Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 32, Number 4, 1964

HISTORICAL QUARTERLY FALL, 1964

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VOLUME 32

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NUMBER 4

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

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BOARD OF TRUSTEES j . GRANT IVERSON, Salt Lake City, 1967 President DELLO G. DAYTON, Ogden, 1965

JACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City, 1965 MRS. A. c. J E N S E N , Sandy, 1967 HOWARD c. PRICE, J R . , Price, 1967

Vice-President JOEL E. RICKS, Logan, 1965

EVERETT L. COOLEY, Salt Lake City Secretary

L. GLEN SNARR, Salt Lake City, 1967 LAMONT F. TORONTO, Secretary of State

j . STERLING ANDERSON, Grantsville, 1967

L r ; AND H. CREER, Salt Lake City, 1965

Ex officio S. LYMAN TYLER, PrOVO, 1 9 6 5

ADMINISTRATION EVERETT L. COOLEY, Director

T. H . JACOBSEN, State Archivist, Archives F. T. JOHNSON, Records Manager, Archives R. w . INSCORE, Registrar, Military Records The Utah State Historical Society is an organization devoted to the collection, preservation, and publication of Utah and related history. It was organized by publicspirited Utahns in 1897 for this purpose. In fulfillment of its objectives, the Society publishes the Utah Historical Quarterly, which is distributed to its members with payment of a $5.00 annual membership fee. The Society also maintains a specialized research library of books, pamphlets, photographs, periodicals, microfilms, newspapers, maps, and manuscripts. Many of these items have come to the library as gifts. Donations are encouraged, for only through such means can the Utah State Historical Society live up to its responsibility of preserving the record of Utah's past.

J O H N JAMES, JR., Librarian MARGERY w . WARD, Associate Editor IRIS SCOTT, Business Manager The primary purpose of the Quarterly is the p u b l i c a t i o n of manuscripts, p h o t o graphs, and documents which relate or give a new interpretation to Utah's unique story.

Contributions of writers are solicited for the consideration of the editor. However, the editor assumes no responsibility for the return of manuscripts unaccompanied by return postage. Manuscripts and material for publications should be sent to the editor.

The Utah State Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed by contributors.

The Utah Historical Quarterly is entered as second-class postage, paid at Salt Lake City, Utah. Copyright 1964, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84102.

FALL,

1964

VOLUME

32

NUMBER

4

HISTORICAL QUARTERLY IN MEMORIAM: J. CECIL ALTER, 1879-1964

BY M A R G U E R I T E S I N C L A I R R E U S S E R

323

THE UTAH MILITARY FRONTIER, 1872-1912: FORTS CAMERON, THORNBURGH, AND DUCHESNE

BY T H O M A S G. A L E X A N D E R A N D LEONARD J. ARRINGTON

330

EXPERIMENT IN U T O P I A : THE UNITED ORDER OF RICHFIELD, 1874-1877

BY F E R A M O R Z Y . F O X

355

THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1963-1964

BY J. GRANT IVERSON

381

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS

392

NEWS AND COMMENTS

404

e

Indians, agent, and army officer at Fort Duchesne in 1886.

The Indian at the extreme right is the scout for General George Crook.

To the left of the army officer is Indian Agent

Byrnes.

NATIONAL ARCHIVES

EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR ART EDITOR

L. COOLEY Margery W. Ward

EVERETT

_.__

Roy J. Olsen

B U R T O N , R I C H A R D F., The City of the Saints: And Across the Rocky Mountains to California,

BY CONWAY B. SONNE

392

B U R T O N , R I C H A R D , The Look of the 1860: Across the Plains to California,

West,

BY CONWAY B. SONNE

392

M O R G A N , D A L E L., ED., Overland in 1846: Diaries and Letters of the California-Oregon Trail, BY S. GEORGE E L L S W O R T H

BOOKS REVIEWED

393

C R A M P T O N , C. G R E G O R Y , Historical Sites in Glen Canyon Mouth of Hansen Creek to Mouth of San Juan River, BY HARRY ALESON .... 394 R I C K S , J O E L E D W A R D , Forms and Methods of Early Mormon Settlement in Utah and the Surrounding Region, 1847 to 1877,

BY EARL E. OLSON

395

S I G L E R , W I L L I A M F. AND M I L L E R , R O B E R T R., Fishes of Utah,

BY WESLEY P. LARSEN

396

WHITEHILL, WALTER MUIR, Independent Historical Societies: An enquiry into their research and publication functions and their financial future, BY H . J . S W I N N E Y S T R O N G , J O S I A H , Our

397

Country,

BY WILLIAM MULDER

M O R G A N , N E I L , Westward Tilt: The American West Today, BY FRANK E. JONAS

399

400

Printed by ALPHABET Printing & Typesetting Co., Salt Lake City

J . W I N S T O N ALTER

In Memoriam

J. CECIL ALTER 1879-1964

BY MARGUERITE SINCLAIR R E U S S E R

On Thursday, May 21, 1964, Salt Lake City n e w s p a p e r s announced that " J . Cecil Alter, ExU t a h W e a t h e r m a n , formerly in charge of the Weather Bureaus in Salt Lake City and Cincinnati, Ohio, had passed away in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 85." He was widely known for his contributions to meteorology, having originated the Mrs. Reusser, now residing in Oakland, California, is former secretary-manager of the U t a h State Historical Society.

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U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

springtime Mountain Snow Survey in Utah for predicting irrigation water supplies (a practice now in general use). He also designed a precipitation gauge to measure snow accurately, which has been adopted as standard equipment by weather bureaus throughout the country.

J. Cecil Alter's contributions to Utah history were also well-known, for he had authored several books and articles on the state, the best-known of which was his Jim Bridger, published in 1925 (Shepard Book Company), in 1951 (Long's College Book Company), and in 1963 (University of Oklahoma Press). But few people know that largely through his efforts, the Utah State Historical Society was kept alive and retained its identity through the years, so that today it can take its rightful place, with pride, beside the other state historical societies in the country.

To understand the vital part he played in the growth of the Utah State Historical Society, one must also understand something of the Society's early history.

The Utah State Historical Society was founded during the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the advent of the Mormon pioneers. On July 22, 1897, leading citizens of the state met with Governor Heber M. Wells to organize such a society, and at a subsequent meeting held December 28th of the same year, articles of incorporation and bylaws were adopted. Men of such prominence as Governor Wells, Franklin D. Richards, John Q. Cannon, Orson F. Whitney, James T. Hammond, Andrew Jenson, Jerrold R. Letcher, Joseph T. Kingsbury, John T. Caine, James E. Talmage, Richard W. Young, Spencer Clawson, and Heber J. Grant were associated with the birth of the Society, and they were joined by 74 charter members representing all parts of the state and coming from all walks of life.

During the Semi-Centennial Celebration (or Diamond Jubilee), a temporary building called the "Hall of Relics" was erected in Salt Lake City, on the site of the present Union Pacific Building (corner of Main and South Temple streets). Many souvenirs, historical documents, relics, mementos, journals, and papers loaned to the Historical Society were housed in the Hall, and the Third Legislature granted an appropriation of $200.00 to the Society for their collection and preservation.

Twenty years slipped past, and despite a birth so auspicious, the young organization was more or less forgotten in the trials and excitement of getting the state government on its feet. As the years went by, the cradle of the young Society was dismantled; its trappings scattered. However, on March 8, 1917, at the session of the Twelfth Legislature, "An Act to rec-

J. CECIL ALTER

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ognize the Historical Society of Utah as a State Institution" was passed, vesting this new arm of the state government with the responsibility for preserving . . . all records, documents, relics, a n d other material of historic value, which are n o w or hereafter may be in charge of any state, county, or other official not required by law to be kept as a p a r t of the public records, ten years after the current use of same, or sooner, in the discretion of the heads of such departments.

The Society was also charged . . . to maintain a reference library a n d museum, disseminate historical information to the public, collect such material as may serve to illustrate the growth, resources and development of U t a h , a n d engage in the preservation of manuscripts, papers a n d documents.

But for all this brave declaration of intent, no provision was made for the necessary equipment for the care of the museum, books, files, and records, which were fast accumulating, and the Society's request for $ 1,000 for this purpose, was disregarded by the legislature.

For another 20 years the Society struggled along with very little financial support, doing what it could to keep alive, mainly by holding board meetings and frequent public meetings. In 1928, however, aided by such enthusiastic workers as Joel E. Ricks, Albert F. Phillips, Frank K. Seegmiller, William J. Snow, and Hugh Ryan, Mr. Alter was able to obtain a modest appropriation for the publication of the Utah Historical Quarterly. Giving freely of his time and energies, and carrying on in his own home, entirely without recompense for the labor involved (even enlisting the aid of his own family in the proofreading), he saw the magazine through six volumes, until the curtailment of the Society's appropriation in 1933 under the impact of the Great Depression, forced its temporary suspension.

In May 1936 when funds in modest amount again became available to the Society, a part-time secretary, Mrs. Flora Bean Home, was hired to gather together the scattered belongings of the Society, piled in the hall of the Capitol's sub-basement, and sort them into some sort of order. The historic relics had long since disappeared, taken over by another organization, and only a few musty documents remained of the original collection which the Society had been empowered to preserve. In 1937 the Society was granted an appropriation of $4,500 for the biennium, and in September of that year, a full-time secretary was employed. Although this amount was inadequate, it was a beginning.

326

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Housed in a dim room in the basement of the State Capitol amid a forest of steampipes, the Society boasted as its only possessions the few musty documents and a small inventory of previously published Quarterlies. With no telephone, no office equipment, and limited funds (money h a d to be saved for the Society's new publication, which turned out to be M r . Alter's exhaustive study of early U t a h newspapers and their editors from 1850 to 1900), J. Cecil Alter and Miss Marguerite L. Sinclair, the newly appointed secretary (who h a d been working with Mr. Alter that year typing his radio broadcasts when he was known as the "Weather Prophet," over Radio Station K S L ) , faced the huge problem of putting the Society on its feet. T h e first move was to bind the first six issues of the Quarterly into one book and offer it for sale to libraries, associations, and individuals — anyone who would listen to a "sales talk" and become a member. W h a t a game this was to J. Cecil Alter! H e was like a delighted child given an unexpected present with each sale of a bound book and at the news of each new member. Gradually, the much-needed office desk was purchased (second-hand, to be sure), a telephone was installed, filing cabinets secured, and finally a rug purchased to cover some of the floor space.

Its location in the sub-basement of the Capitol brought no prestige to the Society, and repeated pleas to the Secretary of State for space upstairs were of no avail. Finally, however, better quarters were obtained; the Society was fortunate enough to secure a large room adjacent to the U t a h State Library (State Law L i b r a r y ) . An arrangement was made with the Library to use some of its space to shelve the rapidly growing exchanges of other historical society publications and the W P A collection of pamphlets and other holdings which had been turned over to the Society.

From 1937 until 1941, when he was transferred to Cincinnati, Ohio, to take charge of the Weather Bureau there, the Society never for a moment was out of J. Cecil Alter's mind. Sundays, holidays, early mornings, evenings — anytime he h a d a new idea for the Society's growth — he called the secretary to carry them out. M r . Alter studied the work of other historical societies, and much of the filing systems and cataloguing that was considered standard was adopted. H e recommended that the secretary be sent to Chicago to attend the meetings of the American Association for State and Local History and the Society of American Archivists to learn how other state historical societies functioned. With the sanction of the Board of Control, the secretary went to Chicago, and from her shorthand notes of the various meetings attended, a bill designating the Society as the

J. CECIL ALTER

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Department of War History and Archives was drawn up. The bill was signed into law by Governor Herbert B. Maw, on September 12, 1942.

By this act the Society was empowered to "gather all obtainable facts, papers, and information concerning the activities of all Utahns serving their country in the present World War." A staff of several employees was added to do this work under the supervision of the secretary.

Again in 1947, though he was far from Utah, J. Cecil Alter recommended that the secretary attend the meetings of the Society of American Archivists and American Association for State and Local History in Denver and Glenwood Springs, Colorado, to study and report on archival activities, with a view to employing a state archivist and obtaining a building to house the archives. His keen, brilliant mind was ever planning for the Society's growth and building a foundation for that growth.

When in 1941 J. Cecil Alter left Utah, those who knew of his creative influence in the Society's affairs predicted that the Society would collapse.

They did not know of his almost fanatical love and interest in this child to whom he had given so much of his energy and time, or of the loyalty and support of the splendid Board of Control under the presidency of Herbert S. Auerbach and Levi Edgar Young. Many members of the board were his close personal friends, as evidenced by a letter he wrote to the board on April 1, 1944.

My Very Dear Friends: How I long to be with you again! To clasp your hands, and feel the inspiration of your voices and your expressions, as of old!

Maybe this is a long way from the job, but it is not a long way in either thought or action. And my aspirations and interests are as wholly with you, and with the Society, as are the thoughts of the most ardent and faithful Missionary abroad, for the things he loves back home!

At any rate, the Quarterlies get better and better, in my opinion . . . the field has opened up and expanded as no other panorama ever unfolded before.

Never have the Mormons prospered or advanced as in the past 50 years; never have the State's Executive Departments accomplished greater wonders of government and management, than in these World War years; and never have the Leaders of the Historical Society had greater opportunities to inaugurate a new Era in the recording of current, and neglected past history! Our position is at once an opportunity and a responsibility. I hope we may have the strength, the courage, the vision and the ability, among us in the Historical Society, to carry on as these circumstances demand!

J. Cecil Alter continued as editor of the Quarterly, editing manuscripts from Cincinnati until 1946, when he submitted his resignation to the governor stating "he was increasingly aware of the delay and inconvenience at times of participating in actions by the Board at this long dis-

328

U T A H H I S T O R I C A L QUARTERLY

tance. . . . " He deserved a rest. Despite his formal retirement, Mr. Alter was at all times in communication with the Society, and wrote that he would feel very disappointed and unhappy in a strange city if his work with the Historical Society were completely taken from him. No research problem or help needed by the secretary was ever too great for him not to immediately respond.

By his gifts the reference library of the Society was started â&#x20AC;&#x201D; from a nucleus of six volumes to its collection of thousands today. The Society's Newsletter makes more than one mention of gifts of books by J. Cecil Alter, and he made many more gifts, almost until his death. These were gifts from the heart, for his library of rare Western Americana was a prized possession. Books to him were living, breathing things. He used to admonish the secretary, "Don't put the books too close to one another; they won't be able to breathe." His own bookmark reads: "This book was owned and loved by J. Cecil Alter."

It is to J. Cecil Alter that we pay tribute now. Not to a native Utahn (for he was born in Indiana), not to a Mormon (for he was a Christian Scientist and prominent in the Masonic fraternity), but to a man who adopted Utah as his own. A biographical sketch published in connection with his Utah: The Storied Domain (Chicago, 1932) sets forth in brief the principal biographical data, and it seems appropriate to quote it here: J. Cecil Alter . . . was born on a farm near Rensselear, Indiana, March 31, 1879, a son of John E. and Hattie (McGolly) Alter. His father was one of the best known citizens of Jasper County, Indiana, where he was a farmer, civil engineer, county surveyor and drainage commissioner eight years, and taught in the schools of the county for twenty-one years.

J. Cecil Alter has been a continuous student all his life, attending the common schools of Jasper County, Indiana, taking special courses in Valparaiso University, formerly Valparaiso College, the Northern Indiana Teachers Institute, and . .. Purdue University at Lafayette, Indiana. [After taking a correspondence course from Columbia University, Mr. Alter entered his formal in-service training with the United States Weather Bureau, and upon his request was transferred to Salt Lake City, Utah, in September of 1902. In June of 1917 he was placed in charge of the office.]

His experiences outside of school have brought him in contact with the practical phases of farming, school teaching, land surveying, duties as a drainage engineer, mining engineer and his long connection with the United States Weather Bureau. Mr. Alter was in charge of the Weather Bureau exhibit at the International Dry Farming Exposition at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, in 1912, and at Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1913. He was in charge of the exhibits of the United States Department of Agriculture at the International Dry Farming and Soil Products Exposition at Wichita, Kansas, in 1914, and at Denver in 1915. During 1915 he was in charge of the Weather Bureau exhibit at the Panama Pacific International Exposi-

J. CECIL ALTER

329

tion at San Francisco. In 1916 he was in charge of the Weather Bureau fruit-frost warning work at Medford, Oregon, was in charge of the Weather Bureau station at Cheyenne and the Wyoming State Weather Service in 1916-17, and since the latter year has been in charge of the Weather Bureau Station at Salt Lake City and the Utah State Weather Service.

Mr. Alter was chairman of the Utah State Parks Commission from 1920 to 1924. Since 1927 he has been a member of the board of control and secretary-treasurer and editor-in-chief of the Utah State Historical Society. Fraternally he was junior steward in 1928, in 1929 senior steward, in 1930 junior deacon, in 1931 senior deacon and in 1932 junior warden of Progress Lodge No. 22, A.F. and A.M. [Salt Lake City, Utah. Later past worshipful master. He is a life member and/or "fellow" of the Utah Academy of Science, the American Meteorological Society, the American Geophysical Union, the Utah State Historical Society, the Timpanogos Club of Salt Lake City,] and in religion is a Christian Scientist. [From 1913 to 1914 and again from 1918 to 1919, he was first reader in the Second Church of Christ, Scientist, in Salt Lake City.]

Mr. Alter has had many interesting contacts with the people and life of the intermountain country, and for years has been attracted to the rich historical materials of this section of the West. He set a high standard of historical narration, based on indefatigable research in his volume on James Bridger, trapper, frontiersman, scout and guide. He is also author of a volume of travelogs, Through the Heart of the Scenic West [1927].

[Along with his books J. Cecil Alter wrote a feature column for the Utah Farmer, the Salt Lake Tribune, and the Salt Lake Telegram, and a daily column for the Cincinnati Post, from 1944 to 1949.]

Mr. Alter married at Salt Lake City, in 1904, Jennie O. Greene.

[They were later divorced.] He has three sons, J. Winston, E. Irving, and Marvin S. [He married a second time to Matis Mullen, on May 20, 1943, who survives him.]

For his years of unselfish service to the Society, J. Cecil Alter received no salary. As a federal government official, he could not have accepted any, if the Society had had the funds. He could never be remunerated for his intense interest and devotion to the Utah State Historical Society and the preservation of Utah's history for the historians of tomorrow, but he dreamed a dream and lived to see it come true, in the Society as it is today.

The Society is his memorial.

THE UTAH

MILITARY FRONTIER, 1872-1912 Forts Cameron, Thornburgh, AND

Duchesne B Y T H O M A S G. A L E X A N D E R A N D L E O N A R D J . A R R I N G T O N

As with other western territories, pioneer Utah was the site of a number of important federal defense installations. These included a temporary military grazing camp in Rush Valley, southwest of Salt Lake City, during the winter of 1854-55; the occupation of Camp Floyd (later, Fort Crittenden), northwest of Utah Lake, during the years 1858-61; the establishment of Camp Douglas (later Fort Douglas), east of Salt Lake City, which was occupied from 1862 to 1866, and intermittently until the present; and the three forts which form the subject of the present article: Fort Cameron, 1872-83; Fort Thornburgh, 1881-84; and Fort Duchesne, 1886-1912. With the exception of Camp Floyd, each of these forts was related to "Indian problems." While Utah's early white settlers had genA native of Ogden, T h o m a s Alexander is completing the P h . D . in history at the University of California, Berkeley, and is assistant professor of history at Brigham Young University.

L e o n a r d Arrington is professor of economics at U t a h State University. This article was prepared u n d e r a g r a n t from the U t a h State University Research Council.

J. C E C I L A L T E R

327

Department of War History and Archives was drawn up. The bill was signed into law by Governor Herbert B. Maw, on September 12, 1942.

By this act the Society was empowered to "gather all obtainable facts, papers, and information concerning the activities of all Utahns serving their country in the present World War." A staff of several employees was added to do this work under the supervision of the secretary.

Again in 1947, though he was far from Utah, J. Cecil Alter recommended that the secretary attend the meetings of the Society of American Archivists and American Association for State and Local History in Denver and Glenwood Springs, Colorado, to study and report on archival activities, with a view to employing a state archivist and obtaining a building to house the archives. His keen, brilliant mind was ever planning for the Society's growth and building a foundation for that growth.

When in 1941 J. Cecil Alter left Utah, those who knew of his creative influence in the Society's affairs predicted that the Society would collapse.

They did not know of his almost fanatical love and interest in this child to whom he had given so much of his energy and time, or of the loyalty and support of the splendid Board of Control under the presidency of Herbert S. Auerbach and Levi Edgar Young. Many members of the board were his close personal friends, as evidenced by a letter he wrote to the board on April 1, 1944.

My Very D e a r Friends: H o w I long to be with you again! T o clasp your hands, a n d feel the inspiration of your voices a n d your expressions, as of old!

Maybe this is a long way from the job, b u t it is not a long way in either thought or action. And my aspirations a n d interests are as wholly with you, and with the Society, as are the thoughts of the most ardent a n d faithful Missionary abroad, for the things he loves back h o m e !

At any rate, the Quarterlies get better a n d better, in my opinion . . . the field has opened u p and expanded as no other p a n o r a m a ever unfolded before.

Never have the Mormons prospered or advanced as in the past 50 years; never have the State's Executive D e p a r t m e n t s accomplished greater wonders of government and m a n a g e m e n t , t h a n in these World W a r years; a n d never have the Leaders of the Historical Society h a d greater opportunities to inaugurate a new E r a in the recording of current, a n d neglected past history! O u r position is at once an opportunity a n d a responsibility. I hope we m a y have the strength, the courage, the vision a n d the ability, a m o n g us in the Historical Society, to carry on as these circumstances d e m a n d !

J. Cecil Alter continued as editor of the Quarterly, editing manuscripts from Cincinnati until 1946, when he submitted his resignation to the governor stating "he was increasingly aware of the delay and inconvenience at times of participating in actions by the Board at this long dis-

328

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

tance. . . ." He deserved a rest. Despite his formal retirement, Mr. Alter was at all times in communication with the Society, and wrote that he would feel very disappointed and unhappy in a strange city if his work with the Historical Society were completely taken from him. No research problem or help needed by the secretary was ever too great for him not to immediately respond.

By his gifts the reference library of the Society was started â&#x20AC;&#x201D; from a nucleus of six volumes to its collection of thousands today. The Society's Newsletter makes more than one mention of gifts of books by J. Cecil Alter, and he made many more gifts, almost until his death. These were gifts from the heart, for his library of rare Western Americana was a prized possession. Books to him were living, breathing things. He used to admonish the secretary, "Don't put the books too close to one another; they won't be able to breathe." His own bookmark reads: "This book was owned and loved by J. Cecil Alter."

It is to J. Cecil Alter that we pay tribute now. Not to a native Utahn (for he was born in Indiana), not to a Mormon (for he was a Christian Scientist and prominent in the Masonic fraternity), but to a man who adopted Utah as his own. A biographical sketch published in connection with his Utah: The Storied Domain (Chicago, 1932) sets forth in brief the principal biographical data, and it seems appropriate to quote it here: J. Cecil Alter . . . was born on a farm near Rensselear, Indiana, March 31, 1879, a son of John E. and Hattie (McColly) Alter. His father was one of the best known citizens of Jasper County, Indiana, where he was a farmer, civil engineer, county surveyor and drainage commissioner eight years, and taught in the schools of the county for twenty-one years.

J. Cecil Alter has been a continuous student all his life, attending the common schools of Jasper County, Indiana, taking special courses in Valparaiso University, formerly Valparaiso College, the Northern Indiana Teachers Institute, and . . . Purdue University at Lafayette, Indiana. [After taking a correspondence course from Columbia University, Mr. Alter entered his formal in-service training with the United States Weather Bureau, and upon his request was transferred to Salt Lake City, Utah, in September of 1902. In June of 1917 he was placed in charge of the office.]

His experiences outside of school have brought him in contact with the practical phases of farming, school teaching, land surveying, duties as a drainage engineer, mining engineer and his long connection with the United States Weather Bureau. Mr. Alter was in charge of the Weather Bureau exhibit at the International Dry Farming Exposition at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, in 1912, and at Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1913. He was in charge of the exhibits of the United States Department of Agriculture at the International Dry Farming and Soil Products Exposition at Wichita, Kansas, in 1914, and at Denver in 1915. During 1915 he was in charge of the Weather Bureau exhibit at the Panama Pacific International Exposi-

J. C E C I L A L T E R

329

tion at San Francisco. In 1916 he was in charge of the W e a t h e r Bureau fruit-frost warning work at Medford, Oregon, was in charge of the W e a t h e r Bureau station at Cheyenne and the Wyoming State W e a t h e r Service in 1916-17, a n d since the latter year has been in charge of the W e a t h e r Bureau Station at Salt Lake City a n d the U t a h State W e a t h e r Service.

M r . Alter was chairman of the U t a h State Parks Commission from 1920 to 1924. Since 1927 he has been a m e m b e r of the board of control and secretary-treasurer a n d editor-in-chief of the U t a h State Historical Society. Fraternally he was junior steward in 1928, in 1929 senior steward, in 1930 junior deacon, in 1931 senior deacon a n d in 1932 junior w a r d e n of Progress Lodge N o . 22, A.F. a n d A . M . [Salt L a k e City, U t a h . Later past worshipful master. H e is a life m e m b e r a n d / o r "fellow" of the U t a h Academy of Science, the American Meteorological Society, the American Geophysical U n i o n , the U t a h State Historical Society, the T i m p a n o g o s Club of Salt Lake City,] and in religion is a Christian Scientist. [From 1913 to 1914 and again from 1918 to 1919, he was first reader in the Second C h u r c h of Christ, Scientist, in Salt Lake City.]

M r . Alter has h a d many interesting contacts with the people a n d life of the intermountain country, and for years has been attracted to the rich historical materials of this section of the West. H e set a high standard of historical narration, based on indefatigable research in his volume on J a m e s Bridger, trapper, frontiersman, scout and guide. H e is also a u t h o r of a volume of travelogs, Through the Heart of the Scenic West [1927].

[Along with his books J. Cecil Alter wrote a feature column for the Utah Farmer, the Salt Lake Tribune, and the Salt Lake Telegram, and a daily column for the Cincinnati Post, from 1944 to 1949.]

M r . Alter married at Salt Lake City, in 1904, Jennie O . Greene.

[They were later divorced.] H e has three sons, J. Winston, E. Irving, a n d Marvin S. [He married a second time to Matis Mullen, on M a y 20, 1943, who survives him.]

For his years of unselfish service to the Society, J. Cecil Alter received no salary. As a federal government official, he could not have accepted any, if the Society had had the funds. He could never be remunerated for his intense interest and devotion to the Utah State Historical Society and the preservation of Utah's history for the historians of tomorrow, but he dreamed a dream and lived to see it come true, in the Society as it is today.

The Society is his memorial.

THE UTAH

MILITARY FRONTIER, 1872-1912 Forts Cameron, Thornburgh, AND

Duchesne B Y T H O M A S G. A L E X A N D E R A N D L E O N A R D J . A R R I N G T O N

As with other western territories, pioneer Utah was the site of a number of important federal defense installations. These included a temporary military grazing camp in Rush Valley, southwest of Salt Lake City, during the winter of 1854-55; the occupation of Camp Floyd (later, Fort Crittenden), northwest of Utah Lake, during the years 1858-61; the establishment of Camp Douglas (later Fort Douglas), east of Salt Lake City, which was occupied from 1862 to 1866, and intermittently until the present; and the three forts which form the subject of the present article: Fort Cameron, 1872-83; Fort Thornburgh, 1881-84; and Fort Duchesne, 1886-1912. With the exception of Camp Floyd, each of these forts was related to "Indian problems." While Utah's early white settlers had genA native of Ogden, T h o m a s Alexander is completing the Ph.D. in history at the University of California, Berkeley, and is assistant professor of history at Brigham Young University.

Leonard Arrington is professor of economics at U t a h State University. This article was prepared u n d e r a grant from the U t a h State University Research Council.

MILITARY FRONTIER

331

erally pleasant relationships with Indians, several bloody conflicts mar an otherwise relatively clear slate. These include the Battle of the Bear in 1863, and the Black Hawk War of 1865-68.

In the light of modern political experience, early Utah's reaction to the establishment of U.S. military installations is somewhat strange, for Utah's pioneer residents regarded federal troops as a threat to local sovereignty, and had good reason to anticipate the eventual closing-down of the installation as a source of economic advantage. Indeed, more than one observer attributed the first accumulation of capital in Utah to "the breaking up and withdrawal of the Johnston army from Camp Floyd [, the] . .. discovery of mines in the neighboring Territories soon after, and the quartering there of a volunteer army [Connor's California Volunteers, which], have given such fine markets for their abundant surplus as to have made them [the Mormons] in the aggregate very wealthy." 1 One need not take such an extreme position to agree that the armies sent to Utah were sources of a considerable windfall.

1 Letter of Major General M. B. Hazen to J o h n Bidwell, Jefferson Barracks Missouri, February, 1867, U.S., Congress, House, 39th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1866-67, House Misc. Doc. 75, Serial 1302, p. 3.

The barracks at Fort Cameron about 1918. The L.D.S. Church converted the fort into an academy in 1898. While it was Murdock Academy these buildings were used for apartments, gymnasium, and assembly hall.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

332

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY F O R T C A M E R O N , BEAVER G A R R I S O N ,

1872-1883

I n 1865, U t a h Superintendent of I n d i a n Affairs O . H . Irish, with the help of Brigham Young a n d Governor James D u a n e Doty, negotiated treaties to extinguish four large I n d i a n farms which the C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the federal government h a d run as a joint project since the 1850's. T h e Senate never ratified the treaties, a number of the Indians especially those connected with Chief Black H a w k were u n h a p p y at the negotiations anyway, but the government went ahead and began the removal of the Indians to the Llintah Reservation which h a d been established in eastern U t a h in 1864. 2 T h e government was dilatory in meeting its obligations to care for the Indians, a n d several outbreaks occurred.

Perhaps the worst of the Indian outbreaks in U t a h Territory was the Black H a w k W a r of 1865-68. This conflict, which commenced with attacks by Indians on central and southern U t a h settlements, cost at least 70 lives a n d considerable d a m a g e to property. I n a report to the federal government, U t a h territorial officials estimated the cost of the w a r at $1,121,037 for military service alone, a n d asked for compensation of $1.5 million, the rest presumably to pay for destroyed property. During this conflict, the U t a h n s abandoned at least 25 settlements in Wasatch, Sanpete, Sevier, Piute, Iron, K a n e , a n d Washington counties. 3 No attempt was m a d e by such troops as were at Fort Douglas to protect the lives and property of U t a h ' s pioneers on this occasion.

I n 1867, the national House Committee on Territories undertook an investigation into the need for "a larger military force . . . in U t a h Territory . . . to protect the people against I n d i a n hostilities a n d other outrages."

Congress again considered the I n d i a n problem early in 1872 when Secretary of W a r William W. Belknap transmitted letters from Cyrus M .

Hawley, associate justice of the U t a h Supreme Court, and George L. Wood, territorial governor, recommending that the government establish a new fort in U t a h . I n his letter, Hawley said t h a t "annual Indian 2 E d w a r d Everett Dale, The Indians of the Southwest: A Century of Development under the United States ( N o r m a n , 1 9 4 9 ) , 132. For a short sketch of the I n d i a n farms see: U.S., Congress, House, 43rd Cong., 1st Sess., 1873-74, House Exec. Doc. 157, Serial 1610, pp. 1 9 - 2 1 . O n the negotiations see, " J o u r n a l History" ( C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Office), J u n e 7 a n d 8, 1865. O n the request that D o t y a n d Young take p a r t in the negotiations, see U s h u r to Dole, M a r c h 15, 1865, U.S., D e p a r t m e n t of the Interior, I n d i a n Division, Record of Letters Sent by the Secretary (National Archives, Washington, D . C . ) , Vol. V, pp. 160-61, R G 4 8 ; Gustive O . Larson, " L a n d Contest in Early U t a h , " Utah Historical Quarterly, X X I X (October, 1 9 6 1 ) , 3 1 8 ; Dale, Indians of the Southwest, 132.

3 U.S., Congress, House, Memorial of the Legislative Assembly of Utah Territory, 41st Cong., 1st Sess., 1869, House Misc. Doc. 19, p. 1 ; Salt Lake Tribune, April 20, 1947.

MILITARY FRONTIER

333

raids upon the settlements," took place a few miles south of Beaver City, and that Beaver would be the "proper place" to set up an installation.4 Utah's resident citizens also favored the establishment of a larger military force for this purpose. They believed "that the Indians of their several neighborhoods were preparing to commence a war of extermination against the whites." The Indians broke out into central and southern Utah in 1872, and Secretary of the Interior Columbus Delano asked Brigham Young to do what he could to try to stop the depredations. Finally the military had to be called out from Fort Douglas, and the fort commander, Henry A. Morrow, accused Uintah Agent J. J. Critchlow of incompetence. Despite the adverse conditions, Critchlow had done much for the Indians; and he defended himself in a letter to Morrow. 5 In addition to the prevailing Indian problem, Hawley's letter broached a question which had caused friction in Utah since before the Utah War. He said that during each session of court, judicial and executive officers had attempted unsuccessfully to bring the perpetrators of the Mountain Meadows massacre to justice. The case could not be closed, he averred, until "witnesses who were present" at the massacre believed that the "Government of the United States will guarantee their protection." He concluded from his three years' experience as associate justice that the fears were well-founded, and that "a military force established in that [the second] district, say at the city of Beaver, of at least five companies," would be needed to render the requisite protection. He stated that the location of Beaver was strategically placed for quick movement into any of the southern Utah areas to enforce the law.6 Considering the "Indian problem" and the "Mormon problem," Secretary of War Belknap recommended that the government appropriate $120,000 to construct a military post near Beaver.7 When Congress had authorized the appropriation, Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan, of Civil War fame, sent four companies of troops (some 181 men) under the command of Colonel John D. Wilkins to open the post in mid-1872.

