Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 31, Number 4, 1963

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

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BOARD OF TRUSTEES j . GRANT IVERSON, Salt Lake City, 1967 President DELLO G. DAYTON, Ogden, 1965

Vice-President

JACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City, 1965 MRS. A. c. JENSEN, Sandy, 1967 JOEL E. RICKS, Logan, 1965

L. GLEN SNARR, Salt Lake City, 1967 EVERETT L. COOLEY, Salt Lake City Secretary

LAMONT F. TORONTO, Secretary of State

Ex officio

j. STERLING ANDERSON, Grantsville, 1967 S. LYMAN TYLER, PrOVO, 1965

LELAND H. CREER, Salt Lake City, 1965 RICHARD E. GILLIES, Cedar City, 1967

LEV! EDGAR YOUNG, Salt Lake City Honorary Life Member

ADMINISTRATION EVERETT L. COOLEY, Director

T. HAROLD JACOBSEN, State Archivist, Archives

JOHN JAMES, JR., Librarian

F. T. JOHNSON, Records Manager, Archives

MARGERY W. WARD, Associate Editor

R. w. INSCORE, Registrar, Military Records

IRIS SCOTT, Business Manager

The Utah State Historical Society is an organization devoted to the collection, preservation, and publication of Utah and related history. It was organized by public-spirited Utahns in 1897 for this purpose. In fulfillment of its objectives, the Society publishes the Utah Historical Quarterly, which is distributed to its members with payment of a $4.00 annual membership fee. The Society also maintains a specialized research library of books, pamphlets, photographs, periodicals, microfilms, newspapers, maps, and manuscripts. Many of these items have come to the library as gifts.

Donations are encouraged, for only through such means can the Utah State Historical Society live up to its responsibility of preserving the record of Utah's past.

The primary purpose of the Quarterly is the publication of manuscripts, photographs, and documents which relate or give a new interpretation to Utah's unique story. Contributions of writers are solicited for the consideration of the editor. However, the editor assumes no responsibility for the return of manuscripts unaccompanied by return postage. Manuscripts and material for publications should be sent to the editor.

The Utah State Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed by contributors.

The Utah Historical Quarterly is entered as second-class postage, paid at Salt Lake City, Utah. Copyright 1963, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah.

VOLUME 31

FALL, 1963

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NUMBER 4

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HISTORICAL QUARTERLY FOLKLORE AND LOCAL HISTORY

BY AUSTIN E. FIFE

315

WORLD'S LARGEST MILITARY RESERVE: WENDOVER AIR FORCE BASE, 1941-63

BY LEONARD J . ARRINGTON AND THOMAS G. ALEXANDER. . . . 3 2 4

THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1962-63

BY J . GRANT IVERSON

336

BRITISH IMPACT ON THE UTAH MINING INDUSTRY

BY W . TURRENTINE JACKSON

347

REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS

376

NEWS AND COMMENTS

391

An unusual display of "fol^" ingenuity is found in the rail fence which is located along Utah Highway 14 in southern

Utan.

EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR ART EDITOR

UTAH TOURIST AND PUBLICITY COUNCIL

Everett L. Cooley Margery W. Ward Roy J. Olsen

A Symposium of Opinions: Certain Aspects of L.D.S. Education with Suggestions for Maying it Less Theological and More Functional in Individual and Community Life, BY PARLEY A. CHRISTENSEN 376 BONER, H A R O L D A., The Giant's Ladder, David H. Moffat and his railroad,

BY ROBERT WEST HOWARD

377

MILLER, JOSEPH, New Mexico: A Guide to the Colorful State, BY ERNEST H. LINFORD

378

BURROUGHS, J O H N ROLFE, Where the Old West Stayed Young: The Remarkable History of Brown's Par\ Told for the First Time, Together with an Account of the Rise and Fall of the Range-Cattle Business in Northwestern Colorado and Southwestern Wyoming, and much about Cattle Barons, Sheep and Sheepmen, Forest Rangers, Range Wars, Long Riders, Paid Killers, and Other Bad Men, BY WILLIAM M. PURDY

BOOKS REVIEWED

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B A R T L E T T , RICHARD A., Great Surveys of the American West, BY LAWRENCE B. LEE 381 MILLER, JOSEPH, ED., Arizona Turbulent

Cavalcade: The

Times, BY DONALD ROBERT SCHELLIE. . .

382

MUSSER, ELLIS SHIPP, ED., The Early Autobiography and Diary of Ellis Reynolds Shipp, M.D.,

BY CLAIRE NOALL

383

H O W A R D , ROBERT WEST, The Great Iron Trail: The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad, BY DAVID H. MANN

384

STEWART, GEORGE R., The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes, BY DAVID E. MILLER. . 385 BRITT, ALBERT, Toward the Western Ocean: A Story of the Men Who Bridged the Continent, 1803-1869, BY BRICHAM D. MADSEN

386

LEE, W E S T O N A N D JEANNE, Torrent in the Desert, BY P. T. REILLY

386

ROBERTSON, FRANK C , A N D HARRIS, BETH KAY, Boom Towns of the Great Basin,

BY WILLIAM B. SMART

387

STIRLING, BETTY, Mission to the Navajo,

BY ALICE STEVENS MASON

388

FOLKLORE and LOCAL HISTORY

BY AUSTIN E. FIFE

The topic which your program chairman has given me, "Folklore and Local History," presents a challenge. And I am delighted to have had him propose it since it has stimulated me to define more accurately my role as a regional folklorist in relation to the role that you are playing as local historians in a score or more communities. Each community, I am sure, offers the most dramatic, the most adventuresome, and the most intense resources of local history that one could hope to find anywhere.

The first problem is to define the role of the local historian. Never having been such a person, I am in a better position than any of you to dive right in and make definitions which are so clear and so unequivocal that you will know exactly what your role is. "Folklorists" step in where "historians" fear to tread.

In defining this important mission of the local historian, I take my departure from the obvious truth that man is a gregarious animal, that he lives by choice in groups, and that the most obvious groups of human beings that live together do so in a definable geographic setting â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a locality. This process of group life involves a thousand devices whereby the efforts of each are combined with the efforts of all to form the whole life of a community. Among the most obvious Dr. Fife is chairman of the Department of Languages, Utah State University. A revival of the Utah Folklore Society, of which Dr. Fife is program chairm a n , is in progress and a regional meeting of the American Folklore Society, co-sponsored by the Utah State Historical Society, was held in July at Utah State University. This article appeared in the Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Conference of California Historical Societies, and is reprinted with the editor's permission.

AUSTIN E. FIFE

An interesting area of research for the folhjorist is the study of how farmers used their ingenuity to meet the problems they faced. In the matter of fencing property, all types of fences resulted, dependent upon the reason for the fence, the materials available, and the \now-how of the individual. Two examples of fences found in different areas are the "horse and rider" fence (upper photograph) and the "rip gut" fence (lower photograph).

UTAH TOURIST AND PUBLICITY COUNCIL

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of these are the co-operative solution of economic problems, the problems of transportation and communication, and all of those areas which have to do with the material advantages that we enjoy as a result of our group endeavors. However, the concept of "locality" would be indeed an empty thing if aspects of material culture alone were involved. As a matter of fact, these material and economic activities are in a sense only the means to an end, the end being the gregarious life of man as a member of the group. The activities of church, school, or club; confidences exchanged at the billiard or bridge table; the mutual celebration of a graduation or Fourth of July; the dedication of a new public building; or the launching of a grass-roots radio or TV show — these and a host of other activities constitute less material aspects of community life, which, nevertheless, are basic to the existence of community spirit and to the pleasure of each individual who shares therein.

Now, the role of the local historian comes into all of this in that he is the focal point for establishing a consciousness of continuity in the evolution of the life of the community. A random group of human beings thrown together in the same location does not constitute a "community." The will to live together — to die together if need be — is an indispensable factor. A great French historian has defined a country as a group of people who have suffered together and who hope together. Herein, I think, is the key to the mission of the local historian — his is the burden of retelling the story of common sufferings or of common triumphs; his is the role of projecting the common hope of his community.

But man does not live by facts alone, nor do communities. Exaggerations, lies, and damn lies play important roles, as do facts that have been ornamented by the art of the story teller and ballad singer. Any person who has tried to deal objectively with the past has tried to deal with the nonexistent. The past is not recapturable. The best a historian can hope to do is to reconstruct pale, incomplete, and ill-delineated images thereof. He may well hope that these have a degree of authenticity — of honesty, if you will — but his reconstruction still constitutes a kind of myth, a myth which contains at one and the same time not the common past itself but essences of the common past, and not the entirety of the common hope, but essences of the common hope.

I would not conclude my definition of the mission of the local historian without emphasizing the fact that he has an additional role to play — that of humanist and philosopher. For just as a man does not live in isolation from other men, so localities do not live in isolation from other localities. Each consciousness of community itself is encompassed in a larger consciousness of group, which is usually based on a bigger geographic frame, until in the end the whole world and all of mankind are involved. Thus the local historian is faced with a dual function: the first, to synthesize the common heritage and project it as a

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common hope for his own locality; the second and more important, to integrate this purely local aspect of his mission with the ever-enlarging concentric circles of group consciousness, until his own local history is integrated wholesomely, logically, and beneficially, with the ever-expanding realms of history which ultimately encompass the story of the world and of man. This balance between the particular and the universal — however impossible to achieve — is what the local historian, or any historian, must constantly strive to realize.

I encounter, as a second major problem, the necessity to define the respective roles of the historian and of the folklorist. All of us who deal in essences of the past and of the future — common heritages and common aspirations — are really engaged in the process of myth-formation. However objective we may wish to be, our finished work can be little more than one individual's view of reality, since it cannot be reality itself. And no matter how subjective another might wish to be, his creativity cannot operate outside the symbols of his culture, for no personalities, not even irrational ones, exist which are not a derivative of culture. Since it is clear that folklorist and local historian alike are dealing with myth, let us see what differences there are between the materials of folklore and of history, and let us examine the methods which each of these disciplines uses in treating myth.

I like to think of the historian as a disciplinarian of myth. He is continually examining the survivals of the past — myths, that is — with the view of rationalizing them, systematizing them, and reconciling them with each other. Having ascertained the existence of a myth, he strives to explain why it exists, its various metamorphoses through the course of time, and the uses to which it has been put by various segments of a population at a given moment. Having done this, it is to be hoped that he will not have destroyed the myth, but castigated it, reduced it to its essential elements, and said something about its role in the processes of cultural change.

The historian generally prefers to use documentary sources because of their impersonality. He acts as though the most significant phenomena of a culture somehow get written down; hence he finds his tools quite inadequate in dealing with cultures that are not literate. Biography stirs the historian, especially if based on diaries, letters, journals, and official documents. Civic and religious institutions stir the historian because their proclivity to record data is productive of archives. The historian focuses his interest on the dominant myths of the segments of a culture which are literate and which exercise power via political, social, religious, and economic institutions.

The folklorist is somewhat less bound than the historian. His great advantage is awareness of the fact that myth is the meat of his work, for this consciousness is what makes of him a folklorist. His discipline has taught that per-

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This photograph depicts three examples of how the frontiersman met the need for providing a receptacle for mail delivery. When the needs of rural families were supplied from the mail-order house, large mail boxes were a necessity. These boxes have largely disappeared and have been replaced by the store-bought mail boxes shown in the left of the picture.

sonality is but one person's accumulation of the myths of a culture. He is less apt to assume that there is identity between a symbol and its object, between a myth and the reality which gave origin to it.

The folklorist has tools for determining which of the elements of a culture are superficial and transitory, which are intrinsic and lasting. His field of interest consists largely of the enduring elements of a culture, those that remain when eras pass, when so-called civilizations disintegrate, and he knows that these rarely coincide with the myths of groups that exercise power at any particular moment. Van Gennep asserts that political vicissitudes of the last twenty centuries have played only a secondary role in the evolution of the folklore of the French people. The folklorist asks: "What are the elements of the culture of my region which will remain when its religious, economic, and political institutions have passed away ? What is transmitted from one generation to the next, outside of — if you will, in spite of — what is taught in church or in school ?

What laws and customs are imposed by the mass, even in defiance of reason or civic or religious authority? What civic laws and churchly admonitions are ignored or defied or made mandatory by the beliefs of the group? By what devices does the individual solve his day-by-day mechanical problems when craftsmen or so-called experts are not available ? What fictions, miracles, absurdities, if you will, continue to be recounted, believed, conceived — or scorned — despite the laws of physics and the dictates of reason ?"

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The folklorist uses both documentary and oral sources, and he should be more interested in contemporary society than in the past, although many have not yet unshackled themselves from documents and artifacts. The folklorist ought to keep telling himself that what is really important is not what actually was, but how it has seemed in the minds of men; that all of the past that counts for much is contained in myth, which in turn creates the actuality of the future, which becomes myth to recreate another future. I think that this is near to what Oscar Wilde had in mind when he said that nature imitates art. I would extend Wilde's idea by saying that myths create communities and personalities. Unlike the historian, the folklorist strives not to castigate myth but to record it. Ideally he should gather all myth, classify it, describe it. He should not select myth for an ulterior purpose. He should not make value judgments about myth, unless these are clearly identified as such, for this is to taint myth with personality. His criterion for selection is not dependent upon the factor of the political power of those who cultivate a myth, but upon its tenacity, its generality, and its vitality in the formation of the ensemble of personalities that make a group.

It might be well at this point to look at the practical roles of the historian and of the folklorist when they are actually operating at the local level. An obvious fact imposes itself; namely, that in nearly all cases the local historian must simultaneously be the local folklorist. There is a tradition in the United States for local history; there are local historical societies organized, and even societies formed by groupings of local historical societies â&#x20AC;&#x201D; witness this delightful conference.

The same is not true for folklore. Only two or three hundred people in the United States do work in folklore, and of these perhaps only a score have risen above the level of the amateur. Almost no community in America boasts of a bona fide folklorist who is devoted lock, stock, and barrel to the oral tradition of a particular community. Yet a vast amount of folklore has been collected.

And a significantly greater quantity remains to be assembled and will be assembled very largely by people who are not trained in folklore, many of whom will be local historians like yourselves.

Hence it is fitting that, as a folklorist, I should appear before you to present the case of folklore so that in your work in local history you will be able to enlarge more consciously your perspective and encompass in your work both the authentic history of your regions, and also the pseudo-history, the mythology, the folklore. This, of course, makes of your task an exceedingly complex one, one requiring a great deal of talent, a great deal of caution, and a great deal of devotion. You must be willing to rely more than formerly on oral sources, although you must be cautious not to give these oral sources a degree of credence which they may not deserve.

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Nor should you be hasty to discredit data because your source is an oral one.

I might illustrate this point by my own experience in gathering the significant "Ballad of the Mountain Meadows Massacre." Ten years of vain searching came to a sudden end when we encountered, almost simultaneously, three variants â&#x20AC;&#x201D; two from oral sources in 1951, and one published in the Ely, Nevada, White Pine News in 1870, at the time when John D. Lee was excommunicated from the Mormon Church for his role in the massacre. Both of the oral versions are more complete and more accurate as to the circumstances surrounding the massacre than is the published song. One of the oral variants even keeps a phraseology which clearly shows that it was composed and sung in the winter of 1857, only a few weeks after the massacre and before the federal troops entered Utah.

The local historian should be dynamic about the recording of songs, poems, proverbs, and sayings, and should especially search out those items which seem to have a clear localization. Mrs. Fife and I once spent a week in St. George, Utah, with the sole purpose of recording all of the local songs. After having collected about fifty songs, we decided that our task could not be completed because the making and singing of local songs is a continuing process. Note that most of these songs are merely parodies using age-old melodies, but telling in a very refreshing and vigorous manner significant episodes in the life and activities of this pioneer Mormon community. I believe that these songs would be more useful than any single historical document in describing the morale of the community at any particular period in its history.

Here are a few questions you might ask your old-timers if you want them to illuminate their folk heritage: "Have any trouble with Indians ? Were there ever any bears or mountain lions around here ? Ever notice how smart a coyote is ? Any really good cow horses in these parts ? What about robberies, murders, bad men (and bad women) ? Any lost mines or buried treasures around ? How did grandma get rid of warts ? How did they decide where to dig the well ?

How did the local streams and mountains get named ? Any monsters, ghosts, or devils ever seen around these parts ? Are there any cases of miraculous healings told ? Has anyone had any visions or unusual dreams that were fulfilled ?

Any practical jokers around ? Tell some of their pranks. Any folks do work in leather or horsehair ? What kind of fences did you build ? How did you swing and latch a gate?"

The local historian must not make snap judgments about the authenticity of his materials, be they documentary or oral in form. I recall some of the brash decisions that I made in my early days as a collector of folklore when naively I would turn down a story because the informant boldly asserted that it was a true story and not a folk tale. One case I recall all too well. It seems that they were building a railroad. The boss, who had one glass eye, was supervising a crew of

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lazy Indians. Indians are always lazy in the lore of the West! He had to leave for a day and wondered how he would keep them working during his absence.

Then an inspiration struck him. He called the crew together and harangued them, saying that he had to leave and he wanted them to work hard while he was gone, and to be certain that they did not loaf on the job he was going to leave one of his eyes there to watch. Thereupon he fumbled in the socket of his eye, removed the glass member, and, propping it up in a conspicuous place where it reflected the rays of sunlight, he departed. The Indians accomplished more work than ever before.

Now I might possibly have swallowed this as an oddity of authentic local history if it had not been for the fact that later I ran into this story in multiple forms. In one community it was a pioneer woman who scared away annoying Indians by removing her false teeth. In another the pioneer woman was still more adaptable, since she had four detachable parts. Each of these she removed in turn, until the Indians were aghast with the miraculous mobility of the parts of her body and took off for places unknown, never to return!

Now it may well be that among our forebearers there were some who actually used their artificial members to mystify the red man. But this does not remove the phenomena from the area of folklore, since in this case we treat them as a folk art â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the folk art of mystifying Indians via the use of detachable parts of the body. There is great likelihood that we have here an example of a good yarn which helped, and still helps, enliven dull moments when friends want to hear each other talk.

I am sure that every local historian and every folklorist has committed horrible errors in the hasty rejection of materials merely because he felt that they were untrue or, on the contrary, that they were true, and therefore of no importance.

If we maintain an attitude of mental reservation then both the documents and the oral materials which we collect will ultimately fit into a pattern which will form the richest possible mosaic of local history, since it will partake at the same time of authenticity and of myth, the two components which constitute the really significant consciousness of any locality.

Now, a peculiar kind of ethics is imposed upon the researcher who is going to deal simultaneously in folklore and history, and not a few tests are going to be placed upon his sense of intellectual honesty. At times he will be tempted to treat as authentic history materials which fall in the realm of myth. This is particularly true when he deals with genealogy, the family cult, and local heroes.

