry H., rejected creation of Kolob Canyon National Park, 110; views regarding creation of Escalante National Monument, 120-22 ; proposed solution to creation of Escalante National Monument, 130 Blue Creek Valley, 268 Blue Springs, 255, 268 The Boeing Company, manufacture of Minuteman, 26 Bolsheviks, active in Bingham, 293 Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands, by Bannon, reviewed, 275-77 Bonney, Edward, The Banditti of the Prairies or, The Murderer's Doom!! A Tale of the Mississippi Valley, reviewed, 86-87 Bootlegging, in Bingham, 310, 311 Bountiful, U t a h , 261 Bowring, Henry E., actor, 188; brief sketch of acting experience, 194 Bowring's Theatre, established, 194 Box Elder County Courthouse, picture, 187 Box Elder County United Order Council, organized, 208 Breckon, , Mrs., resident of Bingham, 285 Bridge, Idaho, 270 Brigham City, pictures, cover No. 3, 2 0 3 ; courthouse constructed and destroyed, 188; settled, 188, 200; theatre constructed, 188; "Cooperative Community in the N o r t h : Brigham City, U t a h , " 198-217; picture of shoe factory, 198; picture of tannery, 198; industry, 199-200; organized for cooperative activity, 199; physical description of, 199; population ( 1 9 6 5 ) , 199; activities of early settlers, 200; railroad constructed to, 200; tannery constructed, 201-2; adminis-

365 tration of tannery, 202; boot and shoe shop constructed, 202 ; description of woolen factory, 202; tannery expanded, 202; woolen factory constructed, 202; picture of First Security Bank, 209 Brigham City Cooperative, organized, 199; general store organized, 200; explained by L. Snow, 2 0 1 ; tannery constructed, 201-2; workings of original association, 2 0 1 ; sheep herd, 2 0 3 ; size ( 1 8 7 4 ) , 203-4; description of dairy, 204; silk department, 204; textile enterprises, 204; construction enterprises, 205; mercantile establishment, 2 0 5 ; public works department, 205; attempts to establish competitive stores, 206, 206 fn. 16; education department, 206; shops, 206; department responsibility, 207; description of accounts, 207; general superintendent of, 207; wages, 207; administration, 208; president of, 208; reorganized, 208; picture of dairy, 209; picture of woolen mill, 209 Brigham City Courthouse Theatre, constructed, 188; description, 189-91; stage manager, 189; plays presented at, 191-92; 194-95; cost of tickets, 193; closed, 195-96, 197 Brigham City Dramatic Association, history of, 187-97; criticisms, 195, 196; disbanded, 195-96, 197 Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Company, description, 202 Brigham City Opera House, picture, 196 Brigham City United Order, description of, 208; employment ( 1 8 7 4 ) , 208-9; organized, 208; scrip issued to employees, 210; total production ( 1 8 7 5 ) , 210; observations concerning, 2 1 1 ; attitude of J. Taylor concerning, 211-12; attitude of L. Snow regarding burgeoning, 212-14; conditions in 1877, 212, 212-14; decentralization necessary, 212; death-knell of, 214; woolen factory constructed, 214; woolen factory fire, 214; railroad contract of, 2 1 5 ; saw mill disaster, 215-16; financial conditions in 1878, 216; taxes levied against, 216; charter expired, 217; general store bankrupted, 217; local court appointed receiver for corporation, 217; returned to system of semiprivate property, 217; taxes restored, 217 Brigham Young's Dixie of the Desert: Exploration and Settlement,

by Reid, reviewed, 363-64 Brimhall, Dean R., appointed to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 354 Brooks, Juanita, On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844-1861, reviewed, 272-73; appointed to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 354 Brown, D. Alexander, The Galvanized Yankees, reviewed, 82-83 Browning, John, John M. Browning, American Gunmaker, reviewed, 274-75 Buchman, Louis, brief biography, 284; resident of Bingham, 314 Bulgarians, in Bingham, 292 Burs Under the Saddle: A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West, by Adams, reviewed, 361-62

366 Burt, Olive W., The Banditti of the Prairies or, The Murderer's Doom!! A Tale of the Mississippi Valley, review by, 86-87 Burton, Robert T., officer in Nauvoo Legion, 60, 143; protected Overland Mail route, 60 Cache Valley, 265; Indian war threatened, 51, 54; picture, 53 Caine, Joseph E., officer during SpanishAmerican War, 145 California, activities and attitude during Civil War, 57-58 California Trail, 250, 258, 271 California Volunteers, battle with Indians, 53, 329-30; arrived Salt Lake City, 329; mustered out, 333 C a m p Connor, established, 332 C a m p Douglas, see Fort Douglas C a m p Floyd, troops withdrawn from, 326; condition in 1862, 328 C a m p Williams, " U t a h ' s First Line of Defense: T h e U t a h National Guard and C a m p W. G. Williams, 1926-1965," 1415 6 ; pictures, 142-43, 153; accouterments, 146-47 ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 147 ( 1 9 4 1 ) ; cost of land, 146; description of land when purchased, 146; established, 146; history, 146-56; named, 146; construction, 147, 152, 153; cost of construction, 147; description of camp at beginning, 147; activities during World War I I , 148-49; size during World War I I , 148-49; sub-post and training site for Fort Douglas, 148; different uses for, 154; programs conducted at, 154; description of camp now, 153 Cannon, John Q., commander U t a h National Guard, 145 Canyonlands National Park, map, 115; pictures, 125, 128; created, 132; size, 132 Carr Fork, Bingham Canyon, 292 Carrington, Albert, explored Great Salt Lake, 220 Carson Cross, 226; carved, 220; discovered by H . Stansbury, 220; picture, 221 Carson, Kit, explored Fremont Island, 219; carved cross on Fremont Island, 220 Carson Valley, Nevada, 260 Cassia (Cajnes, Cazier) Creek, 251, 252, 258 Castle Island, see Fremont Island Catholic Church, established in Bingham, 292; youth organization, 314 Cedar Creek, 269, 270 Cedar Mesa, picture, 125 Centerville, U t a h , 261 The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads, by Beebe, reviewed, 181-82 Chinese, settle in Bingham, 290; left Bingham, 291 Chittenden, H i r a m Martin, The Yellowstone National Park, reviewed, 180-81 Christmas, "Serbian-Austrian Christmas at Highland Boy," 316-25; description of Serbian Christmas by Dr. P. Richards, 324-25 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, brought theocratic government to Intermountain West, 161-62; frontier or nonfrontier religion, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168; moved West, 164; area members recruited

Utah Historical Quarterly from, 166; converts, 166; missionary activity, 166, 167-68; number of members (1838), 167; government, 168; theocratic government of, 168-73; government established in Salt Lake Valley, 169; origins of theocratic government, 169; purposes and conditions expressed by P. Pratt, 169-70; reasons for establishing in U t a h , 169; dependent on willingness and free-will of members, 1 7 1 ; loyal to U.S., 172; organization nearly perfect piece of social mechanism, 172; success in settlements, 172-73; history of cooperative movement in Brigham City, 198-217; established in Bingham, 287, 292 ; see also Mormons City of Rocks, 250, 251, 254, 271 Civil War, began, 56, 6 6 ; " U t a h and the Civil War," 55—77; U t a h territorial war tax, 60-61 Civilian Conservation Corps, projects at Fort Douglas, 342 Clarkston, U t a h , 265 Clawson, H. B., officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Clayton, James L., The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 1840-1865, review by, 359 Clear Creek, 253, 270 Coal, U t a h National Guard called out against strikers, 145; price (during Civil War, 1866,1869,1874),336 Cokeville, Wyoming, 258 Cold Spring, description, 263 Collinston, U t a h , 263 Colorado River, study, 122 Confederacy, organized, 66 Connor, Patrick Edward, colonel Third California Volunteers, 6 2 ; delegated to guard Overland Mail route, 6 2 ; visited Salt Lake City, 63, 328; attitude toward Mormons, 70-72, 73-74, 328, 330; selected Fort Douglas site, 7 1 ; troops entered Salt Lake City, 71-72; friction with Mormons, 7 3 ; promoted to brigadier-general, 73, 330; ordered to use discretion when dealing with Mormons, 7 3 ; posted provost guard in Salt Lake City, 74, 3 3 1 ; promoted mining: in Utah, 74, 332; decided Camp Floyd unsuitable for troops, 328; decided to establish troops near Salt Lake City, 328; ordered to U t a h , 3 2 8 ; visited Camp Floyd, 328; picture, 329; brought Indians under control, 329-30; campaigns participated in, 330; filed claim in Bingham Canyon, 3 3 1 ; outraged by high cost of supplies, 3 3 1 ; relinquished command of Fort Douglas, 333; monument erected to, 343 Controtto, Andrew, resident of Bingham, 287 Cooley, Everett L., Time and the River Flowing: Grand Canyon, review by, 359-60 Copper League Baseball, organized, 311 Copperfield, Bingham Canyon, 292; pictures, 294, 295 Corinne, U t a h , 266, 267 Cowboys and Cattlemen: A Roundup from Montana, The Magazine of Western History, by Kennedy, reviewed, 179-80 Crampton, C. Gregory, Standing Up Country: The Canyon Lands of Utah and Arizona, reviewed, 174; The San Juan Canyon Historical Sites, reviewed, 184