4 U.S., Congress, House, Resolution of Honorable John Bidwell, 39th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1866-67, House Misc. Doc. 75, Serial 1302, p. 1; U.S., Congress, House, 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess., 1871-72, House Exec. Doc. 285, Serial 1520, pp. 1-3.

5 U.S., Congress, House, 43rd Cong., 1st Sess., 1873-74, House Exec. Doc. 157, Serial 1610, p. 2 ; U.S., D e p a r t m e n t of the Interior, Interior Department Report (Washington, D.C., 1872), I, 6 7 7 - 7 9 ; Delano to Young, J u n e 8, 1872, U.S., D e p a r t m e n t of the Interior, Indian Division' Miscellaneous Record of Letters Sent (National Archives), Vol. X I I , pp. 8 7 - 8 8 , R G 4 8 ; Critchlow to Morrow, September 23, 1872, in the Salt Lake Herald, September 25, 1872; " j o u r n a l History," September 23, 1872.

6 U.S., Congress, House, 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess., 1871-72, House Exec. Doc. 285, Serial 1520, p. 2.

'Ibid., 1.

iwftJY

IB*>sÂŁt

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Murdock Academy in 1918, when it offered a full high school course. The site of Fort Cameron was an academy from 1898 until 1922, when the. counties were required to maintain tuition-free high schools, and the L.D.S. Church abandoned the school.

After traveling the 200 miles south from Salt Lake City to Beaver, a town of about 1,000 inhabitants, they camped about one mile north of the city, until Wilkins had found a suitable place for the permanent post. He found a spot on the north side of the Beaver River, about one mile from Beaver Canyon and two miles east of the town. The government at first called the camp "Post of Beaver," but after President Ulysses S. Grant officially set aside the reservation on May 12, 1873, the name was changed to Fort Cameron in honor of Colonel James Cameron who was killed in the Battle of Bull Run during the Civil War. The post was again enlarged by a presidential proclamation which added about 21.5 acres of timber reserve in November 1879.8 The fort was laid out in a rectangular shape with sides of about 700 feet by 620 feet. In the center of the parallelogram was a parade ground around which the buildings were constructed. On both the east and west sides of the quadrangle stood two barracks, and on the south were constructed six officers' quarters. To the north were built the hospital, the headquarters building, and the commissary store. Next to the east barracks stood a bakery, and about 300 yards west of the post were the stables.9 The buildings themselves, with the exception of the stables, were constructed of black, basaltic lava stone quarried from the nearby mountains. Construction was principally by local labor. Local men with teams hauled the stone from the hills, and every available "mason, carpenter and 8 U.S., W a r Department, Surgeon General's Office, A Report on the Hygiene of the United States Army, with Descriptions of Military Posts (Washington, D.C., 1875), 328; Aird G. Merkley, ed., Monuments to Courage: A History of Beaver County (Milford, 1948), 3 0 ; "Military Forts of the West," Heart Throbs of the West, I I I ( 1 9 4 1 ) , 174; Orson F. Whitney, History of Utah (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1892-1904), I I , 7 1 8 ; U.S., Congress, Senate, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1882-83, Senate Exec. Doc. 45, Serial 2076, p p . 2 - 3 .

9 Surgeon General's Office, Report, 329â&#x20AC;&#x201D;31.

MILITARY FRONTIER

335

painter" worked on the buildings, with local men directing most of the work crews. With some exceptions, the buildings were merely rough plastered. T h e two-story, twelve-bed hospital, however, was finished in plaster of paris. Water was furnished to the post by a system of aqueducts, and trees were placed around the parade ground, with grass being planted in the middle. T h e original cost of the construction was estimated at $120,000. 10 T h e four-company post also hired various local civilians to perform such services as washing laundry, for which 15 women were employed.

A blacksmith and carpenter were employed, at salaries of $ 160 per month.

Boardinghouses and hotels "did a thriving business," and some of the people who came with the army opened new inns. With the army came other new businesses such as a brewery which was established in an old carding mill near the fort. 11 As the post had relatively long lines of communication with "the outside world," most of the supplies were purchased or grown locally. T h e soldiers themselves grew various vegetables, including potatoes, turnips, cabbage, lettuce, beans, and peas; but they purchased many of their provisions from the local Mormon cooperative general store, which was "supplied with an extensive stock." T h e prices charged â&#x20AC;&#x201D; $3.00 per bushel for apples; 15 to 20 cents per pound for grapes, etc. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; were regarded as "moderate" because of the distance from markets. T h e army also rented milk cows from local citizens. 12 Those supplies which could not be procured locally were freighted to the post from the railroad terminal. As the U t a h Southern moved southward the supply line became shorter, and Fort Cameron became more readily accessible. T h e contracts let for supplying the post in 1876, for instance, stipulate a distance of 137 miles from York Station, J u a b County, which was the terminus of the U t a h Southern, to Fort Cameron, for which the army paid Joshua C. Hall $1.50 per 100 pounds. By June 1880, the post could ship from Milford because the railroad had since been completed to that town and the distance was only 36 miles to Fort Cameron.

T h e freight charge was thus reduced to 59 cents per 100 pounds. 13 10 Ibid.; Merkley, History of Beaver County, 1 7 4 - 7 5 ; "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 1 7 4 - 7 5 ; U.S., War Department, Annual Report of the Secretary of War (Washington, D.C., 1874), I, 33. " "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 1 7 4 - 7 5 ; Merkley, History of Beaver County, 1 5 1 ; War Department, Report ( 1 8 7 8 ) , I, 316.

12 Surgeon General's Office, Report, 331. M u c h of the fruit was shipped from as far away as St. George and Salt Lake City, as Beaver grew none of its own at that time.

13 War Department, Report ( 1 8 7 7 ) , I, 302, and ( 1 8 8 1 ) , I, 368 ff.

336

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

T h e route of the mail to the post illustrates Fort Cameron's relative isolation. I n 1875 mail was carried by train to Provo (then the terminus of the U t a h Southern R a i l r o a d ) , then on to Beaver by stage. Postal service was scheduled daily, but was often irregular because of varying weather and road conditions. F r o m Fort Cameron, it took five days to reach dep a r t m e n t headquarters at O m a h a , and nine days to get to the capital, Washington, D.C. 14 T h e soldiers stationed at this remote outpost h a d little to do after completion of the initial construction. Despite the petitions of local citizens and the problems with criminals which Hawley and others anticipated, the troops were relatively inactive. John D. Lee was incarcerated at the post for a short time after his capture, but was soon moved to the Beaver County jail. After the sensational Lee trials at Beaver, the soldiers h a d little to occupy their time except target practice and inside work details. 15 Some of the soldiers did draw special duty which, despite the low pay, must have been a welcome relief from the usual c a m p routine. Several soldiers worked as carpenters, laborers, clerks, and tinsmiths; and at least one was detailed to go to San Francisco to identify a deserter. A soldier was employed to teach at the post school which in 1880 had 8 enlisted men and 17 children as regular pupils. Total pay to 12 enlisted men employed by the Quartermaster Department in such extra duties averaged $6.23 per month per m a n . T h e schoolteacher received 35 cents per day. 16 Inevitably, there were conflicts with local townspeople. Though "some of the officers were honorable men," wrote one resident, the "soldiers with few exceptions were intolerable drinkers of ardent spirits. It was terrifying [to the women] to hear them on the streets at night." 17 Worse t h a n the soldiers, in the local view, were the ubiquitous camp followers who tried to j u m p land claims. M a n y conflicts arose as the result of such offenses. Despite these problems, many of the enlisted men and most of the officers h a d their families with them, and some of both participated in Beaver's community life. Some married local girls and settled in Beaver where their descendants live today. A few were musicians, actors, or comedians, and organized a minstrel show which was presented to the townspeople of Beaver. Above all, soldiers and townspeople alike enjoyed racing horses on a track near the fort. Though the Mormons refused to 14

Surgeon General's Office, Report, 331.

Whitney, History of Utah, I I , 7 8 5 - 8 6 ; "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 175.

16 W a r Department, Report ( 1 8 7 8 ) , I, 3 0 6 ; ( 1 8 8 0 ) , I, 2 9 6 - 9 7 ; and ( 1 8 8 1 ) , I, 77.

17 Louisa Barnes Pratt, " T h e Journal of Louisa Barnes Pratt," Heart Throbs, V I I I (1947), 381-82. â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ . .

15

MILITARY FRONTIER

337

have anything to do with the soldiers' Fourth of July celebration in 1874, relations in 1876 had become cordial enough for the commanding officer and members of the Fort Cameron Band to participate in a joint celebration of the centennial of American independence. In 1873 the Reverend Clark Smith, a Methodist minister, established a parochial school in Beaver, and on the board of trustees sat two officers from Fort Cameron. 1 8 NUMBER OF OFFICERS AND ENLISTED M E N STATIONED AT FORT CAMERON,

BEAVER COUNTY, 1872-1882

(Source: U.S., War Department, Surgeon General's Office, A Report on the Hygiene of the United States Army, with Descriptions of Military Posts [Washington, D.C., 1875], 328; U.S., War Department, Annual Report of the Secretary of War [Washington, D.C., 1876], 1,48-49; [1877], I, 20-21; [1878], I, 14-15; [1879], I, 22-23; [1880], I, 14-15; [1881], I, 52-53; [1882], I, 34-35.)

Year

1872 1873 1874...

1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882

Officers

Enlisted Men

12 12 11 * 5 5 7 11 11 8 7

169 203 195 * 49 38 77 144 115 84 87

Total

181 215 206 * 54 43 84 155 126 92 94

* Not available.

With the end of Beaver's isolation in 1880, when the U t a h Southern was completed to Milford, Fort Cameron became an unnecessary installation. In December 1882 General Sheridan recommended that the post be shut down. It would have required about $10,000 to restore the buildings to sufficiently good condition, he wrote, and for any "purely military purposes it is not required, as troops can be sent from Salt Lake to Milford in a few hours." Secretary of W a r Robert T o d d Lincoln ordered its abandonment on M a y 1, 1883, the removal of the troops to Fort Douglas, and the sale of the buildings. 19 18 "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 1 7 4 - 7 5 ; Leonard J. Arrington, ed., "Crusade Against Theocracy: T h e Reminiscences of Judge Jacob Smith Boreman of U t a h , 1872-1877," The Huntington Library Quarterly, X X I V (November, 1960), 14, 2 9 ; Merkley, History of Beaver County, 56, 88.

19 R. C. D r u m to R. T. Lincoln, Adjutant General, Washington, D.C., January 12, 1883; Robert Todd Lincoln to Chester A. Arthur, Washington, D.C., January 18, 1883; in U.S., Congress, Senate, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1882-83, Senate Exec. Doc. 45, Serial 2076, pp. 1-3.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Officers' quarters at Fort Cameron, one of the two buildings still standing.

The fort is now the recreational center for citizens of Beaver.

A horse race track and golf course are located on the site.

John R. Murdock, president of the Beaver Stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Philo T. Farnsworth, former bishop of the Beaver Ward, purchased the land and buildings for $15,000 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; about one-eighth of the post's cost.20 They held the property until the L.D.S. Church converted Fort Cameron into an academy in 1898. Undoubtedly, Murdock and Farnsworth had made the purchase on behalf of the church.

In 1896 the Utah House of Representatives considered establishing a normal school at the installation, but they rejected the proposal as too large a cash outlay for Utah at that time. The state was just recovering from the depression of 1893, and was deeply in debt. The Deseret News editorialized that "the Legislature has acted for the best in deciding not to deal with the matter at present." 21 Recognizing its own responsibilities in providing secondary education for the youth of the region (a grammar school had been established during the first year of settlement), the L.D.S. Church opened the Beaver Branch of the Brigham Young Academy (now Brigham Young University) . The structure was officially dedicated for this purpose on September 26, 1898, with Elders Francis M. Lyman and George Teasdale of the Council of Twelve Apostles present. The Beaver Stake of the church accepted the responsibility of maintaining the school for 10 years, after which the central church agreed to take over. The hospital was used as an office and classroom building; the four barracks for apartments, a gymnasium, and an assembly hall; and the officers' quarters housed both faculty and students. The old commissary building was made into a bookstore.22 20

"Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 1 7 5 ; Merkley, History of Beaver County, 32.

Deseret Evening News (Salt Lake C i t y ) , April 9, 1896, cited in "Military Forts," Heart Throbs,III, 176. " M e r k l e y , History of Beaver County, 8 2 - 8 3 ; "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, III, 176.

21

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

The barracks at Fort Cameron were constructed in 1872 of black basaltic lava stone which was quarried from the nearby mountains.

Thus, for the price of about $15,000 plus repairs, the church and its members obtained a ready-made campus. During the first years of operation the school offered a high school preparatory course, and the ninth and tenth grades. T h e institution came to be known as the Murdock Academy.

In 1908 the church took full control of the school and expanded its curriculum to include a full high school course. Later, in 1913, it completed an additional and " m o d e r n " $100,000 building. I n 1922, when the legislature required each county to maintain tuition-free high schools, the church decided to discontinue the Academy. T h e land was sold,* the school equipment was donated to Beaver High School, and the church's new building was torn down and the stone used to construct the L.D.S. chapel at Milford and the town hall of Minersville. 23 FORT T H O R N B U R G H AND FORT D U C H E S N E , UINTAH OUTPOSTS,

1881-1912

After the outbreak from the Uintah Reservation in 1872, the government began to provide for the Indians' needs, and it was not until 1879 that the necessity for further military establishments arose in U t a h . As agricultural settlements advanced throughout eastern U t a h and western Colorado, conflicts between the frontiersmen and roaming bands of U n compahgre and White River Utes became more frequent. 24 Not until after a bloody uprising in September 1879, did these Utes leave Colorado for the Uintah Valley. Because of his efforts to convert them to an unwanted agricultural way of life, Agent N a t h a n C. Meeker h a d become * Ed. n o t e : T h e site of the old fort is now used as a recreational center for citizens of Beaver.

A horse race track and a golf course are located on the site. T w o of the old buildings remain standing.

23 Merkley, History of Beaver County, 84, 8 6 - 8 7 .

24 Coulsen and Geneva Wright, "Indian-White Relations in the U i n t a h Basin," Utah Humanities Review, I I (October, 1948), 3 2 4 ; Dale, Indians of the Southwest, 132â&#x20AC;&#x201D;35; D e p a r t m e n t of the Interior, Report ( 1 8 7 6 ) , 534.

340

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

extremely unpopular with the Indians. W h e n an uprising appeared imminent, Meeker asked for military aid, and Major T h o m a s T. Thornburgh, with 200 cavalry troops from Fort Fred Steele, Wyoming, answered his call. T h e Indians ambushed and killed T h o r n b u r g h and a number of his troops; and, in the meantime, Meeker a n d seven employees were killed a n d several women and children taken captive. 25 These events outraged Colorado's settlers, who demanded the immediate removal from their state of both the White Rivers and the guiltless Uncompahgres. O n J u n e 15, 1880, Congress ratified a treaty with the W h i t e Rivers moving t h e m to the U i n t a h Reservation. For the Uncompahgres, the government created a new reservation by executive order in J a n u a r y 1882, east and south of the old U i n t a h Reservation. T h e tribes received a $50,000 annuity for the cession of their rights in Colorado, but after the White Rivers h a d paid an annual pension to the families of the massacred, their shares amounted to only $6.00 or $7.00 per person. I n July 1886, the U i n t a h a n d U n c o m p a h g r e agencies were consolidated. 26 FORT T H O R N B U R G H

As soon as the W a r D e p a r t m e n t learned that the secretary of the interior h a d ordered the removal of the two tribes to U t a h , it made arrangements for establishing a new post to protect the people living near the reservation and to m a k e sure the Indians remained. Brigadier General George Crook of the D e p a r t m e n t of the Platte ordered troops from the C a n t o n m e n t on the U n c o m p a h g r e , Colorado, to establish a "post at the new agency" to be n a m e d in honor of the late Major T h o m a s T. Thornburgh. 2 7 As rapidly as possible, Crook began moving troops into the area and establishing a line of communications to the frontier post. Captain H . S. Hawkins of the Sixth Infantry, with four companies, moved into the valley during August 1881, and set u p c a m p near Ouray, near the junction of the Green a n d Duchesne rivers. T h e Interior Department, fearing an adverse influence on the Indians from the troops, asked the secretary of w a r to establish the new fort some distance away from the reservation.

As a result, Fort T h o r n b u r g h was built 35 miles from the agency and about 6.5 miles north of Vernal in the m o u t h of Ashley Creek Canyon.

25 Dale, Indians of the Southwest, 137; Wright, " I n d i a n - W h i t e Relations," U.H.R., I I , 325.

For a report on the Meeker massacre, see U.S., Congress, House, 48th Cong., 1st Sess., 1883-84, House Report 693, Serial 2255, p p . 1-4.

26 Dale, Indians of the Southwest, 138â&#x20AC;&#x201D;39.

27 Report of Brigadier General George Crook in W a r D e p a r t m e n t , Report ( 1 8 8 1 ) , I, 1 1 2 13; Edward M. Ledyard, "American Posts," U.H.Q.,Vl (January, 1 9 3 3 ) , 48.

341

MILITARY FRONTIER

The military reservation itself eventually encompassed 21,851 acres, including Little Mountain to the north of the post which served as a pasture for the horses.28 It was originally expected that the post would be completed during the fall of 1881, but problems with squatters and the absence of congressional appropriations kept the troops in tents during the long Uintah winter. Again in 1882, Congress made no appropriation for the construction of the post and the troops were removed for the winter. The War Department planned an elegant $84,000 fort for Ashley Creek, but the post made do with a sawmill in 1882. In 1883 Congress appropriated the meager amount of $1,500 for the post, and the troops constructed eight adobe buildings.29 In order to permit adequate communication with sources of supply, the four companies of infantry, during the summer of 1882, constructed 28 War Department, Report ( 1 8 8 2 ) , I, 34, 79, 354; U.S., Congress, Senate, 51st Cong., 1st Sess., 1890, Senate Exec. Doc. 73, Serial 2686, p. 4 ; "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 179.

29 For the plans of the proposed post see: U.S., Congress, House, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., 1881-82, House Exec. Doc. 90, pp. 1-3 and inserts; W a r Department, Report (1882), I, 17-18, 79, 96; ( 1 8 8 3 ) , I, 408. The information that the fort was constructed of adobe comes from: Daughters of the U t a h Pioneers, Builders of Uintah: A Centennial History of Uintah County, 1872-1947 (Springville, 1947), 97.

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

a primitive road over Taylor Mountain to Fort Bridger and the Union Pacific Railway at Carter, Wyoming. By the fall of the same year, a telegraph line had been established and mail was brought in by a buckboard which traveled the 120 miles from Green River City on the Union Pacific.

During the following year, after 22 wagons drawn by six-mule teams had struggled through drifts to the fort during the winter, the soldiers labored to "corduroy" the road by laying logs across it. Later, General Crook determined that the best line of communications was from Park City, Utah, rather than Carter, because the road was open longer each year.

Thereafter, both the Park City route and the route from Carter formed the supply line for the isolated fort. In 1882 and 1883 contracts were let with John H. Arnold, Merrill L. Hoyt, and Joseph Hatch to haul goods from both locations to Fort Thornburgh at $3.10 and $3.00 per 100 pounds.30 When the soldiers were moved to Ashley Fork, it soon became clear that local settlers had squatters rights to some of the land upon which the fort was to be established and were loath to relinquish them. It finally became impossible to secure a valid title to the land, and the War Department "gave up the building of the post." General O. O. Howard, who had replaced General Crook as department commander, reported in October 1883 that Major E. G. Bush, then fort commander, was moving to Fort Douglas with his troops. The army anticipated no disturbances from the Indians during the winter, and believed that during the summer months the roads which they had built and repaired could transport all needed troops from the strengthened forts of Bridger and Douglas to answer a call.31 S0

D U P , Builders of Uintah, 97; "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 179; War Department, ( 1 8 8 1 ) , I, 113; ( 1 8 8 2 ) , I, 50, 356; ( 1 8 8 3 ) , I, 539.

31 Despite the fact that the government abandoned the post, it reimbursed the squatters in the amount of $3,437 for their l a n d : D U P , Builders of Uintah, 9 8 ; Report of Brigadier General O. O. Howard in, W a r Department, Report ( 1 8 8 3 ) , I, 126. Just why the government believed it could secure no valid title to the land is not clear.

Report

/

MILITARY F R O N T I E R

343

After the army abandoned the post, on July 22, 1884, the squatters again took over and continued to hold the installation. O n e of them established a resort on the reservation. Finally, in 1894, settlers received titles to pieces of property. In 1953, Leon P. Christensen of Maeser owned the land which the fort formerly occupied. 32 E S T A B L I S H M E N T OF FORT D U C H E S N E

By early September 1884, the agent at the Uintah Reservation reported that he h a d "the best lot of savages in America." Unfortunately, during the winter of 1885-86, intertribal warfare broke out between the U t e tribes. Reports told of Uncompahgres shooting "one another with that pleasing freedom so characteristic of the noble red man, . . . " O t h e r accounts indicated that Indians h a d wandered into Colorado, committed depredations, and gotten into trouble with the "cowboys." 33 Early in 1886, the Bureau of Indian Affairs changed agents at the reservation, and the new agent reported that the old one h a d been so afraid of an outbreak that, instead of subtracting the amounts for the Meeker massacre from the portion of the White Rivers, he h a d subtracted it from the total money paid to all three tribes. This meant that, in effect, the Uncompahgres and Uintahs h a d to help pay for the White Rivers' misdeeds. T h e Bureau sent an examiner to investigate, and after receiving his report, Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins recommended the establishment of a fort near the reservation. 34 32 U.S., Congress, Senate, 49th Cong., 1st Sess., 1885-86, Senate Exec. Doc. 98, Serial 2339, p. 2, reports the date of abandonment of the fort. See also, D U P , Builders of Uintah, 9 7 ; Vernal Express, November 12, 1953 ( U t a h State Historical Society Clipping File).

33 Deseret News (weekly), September 3, 1884; Wright, "Indian-White Relations," U.H.R., I I , 327.

34 Atkins to Parsons, April 8, 1886, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record of Letters Sent by the Accounts Division, Vol. L X X V , 116-17, and Parsons to Atkins, Salt Lake City, M a y 24, 1886, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Letters Received, 14462 (National Archives), R G 7 5 ; D e p a r t m e n t

of the Interior, Report (1886), I, 127-29.

View from a distance of Fort Duchesne. Date

unknown.

NATIONAL ARCHIVES

344

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

At the instigation of the Department of the Interior, the War Department sent an investigating officer to the Uintah and Ouray agencies to inquire into the troubles. He reported that it would be desirable to establish a new fort near the two agencies to "discipline and control" the Indians. After taking the report under consideration, the War Department ordered Brigadier General George Crook, who had returned to the Department of the Platte, to select a site convenient to the two agencies. In August 1886, Crook selected a spot about three miles above the junction of the Duchesne and Uintah rivers and about midway between the two agency headquarters at Whiterocks and Ouray.35 In mid-August, Special Indian Agent Eugene E. White, of Arkansas, called the Uintah and White River chiefs together and told them the news.

The two tribes were immediately stirred up by the information, whereas the Uncompahgres, the main "culprits," went on about their business as usual. On August 20, 1886, two troops of cavalry from Fort McKinney under the command of Major F. W. Benteen, "the man who saved what was left" of General George Custer, together with four companies of infantry from Fort Fred Steele and Fort Sidney, Nebraska, began establishing the post.36 The troops of the Ninth Cavalry who came to the fort with Major Benteen were Negroes, and were to serve on the Uintah frontier for almost 12 years.37 The Indians, frightened at first by the advance of Benteen's small army, threatened to thwart the proposed plan. As one infantryman reported it, the troops were "confronted" by "about 700 Indians . . . in full war dress and paint, and hostile, as hostile can be." The infantrymen immediately threw out a picket line and dug in until negotiations on the part of the army officers and Agent White convinced the Indians that they had nothing to fear from the army as long as they remained passive.38

By October of 1886, reports from the post indicated that there would be no immediate trouble from the Indians, and the soldiers settled down to the usual camp duties and the problem of constructing their post on a 35 T h e name of the post was first reported as D u Chesne ("of the or at the d o g " ) but reports later changed the name to Duchesne. W a r Department, Report ( 1 8 8 6 ) , I, 7 0 - 7 1 , 117, 124.

36 Ibid.; Tribune, September 12, 1886; Lamont Johnson, "Benteen was Brilliant Military L e a d e r : Hero of Battle of Little Big H o r n Founded Old Fort Duchesne in U t a h , " Sunday Herald (Provo, U t a h ) , M a r c h 14, 1954. T h e writers also thank Mr. Johnson for his correspondence in regard to Major Benteen.

37 O n e report in September 1886 said that the Indians did not like the Negro troops, and that they called them "buffalo soldiers because of their wooly heads. But the dislike is not sufficient to cause apprehension." Tribune, September 12, 1886, A later report said, "the white infantrymen and the black cavalrymen at the Fort fraternize without any . . . discrimination as to color. They associate, eat and, . . . [presumably] sleep and fight the festive bedbug together," ibid., October 28, 1886; also, W a r Department, Report ( 1 8 8 6 ) , I, 119; "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 183.

38 "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 180; Tribune, September 12, 1886.

MILITARY FRONTIER

345

permanent basis. Troops busily hauled logs from the nearby canyons â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an activity which was supplemented during the next year by the introduction of a sawmill and a planing machine. Among other buildings, they constructed officers' and enlisted men's quarters, a commissary, a storehouse, and a hospital, at a cost of about $22,800. Most of these were built with adobe bricks. In July 1887, General Crook, together with Major George B. Dandy, chief quartermaster, and Colonel T. H. Stanton, the army paymaster, toured the newly constructed post. On September 1, 1887, President Grover Cleveland officially set aside the reservation of six square miles.39 After the establishment of a post in the immediate vicinity of the two Ute agencies, the War Department found no further use for Forts Steele and Bridger. Fort Steele, the smaller of the two posts, was abandoned immediately after the troops left for the Uintah country, and Fort Bridger 39 War Department, Report ( 1 8 8 6 ) , I, 117; Tribune, August 27, 1886; Johnson, Sunday Herald, March 14, 1954. General Crook reported that the buildings were not all he hoped for, but they were all which would be built owing to the shortage of funds and the late season. W a r Department, Report (1887), I, 134; also Tribune, July 10, 16, 1887; Noble Warrum, ed., Utah Since Statehood: Historical and Biographical (4 vols., Chicago, 1919), IV, 70.

Officer quarters in the earliest days of Fort Duchesne. Major F. W. Benteen (standing, far right), established the post in the year 1886.

346

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

suffered the same fate in 1890. The army designated Fort Duchesne to guard the Indian frontier in eastern Utah, western Colorado, and southwestern Wyoming.

ECONOMIC IMPACT

The economic impact of the six-company post (275 men) at Fort Duchesne on pioneer Uintah may be gauged from the fact that in 1886 there were only 391 families in all of Uintah County. In June 1887 the Duchesne Quartermaster Department employed 10 civilians as interpreters, engineers, blacksmiths, teamsters, and wheelwrights, paying them a total of $545 per month. The army also spent $22,800 during fiscal 1887 in constructing the post, in addition to the amount spent for other services and supplies such as food and clothing. Fort Duchesne spent $3,600 for hay alone.40 In addition to those regularly employed by the fort, local farmers and merchants assisted in the construction of the post. One of the old-timers in the area reported that he and his father loaded their wagon with "butter, eggs and vegetables and lots of watermelons," which they had no trouble selling to the soldiers. The Indians also obtained income by trading with the post. In 1887 they were accorded the privilege of hauling wood to the post at $5.00 per cord.41 The story of Wong Sing, a Chinese immigrant, illustrates the mushrooming of frontier entrepreneurship. At the time Wong Sing went to Duchesne in 1889 two troops of cavalry and one infantry company occupied the post. The enterprising Oriental, though he could speak hardly a word of English, established a "primitive laundry" on the bank of the Uintah River near the post. After he had accumulated sufficient capital, Wong Sing opened a mercantile establishment. In addition to serving the fort's soldiers, Wong mastered the Ute language and sold to the Indians.

When his mercantile business had prospered for a time, he opened a restaurant which also thrived. By that time, he had become so popular with the Indians that when several white traders, resenting his competition, had him removed from the reservation, the Indians refused to have anything to do with them. Before long, it would seem, their establishments strangely burned down. Wong then established a new store just off the reservation, 40 Census information on the number of families estimated for 1886 based upon U.S., Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890 (Washington, D.C., 1895), I, 42; and the Census Reports, "Uintah County in the State of Utah enumerated June 21, 1880 by Wm. Ashton" (microfilm, Utah State University Library) ; War Department, Report (1887), I, 333 ff.

41 Vernal Express, September 28, 1933; Tribune, August 25, 1887.

348

U T A H H I S T O R I C A L QUARTERLY

stayed on after the fort closed down, a n d by 1929 his inventory h a d grown to between $60,000 a n d $70,000. 42 As the post was isolated from railroads, army contracts provided a source of income to a n u m b e r of U t a h n s engaged in freighting. I n the fall in 1886, during the fort's establishment, over 1 million pounds of freight were shipped to the post from Fort Bridger by J. S. Winston. Later contracts were let at Price, U t a h , to ship goods to the fort. I n 1886, the government paid $3.50 per 100 pounds for such shipments; in the spring of 1887 the cost was reduced to $1.12 per 100 pounds. T h e a r m y let one contract on the latter basis to haul 2 million pounds of supplies, at a cost of more t h a n $22,000. I n 1895, w h e n the post h a d only two cavalry troops, 526,870 pounds of supplies were shipped to Price and destined for the fort. 43 Not the least of the contributions of Fort Duchesne to the Vernal area was the construction of better roads to the railroad terminal at Price.

Originally, shipments were m a d e over the road from Carter, Wyoming, which h a d been constructed to supply Fort T h o r n b u r g h . As the Price route was m u c h shorter, m e n from Fort Douglas and Fort Duchesne were detailed in 1886 a n d 1887 to work on the better road. O n e of the soldiers engaged in this work during 1887 reported t h a t the new road was heavily traveled and t h a t mail service over the route was regular. I n addition, the a r m y constructed a telegraph line from Price to the fort. 44 F O R T D U C H E S N E AND T H E I N D I A N SERVICE

As the W a r D e p a r t m e n t constructed the post primarily to control a n d benefit the Indians, most of the services performed by the installation h a d to do with I n d i a n problems. I n late August and early September 1887, several of the Indians from the reservation got into trouble with citizens a n d authorities in Colorado. Apparently, two Indians from the reservation sold a h e r d of horses to two Colorado cowboys who, while taking the horses home, passed another m a n who claimed two of the horses had been stolen from him. T h e two Indians borrowed horses from a fellow Ute 42

Tribune, M a r c h 25, 1934.

Ibid., September 2, 1886, July 10, 1887; W a r D e p a r t m e n t , Report ( 1 8 8 7 ) , I, 486 ff.

Figures for 1895 computed from: U.S., Q u a r t e r m a s t e r D e p a r t m e n t , " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e c o r d : Public Property Received 1 8 9 4 - 1 8 9 8 " (Military Records Section, U t a h State Historical Society).

Items received at Price for shipment to Fort Duchesne included clothing, food, cigars, earthenware, cartridges, shot, lanyards, primers, harness oil, bicycles, iron coil fittings, tin ware, paint, lumber, a n d horse shoes. At the same time, shipments from Fort Duchesne to Price included clothing, trunks, book case, desk, veterinary supplies, fur coats, rifles, ordnance stores, cartridge shells, saddles, shot guns, books, blankets, saddle pads, and household goods.

44 W a r D e p a r t m e n t , Report ( 1 8 8 6 ) , I, 98, 117; Tribune, October 8, 1886, September 3, 23, 1887; "Military Forts," Heart Throbs, I I I , 180.

43

MILITARY FRONTIER

349

to make restitution for those reportedly stolen, but the two herders swore out affidavits charging the Indians with theft. This in itself would have caused no alarm, since under normal circumstances the Indians would have submitted to the civil authorities.45 The Indians, it seems, were part of a larger band under the leadership of Chief Colorow, who had gone to Colorado to hunt game. During this hunt, Colorado game wardens accused the band of breaking the game laws. The local sheriff, armed with warrants accusing the Utes with stealing horses and poaching game, rode into Colorow's camp. Rather than presenting the warrants under a due process procedure, the sheriff attempted to grab the Indians, and several of the posse began shooting at the alleged criminals. The Indians immediately returned the fire and drove them away. The lawmen then rode to another camp occupied by Indian women and children and burned the tents and a large number of buckskins. After these incidents, Colorow and his Indians began to return to their reservation, whereupon the posse ambushed them and several on both sides were killed and wounded. The Coloradoans then drove away 300 to 400 horses and 2,500 sheep and goats belonging to the Indians.