There is a temptation placed before every human being to purify, to deify if you will, his ancestors in the interests of the family cult. The local historian is under great pressure to create rather than to record history via the discreet elimination of pertinent facts, or via the bestowal of fictitious heroic, spiritual, moral, or

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physical qualities upon individuals who have played a role in local history, but who were human despite the important things that they accomplished. In circumstances such as these the local historian truly finds himself enmeshed in a maze of history and mythology with no satisfactory exit. Frequently, he will have to make some concessions — accede, that is, to the pressures that exist to transform reality into myth. Let us hope that if he does this, his myth will not extend itself beyond the realm of reasonableness. If we make of all our ancestors tin gods who were always perfect in thought, word, and deed, then we are placing an unbearable burden upon ourselves who, have to live up to our traditions.

I urge all of you to add the string of folklore to your historic fiddle. I urge you to enlarge the horizon of your investigations to consciously include the lore of the past as well as the facts of the past. Nor, when in the actual process of collecting and archiving, would I be too hasty about defining the realms which separate the two. This is a process which must be undertaken only when a great deal of evidence is available, and sometimes it is not even necessary, although it is important to keep your archives intellectually honest, by labeling your products like honest merchants with their true names. We should identify the sources which we have used, describe the circumstances under which the documents or depositions were procured, and identify all pertinent data, so that when syntheses are later to be made — that is, when significant local histories are to be written — evaluations can be accomplished which are humane, sober, and intellectually honest.

If we believe that man is an entity composed of a body and a soul, then by analogy we might conceive of a community as a group of men possessing a myth.

It is the job of the local historian to draw this common myth out of the community's past. To do so he should use all the resources available to him. One of these is the mass of myth that the folk have already created for themselves — in their stories, songs, and sayings; in their arts and crafts; and in their rituals and ceremonies — in their folklore where they express their common heritage and common hope, not necessarily as they actually are, but as the folk want them to be. This, too, is local history.

WORLD'S LARGEST MILITARY RESERVE: Wendover Air Force Base, 1941-63

BY LEONARD J . ARRINGTON AND THOMAS G. ALEXANDER

Wendover November

While on a tour of Air Force bases during World War II, Bob Hope said the little town on the Utah-Nevada border should be renamed "Leftover." Close in his wake and not to be outdone by a friendly rival, Bing Crosby called the gas-lit village "Tobacco Road with slot machines." Nestled at the foot of historic Pilot Peak, prewar Wendover boasted a population of 103 and represented, both to its Western Pacific Railroad employee-citizens and to outsiders, a wide spot along the Salt Lake to Elko (Nevada) highway. Yet there, "at the end of nowhere," the United States Air Force later made preparations for one of the most consequential events in the history of the world, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Leonard J. Arrington is professor oÂŁ economics, Utah State University, and Mr. Alexander is research assistant in economics at U.S.U. and candidate for the doctorate in history at the University of California, Berkeley. The research for this article has been supported by a grant from the Utah State University Research Council.

Air Force Base showing the runways and buildings which were standing in of 1959. The salt flats can be seen in the background stretching to the Southeast.

HILL AIR FORCE BASE

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The history of Wendover Air Force Base begins in 1939 when the Air Corps initiated a gigantic expansion program. 1 There was a particularly acute need for bombing and gunnery ranges, for the acquisition of which appropriations were made in February, 1940. Eastern and western sites for those ranges were selected by boards consisting of representatives from the War Department General Staff, the office of Chief of the Air Corps, the Quartermaster Corps, and General Headquarters Air Force. The western site board sought locations near McChord and Hamilton fields, California, and by April of 1940, had three sites, one of which was Wendover. The selection of Wendover may have been related to a War Department plan to turn the infantry post at Fort Douglas (Salt Lake City) into an Air Corps post and to use the municipal airport in Salt Lake City as a station for heavy bomber groups.

It was obvious that the Salt Lake Municipal Airport, which had served as an arsenal for the storage of airborne ordnance materiel, could not continue indefinitely to stockpile high explosives so close to a city the size of Salt Lake City.

Inasmuch as military planes from the airport had begun to use the salt desert near Wendover to practice bombing, it was only a short step to activate the base and move the ordnance from the airport to Wendover. U.S. Army district engineers commenced construction on November 4,1940.

Geographically and meteorologically, Wendover made an excellent site for an Air Force base and bombing range. Located on the salt flats which were once the bottom of the prehistoric Lake Bonneville, Wendover proved to be ideal for its training mission. The suitability of the wide expanse of smooth, flat landing surface for training bomber crews was said to have first attracted the attention of Air Force Chief of Staff, General H. H. Arnold, when he was stationed in Salt Lake City in the early 1930's in connection with the operation of Army airmail routes.2 The Western Pacific Railroad ran directly through Wendover, and the distance between it and the three major West Coast ports 1 Most of the historical records of Wendover Air Force Base have been taken to a records holding area.

These were m a d e available to the USAF Historical Division, Research Studies Institute, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, which prepared a 13-page s u m m a r y entitled "Brief History of Wendover Air Force Base, 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 5 6 . " A typescript copy was generously provided to the writers.

At the base are three sets of maps and plans containing the information on the cost of the original land purchase and area. They are: "Wendover Bombing and Gunnery Range Reservation M a p , " approved

by T h o m a s H . Messer, April 20, 1943; and "Wendover Air Force Range, July 26, 1952," and "Wendover Air Force Base, March 10, 1952," both submitted by Joseph O. Maugorgne. In 1 9 6 1 , these maps were in the possession of Darrell B. W a d s w o r t h , the deputy base c o m m a n d e r . Miss Helen Rice, historian at Hill AFB, permitted the authors to use her typewritten "History of Wendover Air Force Base, Wendover, Utah â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 4 7 , " and supplied a chronological list of important Wendover dates. T h e writers are grateful for interviews with Mr. W a d s w o r t h and Fred G. Kenley, base fire chief, w h o permitted the authors to use his copy of The 509th Pictorial Album, edited by Captain Jerome J. Ossip, printed at Tinian in 1945, which gives information on the atomic bombing mission. Newspaper files at the Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake Public Library, and Utah State University have been consulted in preparing this article.

2 0 . N . Malmquist, "More T h a n $52,000,000 Spent on Tooele County W a r Plants," Salt Lake bune, Sunday Magazine, July 11, 1943, p . 4.

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of embarkation (Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle) was practically equal.

The salt desert oasis saw little rain, and the snow which fell during the winter seldom remained long enough to interfere with air traffic. Under prewar conditions, Wendover lay far enough inland to make it relatively secure from any attack which an aggressor might have made on the Pacific Coast.

Procurement of the land for the base presented no serious problem to the government, since the Department of the Interior owned virtually all of the original 1,822,000 acres which formed the base. On September 20, 1940, the department transferred to the Air Corps 1.56 million acres. There were a few scattered holdings of land within this area which were owned by the State of Utah, Tooele County, the Western Pacific Railroad, Bonneville Limited Potash, and Standard Realty and Development Company. The desired 14,068 acres of this desert land were acquired by the Army for a nominal $21,968.

Considerable opposition was expressed by Utah stockmen to the acquisition of additional land. On October 15, 1940, these men formally requested the governor of Utah to induce the Army to select a different site or to reduce the area in size. Use of the area, they asserted, would "wipe out 100 outfits" of livestock men and cost the state about $1.5 million annually. After a number of hearings and negotiations, President Franklin D. Roosevelt withdrew from private use not only the original acreage, but, on February 5, 1941, ordered an additional transfer of 262,000 acres to the base for the establishment of offices, quarters, and other buildings and facilities. With a few additional acquisitions, this brought the total to 1,875,539 acres. From this beginning, the base grew until at its height it encompassed 3.5 million acres and represented the largest military reserve in the world. The size of the base is emphasized by the fact that the bombing target range was more than 60 miles from the administration area.

First construction efforts in the winter of 1940â&#x20AC;&#x201D;41 were devoted to the expenditure of $558,000 on temporary barracks, the grading and graveling of two 150 by 7,000 feet runways, taxi strips, and a plane anchorage area. With an additional appropriation of $1 million in the spring of 1941, four runways were paved, and there were erected four 63-man barracks, a mess hall, officers' quarters, an administrative building, a signal office, two ordnance warehouses, a dispensary, three ammunition storehouses, a bombsight storage warehouse, a powerhouse, and a theater. These facilities were first occupied by a bombing and gunnery detachment of 12 men on August 12, 1941. Although additional bombing and gunnery crews sharpened their sights on the range in ensuing weeks, little more in the way of construction was undertaken until the commencement of the war on December 7, 1941. During this formative period

WENDOVER AIR FORCE BASE

327

Wendover was simply a sub-post of Fort Douglas and did not achieve status as an official Army Air Base until March 28,1942.

Since Wendover AFB was intended originally as a temporary base, most of the original buildings â&#x20AC;&#x201D; i.e., those built in the spring of 1941 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; were covered with tarpaper rather than any permanent material. Even the later buildings which were constructed after the beginning of the war were almost all made of wood frame. The first groups to arrive found less than a dozen buildings to house all operations, and training and headquarters units alike were forced to use one 50 by 20 foot room with a series of tables aligned in a U-formation. As many as 60 men worked inches apart on tables consisting of boards laid across sawhorses. Discarded cardboard boxes served as filing cabinets. In some cases personnel at the base did their own construction work. A USO center, for example, was built in one day by base personnel, with the help of citizens of Tooele and Elko, and was used the same evening.

It was this crowding, and the vast build-up of the Army Air Corps, which led to the "blitz" construction program of 1942-43. This included a Federal Housing Administration project, known as Nev-Tah Apartments, for civilian personnel, which was completed in June of 1943. It also included aircraft hangars, machine shop, parachute shop, bombsight maintenance and turret buildings, and completion of runways. By late 1943, there were approximately 2,000 civilian and 17,500 military employees at the base.

At the end of World War II, the facilities on the base included a 300-bed hospital, gymnasium, swimming pool, library, post exchange, chapel, cafeteria, bowling alley, two theaters, guardhouse, consolidated mess hall, and 361 housing units for married Army officers and civilians. The crucial problem of water was solved by the construction, in June, 1943, of a pipeline to Pilot Peak, some 32 miles northwest of the base. Total cost of the expanded base was approximately $13 million.

TRAINING DURING WORLD WAR

II

Wendover's basic mission during most of World War II was to train heavy bombardment groups; that is, the crews of B-17, B-24, and B-29 bombers. For much of the war, it was the Air Force's only bombing and gunnery range.

Under the direction of the Second Air Force, a three-phase training program of four weeks each was set up. Wendover provided the second phase of this training program.

The first unit to arrive at Wendover under this arrangement was the 306th Bombardment Group, which arrived on April 6, 1942. At the time, the only available training facilities were a Link trainer department, a gunnery range

328

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

with one moving mount target, a small bore range, and a skeet range. In subsequent weeks these training mechanisms were greatly expanded.

Because of the abundance of salt in the area (Wendover is near the Bonneville Salt Flats where many world automobile racing records have been set), the base constructed a city of salt near the mountains where bomber crews could practice. Together with the mock city, the flat plain near the airfield formed an ideal bombing range because any time anyone disturbed the surface of the plain a new target stood out vividly against the white salt flats. Life-sized targets of enemy battleships were reared, and an electrical system installed for night illumination.

Just north of Highway 40 and east of the town of Wendover, a machinegun range was constructed that gained nationwide attention. Because of the shortage of materials, the officers responsible for the construction of the range "requisitioned" much of the lumber and other materials from both the contractors and the government. One of the training officers reportedly involved in these "midnight" operations was court-martialed. The court-martial board exonerated him after General Douglas MacArthur sent a telegram praising Wendover gunners as the best-trained in the Army.

The range consisted of three courses with cement machine-gun emplacements which were 1,000, 750, and 500 yards from circular target pits. In the pits, workmen constructed tracks which were the width of a jeep, with a board in the center to guide the jeep in its circular path. As the firing began, the pit crew would turn the jeep loose. Running under its own power and guided by the board, the jeep pulled the target until the troops finished firing. Even more famous was Wendover's "Tokyo Trolley," in which three machine guns were mounted on a railroad car which moved along a section of track at a speed of up to 40 miles an hour. Shooting at moving targets and from moving vehicles posed realistic challenges to aerial marksmen, most of whom were trained in the use of 50-caliber machine guns.

By the close of 1942, Wendover had trained the 306th, 302nd, and 308th Bombardment Groups, and a fourth group was still in training. The first group, the 306th, was already in action carrying out bombing missions over France and Germany. An even dozen groups were trained at Wendover in 1943. In 1944, the system of training was altered to require that Wendover provide all phases of training for the groups assigned to it. Exercises were carried out in high-altitude formation flying, long-range navigation, target identification, and simulated combat missions. The goal of this training, according to Air Force reports, was "teamwork." All told, 21 bomber groups went to Wendover, formed complete units, trained together, then moved on to other bases or to active duty.

WENDOVER AIR FORCE BASE

329

The urgent need for trained bomber pilots in this critical stage of the war caused the Army to send thousands of fighter pilots to Wendover to teach them to fly heavy bombers. But the essence of fighter training had been individual daring, proficiency, and precise co-ordination, while bomber operation was a matter of specialization and teamwork. Owing to the reduced maneuverability of the bombers, compared with the planes the fighter pilots had formerly flown, and the lack of aptitude and experience in team flying, there was an abnormally high number of crashes. These "transition training" pilots experienced 157 crashes and 121 men were killed. The program was quickly canceled. Between April and September of 1944, the base also successfully trained 180 fighter pilots for P-47's.

With the enormous build-up of troops, the Army activated a sub-depot to supply and service the base. Under the command of Hill Field, the sub-depot served to store and issue all Army Air Force supplies and property to the field.

As the base expanded, so did the mission of the sub-depot. First opened as a small machine shop on January 24, 1942, and officially activated April 25, the depot had expanded by 1943 to a hangar, a complete machine shop, a parachute shop, and a bombsight and turret shop. Its transportation section performed maintenance through third echelon on aircraft and special-purpose vehicles, such as forklifts, and its signal section maintained airborne radios. To meet needs for trained workers, various on-the-job training programs were instituted.

Another base operation was the training of soldiers and civilians in fire fighting and rescue work. As a service to the Air Force, special facilities were constructed for training these specialists. After the end of the war, in July of 1946, the Wendover fire fighters got a chance to show their skill in combating a $1.5 million fire. The fire demolished one of the hangars and four airplanes before it was brought under control. No lives were lost.

OPERATION SILVER PLATE

Easily the most spectacular unit to assemble and train at Wendover was the 509th Composite Group, officially activated on December 17, 1944, under the command of Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. While the services which its various component parts performed were similar to those performed by other units which trained at the base, its overall mission proved to be without precedent. The arrival of its first B-29 Superfortress marked the beginning of training to drop bombs over Japan.

Nucleus of the 509th was the 393rd Bombardment Squadron of the 504th Bombardment Group, which by early 1945 consisted of 15 B-29's and 1,500 men who served as crews and in service units. In addition, the Group included the 603rd Air Engineer Squadron, which repaired the planes, rebuilt engines, and

COPYRIGHT 1963 BY FAWCETT PUBLICATIONS, INCORPORATED

Upper photograph, the B-29 Superfortress which dropped the nuclear bomb on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) during World War II. The airplane was named Enola Gay in honor of the mother of its pilot, Lieutenant Colonel Paul W. Tibbets.

Lower photograph, the nuclear weapon of the "Little Boy" type, which was detonated over Hiroshima. The bomb was 28 inches in diameter and 120 inches long.

The first nuclear weapon ever detonated, it weighed about 9,000 pounds and had a force which was equivalent to approximately 20,000 tons of high explosives.

kept the radios and telephones in working order; the 1027th Air Materiel Squadron, which procured and issued all Air Corps, Quartermaster, Signal, Chemical, and Ordnance supplies and materiel for the unit, including food and clothing for the men and ammunition for the bombers; the 390th Air Service Group, which trained the unit in combat procedures, chemical warfare, first aid, the use of firearms, and camouflage techniques; and the "Green Hornet Airlines" or 320th Troop Carrier Squadron, which took the airmen wherever they were ordered to go. There were also the 1395th Military Police Company, and 400 FBI men, betokening the extraordinary activity in which the unit was to engage. Later, on March 6, 1945, arrived the 1st Ordnance Squadron which guarded the fantastic "Secret Weapon." Of the entire group of 1,500 enlisted men and 200 officers which eventually left Wendover, only the group commander had knowledge of the ultimate task.

The rigid security measures were entirely successful. A new bomb pit was constructed, and a maximum security area was enclosed by barbed wire for

W E N D O V E R AIR FORCE BASE

331

which special passes were required for entering and leaving. Even employees at the base who were cleared for top secret knew nothing about its significance.

In special briefings, the officers cautioned members of the group to talk neither to one another nor to members of their families about their mission. For over nine months, the 1st Ordnance Squadron worked with top scientists on the project which was so secret that only one-fifth of those who had the requisite qualifications for the work could be chosen.

In May of 1945, the Group left Wendover for Tinian Island, in the Marianas, east of the Philippines and southeast of Japan. During June and July, the 509th, as with many other contemporary units, flew a number of bombing missions over Japan. There followed the Potsdam Ultimatum of July 26, 1945, in which President Harry Truman promised that if Japan did not surrender she would witness a reign of blood and terror more terrible than anything she had yet seen.

There being no surrender, the fatal day promised by the Allied leaders came, on August 6, 1945. Colonel Tibbets, flying the Enola Gay, assisted by Major T. W. Ferebee as bombardier, left Tinian on the mission which ushered in a new era in modern warfare. The months of practice on the Utah desert had culminated in one of the most crushing blows in military history.

It was not until Colonel Tibbets' return from Japan, and his receipt of the Distinguished Flying Cross from General Carl Spaatz, that the workers at Crew of the Enola Gay receiving last-minute instructions from Colonel Tibbets prior to taking off on their historic flight of dropping the first atomic bomb.

UNITED STATFS AIR FORCE

332

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Wendover learned what their base had housed for over nine months. Wendover Air Force Base, that last stop in the middle of nowhere, had trained the crews which destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Unknown to the employees, the remote Utah base had played host to what was then the most lethal weapon devised by the mind of man â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the atomic bomb.

T H E TESTING AND DEVELOPMENT OF MISSILES

After the 509th Composite Group left the installation in the spring of 1945, the training program slowed to a standstill, and activity was shifted into the development of weapons. On December 31, 1945, the jurisdiction over the base passed from Second Air Force to Air Technical Service (later Air Materiel) Command.

Many Utahns are not aware of Wendover's role in AMC's postwar weapons development program. A prelude to the development of the spectacular missiles industry of the 1950's and 1960's, the base's assignment began in April of 1946, and included the testing and development of three types of missiles. The first group included all types of power-driven bombs from "Weary Willies" to the American version of the German V-l rocket. The second group were bombs, equipped with wings and gyro-stabilizers, which would glide into the target after being launched from a plane. The more advanced of these bombs could be controlled by means of radio and radar. The third group consisted of bombs whose azimuth and/or range could be controlled by the launching plane. The Boeing Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft (GAPA) and the Hughes TIAMAT MX-798 were both tested under this program. "Roc," "Tarzan," and "GAPA" became familiar sounds in the desert.