Index Creedon, John, 314; resident of Bingham, 287 Creer, Leland H , retired as U t a h State Historical Society board member, 3 5 3 ; The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada, review by, 357-58 Croations, in Bingham, 291 Crossing of the Fathers, picture, 113 Crow, Mary Jane, resident of Bingham, 285 Culleton, Phil, Bingham policeman, 305 Cumming, Alfred E., governor of Utah, 57; left Utah, 5 7 ; attitude toward Mormons, 65 Curecanti Reservoir, proposed, 35 Curlew Valley, 254, 269

Darrah, William Culp, Stereo Views: A History of Stereographs in America and Their Collection, reviewed, 277-78 Dawson, John W., friction with Mormons, 60-61; governor of Utah, 60; left U t a h , 6 1 ; beaten and robbed, 6 6 ; attitude toward Mormons, 67 Dayton, Dello G., The Galvanized Yankees, review by, 82-83 ; retired as U t a h State Historical Society board member, 353-54 DeQuille, D a n (William W r i g h t ) , Washoe Rambles, reviewed, 84-85 Dead Horse Point, picture, cover No. 2 Deep Creek, 254, 255, 269 Defense Depot Ogden, Ogden Arsenal railway repair shop placed under jurisdiction of, 246 Demas, Charles, resident of Bingham, 313 Dern, George H., governor of U t a h , 110; rejected creation of Kolob Canyon National Park, 110; entered F. D. Roosevelt cabinet, 111 Deseret Dramatic Association, disbanded, 188 Deseret, State of, constitution adopted, 61 Dewey Spring, 263 Dewey, Will, hired as night herder to go West, 134, 135-36; "Will Dewey in U t a h , " 1344 0 ; impressions of Mormons, 136-38; account of expedition against Paiute Indians, 139-40 Deweyville, U t a h , 263, 268 Dick, Everett, Tales of the Frontier: From Lewis and Clark to the Last Roundup, reviewed, 83-84 Dillie Spring, 255 ; see also Hansel Spring Dinkeyville, Bingham Canyon, 292; painting of miner's home in, cover No. 4 Disappointment Island, see Fremont Island Donner-Mormon Trail, 258 Doty, James Duane, Indian superintendent, 59; requested services to raise rangers to protect Overland Mail route, 5 9 ; attitude toward Mormons, 65, 73 ; governor of Utah, 73, 330; letter concerning conditions in Utah, 7 5 ; died, 77 Down the Colorado, by Stanton, reviewed, 358-59 Drake, Thomas J., judge U t a h courts, 72; attitude toward Mormons, 72; Gentiles request retention in office, 72; Mormons request removal from office, 72

367 Drama, "Theatre in Zion: The Brigham City Dramatic Association," 187-97 Dugway Proving Ground, command, 11 Duhigg, Ada, influence on Bingham, 287; established Highland Boy Community House, 287, 314; tribute to, 314-15 Durham, G. Homer, Be It Enacted: The Creation of the Territory of Arizona, review by, 174-76 Dwyer, Robert J., Black Robe: The Life of Pierre-Jean DeSmet, Missionary, Explorer & Pioneer, review by, 177-78 East Canyon, 258 Echo Canyon, 258 Elba, Idaho, 258 Ellsworth, S. George, On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844-1861, review by, 272-73 Emancipation Proclamation, issued, 66 Emigrant Spring, 254, 269, 270 Emigrants, over California Trail (18491857), 258 Emigration Canyon, Idaho, 251, 253, 254, 270 Emigration Canyon, Utah, 260 English, in Bingham, 292 Erb, Jr., Eugene A., "Utah's Biggest Business: Ogden Air Materiel Area at Hill Air Force Base, 1938-1965," 9-33 Escalante National Monument, "Federal Park Policy in U t a h : The Escalante National Monument Controversy of 1935-1940," 109-40; pictures of area included in proposed, 109, 118, 125, 131; area proposed for, 113-14; public meeting at Price concerning, 114-16; m a p of area considered for, 115; proposed tract reduced, 117; resolution adopted at Price meeting concerning, 117; Planning Board called for opposition to, 119; protect against creation, 1262 7 ; H. H. Blood solution to creation of, 130; creation of abandoned, 132; see also Kolob Canyon National Park Escalante River, picture of area, 109 Ethnology, studies in Glen Canyon, 45 Euler, Robert C , Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter, review by, 273-74 Evanoff, Alexander, " T h e Turner Thesis and Mormon Beginnings in New York and U t a h , " 157-73 Evans, Elliott, resident of Bingham, 287 Fagan, Lester, reverend in Bingham, 287 Fahrni, Bill, manager of Lark Mercantile, 285-86 Farmers Home Administration, housed at Fort Douglas, 347 Farmington, Utah, 260, 261 Farnham, Wallace D., The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads, review by, 181-82 Fielding, U t a h , 264 Fillmore, U t a h , site of territorial capital, 100 Finns, in Bingham, 290, 292 Fireman, Bert M., Ghosts of the Adobe Walls: Human Interest and Historical Highlights

368 from 400 Ghost Haunts of Old Arizona, review by, 182-83 Flaming Gorge Dam, social impact of, 48 Flaming Gorge Reservoir, proposed, 35 Flaxville, see M a n t u a Fleming, L. A., " T h e Road to 'Fortune': T h e Salt Lake Cutoff," 248-71 Flynn, J. F., doctor in Bingham, 284 For Time and All Eternity, by Bailey, reviewed, 80-81 Fort Bridger, 258, 259; Connor sent troops to garrison, 332 Fort Cameron, abandoned, 336, 340 Fort Douglas, history of, 326-50; picture ( 1 8 6 8 ) , 326-27; " T h e U . S . Army Overlooks Salt Lake Valley, Fort Douglas, 18621965," 326-50; aerial view (1965), 327; commanders, 328, 333, 341, 349; location, 328; named, 328; construction, 329, 334, 335, 339, 340, 341-42, 344, 3 4 8 : during the Civil War, 329-33; life of soldiers at, 332-33, 337, 338-39; picture of Union Vedette printing office, 3 3 3 : cost of construction, 334; employees, 335; name redesignated, 335 ; picture of stable and tether line, 3 3 5 ; soldiers stationed at, 335; absorbed nearby installations, 336; cope with Indian outbreaks, 336; cost of supplies, 33637; picture, 336; during Spanish-American War, 338-39; troops withdrawn, 338; civilian training camp instituted, 339; during World W a r I, 339-40; Post Exchange business, 339; cutbacks, 340; general hospital established, 340; money spent by soldiers, 340; no troops garrisoned at, 340-41; number of recruits for training, 340; prisoners of war confined at, 340; picture of construction of Red Butte D a m , 3 4 1 ; Red Butte D a m constructed, 341, 3 4 3 ; C C C projects at, 342 ; Citizens' Military Training C a m p inaugurated, 342; picture of C M T C , 342-43; W P A projects at, 342, 344; expenditures, 343-44; relations with community, 3 4 3 ; wages, 3 4 3 ; Air Force at, 344; during World W a r I I , 344-46; men separated from service in 1945 at, 344-45; reception center established, 344; Army finance office, 345 disbursements from, 345, 349; mission, 345 activities lost, 346; activities retained, 346 individuals released from separation centers, 346; offices housed in buildings vacated by, 346; personnel problems, 346; picture of officer's home, 347; property turned over to War Assets Administration, 347; size, 347, 348; activities since World W a r I I , 348-49; men stationed at, 348; naval training center established at, 348; Army finance office returned to, 349; Deseret Test Center tenant at, 349; facility to be deactivated, 349; future of, 349; Tooele Army Depot to gain some services of, 350 Fort Duchesne, abandoned, 340 Fort Hall, 250, 251, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 265, 2 7 1 ; abandoned, 336; troops removed to Fort Douglas, 336 Fort Laramie, 259 Fort Rawlings, abandoned, 336; established, 336 Fort Thornburgh, abandoned, 336, 340