As soon as military authorities heard of the trouble, troops left to get Colorow back to the reservation. Lieutenant G. R. Burnett, with 12 cavalrymen, went to the edge of the reservation, and with the help of the Indian agent induced the natives to return. Owing to the quick work of the lieutenant and his troops, more bloodshed and loss of property were avoided. Undoubtedly, many of the Coloradoans felt like the local Ashley (Vernal) man who, upon hearing of the outbreak, said he hoped there would be an Indian war because the Indians would then be removed and the reservation opened to settlement.

In 1885 several local miners prospecting in the area had discovered veins of gilsonite and the other asphalt-bearing minerals on the Uintah Reservation near the fort. This was regarded as an extremely important discovery because the entire supply of gilsonite in the United States at the time came from the Dead Sea area. Believing the minerals to be on public land, the miners staked out claims and spent over $25,000 in opening a road to the site. But when the government surveyed the area in 1887, it was determined that the mineral lands were, in fact, on the Indian reservation. Thereupon, Congress passed an act in 1888 releasing the small portion of the Indian land to the public domain. Instrumental in securing 4o This account of the Colorow incident is based upon the report of General George Crook September 15, 1887, in War Department, Report ( 1 8 8 7 ) , I, 128-32. Other accounts of various incidents related below will be found in the Tribune, August 1 3 - 3 1 , September 2 - 2 5 , 1887.

w

;

>

'

•

•

•

NATIONAL ARCHIVES

this release had been five officers at the installation who swore out affidavits that the land was "utterly worthless for any purpose to the [Indian] tribes." 46 As early as 1887, after the passage of the Dawes Severalty Act, the Salt Lake Tribune recommended the allotment of 160 acres to each Indian. It was the paper's belief that, with proper education, after 15 years when the old Indians had died off, the whites need expect no more trouble from their red neighbors. The government had an opportunity to test this hypothesis in 1898 when, pursuant to an act of June 7, 1897, surveyors began marking out plots for the Indians and readying the rest of the reservation for its opening to general settlement.47 Owing to an extremely hard winter, the allotting commission could not finish its survey in time to beat the rush of settlers which began early in April 1898. Several congressmen tried to obtain a stay of the proceedings, but were unable to do so, and others hoped to protect the mineral lands from speculation by reserving them to the government. In spite of these efforts, the asphalt claims came under the control of a group which the Tribune called "the St. Louis syndicate." 48 46 U.S., Congress, House, 50th Cong., 1st Sess., 1887p. 2 ; Warrum, Utah Since Statehood, IV, 70.

47 Tribune, June 29, 1887, March 6, 1898. iS Ibid., M a r c h 8, April 9, 12, 1898.

House Report 791, Serial 2600,

A water cart and fire engine during the early days of Duchesne.

Colored troops saw extended service at the

Fort fort.

When the Indians learned that their reservation had been opened before the survey was completed, they were justifiably angry; and there was fear of retaliation. Indian police tried to keep settlers away from dangerous parts of the reservation. Reports indicated that the Indians had driven settlers away from the reservation toward both Castle Gate and Vernal, and that they were afraid to go near Fort Duchesne because of Indian hostility. The agent at the reservation asked the soldiers to keep trespassers away from the gilsonite land; but, as the troops received no authorization from the War Department, they did not act. Fortunately, the allotting commission succeeded in issuing land to those Indians who wanted it, and serious trouble was averted.49 In the fall of the same year (1898) commissioners came from Washington to negotiate a treaty with the Uintah Indians. By November 2, however, the commissioners returned to their station at Washington because the Indians opposed giving up their lands. The commissioners admitted that the allotment or severalty system had not worked successfully on the Uncompahgre Reservation, where surveyors had apportioned 70,000 acres. Few of the Indians showed any interest in settling on their allotted land, most of them did not know where their plots lay, and those who did had no desire to occupy them. Later in the same month, the secretary of the interior gave these Indians control over their mineral lands and allowed them to lease the mineral rights to the Raven Mining Company of Chicago. In this way, many of the troubles which had come on the Uncompahgre Reservation at its opening were avoided.50 Despite the sad experiences of the allotting commission on the Uncompahgre Reservation, and the reluctance of the Uintah Indians to the conclusion of a treaty with the government, the reservation was opened in 1905. As with the Uncompahgres, the government gave the Uintahs their own plots of land. Once again the government had difficulty getting them

49

Ibid., April 2, 9, 11, 14, 19, 1898. ? £ r v ! e ^ w i t h M r ' E - R < H a r P e r ° f Akron, Ohio, ibid., November 2, 1898; also ibid November 26, 1898.

In

352

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

to accept the allotments, partly because they did not accept or understand the concept of private property. 5 1 I n addition to searching for renegade Indians and keeping peace between Indians and whites, the soldiers performed other services. O n e of the regular tasks was certifying the Indians' weekly beef ration. Every two weeks, a contractor delivered 16 steers to the post. T h e Indians, each of whom received seven pounds of beef per week, required eight steers for each week's provision. O n e of the officers at the fort inspected the cattle to make certain the shipment was in satisfactory condition, then turned it over to the Indian Service. 52 I n 1898 the Indian agent heard that Butch Cassidy's "Robber's Roost G a n g " planned to steal the Indians' annuity. As soon as word of the plan came to his attention, the agent called the post. A troop of cavalry was sent immediately to Helper to guard the shipment. After making a quick run by train to Price, the troops protected the shipment until its safe arrival at Fort Duchesne, where it was divided among the Indians. 5 3 FORT D U C H E S N E ' S L A T E R Y E A R S

T h o u g h the problems of allotting land and dealing with the Indians were important to the government and those connected with Fort Duchesne, to the average citizen the big topic in the news during the spring of 1898 was the trouble with Spain over Cuba. O n M a r c h 31, 1898, Fort Duchesne's commander received orders to ship the post's Hotchkiss cannon, together with all its ammunition, to Mobile, Alabama. O n April 16, the gun completed its trip over the rough mountain roads to Price where, amid the celebration of the local citizens, the army loaded it on a flat-car d r a p e d with such signs as " R e m e m b e r the M a i n e , " " M o n r o e Doctrine," a n d " C u b a Libre." After the local citizens appropriately demonstrated their patriotism, the gun began its journey to Mobile. 54 Fort Duchesne's colored cavalrymen followed in short order. T h e government contracted with the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad to ship the troops and men, together with horses, mules, wagons, and 20,000 pounds of freight. These were the same Ninth Cavalry troops who h a d served in eastern U t a h since the opening of the post in 1886.

T h e y were replaced by two companies of cavalry from Fort Bayard, New Mexico. 55 51

DUP, Builders of Uintah, 191.

Tribune, March 11, 1898.

53 Ibid., March 1, 1898.

54 Ibid., March 7, April 1, 17, 18, 1898.

55 Ibid., April 24, 1898.

52

MILITARY FRONTIER

353

As time went on, the number of troops at Fort Duchesne dwindled.

In 1893 only two troops of cavalry remained at the post, in place of the six units which had originally occupied the fort; the infantry companies had been transferred to Fort Douglas. By 1909 there was only one company of cavalry left at Fort Duchesne.56 NUMBER OF OFFICERS AND ENLISTED M E N STATIONED AT FORTS THORNBURG

AND DUCHESNE, SELECTED YEARS, 1881-1912

(Source: For Thornburg, U.S., War Department, Annual Report of the Secretary of War [Washington, D.C., 1881], I, 52-53; [1882], I, 34-35; [1883], I, 62-63.

For Duchesne, U.S., War Department, Annual Report of the Secretary of War [1886], I, 86-87; [1887], I, 88-89; [1890], I, 72-73; [1893], I, 98-99; [1896], I, 88-89; [1909], I, Part 3, 265; [1904], III, 161; [1907], I I I , 165; [1909], I I I , 117; [1910], I I I , 121; [1912], I, 434; Salt Lake Tribune, April 18, 1898.

Year

Officers

Enlisted Men

Total

FORT THORNBURG

1881

13

146

159

1882

12

175

187

1883

12

118

130

FORT D U C H E S N E

1886 1887 1890......

1893 1896 1898 1901 1904-1907 1909-1912

20 255 275 20 267 287 21 289 310 9 123 132 8 128 136 6 120 126 (One troop of cavalry) (Two infantry companies and one troop of cavalry) (One troop of cavalry)

By 1910 the population of Uintah County had reached 7,050, the area was well-settled, and the Indians were peaceful. The inspecting officer "found no military reason why Fort Duchesne, Utah should be continued as a military post." On September 13, 1912, Troop M of the First Cavalry, the only unit remaining at the reservation, left Fort Duchesne for Fort Boise, Idaho.57 56

Ibid., May 31, June 3, 1890.

J. R. Mahoney, "Measures of Economic Changes in Utah, 1847-1947," Utah Economic and Business Review, VII (December, 1947), 11; War Department, Report (1911), III, 129; U.S., War Department, Report of the Adjutant General in War Department Reports (Washington, D.C., 1912), I, 434.

57

354

UTAH HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

After the troops had left, the Indian Service consolidated its operations at Fort Duchesne. Both the headquarters at Whiterocks and that at Ouray were moved to Fort Duchesne; advantage was taken of the central location to serve both reservations. Since the abandonment of the post by the War Department, the Indian Service has established a new hospital, several modern residences, and a new water system. From a post designed to control the Indians, Fort Duchesne has become headquarters of the agency designed to serve America's early residents in their search for a new life.58 58

"Military Forts," Heart Throbs, III, 181.

PETITIONS FOR THE PARDON OF J O H N D. LEE Filed in the Office of the Secretary M a y 1 st 1877.

Levi P. Luckey Sectr Considering the age of the prisoner a n d the long time elapsing between commission of the crime a n d conviction would recommend clemency only on condition of his making a full & explicit statement of all the facts a n d circumstances attending the commission of the crime substantiating his statements by proofs and fixing the responsibility of his acts u p o n the proper person or persons . . a n d disclosing the names of his accomplices with a full substantiated statement of the extent of their participation. This I have been informed the prisoner can do a n d if he will do so would recommend t h a t his life be spared a n d his sentence remitted or commuted.

N . Douglas L t Col 14 Inf Comd'r Ft Cameron Utah

EXPERIMENT IN UTOPIA The United Order of Richfield 1874-1877

BY FERAMORZ Y. FOX

INTRODUCTION

Experimentation with economic and social institutions was characteristic of the American frontier. America's pioneers were not "standpatters"; they did not hesitate to modify the arrangements under which they lived and worked. M a n y of the unique experiences in the nation's history were products of this incessant change and experimentation.

Perhaps the most interesting and instructive experiment in pioneer U t a h was the attempt by Brigham Young and his associates to institute the "United Order of Enoch." More t h a n a hundred of these cooperative community Utopias were established in M o r m o n localities in the West during the 1870's. Prompted by forces which threatened the political and economic independence of the M o r m o n people, and by the obvious advantages of cooperative activity in achieving common social and economic goals, the United Orders illustrate the fundamental idealism of Brigham Young and his followers in seeking to realize the status of Jesus' apostles: "And all that believed were together, and h a d all things common; and sold their possessions and goods and parted them to all men, as every m a n h a d need."

Four types of United Orders were established: 2 1. In certain communities every producer was asked to assign his economic property (land, livestock, tools) to a community cooperative, and the labor of all was directed by an elected board of management. Each Edited with an introduction by Leonard J. Arrington, U t a h State University. Dr. Arrington is grateful to the U t a h State University Research Council for support of this and other U t a h studies.

1 Published descriptions of the United Orders of 1874 include: Edward J. Allen, The Second United Order Among the Mormons (New York, 1936), and Chapter X I in Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 ( C a m bridge, 1958).

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

356

shared in the common product according to his contribution in labor and property. This type of order had first been established at St. George during the winter of 1873-74, and was duplicated in many " M o r m o n valleys," including Sevier County.

2. I n other communities this collectivization was carried one step further by the maintenance of communal living. Everyone ate in a common dining hall, wore clothes from the same bolts of cloth, and shared more or less equally in the common product. Reverently referred to as "the Gospel Plan," this arrangement was followed at Orderville, U t a h ; Bunkerville, N e v a d a ; and at several Mormon settlements in Arizona.

3. Some of the larger and more complex communities, such as Salt Lake City, participated in the movement by forming a single cooperative enterprise in each ward or division of a city. Thus, one ward might cooperatively establish a woolen factory, another a machine shop, still another a cooperative dairy.

4. Finally, in Brigham City and Hyrum, U t a h , and at Paris, Idaho, the establishment of independent cooperative enterprises multiplied until virtually all aspects of community economic life were managed by a central board of cooperatives, with almost universal ownership of cooperative shares, and with virtually all settlers employed within the cooperative network.

M R S . F E R A M O R Z Y. FOX Although most of the U n i t e d O r d e r s w e r e dissolved w i t h i n t h r e e years after t h e i r founding, t h e objectives â&#x20AC;&#x201D; c o o p e r a t i v e labor, cooperative investment, and greater equality in distributionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;remained dominant motifs in Utah's economy for many years.

Despite their lasting influence on Mormon thought and practice, however, few of these orders have been objects of scholarly investigation. Much the most inFcramorz Y. Fox

(1881-1957)

UNITED ORDER OF RICHFIELD

357

timate study of the workings of the United O r d e r in U t a h communities was compiled by the late Dr. Feramorz Young Fox, president of the L.D.S. Business College in Salt Lake City from 1926 to 1948. President Fox's fascinating treatise, "Experiments in Cooperation and Social Security Among the Mormons: A Study of Joseph Smith's Order of Stewardships, Cooperation, and Brigham Young's United O r d e r , " completed in 1937, was never published. Prior to his death in 1957, however, President Fox left a typewritten copy in the L.D.S. Church Historian's Library and generously permitted the U t a h State University Library to reproduce his personal copy. With the consent of Mrs. Anna Wilcken Fox, the present article has been prepared from Chapter I X of "Experiments," which was entitled " T h e United O r d e r in Sevier Stake." This chapter was selected for publication at this time because 1964 marks the 100th anniversary of Richfield's settlement. T h e U t a h State Historical Society chose to recognize the centennial by publishing Dr. Fox's study. Other chapters deal with "Joseph Smith's Plan for Social Security," "Cooperation in Irrigation," "Cooperative Communities," " T h e United Order of St. George," and the "Orderville United O r d e r . " Because of limitations of space, the original chapter by President Fox has been reduced by almost one-half. This has necessitated some rewriting; and in a case or two new material added. But, in general, President Fox's own phrasing and analysis have been preserved. T h e title and section headings were provided by the editor. Unless otherwise noted, President Fox's article is based upon a study of manuscript records in the L.D.S. Church Historian's Library, Salt Lake City. These include: "History of Sevier Stake," " M i n u t e Book of the Richfield United Order," "Richfield United Order Record," and "History of St. George Stake."

T H E U N I T E D O R D E R OF SEVIER STAKE

Beginnings were made in the settlement of Richfield, county seat of Sevier County, during the 1860's; but the Black Hawk Indian W a r of 1865-67 forced the abandonment of the Sevier country. 2 Families began to return in the fall of 1870. By M a r c h 1874, the village of Richfield had a population of 145 families, comprising a total of 753 persons. T h e material possessions of most of these families consisted of the few necessities that could be brought in by team and wagon. Though a few houses, mostly of one room each, h a d been built, many families were still crudely sheltered 2 General historical background is found in Sevier County Centennial Committee. Thru the Years: Sevier County Centennial History (Richfield, U t a h . 1947) ; and Richfield Centennial Committee, Golden Sheaves from a Rich Field, A Centennial History of Richfield, Utah (Richfield, 1964).

358

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

in their covered wagons or in dugouts. A large element in the population h a d so recently arrived from D e n m a r k that instructions presented in public meetings were repeated in Danish.

Before 1874, the Richfield folk h a d been briefly schooled in the principles of cooperation, and in conjunction with residents of nearby settlements h a d organized a cooperative general store, gristmill, cattle herd, horse herd, and sheep herd. T h e y h a d also constructed in a cooperative m a n n e r an irrigation canal, and h a d opened roads into nearby supplies of timber. These roads had m a d e it possible for Richfield's residents to supply their quota of poles (450 poles) for the cooperative Deseret Telegraph line, which was extended to the Sevier settlements in 1872. Nevertheless, although these efforts and their activities in the church h a d brought Richfield's early settlers into neighborly and friendly contact, they were too recently brought together to have developed strong group loyalties such as are necessary if people are to dwell together as a well-regulated family.

It h a d been common policy for the L.D.S. Church to place the settlements in each district or valley under a strong spiritual and temporal leader. Called to preside over the M o r m o n wards in Sevier County in 1872 was Joseph A. Young, son of Brigham Young. Associated with his father in the construction of the Union Pacific and U t a h Southern railroads, Joseph Young had accumulated a small fortune which he converted into land, water rights, mills, and livestock in Sevier, becoming by right of ecclesiastical position and wealth the most influential m a n in the county.

Fully aware of the religious and social ideals of his father, Joseph Young traveled to St. George in the spring of 1874, where he observed the formation of the "first" United O r d e r of Enoch. Upon his return, on April 19, 1874, he organized, on a similar basis, the United O r d e r of Sevier Stake, and in rapid succession set up local units in each of the eight communities in the Sevier region. Rosy pictures were painted at organization meetings. It was expected that the O r d e r would result in greater production, more economical consumption, lower costs for goods produced, higher prices for goods sold, and rising levels of living for all. For example, freighting by team, which because of competition had become a starvation job, would be controlled to yield adequate returns. Such household drudgery as the family wash would be largely eliminated by the use of machinery and the release of nine-tenths of the labor. And $20,000 a year would be saved by the more economical use of teams.

O n the other hand, there were misgivings. One brother wisely remarked that "it takes pure people to live pure principles." Although two-

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thirds of the settlers on the Sevier joined the Order, there were dissenters in every community. In some places as many as half the total number of families refused to join. At the farming settlement of Joseph, 14 miles southwest of Richfield (and named after Joseph A. Young), the bishop demurred, saying that though he expected to die in the church "he could not see the Order." H e was immediately released and succeeded by one who was in harmony with the plan. Finally, after President Joseph A. Young had worn himself out in argument and admonition, he won a unanimous vote of support from those present.

Members were permitted to enter the local associations by the subscription of all or part of their property, and in the record many of the names are followed by the phrase, "With all I have." Debtors were advised to clear their obligations before subscribing encumbered property, but as a gesture of good intent were permitted to place their names on the lists.

T h e stake organization, of which Joseph Young was president, was concerned primarily with the encouragement of intercommunity exchange of products, the development of manufactures, and the opening of roads to Cove Creek and other nearby valleys. T h e stake U. O. also constructed and operated a tannery, later incorporated as the Sevier County United Order Tannery. However, the United Order was basically a community movement, and the emphasis was upon village self-sufficiency, rather than on intervillage exchange.

T H E U N I T E D ORDER OF R I C H F I E L D

In a sense the Richfield Order got off to a bad start. There was little time for ripening of ideas or maturing of plans. While Joseph A. Young h a d brought back some first-hand observations of beginnings at St. George and a copy of the articles of association for the Order at that place, he remarked at the organization meeting in Richfield that all speculation about the Order was vain, and that the only way to comprehend it was to get it into operation and profit by day-to-day experience. Thus, the first year was one of intense idealism, but hasty preparations and tentative decisions. I n the making of decisions, all members possessed equal voting power, regardless of property contributed. This setup, said Erastus Snow, leader of the Mormons in southern Utah, was characteristic of "the Gospel Plan," as distinguished from the corporate plan which was adopted later.

I n keeping with the rule of choosing the ranking ecclesiast as president, Joseph Young was elected to this office and remained president and superintendent until his untimely death in August 1875. H e was succeeded by

Joseph A. Young

f^^"f-

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(1834-1875)

the Richfield bishop, William H . Seegmiller, who served until the fall of 1876, when he declined re-election because he was in disfavor with Brigham Young.

Seegmiller was succeeded by Lars P. Christiansen, but continued to be the real leader of the O r d e r in the capacity of general superintendent.

Four-fifths of the residents of Richfield (ultimately 135 families) entered the Order, and the door was kept wide open for the admission of new settlers who cared to come. After the harvest, teams were sent to bring in those who h a d no means of their own to make the journey from northern settlements. " W e have sent our teams," wrote one member, "for emigrants and for poor, whenever they have desired to come here, and Saints even from Bear Lake to St. George have come here to join the O r d e r . " According to a statement by J o s e p h Y o u n g , t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n for m e m b e r s h i p was not t h e a m o u n t of money possessed by the individual, but

[his] standing in the C h u r c h and general good conduct, and no one is admitted except those w h o p u t all they have into the Association. . . . In the admission of persons to membership the question of capacity to render valuable service to the Association is not considered, the gospel theory and practice of the strong aiding the weak is recognized and carried out, that the whole community may rise together. 3

T h e articles of association, modeled after the St. George United Order, required all the time, labor, energy, and ability of a member and such property as he wished to invest. It was decided at Richfield to retain as individual stewardships homes and such domestic animals as the family cow, pigs, and chickens. All else was "turned in" at appraised values. Much of the spring planting h a d been done when the O r d e r was organized on April 19. As there were as yet no legal titles to land, appraised values were agreed upon at $3.00 an acre for prepared land and $1.00 an acre addiDeseret News, weekly (Salt Lake C i t y ) , August 4, 1875.

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tional for seed. A farmer who turned into the Order a 10-acre piece planted to grain received a book credit of $40.00. Horses, cattle, and sheep were turned in at appraised values, or if a member had previously invested his surplus livestock in one of the several cooperative herds, his shares were transferred to the Order.

In the spirit of equality on which the Order was founded, a first concern was to provide creature comforts to all, as far as the resources of the association would permit. Cows were supplied to every family. An inventory revealed that among them all they possessed 9,150 pounds of flour, barely a month's supply. Thus, it was necessary to borrow grain from northern settlements on the credit of the Order, and charges were made on the books for family requisitions. Joseph A. Young set a fine example by distributing his extra clothing, and a supply of ducking was purchased for distribution to those in greatest need. Even so, many were shabbily and inadequately clad, though better off, no doubt, than they would have been outside the Order. An attempt to obtain on credit $500 worth of cloth from the Provo Woolen Mills, to be paid indirectly by labor on the St. George Temple, failed. After harvest exchanges were made for grain â&#x20AC;&#x201D; always an equivalent for cash. Meat was supplied from the co-op herds at the rate of two beeves a week.

Every family without adequate shelter wanted a house, and those that had provided a room or two by their own exertions wanted more.

There were many who needed fences, pig pens, poultry houses, and outdoor privies. It was one of the dreams of the advocates of the Order that such requirements could be provided more economically and more promptly through systematic utilization of labor than by the old individualistic methods. Combined farming would, it was thought, release labor for mechanical pursuits. Joseph A. Young had a steam sawmill that went with the rest of his property into the association and became the basis of a lumber department that was feverishly busy all the time until winter closed the hastily-constructed roads.

The demand for construction was particularly acute. A committee of the board, made up of representatives of the building trades, carpenters, rock layers, and adobe layers, looked after all building requirements. The three members of this committee began by making a survey of needs and an inventory of materials. The responsibility looked forbidding, and there were frequent disputes within the membership followed by resignations and reorganization. Stability was temporarily achieved within six weeks and the committee continued to function as an arbiter of needs, commis-

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sary of supplies, and coordinator of labor. But the problems were insuperable. I n approving plans for houses, the committee was expected to be guided by considerations of taste, comfort, and economy. But the first applicant h a d to modify his plans and accept a less expensive shelter; other applications were filed, the sawmill worked at capacity, and delays became longer and longer. Counting roadbuilders, haulers, and the mechanics used in construction, about 35 men were used in providing shelter. Yet, from the viewpoint of the Order, houses were "dead property" and added nothing to the ability to produce more grain, wool, and hides.

T h e principle of equality required the adjustment of wages, piecerates, and prices, so that farmers, unskilled laborers, and mechanics would receive approximately the same credits and work approximately the same number of hours. Accordingly, the eight-hour day was accepted as standard, with $1.50 a day for a m a n and $3.00 for a m a n and team. Mechanical work, it was thought, could be done under a contract system, but the problem proved so difficult that specific recommendations were deferred.

T h e sawmill was operated as a cooperative business and delivered the finished product to the O r d e r at agreed rates per thousand feet. Piecerates per thousand were to be agreed upon for stockers, sawyers, haulers, and sellers. Similar arrangements were planned for other activities including farming and herding.

Meanwhile, the members were urged to be diligent in their labors, though they h a d only the vaguest idea as to what they would realize from it. Most of them were willing to accept the situation on faith, and the block teachers were sent to all the homes to urge diligence. Special difficulty was met in irrigation, as running water is not amenable to eight-hour rules.

M u c h may be guessed from a note in the minute book that the block teachers were to see if the Order members would "give all their time, and if not, why not."

At harvest time, particularly with threshing, the eight-hour day interfered seriously. T h e O r d e r h a d purchased a thresher in Salt Lake City in late August, with which threshing proceeded slowly owing to the indifference of the laborers assigned to the task. A competing machine came in from Fillmore, and despite the need of the O r d e r to avoid loss of toll grain, managed to get some work from members who laid claim to the stacks from their own farms. At the end of the season, it was stated that the Order thresher had not done a very good business, but no blame was attached to the overseer.

It was foreseen that there would be attempts at withdrawal. In the original agreements, therefore, capital was entered for five years and with-

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drawal penalized by the retention of one-half its book value. This procedure was without legal sanction and was enforceable only by the good faith of the members. I n the phraseology of the church's Doctrine and Covenants, members entered the O r d e r by a "covenant that could not be broken." Notwithstanding, there were those at Richfield who took these arrangements lightly, and at harvest time helped themselves to what they judged was a fair share of the grain. Encouraged by these high-handed actions, still others undertook to recover the yields of their lands after the threshed grains were in the bins. Following the order of the church, these actions were taken before the Q u o r u m of Teachers, which found in favor of the O r d e r and demanded a settlement from the offending brethren who otherwise would be branded as covenant-breakers. Later, the United O r d e r board summoned the chief offender to a p p e a r â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a m a n who, though he had been a member of the original board and h a d placed all his possessions into the Order, pleaded ignorance of its rules. His position was emphatically pointed out to him, as one board member after another spoke against his actions and labeled him as a covenant-breaker whose offense was like that of the betrayer of Jesus. T o regain the confidence of his brethren he was required to restore what he h a d taken.

T H E INCORPORATED O R D E R

While the Richfield O r d e r and those at other places were gaining significant though perplexing and painful experience, general church authorities in Salt Lake City were engaged in revamping the plans for the various orders and moulding the system into a series of stock companies with legal protection for capital. O n his way south to St. George in August 1874, Erastus Snow visited Richfield and explained the standard articles of incorporation. These were discussed in subsequent mass meetings in both English and Danish. Titles to real property were reconveyed by the association to the original owners, and new schedules of the property to be invested were prepared and transferred to the O r d e r by trust-deed or lease.

T h e Order was duly incorporated on November 9, 1874, with two-thirds of the village folk supporting the plan. T h e authorized capital was $ 1 million, with shares valued at $25.00 par. Shareholdings were indicated as capital credits according to appraised values, and fractional shares were recognized. T h e names of 139 subscribers with schedules of property are attached to the articles of incorporation.

T h e stewardship principle observed at the inception of the Order was still applied, so that homes and farmyard stock, exclusive of teams, were

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UTAH HISTORICAL

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omitted from invested capital. Most of the members had little else and it is not surprising to discover that about half of the subscribers invested $50.00 or less. Joseph A. Young and his Richfield wife — he had another family in the Order at Gunnison and one in Salt Lake City — held $30,000 in capital stock, more than all other stockholders combined. Joseph A. Young's schedule is so significant in what it reveals of the nature of productive property at the time and of the absorption of local cooperatives by the Order, that it is reproduced below: 4 Capital Stock in Sevier Co-op Horse H e r d Capital Stock in Sevier Co-op [Cattle?] H e r d

$ 4,471.18 3,219.73

Capital Stock in Richfield Co-op Mercantile Institution

740.00

Capital Stock in Richfield Co-op Sheep H e r d

809.91

Capital Stock in Richfield Co-op Grist Mill

7,576.40

O n e Griffith a n d Wedge Steam Sawmill; one shingle machine and lazy saw. O n e set of blacksmith tools including anvil a n d bellows — said machinery all set u p with buildings, sheddings, a n d all appurtenances

5,260.00

O n e set light Concord harness without breeching

35.00

A saddle @ $22; two plows @ $ 3 2 ; a sulky plow @ $75; a gristmill @ $100

229.00

A wagon @ $60; a wagon @ $ 7 5 ; a pair of mules @ $350; a set harness @ $25

510.00

A cart and harness @ $ 7 5 ; four halters @ $ 5 ; a safe @ $16; two desks @ $35 An office store @ $12 a n d office furniture @ $125 A grindstone @ $12; a pair of scales turned to the grist mill @ $72 ..

A m o u n t of water-right paid for and not applied including that for land south of the City Survey T o t a l Value

240.00 48.25 84.00 2,567.45 $25,790.92

Largely through the investments of Joseph Young, the Richfield Order came to hold nine-tenths of the stock in the Sevier Horse Herd (200 head), and three-fifths of the stock in the Sevier Cattle Herd (800 head). The Order also owned 1,700 sheep. In general, a subscriber who was well enough off to turn over a span of mules with harness and wagon — an outfit valued at around $500 — was a comparatively large stockholder. Many were permitted to acquire a share of stock in exchange for 4 There appear to be minor discrepancies in this list, but it is reproduced substantially as given in President Fox's manuscript.

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365

labor, a means adopted to bring into the Order those worthy of admission but too poor to have any economic property.

Few changes were effected in the nature and operation of the Order by incorporation. The most important change was the power granted to the board to prevent the withdrawal, at any time, of invested capital. The board functioned through committees appointed to supervise the various activities and interests of the Order, the duties of which were modified as experience dictated. Board meetings were held every two or three days and required hours of time of the directors. At first, every request for cash or equivalent was acted on by the board. A member could not go fishing, visit his relations a few miles away, or attend the general church conference in Salt Lake City without a grant of released time by the board. A few quotations taken from the Richfield United Order Record are given to indicate the extent of control that the board deemed it necessary to exercise: Bro. Swen Borgquist met with the Board a n d stated his circumstances and wished to be assisted in his present destitute condition or released to go off and earn means to clothe his family.

Moved by Bro. H . P. Miller that Bro. Borgquist be instructed to be patient and trust in the Lord and share with us. Motion seconded a n d carried.

Bishop Seegmiller stated the reasons of Bro. Brandley's going to Salt L a k e ; said F. W. Ellerbeck h a d telegraphed for him to come a n d assist in laying the city waterpipes â&#x20AC;&#x201D; h a d written him previously and offered h i m three dollars per day in cash. Bishop Seegmiller h a d sanctioned his going and h a d instructed him that w h a t means he h a d left, over and above his board bill and necessary expenditure, be deposited with the Z. C. M . I. to our credit on their account against us. Action approved of.

Resolved t h a t all persons whose labor is not entirely directed by the Board furnish an itemized and explanatory monthly report to the secretary in writing to be presented to the Board.

Moved by H . P. Miller that G. Ence's pigs be taken to the gristmill to be fed there for the use of the O r d e r , he having credit for the same and being allowed to retain and feed one for his extra trouble; motion carried.

Bishop Seegmiller stated t h a t Godfrey Hafen desired to go north to procure mulberry trees. Moved by H . M . Petersen that the request of G. Hafen in regard to going to the City for mulberry cuttings be laid over till spring, motion carried.

Simon Christensen m e t with the Board, said last season he desired to get a pig, applied to the brethren in the O r d e r , but did not succeed, he therefore purchased one from H . C. Holdensgaard, promising to pay grain after harvest, namely four bushels of w h e a t for the same, which he would like to have paid.

Moved by R. Ramsay that the debt of Simon Christensen to H . C. Holdensgaard as stated by him be paid, with the understanding t h a t no more debts be contracted without the consent of the Board; motion carried.

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Bro. Swen Borgquist met with the Board; stated that his brother in the city desires h i m to come to Salt Lake City and take charge of his harness shop the beginning of the following m o n t h for one m o n t h ; stated that he needs a stove very m u c h , which he could procure by going to the city.

Resolved, t h a t if on inquiry Bro. Borgquist can make satisfactory arrangements, he be permitted to go.

A note was read from T . S. K e n n e r , stating t h a t as he h a d n o w returned, he desired employment, having been absent to Beaver for a short time, without the consent of the Board.

Resolved, t h a t T . S. K e n n e r be required to appear before the Board and give an account of his absence before we give him any more employment.

Later the board used the device of an executive committee to expedite business and economize time. Too late the practice of holding frequent discussions of problems with all the stockholders was inaugurated. At such meetings, which were held semimonthly during the final year of the Order's existence, a good deal of pent-up emotion was released. But the device was inadequate to turn sentiment against the dissolution which was eventually demanded.

P R I N C I P L E S AND POLICIES

It was an early decision that most kinds of work were to be done by contract, based on cash prices, with the surplus earned over and above the sustenance of each laborer and his family placed to his credit on capital stock. At the time the Order was launched in 1874, spring planting was well advanced, and the board of management attempted immediately to effect a classification of labor to realize the promised economies. Mechanics such as carpenters, adobe layers, blacksmiths, and shoemakers, were relieved of any farming operations in which they may have been engaged, and farming was carried on as a full-time specialized occupation. Farming lands were divided into three zones, and a superintendent for each zone directed the agricultural laborers. As with their co-partners in the trades, the farmers adopted the eight-hour day and were credited with wages at the agreed rates of $ 1.50 a day.