Among the weapons taken to Wendover for testing were German V-2 rockets which had plagued Great Britain during "the blitz." Two launching ramps with concrete bases and steel-covered pads were constructed from which to fire the rockets. Because the Germans had provided no destroying mechanism, the missilemen used P-51's to shoot them down. Fortunately, a P-51 pilot who was familiar with the weakness of the rockets was present when one of them broke loose on the hangar apron. He quickly got a carbine, shot the fuel tanks, and kept it from doing any damage to the area.

During this period the base also set up a school to train pilots in the techniques of remote control, but this soon folded due to the lack of trained personnel, inadequate maintenance, and poor weather.

Although the Army had spent millions of dollars on the base, and recognized its usefulness as a site for rocket tests, steps were taken to close it. On March 16, 1947, the Wendover base was turned over to the Strategic Air Command, and for the next two-and-one-half years Wendover ranges were used by

WENDOVER AIR FORCE BASE

333

SAC crews stationed at other bases. The base was completely deactivated in 1948, and was declared "surplus" the following year. Except for the bombing range, which SAC had continued to use for low-altitude bombing, the base was transferred back to the Air Materiel Command on July 1,1950. Soon afterward, AMC's 25th Air Depot Wing, stationed at Hill Air Force Base, sent elements to Wendover to coordinate and arrange for aerial gunnery practice for several fighter squadrons based at Hill.

However, the base had very little use during the next four years. Although several groups expressed a desire to use Wendover on a tenant basis, the Air Materiel Command declared that it could not maintain the staff to service such activity. Throughout the period 1950 to 1954, the permanent crew consisted of two military men and a fire department of approximately 11 men.

GUNNERY AND MOBILITY STAGING

In the summer of 1954, the 461st Bombardment Group flying 20 B-26's came to Wendover to use it as a practice bombing range. Immediately after this, on October 1, 1954, the Air Force transferred Wendover to the Tactical Air Command of the Ninth Air Force, and reactivated the base for use as a "gunnery and mobility staging area." It was the intention to employ from 300 to 400 civilians during this new activation.

The new jet bombers and fighters which TAC brought to the base to practice air-to-air and air-to-ground rocketry created the need for new launching and landing facilities. Among the facilities repaired at this time were runways, supply warehouses, a hangar, and a base-operations building. The projects completed included construction on one of the bombing ranges of skip-bomb, dive-bomb, and billboard type targets. In addition to a runway for the new B-57's, F-100's, and F-102's, the Air Force also constructed a crash barrier, consisting of a nylon net stretched across the runway and attached to two metal arms which were connected to their bases by shear pins. When the planes hit the barrier, the shear pins broke and the plane was slowed down by over 100 feet of heavy chain. Total cost of all construction at the reactivated base in the spring of 1955 was more than $500,000.

The presence in Wendover of these planes and airmen also occasioned the reopening and renovating of the pool, chapel, and base theaters. The base command also began the rebuilding of housing units. At the time TAC took over, there were 24 transient units available and 380 other barracks which needed repair.

It soon became clear, however, that the predictions of future employment were highly exaggerated. In 1957, there were only 41 civilian and 246 military

U T A H H I S T O R I C A L QUARTERLY

334

employees, which represented a drop from 270 military and 61 civilians in 1956.

The following table gives available data on employment at the base.

PERSONNEL AT WENDOVER AIR FORCE BASE, SELECTED YEARS (SOURCE: Information supplied by Wendover Air Force Base and newspaper releases.)

Civilian

Military

Total

1943

2,000

17,500

19,500

1947

214

295

509

1949

20

85

105

1950-1954

11

2

13

1956

61

270

331

1960

26

2

28

1961

14

0

14

After the Air Force deactivated the base, on December 31, 1957, the Utah Air National Guard sought to use it for summer encampments. Salt Lake's Air Force Reserve Recovery Squadron used it on occasion for mock recoveries, and the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve fighter and bomber units used it for occasional gunnery training. It also served as a clear range area over which new supersonic aircraft such as the X-15 were dropped.3 In December, 1960, the Department of the Air Force announced that the base was again being placed on an inactive caretaker status, under the management of Hill Air Force Base. There were at the time some 26 civilian employees. The base was reactivated on July 15, 1961. Only a fire-fighting detachment of about 15 men has been stationed there since that time. It has been known as Wendover Auxiliary Air Force Base and has been used to test munitions.

3

Deseret News (Salt Lake City), December 29, 1961.

Looking north toward Wendover Air Force Base and the town. The Silver Island Range is in the background.

HILL AIR FORCE BASE

WENDOVER AIR FORCE BASE

335

During the previous reactivation, some 150 buildings had been taken from the base and sold for between $150 and $250 each; by 1962 there were only 128 of the original 668 buildings. The partly dimantled base was declared surplus in 1962. The General Services Administration of the federal government prepared to handle the sale of the base — possibly to the city of Wendover (800 population). The city sought in 1962 to interest commercial firms, particularly Utah's missile manufacturers, in using part of the base. The facilities remaining include 1,200 acres of valuable community assets and a chapel, swimming pool, filtering plant, sewer system, aircraft hangars, dispensary, air-control tower, and barracks.4 The chief users of the air strip since 1952 have been medical doctors serving Wendover.

The most likely future use of the base would seem to be as a missile-tracking station — a use that would require an additional $2 million of construction — or in connection with the launching and recovery of spacecraft.

In the meantime, the once-famed pit where the atomic bomb used to sit before the Air Force loaded it onto the B-29 is partly filled with salt brine and tumbleweeds. All over the base cement slabs mark the spots where buildings formerly stood, and bare plumbing fixtures and electric wires show where utilities formerly served more than 17,000 men. Wendover Air Force Auxiliary Field appears today as an old soldier — the glory of the past is marked by the scars on its surface.

Ibid., January 5, 1962.

THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT for the Fiscal Year 1962-63

BY J . G R A N T IVERSON

At the end of each fiscal year it is customary to stop and make an assessment of the activities of the Utah State Historical Society. It is more than gratifying to be able to report that the Society is growing, that the Society is moving, and that the direction is forward.

Building on the firm foundation laid by former Boards of Trustees and directors, Mrs. Marguerite Sinclair and Dr. A. R. Mortensen, the present administration and dedicated staff have worked hard to push the program of the Society forward. And it is with considerable pride that we can state we are moving ahead on all fronts. In every single division and activity of the Society, significant progress has been made.

But before reporting in detail on these, I believe it is worth noting that the Society administration is not content to rest on recent attainments. Instead, a rather thorough examination of present operations is outlined. A committee is being appointed to look into existing operations and to lay plans for the future.

To these committeemen will fall the task of determining the long-range goals and objectives of the Society. Their conclusions will provide the master plan for the growth of the Society. It is hoped that by the next annual meeting, a preliminary draft of their report will be available.

Now turning to the past instead of the future, I would now like to report on Society activities for the fiscal year 1962-63.

Financially, the Utah State Historical Society had its most successful year.

The original estimate of projected earnings of the Society for the year ($7,500) was increased to an anticipated $10,000 after sales and memberships showed an increase. Even with the increased amount, halfway through the year, it was determined that the projected $2,500 was too conservative. So the estimate of Mr. Iverson, president of the Board of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society since April of 1961, delivered the President's Report at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Society.

PRESIDENT'S R E P O R T

337

anticipated income was increased by another $3,000. And by diligent effort of the staff, the Society reached its goal of $13,000 income from sales and memberships for 1962-63. This is $5,500 more income than the Society ever made before.

But the encouraging aspect of this increased income was the fact that the governor permitted the Society to retain its extra earnings. This provided funds for increased library purchases, printing of photographs, and the acquisition of photo-projection equipment which the Society has never before possessed.

The report of expenditures for the year follows: ACCOUNTING OF THE UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY FROM JULY 1, 1962, TO JUNE 30, GENERAL Division

1963

FUND Total Expended

Balance

01-Administration Personal Service Travel Current Expense Capital Outlay Total

$37,288.05 1,157.84 23,610.05 1,124.29 $63,180.23

$1.47 .01 1.84 .10 $3.42

04-Archives Personal Service Travel Current Expense Capital Outlay Total

$15,813.68 389.12 1,545.43 2,307.87 $20,056.10

$9.12 5.77 13.37 .00 $28726

$ 8,435.35 292.98 1,057.85 1,214.97

$

$11,001.15 $94,237.48

$24.98 $56.66

06-Military

Records

Personal Service Travel Current Expense Capital Outlay Total Grand Totals SPECIAL 02-Trust Fund Cash on Hand

Cash on Hand $3,728.85

FUND $2,167.13

REVOLVING FUND 05-Special Publication Fund Allotted $16,400 Accounts Receivable $1,215.50

.45 14.19 3.31 7.03

$560.97

(Board of Examiners' Grant)

Value of Inventory $15,305.44

Total $20,249.79

£

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:

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>f

%

UTAH

STATE

HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

BOARD

OF

TRUSTEES

Left to right, standing — Mr. Jac\ Goodman, Mr. L. Glen Snarr, Dr. Dello G. Dayton (vicepresident), Mr. J. Sterling Anderson, and Dr. Everett L. Cooley (secretary). Sitting — Mrs. A. C. Jensen, Dr. Joel E. Ric\s, Mr. J. Grant Iverson (president), Dr. Leland H. Creer, Dr. S. Lyman Tyler, and Mr. Richard E. Gillies. Absent — Mr. Lamont F. Toronto.

After careful examination of existing bookkeeping and accounting practices, the director and bookkeeper with the help of the State Auditor have established new accounting methods and controls which will give at any moment a better and more detailed picture of the fiscal program of the Society. The State Auditor has fully endorsed the changes made.

The next fiscal year does not look so promising. The budget approved by the legislature gives the appearance of more funds to spend on Society business, but the increase is more apparent than real. In 1963-64, the Society will be required to pay a four per cent contribution to employees' retirement. A fee is assessed against the Society for the new state merit system, and there has been an increase in Social Security rates. Under the state personnel graded program, funds for salary increases were incorporated into the budget. There will be no funds for new projects or expansion of existing ones. In fact, with rising costs (i.e., printing of the Utah Historical Quarterly increased by twenty-one per cent in 1963) the Society will do well to hold its own during the next biennium.

PRESIDENTS REPORT

339

In a report of the director to the membership committee in November, 1962, the director spoke hopefully of gaining a membership for the Society of 2,000 in 1963. This would have amounted to a twenty-five per cent gain over 1962, which year had experienced the largest growth in any single year of the Society's history. The Society fell short of its 2,000 mark. But even so, the increase of new members was phenomenal, for the names of 327 new members have so far been added to the rolls in 1963. And the year is not yet over; new members join the Society each day. The enlarged Summer issue of the Quarterly (devoted to the mining industry in Utah) with its 12,000 copies circulating throughout the United States will undoubtedly bring additional new members before the year is past.

One new local chapter of the Society has been activated at Cedar City.

There, through the sponsorship of trustee Richard Gillies, a thriving organization under the presidency of Dr. Reed Farnsworth is functioning. An attempt was made at organizing a chapter in Ephraim. However, it came to nothing.

Only with more time and effort spent in outside communities can an effective program be achieved in local chapter organizations. Presently, both limited staff and budget prevent such efforts on a local level.

Events of considerable magnitude took place in the publications program of the Society during the 1962-63 year. Sales of the Quarterly were unusually high — with some issues of the magazine going out-of-print. West From Fort Bridger, Volume XIX, is no longer available. A new edition of this has been discussed with Dale Morgan, the editor. He counsels a waiting period before incorporating his newly discovered materials into a new edition of the book.

Through strenuous efforts of the staff, the 1960 special issue — the Colorado River — has been sold out, except for sufficient copies to be bound into complete yearly volumes. So in less than two years, more than 2,000 copies of this issue have been sold.

In 1962, the 1959 Summer issue, The Valley of the Great Salt Lake, was sold out. A revision and enlargement of this issue was published. Practically all new photographs — including a new color section — were incorporated into the new format. Wheelwright Lithographing Company printed 25,000 of the new Valley issue. And while not of the quality expected, the color work was an improvement over the old issue.

The Hosea Stout diaries and autobiography were sources of major concern and activity. The autobiography was run serially in the 1962 Quarterly and then reprinted as a separate booklet. It has enjoyed comparatively good sales.

With members contributing sufficient funds, Mrs. Juanita Brooks was kept on the payroll to finish her editing of the Stout diaries. These completed, they

340

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

were sent to the University of Oklahoma Press and University of Utah Press for consideration. Both presses were very desirous of publishing them. After considerable negotiation by the director and representatives of the presses, the Board of Trustees decided the University of Utah Press should be awarded the contract to publish the diaries. It is to be a joint publishing venture â&#x20AC;&#x201D; with the Utah State Historical Society listed as co-publisher and to share in fifty per cent of the royalties. The final papers were signed just after the close of this fiscal year.

When completed, this publishing venture will be one of the most ambitious and most significant that the Society has undertaken. The two-volume diaries will be treasured not only by students of Mormon and Utah histories, but by those who are interested in western or frontier history as well.

Some progress was made by the Society on another publishing project that has lain dormant for some time. An editorial committee was organized to work toward the publication of the Union Catalog of Mormon literature â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a project begun in the 1940's by Dale L. Morgan and then turned over to the Historical Society. The library staff of the Society has worked intermittently on the collection of material, but no real steps toward publication have been taken. Under the chief editorship of Dr. S. Lyman Tyler, of Brigham Young University, the Catalog is moving toward publication. Miss Gloria Jensen, of B.Y.U., is working on the project and will spend her sabbatical leave working full-time on the assembling of the entries. Several publishers have expressed an interest in the work.

The Newsletter of the Society has been given a bimonthly status. The format was changed to correspond with the "new" Quarterly which took on a different look with the first number in 1963.

The reception of the new format of the Quarterly has varied, but the overwhelming sentiment favors the change. The change has proven to be a factor in the increased sale of the magazine. Over-the-counter sales have increased significantly. The magazine is now offered for sale in four of the five college bookstores in the state â&#x20AC;&#x201D; as well as in commercial bookstores in Salt Lake City and Ogden.

Making use of the popular reception of the Quarterly, the Society is cooperating in celebrating Utah's Mining Centennial. Working through the Utah Mining Association and the Mining Centennial Committee, the Society has published an enlarged version (with colored cover) of the Quarterly, having as its theme the development of Utah's mineral industry. An additional printing of 10,000 copies to be distributed through the Mining Centennial Committee will assure widespread publicity to the Society and its publishing program.

PRESIDENT'S REPORT

341

All in all, the publications of the Society exact a great share of the director's time. His one assistant, efficient as she is and constantly working to capacity, is unable to keep abreast of the many demands upon her. One of the absolute needs of the Society is a secretary for the director who can work part time on publications. It is hoped that the next budget will permit the hiring of such a person.

The Society has enjoyed a good year in matters of public relations this past year. The director has made several appearances on television in connection with Days of '47 and the publications of the Society. In addition, the Society's photograph collection has been used on numerous occasions to form parts of programs on Utah's history.

Newspapers, the Salt ha\e Tribune and Deseret News and more particularly the Tooele Transcript, have made use of the Society, its photographs, and publications for several articles and editorials. The Tooele Transcript ran serially three different articles from the Winter issue of the 1963 Quarterly. Good articles resulted from two new programs initiated this year â&#x20AC;&#x201D; recognition of Utah's Statehood Day and the Historical Trek to Hole-in-the-Rock.

The first of these events, Statehood Day, saw a crowd of 300 or more persons assembled in the Capitol rotunda to listen to the patriotic music of the East High School Band and the enlightening remarks of Dr. S. George Ellsworth, of Utah State University. Plans are in progress for the continuance of this observance next year.

A trek to historic Hole-in-the-Rock was undertaken on May 17-19. While beset with a few tribulations (such as lost trekkers, flat tires, etc.), the tour as a whole was considered a huge success. Trekkers, numbering 240, enjoyed overnight stops at Bryce Canyon, a sight of the Hole, and a cook-out at Dance Hall Rock. Interest in a trek for next year is already in evidence.

The lecture series of the Society proved so successful that the Mansion facilities were no longer adequate. The Society has been forced to hold its lectures in Orson Spencer Hall Auditorium on the University of Utah campus to accommodate the large audiences interested in Utah's past.

As last year, the Society was co-sponsor of a Utah History Workshop at the University of Utah Summer School. Enrollment increased this year from 82 to 110â&#x20AC;&#x201D; with 127 persons enjoying a Utah State Historical Society-sponsored box luncheon and tour of Antelope Island.

Co-operating with the Utah State Tourist and Publicity Council and with the Wasatch National Forest, the Society is trying to awaken the interest of tourists in Utah's history. The Society has assisted with research and publicity on Utah attractions.

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The Society has also worked with the State Highway Department on revising and renewing its historic markers. Texts are submitted to the Society for checking or rewriting. Any future markers on highway rights-of-way must have the approval of the Society. Along these same lines, the Society co-operated with the Latter-day Saints Church's Explorer program of erecting markers along the Pioneer Trail.

At the annual national convention of the American Association for State and Local History in Buffalo, New York, the Society worked for and obtained recognition in the form of an Award of Merit for the restoration of the Beehive House by the Mormon Church; the publication by Arthur E. Clark Company of the biography of John D. Lee, by Mrs. Juanita Brooks; and the aid to history

by Television Station KCPX â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Channel 4.

In further recognition for outstanding work in history, the Society has presented awards to four students â&#x20AC;&#x201D; one in each of the four-year educational institutions of the state. This year's award winners are: Judith Ann Dieteman, University of Utah; Julie Robinson, Utah State University; Clifford Terry Warner, Brigham Young University; and Thomas M. Worthen, Jr., Westminster.

The Society will continue to recognize outstanding effort in the cause of Utah history by presenting awards at its annual dinner.

The year 1962-63 witnessed considerable progress on the repair and preservation of the Mansion. In addition to the minor daily repairs, there have been major steps taken to keep the Mansion intact.

In order to lessen or prevent further deterioration to the oolite stone on the outside of the Mansion, the State Building Board contracted to have the vines removed and the building brushed and treated with a new product designed to halt excessive weathering. In addition, the windows were puttied and the frames caulked and painted. These are the first steps in a program of physical Dr. W. Turrentine Jac\son, speaker, and President J. Grant I vers on at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Utah State Historical Society (September 20, 1963).

The library, devoted to material on Utah, the Mormons, and the West and one of the most important departments of the Society, is ably presided over by Mr. John James.

PRESIDENT'S REPORT

343

rehabilitation of the Society's Mansion. Funds provided by the 1963 Legislature will permit the replacement of a defective roof and some painting on the interior of the Mansion.