Utah Historical Quarterly Four Mile Slough, 263 Frazier, Russell G., " B i n g h a m C a n y o n Through the Eyes of a Company Doctor," 283-88; doctor in Bingham, 314 Fremont Island, "A Great Adventure on Great Salt Lake, A T r u e Story by Kate Y. Noble," 218-36; description, 219, 2 2 1 ; named, 219, 220, 221, 222 fn. 8; surveyed, 219, 220-21; sheep range, 220, 222, 2 2 3 ; bought by U . J. Wenner, 222, 222 fn.

1 1 ; cabin constructed, 222; "Courthouse Rock," 222; John Baptiste banished to, 222; prospected for minerals, 222; see also Carson Cross Fremont, J o h n Charles, explored Fremont Island, 219, 226; surveyed Great Salt Lake, 219; lost spy glass, 220, 226; first wagons to travel from crossings of Malad and Bear rivers to Ogden, 256-57; forded Bear River, 264 fn. 28 Frogtown, Bingham Canyon, 292 The Frontier Experience: Readings in the Trans-Mississippi West, by Hine and Bingham, reviewed, 81-82 Fuller, Frank, acting governor of U t a h , 59; requested protection for Overland Mail route, 59 ; removed from office, 72 The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 18401865, by Sunder, reviewed, 359 The Galvanized Yankees, by Brown, reviewed, 82-83 Garland, U t a h , 266 Gemmel Club, community club in Bingham, 314 Gemmel, Robert C , attitude toward union in 1912, 297; defended labor agent, 301 Gentiles, dissension with Mormons, 65 Geology, studies in Glen Canyon, 45-47 Georgia, seceded from Union, 57 Germans, in Bingham, 292 Ghosts of the Adobe Walls: Human Interest and Historical Highlights from 400 Ghost Haunts of Old Arizona, by Murbarger, reviewed, 182-83 Gilcrease Institute of American History and Art, Thomas, Titans of Western Art, reviewed, 362 Glen Canyon, " T h e Glen Canyon: A MultiDiscipline Project," 34-54; Moqui Canyon picture of Fence Ruin, 34; pictures of canyons, sites, implements, habitations, inhabitants, cover No. 1, 34, 38, 4 1 , 44, 47, 4 9 ; expeditions into, 3 8 ; Moqui Canyon picture of Doll Ruin, 3 8 ; Early Developmental Stage of Anasazi, 39; Full Developmental Stage of Anasazi, 39; Formative Stage of Anasazi, 39; inhabited, 39; migration into and occupancy by Anasazi, 39; abandonment by Anasazi, 4 0 ; first exploration of, 4 0 ; mining in, 4 0 ; occupied by Navajo, 4 0 ; occupied by Paiute, 4 0 ; prehistoric h u m a n use of, 4 0 ; archeological "firsts" in, 41 ; architectural discoveries, 4 1 4 2 ; picture of aboriginal water storage reservoir at Creeping Dune site, 4 1 ; artifacts discovered in, 4 2 ; biological studies in, 424 5 ; diet of aborigines in, 4 3 ; picture of

369

Index skeletal remains in, 4 4 ; archeologic sites in, 4 5 ; canyons in, 4 5 ; ethnological studies in, 4 5 ; Lake Canyon in, 4 5 ; microgeologic studies in, 45-47; M o q u i Canyon in, 4 5 ; sociohistorical studies in, 47-48; communities established in area of, 48 Glen Canyon Dam, 35 Glen Canyon Reservoir, proposed, 35 Godbe, H a m p t o n C , For Time and All Eternity, review by, 80-81 Godbe, William, operated ferry on Bear River, 264 fn. 28 Goetzmann, William H., The Frontier Experience: Readings in the Trans-Mississippi West, review by ; 81-82 Gold Rush, condition of seekers, 259; first seekers arrived Salt Lake City, 259; number of seekers through Salt Lake City, 260 Golden Spike Centennial Commission, 355 Goodman, Jack, The Quiet Crisis, review by, 274; reappointed to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 354; vice-president of board, 354 Government, functions of, 4, 5, 6 Governors, list of since statehood, 8 Granite Pass, 251, 271 Granite Spring, 251 Great Depression, conditions in Bingham Canyon, 312 Great Salt Lake, 262; first scientific survey, 219; physical characteristics of, 219; highest recorded level of, 222 Great Salt Lake City, see Salt Lake City Greeks, in Bingham, 291, 292; strike in Bingh a m ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 294; padrone system, 2 9 5 ; attitude toward labor agent, 296, 2 9 8 ; protest treatment of law enforcement officers during 1912 strike, 304-5; violence during 1912 strike, 304; Saints' Day, 313 Greeley, Horace, interviewed B. Young regarding slavery, 63 Gunnison Massacre, party massacred, 102

H Hamilton, Parker, Stereo Views: A History of Stereographs in America and Their Collection, review by, 277-78 H a m p t o n , Benjamin, operated ferry on Bear River, 264 fn. 28 Hampton's Bridge, 263-64, 265; picture, 264; brief history, 264 fn. 28 Hansel Mountain, 268-69 Hansel Spring, 254-55, 2 6 8 ; named, 255 fn.

12 ; see also Dillie Spring Hansel Valley, 255, 268 Harding, Stephen S., attitude toward Mormons, 67-70, 7 2 ; governor of U t a h , 6 7 ; letters concerning Mormons, 68-70; denounced Mormons, 7 2 ; Gentiles request retention in office of, 72; Mormons request removal from office, 7 2 ; removed from office, 72; left U t a h , 73 H a r p e r Spring, 263 H a r t , Newell, "Rescue of a Frontier Boy," 51-54 Hastings Cutoff, 258 Hastings Spring, 262 Hausknecht, Howard, teacher in Bingham, 287