Though farm labor was in general much more efficient than previously, there was complaint about indolence and indifference. T h e assurance of regular wages without regard to intensity of application proved to be a great temptation to those disinclined to h a r d work. Accordingly, the board changed the plan for the second and subsequent years and organized eight "large" farms of 150 acres, with a foreman and crew of four men for each, chosen by lot. T h e Order supplied each crew with a team, wagon, tools, and seed, and required that all their production be turned into the

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367

common storehouse. Each crew member was allowed a share of the yield as credits on the O r d e r books. T h e incentive thus provided was weakened by delay on the part of the board in fixing the basis of division between the Order and the farm crews. T h e board struggled with the problem but delayed the answer pending a study of the wage and price structure to be set up to establish comparative equality among the various classes of labor.

It was more than a year before the rates were fixed. Impatience for a definite understanding was met by exhortation to cultivate faith in the Order plan and unselfishness in adherence to its principles. Meanwhile, notwithstanding the uncertainties surrounding their wage-rates, farmers in general worked with diligence and showed improving results each year.

Both in 1874 and in 1875 grain h a d to be borrowed from distant communities. T h e yield of wheat in the latter year was 12,000 bushels as compared with 5,000 in 1874. It was still greater in 1876. In addition to wheat, oats, and barley, the farmers raised potatoes.

H a y lands were attended by a separate company, and there were ten four-acre plots of sugar cane (in 1875), each cared for by a manager with necessary help. Godfrey Hafen set out a nursery. T h e yield of hay is reported to have been adequate, the cane crop a failure. T h e O r d e r was terminated before it could benefit from the nursery. It will be recalled that each family had its own acre lot and raised garden vegetables. No reckoning was kept of the products of the home garden, it being assumed that approximate equality was attained by the possession of equal areas by all families. There must have been in fact great differences in such incomes due to differences in ability and size of family.

As noted above, wages were based on an eight-hour day in 1874, with the standard fixed at $1.50 a day. No wages were actually paid but earnings were entered on the books as credits to be drawn against for necessary supplies. Because of disappointing crop yields, however, it was impossible to pay the credits earned with crops produced and goods and services available from the mechanical departments. Obviously, the $1.50 standard was excessive, as O r d e r officials later realized.

T h e majority were reasonable and courageous and willing to accept adversity as the price of ultimate success; but there were many who took a very selfish view and demanded the book value of their earnings in storepay. T h e board of management was harassed with requests that it could not justly meet. Accordingly, at the general meeting held at the beginning of the year 1875, it was agreed on recommendation of Joseph A. Young that the 10-hour day become the standard. Some jobs were changed from a day wage to a piece-rate basis of remuneration. T h e herder who took

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the cows out to graze was allowed one cent a head per day; he hired two boys to assist and was charged for the use of horses. Farmers in 1875 were allowed 7/% cents a pound net for grain produced and l/$ cents a pound net for potatoes. This proved to be relatively excessive and the next year they were allowed one cent a pound on grain, J/3 cents a pound on potatoes, but were required to bear half the expense for repair of equipment and shoeing of teams. The sawmill gang worked on a contract (1876) and received $11.00 on every $25.00 of lumber produced, meeting breakage expense below $15.00.

Where piece-rates were impracticable, day wages were fixed by the board but not with absolute uniformity. The best or most skilled workers were credited with $2.00 a day, and others as the board decided. The harness-maker, the chief blacksmith, and the schoolteacher received the maximum and their assistants $ 1.50 a day. Those with large families often were granted additional credits on the assumption that their children would produce a surplus when they grew up.

Looking north on Main Street in Richfield. The building located on the corner (with the square elevation on the roof) is commonly known as Joseph A. Young block.

RICHFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE

U N I T E D ORDER OF RICHFIELD

369

Against the credits members were charged for withdrawals. T h e r e was always a shortage of cash and its equivalent, store-pay. Grain was readily convertible and in fact was frequently used in making cash exchanges, but the O r d e r was a borrower of grain in 1874 and in 1875 and was later making an heroic effort to fall in line with the counsel of President Brigham Young to store grain for future security. Even in a year of heavy yield, the grain could all have been exhausted in exchange for storegoods and cash.

A few examples will make vivid to the reader just what the board was up against. One George Frazer was granted in J a n u a r y 1875 an order for $100.00 to assist him in starting housekeeping. Five weeks later h e asked for $15.00 more to pay debts in Provo and redeem his watch. Request denied. In April a brother who petitioned for $10.00 was disgruntled at receiving only $3.00 and another who wished to go away to earn cash was advised to stick to the O r d e r and trust in the Lord. T h e petition of another for a new hat so that he might make a visit to the temple in Salt Lake City was granted (February 1876). Another was allowed 50 cents a week for hired help for his sick wife during his own necessary absence from Richfield.

T h e record is full of similar requests that occupied the board for hours at their frequent sessions. It should be borne in mind that most of the petitioners h a d book credits for work performed and only wished to draw a part of their earnings. Many, of course, either because of the size of family or of indolence, overdrew their credits, which was inevitably the case with the invalid and the infirm. T h e h a p h a z a r d and unequal dispensing of store-pay led to an attempt at uniformity in December 1876, when the following rules were adopted: 1. That we allow male members above 14 years of age to draw 6 percent of their earnings and 1 percent for each wife and l/z percent for each child under 14 years of age in shoes, cash articles, and store-pay.

2. That we allow all female members 25 percent of their earnings and 10 percent more for each child under the age of 8 years in shoes and store-pay.

3. That we allow every male member half a day per week for private use and that we require them to labor faithfully the balance of their time.

4. That we have a complete statistic of every family, their occupations, and what they are most suitable for and would like to do.

D I F F I C U L T Y IN A C C U M U L A T I N G CAPITAL

Despite strenuous effort, the board found it impossible to keep its grain. For years, Brigham Young h a d vigorously opposed the sale of grain

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to "outsiders," and the Richfield United Order had accepted the storage of wheat as a cardinal principle. But the pressure for its conversion into cash was uncontrollable. As with other communities, Richfield had an insistent demand for imported goods â&#x20AC;&#x201D; goods that could be had directly or indirectly only for cash. Much attention was given in board meetings to the importance of moving toward community independence, and the tannery with its associated shoe shops was regarded as a step forward. Definite plans for a dairy farm and cheese factory at Rabbit Valley (near Loa, western Wayne County) were terminated by the dissolution of the Order.

Some homespun was made and tailors belonging to the society were kept busy.

But the Order was in debt to Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (ZCMI) in Salt Lake City from the beginning, and was constantly scheming to get cash to settle. It has already been observed that Joseph A. Young in 1874 distributed his extra clothing to those in need to avoid immediate purchasing. In the same year a contract was taken by the several Orders of Sevier County, including Richfield, to do grading for cash wages for the Utah Southern Railroad. In the fall of 1875 the Richfield Order contracted to herd 300 head of stock for the church and some for ZCMI, earnings to be applied on account. The Order was a borrower of grain in 1874 and 1875 but held a surplus after the harvest of the latter year. Some wheat was traded at 80 cents a bushel for cloth from the cooperative cotton factory at Washington, Utah. Some was traded in the spring at $1.50 a bushel to increase the Order's holdings in the Richfield Cooperative Sheep Herd.

The needs of Joseph A. Young's families at Richfield and at Gunnison, after his death in 1875, proved a heavy draft on the cash and grain resources of the Order. Requests could not be denied as there was always the possibility that the Young property might be withdrawn from the association, as indeed was finally the case. In mid-January 1877, ZCMI made demand for payment for goods purchased by the Order for the co-op store.

Grain was the only cash equivalent and there was a good market at the mines, but because of Brigham Young's attitude and the rules of the Order, the directors seriously debated before finally deciding to send grain on consignment to an agent at Kanarra. So much grain was disposed of that by the middle of May it was necessary to put the members on rations of eight pounds of flour a week to all over ten years old, six pounds to those between five and ten, and four pounds to children under five. Brother Ence, whose task it was to deliver the flour, thought the plan justified as a check on those families that habitually drew unnecessarily large amounts.

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As a n additional means of relief, m e n were sent to earn cash wages at the H o r n Silver M i n e at Frisco, near Beaver, U t a h , which they turned into the O r d e r for book credits. T h e y were allowed 15 p e r cent for personal use as encouragement. T w o w h o h a d saved money by boarding themselves instead of paying $8.00 a week were allowed the difference, but the balance was turned in. T h e attitude of these m e n at a time w h e n the O r d e r was crumbling is indicative of the high degree of loyalty t h a t they a n d m a n y others exhibited toward this experiment in c o m m u n a l effort. It was stated in a general membership meeting on August 27, 1877, t h a t in sending m e n out to work for cash wages the board h a d "gone against counsel," by which was m e a n t t h a t working at the mines for the Gentiles h a d been strongly condemned by President Brigham Young. I t was also stated t h a t during the year grain h a d been sacrificed to get cash articles, a policy also condemned. "But," said the speaker dejectedly, "whichever way we turn is against counsel." T h o u g h approving the wisdom of the church policy of storing grain, the Richfield United O r d e r h a d over a four-year period found it impossible to do so.

T R E A T M E N T OF N E W C O M E R S

It was well-established M o r m o n policy to occupy irrigable lands as fully as possible and head-off the influx of non-Mormons. N e w communities were expected to receive M o r m o n immigrants freely a n d local leaders were ambitious to build u p their own settlements rapidly. After the establishment of the orders, operating branches were glad to welcome those w h o avowed their faith in the system a n d whose motives were apparently honest. Although at first the door to admission at Richfield was wide-open, experience revealed the importance of selection based on the possession of property or of occupational skills needed by the community. A few examples will enable the reader to observe the changing attitude of the board in regard to membership.

October 26, 1874. The board decided to send teams after harvest for many good working people who had made applications to join the Order.

November 12,1874. Three teams were sent for the Hafen family and nursery stock.

February 23, 1875. It was decided to accept young men under twenty-one if they were their own masters and in good standing in the Church.

February 26, 1875. It was decided to accept the Milford family, though destitute, after they declared to the board that they wished to join the Order "on principle" and not for support.

August 28,1875. Ole Peterson was admitted despite an indebtedness of $50 for immigration expense on condition that he would later be released for a period to work out the debt.

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September 16,1875. An applicant was refused because the O r d e r could not use another blacksmith.

February 5, 9, 1876. Members of the Prattville United O r d e r wish to disb a n d and accept membership in the Richfield U n i t e d Order. I t was decided to accept the Prattville members if they settle their debts first.

April 12,1876. sent for him.

A shoemaker from Gunnison was accepted and a team was

August 12, 1876. T w o applications approved provided the applicants will submit to the inconveniences necessary under present circumstances.

November 7, 1876. Rigid restriction of admissions was advocated in a general meeting of stockholders.

February 20, 1877. I t was resolved that no more immigrants be sent for at present.

PROBLEMS OF P L A N N I N G

One of the big difficulties in operating a planned society is to regulate labor and consumption so as to achieve at least a rough approximation of economic equality. Under the competitive system the forces of demand and supply are always at work to adjust production to consumption. In the long run, wages will tend to equal the value of the laborer's product.

The United Order, in obedience to church teachings that "It is not given that one man should possess that which is above another, wherefore the world lieth in sin," aimed at relative equality of effort and of consumption and a steady elevation of the level of living. The proponent of the system, Brigham Young, was under no illusion concerning the necessity of initial sacrifice, but he and his followers anticipated ultimate and comparatively early prosperity.

In Richfield one weakness was the failure to work out a schedule of prices. It was no doubt felt by the directors that since all were (theoretically) working with the same intensity and consuming in the same amount, delay in rendering account on the books was relatively unimportant. That too little had been produced and too much consumed in the first season was painfully obvious. Much of the difficulty was attributed to the eighthour day and some to laziness. In any event, some felt that the shiftless were riding on the backs of the thrifty and the industrious, and that the cure for this evil lay in exhortation and better system. A special committee consisting of a chairman, a farmer, a mechanic, and a laborer was appointed in July 1875 to recommend a schedule of wages and prices, but apparently the committee was unable to agree. Nor did the foremen promptly or completely report the labor of all their subordinates. Thus, it was impossible for the secretary to keep a current record of individual

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labor credits. No individual knew where he stood, nor could the board determine if he were overdrawn.

In the year 1874, when the Order operated on the Gospel Plan of living as though all were of a family, accounts were of small importance.

But they were absolutely essential under the requirements of the corporate plan. It was a regular occurrence for the president of the board to express regret to the members at general meetings that accounts were far behind and to attribute the delay to the procrastination and ignorance of foremen.

The members for the most part accepted the explanation with composure and confidence in their leaders. When a faultfinder publicly stated, in June 1876, that many were becoming impatient, he found no support from the audience. By November 1876, the books had been brought up to March 1, covering the operations of the first crop year under the corporation. Some excitement was occasioned by the discovery of some members that they were in debt to the Order. Whether the situation had become worse or better since spring could not be known for an indefinite time.

A member of the board stated that the Order was carrying 100 nonproducers, by which he doubtless meant those whose charges exceeded their credits. He favored rigid limitations on supplies furnished to those in debt. Bishop Seegmiller, more kindly disposed, remarked that it would not be right to cut off supplies so abruptly. The disappointing revelations of the incomplete books created an insistence for more and prompter record-keeping, but the poor secretary toiled over his thankless task in vain, always months behind.

Meanwhile, the directors were learning much about individual differences. That some would work for the glory of God and others only when hungry, was quickly apparent; and Captain John Smith's example was eventually followed. A typical instance: One Sam Rosley demanded storepay to purchase shoes, as he could not get them at the shoe shop (orders on the shoe shop were always months ahead of output). He threatened to seek work outside the Order unless his requests were granted. This challenge to the board was met by a motion to cut off his supplies until he should conform to Order rules. In exactly three months he was back expressing his willingness to work and requested a little store-pay in advance.

The board told him he must first bring vouchers for work performed.

There are many such instances in the records. Indolent members were often cited before the board. One had earned only $10.00 credit in six weeks. A good deal of pains was taken to bring such members into line.

They were first urged, then commanded, at last expelled.

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In addition to difficulties arising from human frailty, and common to all working branches of the Order, the Richfield society had to face a disastrous loss upon the sudden death of President Joseph A. Young on August 5, 1875. Half of all the capital in the Order had been subscribed by him, and his business acumen and leadership had sustained the hope of ultimate success. To have control of his property without his active participation seemed a heavy responsibility. A letter was dispatched to his father, Brigham Young, asking if it would be proper to make everybody stewards over their own property, as had been done in Salt Lake City. Brigham's reply indicates his faith in the original LI. O. principles: . . . For you to change your m e t h o d of doing business to t h a t of stewardships would be taking a step backwards a n d would not be in accordance with our feelings. So far as we know concerning your operations you have been doing well, a n d the prospects before you are encouraging. W h a t can you possibly gain by changing your system? . . . w h a t end can be accomplished by your turning back? W e cannot perceive any good t h a t will result.

I t is union of the people, their means, a n d their efforts t h a t are wanted, a n d the shortest cut to t h a t is the best. W e deem it advisable t h a t at certain convenient times, to be decided by yourselves, general meetings of the O r d e r be called at which the work done, the products raised, a n d the other results of the labors of the O r d e r can be discussed. At such meetings it should be decided how m u c h tithing shall be paid by the O r d e r collectively a n d a statement of the a m o u n t s and kinds should then be d r a w n out and should be signed by each h e a d of a family in the O r d e r . This statement should then be carefully filed away for future reference. Instead of paying tithing, when

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we perfect the O r d e r we will pay w h a t we want, which will be used in building temples, supporting missionaries, assisting the poor, etc., and ultimately there will be no poor with us.

[Signed] Brigham Young

Shortly after the above letter was received disaffection appeared in the Richfield Order that eventually came to the attention of President Brigham Young, occasioning a temporary break between him and the officials of the Order and aggravating the spirit of discouragement that was beginning to weigh upon them. T h e issue grew out of the desire of L. M. Farnsworth to withdraw his capital, consisting of a recreation and dance hall that he had built and operated for two years before the organization of the Order, and that he had transferred as a subscription to capital stock. With some alterations it was used by the Order for general meetings and for recreation. T h e board had good reasons for refusing to "buy in" the Farnsworth capital stock; it could not easily spare the hall, and it was furthermore committed to the church policy of holding its grain, the principal source of cash. Moreover, the successful withdrawal of so important a stockholder would set a bad precedent and lead to no end of trouble. Farnsworth carried the matter to President Young and induced him, by representations that there is reason to believe were one-sided, to advise the Order to make a settlement. It is not improbable that President Young was beginning to suspect the competence of the general superintendent of the Order, Bishop W. H. Seegmiller, for the families of Joseph A. Young were having difficulty along with everyone else in the Order in getting ordinary necessities.

RICHFIELD CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE T h e condition of the records of a c c o u n t m a d e m a t t e r s worse, and it was rightly sus-

City of Richfield between 1897 and 1904, as seen from the roof of the courthouse. The school can be seen at the right of the picture; the tabernacle is to the left. The belfry right of the tabernacle spire belonged to the Methodist Church.

The other building with a belfry, to the left of the school, is the old rock schoolhouse that also served as the public building for all occasions. Some of the Main Street buildings are still in use today.

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pected that the Order capital was being slowly consumed. An agreement was finally negotiated by which the Farnsworth capital stock was purchased for $1,250.

Meanwhile, President Young had let Seegmiller know that he expected to dictate in regard to the Joseph A. Young property. In August 1876, B. T. Young, a son of Joseph A. Young, made a request in behalf of his mother at Gunnison for $1,000 at once, and $2,000 in the spring, to make repairs and alterations on her home and meet other expenses. The board decided to do the best it could and notified the applicant that the Young family would be treated fairly, as with other members' families.

In October Bishop Seegmiller reported that President Brigham Young was dissatisfied with the treatment accorded his daughters-in-law and their families and that he had said he would withdraw the Joseph A. Young property from the Order. "We must do as he says, and be loyal," the bishop advised his colleagues.

At general meetings in November the members were apprised of the dark cloud hovering over the association and of President Young's expectations that the Joseph A. Young property should yield enough to support the family. His notion that the property was being squandered was correct, it was pointed out, insofar as members were busying themselves with pigs and chickens and gardens to the neglect of the needs of the Order.

At the annual stockholders' meeting on November 30, Bishop Seegmiller and Stake President A. K. Thurber declined renominations to the board because, as Seegmiller said, their honesty had been questioned by President Young. The members, however, gave ample evidence of their esteem for the two brethren by voting that they make the nominations to fill vacancies and by prompt certification of their selections. The newly elected board members likewise honored them by requesting that they name the officers, by inviting them to attend all meetings, and by re-appointing Bishop Seegmiller general superintendent.

The new officers undertook to close the breach between President Brigham Young and the Richfield board of management, and to compose the feelings of the members. The president, Lars P. Christiansen, reminded the people that though the Order was beautiful in theory, there were practical difficulties that could only be surmounted by experience.

He was sure that President Young had been misinformed by mischiefmakers. Clara F. Young, widow of Joseph A., expressed the opinion that President Brigham Young questioned the ability rather than the integrity of those who had managed the Order. On the authorization of the board,

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President Christiansen and A. K. Thurber went to St. George to interview President Young at his winter residence and to get his views on questions that had arisen in Richfield but had not been conclusively answered. They were empowered to agree to permit the withdrawal of the Joseph A. Young property on a legal basis if President Young so desired. On their return the brethren read a letter prepared by President Young in answer to the questions submitted and reported that as a result of their visit the president felt much better disposed toward the Order. He had for the time at least deferred any intention of withdrawing the Young family property.

Nevertheless, from that date (January 26, 1877) forward, requisitions of the Young family for "store goods," livestock, equipment, and other provisions were honored with greater liberality, though they were still meager compared with the $3,000 requested by B. T. Young a few months earlier. These requisitions, detailed in full, were a heavy burden to the Order with its very limited liquid resources. And it must not be overlooked that many others were petitioning the board for like consideration.

Nevertheless, the majority of the board still had faith unshaken in the Order and were determined to save it. As a means of economy in living, they proposed the organization of family associations within the Order. The idea met with favor and "The United Family Organization A" came into being, with eight families as members. What they did and the spirit of the attempt may be given in the words of one participant: Without any or but little help from the outside, they have, while fulfilling their duties to the United Order of Richfield, and amidst many difficulties, been able to erect a dining room and six sleeping rooms, and are prepared to build more as soon as time and means permit. So far as the experiment is concerned, it has been highly successful, and although our fare is humble, yet we all feel contented and happy, and feel the spirit of love, order and unity among us. We feel that we have been greatly blessed thus far, in having been, by the providence of our Heavenly Father, able to accomplish so much with so little. Our little community numbers about forty-two souls, although not all as yet living together, on account of want of room. There is also in Joseph City a few families living together on the same principle....

Let me say for my own part that, as in my youth, in the old country, it was given to me, in answer to my prayer, that the gospel as preached by Joseph Smith and the Latter-day Saints was true and from heaven, so also, when Pres. Brigham Young preached the principles of the United Order, it was given unto my understanding that it emanated from heaven for the benefit of the Latter-day Saints. This is the testimony of your humble servant, Henry Edward Desaules.5 5

Deseret News, July 4, 1877.

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T h e last glimpse we have of this little group was three months later, on the eve of the dissolution of the Richfield United Order, when they were granted a supply of lumber to finish their community edifice.

DISSOLUTION

For months the semimonthly meetings designed to let off steam and acquaint the members with the decisions and activities of the board had been growing more and more vociferous. T h e explosions of the cantankerous members were not nearly so disheartening as the growing convictions of some who h a d been strongest in their support that disunion had gone too far to be repaired. " I a m leaving the Order," said one member of the board, "because there is no order in it." Into this atmosphere came Apostle Erastus Snow with advice to disincorporate. T w o conflicting interests had met in the Order, he said, the poor and those of property. Without disincorporation it would be illegal for the directors, who were under bond, to permit the withdrawal of capital.

With four negative votes the assembly in which Apostle Snow had suggested disincorporation voted to maintain the association in its existing form at least until after harvest. In the interim there was time for deliberation and, though among Saints it should not have been so, for vituperation. Unfortunately, nobody would know until the books were brought up-to-date and balanced just how well or just how poorly the Order had got on financially.

M a n y were sick at heart at the thought of surrendering the program.

They h a d seen in the O r d e r the beginning of fulfillment of the most cherished dreams of a devout people. Undismayed by cloud or storm they had fervently wished to press on toward the new day. Convinced that the O r d e r h a d been established to realize the purposes of the Almighty, they regarded continuance as inevitable and preferred advancement, even though difficult and uncertain, to any form of retreat. Opposing these were the wranglers and the wreckers who had lost "the spirit of the Gospel" and with almost undisguised malice and bitterness seized every occasion to attack the good men who h a d accepted the thankless task of managing the society's affairs. With a grain of truth on their side, such members maligned the movement and declared that the framework of the O r d e r was the work of scheming lawyers who had distorted the original plan to serve "the god of the Gentiles." Between these extremists stood the men of calm, practical, conservative disposition aiming to pacify feelings, to keep the boat on even keel, and get it to port with as much of the cargo as could be saved.

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After a meeting August 8, 1877, with a visiting church dignitary, John W. Young (also a son of Brigham), it was decided to bend all efforts to completing the record of individual accounts, and extra clerks were employed to work day and night. The chief lack lay in the determination of labor credits. Several members of the board who had served from the beginning had not yet been credited with wages. Whether due to modesty, indifference, or downright procrastination, this neglect is suggestive of the difficulties that made correct bookkeeping impossible. Now, however, a committee was appointed to recommend a scale of wages. The report was submitted to the board, revised downward and approved, then carried to a meeting of the stockholders, revised a second time, and ratified. This process required two months. In most instances lump sum settlements were arranged, but when day rates were applied the prevailing wage was $2.00. As an example of the standard followed, Bishop Seegmiller was granted $1,500 total for the years 1875 and 1876, and $1.75 a day for 1877. The secretary, J. A. Hellstrom, was granted $1,450 for two years of service and $2.00 a day thereafter.

Meanwhile, though legal steps to dissolve the corporation had not been taken, the property of the Order was in process of distribution. B. T. Young met with the board on September 8 and arranged terms for the release of his father's holdings, agreeing to leave the sawmill for the time being as a pledge against the Young share of any shrinkage in assets. Five per cent was added as a dividend to capital over the entire period of the corporation's existence. Dissolution was ratified on September 20, and an attempt made to return to each member the actual property he had subscribed on coming into the Order. It was voted to rescind debts of those who had served as missionaries during the existence of the Order; to cancel debts of the poor on the recommendation of the bishop; to collect debts from all others; and to pay tithing on crops for 1877 as had been done in each preceding year. Mischief-makers registered their disapproval and added to the general impoverishment by burning the stacked hay and machinery.

It was irregular to distribute property before paying labor, but the procedure was generally considered equitable inasmuch as the owners would share labor losses along with the two-thirds who had no property to begin with. Following the precedent in the settlement with the Young estate, the board voted that six per cent (per annum in this instance) be allowed as a dividend for the use of property. Whether it was paid or entered as a credit is not recorded. At the end of the year a financial re-

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port was made showing liabilities (labor and other credits) of $23,000 and resources of $10,000. It was explained that $8,000 had been paid as tithing and $12,000 contributed to the building of temples. These amounts should, it was suggested, be broken down and charged to individual accounts. If this were done the deficit would equal $3,800.

Except for the making of collections and final disbursements over the next few months the Richfield United Order had closed the last chapter.

Its history does not make pleasant reading for those who believe it easy to improve on individualistic modes of living, but it does provide much help to the patient social reformer who, though zealous to increase the happiness of men, prefers to have a lamp in his hand as he moves along obscure and uncertain paths toward his goal.

GENERAL PRIESTHOOD M A Y 24, 1874

MEETING

At this meeting Elders Orson P r a t t and J o h n Taylor were present. President Joseph A. Y o u n g said he felt to extend a hearty welcome to Elders P r a t t and Taylor with their companions. Stated t h a t he h a d been requested by President Brigham Young a n d Smith, w h e n on their visit last fall, to organize this as a Stake of Zion, that Presid e n t Y o u n g h a d said t h a t they would not attend to it at t h a t time, b u t t h a t he, Joseph A., m i g h t do so at any time, t h a t at the last council meeting he h a d started to organize a stake, h a d called a High Council a n d h a d set some of t h e m apart, b u t felt constrained to stop there a n d proceed no further; h a d since learned from President Young that it would have been better to have acted on written instructions, although as far as he (Jos. A.) h a d gone it was alright. And he, Joseph A., now felt to ask the Bretheren of the Twelve to proceed to the organization of the stake the same as though nothing h a d been done.

T h e organization was proceeded with in the following o r d e r : Joseph A. Young, n o m i n a t e d a n d unanimously sustained as President of this State of Zion.

A. K. T h u r b e r as vice-president. T h e members were then n o m i n a t e d and sustained in the following o r d e r : — Richfield — Nelson Higgins, first member.

Salina •— H e n r y M . Russell, second member.

Richfield — A n d r e w Peterson, third member.

Glen wood — Isaac W. Pearce, fourth member.

Prattsville — H . C. Jacobs, fifth member.

Prattsville —• Charles W. Seegmiller, sixth member.

Richfield — Paul Poison, seventh member.

Richfield — Gootlieb Ence, eighth member.

Joseph — Alonzo L. Farnsworth, n i n t h member.

M o n r o e — T h o m a s H u n t , tenth member.

M o n r o e — P. M . Poison, eleventh member.

Joseph — Elias Johnson, twelfth member.

William G. Baker, Clerk.

THE for the PRESIDENT'S Fiscal Year REPORT 1963-1964

BY J. GRANT IVERSON

Since the last report given by the president at the 1963 annual meeting, the U t a h State Historical Society has experienced many achievements of which its members can be proud. During this same period, however, the Society has also suffered from the loss of some of its most stalwart supporters and long-time members.

Professor Levi Edgar Young has been associated with the Historical Society almost from its inception. Minutes of this organization show that Professor Young was assigned to committee work soon after the turn of the century. During two different periods, he served as chairman of the board, and after his retirement Governor George D. Clyde conferred upon him an Honorary Life Membership in the Society and made him an Honorary Life Board Member in 1959. O n December 13, 1963, Professor Levi Edgar Young died at the age of 89. His death was a great loss to the Society and other organizations, which he had so faithfully served for so many years.

Practicing attorney in Salt Lake City, Mr. Iverson has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Society since 1959 and president of the board since 1961. The President's Report was presented at the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Society.

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Two other former board members died this year. In length of service J. Cecil Alter had not served the Society as long as Professor Young, but his contributions were perhaps as significant. Although not a native of Utah, he was immensely interested in his adopted state's history. Through his efforts, the state began the publication of the Utah Historical Quarterly. He served without pay as editor of this publication and did much of the writing as well.

His contribution of books to the Historical Society library forms the nucleus around which the present excellent collection has been built. Only a few months before he died, Mr. Alter sold to the library valuable books far below the market price, in order that the library's meagre budget could benefit more fully from his generosity. In addition, he donated many volumes at the same time. Perhaps no one is more responsible for the status of the Historical Society today than is J. Cecil Alter, who somehow kept it alive through the perilous days of the Great Depression when budgets were cut, and the Society, as an agency of state government, was felt to be unnecessary. The staff, the board, and the members are deeply indebted to this man, who gave so generously of his time and talents in order to perpetuate the history of the state.

A third board member lost during the year was Mr. Paul Sullivan, who, although he served the Society only a short time, is nevertheless remembered for his interest and assistance in the development of a program for the Society.

To these three men we wish to pay our respect this evening and recognize in their deeds and devotion, the work and dedication necessary to make an organization and program, such as that of the Utah State Historical Society, succeed.

Near the end of this fiscal year, Mr. Richard E. Gillies, who faithfully served as a board member for six years, resigned his position when he moved to California to pursue his studies toward an advanced degree. The board and staff have enjoyed their association with Mr. Gillies and recognize his contribution to the growth of the Society. We hope he will return to Utah, where he may again work on behalf of this organization.

Succeeding Mr. Gillies is Mr. Howard C. Price, Jr. On June 18, 1964, Governor George D. Clyde appointed Mr. Price to the Board of Trustees. Mr. Price brings to the board a deep interest in the Historical Society, having been a member for a number of years. We welcome him and hope he enjoys his association with us.

Events of considerable significance have taken place within the Society during this past year. A new local chapter at Richfield was begun

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on May 1. This chapter's initial activities, related to Richfield's centennial, indicate that the Sevier Valley Chapter of the U t a h State Historical Society will become one of the most active in the state. We enthusiastically welcome this chaper into the state organization and wish them every success.

T h e programs of the other local chapters in Logan, Weber, Salt Lake, Provo, and Cedar City are expanding and offering more to their members.

We are looking forward to the day when the local chapters will be able to sponsor noteworthy local projects -â&#x20AC;&#x201D; such as erecting historical markers; preserving historical sites; and writing their local histories, as the Cache Valley Chapter did in 1956.

T h e Society during the year has been involved in various publishing programs. At the very beginning of the year a new edition of The Valley of the Great Salt Lake was printed, and already plans are being made for another revision of this book and its republication. Before 1964 is over the second edition will be sold out.

In cooperation with the U t a h Mining Association, the Society published an enlarged version of the Utah Historical Quarterly devoted to the history of Utah's mineral industry. A printing of six times the normal number of Quarterlies was made, with 10,000 copies sold to the U t a h Mining Association. These have been distributed widely throughout the United States and the world. T h e second such issue, dedicated to a specific industry of the state, was made ready for the summer of 1964. This issue, devoted to Utah's cattle industry, will be the first publication depicting the history of this significant phase of our economy. It is hoped that this enlarged Quarterly will meet with the same success as the mining issue.

The reception by Society members, and the public generally, of the T new format of the Quarterly has been noteworthy. T h e first issues for 1963 have been sold out, requiring an increased printing of the Quarterly for 1964. T h e acceptance of the Quarterly was further demonstrated through sales, which show that although the figures for anticipated sales were placed higher than at any previous period, the actual income from sales and membership exceed the anticipated amount by almost 100 per cent. This has created a much more optimistic financial picture for the Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;especially since Governor George D. Clyde rewarded the Society by granting it the use of this excess income. T h e money is to be spent on much needed capital investments and increased publications.

T h e editing and publication of the Hosea Stout diaries, a project begun in 1960, is nearing completion. During the past year a contract was entered into with the University of Utah Press for the printing of this

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Society cooperated with the U.S. Wasatch National Forest and the Richard K. A. Kletting family to erect a monument and unveil a plaque to the memory of architect and conservationist, Richard Kletting. At the instigation of Mr. F. C. Koziol, the Wasatch National Forest and the U t a h State Historical Society agreed to have a mountain peak named after Mr. Kletting. This was achieved by working through the Domestic Name Committee of the National Geographic Board. T h e monument and plaque were then erected at the base of this 12,000-foot mountain in the high Uintas. T h e dedication took place on June 27.

Another project which has occupied considerable time of the director and the members of the staff is the renovation and rewriting of the historical markers erected on Utah's highways by the U t a h State Highway Department. M a n y of the markers erected years ago have been attacked by vandals, decay, or termites. Since it was necessary to replace many of these markers, the Highway Commission, cooperating with the Historical Society, decided that some should be rewritten and some entirely replaced.