The heating system of the Mansion, antiquated and inadequate, was partially remodeled in the summer of 1962. The old, 250-gallon hot-water tank with its elaborate system of coils, pipes, and pumps was removed. It was replaced with a simple gas-fired water heater.

The electrical system of the Mansion, which has been the bane of fire inspectors, came under study. An electrical engineering firm made a study of the needs of the building and recommended replacement of the antique fuse boxes with new breaker-switch panels. Additional lines and outlets were recommended throughout the building. Just at the close of the biennium, Foley Electrical Engineers were awarded the contract ($3,335) to renovate the electrical system. The project will be completed before the end of the summer.

For those visitors to the Mansion who experienced shame and embarassment at the deplorable condition of the window shades, curtains, and draperies, a change of emotions is in store for them. By carefully scrutinizing each contemplated expenditure and eliminating all but the absolute necessities, the administration was able to accumulate enough funds in Mansion maintenance that by the end of the biennium new window shades for windows on the first and second floors could be purchased. And to the pleasure of all concerned, new curtains were purchased for the public rooms (Drawing Room, Board Room, and Dining Room) on the main floor. These additions have done much to improve the appearance of the Mansion. The staff is no longer forced to explain or apologize for the patched shades and mended curtains. The remaining must is the replacement of the shredded draperies in the formal dining room.

However, the even more limited budget for 1963-64, may prevent the Society from taking additional steps of repair and preservation. One major repair item of plumbing or heating equipment would necessitate going to the governor for deficit funds. The present budget is that limited. The Society is hopeful that no such request will be necessary.

The Utah State Historical Society maintains a research library in order to fulfill its obligation to collect and preserve Utah's history. The library includes books, pamphlets, manuscripts, maps, microfilms, newspapers, periodicals, and photographs. The staff of one part-time and three full-time employees makes every effort to catalogue and index these materials in order to have them available for students, researchers, and scholars who use the library's facilities. The library's budget does not permit the purchase of the new books published each

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

year in its special field; consequently, the library depends upon the generosity of friends whose gifts have helped so much to increase the value of its collections. The principal donors to the library this past year have been J. Cecil Alter, Lomita, California; Hugh J. Barnes, Tooele; Desla S. Bennion, Spokane, Washington; Joseph S. Bennion, Salt Lake City; Mrs. Glen S. Burt, Salt Lake City; Mrs. Dora Calder Cook, Nephi; Dr. C. Gregory Crampton, Salt Lake City; Arthur L. Crawford, Salt Lake City; Miss Lucile Francke, Salt Lake City; Dr. Joseph A. Geddes, Logan; Willard R. Harwood, Salt Lake City; Stanley S. Ivins, Salt Lake City; Charles Kelly, Salt Lake City; David C. Lyon, Salt Lake City; Mrs. Charles A. Maguire, Salt Lake City; Robert W. Olsen, Jr., Pipe Springs National Monument, Arizona; Dr. Joel E. Ricks, Logan; Salt Lake City Engineer's Office; Charles H. Solomon, Salt Lake City; Mrs. Emily Smith Stewart, Salt Lake City; Samuel W. Taylor, Redwood City, California; Mrs. Arthur L. Thomas, Salt Lake City; and Professor and Mrs. Levi Edgar Young, Salt Lake City. In addition to these there were many others who made welcome gifts to the library.

During the past year the library catalogued 910 books and 1,120 pamphlets, bringing the totals to 9,400 and 5,600 respectively. Of these books and pamphlets, more than 450 were gifts, almost 600 were purchased, and the balance were exchanges. There are approximately 1,500 linear feet of manuscript materials, all of which are gifts; 1,000 maps, all of which are gifts; 400 rolls of microfilm; 8,200 volumes of periodicals; and 10,300 photographs, nearly all of which are gifts. The library recently received and indexed 220 periodicals and five daily newspapers. In addition, the library maintains a Union Catalog of Mormon literature, and a Thesis File on Utah and Mormon subjects. In order to obtain more funds for the purchase of library materials, certain surplus books, pamphlets, and periodicals were offered for sale to members of the Society; almost $1,000 was realized from these sales. The Junior League of Salt Lake City continues to provide volunteer workers to assist the staff in providing service to the public. Special mention should be made of the faithful volunteer work of Mrs. Andrea Bennett and Mrs. Jinna Kelson who give so freely of their time each week to help the librarians do a better job. This invaluable assistance is deeply appreciated.

Several of the major problems of the Utah State Archives were either resolved during fiscal year 1962-63, or initial steps were taken which will result in their resolution. One of the most serious problems of the Archives since its creation has been the lack of suitable storage space for processing, storing, servicing, and safeguarding the permanent public records of the state. The Thirty-

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PRESIDENT'S REPORT

Fifth Legislature (1963) recognized this problem and placed the construction of a modern archives building on a four-year building program.

Another obstacle to the efficient operation of the Archives has been the absence of a full-time State Archivist since 1960. The Thirty-Fifth Legislature also solved this problem by providing funds for the employment of a State Archivist, effective July 1,1963.

The 1963 Legislature also enacted the Records Management Act which designates the State Archivist as State Records Administrator and requires state agencies to establish records management programs in accordance with the rules, regulations, standards, and procedures issued by the State Archivist.

All of the existing programs were continued, with the main emphasis being on records management as planned. The establishment of an efficient State Records Center continued to require most of the resources of the Archives.

All of the shelving and equipment for the Center was installed, and the personnel necessary to man the Center was secured by transferring personnel from Archives administration and through use of part-time, student help. During the first full year of operation the Center furnished services to fifteen state agencies as follows: Accession (cubic feet) Request for Service from Records Refiles Records Prepared for Destruction (cubic feet) Total Actions

1,914 2,455 2,219 606 7,194

The approximate savings to the state in recovered filing equipment alone during the first two years the Center was in operation is $56,000, not to mention the savings in floor space and the convenience of the service furnished.

A further program carried on by the records manager was monthly classes for records officers of all state agencies. This program has met with considerThe antique electrical fuse panel, which has been a curiosity to visitors, has been replaced with modern breaker switches in the Mansion preservation and renovation program of the State Historical Society.

Originally a wine vault, it now protects some of Utah's most precious records. The Archives, which has outgrown these facilities, is designing underground vaults to protect the state's valuable public records.

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

able success in educating state personnel to the importance of efficient recordkeeping practices.

The other archival programs were continued with a very limited staff. Approximately 300 cubic feet of valuable records were accessioned into the Archives. Assistance was provided for researchers who made 161 visits to the Archives, 112 mail and telephone requests, and used 1,429 separate items. In addition, the Archives was instrumental in the authorized destruction of 2,540 cubic feet of worthless records. (Part of these were destroyed by shredding by Records Center personnel with an industrial-type paper shredder purchased by the Archives for use in destroying confidential records.)

In addition to providing many types of archival and records management services the Archives was instrumental in saving the state at least $47,000 in recovered filing cabinets with the expenditure of $20,056.10 during this period.

For the coming year, the Archives plans to continue the existing programs, to establish a centralized microfilming program for state agencies as required by the Records Management Act, and to prepare the final plans and specifications for the new State Archives Building.

The past year has been a productive one in the processing of military records. The encasement in plastic of correspondence, orders, reports, etc., as well as muster rolls, rank rolls, returns, and commissions is complete. Over the year, 750 feet of plastic were used for the encasement of records.

Each document in the correspondence files (which fill two rolls of microfilm) has been assigned a consecutive number and is indexed under that system. An extensive cross index is being prepared and is completed from the year 1849 through the year 1866. Subject cards are prepared on individuals, content, addressee, and signer.

The file on World War II veterans is undergoing an overhaul. As it was being compiled during the war, a new card was made on an individual each time his name appeared in the newspapers and elsewhere. The result was that there are several cards on each individual, duplicating information already listed. Duplicated information has been removed from the file through the letter "P" diminishing the file space and weight by approximately two-thirds and making the file much more efficient.

Additional military records were obtained from Selective Service. They consist of several packing cases of reports of separation of veterans who served subsequent to World War II, and who are not registered with Utah Selective Service for various reasons such as death, entry into service prior to registration, female personnel, etc. These will be transcribed onto a card file with the World War II reports of separation as soon as time and personnel permit.

BRITISH IMPACT Ol^[

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j

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BY W

- TURRENTINE JACKSON

MINING INDUSTRY Although the Mormon pioneers who settled the region to the south of the Great Salt Lake knew of the presence of useful metals like iron, in 1849-50, information about the available precious metals was uncertain for many years thereafter.1 The initial policy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in discouraging mining for precious metals was well-known, 2 and the initiative in prospecting for the territory's hidden minerals was left to United States soldiers, first of all those stationed at Camp Floyd in 1858 and later by troops from California and Nevada. 3 The most lasting economic result from the military occupation of the Mormon community during the Civil War was the encouragement given the mining industry.4 The years 1863-70 may be described as the period of mining discovery in Utah. In Bingham Canyon no one was certain which of the metals deserved primary attention, for traces of gold, silver, copper, and lead were found in every conceivable chemical combination in the various districts that were established one right after the other. Across the valley of the Jordan River, its tributary streams flowing out of the Wasatch Range ran through canyons where scattered silver deposits were located. In spite of all the bustling activity, Utah's Dr. Jackson, professor of history at the University of California, Davis, presented the address, taken from this article, at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Utah State Historical Society, September 20, 1963. ^ l R o y Nelson, Utah's Economic Patterns (Salt Lake City, 1956), 81.

2 An early basic statement is found in Hubert H. Bancroft, History of Utah, 1540-1886 (San Francisco, 1889), 733-40; a notable document is the statement of William S. Godbe, September 2, 1884 (MS, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley).

3 Daily Alta California (San Francisco), February 9, 1873.

4 Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 1900 (Cambridge, 1958), 201-2; Dale L. Morgan, The Great Salt La{e (Indianapolis, 1947), 283-88.

For earlier sources, see John R. Murphy, The Mineral Resources of the Territory of Utah with Mining Statistics, Maps, . . . (Salt Lake City, 1872), 1-7, 22; F. V. Hayden, Sixth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories . . . (Washington, D.C., 1873), 106-8. Several key documents written

by Patrick E. Connor, commanding officer of the California Volunteers) are published in Orson F. Whitney, History of Utah (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1892-1904), II, 105-11. See summary statements on the army's role in Andrew L. Neff, History of Utah, 1847-1869, ed., Leland Hargrave Creer (Salt Lake City, 1940), 640-44, and Wain Sutton, ed., Utah: A Centennial History (3 vols., New York, 1949), II, 816-17.

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

production of precious metals had not exceeded $200,000 in value by 1869.5 The mining population in the territory was estimated at 4,000 the next year.0 Professor Leonard J. Arrington has suggested that Utah did not experience a mining rush comparable to that of California in 1849 and of Colorado and Nevada in 1859 because the Utah discoveries were small in number and wealth when compared with those unearthed in Idaho and Montana in these same years. Inadequate transportation made the movement of ore uneconomic. Moreover, the church leadership used every means at its command to prevent a mining excitement.7 Transportation developments revolutionized the Utah mining industry in the early 1870's. The Utah Central Railroad, running south from the transcontinental to Salt Lake City, and the Utah Southern, running south from the capital city, entered the mining country and ran branch lines, sometimes narrowgauge, to the most active districts.8 Railroad construction not only made possible profitable working of the scattered mines, but opened up Utah Territory to outside labor and capital. The Mormon Church, somewhat belatedly, adjusted its attitude toward the mining industry by permitting members of the church who needed work to labor in the mines under the direction of the priesthood.

However, the church was not prepared to go so far as to encourage its members to engage in promotional or speculative business affairs. One result was that six of the seven banks in existence in the territory in 1873 were initiated and owned by non-Mormons. 9 Through these bankers, investors from the East and from abroad were encouraged to fill the vacuum in the economy and provide the capital for a comprehensive test of the territory's mineral potential. Dale Morgan has rightly noted that the mines underwrote Utah's first social revolution, known in history as the "Godbeite Movement."10 The years that Utah was experiencing the end of isolation, 1869-73, coincided with the development of a great boom in overseas investments in Great Britain.11 As a part of the boom, companies were organized to operate mines throughout the world, including western America, to such an extent that London periodicals referred to the feverish activity as a "mining mania." The Brit8 Information on the early Utah mining districts is extensive and scattered. Valuable evidence is included in Bancroft, History of Utah, 740-47. Bancroft relied heavily u p o n Murphy, Mineral Resources, 1-7.

0 J. H . Beadle, Western Wilds, and the Men Who Redeemed Them (Cincinnati, 1 8 7 9 ) , 120.

7 Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 2 0 2 - 4 . See also Clark C. Spence, British Investments and the American Mining Frontier, 1860-1901 (Ithaca, 1958), 11, for observations on the effect of the church's policy in m i n i n g developments.

8 Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 2 4 1 - 4 3 , 2 7 0 - 7 5 , and 277.

0 Leonard J. Arrington, " B a n k i n g Enterprises in Utah, 1 8 4 7 - 1 8 8 0 , " Business History Review, XXIX (1955), 312-34.

10 Morgan, Great Salt Lake, 3 9 1 . A factual paragraph of exceptional value on the effect of the railroad on the m i n i n g industry is in Sutton, Utah: A Centennial History, II, 819.

11 A. K. Cairncross, Home and Foreign Investment, 1870-1913 (Cambridge, England, 1 9 5 3 ) , 188-89, 228-31.

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

349

ish risked an annual total of £40 million during 1872 and 1873. In western America alone there were 94 companies, representing an authorized capital of £18 million, or $90 million registered to engage in businesses related to the mining industry between 1870-73.12 The silver mines of Utah had been brought sharply to the attention of the investing public in England as early as 1868 through the mining trade journals.13 Between 1871-73, the British sponsored 20 Utah undertakings, with an initial nominal capitalization of £3.17 million or over $15 million. Based on the number of companies organized during the boom, Nevada remained the favorite field for the location of British companies, California was next in line, with Colorado and Utah following close behind. Because of the heavy capitalization of three or four of the Utah enterprises, the financial stake of the British in Utah Territory was greater than that in Nevada or Colorado and approximately three-fourths of that in California. One Englishman observed in 1872, "Nevada and the whole neighborhood of Mormon land has already absorbed so much British capital, that the mines are more British than American." 14 By 1870, a modus operandi had evolved for the marketing of western American mines in London and the organization of limited liability companies to operate them that was destined to do irreparable damage to the mining industry.

Vendors from the American West made "bonding contracts" with promoters to sell their properties at prices three or four times higher than they could command in the United States. The promoter usually organized a syndicate that, in turn, attempted to interest the public in investing in a public company. If this failed, the property reverted to the vendor and he could begin again.15 The public was invited to subscribe for shares through the issuance of a prospectus that was a widely circulated promotional document, full of exaggeration and occasional misrepresentation. Without shame, the promoters deleted any conditional phrases or qualifying statements from the official reports of mining engineers prior to using them in the prospectus. Moreover, in this period mining engineers were plentiful who, for an appropriate fee, would write optimistic reports that could be edited to suit the ends of both the promoters and the vendors. Abridged versions of the prospectus, dramatically displayed, were 12 These calculations on the total investment of the British in western American mines, 1870—73, are based on two earlier compilations: Spence, British Investments, Appendix II, 201, and Albin Joachim Dahl, "British Investment in California Mining, 1870-1890" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, 1961).

13 The Mining Journal (London), XXXVIII (March 14, 1868), 137.

11 James Bonwick, The Mormons and the Silver Mines (London, 1872), 324. Bonwick was impressed by the heavy investment of the British in western American mines but had no appreciation of its magnitude.

He says, "In 1870 the amount of English capital in foreign and colonial mines only reached two million pounds sterling, while the year after it was eleven millions. The present year may have a still larger investment." He also summarized mining activities in the Wasatch and Oquirrh ranges, particularly in Bingham Canyon, pp. 339-41.

15 Spence discusses "Individual Promoters" in detail, British Investments, Chapter II. Dahl also summarizes procedures in his dissertation, "British Investment in California Mining," 23-25, 29-30.

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

printed in the mining journals and newspapers, sometimes on several different pages in the same issue.16 In addition to the abuses associated with the prospectus, company promoters did not hesitate to manipulate the market price of shares at the time of the initial offering to the public by forcing transactions on the stock exchange at or above the par value of the shares. If necessary, an initial dividend was paid out of capital on the first shares sold, without too great an expense, to drive up the market value and stimulate a brisk trade. Another means of making a company more attractive to investors was to obtain the services of a man of title or great business distinction as chairman of the board of directors. Handsome fees and blocs of shares were frequently offered as an inducement to acceptance of these posts. Often secret agreements, ancillary to the contract of sale, were concluded whereby the vendors offered the promoters a bloc of shares or a percentage of the money paid by the public for the company stock. The amount of the vendors' shares was public knowledge, but the promoters usually managed to have friends register the majority of their own shares. As the market soared upward, the promoter, by now in all probability an officer or director of the company, made public statements of his resolve to hold the shares officially registered in his name, but made no mention of those held in reserve by his friends who were selling to make maximum profits. The Companies Act of 1862 did require that every public company file an annual register of stockholders showing the names, addresses, and occupations of investors; the number of shares they held at filing time; and the number of shares traded during the year.17 This document could be inspected at the Companies Registration Office but few investors took such pains. In time, the "insiders" to a company promotion sold their shares without resorting to intermediaries because so few investors went to the trouble to inspect and analyze the document. 18 As the story of British investment in specific Utah mining properties unfolds, the abuses associated with the selling of mines, company promotion, and the manipulation of shares, to mention only a few of the problems associated with the corporate mining industry, are painfully apparent.

18 The practices related to the publication of the company prospectus are obvious in examining the issues of the Mining Journal or Mining World of London in these years. Dahl has written an excellent summary, "British Investment in California Mining," 25-29. See also, Frederick E. Farrer, The Law Relating to Prospectuses (London, 1913). " Great Britain, Statutes at Large, 25 & 26 Vict., Vol. 102, Cap. 47.

1S The procedures whereby promoters manipulated the market and secretly shared in the purchase money has been described by Dahl, "British Investments in California Mining," as the modus operandi of 1870â&#x20AC;&#x201D;73, pp. 29-38. Parliament attempted to tighten up the law relating to public companies in 1867.

See, Great Britain, The Law Reports, Statutes, 30 & 31 Vict., Vol. 2, Cap. 131. The Companies Act, 1867, Sec. 38. For significant decisions concerning the interpretations of this law by the courts see Twycross v.

Grant, Com. Pleas. Div., Vol. 2, pp. 530 and New Sombrero Phosphate Company v. Erlander, Chancery Division, Vol. 5, 1877, pp. 73-126.

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

351

British capital first came to Utah through the successful promotional activity of three syndicates. The first Anglo-American enterprise in the territory was the Utah Silver Mining Company, Limited, instigated by two Americans, I. C. Bateman and "Colonel" David Buel, and registered in July, 1871, with a capitalization of ÂŁ140,000. Both men were well-known in western mining circles. Buel had been sent to the French Exposition in Paris in 1867 as a representative of the Reese River District, Nevada, amply supplied with ore samples that were certified by the authorities of the School of Mines in the French capital for an exposition medal. From Paris, Buel went to London.