Hawkins Basin, 258 Heber City Tabernacle, see Wasatch Stakehouse Hempstead, Charles E., provost marshal of Salt Lake City, 74 Hensley, Samuel J., head of exploring party, 249-50; left Salt Lake City, 249, 250; brief sketch of background, 2 5 0 ; met returning M o r m o n Battalion men, 2 5 0 ; first known group to use Salt Lake Cutoff as integral part of road to California, 257; forded Bear River, 264 fn. 28 Hercules Powder Company, employment, 24; payroll, 24; manufacture of Minuteman, 26 Highland Boy, Bingham Canyon, 292; community house, 287; picture, 304; picture of community house, 312; "Serbian-Austrian Christmas at Highland Boy," 316-25; ghost town, 323 Highland Boy Mine, resumed operations in 1912 with strikebreakers, 304 Hill Air Force Base, responsibilities, 10-11; named, 12, 17; purpose, 12-13; employment difficulties, 13; first command, 1 3 ; World W a r I I activities, 13-16; functions, 14, 15, 16; disposal operations, 16; milestones in history of, 16; storage operations, 16; during Korean War, 18-22; construction, 19; employment, 19, 2 2 ; special services performed by, 3 1 ; real estate and facilities of Ogden Arsenal transferred to Ogden Air Materiel Area at, 246, 247; see also Ogden Air Materiel Area Hill Air Force Range, facilities, 30; location, 30 ; see also Hill Air Force Base Hill Field, see Hill Air Force Base Hine, Robert V., ed., The Frontier Experience: Readings in the Trans-Mississippi West, reviewed, 81-82 Historic Sites Act, provisions, 35-36 History of Brigham Young, 1847-1867, reviewed, 178 Honeyville, U t a h , 263, 267, 268 Hooper Canal, 262 Hooper, William H , granted herd ground, 262 Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter, by Newcomb, reviewed, 27374 Hot Springs, 263 Howell, U t a h , 255, 268 Hoyt, Emily Smith, married, 9 9 ; picture, 1 0 1 ; taught school, 108 Hoyt, E m m a Burbidge, married, 1 0 1 ; picture, 101 Hoyt Mansion, location, 9 9 ; pictures, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107; construction started, 105; description, 105-6, 107-8; construction ended, 107 Hoyt, Samuel Pierce, biography, 99-108; born, 9 9 ; converted to Mormonism, 9 9 ; married, 99, 101; arrived Salt Lake Valley, 100; settled in Fillmore, 100; worked on State House, 100; appointed Indian agent and Indian farmer, 1 0 1 ; children, 1 0 1 ; picture, 1 0 1 ; arrived Weber, 103 ; B. Young advised to go to Weber, 103; activities of, 105; gristmill completed, 105; died, 108 Hoytsville, U t a h , location, 9 9 ; settled, 104

Utah Historical Quarterly

370 Hudspeth Cutoff, 258 Humboldt River, 260 Hutchings, John, worked in Bingham Hospital, 322 Hutchings, Lucile Ewart, nurse in Bingham, 322

I Immigrants, "Life and Labor Among the Immigrants of Bingham Canyon," 289315; recreation, 290; attitude toward unions in Bingham, 293, 294; relations in Bingham, 311, 312, 313, 314; to U.S. in 1914, 1918, and 1921,311 Indians, "Rescue of a Frontier Boy," 51-54; Chief Bear Hunter, 5 2 ; battles, 53, 329, 330; released white captive, 54; description of expedition against Paiute, 139-40; Battle of Bear River, 329; P. E. Connor fought, 329-30; treaties negotiated, 330; farms created by B. Young abandoned by, 336; outbreaks of, 336 Industrial Army, passed through Utah, 144 Inglesby, A. L., dentist in Bingham, 285; ran Bingham-Salt Lake stage line, 285; picture, 286; picture of office, 286 Inscore, Robert W., John M. Browning, American Gunmaker, review by, 274-75 International Workers of the World, activities in Bingham, 293, 309, 310 Irish, in Bingham, 289, 292 Italians, in Bingham, 290, 292; padrone system, 295; celebrations, 313 Iverson, J. Grant, picture, 3 5 1 ; " T h e President's Report for the Fiscal Year 19641965," 351-56 Ivins, Stanley S., History of Brigham Young, 1847-1867, review by, 178 Jackling, Daniel C , father of low-grade porphyries, 284; refused to believe padrone system existed, 298-99; attitude toward 1912 strikers, 300; stated men did not have to pay to secure jobs, 3 0 1 ; announced U t a h Copper willing to increase wages of 1912 strikers, 306 Jacobson, Pearl, picture, 354; received U t a h State Historical Society Teacher Award, 354 Japanese, in Bingham, 291, 292; padrone system, 295; employed as bank men in Bingham, 296; activities in Bingham during 1912 strike, 303 Japtown, Bingham Canyon, 292 Jennings, Frank W., chief justice Philippine Supreme Court, 145; officer during Spanish-American War, 145 Jennings, Jesse D., " T h e Glen Canyon: A Multi-Discipline Project," 34-54 Jensen, Joel, teacher in Bingham, 287 John M. Browning, American Gunmaker, by Browning and Gentry, reviewed, 274-75 Johnson, Luke, officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Johnson, Rue C , "Theatre in Zion: T h e Brigham City Dramatic Association," 18797 Johnston, Albert Sidney, replaced as officer in charge of Pacific Military District, 58-

59; killed, 60 Junction Valley, 251, 271 Katrakis, Mike, shot during 1912 strike, 304 Kelly, Charles, The Lame Captain: The Life and Adventures of Pegleg Smith, review by, 360-61 Kennecott Copper Corporation, employment in U t a h , 10 Kennedy, Michael S., ed., Cowboys and Cattlemen: A Roundup from Montana, The Magazine of Western History, reviewed, 179-80 Kimball, Hazen, 264 fn. 2 8 ; dissenter from Mormon Church, 257 Kimball, Heber C , predicted destruction of U.S. government, 65 Kimball, W. H , officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Kingdom of God, 62, 330; purpose and organization, 64, 64 fn. 15 Kinney, John F., attitude toward Mormons, 6 5 ; judge U t a h courts, 6 5 ; removed from office, 72 Kiva, picture, 47 Kolob Canyon National Park, proposed, 110; rejected, 110, 111; see also Escalante National Park K u K l u x Klan, 311 Labor, U t a h National Guard called out against striking coal miners, 145; conditions in Bingham (1912), 2 9 3 ; labor agent, 294; strike of 1912, 294-306; strikebreakers in Bingham (1912), 2 9 4 , 3 0 1 , 3 0 4 , 305; padrone system, 295, 295 fn. 19; called strike in 1912 in Bingham, 296; organized in 1912, 296; payscale ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 296; D. C. Jackling belief concerning padrone system, 298-99,' 302; strikebreakers recruited, 3 0 1 ; resolution by Tooele smeltermen (1912), 305; importance of 1912 strike, 306; padrone system exposed, 306-7; relief to strikers from union ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 306; strike of 1912 ended. 306; strikers in desperate need ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 306; wages ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 308; oversupply in Bingham, 310; mechanization problems, 3 1 1 ; see also Union The Lady of the Lake, boat used for shipping on Great Salt Lake, 221 Lajeunesse, Basil, explored Fremont Island, 219 Lambrides, Vasilios, priest of Greek Church, 300 The Lame Captain: The Life and Adventures of Pegleg Smith, by Templeton, reviewed, 360-61 Larson, A. Karl, picture, 354; received Utah State Historical Society Fellow Award, 354; Brigham Young's Dixie of the Desert: Exploration and Settlement, review by, 363-64 Larson, Gustive O , " U t a h and the Civil War," 55-77 The Last Days of the Sioux Nation, by Utley, reviewed, 79-80 Layton, Utah, 261

371

Index Leigh, Rufus Wood, Nevada Place Names, Their Origin and Significance, reviewed, 179 Leventis, John, resident of Bingham, 305 Leventis, Steve, resident of Bingham, 305 Lewman, Sam, shot 1912 striker, 304 Leydet, Francois, Time and The River Flowing: Grand Canyon, reviewed, 359-60 Lincoln, Abraham, picture, 5 5 ; " U t a h and the Civil War," 55-77; authorized B. Young to protect Overland Mail route, 6 0 : attitude toward Mormons, 66-67; elected president. 66; inaugurated as president, 66; issued Emancipation Proclamation. 6 6 ; inauguration celebrated in Salt Lake City, 75-76; re-elected president, 75; assassinated, 76-77; inaugural parade picture in Salt Lake City, 76: description of memorial services held in Salt Lake Tabernacle, 77 Little Hoover Commission. 353 Locke, E. G., arrested, 305; Western Federation of Labor local secretary, 305 Locomotive Springs. 268 Lopez, Raphael, victim of, 285; story of murders by. 307-8 fn. 79 Loverich, Milka, resident of Bingham, 316 Loverich, Pete, resident of Bingham, 316