T o date, a half-dozen of these markers have been rewritten, and the first historical marker has just been completed in one of the elaborate rest areas being constructed along our interstate highway system. While an additional burden to the already overworked staff, the Society welcomes the opportunity to update and rewrite these historical markers.

I n another vital area of responsibility, the Society has been called upon by individuals and organizations to assist them with preservation projects. T h e old Echo Canyon grist mill built in 1871 was threatened with total destruction through re-alignment of the highway in Echo Canyon. T h e owners, and long time opOne of the recently revised historical erators of the mill, appealed to the highway markers. The text is provided Society for assistance in its preservaby the Society, and the marker erected by the Utah State Highway Department. tion. Some of the items located on the premises have found their way HISTORICAL SOCIETY into the restoration projects of the Utah State Parks and Recreation Commission. T h e machinery of the mill and many of the other removable parts have been transferred to Utah State University where they will become a part of that institution's museum dedicated to M a n and His Bread.

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A citizens group from Heber Valley sought the assistance of the Historical Society to aid in the preservation of the beautiful, old, red sandstone stakehouse built in 1887. This symbol of pioneer industry, faith, and devotion is threatened with destruction. T h e Society has worked diligently to prevent this.

In matters of personal achievement within the Society, weaknesses have been noted and steps taken to correct them. Of primary importance is the compilation of a manual to assist training of new personnel when they enter the employment of the Society. I n the past, too long a period was required to familiarize new employees with their assignments. New procedures manuals will facilitate this training period considerably.

In cooperation with the State Auditor's office, improvements in the auditing of the bookkeeping system have been effected. These steps make for more efficient operation and for a better accounting of the inventory and funds of the Society.

Both the library and the Archives have h a d more calls for assistance by researchers than at any other period. Scholars from all over America have availed themselves of the information to be found in the rare books, manuscripts, clipping files, periodicals, and photographic collection of the Society. Although not a spectacular growth in the acquisition of new materials, nevertheless, the library has been able to add to its already significant collection. During the year the 10,000th book, the 6,000th pamphlet, and the 11,000th photograph were catalogued, and a descriptive listing of the numerous manuscripts (the unique material of our library) was undertaken. More newspapers are being clipped this year than at any previous time. Work on the Union Catalogue of Published Works on Mormons and Mormonism has continued as has work on the Thesis File on U t a h and the Mormons. Through generous donations of friends of the Society, numerous surplus books were acquired and sold so that the Society might have funds to acquire rare items heretofore beyond its means. T h e load carried by the small library staff is a heavy one and would be impossible if it were not for the voluntary services of the Salt Lake Junior League. Especially, the program of cataloguing the manuscripts would not have been possible without the direction of Mrs. William H . Bennett and Mrs. A. William Kelson. These permanent volunteers of the League have been able to direct the activities of the provisional volunteers into very useful channels. T h e Society is deeply indebted to the League who has sent us the workers and especially to the girls who assisted us in the planning and execution of the projects.

388

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

We would be derelict in our responsibility if we failed to mention the desperate needs of the library. T h e budget does not permit the purchase of all new books published, much less the old, out-of-print items which should be in the library. Additional acquisition and cataloging can not be effected because of the limited budget for books and staff. Ways must be found to increase the budget for book purchase and an additional staff member, unless the library is to fail hopelessly in its acquisition and cataloguing. We cannot expect contributions of materials and labor to carry such a large share of the load as in the past. However, this is not intended to dissuade any individual from presenting his library or making a contri-

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

bution so that the desired items can be purchased. We know other historical societies â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in Oregon, New York, Wisconsin, Iowa, and many other states â&#x20AC;&#x201D; receive annual contributions from concerned individuals and interested business organizations far beyond what is received in Utah.

Your assistance in persuading persons or businesses to invest in their state's history, through a planned program, would be greatly appreciated.

For the first time since 1960, a full-time archivist has headed the important activities of the Utah State Archives with its three divisions: the Archives, the Military Records Section, and the Records Management Center. Work has been going forward to make the potential of this most essential state agency a reality. Emphasis has been placed in cooperating

PRESIDENT'S R E P O R T

389

with the State Building Board in designing a new Archives Building, the planning of which was authorized by the Thirty-Fifth Legislature (1963).

T h e architectural firm of Jackson and Sharp was awarded the contract to design a building on the property to the east of the Mansion. T h e longtime needs for archival protection of public records thus moved one step near fulfillment.

Other activities of importance at the Archives include identification and preservation of records with enduring values, orderly destruction of useless records, legal considerations for microfilming in the State of Utah, and increased reference service. T h e Archives was instrumental in au-

LEFT: Mary Ann McDonald, Louisa A. Park, Margarete Hrubes, Iris Scott, Everett L. Cooley, Albert Esche.

Seated: M. W. Ward, Doris Bunderson.

CENTER: Karen T. Hackleman, Tracy Monson, John W. James, Margaret D. Shepherd.

RIGHT: Back: T. H. A. Jacobsen, F. T. Johnson, Bruce D. Phillips. Front: R. W. Inscore, Kathleen Failner, Mary Hyke.

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

thorized destruction of 4,754 cubic feet of useless records during the fiscal year. This represents a saving of approximately $47,540 to the state in recovered filing equipment. Also approximately 500 cubic feet of permanent records were accessioned into the Archives, and 1,632 cubic feet of records were received into the Records Center. These services resulted in an additional saving of $68,860 to the state.

T o assist in records disposition problems of state agencies, counties, and municipalities, three reference manuals have been published; records officers in each of the 29 counties have been visited during the past year ; and schools of instruction have been held. T h e Archives also conducted a series of classes for training records officers of state agencies.

390

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Although no budget had been set up for microfilming in the Archives, 113 rolls of microfilm were produced for various state agencies which resulted in the destruction of 452 cubic feet of records. This program needs to be expanded for security reasons, to reduce bulky storage of little-used records, and to preserve valuable records which cannot be safely handled by searchers.

Utah is at this time in a very favorable position to develop a first-class microfilming program in the state, because the archivist, Mr. T. Harold Jacobsen, is a world-recognized authority on microfilming. His achievements in the microfilming field were recently recognized by the National Microfilm Association who awarded Mr. Jacobsen the distinction of Fellow, the only individual so named in 1964. Mr. Jacobsen earned this distinction through his activities while heading the world-wide microfilming program for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a position he held prior to his being employed as state archivist; and so this is an opportune moment for the Utah State Archives to begin a program of microfilming state records.

The achievement of the Archives objectives will depend upon the reaction of the legislature to the program that will be presented to it. It is the sincerest hope of the Board of Trustees of the Society that the Archives can live up to its responsibility for the preservation of all the permanent records of the state, both through placing them in a specially constructed building and preserving them on microfilm. Only when this is done can we feel that we are preserving for future generations the record of the past and the present.

By state law, the Military Records Section of the Utah State Archives is instructed to collect and maintain a record of all veterans of the United States Armed Forces who are buried in Utah and to aid in placing headstones on unmarked graves of veterans. Assistance was given during the past fiscal year in obtaining 314 new government headstones. The Section is also required to collect and preserve all military records pertaining to the State of Utah. Important acquisitions received have been the "Musterin and Muster-out Rolls" of Utah troops in the Mexican Border Campaign of 1916 and personnel cards on World War I enlistments which were obtained from the adjutant general, Utah National Guard.

Without boasting we can point with pride to the many accomplishments of the Society in the past year. These achievements were made possible through the close cooperation of a dedicated Board of Trustees and a devoted and hard-working staff. No agency of state government has a more dedicated and loyal staff than has the Utah State Historical Society.

PRESIDENT'S R E P O R T

391

The program of the Society is bound to progress as a result of their work.

However, the board and the staff are few in number. The demands upon the state legislature are enormous. State legislators can only become aware of the interest, value, and needs of the Society through contact with constituents in their home communities. Therefore, members of the Utah State Historical Society and all individuals interested in the success of the Society can serve the cause of Utah history by contacting their state representatives and expressing their interest in the welfare of the Utah State Historical Society.

We are proud of our Society and commend its program to all persons who have an interest in the history of Utah. Through their support, the Society can come closer to achieving its goals of preserving the history of Utah.

S U M M A R Y O F PROGRAM E X P E N D I T U R E S

Appropriation Refunds Expenditures Recurring Nonrecurring

$115,440.00 9,117.79 121,739.01 $120,679.64 1,059.37

Administration and Publications Personal Services Travel Current Expense Capital Outlay

30,351.83 1,113.33 25,098.79 389.18

56,953.13

Library Personal Services Travel Current Expense Capital Outlay

17,127.16 34.80 5,939.25 99.00

Archives Personal Services Travel Current Expense Capital Outlay

36,330.57 345.11 4,338.80 571.19

23,200.21

41,585.67

Special Publications Revolving Fund (A $15,000.00 revolving fund was established by the Board of Examiners.)

Cash on Hand 8,392.37 Accounts Receivable 1,057.84 Inventory 9,089.76 Total

18,539.97

15,000.00

The City of the Saints: And Across the Rocky Mountains to California. By RICHARD F. B U R T O N . Edited with an

Introduction a n d Notes by F A W N M .

BRODIE. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963. xlii + 654 + x x i i p p . $8.50) The Look of the West, 1860: Across the Plains to California. By SIR RICHARD BURTON.

Foreword

by

ROBERT

G.

A T H E A R N . (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, [1963]. xviii + 333 p p . $1.60) Sir R i c h a r d F . B u r t o n ' s life w a s crowded with an almost incredible range of careers. This remarkable world traveler was once an army intelligence officer in India, a noted Orientalist, an explorer who shared in the discovery of Lake Tanganyika, a linguist whose skills included mastery of at least 19 Indian dialects, an adventurer who m a d e hazardous pilgrimages in disguise to the forbidden cities of Mecca a n d H a r a r , an expert swordsman, a foreign service official, an anthropologist, a student of erotica, a prolific translator whose works include the classic Arabian Nights, a n d author of more than 40 volumes on such diverse subjects as bayonet exercises, language, falconry, and travel.

Most of his books are now forgotten, but one that deserves to be read and remembered is The City of the Saints. This work, from which the Look of the West is drawn, has now been reprinted a century after its first appearance. It is a lively, sometimes rambling book, filled with a wealth of detail. I t gives a revealing impression of the author's personality.

A controversial figure in his time, Burton was driven by a thirst for excitement

and an astonishing curiosity. His eye was sharp, a n d he could describe specifically, often for pages, such things as the idiosyncrasies of mules a n d the characteristics of rivers. H e interspersed the account of his overland journey with his thoughts about h u m a n nature, his geological and botanical notes, and objective discourses about the a r t of scalping, the Indian sign language, types of saddles, a n d anything else that caught his fancy.

His style is sprinkled with occasional reminders to the "gentle reader" and such quaint terms as "civilized kine" and "bryttling the beasts." H e even delights in coining words, and he has his own ways of spelling, " W a s a c h " as an example. His opinions are forthright, and he unhesitatingly expresses doubt that the Salt Lake Temple would ever be completed.

Burton respected the Mormons and admired their industry. H e was impressed with Brigham Young a n d gave one of the best descriptions of the M o r m o n leader.

H e viewed polygamy with uncommon detachment a n d made no attempt to parrot the sensationalism of other writers. In fact, he analyzed with considerable insight the anti-Mormon literature of the day a n d discredited the prevalent claims that Mormons were a licentious people: " I n point of mere morality the M o r m o n community is perhaps purer than any other of equal numbers."

Although he defended the Mormons against extravagant charges, h e was not blind to their frailties. H e was certainly, as Fawn M . Brodie declares in her Introduction, "one of the least credulous observers of the M o r m o n scene." H e attempted to understand M o r m o n the-

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ology a n d wrote a long chapter discussing doctrinal points with varying degrees of accuracy.

An impressive feature of the book is t h a t Burton amassed so m u c h material in so short a time. H e spent about 100 days in t h e West, most of t h a t period in a stagecoach, a n d only 24 days in Salt Lake City. H e seemed to make copious notes on just about everything that came to his attention, and he drew fascinating parallels with w h a t he h a d seen in other lands. His background a n d experience lent a colorful sophistication lacking in other contemporary observers.

Both reprints are valuable in reviving an i m p o r t a n t historical work. F a w n M .

Brodie's Introduction, which materially enriches the Alfred A. Knopf volume, contains a readable biographical sketch and an able commentary on Burton's writing. R o b e r t G. A t h e a r n in his brief P'oreword describes Burton as a typical Briton w h o saw the West through a foreigner's eyes a n d reported his impressions with candor. _. „ „ C O N W A Y B. S O N N E

Palo Alto,

California

Overland in 1846: Diaries and Letters of the California-Oregon Trail. Edited by

DALE

MORGAN.

TWO

Volumes.

(Georgetown, California: T h e Talism a n Press, 1963. Vol. I, 457 p p . ; Vol. I I , 4 5 8 - 8 2 5 p p . $20.00) D u r i n g 1846 some 541 wagons carried about 2,700 souls overland to Oregon a n d California — perhaps 1,200 to O r e gon and about 1,500 to California. Emigrants to Oregon followed the common trail to F o r t Hall then northwest to the Dalles, while others pioneered the A p plegate Cutoff from the H u m b o l d t River in central N e v a d a to the R o g u e River in Oregon. T h e emigration to California began successfully enough, witnessing the first w a g o n s o v e r t h e S i e r r a N e v a d a Mountains. T h a t summer about 100 California-bound wagons pioneered the Hastings' Cutoff west from Fort Bridger

393 through the Wasatch M o u n t a i n s , across the Great Salt L a k e Deseret, a n d on to the H u m b o l d t . T h e last company to take the Hastings' Cutoff—the D o n n e r party —contributed significantly to the creation of the last portion of w h a t was to become the M o r m o n Trail, taking u p precious time t h a t helped contribute to their tragic experiences in the Sierra snows.

Editor Dale L. M o r g a n , leading authority on the history of these trails, succeeds well in his present purpose to print (with ample introductions a n d a d e q u a t e notes) some of the diaries a n d letters which his long a n d thorough researches have turned u p in family storage, archives, a n d libraries, a n d all b u t lost in rare files of newspapers. T h e volumes, he tells us, simply "contrive to suggest the extent of this larger wealth of inform a t i o n " (p. 1 0 ) . F o r the most part, emphasis is on reporting the new discoveries a n d summarizing the latest conclusions; well-known accounts are not duplicated.

T h e Introduction (pp. 14-117) sets the stage for the selections: overland emigration from 1840 to 1844, a fresh account of Lansford W. Hastings, J o h n Charles F r e m o n t a n d the 1846 emigration, the 1846 eastward trips of Hastings and Clyman from California and of Joel Palmer a m o n g others from Oregon, the pioneering of the Applegate Cutoff, the 1846 westward emigration, J o h n R. M c Bride, Francis P a r k m a n , a n d the M o r m o n Mississippi Saints.

I n the diaries of V o l u m e I (each introduced) the reader accompanies the first wagons across the Sierra, takes the Applegate Cutoff a n d goes on a relief trip eastward on t h a t cutoff, follows the Hastings' Cutoff by diary (James M a t h ers, James F. Reed) a n d m a p ( T . H . Jefferson) , a n d eagerly watches the D o n n e r party from Missouri to the snows of the Sierra and the coming of relief parties.

T h e letters ( V o l u m e I I ) are excellent supplements to the diaries.

Notes (146 pages for 513 pages of text) are inserted at the back of each

394 volume, without finding aids. T h e imp o r t a n t documentary m a p of T . H . Jefferson is printed a n d inserted in a pocket at the end of V o l u m e I. Printed in Volu m e I I is J. M . Shiveley, Routes and Distances to Oregon and California, with a Description of Watering-Places, Crossings, Dangerous Indians,&c. &c. (Washington, D . C . : W . Greer, Printer, 1846) â&#x20AC;&#x201D; " o n e of t h e rarest, as also o n e of the earliest, guides to Oregon a n d California." A m o d e r n outline m a p of t h e "California-Oregon Trails, 1846," is tipped in a t t h e end of V o l u m e I I . A n errata humbly corrects some errors a n d invites the reader to h a p p y h u n t i n g for more.

T h e two volumes are appropriately illustrated with contemporary sketches at the h e a d of each chapter. T h e publishers insured the i m m i n e n t rarity of the set by printing a limited edition of 1,000.

Historians are n o w again in M r . M o r gan's debt for this most significant addition to the literature of American overland emigration. I t is a most welcome a n d ample supplement to the well-known accounts a n d a helpful complement to V o l u m e X I X (1951) of the Utah Historical Quarterly: West From Fort Bridger: The Pioneering of the Immigrant Trails Across Utah, 1846-1850, original diaries a n d journals edited and with introductions, by J. Roderic Korns.

T h e volumes will be found as difficult to use as they are rich in their store. Yet they are m u c h more than a miscellany of source materials, b u t also m u c h less than an orderly a r r a n g e m e n t of all materials reported here on the emigration. While such an orderly a r r a n g e m e n t of all primary a n d secondary statements is impossible, yet the whole would be helped immeasurably by a short summary account of the movements of t h e main groups of people involved in the emigration â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a narrative summary of the whole story. As it is, one is n o t given t h a t perspective, a n d the reader m a y unexpectedly find n e w riches on the same subject in various introductions as well

UTAH HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

as t h e notes, besides t h e diaries a n d letters. Extracts from the sources may be included in introductions whereas they m i g h t just as easily have been included with t h e other sources in the text. T h e contributions on one subject, however, are brought together in the fine Index of persons, places, groups, movements.

A n d for this we are most grateful.

T h e price, while high, will certainly be well-spent on one of the finest collections of well-edited groups of papers illustrating one of the most exciting years in the conquest of the American West.

S. G E O R G E E L L S W O R T H

Utah State

University

Historical Sites in Glen Canyon Mouth of Hansen Creek to Mouth of San Juan

River.

By C. GREGORY C R A M P -

TON. Glen Canyon Series N u m b e r 17.

Anthropological Papers N u m b e r 6 1 .

(Salt Lake City: University of U t a h Press, 1962. x i i i + 1 1 4 p p . $2.00) I n his Preface the a u t h o r gives credit to, in round numbers, 100 individuals a n d institutions for assistance in preparing this most comprehensive paper. This is far a n d above the generosity of other writers.

T h e author's p a p e r of approximately 40,000 words, c a n n o t be properly reviewed in a few h u n d r e d . And this review will not be written in a critical vein.

R a t h e r , after 25 years of enthusiastic study a n d boating on the Colorado River, points of interest will be included, mainly to correlate with D r . Crampton's writing.

Of the 48 photographs therein, 39 of the scenes have been visited by the reviewer since 1939.

M a n y inscriptions are recorded in this book, b u t the little-known Bernheimer record at the San Juan-Colorado confluence is n o t reported.

Hole-in-the-Rock river crossing is of nostalgic memory a n d interest to thou-

REVIEWS AND

395

PUBLICATIONS

sands living today. T h e " 1 9 1 5 " date on the sheet metal "boat" (p. 12) might be traced thusly: I n 1915, the Zahn brothers made the first automobile trip (Franklin air-cooled engine) from southern C a l i f o r n i a to M o n u m e n t V a l l e y v i a Marsh Pass, leaving painted records. I t has been reported the sheet metal was shaped into a rowboat, and brought down the San J u a n River and u p the Colorado to Hole-in-the-Rock. By removal of the blackened fire scar from the "Kluckhohn boat" one should disclose the black paint record by the Zahn brothers.

T h e " T Williams Dec 25, 1885" inscription at the m o u t h of the Escalante River could well tie in with the "Williams" men, prospectors reported to have found Rainbow Bridge in the 1880's.

Barry Gold water, in his 1940 river diary, surely m e a n t a Moqui site, and not a ruin, near the Escalante River mouth (p. 2 0 ) .

O n page 44, Dr. C r a m p t o n writes of the 1837 inscription which is shown in the photograph on page 98. Some read the cutting as J a n ce 1837. Some have reported it as I a n ce 1837. Others see it as L a n ce 1837. I t is interesting to know that the Missouri Historical Society Library, St. Louis, has preserved a record book with hundreds of journal entries from a trading post of the fur trapper days. At the head of nearly every page is written in longhand â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Lance.

O n pages 44 and 45, yes, the incised date, 1642 surely is "spurious." With close observation it is noted that the 6 in 1642 is identical in style to the 6 in 1896.

It is likely that "G Burt" cut both dates, leaving the lone 1642 to confound all Johnny-come-latelies. A lone horse shoe nail was found directly below the "1642."

T h e point of the nail fit the bottom of the grooves in 1642 as also it did in the cutting, " C Burt 1896."

Dr. C r a m p t o n ' s "apple-shaped glyph" was noted in 1946 by the reviewer and a friend. A left-leaning groove in the " a p -

ple" or circle seemed to indicate a direction. T h e two men climbed the ledge near the glyph, walked to the next ledge and came onto the crumbling walls of a Moqui ruin referred to by Dr. C r a m p ton on page 44. T h e horseshoe found wedged in the rock below C Burt's n a m e was left by the reviewer to confound later visitors.

O n page 46, the report was actually a miniature cupola. "Billy" Bright, the prospector-boatman, h a d many brain children. O n e was the first oven door thermometer in your mother's kitchen range.

Of the hundreds of white m a n inscriptions in Glen Canyon, it is probable t h a t the most beautiful and painstakingly done was that of William Bright near Hall's Crossing (p. 5 3 ) .

T h e reviewer, after 25 years of prowling the river canyons, is thoroughly confounded by the tremendous a m o u n t of material amassed by Dr. C r a m p t o n in a comparatively short period of time. And this report covers less than one-third of Glen Canyon!

Dr. C r a m p t o n is to be highly complimented for his preservation of history surrounding Glen Canyon, the most beautiful river canyon in the United States, which is presently being lost forever through the desecrating and impounding waters behind Glen Canyon Dam. Dr. C r a m p t o n ' s has been a timely and masterful work. .

TT HARRY A L E S O N

Teasdale, Forms and Methods of Early Settlement in Utah and the ing

Region,

1847

to 1877.

Utah

Mormon SurroundBy J O E L

EDWARD R I C K S . ( L o g a n : U t a h State University, 1964. v + 1 4 1 p p . N.P.) "Preserver of the Past" was a title a p propriately directed to Dr. Joel E. Ricks a few years ago when he was honored

by U t a h State Agricultural College and

396 n a m e d the Faculty Association Lecturer of the year. This honor h a d been earned t h r o u g h his outstanding teaching of history, his leadership at the university a n d the U t a h State Historical Society, a n d in his writings which then, as now, have been so enriched through use of original source materials.

Dr. Ricks wrote his doctoral dissertation in 1930 at the University of Chicago, b u t it was n o t until 1964 t h a t this valuable historical work was m a d e available t h r o u g h its publication by U t a h State University. I t is as applicable to a study of history of U t a h a n d surrounding states n o w as when originally written.

Students of history will find it most helpful in obtaining a better understanding of the background, procedures, a n d development of the colonization movement.

T h i s work takes a different approach to t h a t of other histories, in that D r .

Ricks carries o u t effectively his aim of describing the forms a n d methods by which the I n t e r m o u n t a i n West was settled. F r o m the early formative period of M o r m o n i s m a n d its movements a n d travels leading u p to the entrance into G r e a t Salt Lake Valley, the book continues with the development of Salt Lake City a n d expansion into surrounding areas. Branching out from the first comm u n i t y , c e n t e r s of s e t t l e m e n t w e r e formed to create a bulwark or nuclei for future expansion.

T h e obedience of people to t h e call of their leaders was a fundamental factor in successful colonization. Settlers were usually "called" to go to an area, having been chosen because of vocations which would contribute to the success of the colony. Companies would be formed to travel to new sites; or a family or individuals might locate in an area to which others would later be called; or a group such as the United O r d e r would be responsible for the development of a n e w community. Economic self-sufficiency, agriculture, a n d h o m e manufacturing were stressed by Brigham Young.

UTAH HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

As D r . Ricks concludes his book with the death of Brigham Y o u n g in 1877, the fundamental plan of colonization of the great M o r m o n leader h a d been carried out a n d most of the suitable area developed. T h e colonization period after 1877 is n o w being written by D r . Ricks and is eagerly awaited.

An excellent bibliography is included.

An index would contribute to the usefulness of this fine work.

E A R L E. O L S O N

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library Fishes of Utah. By W I L L I A M F. SIGLER a n d R O B E R T R. M I L L E R . (Salt Lake

City: U t a h State D e p a r t m e n t of Fish and G a m e , 1963. 203 p p . $2.00 hard cover, $1.00 paper cover) T h e intended purpose of this publication is to "better acquaint the fisherm a n , the student, a n d the general public with the different kinds of fish known to occur in U t a h a n d to make available information, m u c h of it new, on the distribution, life history, a n d habits of these animals." T h e book does just that â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a n d more. I t gives the background for some sound conservation practices a n d the historical basis for the present policies determining fish m a n a g e m e n t in U t a h . T h e authors a n d the U t a h State Fish a n d G a m e D e p a r t m e n t can be proud of a timely, well-written presentation.

A delightful Foreword by sports writer Hack Miller, entitled "Fishing in U t a h , " will bring nostalgia to anyone with a background of fishing experiences and a knowledge of the U t a h terrain. His tips on successful angling in the various aquatic habitats of the state are worthwhile a n d likely to pay off in good results for fishermen reading this section.

T e n beautiful color plates by Maynard Reece a n d a frontispiece by Clark Bronson depicting a cutthroat trout taking a

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mayfly add greatly to the value a n d pleasure of reading the book. An additional 44 line drawings enhance the usefulness of clearly arranged keys and help the user identify his catch.

Separate sections describe each of the 49 species of fish found in the state. Concise information is given regarding the anatomy, range age and growth, habitat, food habits, reproduction, and m a n a g e m e n t of each species. An effort has been m a d e to give the most accurate and u p to-date classification, both scientific and common n a m e being used, with the comm o n n a m e heading each section in large bold print.

A n artificial key to the families a n d subfamilies is m a d e u p in such a way t h a t it can be used readily by the nonprofessional. Incorporated in it are plates showing the topography of a fish a n d representative drawings of each family. T h e key is prefaced by a glossary of technical terms to help the user become familiar with procedures and terminology necessary for identifying fish with keys.

Although U t a h does not have a large fish fauna, this new book should be a p preciated by the sportsman and professional biologist. I t would be a valuable undertaking if other life scientists would present additional animal groups found in the I n t e r m o u n t a i n Region in the same clear m a n n e r that William Sigler a n d Robert Miller have treated the fishes of W E S L E Y P. L A R S E N

College of Southern

Utah

Independent Historical Societies: An enquiry into their research and publication functions and their financial future.

By W A L T E R M U I R W H I T E H I L L .

(Cambridge: H a r v a r d University Press, 1962. xviii + 593 p p . $12.50) I n Ordeal by Fire, his history of the Civil War, the popular historian Fletcher P r a t t points out that one of the national characteristics of the American people is to combine a n d organize in order to

397 pursue some specific purpose. This willingness of individuals of widely variant personality to cooperate where their purposes coincide was, P r a t t thought, an imp o r t a n t factor in the Civil W a r â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and, by inference, in the American cultural pattern. But he might have added t h a t once formed to pursue the same general purposes, no two organizations necessarily agree on the best route of pursuit.

It would be unfair to say that American historical agencies exhibit this variety of routes toward the same destination to any greater degree t h a n do other kinds of organizations, b u t it does not take a very long look to discover t h a t diverge they do. I n the first place, there are a vast n u m b e r of such groups, and more are being born every day. T h e Directory published by the American Association for State a n d Local History reports the existence of some thousands, beginning with ancient and powerful private institutions like the Virginia Historical Society and the Massachusetts Historical Society, and the tax-supported giants like the Wisconsin a n d O h i o Historical Societies, a n d running through the whole g a m u t of scale, significance, a n d success to the tiny societies formed by a few individuals in obscure and remote c o m m u nities.

I n general, these groups serve a n d promote the story of man's existence in the past, usually (although not always) within defined geographical limits. I t might plausibly be suggested t h a t any efforts along these lines are laudable and t h a t all such organizations are to be encouraged, even though some, more successful and sophisticated than others, are perhaps to be preferred. But few individuals of broad experience with historical agency work would say "yea" quite so unreservedly. T h e r e are some m i n i m u m limits of professionalism below which the work of an historical society is probably no benefit to society. T h e r e are not many experienced observers, though, t h a t will choose to register so resounding a " n a y "

398 as has Walter M u i r Whitehill in Independent Historical Societies.

Whitehill, the director of t h e Boston A t h e n a e u m (which is itself a famous historical institution holding great historical riches in its collections), spent a year a n d a half with a g r a n t from t h e C o u n cil on Library Resources investigating a n d c o m p a r i n g the situations of the privately supported historical societies. H e b r o u g h t to this investigation a n d to the resulting volume an inquiring a n d lively m i n d coupled with a very considerable perception, a n ability to generalize, and particularly a real elegance of expository style which makes the book delightful as well as instructive.

Briefly, M r . Whitehill believes t h a t the business of an historical agency is the collection, preservation, a n d service of historical source materials, primarily m a n u scripts. Activities which do n o t further these ends are (he seems to believe) at best waste motion a n d at worst a costly dilution of the agency's resources, a dilution which may n o t only not further its p r o p e r purpose b u t m a y actually h a r m the cause of scholarship. M a n y if not most of the larger independently supported agencies, the real object of W h i t e hill's study, seem by the evidence of their p r o g r a m s to think somewhat this way.

M r . Whitehill decries broad-gauged efforts to interpret history in any a n d all its aspects to the whole spectrum of the general public. This is, however, the philosophy of most of the major tax-supported agencies, which have largely developed along lines which lead back to the pioneering p a t t e r n of R e u b e n Gold T h w a i t e s ' leadership of the Wisconsin State Historical Society at the t u r n of the century a n d (a little less clearly) to the concept of the great interpretive outdoor m u s e u m of folk culture a n d history which started at Skansen outside Stockholm in the 1880's. W i t h o u t a b a n d o n ing the search for sources a n d the support of scholarship in its formal sense,

UTAH HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

these institutions typically make use of every m e t h o d they can think of to reach as m u c h of the p o p u l a t i o n as possible with at least something of the history of their area. I n t r a - a n d extra-mural programs for children of all ages; the development of interpretive historic sites; popularized although sound publications; the exploitation of mass media of c o m m u n i c a t i o n ; the support of smaller a n d more localized historical societies a n d m u s e u m s ; and interpretive museums of their own which try to attract the largest possible visitation, are all features of the typical p a t t e r n . Such historical societies are committed to the proposition t h a t it is not only good to teach a very large n u m b e r of facts to a few people, as in a graduate school seminar, but t h a t it is also â&#x20AC;&#x201D; t h o u g h not necessarily equally â&#x20AC;&#x201D; desirable to teach a few facts to a large n u m b e r of people, even if the a p p r o a c h is elementary.

T h e American talent for organization with a purpose is demonstrated by the total n u m b e r of historical societies, and the disagreement about methodology by the division a n d then t h e subdivisions which M r . Whitehill has described. As always, there is something to be said on all sides, a n d M r . Whitehill says his say with skill and style, even when he is sneering just a little. M u c h of w h a t he says in opposition to the purposes and m e t h o d s he dislikes is persuasive. N o one connected in any way with an historical society is entitled to dismiss this point-ofview without serious t h o u g h t , and many of the questions Whitehill raises (for example, when he asks with great justice w h e t h e r the ordinary m e m b e r of an historical society with modest annual dues m a y not cost the organization more in services t h a n he brings in in fees) are uncomfortably apropos.

I n any case the various routes Mr. Whitehill describes m a y in the end all reach the halls of Clio. But the relatively constant, if sometimes hard-earned, Growth a n d success of the institutions

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS with broad programs, a n d particularly their demonstrated ability to convince hard-headed legislators t h a t these programs deserve substantial appropriations, seem to demonstrate t h a t t h e methods used by such institutions are sounder than M r . Whitehill will allow, a n d t h a t the service of scholarship alone is n o t a sufficient contribution to society today.

After all, the e n d purpose of scholarship itself is the dissemination of knowledge; a scholar or a scholarly institution t h a t refuses to teach is denying his very reason for existing. T o teach only through the efforts of other scholars is a t best a partial fulfillment for an agency designed for service.

TT _ „ H . J. S W I N N E Y

Idaho Historical

Society

Our Country. By J O S I A H STRONG. Edited

by J U R G E N H E R B S T . T h e J o h n H a r -

vard Library. ( C a m b r i d g e : H a r v a r d University Press, 1963. xxvi + 265 p p . $4.95) T h e territories of Protestant American foreign missions when grouped together a n d s u p e r i m p o s e d o n a m a p of t h e United States in the 1880's showed t h a t the potential field of American home missions was as large as the combination of China proper, J a p a n , Palestine, Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Greece, Denmark, Switzerland, a n d E u r o p e a n Turkey. I t was a graphic challenge, for the country was full of "perils" — immigration, Romanism, Mormonism, socialism, sectarianism in the public schools, intemperance, the problems of wealth and of the industrialized city, the exhaustion of the public lands.