Noting that the "colonel" was making his presence felt in British financial circles, the American Journal of Mining expressed concern about the amount of space devoted to his activities by the London Mining Journal and the flagrant exaggeration of his statements.19 On Buel's return to the American West he formed a partnership with Bateman to purchase a series of claims in Bingham Canyon supposedly containing silver and lead, erected the Buel and Bateman Smelting Works, and organized the Utah Mining Company. 20 The Salt Lake Herald thought no one could doubt the success of the enterprise and suggested that the new smelting works would "now convince the most skeptical of the possibility of a successful reduction of the Bingham canyon ores, which heretofore were erroneously set down as so refractory that it was deemed impossible to reduce them." 21 After convincing Utah residents of the soundness of the mining operation, Bateman journeyed to London in search of capital for development work. He secured the services of George Batters, an English broker principally associated with the successful floating of several Anglo-American mining companies. The first requirement was to obtain reports from mining engineers. Henry Janin, an American, made an adverse report stating that the ore found in widely scattered pockets was low-grade. However, the British promoters sent out an English expert, "Captain" James Nancarrow, who had managed mines in Mexico, Spain, and Chile, to get an enthusiastic appraisal of the property. Then Henry Sewell, another English engineer, was employed to serve as "umpire" between Janin and Nancarrow, and he unhesitatingly sided with his fellow Britisher after visiting the Bingham Canyon claims. All doubt in the minds of investors apparently disappeared when Batters publicized the fact that Bateman had refused cash for his Utah company insisting on a partialpayment in shares to reserve an interest in the operation. In fact, public confidence was so high that the ÂŁ10 shares sold at a 10J. premium. The public 19 American Journal of Mining, V (February 15, 1868), 104-5.

-"Mining Journal, XLI (April 29, 1871), 359.

21 Salt Lake Herald, April 28, 1871.

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

demand could not be met. Batters released a telegram from Bateman, refusing to sell any of his vendor's shares to interested Britishers. Thus nine mining claims in Bingham Canyon, including the Dartmouth, Portsmouth, Balshazzar, and Red Warrior mines, passed into the hands of the British company along with the Buel and Bateman Smelting Works. 22 John R. Murphy, recommended by the American vendors as one of the most able smelterers on the Pacific Coast, was named superintendent. He immediately went to work releasing dispatches on the wonders of Bingham Canyon. 28 A second syndicate promoted the Emma Silver Mining Company, Limited, that was destined to become the most famous, or infamous, of all enterprises introduced to the British public in the 1870's. The undertaking was so large and the promotion so dramatic that the Emma Company immediately attracted world-wide interest.24 Within a month after launching the Emma Company, Erwin Davis, the San Francisco promoter, utilized his experience to sponsor the Flagstaff Silver Mining Company of Utah, Limited, to develop a mining claim 2,000 feet long on the same vein as that of the Emma. For the prospectus Professor Minos Claiborne Vincent of the Royal Geographical and Geological societies of London prepared an elaborate statement asserting among other things that a vein "of such richness and force, marked throughout with such indubitable character, cannot fail to be both productive and permanent." Professor William F. Blake, who had already lauded the Emma to the sky, reported that on the Flagstaff claim a rich vein was waiting to be stoped out. Superintendent Murphy added a favorable statement written from the Bingham Canyon headquarters of the Utah Silver Mining Company, Limited. The prospectus estimated the annual net profits at 36 per cent and promised dividends within two months after the company's registration. Davis gathered together a distinguished board of directors, quite distinct from that of the Emma, headed by the Right Honorable Lord Robert Montague. Sir Alexander Malet, an outstanding British statesman and diplomat, personally guaranteed that the resources of the company would be properly handled and assumed the title of 22 Papers of the Utah Silver Mining Company, Limited (Companies Registration Office, Bush House, L o n d o n ) . These company records are available in the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, and were obtained as a part of the library's Program for the Collection of Western Americana in Europe (hereafter cited C R O , B L R P ) . Mining Journal, XLI (July 1, 1871), 5 5 9 - 6 0 .

23 Ibid. (December 16, 1 8 7 1 ) , 1123. T h e M u r p h y w h o served as m a n a g e r of this company was the same gentleman w h o had published a p a m p h l e t on the mineral resources of Utah and upon w h o m Bancroft, the compiler of history, had relied so heavily.

21 Professor Spence in his scholarly and masterful study of British Investments has chosen the E m m a for a case study to illustrate the problems of promotion, organization, and operation experienced by most companies. See Chapter VIII, 139â&#x20AC;&#x201D;90. See also, W . T u r r e n t i n e Jackson, " T h e Infamous E m m a Mine: A British Interest in the Little Cottonwood District, Utah Territory," Utah Historical Quarterly, XXIII (October, 1 9 5 5 ) , 339â&#x20AC;&#x201D;62. Perhaps the most valuable primary source is U.S., Congress, House, Emma Mine Investigation, 44th Cong., 1st Sess., 1 8 7 5 - 7 6 , House Rept. 579, Serial 1711.

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

353

trustee. The Flagstaff Company was capitalized at £300,000, second in size only to the Emma. Like that company, also, all the funds raised, £100,000, went to the vendors with the remaining £200,000 allotted to them as paid-up shares.

The shares placed on the market were exchanged at a premium anywhere between £2 to £3 above the par value of £10.25 Warren Hussey, president of the National Bank of Utah, played a significant role in marketing all three of these Utah mining properties. 26 He encouraged Bateman to sell his mining claims and smelter in Bingham Canyon in London and from time-to-time advanced money to the manager of the Utah Silver Mining Company to carry him through a crisis. He also worked with Erwin Davis and Trenor W. Park in floating the Emma Mine and through Park made the acquaintance of Henry Sewell, the engineer. From his offices in Salt Lake City, Hussey next provided the funds to bond the Sparrow Hawk mines along a vein known as the Mormon Chief in the Camp Floyd District that Sewell thought promising. And he also paid the expenses of a "mining captain" named Shaw, whom Sewell recommended, to present the proposal for a company to prospective English investors. Hussey and Sewell between them provided letters of introduction to London friends and coached the captain on how to proceed in floating the mine. The prospectus of the proposed Camp Floyd Silver Mining Company, Limited, suggested that the district would soon rival the celebrated Nevada Comstock. The silver ore was reported to be "free milling," rich silver chloride. Samples picked at random and carted to Salt Lake City by wagon and shipped by rail to Reno for smelting had yielded an average of $350 a ton.

In London, Shaw sought out George Batters who agreed to serve in the dual role of promoter and chairman of the board. Financiers and investors who had been associated with him in the Utah Silver Mining Company also backed the Camp Floyd Company, and the impression was left that the same syndicate would dominate the policy of both. 27 Although these syndicates had a tendency to monopolize the attention of British investors interested in Utah mines, several smaller companies were reg25 Papers of the Flagstaff Silver Mining Company of Utah, Limited (CRO, BLRP). Mining Journal, XLI (December 2, 1871), 1064, 1065.

2(!

Arrington has described Hussey as "Imaginative, energetic, and a typical western 'promoter,'" and has suggested that "a study of his financial activities after 1861 would come close to constituting a chronicle of Inland Empire mining." Arriving from Colorado, Hussey and his partner established the First National Bank of Utah and made it one of the most important financial houses in the territory. Dividends totalling one hundred per cent in capital were paid in 1871-72, but the Panic of 1873 forced the suspension of payments, and involuntary liquidation was necessary in 1874. When the big mining boom began Hussey was one of Utah's most respected bankers. By its end he was being blamed for "incompetent management" that led to the destruction of his bank. See Arrington, "Banking Enterprises in Utah," B.H.R., XXIX, 321-23.

"Papers of the Camp Floyd Silver Mining Company, Limited (CRO, BLRP). Mining Journal, XLI (October 21, 1871), 921; (November 4, 1871), 964,

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

istered in 1871-72 taking advantage of the sudden popularity of Utah Territory in London. In fact, Utah had such a splendid reputation in London financial and investment circles in 1871 that six out of the eight companies registered that year included the word "Utah" in their official titles. Captain Nancarrow, who apparently spent most of his time that year touring the various mining districts of Utah locating and recommending promising claims for British promoters, endorsed the Silver Hill Mine in Little Cottonwood Canyon that was sold to the South Utah Mining Company, Limited. 28 A fourth British concern in the Little Cottonwood District was the Davenport Mining Company, Limited, that acquired both the Davenport and Matilda lodes. From the very start interested observers reported that the British expenditure here was liberal, if not lavish.

A hoisting works was placed in the mine; a tramway was built to connect the mine with ore bins on Grizzley Flat where wagons were loaded to convey the ore to two furnaces built at the mouth of the canyon. A steam mill was built at Grizzley Flat, and a small settlement grew up around it.29 At Bingham, the Saturn Silver Mining Company of Utah, Limited, was incorporated to acquire a property known as the "Idaho" on the Great Saturn Lode in the West Mountain Mining District. The prospectus was full of exaggeration stating that "this LODE is represented to be eleven feet thic\, solid silver and lead bearing ore."

The location was also described as strategic, just across the valley from the famous silver mines of the Little Cottonwood District including the lengendary Emma! 30 In addition to the concentration of effort in Bingham and Little Cottonwood canyons, the British also purchased the Mammoth Copperopolis Mine in the Tintic District, Juab County, 75 miles south of Salt Lake City. Several shipments of high-grade ore to Liverpool were made in 1872 to experiment with various refining methods. 31 Although Scottish residents confined their mining investment during this boom period, for the most part, to companies with London headquarters, one company, the Utah Cotton Wood Mining and Smelting Company, Limited, was promoted by John E. Watson, a Glasgow accountant. He prevailed upon four merchants, a solicitor, and a lithographer, none of whom had any mining experience, to join him in signing the memorandum of association of an ex28 Papers of the South Utah Mining Company, Limited (CRO, BLRP). Mining Journal, XLI (November 11, 1871), 993.

29 Papers of the Davenport Mining Company, Limited (CRO, BLRP). Mining and Scientific Press (San Francisco), XLVI (May 19, 1883), 345.

30 Papers of the Saturn Silver Mining Company of Utah, Limited (CRO, BLRP). Prospectus, Mining Journal, XLI (July 22, 1871), 633.

"Papers of the Mammoth Copperopolis of Utah, Limited (CRO, BLRP). Mining and Scientific Press, XLVI (May 26, 1883), 364.

BRITISH I M P A C T O N M I N I N G

355

ploring outfit that was examining silver-lead locations near Honeycomb Gulch, adjoining the Big Cottonwood Canyon. Either because of unsatisfactory reports on the property or a lack of enthusiasm on the part of Scottish investors, the project was abandoned within nine months. No actual mining was carried on, and any expenses incurred were shared by the promoters. 32 The two Utah companies floated under the guidance of George Batters quickly proved disastrous. In January, 1872, the assembled stockholders of the Utah Silver Mining Company learned that the vendors' statement had been highly colored; the entire working capital had been expended; and an additional debt of ÂŁ8,000 had been created by the manager without consent of the London board. The Engineering and Mining Journal of New York in a sensational expose observed that the company had reached the position "that all mining engineers whose professional honor could not be bribed had expected when the English company bought it." In indignation the editor insisted on reporting what had happened in hopes the blunder would not be again repeated. The mines in Bingham Canyon obtained by "two sharps" had no veins but low-grade lead ore found in pockets. Unable to sell the property in the United States, they had turned to England. Before doing so they had built a furnace and hired a metallurMRS. ROBERT MARVIN gist who told them the ore - * . was of no profitable value.

They reportedly replied that their only interest was in seeing slag running, and at this point the metallurgist resigned. Then they obtained a statement from John R. Murphy, "a generally discredited man," lauding the property after he was promised the managership. When the battle was enjoined between the 32 Papers of the Utah Cotton Wood Mining and Smelting Company, Limited (CRO, BLRP).

In the winter horses and sleigh were used to transport supplies to the community of Alta, and to haul ore to the railhead at mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon.

356

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

American and British "experts" over the soundness of the mines, the Journal had suggested, . . . when any expert of reputation advises against the purchase of a mine at a certain price, two votes cannot "outvote" him; and so long as our Western Country is full of good mines that can be cheaply bought, it is folly to go into doubtful schemes. Secondly, it is folly to send English, or other engineers, inexperienced in this country to report on the value of mines in our new districts. They come in a hurry, see nothing but what they came to see, are in the hands of vendors during their stay â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and are subject to enormous temptation. 33

Rumors now circulated in Salt Lake City that Murphy had thrown lead bars into the furnace while the investigating expert from England was momentarily away from the works thereby increasing bullion to a profitable level. Others insisted that a secret agreement had been signed by the mining experts to share the profits of the promotion. When the furnace failed to process the anticipated metal, the decision was made to rebuild it. A second smelting plant of larger capacity was constructed before it was recognized that the ore of Bingham Canyon contained so little lead and silver that it could not be profitably reclaimed at the current price of coal and iron ore needed for smelting.

Soon news arrived that Bateman had been arrested on the streets of London and was in prison. The specific charge was that he had sold a Nevada mine guaranteeing representations that proved untrue. Somewhat cynically, the Territorial Enterprise of Virginia City commented: There is nothing novel in this circumstance, as the many failures of English capital in Nevada attest; but it is possible that our English cousins have become disgusted with the misrepresentations of California and Nevada mine-sellers, and concluded to make an example of Mr. Bateman. After entering our protest against the arrest and incarceration of our old townsman â&#x20AC;&#x201D; which we presume will have but little weight with the London courts â&#x20AC;&#x201D; we feel disposed to suggest for the protection of future mining operators in England that after offering the sale of a Nevada mine in London, and receiving the ducats therefor, the "party of the first part" should retire from Her Britannic Majesty's kingdom during the progress of developing the property conveyed. By observing this suggestion it is manifest, from the consideration of Mr. Bateman's difficulty, that much annoyance may be avoided. "Sell and leave" is evidently the true motto of Nevada operators in London. 34

The Utah Mining Journal in reprinting the report mentioned that Bateman had "for many years enjoyed the reputation of being a sound and prudent business man" and was "held in high esteem for honesty and uprightness in all his dealings" in Utah. The editor expressed the hope that he was only a victim of unfortunate circumstances.30 33

Engineering and Mining Journal, XIII (January 30, 1872).

Territorial Enterprise (Virginia City, Nevada), December 2, 1872.

35 Utah Mining Journal (Salt Lake City), December 6, 1872.

31

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

357

In this hour of crisis, the shareholders were in a quandary as to the action they should take. As usual, a committee of investigation was appointed. Another expert, Professor Clayton, assured them their property could be made to pay if sufficient development capital were raised. A decision was made to reorganize the board of directors, and Bateman, the vendor so recently in the toils of the British law, was named resident director in Utah. Warren Hussey, the Utah banker, was the chief creditor of the company, retaining possession of the smelter and threatening to take over the mine. Under the circumstances the company plans called for temporary discontinuance of smelting, with the ore being sold on the Salt Lake City market for what it would bring. Murphy's critics clamored for his removal charging him with preparing misleading reports to facilitate the marketing of the mine, with blundering and wastefulness that plunged the company into debt, and with forwarding inaccurate reports to London. One shareholder on his return from Utah reported in anquish that Murphy had sunk a shaft on the wrong side of the ledge and every foot he dug he moved further away from the ore. Others suggested that if their manager "was the most able smelterer on the Pacific Coast," as he had been represented by the vendors, "then heaven help the Coast, for the sooner it ceases to smelt the better." Hussey attempted to protect Murphy because he had made loans to him, but the banker was finally forced to refute statements made by the manager concerning the progress in repaying indebtedness.36 The chaotic condition of the company made it impossible to raise funds to meet its obligations and resume operations. So it went through the legal process known as winding-up and then reorganized as the Utah Silver Lead Mining Company, Limited, with a capital of ÂŁ70,000, one-half the original enterprise.37 In Utah, the mining press that championed the industry in the territory hailed the British determination to test thoroughly the property. John Longmaid, who had experience in England, France, and Turkey, replaced Murphy as manager. 38 He complained bitterly that the London board ignored his communications and failed to establish policies. Suddenly in October, 1874, he wired the directors, "Discharge me and all the staff; there is no more ore to dress." The directors telegraphed Bateman, "Hurry to Utah. Mine shut down.

Reply quickly."39 When reports came in from America everyone attempted to defend their reports and actions.40 Longmaid reported that his hands had alâ&#x201E;˘ Mining Journal, XLII (September 21, 1872), 904; XLIII (January 4, 1873), 3; XLIV (February 17, 1874), quoted in Spence, British Mining Investments, 106.

37 Papers of the Utah Silver Lead Mining Company, Limited (CRO, BLRP). Events can be traced in the following issues of the Mining Journal: XLIII (January 18, 1873), 74; (January 25, 1873), 103; (February 1, 1873), 131; (February 8, 1873), 155; (February 15, 1873), 167.

38 Utah Mining Gazette (Salt Lake City), April 25, 1874.

39 Mining Journal, XLIV (October 10, 1874), 1116.

40 Ibid. (November 14, 1874), 1256.

358

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

ways been tied by the London directors who controlled the accounts and finances through a Salt Lake solicitor and who actually relied upon Bateman as their manager. "I cannot quietly consent to have my name smeared with dirt to shelter those who have no time to make themselves acquainted with the details of the business they control," he concluded.41 Needless to say, he had difficulty in collecting his salary.

After the atmosphere cleared, everyone recognized that the basic problem had been the changing nature of the ore at the mine in Bingham Canyon. Below the oxidizing zone the ores grew base, iron as sulphuret becoming common.

This change necessitated the dressing of the ore before it went to the smelter, and it was for the purpose of building a dressing plant that the company was reorganized. Shortly after the works were completed, Longmaid discovered that the ores underwent still another transformation, changing suddenly to an almost solid zinc blend and becoming poor in galena as well as silver, and could no longer be processed at a profit.42 In bitterness, the chairman observed, "this is simply in accordance with the experience of everybody in Utah." 43 The company wound up in 1875. Not only were there no dividends, but the entire investment was also lost except for a trifle realized from the sale of the plant. The British public had provided somewhere in the neighborhood of $750,000 for this initial Utah mining enterprise.

As soon as the Camp Floyd Mining Company, Limited, was floated, banker Hussey, engineer Sewell, and manager Shaw launched a campaign to sustain public confidence in the mining operation. The Salt La\e Herald reported, "Two more bars of silver from Camp Floyd mill were received at Wells [Fargo and Company] last night, making as Capt. Shaw informs us, six bars for the present week [August, 1872] worth $9,000."44 The Utah Mining Journal took up the theme, "Twelve beautiful bars of silver, of great fineness were shipped to New York yesterday" en route to London. 45 In spite of the propaganda campaign, returns were meager and shareholders began to complain when the value of shares, once at a premium, began to topple on the market. Under fire, Captain Shaw explained that the construction of a mill was delayed because the San Francisco foundry had accepted too many orders. Once the machinery arrived at Sandy station the weather was bad and the road so difficult that it took forty-two mules and eight yoke of oxen to move the essential equipment to the mine site. Shareholders could not agree at this 41

Ibid. (December 5, 1874), 1337.