Mc McCloud, Billie, negro resident of Bingham, 284 McGarry, Edward, officer Nauvoo Legion who helped rescue white boy from Indians, 52-54 McMullin, Tommie, teacher in Bingham, 287

M MacAlexander, U . G., c o m m a n d e r Fort Douglas, 341 Mack, Effie Mona, Nevada Place Names, Their Origin and Significance, review by, 179 Malad River, 255, 256, 257, 265, 266, 267, 268 Malad River Valley, 265 Malta, Idaho, 258 Mantua, U t a h , picture, 205; settled, 205 Margetts, Phil, manager Salt Lake Theatre, 194; actor, 195 Markham Bridge, Bingham Canyon, picture, 307 Marquardt Aircraft Company, O O A M A responsible for missiles produced by, 22 ; company constructed at Ogden, 2 5 ; O O A M A named maintenance and supply depot for, 2 5 ; test facility constructed, 25 Marriott, Lamar, resident of Bingham, 287 Marsh Spring, description, 263 Marston, O. Dock, The San Juan Canyon Historical Sites, review by, 184 Mason, Philip P., American State Archives, review by, 183-84 Masters, Annie, resident of Bingham, 285 Masters, Phoebe, resident of Bingham, 285 Maw, Herbert B., attitude toward creation of Escalante National Monument, 132; governor of U t a h , 132 Mayne, , Grandma, resident of Bingham, 285

Melich, Joe, 309 Melich, Mitchell, born in Bingham, 287 Methodist Church, established in Bingham, 292 Mexicans, in Bingham, 307, 312 Microgeology, studies in Glen Canyon, 45-47 Militia, U t a h Territorial, see Nauvoo Legion Miller, Daniel, used Fremont Island as sheep range, 221 Miller, David E., The Old Trails West, review by, 85-86; ed., "A Great Adventure on Great Salt Lake: A T r u e Story by Kate Y. Noble," 218-36; picture, 221 Miller, Henry W., used Fremont Island as sheep range, 221 Miller, Jacob, found Fremont spy glass, 220, 220 fn. 4 ; used Fremont Island as sheep range, 220, 221 Mining, metal mined in U t a h ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 308; conditions in 1920-21, 310; mechanization problems, 3 1 1 ; first mining district organized, 3 3 1 ; ore discovered in Bingham Canyon, 331 Missiles, O O A M A responsible for, 2 2 ; picture of Minuteman, 23, 3 2 ; pictures, 23, 25, 30, 32; life span of, 24, 2 5 ; manager of Minuteman, 25; manufacturers of Minuteman, 26; Minuteman first manufactured, 26; construction of recycle and maintenance facilities for Minuteman, 29-30 ; reasons for locating in U t a h , 33 Montenegrins, in Bingham, 291 Monument Valley, picture, 121 Moody, Ralph, The Old Trails West, reviewed, 85-86 Morgan, Dale L., ed., The West of William H. Ashley: The international struggle for the fur trade of the Missouri, the Rocky Mountains, and the Columbia, with explorations beyond the Continental Divide, recorded in the diaries and letters of William H. Ashley and his contemporaries, 18221838, reviewed, 78-79 Morgan, Floyd, Silver Theatre: Amusements of the Mining Frontier in Early Nevada, 1850-1864, review by, 176-77 Mormon Battalion, group of discharged men opened Salt Lake Cutoff as major wagon road, 250-57 Mormons, views concerning secession from the Union, 5 6 ; attitude toward Civil War, 5 7 ; military service rendered during Civil W a r by, 59; view concerning statehood, 61 ; philosophy toward slavery, 6 3 ; attitude of S. Harding toward, 67-70, 7 2 ; attitude of P. E. Connor toward, 70-72, 73-74, 328, 330; attitude toward government of, 72; requested federally-appointed officials be removed, 72; friction with federal troops (provost guard incident), 74; celebrate inauguration of A. Lincoln, 75-76; mourn loss of A. Lincoln, 77; impressions of a Gentile, 136-38; " T h e Turner Thesis and Mormon Beginnings in New York and U t a h , " 157-73; mainstream of early life conducted under frontier conditions, 1 6 1 ; Gentile hostility toward, 167; class distinctions, 170; see also Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Morrisites, Connor took to Idaho, 332

372

Utah Historical Quarterly

Moyer, Charles W., president Western Federation of Labor, 296; attitude toward increase in wages ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 2 9 7 ; attempted to convince armed strikers to withdraw from mountains in Bingham ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 2 9 8 ; admitted union could not control Greek strikers ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 299; urged Bingham strikers to remain on strike ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 303 Mud Hen, boat visited Great Salt Lake islands, 220 Murbarger, Nell, Ghosts of the Adobe Walls: Human Interest and Historical Highlights from 400 Ghost Haunts of Old Arizona, reviewed, 182-83

N Naf, I d a h o , 253, 270 National Guard, see U t a h National Guard National G u a r d Association of the United States, organized, 143 National Monuments, proposed bill giving president power to create, 124; U t a h attitude toward, 124-25 Nauvoo Legion, picture, 5 8 ; requisitioned to protect overland trail, 59-60; created in U t a h , 141-42; history of, 141-43; Black Hawk War, 142; commanders, 142, 143; I n d i a n campaigns, 142; n u m b e r in 1854, 142; U t a h W a r , 142; abolished by Congress, 1 4 3 ; method of selecting officers, 143; number in 1887, 143; officers during existence, 1 4 3 ; see also U t a h National Guard Navajo, occupied Glen Canyon, 4 0 ; see also Glen Canyon Navajo Reservoir, proposed, 35 Navy, see United States Navy Negroes, in Bingham, 290 Nevada, secessionist activities, 58 Nevada Place Names, Their Origin and Significance, by Leigh, reviewed, 179 Nevada Volunteers, mustered out, 333 New Mexico, secessionist activities, 58 New York, description during 1820's, 162-63; western frontier or non-frontier area, 16263, 173 Newcomb, Franc Johnson, Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter, reviewed, 273-74 Noall, Claire, "Serbian-Austrian Christmas at Highland Boy," 316-25 Noble, K a t e Y., "A Great Adventure on Great Salt Lake [Fremont Island] . . . ," 218-36; see also Wenner, K a t e Yates Greene O g d e n Air Materiel Area, history, 9-33; location, 9, 247; " U t a h ' s Biggest Business: Ogden Air Materiel Area at Hill Air Force Base, 1938-1965," 9-33; assets, 10; employees, 10, 13, 17-18, 22, 28, 3 2 ; inventory, 10; payroll, 10, 3 3 ; pictures, 10, 15 size, 10-11; responsibilities, 11, 17, 20, 22 23-24, 25, 26, 27, 247; founded, 11-13 construction, 12, 29-30, 3 3 ; n a m e changes 12, 1 3 ; value, 12; housing, 14, 19, 31 training problems, 14, 3 1 ; transportation 14; milestones in history of, 16; named, 17 during Korean War, 18-22; missiles, 22

selected to manage Minuteman missiles, 252 6 ; future of, 31-33; local purchases by, 3 3 ; reasons for position in missile industry, 3 3 ; Ogden Arsenal facilities transferred to, 2 4 7 ; see also Hill Air Force Base, Missiles, and Ogden Arsenal Ogden Arsenal, facility transferred, 27, 2464 7 ; value, 27, 246-47; history, 237-47; "Ogden's 'Arsenal of Democracy,' 19201955," 237-47; construction, 238-39, 2404 1 , 242, 2 4 3 ; location, 238; site purchased, 238; activated, 2 3 9 ; employees, 239, 241, 242, 245, 2 4 6 ; picture, 239; base neglected, 240; manufacture munitions, 2 4 1 ; silver spike celebration, 241 ; bomb loading plant, 2 4 2 ; missions, 242, 243, 244, 245; during World W a r I I , 243-45; picture of warehouse, 2 4 4 ; personnel problems, 244; wages, 244; waste, 244; during Korean War, 245-46; sub-depot to U t a h Ordnance (Remington A r m s ) , 2 4 5 ; ordnance functions transferred, 246; railway repair shop placed under jurisdiction of Defense Depot Ogden, 246; reasons for abandoning, 247 Ogden, Peter Skene, traveled Salt Lake Cutoff between Snowville and Bear River Valley, 257 Ogden, U t a h , 256 The Old Trails West, by Moody, reviewed, 85-86 Olson, James O , The Beaver Men: Spearheads of Empire, review by, 277 On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844-1861,

by Brooks, reviewed, 272-73 O p h i r Hill Consolidated Mine, idle ( 1 9 2 1 ) .