T h e Home Missionary, monthly organ of the American H o m e Mission Society, h a d been printing articles on " O u r Country" for years devoted t o the obstacles confronting home missions. But in his book by t h a t n a m e in 1886, the Reverend Josiah Strong, the Society's representa-

399 tive in Ohio, invested the phrase with a sense of historic mission, a new urgency, a n d a new statement of purpose a p p r o priate to the social questions of an u r b a n American as well as t h e needs of the "New West" waiting to be evangelized a n d thereby civilized. H e was as h a r d on capitalists as on socialists, for private wealth h a d forgotten the responsibilities of stewardship. N o t a tithe only, n o r charity was enough, he reminded Christians of wealth; nothing less would d o t h a n to be governed in private a n d p u b lic spending by the principle t h a t "one's entire possessions, every dollar, every cent, is to be employed in the way t h a t will best honor God." Our Country, so electrifying in its day (it m a d e a n impact comparable to Uncle Tom's Cabin),is an historical document, "a mirror," the editor calls it, "of Protest a n t America in the 1880's." Its AngloSaxon bias seems provincial today, a n d its alarm about the "perils" of M o r m o n ism a n d R o m a n i s m seems quaint, b u t he brought to the b u r n i n g questions of his day n o t only tractarian vigor b u t vision and m u c h good sense. W e have to smile at statistics which claim that 350,000 square miles of "good agricultural l a n d " in the U n i t e d States were held by the Mormons, a n area as great as F r a n c e and Great Britain combined, a n d posed a considerable political threat to the country, since M o r m o n colonization, said Strong, aimed at controlling votes in surrounding states. But he was m u c h less shrill t h a n his contemporaries about p o lygamy a n d saw clearly t h a t it was n o t central to Mormonism. T h e M o r m o n question, indeed, he argued, could be settled better by the work of Christian endeavor than by legislation.

I t is a lively book, tiresome only if one tires of the militant, unrelaxed, a n d fervent attack o n a series of issues — the c h a p t e r b y c h a p t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of "perils" — tiresome in the way one is tempted to weary with today's grave issues. A strenuous response to a strenu-

400

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ous challenge tests one's Christian endurance. Strong intended such a test. He can serve as the voice of conscience and of reason in "Our Country" still.

WILLIAM MULDER

University of Utah Westward Tilt: The American West Today.

By N E I L MORGAN. Foreword by

A. M I C H E N E R . (New York: Random House, 1963. xxii + 411 pp. $6.95)

JAMES

If one is interested in finding an answer to the political diversity in the Western States of the United States, he will have to look elsewhere than in Neil Morgan's highly interesting and entertaining book.

Morgan barely mentions politics and political personalities. His interest is mainly in the population rush to the West from other areas in the United States and in population mobility in the area itself. All this mobility has added Lip to great economic prosperity, industrial development, exploitation of natural resources, and the expansion of educational facilities.

What is the West? Morgan states that it is not regional and that there is no western culture. Indeed, the "Westward Tilt" has all but wiped out the frontier.

In short, the West has become like the rest of the United States, only more so, if large concentrations of population characterize the United States, with their problems of urbanization, large-scale inmigration of farmers and ethnic groups, suburban development, reorganization of local government, and the supplying of services.

Morgan stated that "the overriding factor in Western unity is growth." He devotes about one-fourth of his book to California, where he accounts for almost one-fourth of the nation's population growth from 1950 to 1960 and for twothirds of the growth of the West. No Western State lost population during this

decade. Arizona and New Mexico each moved past three other states. Four states each moved up one position: Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The remaining five held their rank among them.

Morgan claims there is a "common spirit of the breed" which dominates the "Westward Tilt" which has unified for the first time the vast area between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.

The people of the westward rush are integrated by common bonds of supreme self-confidence and hope in the future.

"More factors act today to hold the West together than to divide it," Morgan asserts, and "as Westerners become more aware of this solidarity of interests, they will demonstrate their effectiveness in coping with the historic Western problems of exploitation of power and natural resources, water supply, and discriminating freight rates."

However, he provides no data of any kind to support the hypothesis that there is a political party area or a voting bloc in Congress which can be called the West. Had he quantified his skillfully worded sentences, he would have found that the divisive factors were greater in number and quantity, even in the area of water resource development, than the unifying elements. ._ _ _ PRANK E. JONAS

University of Utah NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS Golden Sheaves from a Rich Field: A Centennial History of Richfield, Utah, 1864-1964. Compiled and edited by Pearl F. Jacobson. (Richfield: Richfield Centennial Committee, 1964) The purpose of this book is to present the fascinating stories and the important events gleaned from a study of the lives of the people who have lived in Richfield and of the happenings of the past. The Historical Research Committee of the Richfield Centennial Committee hopes to interest the reader through a series of

401

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS informative a n d entertaining articles on a variety of subjects pertaining to the history of Richfield. M u c h has been learned about the pioneers by a study of the things they did, their political organizations, their social customs, a n d their religious beliefs a n d practices. T h e motivations that brought the pioneers to Richfield, their aspirations a n d ambitions, a n d their m a n y accomplishments contribute in large measure to the story of Richfield. T h e committee's aim has been to p r e p a r e a book that will be of general interest r a t h e r t h a n of just special interest to a few people, a n d in this they have succeeded.

Karl S. Little, Utah's Mr. Credit Union.

A Biography of Karl S. Little. By L O U I S S. L E A T H A M . (Salt Lake City: Utah Credit Union League, Inc., 1963) " N o life ever grows great," said Dr. H a r r y Emerson Fosdick, "until it is focused, dedicated, a n d disciplined." K a r l S. Little's greatness was assured a n d subsequently came into full fruition, when in 1934 he focused, disciplined, a n d dedicated his life to service in the credit union movement.

This volume of biography a n d history endeavors to point o u t the pathway M r .

Little trod while earning this coveted title of " U t a h ' s M r . Credit U n i o n , " a n d to present this book in a form which is pleasing to the eye, easy to read, a n d a p propriate to t h e subject matter. Using the words of the credit union slogan, it can be said t h a t this book has been written, " n o t for profit, n o t for charity, b u t for service."

Life

Summary

of Orson

SEYMOUR H . SPENCER.

Spencer.

(Salt

By Lake

City: M e r c u r y Publishing C o m p a n y , Inc., 1964) Orson Spencer Descendants.

Addendum.

By S E Y M O U R H O R N E S P E N C E R .

A study of the life of Orson Spencer, educator, philosopher, orator, judge, editor, poet, a n d spiritual leader during the initial stages of the C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. T h e m a n u script is t h e composite study of Seymour H . Spencer, grandson of Orson, w h e n h e worked on his Master's Degree p r o g r a m at the University of U t a h . T h e original manuscript has mellowed with time, h a s been enlarged upon, a n d m a d e ready for publication.

Mormonism

in the Twentieth

Century.

By J A M E S B. A L L E N AND R I C H A R D O .

C O W A N . ( P r o v o : Brigham Y o u n g U n i versity, 1964) T h e theme of the first p a r t of the p u b lication concerns the growth of the M o r m o n C h u r c h â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a n overview of M o r m o n ism in the twentieth century. This p o r tion covers such subjects a s " T h e Spirit of M o r m o n i s m a t the D a w n i n g of t h e Twentieth Century"; " T h e Twentieth Century Begins, 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 1 8 " ; "Prosperity a n d Depression, 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 4 0 " ; " T h e Second World W a r a n d After." T h e second portion of the book is concerned with dynamics of the church â&#x20AC;&#x201D; special phases of M o r m o n i s m in the twentieth century. Chapters concerned with " T h e Public I m a g e of M o r m o n i s m , " " P r o grams of the Priesthood a n d Auxiliaries," "Temples a n d T e m p l e Work E x p a n d to M a n y L a n d s , " "Welfare at Work," etc., occupy this section of the publication.

The

Wagonmen.

By

ROBERT

WEST

H O W A R D . (New York: G. P. P u t n a m ' s Sons, 1964) Years before the digging of canals a n d the laying of rails, m e n a n d wagons hauled the commerce a n d the travelers of the growing U n i t e d States. This is the story of the wagonmen, from the develo p m e n t of the Conestoga in the early eighteenth century to the advent of M r .

Ford's horseless wagon at the d a w n of the twentieth century.

402

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Al Sieber, Chief of Scouts. By D A N L. T H R A P P . ( N o r m a n : University of Oklahoma Press, 1964)

[three days at APS Spring Meeting, May 8-10]," by NYAL W. ANDERSON, 512-16.

Federal Conservation Policy 1921—1933.

B Y DONALD C. SWAIN. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963)

The American West — I, Winter 1964: "Fremont's Arizona Adventure," by

Fundamental Differences Between the Reorganized Church and the Church in Utah.

Ry R U S S E L L F. RALSTON.

(Independence: Herald House, 1963) "The Mountain Fuel Story — Growth of a Natural Gas Company." By W. T. NIGHTINGALE. (Salt Lake City: T h e Newcomen Society in North America, 1963) The Mule Deer. By T E M P L E A. R E Y N OLDS, J R . (Salt Lake City: Utah State Department of Fish and Game, 1964) Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico to the Navaho Country Made in 1849 by Lieutenant James H. Simpson. Edited and annotated by FRANK M C N I T T . (Norman: Univer-

sity of Oklahoma Press, 1964) The Navajo Reconnaissance: A Military Exploration of the Navajo Country in 1859 by Captain J. G. Walker and Major O. L. Shepherd. Foreword, annotations, and index by L. R. Bailey. (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1964) War Eagle, A Life of General Eugene A. Carr. By JAMES T. K I N G . (Lincoln:

University of Nebraska Press, 1963) "Utah Statehood: Its Background and Development to 1865." By WILLIAM CECIL CARR. (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, 1963) ARTICLES OF INTEREST The American Philatelist — L X X V I I , April 1964: "Early Mail Service in Utah and other Western Points," by J O S E P H H. PORATH, 495-500; "Salt Lake City — Crossroad of the West

BERT M. FIREMAN, 9-19; "Herbert Eu-

gene Bolton," by J O H N W. CAUGHEY, 36ff.; "Western Folklore & History,"

by W A L K E R D . W Y M A N , 4 4 - 5 1 —

Spring 1964: "Walter Murray Gibson: Great Mormon Rascal," by SAMUEL W. TAYLOR, 19ff.; "Geography and History in the Arid West," by RONALD L. IVES, 54-63.

Annals of Wyoming — X X X V I , April 1964: "Notes on the Early Life of Chief Washakie, Taken Down by Captain Ray," edited by D O N D. FOWLER, 35-42.

Arizona Highways — XL, June 1964: "The Plainsman: T h e Story of the Buffalo," by WILLIS PETERSON, 18-33.

Arizona and The West — V , Winter 1963: "Folklore and the American West," by MARIO S. D E P I L L I S , 2 9 1 314; " T h e Mule as a Factor in the Development of the Southwest," by FLOYD F. E W I N G , J R . , 315-26 — Summer 1963: "The Creation of the Territory of Arizona," by B. SACKS, 10948.

The Colorado Magazine — XLI, Spring 1964: " T h e F a r Western Mining Frontier: Trends and Unsolved Problems," by T H O M A S GRAY T H O M P S O N , 105-10.

Desert, The Magazine of the West — X X V I I , May 1964: "Mercur, Utah,"

by LAMBERT FLORIN, 33 — June 1964: "Axel Anderson's Mine [Rock Canyon Wash, Castle Valley]," by KEITH W R I G H T , 12-13; "This Cross found at Witches Pocket may be the last remaining testimony of Escalante's trek,"

by EARL SPENDLOVE, 16-18.

The Huntington Library Quarterly — X X V I I , February 1964: "English Mi-

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS gration to the American West, 18651900," by OSCAR O. WINTHER, 15973.

Missouri Historical Review — LVIII, April 1964: "Far West Marker Honors Memory of Latter Day Saints," 342.

Montana, The Magazine of Western History — XIV, April 1964: "The Indian and the West [Centennial Edition—entire magazine devoted to Red Meat for Redmen"]," 2 - 1 2 1 ; " H e Knew the Red Man: Edward S. Curtis, Photographer [of particular interest]," by R A L P H W. ANDREWS, 2-12.

National Geographic — CXXV, February 1964: "Solving the Riddles of Wetherill Mesa [Mesa Verde, Colorado]," by DOUGLAS OSBORNE, 15595; "20th-century Indians Preserve Customs of the Cliff Dwellers," photographs by WILLIAM BELKNAP, JR., 196-211.

National Parks Magazine — X X X V I I I , May 1964: "A River-Runner Tells of Adventure and Mystery in Exploring the Colorado: Lee's Ferry to Lake Mead," by FRANK E. MASLAND, JR., 4ff.

Naturalist—XIV, Winter 1963: "Quaking A s p e n , P o p u l u s t r e m u l o i d e s Michaux," by WALTER P. COTTAM,

3-15.

The Pacific Historian — VII, August 1963: "Contemporary Biography George P. Hammond," by DALE L. MORGAN, 142-48 — V I I I , February 1964: "Gold Rush Letters," by HARRIET STEELE, 43-52.

Pacific Historical Review — X X X I I I , February 1964: "Mining Frontiers as a Measure of Western Historical Writing," by RODMAN W'ILSON PAUL, 2 5 -

34.

The Palimpsest — XLV, March 1964: "The Lewis and Clark Expedition [entire issue]," edited by WILLIAM J.

403 PETERSEN, 97-144; "Iowa in the Louisiana Purchase," 97-107; "Louis and Clark Expedition," 108-29; "Sergeant Floyd's Journal," 130-44.

The Pony Express — XXX, April 1964: "Sam Brannan, Famous Mormon Saint, Who 'Worked' the Mormons on Mormon Creek [in "In Days of Big Mike Goldwater," by H A M I L T O N BONER, 3-7]," 6.

Sierra Club Bulletin — XLVIV, MarchApril 1964: " M o r e Dams in the Upper Colorado Basin: The Central Utah Project," by WILLIAM B. MORSE, 6ff.

Southern California Quarterly — XLV, December 1963: "California and Oregon: Diffusion of the Anglo-Saxon Race — and New Route from China to Boston," 340-53.

Sunset, The Magazine of Western Living—CXXXII, May 1964: "If you wonder about dinosaurs [Vernal Field House of Natural History]," 35.

SUP News — X, November-December 1963: "Colonizing With A Sense of Mission," by GUSTIVE O. LARSON, 6 -

8; "Utah Tourist and Publicity Council Occupies Restored Century-Old Council Hall Atop Capitol Hill," by D. JAMES CANNON, 12; "Dedication of New Eagle Gate," by HAROLD H. JENSEN, 21.

Utah Educational Review — L V I I , March-April 1964: "Utah State Archives Invites Educators to Use File,"

by J U N E F. STEWART, 12ff.

Utah Engineering & Science —V, MayJune 1964: "History of the Utah Section of ASCE [American Society of Civil Engineers]," by CARL E. PAINTER, 3-4; "Earthquakes — A Hazard of the Physical Environment in Utah," by RAY E. MARSELL, 14-15; "Salt Lake City Sewage Treatment Plant," by WALTER F. GASSMAN, 19.

ANNUAL MEETING

O n September 12, another milestone in the history of the Society was reached.

T h e Annual Meeting, which in the past has consisted of an evening dinner, was expanded into an all-day program. T h e attendance and participation exceeded the board and staff's fondest expectations. T h e morning discussions, devoted to activities of local historical societies, were enthusiastically received by representatives of local chapters and the p u b lic generally. Special attention was given to the "potentialities and pitfalls" for a small, local museum.

T h e need for a coordinated program of historic preservation for U t a h was discussed. T h e loss of prominent landmarks was decried, a n d steps were recomm e n d e d for preserving significant historic buildings a n d sites. Special consideration was given to the imminent demolition of the lovely old, red sandstone Wasatch Stakehouse in Heber City.

T h e afternoon program was devoted to papers on the first decade of U t a h statehood. F o u r outstanding papers were presented to an overflow audience in the Mansion gallery. T h e interest was so great, t h a t discussions were cut off by the approaching dinner hour.

Address

presented

at the annual

T h e dinner speaker this year was Professor Joe B. Frantz, chairman of the D e p a r t m e n t of History, University of Texas. T h e title of his address "And T h e n T h e r e is U t a h ! " only hints at the delightful needling approach he taunted his audience with.

I n past years the annual dinner speech has been printed in the Quarterly.

But with outstanding papers being presented during the day, a Proceedings publication is being planned which will contain all the formal papers.

T h e president's report (appearing in this issue) clearly revealed the diversity of the Society's program for the past year. And awards were presented as in former years. T w o persons were named Fellows of the Society, Professor Gustive O . Larson and Olive W. Burt.

M r . Larson is the author of several dozen articles a n d two books â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Prelude to the Kingdom and Outline History of Utah and the Mormons.

Olive W. Burt has been a columnist and successful author of juvenile books.

She has written 35 books dealing with historic subjects. Several of t h e m have been translated into foreign languages for use a m o n g school children. H e r Mur-

meeting

of the Utah State Historical

Society.

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

AWARD

WINNERS AT THE UTAH STATE

TWELFTH ANNUAL DINNER HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Left to right â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Andrea Bennett (Service Award), Gustive O. Larson (Fellow), Ethel Law (Teacher der Ballads won her acclaim as a collector of folk songs.

Miss Ethel Law, recently retired after 39 years of teaching, was given the award as Utah's outstanding teacher of history.

H e r inspired teaching has awakened the interest of numerous students to the enjoyment and value of history.

Service Awards were presented to Mrs. William H . (Andrea) Bennett and Mrs. A. William (Virginia) Kelson. For the p a s t several y e a r s , these d e d i c a t e d women have volunteered their services to the Society to assist with the gigantic task of cataloguing picture and m a n u script files.

STUDENT AWARDS

As in the past two years, the U t a h State Historical Society continued to recognize the outstanding history students in the four-year institutions of higher learning in the state. This year is the first year Weber State College has h a d a graduating senior class, and this institution now has a student who has been honored by the Society. T h e students selected by the history faculties to receive Student Awards a r e : Larry V. Bishop, Weber State College, born M a r c h 20, 1940, in Salt Lake City, graduated from West High School and

Virginia Kelson (Service Award), Olive W. Burt

OF

THE

Award), (Fellow).

served in the U.S. Air Force. H e is a 1964 honor graduate of Weber State College, majoring in history, with a political science minor. Mr. Bishop has presently started work on his Master's Degree in European history at U t a h State University where he has received a teaching assistantship.

William A. Evans, University of U t a h , born J a n u a r y 13, 1938, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was raised in New York where he received his early schooling.

At the University of Michigan he studied journalism. Mr. Evans served in the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Army. U p o n his release from the army in 1962 he attended the University of U t a h , being graduated m a g n a c u m laude in history in J u n e of 1964. Mr. Evans is presently doing graduate work in history at the University of U t a h , as well as working as an engineer for Sperry U t a h .

D e a n Lowe May, Brigham Young University, born April 6, 1938, in Wyoming, attended school in both Wyoming and Idaho. Mr. M a y attended Brigham Young University from 1956 to 1958, 1961, and 1963 to 1964. During his absence from the university, he filled a mission for his church and studied in Europe (Paris and Berlin) in 1962. Among the honors M r . M a y has received is the Ful-

LARRY V. B I S H O P

Weber State

College

W I L L I A M A. EVANS

DEAN LOWE MAY

University of Utah

Brigham Young University

bright Fellowship for the University of Cologne, 1964-65, and the honorary Woodrow Wilson Fellowship. After his return from Europe, Mr. May plans to do graduate work in U.S. history at H a r v a r d Graduate School.

M a r y a n n Savage, U t a h State U n i versity, born December 1942, in Leeds, U t a h , received her early schooling in s o u t h e r n U t a h . S h e g r a d u a t e d from Dixie College in 1962, with the highest grade point of all graduating sophomores. She attended U t a h State University on a scholarship, where she graduated as valedictorian of the College of Business and Social Sciences in 1964.

Miss Savage is presently working at U t a h State University on her Master's Degree with the aid of a graduate assistantship.

Ronald V a u g h a n Shelly, Westminster College, born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware, received his early schooling in the East. During his years at Westminster, Mr. Shelly was an active member of the debate club, the political science club, the model United Nations club, and the young Republicans' club. H e graduated with a major in history and political science and a minor in English.

Mr. Shelly is presently enrolled in the University of U t a h College of Law. N E W BOARD M E M B E R

A change in personnel of the Board of Trustees has taken place. Mr. Howard C. Price, Jr., of the Nutter Ranch, Nine Mile Canyon, Price, U t a h , was named

by Governor George D. Clyde to complete the unexpired term of Richard E.

MARYANN SAVAGE

Utah State

University

RONALD V. S H E L L Y

Westminster

Gillies, who resigned in M a y to leave the state to pursue his education.

H o w a r d Campbell Price, Jr., was born April 23, 1909, at Plattsburgh Barracks, New York, the son of the late Brigadier General and Alice Blakeley Gilroy Price, both of Pennsylvania. After early years of globe trotting, during which time he attended schools within the continental United States and its insular possessions, H o w a r d Price was enrolled in Pennsylvania Military College. I n 1928 he entered the University of U t a h and majored in history and political science, graduating with an A.B. Degree in 1931.

U p o n graduation from the university, he lived for some time in Manila, Phillipine Islands. Returning to the United States he pursued his studies at Columbia University, New York City, and worked as an industrial instrumentation and control engineer in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.

Called to active duty prior to World W a r I I , Mr. Price graduated from the Field Artillery School and the Command and General Staff School. During World W a r I I he was assistant chief of staff (Military Intelligence), Iceland Base C o m m a n d where he was in charge of Allied Military Intelligence. H e was promoted to colonel while in Iceland and was awarded the Army Commendation Ribbon with O a k Leaf Cluster for meritorious service.

In 1942 Howard Price married Virginia Nutter in Salt Lake City. Mrs. Price is the daughter of the late Preston Nutter and Katherine Fenton Nutter.

At the conclusion of the war, Mr. and

College

State a n d Territorial election papers on file in the vault of the Secretary of State and the U t a h State Archives. Copies of the film have been ordered by the U n i versity of U t a h , U t a h State University, Weber State College, Brigham Young University, a n d the Salt Lake Public Library. Parts of the film will be supplied to the Inter University Consortium for Political Research located at Ann Arbor, Michigan. Approximately 55,100-foot rolls of film will be utilized in p h o t o graphing the papers.

New archival records now available to researchers are early D e p a r t m e n t of Business Regulation registers and board minutes. Included are registers of physicians, midwives, barbers, dentists, nurses, architects, and veterinarians.

Howard

C. Price, Jr.

Mrs. Price returned to U t a h to make their home, where Mr. Price became associated with Geneva Steel Company in the engineering department.

I n 1953 he became manager of the Preston Nutter Corporation, a land and livestock company of which Mrs. Price is currently president. M r . and Mrs. Price make their home at the headquarters ranch in Nine Mile Canyon. M r . Price has served as director and vice-president of the Duchesne Cattle Association and is currently on the Research Committee of the American National Cattlemen's Association. H e is a member of the Episcopal Church.

Articles written by M r . Price have a p peared in military and livestock journals and he also authored a technical paper pertaining to the steel industry. T h e Society is fortunate to obtain the services of M r . Price on its board and welcomes him warmly.

U T A H STATE A R C H I V E S

Staff members of the U t a h State Archives are presently microfilming U t a h

GIFTS

T h e Society subsists on the gifts which come to it almost daily. Some of them are of such a n a t u r e that they should be called to the attention of scholars. Others â&#x20AC;&#x201D; consisting of single books, individual pamphlets, family photographs, etc. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; are gratefully accepted and the donor noted in the Society Newsletter.

Major gifts are herein listed.

Florence Ivins H y d e has given to the Society more than 150 letters of Erastus Snow, the grandfather of Mrs. Hyde.

T h e y cover a period from 1851 to 1888.

T h e letters are both from and to Erastus Snow, and are both personal and business letters. T h e y are, indeed, a rich addition to the files of the Society.

Mrs. Hyde also presented photographs to the Society of her father's (Anthony W. Ivins) property in Mexico. T h e y have already been used in some publications of the Society.

Records pertaining to Daggett County were almost lost to the rising waters of the lake forming behind Flaming Gorge D a m . T h r o u g h the efforts of William Purdy, the business records of the Smith & Larsen Mercantile C o m p a n y and the

408 records of the South Valley C a n a l C o m pany were rescued a n d brought to the S o c i e t y . T h e y w e r e t h e gift of M r s .

George Rasmussen, wife of the last owner of the Mercantile C o m p a n y . T h e y will prove an invaluable source of information for the writing of Daggett's history.

M r . G l e n W . S e e g m i l l e r of D e l t a , U t a h , gave to the Society the diaries of his father, William A. Seegmiller, while h e served as a M o r m o n missionary in Tahiti.

A n a r r a n g e m e n t was m a d e with the L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's Library to exchange copies of the Society's Seegmiller diaries for microfilms of some the M o r m o n library held. So now, the Society has films of the whole group of Seegmiller diaries.

T h r o u g h the generosity of Carl I. W h e a t , the Society has acquired the whole series of six volumes, Mapping the Transmississippi West, 1540-1861.

Of immeasurable value, these volumes are a significant addition to the Society library.

A few years ago, M r . L. F . Rains m a d e a gift to the Society of a magnificent scrap book, an a l b u m of the beginnings of U t a h ' s steel industry. M r . Rains was one of the organizers and founders of this industry. Recently, he has a d d e d clippings, manuscripts, photographs, official documents, etc., of other phases of the steel industry to his earlier gift. H e also contributed similar materials on U t a h ' s coal industry. M r . Rains was owner and promoter of coal properties in the state.

O t h e r gifts of significance which a d d considerably to the research value of the library are those from the A n d r e w W. Cooley Family Association. A book of remembrances of M a y Cooley Eldredge, a diary of J a m e s A. Eldredge, and Andrew Wood Cooley family correspondence ( 1 8 7 2 - 1 8 9 1 ) , were presented to the library.

H a m p t o n C. Godbe, descendent of prominent U t a h pioneer families, has recently given to the Society several items

UTAH HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

associated with U t a h ' s early period. I n addition to photostats of i m p o r t a n t correspondence, M r . Godbe gave the Society a very valuable m a p published in 1878. It is titled "Froiseth's New Sectional & Mineral M a p of U t a h . Compiled from the latest U.S. Government Surveys a n d other authentic sources. Exhibiting the Sections, Fractional Sections, Counties, Cities, Towns, Settlements, M i n i n g Districts, Railroads and other I n t e r n a l Improvements. Second Edition Thoroughly Revised Reengraved and Brought D o w n to D a t e . Published by B. A. M . Froiseth, Salt L a k e City, 1878."

Photographs now form such an imp o r t a n t p a r t of the Society's research sources, t h a t the Society is always pleased when new photographs come into the library. Recently a significant group of photographs was added to the collection.

T h e gift came from two sources â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the family of M a r t i n Ottinger a n d Mr. D . N. M a w with Safeway Stores Incorporated.

Early twentieth century scenes of Salt Lake City and vicinity were the subject matter of most of the photographs. These add significantly to the library's already valuable collection.

T w o other persons working cooperatively were responsible for another valuable addition to the library's manuscript collection. Mrs. Elayne Schwartz, of Provo, and Mrs. M i n e r v a Proctor, of Antimony, m a d e available for copying the diary of Dr. W. H . Schock ( 1 8 7 1 1930). T h e y also presented to the Society the papers of Archibald M. Hunter, of Antimony. These records will provide i n t e r e s t i n g s o u r c e s on m i n i n g , h o r s e ranching, a n d Socialist activities in U t a h .

In connection with the attempts of the Society to rescue the old Echo Canyon Grist Mill, the Society was given the mill records by Mrs. E. G. Wright and her father, A. M . Jones. Since the machinery and other portions of the old mill have gone to U t a h State University, the Society has transferred the mill records also to the university.

INDEX A d a i r , S a m u e l N e w t o n , m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Adams, Frank Jacob, met Al Scorup, 304; died, 3 0 8 ; partner in Scorup-Somerville Cattle Company, 315 Adams, John S., member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Agricultural College, see U t a h State University Aleson, Harry, Historical Sites in Glen Canyon Mouth of Hansen Creek to Mouth of San Juan River, review by, 394—95 Alexander, Thomas O , "Sentinels on the Dese r t : The Dugway Proving Ground (1942— 1963) and Deseret Chemical Depot (1942— 1955)," 3 2 - 4 3 ; "Supply H u b of the West: Defense Depot Ogden, 1941-1964," 9 9 1 2 1 ; " T h e U t a h Military Frontier, 1 8 7 2 1912: Forts Cameron, Thornburgh, and Duchesne," 330-54 Alter, J. Cecil, association with U t a h State Historical Society, 382; books, 324, 325, 326, 329; born, 3 2 8 ; children, 329; contributions to meteorology, 323—24; contributions to U t a h history, 324; contributions to U t a h State Historical Society, 324—29; died, 323, 382; editor of Utah Historical Quarterly, 327; education, 3 2 8 ; gifts of, 175, 328, 382; " I n M e m o r i a m : J. Cecil Alter, 1879-1964," 3 2 3 - 2 9 ; married, 329; organizations affiliated with, 329; picture, 3 2 3 ; positions held, 3 2 8 ; religious affiliation, 329 Allen, Clarence E., first delegate to congress from State of U t a h , 13 Allen, T. D., Navahos Have Five Fingers, reviewed, 168—69 American Telephone and Telegraph Company, monopoly, 132; monopoly fought, 133 Andrus, James, captain of company of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 146 Andrus, Roman, sketches by, 253, 256, 260 Arizona Strip, incorporated into Nutter Livestock Company, 251, ed. n o t e ; Nutter acquires, 244; proposed as game preserve, 2 5 1 ; sheep overrun, 249 Arrington, Leonard J., ed., "Experiment in U t o p i a : T h e United O r d e r of Richfield, 1874-1877," 3 5 5 - 8 0 ; "Sentinels on the Desert: The Dugway Proving Ground (1942-1963) and Deseret Chemical Depot ( 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 5 5 ) , " 3 2 - 4 3 ; "Supply H u b of the West: Defense Depot Ogden, 1941-1964," 9 9 - 1 2 1 ; "The Utah Military Frontier, 1872-1912: Forts Cameron, Thornburgh, and Duchesne," 330—54 Ashbaugh, Don, Nevada's Turbulent Yesterday . . . a Study in Ghost Towns, reviewed, 82-83 Athearn, Robert G., The Southern Cheyennes, reviewed by, 80—81 Austin, Nevada, mining town, 6 0 ; description of ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 7 2

Averett Canyon, named, 152, f.n. 9 Averett, Elijah, killed, 152; member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 1 6 1 ; picture of grave, 152 Aquarius Plateau, description of, 153, 155, 156

B Baker, Nevada, description ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 64 Baldwin, Clarence, operated boats on Colorado, 122 Baldwin, Dennis, operated boats on Colorado, 122 _ B a l d w i n , V i r g i l F a y , r e m i n i s c e n c e s of his freighting on the Colorado River, 122—29 Barbed Wire, advantages and disadvantages, 2 7 5 - 7 6 ; placed on market, 275 Barge, pictures, 124, 125, 128 Barsness, Larry, Gold Camp: Alder Gulch and Virginia City, Montana, reviewed, 165 Batty, John, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Beal, Merrill D., "I will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War, reviewed, 168 Beebee, Albert, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Bennett, Andrea, picture, 4 0 5 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Service Award, 405 Bennion, Samuel O , cattle brand, 220 B e n s o n , R i c h a r d H e b e r , m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Benteen, Major F. W., established Fort Duchesne, 344; picture, 345 Berthrong, Donald J., The Southern Cheyennes, reviewed, 80—81 Birch Creek, named Escalante River, 154, f.n.