Mining and Scientific Press, XLVI (May 26, 1883), 364.

43 Mining Journal, XLV (April 24, 1875), 458.

44 Salt Lake Herald, August 23, 1872.

45 Utah Mining Journal, August 8, 9, 1872.

42

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

359

meeting as to whether the Utah management or the London directorate was incompetent. Shortly thereafter Edward Brydges-Willyams, member of Parliament from Cornwall, banker, smelterer, and director of the Emma Company, visited the Camp Floyd Mine with Professor Benjamin Silliman and came away satisfied with the management and convinced that the company's problems stemmed from the refractory nature of the ore. 46 Suddenly in December, 1872, the company announced that the mill had been stopped because the returns would not pay the cost of extracting and processing the ore. Some shareholders clamored for a committee of investigation, but the directors threatened to resign en masse if one were appointed. Discussion centered on the role of Warren Hussey who was accused of sending favorable reports to London, marketing all his shares, and then allowing the manager to report the disappointing news. George Batters insisted that the Salt Lake banker had shown confidence in the mine at the beginning and as a shrewd speculator had purchased 2,000 shares at a cost of $150,000, but the moment the ore began to fall off he elected to dispose of his shares. In bitter disappointment the chairman announced that his name had appeared for the last time on the directorate of an American mining company. Although there were mines of unparalleled richness in Utah, Nevada, and California, "the gentlemen on the other side of the Atlantic know their business better than those on this side, and it was for Englishmen not to trust them any more." 47 In the summer of 1873, Henry Sewell took over the Utah management. As the company had no profitable ore, he concentrated his efforts on processing custom ore through the mill and complained that the British shareholders would not purchase larger quantities for processing. To make matters worse, Sewell apparently did not hesitate to mix business and pleasure. He had placed four bars of silver bullion in a jeweler's window in Salt Lake City, under a large photograph of May Howard, a popular actress appearing in a local theater.

A caption for the display proclaimed, "Miss May Howard astonished at the purity of this bullion.... Her sweet smile indicates the impression of the purity of the silver." No objections could have been raised at this publicity stunt, but Sewell soon wrote the Camp Floyd millman to send him a $100 brick of pure silver to present to Miss Howard as soon as possible. Whether this was her fee for the publicity, or Sewell's determination to win her favor, was never clearly explained. When the sequence of events was reported to London stockholders, there were howls of protest.48 40 Mining Journal, XLII (November 9, 1872), 1080; (November 16, 1872), 1104; (December 14, 1872), 1208; (December 21, 1872), 1218.

47 Ibid., XLIV (March 21, 1874), 302-3.

48 Spence, British Investments, 112. Professor Spence has ferreted out the details of this AngloAmerican friendship from the files of die Mining Journal.

360

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

The mining interest in Utah supported Sewell to the hilt in his dealing with the British investors. The latter insisted on winding-up and selling the mill for about one-third of its original cost of $90,000. In reality the unsatisfactory results of this company were not due to inefficient management, but the fact that the ore had deteriorated until it was too base to be treated by a simple milling process. Some mining engineers thought the British should have built roasting furnaces and made further reduction experiments â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that they had a tendency of "taking hold too brash and letting go too soon" in dealing with American mines. However, by this time the British had concluded that "no incubation, however protracted, can bring anything out of a rotten egg."49 Although the Batters' companies were on the road to dissolution in 1872, the Flagstaff syndicate still enjoyed the support of the British investor because of implicit confidence in the distinguished directors. Upon favorable reports by mining engineers, who had previously served the Flagstaff Company, the Last Chance Silver Mining Company of Utah, Limited, was organized to work claims at the head of Bingham Canyon. The mines were opened up, a reduction works was constructed, and a narrow-gauge railroad was built to connect the company's smelter with Bingham and Sandy.50 The Utah Mining Journal enthusiastically reported on developments, noting that the English company had "large capital and enterprising management." 51 Once the reduction works was completed, Nicholas M. Maxwell, who was the joint manager of this company and the Flagstaff, learned that the Bingham Canyon ore did not contain enough lead to mill easily and was, therefore, unprepared for processing in the smelter. So the company bought an adjoining lode which, though poor in precious metal, had sufficient lead to serve as a good flux. In spite of difficulties, seven dividends of 2s. each were periodically disbursed to shareholders during the first year.

This syndicate promoted a third company in 1873. The Tecoma Silver Mining Company, Limited, was heavily capitalized at ÂŁ300,000 to purchase property in the Lucin District, in the Goshute Mountains near the Nevada line about seven miles south of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The prospectus revealed the vendors to be Erwin Davis and Asa P. Stanford, the brother of the famous railroad builder Leland. Davis had been the prime promoter of the Emma, Flagstaff, and Last Chance companies; and the directors of the Tecoma proclaimed that they "implicitly rely on the good faith of the vendors, and upon the report of Mr. Maxwell," the manager of their Utah properties.52 49

Mining and Scientific Press, XLVI (May 5, 1874), 809.

Papers of the Last Chance Mining Company, Limited (CRO, BLRP); Mining Journal, XLII (August 10, 1872), 743; Mining and Scientific Press, XLVI (May 19, 1883), 345.

51 Utah Mining Journal, February 17, 1873.

52 Prospectus, Tecoma Silver Mining Company, Limited, Mining Journal, XLIII (January 18, 1873), 58.

50

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

361

The Central Pacific Railroad prevailed upon Maxwell and the London directors to ship their ore to the smelters at Truckee, California, for refining, rather than to build a smelting plant near the Utah mines. The railroad donated a section of land to the company along the line and constructed a loop of rails to facilitate the loading of cars at the site of the new Tecoma station. Preferential rates were promised on the shipment of ore to Truckee and on the return of bullion. Of the £300,000 capital £280,000 went to the vendors, £130,000 in cash and £150,000 in paid-up shares, leaving very little for development. This financial arrangement was typical in all companies where Davis was the vendor.

As usual, the shareholders were promised immediate dividends, in this case at the rate of 24 per cent a year.53 The last British-financed Utah mining company worthy of note is the Chicago Silver Mining Company, Limited, capitalized at £150,000, to purchase property in Dry Canyon, eight miles from Rush Lake, Tooele County, in 1873. The vendor was William S. Godbe, well-known Utah merchant and mining promoter. As early as 1869, Godbe had assumed the leadership of a small group of Mormon intellectuals urging the Mormon Church to co-operate with the Gentiles in the territory, terminate social and economic solidarity, and encourage the development of mining. Their unacceptable views were described as the Godbeite heresy. Once the schism had developed over Mormon economic policy, Godbe ignored the wishes of the majority and concentrated much of his time and energy on the mining industry.54 He sold his property to the British with the understanding that he would serve as general manager for two years taking his compensation at the rate of two per cent of the dividends paid.55 At first the company freighted its ore in mule-drawn wagons to the railroad and shipped it to Liverpool for processing. This ore proved exceptionally valuable. The London directors praised the management of Godbe, and shares in the company sold at a premium. 50 As usual, the British invested in improvements. A reduction works was erected on Rush Lake near Stockton so refining could be conducted in Utah. A steam hoisting works was constructed within the mine; and a steel tramway, a quarter of a mile long, was built to convey the ore from the mine to the mouth of Dry Canyon where it could be loaded more easily in wagons. The Utah mining journals expected this company to be a success and "do much to inspire confidence with our transatlantic cousins, whose experience in American mining we are sorry to say has not been all that we had 5S

lbid. (May 17, 1873), 545.

Arrington, "Banking Enterprises in Utah," B.H.R., XXIX, 243-44.

55 Papers of the Chicago Silver Mining Company, Limited (CRO, BLRP).

56 Utah Mining Gazette, August 30, 1873.

54

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY (A. L. INGLESBY COLLECTION)

Ophir, Utah, near the turn of the century. This area was the scene of operations of the British company, Ophir Mining and Smelting Company of Utah, Limited.

hoped." 0 ' In spite of the early promise, shareholders assembling for the first annual meeting were told by the company chairman, Rear Admiral Lord John Hay, that the ÂŁ20,000 allotted for development had been exhausted and the ore had not proved to be of the quality anticipated. Godbe journeyed to London for this meeting, and the shareholders expressed confidence in his management in spite of financial disappointment. 58 By the end of 1874, discontent had developed. Shareholders insisted the directors propose to Godbe that he return some of the paid-up shares he had received in payment for the property as it obviously had been too highly appraised.51' Throughout 1873-74, the British investor in the Utah mining industry gradually realized that the dissolutionment experienced by the shareholders in sev57

Ibid., September 6, 1873. ^Mining Journal, XLIV (March 21, 1874), 304; (June 27, 1874), 702; Utah Mining Gazette, May 2, 1874 SB

Mining Journal, XLIV (November 14, 1874), 1237-38.

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

363

eral companies was but a prelude to financial disaster for all enterprises promoted during the boom. The lesser companies were among the first to go. The London office of the Saturn Silver Mining Company of Utah was soon reprimanding its manager for extravagance in insisting on carpeted floors in the Utah office and for including whiskey as an "incidental expense" in his accounts. The rich galena in Bingham Canyon turned out to be iron pyrites. Rather than liquidate immediately an attempt was made at reorganization under the guidance of the heaviest investors, but the reconstruction was a fantastic reshuffling of shares and the public would have no part of it.60 The Saturn Company shared its manager with the Mammoth Copperopolis Company of Utah, Limited. A costly plant was erected in the Tintic District only to discover that it was improperly located since the water supply was sufficient to generate steam for only a few months out of the year. Lord Chaud Hamilton admitted the company had not been fortunate in the choice of its manager. Ore was consistently processed by this company, but the falling prices for the metal lead to a decline in income. Soon there was not enough money to pay the miners, and the Utah newspapers, unconvinced that the property was a liability, accused the British of shipping bullion home while the men went unpaid. Tiring of the continuous struggle to defray operating costs, the company suspended operations, accepting the loss of the original investment. 61 In the Little Cottonwood Canyon, between incompetence, dishonesty, and extravagance, matters went from bad to worse for the Davenport Mining Company, Limited. The superintendent having heard stories of rich gold mines in South America suddenly took off for that continent. The mine foreman left for parts unknown. In the end the property had to be attached and sold to satisfy the claims of creditors.62 British grievances and losses in these smaller companies were minimal in comparison with those associated with the Emma and Flagstaff syndicates.63 The Flagstaff-Last Chance-Tecoma syndicate, headed by Sir Alexander Malet, was the last to succumb to disaster. In February, 1873, while the Tecoma Company was being floated, shareholders were reminded that the other two companies were among the three Anglo-American mining companies whose shares were at a premium on the British Stock Exchange. 64 The Flagstaff Company had paid dividends at the rate of twenty-four per cent a year until November, 1872, when it had been increased to thirty per cent. The chairman confidently 60

Utah Mining Gazette, February 14, 1874.

Mining Journal, XLIV (February 21, 1874), 210-11; (May 2, 1874), 481.

62 Mining and Scientific Press, XLVI (May 19, 1883), 345.

0,3 See footnote 24.

61 The third company was the Sierra Buttes Mining Company, Limited, in Sierra County, California.

C1

364

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

anticipated that the mine was "a sound and remunerative investment [that] would outlast all their times, and eventually be handed down with undiminished success to their children." Admiral Leopold Heath inquired whether or not, in view of developments with the Emma Company, the shareholders were being kept in a "fool's paradise." Another shareholder noted that the vendors shares were being marketed very rapidly and inquired if something could not be done to "stop these rats from running away from the ship." 65 First of all, the London directors lost confidence in their manager when the ores of the Tecoma Company proved unprofitable and those of the Last Chance Company in Bingham Canyon too refractory to reduce.66 Maxwell was replaced by a British naval officer, Captain Forbes, who immediately sent such adverse reports home that the shares began to topple on the market. Suddenly, the tone of his reports shifted, possibly because the American vendor, Erwin Davis, gave him 550 fully paid shares in the company. Forbes elected to manage only the Flagstaff and Last Chance mines and soon Raynar St. Stevens was placed in charge of the Tecoma. 67 Unable to continue dividend payments sufficient to sustain share values and faced with mounting indebtedness, the directors of all three companies borrowed funds from the vendor without notifying the shareholders. With incredible cunning or naivete, they circumvented the legal limitations on borrowing in the Articles of Association by the simple expedient of contracting to deliver ores to the vendor in the future. Davis forced the directors to sign an agreement whereby he appointed his agent as manager of the Utah mines until the ore taken out had paid for the loans he made to the companies.68 When his appointee, J. N. H. Patrick took over, the shareholders protested loudly demanding that the properties be returned immediately to British control. W. H. Burnand, director of the Flagstaff and chairman of the Tecoma Company, referred to Davis as "Mephistopheles" and commented that it was impossible to find agents in the United States capable of dealing with a "sleek sly Jew."69 Patrick's appointment was accepted by the Flagstaff and Last Chance, but when he arrived at the Tecoma Mine, St. Stephens refused to surrender the property. Patrick attempted to enforce the change by displaying a loaded pistol, whereupon the Englishman knocked him to the floor and with 05 00

M i n i n g Journal, XLIII (February 8, 1873), 1 5 7 - 5 8 ; (March 15, 1873), 297.

Spence, British Investments, 106; Mining World, March 7, 1874, 470; Mining Journal, XLIII (February 8, 1873), 159; (December 20, 1873), 1 4 0 3 - 4 ; XLIV (August 1, 1874), 834.

07 Mining Journal, XLIV (February 7, 1874), 158; (February 28, 1874), 235, 422.

08 Flagstaff Silver Mining Company of Utah, Limited v. J. N. H. Patrick, Territory of Utah, Supreme Court, Utah Reports, 1877-1880, II, 305.

09 Spence, British Investments, 110. These epithets and viewpoints were expressed in meetings of both the Last Chance and Tecoma companies. See Mining Journal, XLIV (February 7, 1 8 7 4 ) , 159; (March 7, 1874), 2 4 8 .

365

BRITISH IMPACT O N M I N I N G

his foot on his chest inquired, "Now, Sir, who will have the mine, me or you ?

I stand here as the representative of the Tecoma Company. I have received no advice from the directors to deliver the mine to you, and until that is done I will not part with the trust that has been given to me." Soon St. Stephens was ordered to hand over the property to Patrick, and upon his return to London he received little recognition for his loyalty.70 The shareholders of each of the companies called upon the directors to resign at the earliest opportunity. Debate raged over whether advantage would be gained by suing the board collectively or singly.71 The companies next turned their attention to resolving their legal entanglement with Erwin Davis, who quietly observed developments from his hotel suite in Paris â&#x20AC;&#x201D; refusing to enter the British Isles. The new board of the Flagstaff worked for a compromise, but representatives who went to Paris were told that no discussion was possible until Burnand resigned. He did so; and on the return of the shareholders' committee, Davis reported the company owed him ÂŁ140,000 and that he was prepared to operate the mine taking fifty per cent of the profits to be applied to his debt and give the company fifty per cent. Negotiations broke down at this point.

70

Mining World, March 21, 1874, 567-68.

The company affairs can be traced in the Mining Journal, XLIV (February 28, 1874), 238; (March 7, 1874), 248; (March 31, 1874), 302; (April 8, 1874), 407-8. Utah Mining Gazette, May 2 and 9, 1874.

71

Alta, Utah, locale of the infamous Emma and Flagstaff mines. At the pea\ of its mining activity, Alta had a population of approximately 8,000 persons.

MRS.

ROBERT

366

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

A reorganized board then voted for "war to the knife," but the shareholders in annual meeting overruled them and named a committee to go to France. 72 The previous compromise was agreed upon, but the directors delayed in calling a meeting for its ratification and when they did so the shareholders demanded evidence of Davis' sincerity and rejected the agreement. 73 The committee asked for a poll of the shareholders who now shifted positions and overwhelmingly voted for compromise, for a policy of peace, and an end of litigation. A desperate jurisdictional struggle ensued in which it was proposed that the directors and shareholders' committee be merged into a single board. This was done. The original shareholders' committee failed in attempting to have a conference with Davis. Instead he announced his departure for the United States and stated that he would have no communication with the company until every man on the board who had accused him of dishonesty had resigned. The members of the shareholders' committee were then repudiated for having been duped, and a decision made to take legal action against the vendor in Utah. 74 While this hassle disrupted the Flagstaff Company, the directors of the Tecoma filed suit against the vendor without consulting the shareholders. Simultaneously, they tried to gain restitution of a portion of the purchase money on the grounds the property was misrepresented in the prospectus. Finally, in 1875, the directors resigned on the grounds that they could not continue to direct a Utah mining operation over which they had only partial control. As a practical mining operation, the Tecoma was finished.75 In 1877, the Utah Supreme Court finally disallowed the contract made between the Flagstaff directors and Davis, making it possible to break the control of the latter over the property and oust the manager. 76 Meanwhile, Davis established the legality of his claim against the Last Chance Company for ÂŁ21,000 by action in New York courts. However, the Flagstaff claimed the Last Chance owed it money, and the manager hauled much of the usable equipment away to the site of the Flagstaff in Little Cottonwood Canyon. Lawyers were taking steps to sell the entire Last Chance property when the company chairman arrived in Salt Lake City just in time to procure an injunction stopping the auction. Funds were raised to pay off the Flagstaff Company, and by 1878 the Last Chance Company was free of litigation. For the next ten years the company "Mining Journal, XLIV (April 18, 1874), 429; (July 4, 1874), 725; (July 18, 1874), 762, 780-81.

78 Ibid. (August 8, 1874), 846. '''Ibid. (August 15, 1874), 893; (October 10, 1874), 1099.

75 The company affairs can be traced in ibid. (October 10, 1874), 1116; (November 7, 1874), 1228; (December 12, 1874), 1350; XLV (December 11, 1875), 1376; XLVIII (February 23, 1878), 215; (March 2, 1878), 232; (March 9, 1878), 252; L (May 15, 1880), 555, 625.

76 Utah Reports, 1877-1880, II, 317-18.

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

367

worked its properties, and reorganized repeatedly to raise more capital, but the whole project was abandoned in 1888.77 Scarcely had the Flagstaff Company recovered its mine when it was discovered that the land patent obtained by the original board did not follow the Flagstaff lode but was located at right angles to it as a result of a clerical error.

A full investigation revealed that the directors had given their new manager, A. G. Hunter, a ten-year lease to the property without the knowledge of the shareholders. He was also given money to buy up claims known as the South Star and the Titus that had been filed on land the company had been working on the assumption that the acreage was its own. The United States District Court had meanwhile awarded the owners of these claims damages to the amount of $45,000. Hunter purchased an interest in the two rival claims with company money but had recorded them in his own name and later transferred them to a partner. He had then given up his lease with the directors while his partner entered suit against the company for $230,000. The directors had deceived the shareholders, and the manager had in turn deceived the directors.