310 Overland Mail Route, importance during Civil War, 5 9 ; protection for, 59, 326; government concern over, 326 Pace, William B., officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada, by Pomeroy, reviewed, 357-58 Padaladonis ( P a p a n d o n i s ) , George, killed during 1912 strike, 3 0 5 ; killer never apprehended, 306 Padrone System, see Labor Paiute Indians, occupied Glen Canyon, 40; study of in Glen Canyon, 4 5 ; see also Glen Canvon Papanikolas, Helen Zeese, "Life and Labor Among the Immigrants of Bingham Canyon," 289-315 Pappas, Ernest K., spokesman for 1912 Greek strikers, 302 Park Valley, 269 Parley's Canyon, 260 Pedersen, Jr., L y m a n C , "Samuel Pierce Hoyt and His H o m e on the Weber," 99108 Peirce, Lydia Snow, picture, 193 Perry, U t a h , 263 Petroglyphs, picture, 128 Phoenix, Bingham Canyon, 292 Pictographs, picture, 128

Index Pierce, U t a h , 266 Pilot Springs, 254, 269 Pioneer Road, 263 Pitchos, Peter, resident of Bingham, 287 Plain City, U t a h , 2 6 1 , 262, 263 Plymouth, U t a h , 265 Point Lookout Ridge, 266, 267, 268 Pollock, , 264 fn. 2 8 ; dissenter from Mormon C h u r c h , 257 Polygamy, legislation concerning, 66, 67 Pomeroy, Earl, The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada, reviewed, 357-58 Porter Spring, description, 263 Posner, Ernst, American State Archives, reviewed, 183-84 Potter, Carroll H., commander Fort Douglas, 333 Povlovich, Jr., Charles A., "Will Dewey in U t a h , " 134-40 Powell, Lake, picture, 131 Pratt, Addison, diary entries concerning Salt Lake Cutoff, 251-52, 252, 254-55, 2 5 6 ; named " T w i n Sisters," 251 Preston, W. B., officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Preuss, Charles, explored Fremont Island, 219 Price, Howard O , commander Fort Douglas, 341 Price, Jr., H o w a r d C , Cowboys and Cattlemen: A Roundup from Montana, The Magazine of Western History, review by, 179-80 Priest, Ivy Baker, resident of Bingham, 287 Provo Canyon, description, 137-38 Pueblo Culture, Northern, see Anasazi The Quiet Crisis, by Udall, reviewed, 274 Raft River, 251, 252, 254, 258, 270, 271 Raft River Mountains, 253 Raft River Narrows, 252, 253, 258, 270 R a m p t o n , Calvin L., " I n a u g u r a l Message," 3-8; picture, 3 ; views concerning Fort Douglas, 350 Rasiaskis (Rasiskis), Zaharias, resident of Bingham arrested, 305 Rattlesnake Pass, 268 Ray, D. H., doctor in Bingham, 284 Records Center, see U t a h State Archives Red Butte D a m , constructed, 341, 3 4 3 ; picture of construction, 3 4 1 ; cost of construction, 343 Rees Spring, 263 Reid, Lorenzo, Brigham Young's Dixie of the Desert: Exploration and Settlement, reviewed, 363-64 Republican Party, campaign slogan ( 1 8 5 6 ) , 66 Rich, Maxwell E., biography, 153-54; commander U t a h National Guard, 153 Richards, Franklin D., officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Richards, Paul Snelgrove, doctor in Bingham, 314; first Serbian Christmas celebration, 316; last Christmas celebration, 318, 3222 3 ; company physician and surgeon for United States Mine, 3 2 2 ; leased Bingham

373 Hospital and Clinic, 3 2 2 ; developed cancer, 3 2 3 ; picture, 3 2 3 ; description of Serbian Christmas, 324-25 Richardson, Elmo R., "Federal Park Policy in U t a h : T h e Escalante National M o n u m e n t Controversy of 1935-1940," 109-40 Ricks, Joel E., sketch as member of U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 3 5 3 ; retired as board member, 353 Roberts, George, officer during World W a r I, 146 Rocky Ford, 265, 266, 267 Rogers, , 264 fn. 2 8 ; dissenter from M o r m o n Church, 257 Rood, V. S. " C a p , " resident of Bingham, 314 Rose Ranch, 2 6 9 ; brief history, 269 fn. 37 Roylance, W a r d J., Down the Colorado, review by, 358-59 Rusho, W. L., Standing Up Country: The Canyon Lands of Utah and Arizona, review by, 174 Sacks, B., Be It Enacted: The Creation of the Territory of Arizona, reviewed, 174-76 Sage, Wyoming, 258 Salmon Falls Massacre, facts concerning, 52 Salt Desert, 258 Salt Lake City, 2 6 0 ; description, 138; economic boom, 2 5 9 ; population ( 1 8 6 4 ) , 3 3 3 ; purchased Fort Douglas property, 347, 348 Salt Lake City Junior League, 355 Salt Lake Cutoff, history, 248-57; " T h e R o a d to ' F o r t u n e ' : T h e Salt Lake Cutoff," 2487 1 ; pictures, 2 5 1 , 252, 254, 2 6 8 ; importance, 257-60; used by gold seekers, 258-60; m a p , 2 6 0 - 6 1 ; route, 2 6 0 - 7 1 ; use after arrival of railroad, 260; description of section of route in Mormon Way Bill . . . , 269 fn.

38 The San Juan Canyon Historical Sites, by C r a m p t o n , reviewed, 184 Sandoz, M a r i , The Beaver Men: Spearheads of Empire, reviewed, 277 Sandy Barnes Spring, 270 Seismological Site, Vernal, U t a h , command, 10; activated, 3 1 ; location, 31 Selective Service System, U t a h State, established, 148 Serbians, in Bingham, 2 9 1 ; Lossovo Day celebration, 3 1 3 ; "Serbian-Austrian Christmas at Highland Boy," 316-25; sacred Christmas log, 3 1 7 ; description of food for Christmas celebration, 3 1 9 - 2 1 ; pictures of barbecued pig, 3 2 0 ; description of Christmas celebration by P. Richards, 324-25 Shaffer, J. Wilson, forbade militia to muster, 143; governor of U t a h , 143 Sharp, Joseph, Salt Lake County sheriff threatened Bingham strikers ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 2 9 8 ; meeting concerning strike of 1912, 2 9 9 ; decided not to disarm strikers ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 301 Sharrock, Floyd W., " T h e Glen Canyon: A Multi-Discipline Project," 34-54 Silver Theatre: Amusements of the Mining Frontier in Early Nevada, 1850-1864, by Watson, reviewed, 176-77 Skanchy, Elizabeth, appointed to U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 354