11 Bishop, Larry V., picture, 4 0 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Student Award, 405 Black Hawk War, began, 332; cost of, 332; lives lost, 332; settlements abandoned, 332; Sevier County abandoned, 357 Bluff Pool Cattle Company, collapsed, 3 1 1 ; disbanded, 309; established, 3 0 9 ; A. Scorup hired by, 309, 3 1 0 - 1 1 ; sold, 311 Bluff, U t a h , cowboys-townspeople celebration at, 281 The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 1848—1900, by Greever, reviewed, 81 Boulder Mountain, see Aquarius Plateau, 155, f.n. 12 Bracken, Bennet, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Branding, altering and law regarding, 2 2 7 30 ; beginning in U t a h , 219; history of, 226— 27; law concerning, 205—11; pictures, 217, 222, 227, 228, 229, 3 1 9 ; process of, 230-31 Brands, ear identification, 2 2 9 ; first brand book in U t a h , 219; facsimile of a certificate, 219; " T h e Heraldry of the R a n g e : U t a h Cattle Brands," 217—31; initial brand entry, 219; laws concerning, 228—30; number re-

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

410 corded in U t a h , 224; picture of various, 2 2 5 ; reading of, 2 2 0 - 2 6 ; registration of, 228-29 B r i n g h u r s t , W i l l i a m A., m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Brown, Robert H., member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Bryan, William Jennings, picture, 1 4 1 ; second choice of U t a h 1912 Democratic Convention, 5 3 ; struggle to secure 1912 Democratic Convention nomination, 53—54; U t a h sentiment against, 55 Buckskin Mountain, description, 149 Burlingame, Merrill G., Gold Camp: Alder Gulch and Virginia City, Montana, review by, 165 Burns, John R., Dugway's first commander, 3 4 ; s e l e c t e d site for D u g w a y P r o v i n g Grounds, 33 Burt, Olive W., picture, 4 0 5 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Fellow Award, 404-5 Burton, Richard F., The City of the Saints: And Across the Rocky Mountains to California, reviewed, 392—93; The Look of the West, 1860: Across the Plains to California, reviewed, 392-93 Butt, Rye, described corraling wild cattle, 254; described first experience with wild cattle, 263-64

c Cammeron, David, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 C a m p Douglas, see Fort Douglas C a m p Floyd, location, 330; occupied, 3 3 0 ; see also Fort Crittenden Cannon, Frank J., territorial delegate ( 1 8 9 4 ) , 29 Capitol Reef National Monument, picture of, cover, No. 2 Carlisle Company, brands, 272—73; conflicts with Indians, 276—78; conflicts with sheepmen, 2 7 8 - 8 1 ; history of operations, 268— 8 4 ; holdings ( 1 8 8 5 ) , 271-72 ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 272; interests sold, 284; Mormon opinion of employees of, 2 8 1 - 8 4 ; see also T h e Kansas and New Mexico Land and Cattle Company Carlisle, E d m u n d Septimus, organized English cattle company, 270; see also Carlisle Company Carlisle, Harold, organized English cattle company, 270; see also Carlisle Company Carson City, Nevada, description ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 75 Cattle, barbed wire introduced, 2 7 5 ; breeds up-graded, 2 7 3 ; " T h e Cattle Industry of U t a h , 1850-1900: An Historical Profile," 1 8 2 - 9 7 ; conflicts concerning, 204, 2 7 6 - 7 7 ; description of cattle drive, 272; description of Texas longhorns, 269; description of wild, 2 5 3 - 5 4 ; " T h e Development of U t a h Livestock Law, 1848-1896," 1 9 8 - 2 1 6 ; economic change in, 185; endurance of, 259; exports of, 181, 183, 185, 186; fencing and stray laws, 211—16; grazing and range law, 1 9 9 - 2 0 5 ; growth of number of (18801 8 9 0 ) , 1 8 9 - 9 0 ; " T h e H e r a l d r y of t h e R a n g e : U t a h Cattle Brands," 2 1 7 - 3 1 ; importance of horse in chasing wild, 2 6 3 ; laws

to up-grade breed of, 2 7 4 ; "Livestock and the Public Lands," 285—300; map showing various ranges, 178; "mighty Rudolph," 195; number of ( 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 5 0 ) , 189; number of ( 1 9 5 9 ) , 1 8 1 ; number of ( 1 8 5 0 1900) in counties, 191; number lost ( 1 8 8 0 ) , 1 8 6 - 8 9 ; number Mormons brought to valley, 182; "An Overview of Utah's Cattle Industry," 1 7 9 - 8 1 ; pictures, 268, 279, 181, 182, 294-95, 296, cover, No. 3 ; prices of ( 1 8 8 5 ) , 194; quality improved, 1 9 2 - 9 3 ; ranch picture, 2 0 2 - 3 , 216, 272, 314; reasons for decline in number after 1890, 196— 9 7 ; reasons for decrease ( 1 8 7 5 - 8 0 ) , 184— 85 ; reasons for expansion of industry before 1875, 184; reasons for laws concerning, 198; reward poster, 199; Rudolph 2nd picture, 195; sketches, 253, 256, 260; thefts of, 2 0 8 - 9 ; training wild cattle to herd, 260; "Wild Cows of the San J u a n , " 252-67 Chuckwagon, picture of modern, 245 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, cattle brand, 220; Fast Day changed, 28; members "called" to support Republican party, 2 8 ; Nickle Sunday changed, 2 8 ; picture of cattle brand, 2 2 5 ; stakes in 1896, 2 8 ; wards in 1896,28 The City of the Saints: And Across the Rocky Mountains to California, by Burton, reviewed, 392-93 Clark, Thomas Jefferson, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Clearfield Naval Supply Depot, major supply base for navy, 100 Cleveland Cattle Company, business with Nutter, 237-39 Clyde, George D., " U t a h After Statehood," 3—8; picture, 7 Colorado River, "Freighting on the Colorado River: Reminiscences of Virgil Fay Baldwin," 122-29; description, 125-26, 1 2 8 29; oil discovered on, 126; pictures, 1222 3 ; pictures of barges on, 124, 125, 128; pictures of Frank Shafer No. 1 oil well, 127 Columbia Broadcasting System, KSL affiliated with, 143 Cooley, Everett L., "An Overview of Utah's Cattle Industry," 179-80 Cooley Family Association, Andrew W., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Cope, John, bought K Z N , 142 Coplan, Willis, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Corral, pictures, 184, 2 1 4 - 1 5 , 275 Corry, Andrew, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Cottonwood Creek, named, 153; land good for cultivation, 154 Cowboys, discomforts endured by, 257; Mormon settlers opinion of, 281—84; picture, 232—33; picture of camp of, 307; reminiscences of, 2 5 2 - 6 7 ; "typical" cowboy, 274 Cowley, William Edward, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Cracroft, Richard H., " T h e Heraldry of the R a n g e : U t a h Cattle Brands," 217-31 Cragun, James, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160

INDEX

411

Crampton, C. Gregory, Historical Sites in Glen Canyon Mouth of Hansen Creek to Mouth of San Juan River, reviewed, 394— 9 5 ; "Military Reconnaissance in Southern U t a h , 1866," 1 4 5 - 6 1 ; The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the Colorado, review by, 169—71; received U t a h State Historical Society Fellow Award ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 385 Creer, Leland H., contributions to U t a h State Historical Society, 8 7 ; honored at U t a h State Historical Society Holiday Reception, 87 Crook, Brigadier General George, ordered establishment of Fort Thornburgh, 340; selected site for Fort Duchesne, 344 Crosby, Jr., Jesse W., member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Culmer Family, H.L.A., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 174-75 Culmsee, Carlton F., "Flimflam Frontier: Submarginal Land Development in U t a h , " 91-98

D Darby, J o h n T., "Preston N u t t e r : U t a h Cattleman, 1886-1936," 232-51 Defense Depot Ogden, Chemical Supply Section activities, 107; construction, 102, 114, 1 1 6 - 1 7 ; cost of construction, 1 2 1 ; employment, 99, 104-5, 113, 116, 117 ( t a b l e ) , 1 2 1 ; history, 9 9 - 1 2 1 ; Italian Service Unit, 110; Korean W a r activity, 1 1 3 - 1 6 ; M a chine Records and Training Section activities, 1 0 8 - 9 ; mission, 103, 112-13, 114, 118, 121; name changed, 100, 106, 113; Ordnance Supply Section activities, 107; pictures, 101, 105, 108-9, 115, 119; P O W camp constructed, 110; P O W work at, 1 1 0 1 1 ; Quartermaster Section activities, 105— 6; reasons for selection of site, 101—2; Signal Supply Section activities, 1 0 6 - 7 ; site, 1 0 0 - 1 ; size, 101, 103, 1 2 1 ; staff, 100; Transportation Supply Section activities, 108; World W a r I I activities, 103-12 Democratic Convention ( 1 9 1 2 ) , proceedings, 5 3 - 5 5 ; U t a h State platform, 4 6 ; Woodrow Wilson nominated candidate, 55 Dennett, Thomas, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Deseret Chemical Depot, see Deseret Depot Activity Deseret Depot Activity, construction, 37, 3 8 ; employees, 3 8 ; history, 37—38; Korean W a r activity, 3 8 ; location, 3 7 ; purpose, 3 7 ; transfer to Tooele O r d n a n c e Depot, 38 Deseret Livestock Company, brands, 226; picture of brands, 225 Deseret News Building, site for Utah's first radio station, 132; station constructed, 135 Donors, see U t a h State Historical Society Donors D r u r y , Clifford M e r r i l l , ed., First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, reviewed, 81-82 Dry Farming, used in land promotion schemes, 94

Dugway Proving Ground, air strip constructed, 3 5 ; biological weapons research, 4 1 ; construction, 34—35, 3 9 ; deactivated, 3 7 ; ecological systems survey, 4 0 ; economic contribution, 4 3 ; electrical problems, 36; history, 3 2 - 4 3 ; Korean W a r activities, 3 8 - 4 0 ; location, 33—34; pictures, 33, 4 2 ; purpose, 36; radioactive material tested, 4 1 ; reactivated, 3 8 ; size, 34; testing activities, 40— 4 2 ; U.S. Army CBR Weapons Orientation Course, 4 2 ; water problems, 35—36; World War I I activities, 36-37 Dugway Mountains, named, 3 4 ; use by early pioneers, 34

E Echo Canyon Grist Mill, gift to U t a h State University, 408 Egan, Howard, drove cattle herd to California, 183 Ekker, Barbara Baldwin, "Freighting on the Colorado River: Reminiscences of Virgil Fay Baldwin," 122-29 E l l s w o r t h , S. G e o r g e , Overland in 1846: Diaries and Letters of the California-Oregon Trail, review by, 393—94 Ely, Nevada, description, 65—68; pictures, 66, 67 Escalante River, named, 154, f.n. 1 1 ; picture, 155 Escalante Valley, description, 9 2 - 9 3 , 96 Eureka, Nevada, description, 69-70 Evans, William A., picture, 4 0 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society S t u d e n t Award, 405 Fabian, Harold P., received U t a h State Historical Society Honorary Life Membership Award ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 385 Fabian, Josephine C , The Jackson's Hole Story: An historical novel set in the Grand Teton Mountains of Wyoming, reviewed, 171 Fallon, Nevada, 6 0 ; description, 75 Faust, Henry J., imported pure-bred cattle to U t a h , 194, 196; picture, 194 Federal Installations, employment at, 9 9 ; military fort locations, 330; reasons for locating military forts, 330; U t a h territorial officials recommend establishment of military forts, 332-33 Fifty Years on the Trail: A True Story of Western Life.

The Adventures of John Young Nelson as described to Harrington O' Reilly, by Worcester, reviewed, 167-68 First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, ed., Drury, reviewed, 8 1 .

Fishes of Utah,by Sigler and Miller, reviewed, 396-97 Fish, Joseph, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Ford, Alfred, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Forms and Methods of Early Mormon Settlement in Utah and the Surrounding Region, 1847 to 1877, by Ricks, reviewed, 395-96

412 Fort Hall: Gateway to the Oregon Country,

by Robertson, reviewed, 171—72 Fort Bridger, abandoned, 345-46 Fort Cameron, abandoned, 3 3 7 ; activities of soldiers, 3 3 6 ; converted to academy, 3 3 8 ; cost of, 3 3 5 ; description, 3 3 4 - 3 5 ; established, 3 3 3 - 3 4 ; freighting, 3 3 5 ; history, 3 3 2 - 3 9 ; named, 3 3 4 ; number of men who served ( t a b l e ) , 3 3 7 ; occupied, 3 3 0 ; pictures, 338, 339; reasons for establishment of, 3 3 2 - 3 3 ; relationship with townspeople, 3 3 6 - 3 7 ; sold, 3 3 8 ; supplies, 3 3 5 ; see also M u r d o c k Academy Fort Douglas, location, 3 3 0 ; occupied, 330 Fort Duchesne, abandoned, 3 5 3 ; construction, 3 4 5 ; economic impact of, 346—48; established, 344; freighting, 3 4 8 ; history, 3 4 3 - 5 4 ; Indian Service operations consolidated at, 3 5 4 ; m a p of reservation, 347 n u m b e r of men who served ( t a b l e ) , 353 occupied, 330; pictures, 3 4 2 - 4 3 , 350-51 reason for establishing, 343—44 Fort Steele, abandoned, 345 Fort T h o r n b u r g h , abandoned, 3 4 2 - 4 3 ; construction, 3 4 1 ; disposition of land, 342; freighting, 3 4 2 ; history, 3 4 0 - 4 3 ; location of, 3 4 0 - 4 1 ; m a p showing location of, 3 4 1 ; n a m e d , 3 4 0 ; occupied, 3 3 0 ; road constructed from, 341—42; size of, 341 Fox, Feramorz Y., died, 357; "Experiment in U t o p i a : T h e United O r d e r of Richfield, 1874-1877," 3 5 5 - 8 0 ; picture, 356 Freeman, Woodruff J o h n , member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Frisco, U t a h , description, 59, 61 Froiseth's New Sectional and Mineral M a p of U t a h ( 1 8 7 8 ) , gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Fullmer, N a t h a n O , business manager of Deseret News, 132; established Radio Station K Z N , 1 3 2 - 3 9 ; picture, 132

Gardner, B. Delworth, "Livestock and the Public Lands," 285-300 Gardner, William, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Gifts, see U t a h State Historical Society Donors Gillies, Richard E., resigned as board member of U t a h State Historical Society, 382 Glade, Earl J., association with radio, 142 Godbe, H a m p t o n O , gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Gold Camp: Alder Gulch and Virginia City, Montana, by Barsness, reviewed, 165 Gordon, W. E. "Latigo," Carlisle Company foreman, 2 7 4 ; "typical" cowboy, 274 Gould, George, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 G r a n d Cattle Company, formed, 239; N u t t e r bought out partners, 239 Granger-Thye Act, provisions, 290 Grant, Heber J., dedication of Radio Station K Z N , 1 3 7 - 3 9 ; picture, 131 Grant, Mrs. Heber J., dedication of Radio Station K Z N , 1 3 7 - 3 9 ; picture, 131 Grass Valley, description, 158-59 Grazing, service for U t a h initiated, 250

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Great Day in the West: Forts, Posts, and Rendezvous Beyond the Mississippi, by Ruth, reviewed, 164—65 G r e e v e r , W i l l i a m S., The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 1848-1900, reviewed, 8 1 ; Treasure Hill: Portrait of a Silver Mining Camp, review

by, 162 Grivas, Theodore, Military Governments in California, 1846—1850, with a chapter on their prior use in Louisiana, Florida and New Mexico, reviewed, 162—64 G u a d a l u p e Hidalgo, Treaty of, provisions concerning land, 199 A Guide to the Manuscript Collections of the Bancroft Library, by Morgan and Hammond, reviewed, 83—84

H Hall of Relics, erected, 324 Hafen, Ann W., First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, review by, 81—82 Hamblin, Jacob, brand of, 222 Hamilton, Nevada, description, 59, 69 H a m m o n d , George P., ed., A Guide to the Manuscript Collection of the Bancroft Library, reviewed, 83—84 H a n c e , I r m a Watson, Johnston, Connor and the Mormons: An Outline of Military History in Northern Utah, reviewed, 84—85 H a s k e l l , T h a l e s H a s t i n g , m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 H a w k i n s , C a p t a i n H . S., e s t a b l i s h e d F o r t T h o r n b u r g h , 340 H e a t h Family, Henry O., gift to Utah State Historical Society, 175 Henrieville Creek, 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance camped, 151 Fline, Robert V., The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 1848— 1900, review by, 81 Historical Markers, picture, 386; revision of, 386 Historical Sites in Glen Canyon Mouth of Hansen Creek to Mouth of San Juan River,

by Crampton, reviewed, 394-95 Homestead Act ( 1 8 6 2 ) , provisions, 286 H o m e , Flora Bean, secretary of U t a h State Historical Society, 325 Houston, John, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Hudson, Spud, cattleman in U p p e r Basin, 2 6 9 ; headquarters, 269 Huffaker, Granville W., moved cattle operations, 183 H u n t , Jefferson, cattle buying expedition, 183 H u n t e r , Archibald, papers donated to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Hyde, Florence Ivins, gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 407

I Independent Historical Societies: An enquiry into their research and publication functions and their financial future, by Whitehill, reviewed, 397—99

INDEX

413

"I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War, by Beal, reviewed, 168 Indian Creek Company, Scorup brothers bought, 313 Indians, allotment of land unsuccessful, 3 5 1 ; conflicts, 145, 152, 276-78, 331, 332, 3 3 9 40, 343-44, 3 4 8 - 4 9 ; disliked Negro soldiers, 344, f.n. 3 6 ; new reservation created, 340; removal to U i n t a h Reservation, 332, 3 4 0 ; Uintah and Uncompahgre agencies consolidated, 340 Insane Asylum, appropriation in 1896, 27 lone, Nevada, description, 74 Isom, George, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Israel, Fred L., Nevada's Key Pittman, reviewed, 172-73 Iverson, j . Grant, picture, 391 ; " T h e President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1963— 1964," 381-90 Ivins, Anthony W., dedication of Radio Station K Z N , 138; owner-manager of Mohave Cattle Company, 2 4 3 - 4 4 ; Nutter bought out, 244 The Jackson's Hole Story: An historical novel set in the Grand Teton Mountains of Wyoming, by Fabian, reviewed, 174 Jackson, W. Turrentine, Treasure Hill: Portrait of a Silver Mining Camp, reviewed, 162 Jacob's Crossing, location, 159 Jacobson, Pearl F., " U t a h ' s First Radio Station," 130-44 Jennings, William, imported shorthorns, 193; model steer Perfection, 193; Pembroke Market advertisement concerning Perfection, 193 Jenson, Andrew, letter to governor congratulating U t a h on statehood, 31 Johnson Canyon, see Spring Canyon Johnson, Lyndon B., brand, 2 1 8 ; picture of brand, 225 Johnston, Connor and the Mormons: An Outline of Military History in Northern Utah,

by Hance and Warr, reviewed, 84-85 Jonas, Frank E., Westward Tilt: The American West Today, review by, 400 Jones, A. M., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408

K Kaibab Plateau, description, 1 4 9 - 5 0 ; name applied to Buckskin Mountain, 150, f.n. 3 K a n a b , description, 149 Kanarraville, 151 T h e Kansas and New Mexico L a n d and Cattle Company, Limited, acquired land and cattle in U t a h , 192; breed of cattle up-graded, 274; ceased operations, 294; facsimile of agreement with Carlisles, 2 8 3 ; holdings, 270, 2 7 1 - 7 2 ; organized, 270 Kelly, Charles, gifts to U t a h State Historical Society, 175; Tom Horn, Man of the West, review by, 166 Kelson, Virginia, picture, 4 0 5 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Service Award, 405

K F P T , see K S L K i n g s b u r y , I l e n e H . , The Jackson's Hole Story: An historical novel set in the Great Teton Mountains of Wyoming, review by, 171 Kletting, Richard K. A., monument erected, 386; mountain peak named after, 386 Knell, Benjamin, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Knowlden, Robert E., picture, 6 0 ; trip over Lincoln Highway from Salt Lake City to San Francisco, 57—79 K S L , affiliated with C.B.S., 143; affiliated with N.B.C., 142; history, 1 3 0 - 4 4 ; location, 143, 144; name changed, 142; pictures, 136, 143; sold, 142; " U t a h ' s First Radio Station," 130-44 K Z N see K S L Lake Tahoe, California, description, 76 Lambert, Neal, "Al Scorup: Cattleman of the Canyons," 301-20 Land, attempts to regulate cattle and sheep differences, 2 0 2 - 5 ; conflicts over, 204; federal government controls grazing on, 290; federal government diminished public domain, 200; fees charged for grazing, 290; fence picture, 2 1 2 ; fencing and stray laws, 2 1 1 - 1 6 ; forage depletion, 2 9 1 - 9 2 ; Homestead Act ( 1 8 6 2 ) , 286; "Livestock and the Public Lands," 2 8 5 - 3 0 0 ; Mormon settler attitude toward conflict over, 200; public land policy, 2 8 6 - 8 7 ; number of cattle grazing on public (1924, 1930, 1940), 290, (1950, 1963), 291 ; number of sheep grazing on public (1924, 1930, 1940), 290, (1950, 1963), 2 9 1 ; ownership of land in U t a h ( t a b l e ) , 2 8 8 ; rangeland picture, 289, 299; range laws, 199—205; recreational use of public, 2 9 2 - 9 4 ; reseeded dust bowl picture, 2 9 1 ; reseeded forest and rangeland picture, 2 8 5 ; stock raising homestead law ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 286; Taylor Grazing Act, 200; territorial control over public, 200; territorial governors urged law to give secure title to stockmen, 202; see also U . S . Bureau of L a n d Management, U.S. Grazing Service, U . S . Forest Service Land, Submarginal, "Flimflam Frontier: Submarginal Land Development in U t a h , " 91— 9 8 ; methods of selling, 95, 9 6 ; new approaches to selling today, 9 8 ; pictures of signs to promote purchase of, 96, 9 7 ; promotional slogans, 9 1 ; propaganda publications concerning, 94—95 Larsen, Wesley P., Fishes of Utah, review by, 396-97 Larson, Gustive O , picture, 4 0 5 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Fellow Award, 404 Lavender, David, Westward Vision: The Story of the Oregon Trail, reviewed, 166—67 Law, Ethel, picture, 4 0 5 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Teacher Award, 405 Lee, J o h n D., tried for M o u n t a i n Meadows massacre, 336 Liebler, H . B., Navahos Have Five Fingers, review by, 168-69

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

414 Lincoln Highway, description, 5 8 ; doomed, 5 8 ; m a p , 7 2 - 7 3 ; pictures, 57, 6 4 ; trip from Salt Lake City to San Francisco, 57—79 Lindstrom, Gaell, A Navajo Sketch Book, review by, 83 Logan, description ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 20 The Look of the West, 1860: Across the Plains to California, by Burton, reviewed, 392—93 Loose, Charles E., picture, 5 3 ; Republican Convention c h a i r m a n ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 4 7 ; R e p u b lican national committeeman, 5 0 ; resigned, 52

M Madsen, Brigham D., Fort Hall: Gateway to the Oregon Country, review by, 171—72 M a w , D . N., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Maxfield, Elijah H., m e m b e r of the 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 M a y , D e a n Lowe, picture, 4 0 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society S t u d e n t Award, 405 Meeker Massacre, reason it occurred, 339—40 Meeks, William, m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Michael Army Airfield, constructed at Dugway, 35 Military Governments in California, 1846— 1850, with a chapter on their prior use in Louisiana, Florida and New Mexico, by Grivas, reviewed, 162—64 Military, "Military Reconnaissance in Southern U t a h , 1866," 1 4 5 - 6 1 ; "Sentinels on the Desert: T h e Dugway Proving G r o u n d ( 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 6 3 ) and Deseret Chemical Depot ( 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 5 5 ) , " 3 2 - 4 3 ; "Supply H u b of the West: Defense D e p o t Ogden, 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 6 4 , " 99-121 ; "The Utah Military Frontier, 1 8 7 2 - 1 9 1 2 : Forts Cameron, T h o r n b u r g h , and Duchesne," 330-54 Miller, Robert R., Fishes of Utah, reviewed, 396-97 Minerly, Albert, m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Monticello, cowboy participation at celebration at, 281 M o r g a n , Dale L., ed., A Guide to the Manuscript Collection of the Bancroft Library, reviewed, 83—84; ed., Overland in 1846: Diaries and Letters of the California-Oregon Trail, reviewed, 3 9 3 - 9 4 M o r g a n , George F., m a n a g e r Wyoming Heref o r d C a t t l e A s s o c i a t i o n , 1 9 5 ; o w n e r of "mighty R u d o l p h , " 195 M o r g a n , Neil, Westward Tilt: The American West Today, reviewed, 400 Mormons, attitude toward establishment of military posts, 3 3 1 ; authorized cattle buying expedition, 1 8 3 ; cattle brought to Salt Lake Valley, 182; relations with cowboys, 281-84 Morrill, H o r a t i o , m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 M o u n t a i n M e a d o w s M a s s a c r e , a t t e m p t to bring perpetrators to justice, 3 3 3 ; J o h n D .

Lee trial, 336 Mulder, William, Our Country, review by, 399-400

M u r d o c k Academy, began, 3 3 8 ; discontinued, 3 3 9 ; L.D.S. C h u r c h took over, 339; pictures, 3 3 1 , 3 3 4 ; recreation center, 339, ed. note

Mc McCleve, Joseph S., m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 McCoy, W. O , built a n d operated coke ovens at Tucker, 2 4 8 ; died, 2 4 7 ; N u t t e r lieutenant, 247 M c F a t e , Henry, m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 M c G r e g o r , W i l l i a m O , m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 M c l n t y r e R a n c h , b r a n d s , 2 2 6 ; p i c t u r e of brands, 2 2 5 ; picture of ranch, 189; picture of range, 187; picture of summer ranch, 196 M c l n t y r e , Samuel, began ranching operations, 185 M c l n t y r e , William, began ranching operations, 185

N National Broadcasting Company, formed, 142 ; K S L affiliated with, 142 Navahos Have Five Fingers, by Allen, reviewed, 168—69 A Navajo Sketch Book, by Perceval, reviewed, 83 Negroes, served on U i n t a h frontier 12 years; 3 4 4 ; U . S . troops established Fort Duchesne, 344 Neslen, C. Clarence, K Z N dedication ceremonies, 138 Nevada's Key Pittman,

by Israel, reviewed, 172-73 Nevada's Turbulent Yesterday . . . a Study in Ghost Towns, by Ashbaugh, reviewed, 8 2 83 Newhouse, U t a h , description, 59, 61 Nine Mile Canyon, N u t t e r acquired, 2 4 5 ; picture of r a n c h in, 246 N u t t e r , K a t h e r i n e Fenton, chairman of board of N u t t e r Corporation, 2 5 1 , ed. note; children, 2 4 7 ; married, 2 4 6 ; picture, 246; president of N u t t e r Corporation, 251, ed. note Nutter, Preston, acquired Arizona Strip range, 2 4 3 - 4 4 ; acquired lease on Strawberry Valley, 2 4 1 - 4 2 ; acquired Nine Mile Canyon, 2 4 5 ; acquired range in U t a h , 2 3 6 3 7 ; acquired R a n g e Valley, 2 4 6 ; attitude toward grazing service, 2 4 0 ; attitude toward wild game, 2 5 0 ; affiliated with Grand Cattle Company, 2 3 9 ; arrived in U t a h , 2 3 4 ; biography, 2 3 2 - 5 1 ; born, 2 3 4 ; bought out partners of Strawberry Cattle Company, 2 4 5 ; brands, 226, 242, 2 4 6 ; brands picture, 2 2 5 ; breed of cattle, 2 4 7 ; business with Cleveland Cattle C o m p a n y , 2 3 7 - 3 9 ; children, 2 4 6 ; cowboys picture, 2 3 2 - 3 3 ; depression years of 1930's, 2 4 9 ; died, 233, 251 ; early life, 2 3 4 ; entered cattle business, 2 3 6 ; facsimile of receipt for cattle, 2 4 1 ; freighter, 2 3 5 - 3 6 ; h e a d q u a r t e r s , 246; hostler, 2 3 4 ; married, 2 4 7 ; obituary, 2 5 1 ; pictures, 228, 229, 234, 2 5 1 ; prospector, 2 3 4 3 5 ; sold personal holdings in U t a h , 2 4 2 ; testified against Alfred Packer, 234, 2 3 7 ;

INDEX

411

Crampton, C. Gregory, Historical Sites in Glen Canyon Mouth of Hansen Creek to Mouth of San Juan River, reviewed, 394— 9 5 ; "Military Reconnaissance in Southern U t a h , 1866," 1 4 5 - 6 1 ; The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the Colorado, review by, 1 6 9 - 7 1 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Fellow Award ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 385 Creer, Leland H , contributions to U t a h State Historical Society, 8 7 ; honored at U t a h State Historical Society Holiday Reception, 87 Crook, Brigadier General George, ordered establishment of Fort Thornburgh, 3 4 0 ; selected site for Fort Duchesne, 344 Crosby, Jr., Jesse W., member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Culmer Family, H.L.A., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 174—75 Culmsee, Carlton F., "Flimflam Frontier: Submarginal Land Development in U t a h , " 91-98

D Darby, John T., "Preston N u t t e r : U t a h Cattleman, 1886-1936," 232-51 Defense Depot Ogden, Chemical Supply Section activities, 107; construction, 102, 114, 116—17; cost of construction, 1 2 1 ; employment, 99, 104-5, 113, 116, 117 (table), 121; history, 9 9 - 1 2 1 ; Italian Service Unit, 110; Korean War activity, 1 1 3 - 1 6 ; M a chine Records and Training Section activities, 1 0 8 - 9 ; mission, 103, 112-13, 114, 118, 121; name changed, 100, 106, 113; Ordnance Supply Section activities, 107; pictures, 101, 105, 108-9, 115, 119; P O W camp constructed, 110; P O W work at, 1 1 0 1 1 ; Quartermaster Section activities, 1 0 5 6; reasons for selection of site, 101—2; Signal Supply Section activities, 1 0 6 - 7 ; site, 1 0 0 - 1 ; size, 101, 103, 1 2 1 ; staff, 100; Transportation Supply Section activities, 108; World War I I activities, 103-12 Democratic Convention ( 1 9 1 2 ) , proceedings, 5 3 - 5 5 ; U t a h State platform, 4 6 ; Woodrow Wilson nominated candidate, 55 Dennett, Thomas, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Deseret Chemical Depot, see Deseret Depot Activity Deseret Depot Activity, construction, 37, 3 8 ; employees, 3 8 ; history, 3 7 - 3 8 ; Korean W a r activity, 3 8 ; location, 3 7 ; purpose, 3 7 ; transfer to Tooele Ordnance Depot, 38 Deseret Livestock Company, brands, 226; picture of brands, 225 Deseret News Building, site for U t a h ' s first radio station, 132; station constructed, 135 Donors, see U t a h State Historical Society Donors D r u r y , Clifford M e r r i l l , ed., First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, reviewed, 81-82 Dry Farming, used in land promotion schemes, 94

Dugway Proving Ground, air strip constructed, 3 5 ; biological weapons research, 4 1 ; construction, 3 4 - 3 5 , 3 9 ; deactivated, 3 7 ; ecological systems survey, 4 0 ; economic contribution, 4 3 ; electrical problems, 3 6 ; history, 3 2 - 4 3 ; Korean War activities, 3 8 - 4 0 ; location, 33—34; pictures, 33, 4 2 ; purpose, 36; radioactive material tested, 4 1 ; reactivated, 3 8 ; size, 34; testing activities, 40— 4 2 ; U.S. Army CBR Weapons Orientation Course, 4 2 ; water problems, 3 5 - 3 6 ; World War II activities, 36-37 Dugway Mountains, named, 34; use by early pioneers, 34

E Echo Canyon Grist Mill, gift to U t a h State University, 408 Egan, Howard, drove cattle herd to California, 183 Ekker, Barbara Baldwin, "Freighting on the Colorado River: Reminiscences of Virgil Fay Baldwin," 122-29 E l l s w o r t h , S. G e o r g e , Overland in 1846: Diaries and Letters of the California-Oregon Trail, review by, 393—94 Ely, Nevada, description, 65—68; pictures, 66, 67 Escalante River, named, 154, f.n. 1 1 ; picture, 155 Escalante Valley, description, 9 2 - 9 3 , 96 Eureka, Nevada, description, 69—70 Evans, William A., picture, 4 0 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society S t u d e n t Award, 405

F Fabian, Harold P., received U t a h State Historical Society Honorary Life Membership Award ( 1 9 6 3 ) , 385 Fabian, Josephine O , The Jackson's Hole Story: An historical novel set in the Grand Teton Mountains of Wyoming, reviewed, 171 Fallon, Nevada, 6 0 ; description, 75 Faust, Henry J., imported pure-bred cattle to U t a h , 194, 196; picture, 194 Federal Installations, employment at, 9 9 ; military fort locations, 330; reasons for locating military forts, 330; U t a h territorial officials recommend establishment of military forts, 332-33 Fifty Years on the Trail: A True Story of Western Life. The Adventures of John Young Nelson as described to Harrington O' Reilly, by Worcester, reviewed, 167—68 First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, ed., Drury, reviewed, 8 1 .