Erwin Davis seized the opportunity to enter suit in the New York courts against the directors for having turned the mine over to Hunter when his claims were still unpaid. As soon as the shareholders could assemble, the directors were forced to resign. Then the shareholders tried to nullify the lease agreement with Hunter on the grounds that he had prior knowledge of the land patent situation. The Flagstaff tried in other court action to defend its property rights by arguing that it could pursue the vein from the discovery tunnel in all directions even though it passed through the claim of another. This mining principle, reaffirmed in the recent Emma-Illinois case, was reversed by the United States Supreme Court. The Flagstaff possessed about 100 feet square where their patented claim crossed the lode and no more. There seemed no way out of the confusion but to bring the company legally to a close and reorganize. 78 In the process of reorganization, Professor M. C. Vincent, who had so glowingly described the property in the prospectus, emerged as the dominant personality of the company. With the aid of Salt Lake lawyers, the owners of various and sundry claims along the Flagstaff lode were brought together in a single company, and the English took steps to buy back the property they had worked "Mining Journal, XLVII (October 20, 1877), 1 1 4 3 - 4 4 ; XLVIII (February 16, 1878), 187; XLIX (March 8, 1 8 7 9 ) , 2 4 3 ; L (October 16, 1880), 1194; Mining and Scientific Press, X L V I (May 19, 1 8 8 3 ) , 345.

78 In this period of crisis, 1877â&#x20AC;&#x201D;79, every issue of the various m i n i n g journals in Britain and the United States surveyed the latest available news about the Flagstaff Company. For example, see Mining Journal for key articles, XLVII (August 4, 1877), 879; XLVIII (January 5, 1878), 1 9 - 2 0 ; (January 12, 1878), 4 9 ; (March 9, 1878), 2 7 0 ; XLIX (November 15, 1879), 1159; (December 6, 1 8 7 9 ) , 1242; ( D e cember 13, 1 8 7 9 ) , 270. A n excellent analysis of the significance of the various judicial decisions will be found in Engineering and Mining Journal, X X V (March 2, 1 8 7 8 ) ; XXVII (May 3 1 , 1879).

Mfr^S

£&£

:

• :'X-

:

:

•

'

MRS. ROBERT MARVIN

End of the line at the South Hecla Mine in Alta. The building at the left was the station and warehouse.

for years. The transaction was complicated by the legal action of Erwin Davis.

One territorial court said he must be paid a debt of £76,000 before the sale could proceed, but the Supreme Court of Utah overruled the decision. The professor was granted £5,000 in paid-up shares for his responsibility and assistance in seeing the company through the crisis.79 For the next fifteen years, the professor labored in vain to make the Flagstaff a paying proposition. Labor was difficult to procure; and engineers and mechanics, who could keep the hoisting works, tramway, and engines in working order, seemed unwilling to stay on the job. Repeatedly, in the 1880's, the company's buildings had to be rebuilt as a result of the avalanches of winter, and each time they were relocated.80 Professor Vincent was under fire continuously from disappointed shareholders, and as early as 1882 he was requested to resign as chairman of the company. 81 Even minimal development and exploration work was costly, and periodic reorganizations, in 1885, 1888, and 1889, were carried out to raise sufficient funds to carry on. The company conducted its business through the London Bank of Utah, and periodically foreclosure proceedings became necessary to prod the British into making another subscription. In desperation, Vincent at times mortgaged the property to large shareholders, whom he expected to accept ^Mining Journal, L (July 10, 1880), 172; (July 17, 1880), 820; Engineering and Mining Journal, XXXI (January 29, 1881); Salt Lake Herald, January 19, 1881.

80 Mining Journal, LI (August 20, 1881), 1038; (December 3, 1881), 1497.

81 Ibid., LII (December 23, 1882), 1563,

BRITISH IMPACT O N M I N I N G

369

debentures at the maturity date, in order to raise funds.82 In time, a reorganization was approved and the London Mining Journal commented, So, once more, the Flagstaff Company is going in for reconstruction, . . . As skinning is to an eel, so is reconstruction to a mining company â&#x20AC;&#x201D; nothing when it is used to it. . . . T o some companies reconstruction is a useful remedy for difficulties incidental to precarious infancy; to the Flagstaff it has become an indispensable panacea â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a sort of chronic requirement of its existence. 83

The reorganized company attempted to remove the professor from the board of directors in 1889. He traveled from the United States to London to attend the meeting and launched such a tirade against the other directors that they resigned in a body.84 Between 1889-93, the professor and his friends controlled and operated the Flagstaff Mine. A disastrous fire in 1891 added to the usual difficulties. In 1893, an effort was made to make Vincent the general manager but remove him from the directorate. This failed because the professor retained the loyalty of the company chairman, George Hopkins, and between them they held a majority of shares.85 After twenty years the English shareholders had enough. If they could not get rid of the professor, they could shut off the small amounts of money periodically sent to Utah. The Flagstaff was "lying fallow" in 1895. The price of silver had fallen very low, and the company ceased Utah operations to husband its resources to purchase the Star of Coolgardie Mine in western Australia. 80 The legal existence of the Flagstaff and Emma companies, and even the Last Chance, had been extended far beyond the period when these enterprises were a vital factor in the Utah mining industry.

Without exception, the British companies, organized to develop and operate Utah mines between 1871-73, were victimized by the modus operandi for the promotion of overseas mining companies. As a result, overcapitalization was the rule rather than the exception. The price paid for some properties was ridiculously high. This was particularly true of those endeavors sponsored by the syndicate headed by Sir Alexander Malet. Such a large percentage of company capital was paid to the vendors that the funds available for development work were impossibly inadequate. More payments should have been made in shares, rather than cash, and some kind of tying agreement negotiated to force the vendors to hold them until specific expectations had been fulfilled.

82

Engineering and Mining Journal, XLV (April 28, 1888), 312; XLVII (June 29, 1889), 596.

Mining Journal, LIX (April 27, 1889), 482-83.

84 Ibid. (November 23, 1889), 1340.

85 Engineering and Mining Journal, LI (February 21, 1891), 244; (May 9, 1891), 568; LII (August 8, 1891), 174; LIV (August 13, 1892), 161; (November 26, 1892), 517; LVII (March 24, 1894), 285; (April 21, 1894), 381; LXIII (June 12, 1897), 603; Mining Journal, LXVI (January 4, 1896), 13; LXVIII (May 7, 1898), 532.

88 Engineering and Mining Journal, LXIII (June 12, 1897), 603; Mining Journal, LXVI (January 4, 1896), 13; LXVIII (May 7, 1898), 532.

83

370

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Opportunistic vendors like Erwin Davis made a practice of picking up wellknown American mines, past their peak of production, and unloading them in England. London stockbrokers and promoters, like George Batters, were easy prey for unscrupulous Americans. As we have noted, the role of the "mining captain" or engineer, often of doubtful reputation, was the key to the success in interesting the investing public. The British were quick to attack American engineers who had reported favorably on a property when it failed to produce up to expectations. Yet, there were examples, as in the case of the Utah Silver Mining Company, Limited, where an American engineer presenting an adverse appraisal of a property was overruled by well-known English experts. While the debate raged over the comparable reliability of American and British engineers, Englishmen investing in Utah mines were victimized by both. A final dangerous mistake of promoters and directors was resorting to secret agreements, as in the case of the Flagstaff Company, because deceit was always uncovered and shareholders quite naturally lost confidence in their directors.

Once a company was launched, problems of management both in Utah and in London developed. Western mining men were always appalled at the extravagance displayed at British mines and processing plants. Directors were entirely too sanguine. The most extreme example of this was the decision of the Flagstaff Company board to borrow money to maintain dividend payments on the promise of future ore deliveries that did not materialize. The problem of long distance management was basic, but it should not have been insurmountable in Utah where railroad and telegraph provided rapid travel and communication. Directors often admitted to shareholders that they had difficulty enforcing policies established in London, in spite of annual treks of members of the board to Utah to investigate and report. Competent managers, British or American, apparently were very difficult to locate. No one seemed to realize that financial reserves had to be established to deal with natural disasters beyond the control of man that could disrupt mining and milling operations as in Little Cottonwood Canyon where snow slides demolished buildings and equipment, or in Bingham Canyon where the flooded mines had to be drained.

In addition to problems of promotion and management, the English were handicapped by the limited knowledge of metallurgy at the time. Although they provided the money to install and experiment with the latest technical devices for raising, transporting, and processing ore, they were victimized by a lack of scientific knowledge in smelting and refining. In most cases, they had tremendous quantities of low-grade ore that proved so refractory to the known methods of reclaiming the precious metal that the process was uneconomic.

Moreover, the major emphasis in Utah of the 1870's was upon silver; and as the

•t!i!~

...

MRS. ROBERT MARVIN

A narrow-gauge railroad was constructed to Alta (1875) to supply the needs of the community and to transport ore. The photograph shows one of the engines which made the run from the mouth of the canyon to Alta.

price of this metal declined because of major discoveries in Nevada and Colorado, the margin of profit disappeared.

The mining industry of Utah had been in its infancy when the British so eagerly acquired possession of the best-known properties on the market. However, within a three-year period British opinion concerning the entire territory drastically changed from one of praise to derision. Financial calculations alone quickly reveal a justification. The British had committed themselves to invest £2.12 million in six large Utah companies. The value of shares in these companies quickly reached a total of £3,389,000 on the British stock exchange. By January, 1874, they were worth £425,000. These major enterprises thus represented a loss of £2,974,000, just short of $15 million in less than three years time.87 An additional £700,000 were lost in the smaller Utah companies. Is it little wonder that the British public, having lost between $18 million and $19 million in Utah mines, developed strong reservations ?

87 T h e following figures are found in Engineering and Mining Journal, XVII (January 3 1 , 1874). This comment and the figures were first published in the Mining World of London. T h e information was widely copied in the United States including the publication cited and in the Mining and Scientific Press of San Francisco.

Mine C a m p Floyd Emma Flagstaff Last Chance Tecoma Utah

Capital

Highest Selling Price

Present Price

£ 120,000 £1,200,000 £ 300,000 £ 100,000 £ 300,000 £ 100,000

£ 204,000 £1,980,000 £ 510,000 £ 160,000 £ 315,000 £ 220,000

nil £187,500 £120,000 £40,000 £60,000 £ 17,500

£2,120,000

£3,389,000

£425,000

372

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

After 1874, British investment in American mines slowed down for the remainder of the decade. A modest revival of company formation began in London in 1880 reaching a peak between 1886-88 reminiscent of that between 187073. The far-flung activity included many of the mining states and territories in western America, but of all the West, Utah was the least favored by the British investor. Perhaps the incessant reorganizations of the Flagstaff, Last Chance, and Emma companies were too painful a reminder of the past. Only three Anglo-American companies were registered to operate Utah mines in the entire decade of the 1880's. Of these, only one actually engaged in mining. There was not a single company launched during the period of greatest activity, 1886-88.

In contrast, English capital poured into California, Colorado, Nevada, and elsewhere to finance development work and experimentation in mining and smelting operations.

Without doubt, Utah suffered from the malpractices and misfortunes associated with the British mining boom of the early 1870's more than any other western mining community. As the leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints surveyed the scene, being human they no doubt received a great deal of self-gratification. The church was certainly in a position to say, "We told you so." However, the historian with the advantage of hindsight can not fail to express regret that the church hierarchy did not use its mature judgment, its insight into the frailties of man, and its dominant influence to direct the development of Utah's mining industry in this critical initial stage. The end result we have described and attempted to analyze.

Moreover, because the Mormons who dominated Utah were known to oppose mining activity, historians for years have been mislead into assuming that the industry played a negligible role in the nineteenth century history of the territory. Even today books dealing with the mining rushes in the American West omit Utah as the grand exception in the area. More recently this myth that mining was comparatively unimportant in Utah in the generation following the Civil War is gradually being dispelled by the investigations of Professors Leonard J. Arrington, C. Gregory Crampton, and others.

The most recurring theme in the economic history of the American West has been the exploitation of "outside" capital. Events in Nevada and Montana have provided the most glaring illustrations. Historians seeking an exception to the story of the abuse of the West by non-resident capitalists have often referred to Utah where the Mormon Church was recognized as a restraining influence on economic exploitation throughout the nineteenth century. Certainly the experiences of British investing in the Utah mining industry of the 1870's and the impact of their activity on the development of the territory suggest that histor-

373

BRITISH I M P A C T O N M I N I N G

ians must be cautious in suggesting that the exploitation of Utah's resources by eastern and foreign investors was less abusive than elsewhere in the West.

Fortunately, the history of the British impact upon the mining industry of Utah does not end in the 1870's or even in the 1880's. The overproduction of silver throughout the Western States resulted in a steady decline in its market value between 1880-95, accompanied by an equally strong advance in the price of gold. A renewed search for gold got underway, and Utah was no exception. in 1896, rumors began to circulate that the great Centennial-Eureka Mine had been sold in England for $4 million. Upon this suggestion that the British were again turning to Utah, one mining journal of London noted, Utah is not regarded by the English mining investor with any feelings of deep affection; on the contrary, the mere mention of it is likely to stir up feelings of disappointment, of resentment more than gratitude. Utah has not made a great name for itself as a producer of the precious metal, but this is no evidence that gold will [not] be found there in the future in large quantities. As a matter of fact, there has, of late, been much activity displayed throughout the State, and very promising discoveries have been made. But at the present moment, this is not likely to deeply interest the average investor, who has his affections too greatly concentrated upon other and more promising gold fields. Besides, Utah would have to achieve remarkable things in order to remove the general prejudice against it, and to retrieve the disappointments and failures of the past. 88 88

Mining Journal, LXVI (June 20, 1896), 793.

MRS. ROBERT MARVIN

The Alta Stage ran from Wasatch at the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon to the top of the canyon at Alta. This photograph shows passengers making the trip about 1920.

574

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY BRITISH COMPANIES REGISTERED TO OPERATE M I N E S IN U T A H * Company

1871

Name

1. E m m a Silver Mining C o m p a n y N e w E m m a Silver Mining Company N e w E m m a Silver M i n i n g Company, 1886 E m m a Company E m m a Company E m m a Company (1900) 2. C a m p Floyd Silver Mining C o m p a n y C a m p Floyd Milling and M i n i n g Company 3. Flagstaff Silver Mining C o m p a n y of Utah N e w Flagstaff Consolidated Silver Mining C o m p a n y Flagstaff District Silver Mining Company Flagstaff Mines N e w Flagstaff Mining C o m p a n y "Flagstaff" Flagstaff C o m p a n y Flagstaff Mines 4. M a m m o t h Copperopolis of U t a h British Tintic M i n i n g C o m p a n y 5. Saturn Silver Mining C o m p a n y of Utah 6. South U t a h Mining C o m p a n y 7. U t a h M i n i n g and Smelting C o m p a n y Ophir Mining and Smelting Company of U t a h , Limited . .

8. Utah Silver Mining C o m p a n y U t a h Silver Lead Mining C o m p a n y

Date

Active

Nominal Capital

1871 1882 1886 1890 1895 1900 1871 1874 1871 1880 1881 1885 1888 1889 1893 1898 1871 1877 1871 1871 1871 1873 1871 1873

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes

£1,000,000 700,000 350,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 £120,000 12,000 £300,000 80,000 160,000 175,000 300,000 240,000 240,000 240,000 £170,000 75,000 £75,000 £60,000 £120,000

Yes Yes

£140,000 70,000

1872

9. Beaver Silver Mining C o m p a n y 10. D a v e n p o r t Mining C o m p a n y 11. Last Chance Silver Mining C o m p a n y of Utah N e w Chance Mining C o m p a n y Last Chance Consolidated Silver Mining C o m p a n y N e w Last Chance Silver Mining C o m p a n y West Mountain M i n i n g Company 12. Mountain Chief Mining C o m p a n y of Utah 13. Utah Cotton W o o d Mining a n d Smelting C o m p a n y * * 14. W i n a m u c k Silver Mining C o m p a n y of Utah

1872 1872 1872 1880 1880 1884 1888 1872 1872 1872

No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes

£100,000 £120,000 £105,000 60,000 100,000 100,000 70,000 £50,000 £6,000 £250,000

1873

15. Chicago Silver Mining C o m p a n y 16. City Rock Silver Mining C o m p a n y

1873 1873

Yes Yes

£150,000 £30,000

17. Godbe Company 18. Mining Adventures of Utah

1873 1873

No Yes

£50,000 £24,000

1874

19. Tecoma Silver Mining C o m p a n y

1873

Yes

£300,000

20. McHenry Mining C o m p a n y

1874

No

£300,000

1878

2 1 . Central Pacific Coal and C o k e Company

1878

Yes

£500,000

1883

22. MacKay and Revolution Silver Mining C o m p a n y

1883

Yes

£150,000

1884

23. Utah

1884

No

£150,000

1888

24. Comstock Mining C o m p a n y

1888

No

£250,000

1896

2 5 . Clifton U t a h Mining C o m p a n y

1896

Yes

£2,250

26. Sevier Gold Mines [ U t a h Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited]

1896

Yes

£300,000

27. Boston Consolidated Copper and Gold Mining C o m p a n y . .

1898

Yes

£500,000

1898

* T h e information for this table has been compiled from three sources: Limited Company Records in the Companies Registration Office of the Board of T r a d e , Bush House, L o n d o n ; A n n u a l Reports of N e w Companies compiled by E d w a r d Ashmead and published in the L o n d o n Mining Journal; and T h o m a s Skinner, The Stock Exchange Year-Book, published annually. ** This was a Scottish company w i t h headquarters in Glasgow. T h e company records are in the P u b lic Records Office, Parliament Square, E d i n b u r g h . All other companies listed had offices in London.

BRITISH IMPACT ON MINING

375

The editor was dead wrong. Within a matter of months the British-sponsored Utah Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited, capitalized at ÂŁ300,000, had taken over the Highland Boy Mine in the Bingham area. For the first year the property was operated as a gold mine, and a cyanide and amalgamation mill was constructed to process the oxidized ores. As the mine was developed at greater depths, a large body of copper sulfides was uncovered that made the gold deposits insignificant by comparison. The company selected a smelter site approximately 10 miles south of Salt Lake City with a dumping ground thought adequate for 25 years. By a program of expansion the British were able to produce 120,000 pounds of copper bullion a week at their smelters.89 World-wide copper prices that had averaged between $.10 and $.11 a pound since 1891, suddenly jumped to $.17 in 1899, and remained to $.165 during 1900 and 1901, primarily because of the increased demands for the metal. 90 As a result, in 1899 receipts from copper, gold, and silver were well over twice the expenditures for operation and expansion by this company. Earnings reached a peak in 1900 that made it possible for the company to return the entire original investment the shareholders had made in 1896.91 The British, who had experienced such bitter disaster in the silver boom of Utah in the 1870's, had returned at last to the state to participate in a gold mining revival that led them to tremendous rewards in copper. The twentieth century history of Utah mining has been primarily a story about copper rather than gold and silver. The chief scene of the historical drama has been at Bingham Canyon. The British were proud to have been present when the curtain was raised on the first act.