374 Skliris, Leonidas G., Greek labor agent in U t a h , 294; power of, 294-95; attitude of Greeks toward, 296, 298, 3 0 1 ; recruited strikebreakers, 301, 302; defended position as labor agent, 302 ; resigned as labor agent, 303 ; power broken, 306 Slovenes, in Bingham, 291 Smilanich, Milka Loverich, 317, 322; Christmas celebration in home of, 323 Smilanich, Steve, 322; occupation, 323 Smith. Eugene, alleged I W W financial agent in U t a h , 309 Smith, George A., officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Smith, Joseph, prophesied civil strife in U.S., 64, 64 fn. 1 3 ; revelations regarding theocratic government, 169 Smith, Lot, officer in Nauvoo Legion, 43. 6 0 ; protected Overland Mail route, 60, 326 Smurr, T. W., The West of William H. Ashley: The international struggle for the fur trade of the Missouri, the Rocky Mountains, and the Columbia, with explorations beyond the Continental Divide, recorded in the diaries and letters of William H. Ashley and his contemporaries, 1822-1838, review by, 78-79 Snow, Erastus, officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Snow, Lorenzo, constructed theatre in home, 187-88: called to settle in Brigham City, 188, 200; organized dramatic association, 188; mission to Hawaii, 189; pictures, 191, 2 1 5 ; leader of Brigham C'ty, 199; president L.D.S. Church, 199; explained Brigham City cooperative movement, 2 0 1 ; general superintendent Brigham City cooperative, 207, 208; president Brigham City cooperative, 208 ; attitude regarding burgeoning Brigham City United Order, 212-14; letter concerning disasters which befell Brigham City United Order, 214-17; indicted for unlawful cohabitation, 217; served sentence in U t a h Penitentiary, 217 Snow, Mortimer H., picture, 193 Snow, Warren, officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Snowville, U t a h , 250, 254, 257, 268, 269 Soda Springs, 258 Soldiers, description of life in U t a h , 332-33, 337, 338-39 South Carolina, seceded from Union, 56, 66 South Pass, 258 Spanish-American War, U t a h N a t i o n a l Guard participation in, 145 Spence, Clark C , Tales of the Frontier: From Lewis and Clark to the Last Roundup, review by, 83-84 Sprague, H. B., officer during World War I, 146 Spinbon, Harry, killed during 1912 strike in Bingham, 305; killers never apprehended, 306 Spry, William H., attitude toward Bingham strikers ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 298; governor of Utah, 298; investigated extortion practices of labor agent, 298; meeting to try and stop Bingham strike of 1912, 299; met with Bingham strikers ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 300, 301 Standing, A. R., " T h e Road to 'Fortune': The Salt Lake Cutoff," 248-71

Utah Historical Quarterly Standing Up Country: The Canyon Lands of Utah and Arizona, by Crampton, reviewed, 174 Standrod, Idaho, 270 Stansbury, Howard, named Fremont Island, 220; surveyed Great Salt Lake, 220; description of exploration of route from Salt Lake City to Fort Hall in 1849, 265 fn. 29 Stanton, Robert, mining in Glen Canyon, 40; Down the Colorado, reviewed, 358-59 State Guard, U t a h , see U t a h State Guard State House, construction begun, 100 Statehood, U t a h ' s quest for acceptance, 3-4; Utah's application for admission into Union, 61 Stenhouse, T. B. H., interviewed A. Lincoln concerning Mormons, 66-67 Stereo Views: A History of Stereographs in America and Their Collection, by Darrah, reviewed, 277-78 Stout, Hosea, journals, 352 Straup, F. E., doctor in Bingham, 284; mayor of Bingham, 284, 314 Strevell, Idaho, 270 Sublette Cutoff, 258 Sublette Mountains, 258 Sunder, John E., The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 1840-1865, reviewed, 359 Swedes, in Bingham, 290, 292 Tales of the Frontier: From Lewis and Clark to the Last Roundup, by Dick, reviewed, 83-84 Taylor, John, speech on Mormon view of Civil War, 5 7 ; attitude toward Um'ted Orders, 211-12; p r e s i d e n t of L.D.S. Church, 211 Telegraph, transcontinental telegraph completed, 326 Templeton, Sardis W., The Lame Captain: The Life and Adventures of Pegleg Smith, reviewed, 360-61 Terrell, John Upton, Black Robe: The Life of Pierre-Jean DeSmet, Missionary, Explorer & Pioneer, reviewed, 177-78 Terzich, Yanco, U t a h director Western Federation of Labor, 298; arrested, 305 Theatre, " T h e a t r e in Zion: The Brigham City Dramatic Association," 187-97 Theos (Theodoropoulos), Louis, officer of IWW, 293-94 Thiokol Chemical Corporation, employment, 24; payroll, 24; manufacture of Minuteman, 26 Thurber, Albert K., officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Thurman, Michael E., Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands, review by, 275-77 Time and the River Flowing: Grand Canyon,

by Leydet, reviewed, 359-60 Titans of Western Art, by Gilcrease Institute, reviewed, 362 Tooele Army Depot, duties of Utah Ordnance transferred to, 245; placed under control of Ogden Arsenal, 2 4 5 ; ordnance functions of Ogden Arsenal transferred to, 246, 247 Tooele Ordnance Depot, see Tooele Army Depot

375

Index Torrey, Jay L., officer during Spanish-American War, 145 Trails, methods of locating, 249 Turner, Frederick Jackson, "The Turner Thesis and Mormon Beginnings in New York and U t a h , " 157-73; analysis of Turner Thesis, 158; picture, 159; American democracy interpreted by, 160; assessment of Turner Thesis, 1 6 1 ; definition of frontier, 163-64 Twin Sisters, 2 7 1 ; named, 2 5 1 ; picture, 251 Tyler, S. Lyman, retired as U t a h State Historical Society board member, 253-54

u U.S. Highway 30, 250, 254, 268, 269, 270 Udall, Stewart h.,The Quiet Crisis, reviewed, 274 Udy Hot Spring, 266 Union, activities in Bingham (1912), 293; attitude of Bingham immigrants toward (1912), 293, 294; called 1912 strike, 2949 5 ; demanded recognition, 294; strike of 1912 in Bingham, 294-306; members in Bingham (1912), 296; attitude toward raise in wages ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 297; threatened general strike, 303; blamed for industry problems, 3 1 1 ; see also Western Federation of Labor Union Vedette, first published, 74; picture of printing office, 333 United Order, first Order established, 199; organized, 2 0 3 ; see also Brigham City United Order and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints United States Army, reservists in Utah, 56 United States Bureau of Mines, housed at Fort Douglas, 346; received property from Fort Douglas, 347 United States Bureau of the Census, housed at Fort Douglas, 346-47 United States Department of Agriculture, received property from Fort Douglas, 347 United States Forest Service, housed at Fort Douglas, 346; received property from Fort Douglas, 347 United States Geological Survey, housed at Fort Douglas, 347 United States Navy, received Fort Douglas property, 347; recruiting office housed at Fort Douglas, 347; established training center at Fort Douglas, 348 United States Park Service, proposal to enlarge national park system, 112; proposed area to be considered for Escalante National Monument, 113 United States Steel Corporation, employment in U t a h , 10 University of Utah, housed at Fort Douglas, 346; purchased Fort Douglas property, 347; requested Fort Douglas property, 348 Upper Colorado River, construction of storage basins, 35; proposed reservoirs, 35 Upper Colorado River Basin Archeological Salvage Project, story of, 34-54; contracts, 36, 37; financial support, 36 fn. 1; purpose, 36, 37; results of, 5 0 ; see also Clen Canyon Utah, became state, 4 ; economy, 6; defense installations employment, 9; income from,