Fishes of Utah, by Sigler and Miller, reviewed, 396-97 Fish, Joseph, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Ford, Alfred, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Forms and Methods of Early Mormon Settlement in Utah and the Surrounding Region, 1847 to 1877, by Ricks, reviewed, 395-96

412 Fort Hall: Gateway to the Oregon Country,

by Robertson, reviewed, 171—72 Fort Bridger, abandoned, 345—46 Fort Cameron, abandoned, 337; activities of soldiers, 336; converted to academy, 338; cost of, 335; description, 334—35; established, 333-34; freighting, 335; history, 332—39; named, 334; number of men who served (table), 337; occupied, 330; pictures, 338, 339; reasons for establishment of, 332—33; relationship with townspeople, 336—37; sold, 338; supplies, 335; see also Murdock Academy Fort Douglas, location, 330; occupied, 330 Fort Duchesne, abandoned, 353; construction, 345; economic impact of, 346—48; established, 344; freighting, 348; history, 343—54; Indian Service operations consolidated at, 354; map of reservation, 347; number of men who served (table), 353; occupied, 330; pictures, 342-43, 350-51; reason for establishing, 343—44 Fort Steele, abandoned, 345 Fort Thornburgh, abandoned, 342—43; construction, 341; disposition of land, 342; freighting, 342; history, 340-43; location of, 340—4 i ; map showing location of, 341; named, 3 4 0 ; occupied, 3 3 0 ; road constructed from, 341-42; size of, 341 Fox, Feramorz Y., died, 357; "Experiment in Utopia: The United Order of Richfield, 1874-1877," 355-80; picture, 356 Freeman, Woodruff John, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 160 Frisco, Utah, description, 59, 61 Froiseth's New Sectional and Mineral Map of Utah (1878), gift to Utah State Historical Society, 408 Fullmer, Nathan O., business manager of Deseret News, 132; established Radio Station KZN, 132-39; picture, 132

Gardner, B. Delworth, "Livestock and the Public Lands," 285-300 Gardner, William, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 160 Gifts, see Utah State Historical Society Donors Gillies, Richard E., resigned as board member of Utah State Historical Society, 382 Glade, Earl J., association with radio, 142 Godbe, Hampton O , gift to Utah State Historical Society, 408 Gold Camp: Alder Gulch and Virginia City, Montana, by Barsness, reviewed, 165 Gordon, W. E. "Latigo," Carlisle Company foreman, 274; "typical" cowboy, 274 Gould, George, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 160 Grand Cattle Company, formed, 239; Nutter bought out partners, 239 Granger-Thye Act, provisions, 290 Grant, Heber J., dedication of Radio Station KZN, 137-39; picture, 131 Grant, Mrs. Heber J., dedication of Radio Station KZN, 137-39; picture, 131 Grass Valley, description, 158—59 Grazing, service for Utah initiated, 250

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Great Day in the West: Forts, Posts, and Rendezvous Beyond the Mississippi, by Ruth, reviewed, 164—65 Greever, William S., The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 1848-1900, reviewed, 8 1 ; Treasure Hill: Portrait of a Silver Mining Camp, review by, 162 Grivas, Theodore, Military Governments in California, 1846—1850, with a chapter on their prior use in Louisiana, Florida and New Mexico, reviewed, 162—64 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, provisions concerning land, 199 A Guide to the Manuscript Collections of the Bancroft Library, by Morgan and Hammond, reviewed, 83—84

H Hall of Relics, erected, 324 Hafen, Ann W., First White Women Over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission who made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, review by, 81-82 Hamblin, Jacob, brand of, 222 Hamilton, Nevada, description, 59, 69 Hammond, George P., ed., A Guide to the Manuscript Collection of the Bancroft Library, reviewed, 83-84 Hance, Irma Watson, Johnston, Connor and the Mormons: An Outline of Military History in Northern Utah, reviewed, 84-85 Haskell, Thales Hasting, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 160 Hawkins, C a p t a i n H. S., established Fort Thornburgh, 340 Heath Family, Henry O., gift to Utah State Historical Society, 175 Henrieville Creek, 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance camped, 151 Fline, Robert V., The Bonanza West: The Story of the Western Mining Rushes, 18481900, review by, 81 Historical Markers, picture, 386; revision of, 386 Historical Sites in Glen Canyon Mouth of Hansen Creek to Mouth of San Juan River,

by Crampton, reviewed, 394—95 Homestead Act (1862), provisions, 286 Home, Flora Bean, secretary of Utah State Historical Society, 325 Flouston, John, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 160 Hudson, Spud, cattleman in Upper Basin, 269; headquarters, 269 Huffaker, Granville W., moved cattle operations, 183 Hunt, Jefferson, cattle buying expedition, 183 Hunter, Archibald, papers donated to Utah State Historical Society, 408 Hyde, Florence Ivins, gift to Utah State Historical Society, 407 Independent Historical Societies: An enquiry into their research and publication functions and their financial future, by Whitehill, reviewed, 397-99

413

INDEX "I Will Fight No More Forever"': Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War, by Beal, reviewed, 168 Indian Creek Company, Scorup brothers bought, 313 Indians, allotment of land unsuccessful, 3 5 1 ; conflicts, 145, 152, 2 7 6 - 7 8 , 331, 332, 3 3 9 40, 343-44, 3 4 8 - 4 9 ; disliked Negro soldiers, 344, f.n. 3 6 ; new reservation created, 340; removal to U i n t a h Reservation, 332, 340; Uintah and U n c o m p a h g r e agencies consolidated, 340 Insane Asylum, appropriation in 1896, 27 lone, Nevada, description, 74 Isom, George, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Israel, Fred L., Nevada's Key Pittman, reviewed, 172-73 Iverson, j . G r a n t , picture, 3 9 1 ; " T h e President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1963— 1964," 381-90 Ivins, Anthony W., dedication of Radio Station K Z N , 138; owner-manager of Mohave Cattle Company, 2 4 3 - 4 4 ; N u t t e r bought out, 244

J The Jackson's Hole Story: An historical novel set in the Grand Teton Mountains of Wyoming, by Fabian, reviewed, 174 Jackson, W. Turrentine, Treasure Hill: Portrait of a Silver Mining Camp, reviewed, 162 Jacob's Crossing, location, 159 Jacobson, Pearl F., " U t a h ' s First Radio Station," 130-44 Jennings, William, imported shorthorns, 193; model steer Perfection, 1 9 3 ; Pembroke Market advertisement concerning Perfection, 193 Jenson, Andrew, letter to governor congratulating U t a h on statehood, 31 Johnson Canyon, see Spring Canyon Johnson, Lyndon B., brand, 2 1 8 ; picture of brand, 225 Johnston, Connor and the Mormons: An Outline of Military History in Northern Utah,

by Hance a n d Warr, reviewed, 84—85 Jonas, Frank E., Westward Tilt: The American West Today, review by, 400 Jones, A. M., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408

K Kaibab Plateau, description, 1 4 9 - 5 0 ; name applied to Buckskin Mountain, 150, f.n. 3 K a n a b , description, 149 Kanarraville, 151 T h e Kansas a n d New Mexico Land and Cattle Company, Limited, acquired land and cattle in U t a h , 192; breed of cattle up-graded, 274; ceased operations, 294; facsimile of agreement with Carlisles, 2 8 3 ; holdings, 270, 2 7 1 - 7 2 ; organized, 270 Kelly, Charles, gifts to U t a h State Historical Society, 175; Tom Horn, Man of the West, review by, 166 Kelson, Virginia, picture, 4 0 5 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Service Award, 405

K F P T , see K S L K i n g s b u r y , I l e n e H . , The Jackson's Hole Story: An historical novel set in the Great Teton Mountains of Wyoming, review by, 171 Kletting, Richard K. A., m o n u m e n t erected, 386; mountain peak named after, 386 Knell, Benjamin, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Knowlden, Robert E., picture, 6 0 ; trip over Lincoln Highway from Salt Lake City to San Francisco, 57—79 K S L , affiliated with C.B.S., 143; affiliated with N.B.C., 142; history, 1 3 0 - 4 4 ; location, 143, 144; n a m e changed, 142; pictures, 136, 143; sold, 142; " U t a h ' s First Radio Station," 130-44 K Z N see K S L Lake Tahoe, California, description, 76 Lambert, Neal, "Al Scorup: Cattleman of the Canyons," 301—20 Land, attempts to regulate cattle and sheep differences, 2 0 2 - 5 ; conflicts over, 2 0 4 ; federal government controls grazing on, 290; federal government diminished public domain, 200; fees charged for grazing, 290; fence picture, 2 1 2 ; fencing and stray laws, 2 1 1 - 1 6 ; forage depletion, 2 9 1 - 9 2 ; Homestead Act ( 1 8 6 2 ) , 286; "Livestock and the Public Lands," 2 8 5 - 3 0 0 ; M o r m o n settler attitude toward conflict over, 200; public land policy, 286-87 ; number of cattle grazing on public (1924, 1930, 1940), 290, (1950, 1963), 2 9 1 ; number of sheep grazing on public (1924, 1930, 1940), 290, (1950, 1963), 2 9 1 ; ownership of land in U t a h ( t a b l e ) , 2 8 8 ; rangeland picture, 289, 299; range laws, 1 9 9 - 2 0 5 ; recreational use of public, 2 9 2 - 9 4 ; reseeded dust bowl picture, 2 9 1 ; reseeded forest and rangeland picture, 2 8 5 ; stock raising homestead law ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 2 8 6 ; Taylor Grazing Act, 2 0 0 ; territorial control over public, 2 0 0 ; territorial governors urged law to give secure title to stockmen, 2 0 2 ; see also U . S . Bureau of L a n d Management, U.S. Grazing Service, U . S . Forest Service Land, Submarginal, "Flimflam Frontier: Submarginal Land Development in U t a h , " 91— 9 8 ; methods of selling, 95, 9 6 ; new approaches to selling today, 9 8 ; pictures of signs to promote purchase of, 96, 9 7 ; promotional slogans, 9 1 ; propaganda publications concerning, 94—95 Larsen, Wesley P., Fishes of Utah, review by, 396-97 Larson, Gustive O., picture, 4 0 5 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Fellow Award, 404 Lavender, David, Westward Vision: The Story of the Oregon Trail, reviewed, 166—67 Law, Ethel, picture, 4 0 5 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Teacher Award, 405 Lee, John D., tried for M o u n t a i n Meadows massacre, 336 Liebler, H . B., Navahos Have Five Fingers, review by, 168-69

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

414 Lincoln Highway, description, 5 8 ; doomed, 5 8 ; m a p , 7 2 - 7 3 ; pictures, 57, 6 4 ; trip from Salt Lake City to San Francisco, 57—79 Lindstrom, Gaell, A Navajo Sketch Book, review by, 83 Logan, description ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 20 The Look of the West, 1860: Across the Plains to California, by Burton, reviewed, 392—93 Loose, Charles E., picture, 5 3 ; Republican Convention chairman ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 4 7 ; R e p u b lican national committeeman, 5 0 ; resigned, 52

M Madsen, Brigham D., Fort Hall: Gateway to the Oregon Country, review by, 171—72 M a w , D . N., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Maxfield, Elijah H., m e m b e r of the 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 May, D e a n Lowe, picture, 4 0 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society S t u d e n t Award, 405 Meeker Massacre, reason it occurred, 339—40 Meeks, William, m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Michael Army Airfield, constructed at D u g way, 35 Military Governments in California, 1846— 1850, with a chapter on their prior use in Louisiana, Florida and New Mexico, by Grivas, reviewed, 162—64 Military, "Military Reconnaissance in Southern U t a h , 1866," 1 4 5 - 6 1 ; "Sentinels on the Desert: T h e Dugway Proving G r o u n d ( 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 6 3 ) a n d Deseret Chemical Depot ( 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 5 5 ) , " 3 2 - 4 3 ; " S u p p l y H u b of the West: Defense Depot O g d e n , 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 6 4 , " 99-121 ; "The Utah Military Frontier, 1 8 7 2 - 1 9 1 2 : Forts C a m e r o n , T h o r n b u r g h , and Duchesne," 330-54 Miller, Robert R., Fishes of Utah, reviewed, 396-97 Minerly, Albert, m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Monticello, cowboy participation at celebration at, 281 M o r g a n , Dale L., ed., A Guide to the Manuscript Collection of the Bancroft Library, reviewed, 83—84; ed., Overland in 1846: Diaries and Letters of the California-Oregon Trail, reviewed, 3 9 3 - 9 4 M o r g a n , George F., m a n a g e r Wyoming Heref o r d C a t t l e A s s o c i a t i o n , 1 9 5 ; o w n e r of "mighty R u d o l p h , " 195 M o r g a n , Neil, Westward Tilt: The American West Today, reviewed, 400 Mormons, attitude toward establishment of military posts, 3 3 1 ; authorized cattle buying expedition, 1 8 3 ; cattle brought to Salt Lake Valley, 182; relations with cowboys, 281-84 Morrill, H o r a t i o , member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 M o u n t a i n M e a d o w s M a s s a c r e , a t t e m p t to bring perpetrators to justice, 3 3 3 ; J o h n D .

Lee trial, 336 M u l d e r , William, Our Country, review by, 399-400

M u r d o c k Academy, began, 3 3 8 ; discontinued, 3 3 9 ; L.D.S. C h u r c h took over, 3 3 9 ; pictures, 3 3 1 , 3 3 4 ; recreation center, 339, ed. note

Mc McCleve, Joseph S., member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 McCoy, W. O , built and operated coke ovens at Tucker, 2 4 8 ; died, 2 4 7 ; N u t t e r lieutenant, 247 M c F a t e , Henry, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 M c G r e g o r , W i l l i a m O , m e m b e r of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 M c l n t y r e R a n c h , b r a n d s , 2 2 6 ; p i c t u r e of brands, 2 2 5 ; picture of ranch, 189; picture of range, 187; picture of summer ranch, 196 M c l n t y r e , Samuel, began ranching operations, 185 M c l n t y r e , William, began ranching operations, 185

N National Broadcasting Company, formed, 142; K S L affiliated with, 142 Navahos Have Five Fingers, by Allen, reviewed, 168—69 A Navajo Sketch Book, by Perceval, reviewed, 83 Negroes, served on U i n t a h frontier 12 years; 344; U . S . troops established Fort Duchesne, 344 Neslen, C. Clarence, K Z N dedication ceremonies, 138 Nevada's Key Pittman,

by Israel, reviewed, 172-73 Nevada's Turbulent Yesterday . . . a Study in Ghost Towns, by Ashbaugh, reviewed, 82— 83 Newhouse, U t a h , description, 59, 61 Nine Mile Canyon, N u t t e r acquired, 2 4 5 ; picture of r a n c h in, 246 Nutter, K a t h e r i n e Fenton, chairman of board of N u t t e r Corporation, 2 5 1 , ed. n o t e ; children, 2 4 7 ; married, 2 4 6 ; picture, 2 4 6 ; president of N u t t e r Corporation, 2 5 1 , ed. note Nutter, Preston, acquired Arizona Strip range, 2 4 3 - 4 4 ; acquired lease on Strawberry Valley, 241—42; acquired Nine Mile Canyon, 2 4 5 ; acquired range in U t a h , 2 3 6 3 7 ; acquired R a n g e Valley, 2 4 6 ; attitude toward grazing service, 2 4 0 ; attitude toward wild game, 2 5 0 ; affiliated with G r a n d Cattle Company, 2 3 9 ; arrived in U t a h , 2 3 4 ; biography, 2 3 2 - 5 1 ; born, 2 3 4 ; bought out partners of Strawberry Cattle Company, 2 4 5 ; brands, 226, 242, 2 4 6 ; brands picture, 2 2 5 ; breed of cattle, 2 4 7 ; business with Cleveland C a t t l e Company, 2 3 7 - 3 9 ; children, 2 4 6 ; cowboys picture, 2 3 2 - 3 3 ; depression years of 1930's, 2 4 9 ; died, 233, 251 ; early life, 2 3 4 ; entered cattle business, 236; facsimile of receipt for cattle, 2 4 1 ; freighter, 2 3 5 - 3 6 ; headquarters, 2 4 6 ; hostler, 2 3 4 ; married, 2 4 7 ; obituary, 2 5 1 ; pictures, 228, 229, 234, 2 5 1 ; prospector, 2 3 4 3 5 ; sold personal holdings in U t a h , 242; testified against Alfred Packer, 234, 237;

INDEX trouble with sheepmen, 249; U.S. government consultant, 248, 249, 250

O'Donnel, Mike, cattleman in U p p e r Basin, 269 O'Donnel, Pat, cattleman in U p p e r Basin, 269 Ogden Arsenal, closed, 120 Ogden City, description ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 19-20 Oil, drilling on the Colorado River, 1 2 2 - 2 9 ; Frank Shafer No. 1 oil well, 126; pictures of Frank Shafer No. 1, 127 Oliver, William E., picture, 6 0 ; "Pilgrimage on Wheels," 57-79 Olson, Earl E., Forms and Methods of Early Mormon Settlement in Utah and the Surrounding Region, 1847 to 1877, review by, 395-96 Ordal, Rolf W., Military Governments in California, 1846—1850, with a chapter on their prior use in Louisiana, Florida and New Mexico, review by, 163—64 Ottinger Family, Martin, gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Our Country, by Strong, reviewed, 399-400 Overland in 1846: Diaries and Letters of the California-Oregon Trail, ed., Morgan, reviewed, 393-94 Oviatt, Alton B., Westward Vision: The Story of the Oregon Trail, review by, 166-67

Pace, Eli N., member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Packer, Alfred, guide, 235; man eater, 2 3 5 ; prosecuted for crime, 235, 237 Pah Rear Basin, description, 150 Paine, Lauran, Tom Horn, Man of the West, reviewed, 166 Paria Amphitheater, description, 150, f.n. 5 Park, John R., first state superintendent of Public Instruction, 13 Parry, Edward, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Perceval, Don, A Navajo Sketch Book, reviewed, 83 Perpetual Emigrating Fund, received funds from sale of stray or forfeited animals, 215 Peters, , cattleman in U p p e r Basin, 269 Peterson, Levi S., " T h e Development of U t a h Livestock Law, 1848-1896," 198-216 Peterson, Virgil V., Johnston, Connor and the Mormons: An Outline of Military History in Northern Utah, review by, 84—85 Petty, George, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Pinckney, O r d e S., Nevada's Key Pittman, review by, 172—73 Pinney, Charles, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Pipe Springs Plateau, descriptions, 148, 149,

f.n. 2 The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the Colorado, by Porter, reviewed, 169—71 Poll, Richard D., "A State is Born," 9-31 Pollock, Hiram, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Pony Express, station, 34

415 Porter, Eliot, The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the Colorado, reviewed, 169—71 Posey Lake, picture, 157 Posey U t e ( I n d i a n ) , incident with Al Scorup, 317-18 Potatoe Valley, 150, 154; settled, 154, f.n. 11 Potter, Gardner, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Price, Jr., Howard O , appointed board member of U t a h State Historical Society, 382, 4 0 6 ; biography, 4 0 6 - 7 ; picture, 407 Price, Virginia N., president of Nutter Corporation, 251, ed. n o t e ; "Preston N u t t e r : U t a h Cattleman, 1886-1936," 232-51 Prince, Francis, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Proctor, Minerva, gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Provo, description ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 20 Public Domain, see Land Purdy, William, gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 4 0 7 - 8 Radio, brief history of early, 130; K Z N dedic a t i o n c e r e m o n i e s , 1 3 7 - 3 9 ; l o c a t i o n of K Z N , 135; number of stations in U t a h ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 144; pictures concerning, 131, 136, 1 4 1 , 1 4 3 ; U t a h ' s first b r o a d c a s t , 1 3 1 ; "Utah's First Radio Station," 130—44; see also K S L Rains, L. F., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Range Valley, Nutter acquired, 246 Rasmussen, Mrs. George, gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 4 0 7 - 8 Ray, Tom, first cattleman in U p p e r Basin, 269 Recreation, hunters in U t a h , 2 9 3 ; outdoor facilities expanded, 2 9 3 - 9 4 ; use of public lands, 292-94 Redd. Charles, described catching wild cattle, 255 Redd Ranches, brands, 226; picture of brands, 225 Redd, Lemuel H., member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Remuda, picture, 238 Republican Convention ( 1 9 1 2 ) , proceedings, 4 8 - 5 2 ; U t a h State platform, 4 9 ; William Howard Taft nominated candidate, 52 Republican party, Mormon Church support, 28 Reusser, Marguerite Sinclair, appointed secretary U t a h State Historical Society, 326; " I n M e m o r i a m : J. Cecil Alter, 1879-1964," 323-29 Richards, Franklin D., cattle brand, 220; picture of brand, 225 Richards, George, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Richardson, Robert, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Richfield, abandoned, 357; chapter of U t a h State Flistorical Society begun, 3 8 2 - 8 3 ; "Experiment in U t o p i a : T h e United O r d e r of Richfield, 1874-1877," 3 5 5 - 7 9 ; pictures, 368, 3 7 4 - 7 5 ; population ( 1 8 7 4 ) , 357; settled, 357 ; United Order organized, 359

416 Ricks, Joel Edward, contributions to U t a h State Historical Society, 8 7 ; Forms and Methods of Early Mormon Settlement in Utah and the Surrounding Region, 1847 to 1877, reviewed, 3 9 5 - 9 6 ; gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 175; honored at U t a h State Historical Society Holiday Reception, 87 Riepetown, Nevada, description, 59, 68 Riggs, William, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Robb, Thomas, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Roberts, N . Keith, "Livestock a n d the Public L a n d s , " 285-300 Robertson, Frank O , Fort Hall: Gateway to the Oregon Country, reviewed, 171—72 Rogers, Clarence, described discomforts chasing wild cattle, 257; described capturing wild cattle, 2 5 8 - 5 9 Rogers, J o h n D., described a t t e m p t to capture a wild cow, 265—67; described drive for wild cattle, 2 6 1 - 6 3 ; described leading and driving wild cattle, 2 5 9 ; described roping wild cattle, 258 Roosevelt, Theodore, candidate for Republican nomination for president ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 45— 56 Rowley, T h o m a s , member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Ruggs, Frederick Dickerson, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 R u t h , K e n t , Great Day in the West: Forts, Posts, and Rendezvous Beyond the Mississippi, reviewed, 164—65 Rydalch, W. O , imported shorthorns, 194

Salt Lake City, description ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 19; pictures, 18, 23, 25 Salt Lake City and County Building, picture, cover, No. 1 Salt Lake Tabernacle, picture, 15; Statehood Day Program ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 15-17 Say, J o h n , member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Saunders, B. F., claimed water holes on Arizona Strip, 2 4 3 ; N u t t e r bought out, 244 Savage, M a r y a n n , picture, 4 0 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Student Award, 406 Schock, Dr. W. H., copy of diary (1871— 1930) donated to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Scorup, Elmira H u m p h r y s , children, 3 1 2 ; died, 3 1 3 ; married, 312 Scorup, E m m a Bayles, children, 312; died, 3 1 9 ; married, 309 Scorup, Jim, children, 3 1 2 ; died, 3 1 3 ; home 3 1 2 ; joined brother in cattle business, 3 0 5 ; married, 312; picture, 3 0 3 ; rediscovered a n d helped name natural bridges in Bridges N a t u r a l M o n u m e n t , 308 Scorup, J o h n Albert "Al," attended school, 3 0 9 ; biography, 3 0 1 - 2 0 ; bought Bluff Pool Cattle Company, 3 1 1 ; bought Indian Creek Company, 3 1 3 ; brand, 3 1 2 ; brother joined in cattle venture, 3 0 5 ; cattle venture failing, 310, 3 1 4 - 1 5 ; character, 3 1 7 ; charge of Salina Grazing Company, 3 0 2 ; children,

U T A H H I S T O R I C A L QUARTERLY 3 1 2 ; Colorado River crossed with cattle, 3 0 5 - 6 ; competition, 3 0 9 ; description, 315, 318; died, 3 2 0 ; facsimile of receipt, 3 1 0 ; formed Scorup-Somerville Cattle Company, 3 1 5 ; home, 3 1 2 ; married, 309, 319; offices held, 320, f.n. 70; pictures, 302, 3 0 3 ; purchased pure-blooded Herefords, 3 1 1 ; sold White Canyon-Wooden Shoe interests, 3 1 3 ; stroke, 3 2 0 ; water problem, 307; worked for Bluff Pool, 309, 3 1 0 - 1 1 ; worked for Claude Sanford, 302, 304 Scorup, L a u r a , married, 319 Scorup-Somerville Cattle Company, brands, 224—26; formed, 3 1 5 ; pictures of brands, 2 2 5 ; picture of cowboys, 3 1 9 ; new management, 320 ; range area, 315 Seegmiller, Glen W., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Seegmiller, William A., diaries donated to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Seegmiller, William H., connected with Richfield U n i t e d Order, 360, 376 Sheep, conflicts with cattle interests, 204, 249, 278-81 Shelly, Ronald V a u g h a n , picture, 4 0 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Student Award, 406 Sigler, William F., Fishes of Utah, reviewed, 396-97 Slade, William, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Smith a n d Larsen Mercantile Company, records donated to U t a h State Historical Society, 4 0 7 - 8 Smith, George Albert, cattle brand, 2 1 9 - 2 0 ; dedication of R a d i o Station K Z N , 1 3 8 - 3 9 ; picture, 131 Smithson, Lehi, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Smoot, Reed, picture, 5 2 ; Republican Convention ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 50-52 Snow, Erastus, letter concerning the 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 1 6 1 ; letters ( 1 8 5 1 - 1 8 8 8 ) donated to U t a h State Historical Society, 407 Snow, M a h o n r i , member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Sonne, Conway B., The City of the Saints: And Across the Rocky Mountains to California, review by, 392—94; The Look of the West, 1860: Across the Plains to California, review by, 392—93 The Southern Cheyennes, by Berthrong, reviewed, 8 0 - 8 1 Southern U t a h , Indian conflict, 145; map of 1866 military reconnaissance, 147; "Milit a r y R e c o n n a i s s a n c e in S o u t h e r n U t a h , 1866," 145—61; settlements abandoned, 145 South Valley Canal Company, records donated to U t a h State Historical Society, 407-8 Spring Canyon, J o h n D . Lee lived in, 150, f.n. 4 Stout diaries, Hosea, progress toward publication, 3 8 3 - 8 4 Stratton, J a m e s A., member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Strawberry Cattle Company, formed, 242; Nutter bought, 245

INDEX

417

S t r a w b e r r y V a l l e y , N u t t e r a c q u i r e d lease, 2 4 1 - 4 2 ; Nutter lost lease, 244; stocked range, 242-43 Strong, Josiah, Our Country, reviewed, 3 9 9 400 Sturges, Philip C , 'T Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War, review by, 168 Sullivan, Archibald, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Sullivan, Paul, association with U t a h State Historical Society, 382; brief biography, 176; died, 176, 382 ; picture, 176 Swartz, Elayne, gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 408 Swinney, H . J., Independent Historical Societies: An enquiry into their research and publication functions and their financial future, review by, 397—99

Tabernacle Choir, first broadcast, 142—43; oldest continuing program on radio, 143 Taft, William Howard, nominated as candidate for president, 5 2 ; picture, 4 4 ; " T h e Taft Victory in U t a h in 1912," 4 5 - 5 6 Talmage, James E., president of University of U t a h ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 27 Taylor Family, George H., gift to U t a h State Historical Society, 175 Taylor Grazing Act, cattlemen's attitude toward, 250; intent, 2 9 4 - 9 5 ; passed, 200; provisions, 286-87, 297, 298 Thomas, Charles John, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 160 Thompson, James Brigham, member of 1866 southern U t a h reconnaissance, 161 Thornburgh, Major Thomas T., killed, 340 Tintic Ranch, begun, 185 Tom Horn, Man of the West, by Paine, reviewed, 166 Treasure Hill: Portrait of a Silver Mining Camp, by Jackson, reviewed, 162 Tyler, S. Lyman, A Guide to the Manuscript Collection of the Bancroft Library, review by, 83-84

u U i n t a h County, population ( 1 9 1 0 ) , 353 U i n t a h Reservation, established, 332 ; minerals discovered on, 349; opened to settlement, 350; portion released to the public domain, 349 Union Catalogue of Published Works on Mormons and Mormonism, progress on, 384-85 United Order, established, 3 5 5 ; objectives, 355, 356; types, 355-56 United Order of Richfield, capital, 3 6 3 ; difficulties in accumulating capital, 369—71; disaffection, 3 7 5 ; dissolution, 3 7 8 - 8 0 ; "Experiment in U t o p i a : T h e United O r d e r of Richfield, 1874-1877," 3 5 5 - 8 0 ; incorporated, 3 6 3 ; organized, 359; participants, 360; policies and principles, 366—69; problems of planning, 372—78; property value, 360—61; qualifications for admission, 360, 3 7 1 - 7 2 ; shares, 3 6 3 ; work-day, 362

United Order of Sevier Stake, organized, 358 United States Bureau of Land Management, activities involved in, 298—99; established, 294; functions, 2 9 4 - 9 5 ; history in U t a h , 2 9 4 - 9 8 ; origin, 287; price of permits, 297; see also United States Grazing Service United States Forest Service, act providing for recreational use of forest reserves, 292; created, 2 8 7 ; forest reserves established, 288—89; forest reserves in U t a h ( t a b l e ) , 289; hunting in forest reserves, 2 9 3 ; largest grazing permit ever issued by, 3 1 5 ; picture of national forest, 2 9 3 ; recreational facilities in national forests, 2 9 3 ; use of national forests, 294; visitors to national forests, 293 United States General Land Office, established, 294 United States Grazing Service, combined with Bureau of L a n d Management, 294; established, 294; establishment of grazing districts ( t a b l e ) , 297; grazing districts established, 296; hearings concerning establishment of grazing districts, 295—96; see also United States Bureau of Land Management University of U t a h , operations ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 26-27 U t a h , constitutional conventions, 10; elected officials ( 1 8 9 6 ) , 13, f.n. 7; facsimile of newspaper proclaiming statehood, 6; first governor of state of, 12; geographic comparisons 1964 with 1896, 304; picture of constitutional convention delegates ( 1 8 9 5 ) , 1 1 ; president signed official proclamation of statehood, 13; provisions of constitution of state of, 12; "A State is Born," 9-31 ; statehood achieved, 9; " U t a h After Statehood," 3-8 U t a h G e n e r a l D e p o t , see D e f e n s e D e p o t Ogden Utah Historical Quarterly, cattle issue, 3 8 3 ; mining issue, 3 8 3 ; new format, 3 8 3 ; publication began, 325 U t a h State Archives, activities, 176, 389 archivist hired, 388; microfilming, 390, 407 Military Records Section operations, 390 new holdings, 4 0 7 ; picture of staff, 389 proposed building, 389; records disposed of, 389 U t a h State Historical Society Donors, 1 7 4 75, 4 0 7 - 8 U t a h State Historical Society, act regarding ( 1 9 1 7 ) , 3 2 4 - 2 5 ; annual awards, 4 0 4 - 5 ; annual dinner picture, 3 8 1 ; annual holiday r e c e p t i o n , 385 ; a n n u a l m e e t i n g , 404—5 ; financial report (table), 3 9 1 ; founded, 324; gifts to, 174-75, 4 0 7 - 8 ; historic trek, 3 8 5 86 : Howard C. Price named board member, 406; picture of staff, 3 8 8 - 8 9 ; "President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1963-1964," 3 8 1 - 9 0 ; statehood day celebration, 8 7 - 8 8 ; student awards, 4 0 5 - 6 ; study committee formed, 174 U t a h State Historical Society Library, books catalogued, 387; needs, 3 8 8 ; operation, 387; picture of staff, 388 U t a h State Historical Society Mansion, pictures, 384; repair of, 385 U t a h State University, received federal grant, 27 Ute Trail, Indian trail, 151, f.n. 5

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

418 V The Valley of the Great Salt Lake, reprinted, 383

W Waldo, Ruth, gift to Utah State Historical Society, 175 Walker, Don D., "The Carlisles: Cattle Barons of the Upper Basin," 268-84; "The Cattle Industry of Utah, 1850-1900: An Historical Profile," 182-97; "The Taft Victory in Utah in 1912," 45-56 Wallace, William R., Democratic Convention chairman (1912), 47; Democratic national committeeman, 47 ; picture, 47 Wardle, Enoch, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 161 Wardsworth, George A., member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 161 Warr, Irene, Johnston, Connor and the Mormons: An Outline of Military History in Northern Utah, reviewed, 84—85 Wasatch Stakehouse, attempts to preserve, 387 Water Hole, picture, 279 Welliver, Marion, Nevada's Turbulent Yesterday . . . a Study in Ghost Towns, review by, 82-83 Wells, Daniel H., cattle brand, 220; picture of brand, 225 Wells, Heber M., first governor of the State of Utah, 12; inaugural address given by (1896), 16; picture, 29 Wells, Merle, Great Day in the West: Forts, Posts, and Rendezvous Beyond the Mississippi, review by, 164—65 Westward Tilt: The American West Today,

by Morgan, reviewed, 400 Westward Vision: The Story of the Oregon Trail, by Lavender, reviewed, 166-67 Wheat, Carl I., gift to Utah State Historical Society, 408 White Canyon, Scorup arrived in, 303 ; Scorup brothers domain, 308 Whitehill, Walter Muir, Independent Historical Societies: An enquiry into their research and publication functions and their financial future, reviewed, 397—99 White, John, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 161 Wilkins, Colonel John D., established Fort Cameron, 333—34 Williams, George, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 160

Williams, Harve, described discomforts in chasing wild cattle, 257; manager ScorupSomerville Cattle Company, 320; Scorup cowboy, 316 Wilson, Woodrow, Democratic candidate for presidency, 54; nominated as candidate for president, 55 Winsor, Walter, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 161 Wooden Shoe, named, 306 Wood, Samuell, member of 1866 southern Utah reconnaissance, 161 Woodruff, Wilford, sentiment regarding achievement of Utah statehood, 16 Woolley, Franklin Benjamin, biography, 146; picture, 149; "Report of Reconoitering Expedition Mouth of the Green River, 1866," 148-60 Wright, Mrs. E. G., gift to Utah State Historical Society, 408 Wyoming Hereford Cattle Association, extended operations into Utah, 273; organized, 195 ; Utah outlet of, 195 Yellowstone National Park, established, 287, 289 Young, Bill, described chasing wild cattle, 255—56; described methods to hold wild cattle, 261; described wild cattle drive and importance of cowboy ingenuity, 264—65 Young, Brigham, advice to cattle owners, 200; cattle brand, 219; expressed dissatisfaction with Richfield United Order, 376; expressed faith in United Order, 374-75; picture of brand, 225 Young, Joseph A., capital stock in United Order, 364; died, 359, 3 7 4 ; organized United Order of Sevier Stake, 358; presided over Sevier County, 358; president of United Order of Sevier Stake, 358, 359; property invested in Richfield United Order, 364; wealth acquired, 358 Young, Karl, Fifty Years on the Trail: A True Story of Western Life. The Adventures of John Young Nelson as described to Harrington O'Reilly, reviewed by, 167—68; "Wild Cows of the San Juan," 252-67 Young, Levi Edgar, association with Utah State Flistorical Society, 88, 381; died, 88, 381; picture, 88 Young Monument, Brigham, location of unveiling, 28; money raised, 28

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