9; employment (1930-40), 1 1 ; population (1930-40), 1 1 ; population ( 1 8 6 0 ) , 165, 168; governments, 168; theocratic government, 168-73; government established in Salt Lake Valley, 169; reasons for Mormons settling, 169 U t a h Air National Guard, activated, 149; picture of facilities, 155; property now owned by, 154; see also U t a h National Guard U t a h Apex Mine, idle (1921), 310 U t a h Consolidated Mine, idle (1921), 310 U t a h Copper Company, 297; resumed operations in 1912 with strikebreakers, 304 U t a h Copper Mine, employees ( 1 9 1 9 ) , 310; idle (1921), 310;reopened (1922), 310 U t a h General Depot, see Defense Depot Ogden U t a h Metal and Tunnel Mine, idle ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 310 U t a h Mother of the Year, 355 U t a h Museums Conference, 355 U t a h N a t i o n a l Guard, history, 141-56; "Utah's First Line of Defense: T h e U t a h National Guard and C a m p W. G. Williams, 1926-1965," 141-56; first use of, 144; organized, 144; strength, 144 (1894), 147 ( 1 9 2 8 ) , 147-48 (1941), 151 ( 1 9 5 0 ) , 153 (1954-60), 156 ( 1 9 6 4 ) ; called out against strikers, 145 (1903-4), 145 ( 1 9 2 2 ) , 297 and 299 ( 1 9 1 2 ) ; participation in Spanish-American War, 145; federal government support, 146, 151, 152, 156; construction, 147, 150-51, 154; pictures, 147, 149, 150; served during World War I, 14556; served on Mexican border, 145; permanent maneuvering grounds secured, 146; activities during World War I I , 148; all units called to active duty, 148; army support, 150; organized after World War I I , 150; during Korean War, 151-52 ; reorganized in 1954, 152; property owned, 154; army reservists to be shifted into, 155-56; description of members, 155; mobilized in 1961, 155; payroll, 155; housed at Fort Douglas, 346; received property from Fort Douglas, 347; see also Nauvoo Legion, U t a h Air National Guard, and U t a h State Guard U t a h Ordnance (Remington A r m s ) , closed, 245; duties transferred, 245; sub-depot to Ogden Arsenal, 245 Utah State Archives, building, 352; budget eliminated, 355; destruction of records (1964-65), 355; Records Center, 355; see also U t a h State Historical Society U t a h State Experimental Farm, 261 U t a h State Guard, deactivated, 149; established, 149; replaced National Guard during World War I I , 149 U t a h State Highway Department, highway signs, 352 U t a h State Historical Society, " T h e President's Report for the Fiscal Year 19641965," 351-56; Archives building, 352; highway signs, 352; home of, 352; Hosea Stout journals, 352; responsibility of, 352; Wasatch Stakehouse, 352; Little Hoover Commission, 3 5 3 ; retiring board members,

Utah Historical Quarterly

376 353-54; achievements, 354-55; staff, 3 5 4 ; Golden Spike Centennial, 3 5 5 ; library, 3 5 5 ; local chapters, 3 5 5 ; Salt Lake Junior League, 3 5 5 ; U t a h Museums Conference, 3 5 5 ; financial report ( 1 9 6 4 - 6 5 ) , 3 5 6 ; see also U t a h State Archives U t a h State Planning Board, created, 1 1 1 ; opposed creation of Escalante National M o n u m e n t , 119 U t a h Territorial Militia, see Nauvoo Legion U t a h War, 6 2 - 6 3 ; Nauvoo Legion participation, 142 Utley, Robert M., The Last Days of the Sioux Nation, reviewed, 79-80 V a n O r m a n , R e u b a n , story of rescue Indians, 51-54 V a n O r m a n , Zachias, rescued nephew Indians, 51-54 Veterans Administration, housed at Douglas, 346; received property from Douglas, 347

from from Fort Fort

w Waite, Charles B., attitude toward Mormons, 72; Gentiles request retention in office, 7 2 ; judge U t a h courts, 7 2 ; Mormons request removal from office, 72 Walker, Don D., Washoe Rambles, review by, 84-85; Burs Under the Saddle: A Second Look at Books and Histories of the West, review by, 361-62 Walker Slough, 262 W a r Assets Administration, housed at Fort Douglas, 3 4 6 ; disposed of Fort Douglas property, 347 W a r d Ranch, 255, 268 Wardlaw, Frank, resident of Bingham, 314 Wasatch Historical Society, received U t a h State Historical Society Service Award, 354 Wasatch Range, 263 Wasatch Stakehouse, attempts to save, 352 Washoe Rambles, by DeQuille, reviewed, 8485 Watkins, Joseph, member Brigham City Courthouse T h e a t r e orchestra, 193-94 Watkins, William, prompter for Brigham City D r a m a t i c Association, 192 Watson, Margaret G., Silver Theatre: Amusements of the Mining Frontier in Early Nevada, 1850-1864, reviewed, 176-77 Watts, Maurice L., commander U t a h National Guard, 154 " W a y n e Wonderland," national park proposed, 112 Webb, William C , officer serving on Mexican border, 145 Weber River, bridge, 262; ferry, 263 Wedgwood, E. A., commander U t a h National Guard, 299 Wells, Daniel H., commander Nauvoo Legion, 59, 142, 143; picture, 5 9 ; requisitioned to protect overland trail, 59-60; concerning Kingdom of God, 65-66; counselor in First Presidency of L.D.S. Church, 143 Wendover Air Force Auxiliary Field, comm a n d , 10 Wenner, Blanche H o w a r d , born, 224, 224 fn.

2 0 ; lived on Fremont Island, 225-33

Wenner, George U., born, 224, 224 fn. 18; lived on Fremont Island, 225-33 Wenner, K a t e Yates Greene, arrived Salt Lake City, 2 2 3 ; biography, 223-24; children, 224; lived on Fremont Island, 2253 3 ; died, 2 3 3 ; grave, 2 3 3 ; remarried, 233, 233 fn. 3 6 ; correspondence concerning grave of first husband, 234-36; picture of grave of, 2 3 4 ; see also Noble, K a t e Y. Wenner, Lincoln Greene, born, 228, 228 fn.

3 2 ; lived on Fremont Island, 228-33 Wenner, U r i a h James, picture of home, 218; bought Fremont Island, 222, 222 fn. 1 1 ; j u d g e U t a h courts, 2 2 3 ; delivered patriotic speech, 224, 224 fn. 2 1 ; ill, 224, 224 fn. 2 2 ; lived on Fremont Island, 225-32; died, 232; funeral, 2 3 3 ; correspondence concerning grave, 234-36; picture of grave, 234 West, Chauncey W., officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 West J o r d a n Mining Company, organized, 332 West M o u n t a i n Q u a r t z Mining District, organized, 331 The West of William H. Ashley: The international struggle for the fur trade of the Missouri, the Rocky Mountains, and the Columbia, with explorations beyond the Continental Divide, recorded in the diaries and letters of William H. Ashley and his contemporaries, 1822-1838, by Morgan, reviewed, 78-79 West Point, U t a h , 262 West Weber, U t a h , 262, 263 Western Federation of Labor, strike of 1912, 2 9 4 ; attempt to organize labor in Bingham, 2 9 6 ; members ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 296, see also Labor and Union White, J. H , Bingham policeman, 305 Wight Spring, description, 263 Williams, C a m p , see C a m p Williams Williams, W. G., officer serving on Mexican border, 145 Wobblies, see International Workers of the World Wooten, Francis M., acting governor of U t a h , 57, 6 7 ; wrote concerning Mormon attitude toward Civil War, 57 Works Progress Administration, activities in Bingham, 312; projects at Fort Douglas, 342 Y a m p a , Bingham Canyon, 292 The Yellowstone National Park, by Chittenden, reviewed, 180-81 Yost, U t a h , 2 5 3 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 Yost Valley, 270 Young, Brigham, requested statehood, 4 ; view concerning secession from Union, 5 6 ; authorized to protect Overland Mail route, 60, 3 2 6 ; expression of loyalty to Union, 6 1 ; philosophy toward slavery, 6 3 ; predicted destruction of government, 6 5 ; picture, 6 7 ; expressed feelings of Mormons toward government, 72 Young, Jr., Brigham, officer in Nauvoo Legion, 143 Young, Richard W., officer during SpanishAmerican War, 145

SPECIAL MEMBERSHIPS AND HONOREES OF THE UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS

Bernice Gibbs Anderson Kate B. Carter Leland H. Creer Harold P. Fabian Charles Kelly Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr. A. R. Mortensen Joel E. Ricks Horace A. Sorensen FELLOWS

Leonard J. Arrington Juanita Brooks Olive W. Burt C. Gregory Crampton LeRoy R. Hafen A. Karl Larson Gustive O. Larson David E. Miller Dale L. Morgan Wallace Stegner

,