S9 Ibid. (September 19, 1896), 1197-98; LXVIII (December 31, 1898), 1484; LXIX (January 7, 1899), 12-13; Engineering and Mining Journal, LXVI (December 17, 1898), 745.

00 Horace J. Stevens, The Copper Handbook, 1910-1911 (Houghton, Michigan, 1911), X, 1879.

91 This company history can be effectively traced in the Engineering and Mining Journal, LXVI (December 31, 1898), 792; LXVII (January 21, 1899), 95; (March 4, 1899), 275; (May 27, 1899), 631; LXIX (January 20, 1900), 76; LXX (September 22, 1900), 350; (October 20, 1900), 461,

m m^mr^-^ A Symposium of Opinions: Certain Aspects of L.D.S. Education with Suggestions for Maying it Less Theological and More Functional in Individual and Community Life. (Logan: Utah State University, 1950. 46 pp.)

T h e contents of A Symposium of Opinions were fashioned thirteen years ago, when a group of "L.D.S. educators and other interested persons" took asylum for a day on the campus of Utah State University for the purpose of looking searchingly at some aspects of Mormon religion and cultural life about which they were deeply concerned. In the group were men who had served or were serving in important positions in the educational systems of church and state. Some of them had attained or were destined to attain distinction as social scientists or as historians of Mormon life. A few were to rise to the highest administrative assignments in the educational life of the nation.

When they met, the group faced a formidable agenda of problems of "tensions" — matters about which, they believed, many intelligent and informed members of the Mormon Church were troubled. They found time to discuss only two of them: "indoctrination" and "means of communication." A Symposium of Opinions is a mimeographed verbatim report of that discussion only recently made available. It is entitled to a place in the historical record, not for any appreciable influence it has had on the problems considered, but rather as a reminder to future generations that some problems persist.

T h e participants in the symposium define indoctrination, in its psychological effects, as "mental-sets" resulting from "emotionalization of attitudes toward the

C h u r c h and t o w a r d s religious ideas."

While recognizing that some indoctrination is necessary in all education, indeed, that it is sometimes a "social cement that holds society together, preserving unity and preventing chaos," they assert that "experience has demonstrated that excessive emotional alignment with a religious institution hampers good thinking and seriously impairs the intellect, blinding the indoctrinated to institutional failures, and perpetuating inadequate programs for long periods." Particularly harmful in a world crying for change is the backward look which indoctrination imparts, and the "backward ideas which cling to the Church," and which its members come to regard as eternal verities.

This dominance of the past in the "mental-sets" of the present is due principally to "emotionalized attitudes" toward scriptures and inspiration. Oriented emotionally in the religious writings of "primitive peoples" and in the ideas of "modern scripture" largely derived from them, the members and leaders of the church are not prepared to assume a place of leadership in the complex world of today. An absorbing interest in the problems of a "primitive people"— a world that is largely dead — is a poor preparation for religious statesmanship in the new world struggling to be born. N o teacher in the church or out of it is teaching well unless his teaching bridges the gap between generations. "Teachers to a degree should be prophets as well as scientists — prophets in the sense that they recognize and measure important trends, and have well developed feelings of strength and direction. A teacher who can do no more than teach young people how to live in a generation that has gone is a poor teacher indeed." When the dominant

377

REVIEWS A N D PUBLICATIONS aim of the church is to create "mental-sets" in its members, the teacher can be neither scientist nor prophet. In the handbooks and outlines provided by the church "the thinking has already been done." T h e teacher can only present their substance and bear his testimony.

At the core of indoctrination is the emotionalized conviction that the men appointed to lead in church, stake, and ward are especially inspired, and their judgments, therefore, not to be questioned. T h e result throughout the church is the religious community deprived of its natural dynamic power â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the creative power of members who think together, feel together, build together. If stagnation is to be avoided it must be recognized that the inspiration of men seldom rises above the level of their own mental and spiritual life, and that the membership of a religious community can best determine where in the community that level is highest. T h e community atmosphere must be one in which methods and policies can "be subjected to rigorous inspection, to constant research, to social experimentation in every environment, and under conditions of control that encourage creativeness and provide the latitude and freedom from restraint necessary to the emergence of the new and superior."

In turning to the problem of "means of communication," t h e s y m p o s i u m g r o u p posed the proposition that a church cannot "continue in a healthy state closely tuned to progress without alternative ideas freely expressed." In the Mormon Church today the issue is drawn sharply between those " w h o conceive the Church of Christ to be concerned chiefly with teaching theology" and with safeguarding traditions, and those who believe the emphasis should be placed on "the establishment of spiritual living in a work-a-day world in which the forces of change, of disorganization and decline, constantly challenge the constructive spiritual forces that build and mend."

For the second group there exists in the church no means of communication by which "alternative ideas" can be voiced.

"The situation at present in the church is that there is no magazine of controversy, no place where two people can argue about a question having to do with religion, or with our doctrine and history." Indeed, "it is quite inconceivable that a satisfactory journal could be published if it had any church jurisdiction over it." And "the policy of the Church is very clear that such a thing cannot be done at the B.Y.U." A member of the group was asked to study all possibilities for a liberal publication and report his findings at a later meeting.

In A Symposium of Opinions one feels the concern and sadness of intelligent and enlightened men who love their church but who believe that it is leaving the open road of inquiring minds and social progress, and heading toward a dead end of theology and authoritarian conformity. T o the historian of religious movements both the course and the grief are all too familiar.

PARLEY A. CHRISTENSEN

Brigham

Young

University

The Giant's Ladder, David H. Moffat and his railroad. By HAROLD A. BONER. (Mil-

waukee: Kalmbach Publishing pany, 1962. 224 pp. $12.00)

Com-

This is a biased review!!! Prejudice for the Moffat Route became inevitable on a July afternoon in 1939 when, blissfully smeared with soot, I climbed down from the cab of a Pacific " h o g " at Dotsero. As one of the newsmen guests on the inaugural run of The Exposition Flyer, I had awed all morning while the train squealed up that mighty cliff-flight from Denver to T h e Tunnel. At Glen, a D&RGW executive succumbed to my heckle, and smuggled me up to the cab. Thus, I first met the glories of Dotsero Cutoff from "head end" and became a hapless lover. T h e "affair" has sustained. T h e Denver-Salt Lake City ride, via Moffat, is not only the most excitingly beautiful train trip in the U.S.A., but an indelible "lecture," to every passenger about the daring and the tenacity of the people who really " W o n T h e West." If I were a

378 professor of American history, or sociology, or economics, or engineering, I would hesitate to give any student a passing grade until he or she had ridden the Moffat Route at least once. And, now, I suspect, I would insist that they read The Giant's Ladder before making the trip.

Dr. Boner has achieved an excellent coherency in projecting the biography of David H . Moffat and a half-century of struggle against geophysical giants, industrial giants, a n d g i g a n t i c public indolence against that awesome contour of the Moffat's 220-mile route over, not through, the Central Rockies.

T h e author is a professor at the University of Buffalo, N e w York. That is a pecularly appropriate location for researching a history about railroad-pioneering in the Far West. Theodore DeHone Judah, the "father" of the first transcontinental line, fashioned his skills and courage in building the Niagara Portage Railway. T h e key men of both Central Pacific and Union Pacific developed know-how for the great 1863-69 race to Promontory by hammering the Erie, the Lake Shore, and other highirons into Buffalo. David H . Moffat came from the same doughty stock. H e was born in 1839 in the Hudson Valley's lovely Hambletonian country, then followed the "race-to-the-West" through Omaha to Denver. Banking skills won him a fortune.

H e spent most of it, plus every penny he could beg or borrow, and devoted all the magnificent energies of his life's final decade on "The Giant's Ladder." T h e zeal he generated triumphed in 1928, eighteen years after his death, when the Moffat Tunnel's six-mile bore was completed.

My admiration for Dr. Boner's research and text is so thorough that I find myself in disagreement with his publishers. They have "tossed" hundreds of photographs willy-nilly through the slick-paper volume in an "odd" format roughly eleven and a half by eight and a quarter inches, and sans a photo-index. This extravagant disregard for printing costs boosted the book's listprice to $12. And that is saddening. Most

U T A H H I S T O R I C A L QUARTERLY of the photographs â&#x20AC;&#x201D; mugshots of trains and types of locomotives â&#x20AC;&#x201D; will be of interest only to the quasi-professional detailist, the "railroad buff." And any veteran in a railroad club can recite foundry-statistics and hog-data as easily as he can repeat the salute to the flag.

The Giant's Ladder deserves a paperback-edition plus a $5 trade-edition. It is too important a facet of western history to be restricted to the $12-buff market! If such revisions are undertaken, I hope Dr. Boner will consider a few text additions.

I want to learn more, much more, detail about the engineering genius and construction routines that enabled "The Giant's Ladder." My appetite is whetted for more facts about the careers of Chief Engineer H . A. Sumner, Colonel D . C. Dodge, and other Moffat associates. I would welcome, and believe other readers would, the additions of a chronology of the Moffat Route; a section of "thumbnail" biographies about the principals; a bibliography; and a more detailed index.

However, I am deeply grateful to Dr. Boner for adding causal-awareness to awesome-respect in my quarter-century love affair with the Moffat Route. On future rides up to Winter Park and through the Dotsero's rainbowed gorges, I hope to see fellow passengers on The California Zephyr or The Prospector with open copies of The Giant's Ladder on laps, excitedly learning "the cause" while they thrill to "the effect."

ROBERT W E S T HOWARD

Chicago, Illinois New Mexico: A Guide to the Colorful State. Compiled by Workers of the Writers' Program of the Works Progress Administration. Revised edition by JOSEPH MILLER.

Edited by H E N R Y G. ALSBERG.

American Guide Series. ( N e w York: Hastings House, 1962. xxxii4-472 pp. $6.95) New Mexico has set a worthy example for other states by updating its state guide book to the atomic-missile age. The new-

REVIEWS A N D P U B L I C A T I O N S est edition is an artistic, stimulating, fulllength portrait of the "colorful state."

The American Guide Series, once a controversial program designed to give employment and encouragement to jobless writers in the depression days, has proved to be one of the most lastingly excellent phases of the Works Progress Administration. The Guide Series represented the first attempt on a comprehensive scale to describe the country fully and objectively on a state-by-state (and in some cases, community) basis, giving the historic, social, and economic background. Students, tourists, and writers have demonstrated their interest in details of local color, history, and folklore by buying out succeeding editions of the guidebooks. Chamber of Commerce leaflets and gasoline company maps still serve a useful purpose, but the "Compleat tourist" wants the comprehensive and usually accurate information in the "official" guidebooks.

The weakness with most of the state guidebooks is that they have gone out-ofdate. They furnish a wealth of information and an assortment of recreational and informational guides of the United States of America circa 1940, but most of the country has undergone great changes since the depression and World War II. New Mexico has been more alert to the value of keeping its official state guide upto-date since the first edition came off the press in 1940. Since that time the book has undergone five printings and two revisions.

This third, completely revised edition is the work of Joseph Miller, author of The Arizona Story and several other books on the Southwest.

New Mexico is a blend of three cultures: Indian, Spanish, and Anglo-American. An ancient Indian culture existed in the area when the Spanish explorers arrived in 1540.

The Spanish conquistadores and colonists established their own traditions and on these was superimposed that of the AngloAmericans who appeared on the scene in 1846. Modern New Mexico is a sometimes happy, sometimes taut, blend of the three

379 cultures. T h e Pueblo Indian still carries on religious ceremonies of his ancestors, while in nearby villages the descendant of the Spaniards and Mexicans carries on traditional rites and celebrations. Sometimes the folkways and ceremonials comingle all three influences, producing an atmosphere existing nowhere but in the great Southwest. The American veneer is thin indeed in some communities.

Mr. Miller's main contribution to the original book was presenting New Mexico in its bright atomic and space-age suit. Research developments and modern progress are set forth against the backdrop of adobe villages and the brilliantly hued scenery.

Though New Mexico continues to preserve remnants of its Indian, Spanish, and "old West" ranch heritage, it is the site of Los Alamos, center for the creation of the first atomic bomb, and the White Sands area, where the first bomb was exploded and where modern space-age contraptions are tested.

While incredible scientific and military developments, utilizing the wide-open desert country of N e w Mexico, have left an indelible print on the "colorful state," New Mexico remains essentially an agriculture state. People of Spanish descent in the central sections remain small farmers for the most part, fighting the hostile forces of nature with ancient irrigation systems and inadequate tools. Rich farming spreads are in operation, but they form a minor part of the total agriculture picture. Like the rest of the arid west, water is the magic resource and the limiting element. Already vast developments are accruing from the Navajo Dam and other reclamation projects.

While some Indians live mainly in the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries, the Navajo tribe, largest in the United States, collects upwards of $75 million in oil royalties from the fabulous Four Corners area.

Many are improving their physical and cultural lot. Many are not.

In a book of this nature, a disappointment or two are inevitable. The reader can

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

380 not find T r u t h or Consequences in the Index, but if he looks up the pleasant resortspa under its former name, H o t Springs, he will find it described under its present designation. But not a word of explanation is given as to how for a "mess of publicity," through a radio program no longer on the air, a community sold its honorable name.

Or turn to Socorro, one of the most picturesque old towns. T h e history and description are excellent but there is no explanation that socorro in Spanish means help or succor. You would naturally know that in N e w Mexico, but not, perhaps, in Buffalo, N e w York.

In spite of a few omissions and errors, this is an excellent guide to an interesting state. It would be laudable if Utah and other Intermountain States were able to find the resources to likewise bring up-todate their guidebooks which remain keyed to the 1940's.

ERNEST H .

LINFORD

The Salt La\e

Tribune

Where the Old West Stayed Young: The Remarkable History of Brown's Par\ Told for the First Time, Together with an Account of the Rise and Fall of the Range-Cattle Business in Northwestern Colorado and Southwestern Wyoming, and much about Cattle Barons, Sheep and Sheepmen, Forest Rangers, Range Wars, Long Riders, Paid Killers, and Other Bad

Men.

By

JOHN ROLFE BUR-

ROUGHS. ( N e w York: William Morrow and C o m p a n y , 1962. v i i i 4 - 3 7 6 p p . $15.00) Where the Old West Stayed Young is a local history of northwestern Colorado â&#x20AC;&#x201D; specifically, a history of Routt County, and later, Moffat County, which was carved out of Routt County. T h e Wyoming story is told only as it related to the Colorado community.

Mr. Burroughs, who is a native of Steamboat Springs, Colorado, is well qualified to write this book. H e is intimately acquainted with the region he writes about and has shared with the interesting people in his

book the experience of growing up with the land. W h e n written from these experiences, the narrative is crisp and clear and pregnant with interesting bits of information so necessary to the understanding of this area of Western Americana.

With other sources Mr. Burroughs is not so discerning. H e fails to distinguish the difference between history and lore and damages his book as a result. Paradoxically, that part of the book that deals with The Remarkable History of Brown's Par\ guarantees the book a wide audience, and reduces the book's value as an historical reference. M r . B u r r o u g h s can not be blamed for including Brown's Park in his book because it belongs there naturally.

T h e lack of good source material, however, makes that undertaking most precarious. Of the written sources cited by Mr. Burroughs, four are most prominent: The J. S.Hoy Manuscript; William Tittsworth's Outs\irt Episodes; Mat Warner's Last of the Bandit Riders; and the various diaries, letters, and articles written by Ann Bassett. With the possible exception of the Hoy Manuscript, all of these are of questionable historic value. Tittsworth's book and Warner's book are as much fiction as fact, the former being of a much higher caliber than the latter. And when did Ann Bassett ever tell the truth? William Tittsworth says of J. S. Hoy that he was out of tune with the times, and we may assume that he meant by this that Hoy was an honest man. But Hoy was a very prejudiced, honest man. It is difficult to understand how a man could write objectively about neighbors who hated him, and who were hated by him in return.

If we suspect the written sources, we must discount the word-of-mouth testimonies, fifty to eighty years removed from the scene, even more. Yesterday's fairy tales too often become historical facts in the minds of senior citizens.

T h e argument is not that Mr. Burroughs was mistaken in using the sources available, but that he was not discriminating in his choice of these sources and in his evaluation of them. Mr. Burroughs was well

381

REVIEWS A N D P U B L I C A T I O N S aware of his problem as is seen by his system of footnoting. When statements are made that have substantial sources to back them up, they are duly recorded in the footnotes. When the source is lacking or of questionable validity, the problem is solved by simply not stating the source. This happens too often.

T o cite just one example: "Commencing in 1826, and thereafter until 1840, Brown's Hole was the scene of the greatest of all the rendezvous staged by the fur companies, the volume of business done there annually exceeding even that transacted at Bent's Fort on the Arkansas and at Taos." N o source is cited. Where in the world did this information come from? The great fur rendezvous have been well chronicled, and to this reviewer's knowledge not a single rendezvous was ever held in Brown's Hole.

Returning to the positive side, Mr. Burroughs deserves credit for making important contributions to the literature of western America by giving hitherto unreported biographical data about such important people as Ora Haley, owner of the giant T w o Bar cattle outfit; H i Bernard, celebrated foreman for the T w o Bar; Harry Ratliff, forest supervisor on the Park Range Reserve; Val Hoggart, colorful editor of the Great Divide and famous for his colonizing efforts in Colorado; Farrington R. Carpenter, former director of the Division of Grazing, U. S. Department of the Interior; and many, many others.

T h e c h a p t e r on "Life on the O p e n Range" is pure delight. Mr. Burroughs knows his country well and is enamoured with it. T h e reader will be too.

T h e m a n y p h o t o g r a p h s , scattered throughout the book, are excellent, and most of them are here published for the first time.

If the reader has roots in the country of northwestern Colorado, southwestern Wyoming, or northeastern Utah, he will enjoy many happy and rewarding hours with this book. If he does not have roots there, he will still enjoy much of the book and will gain new insight into the problems of the West in its formative years. However,

he might grow weary trying to tie up loose ends and trying to identify the countless number of characters that march across the pages.

County histories are seldom written for the wide audience, as the multiplicity of characters and events precludes the development of a central theme. Mr. Burroughs has tried and has done a good job, considering the obstacles inherent in his subject.

W I L L I A M M. PURDY

St. Mark's Great Surveys of the American RICHARD A.

BARTLETT.

The

School

West.

By

American

Exploration and Travel Series, XXXVIII. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962. xiii + 408 pp. $7.95) The general reader in the field of Western Americana may have recollections of such names and associations as John Wesley Powell and the Colorado River, Clarence King and the Great Diamond Hoax, or Ferdinand Hayden and the opening of the Yellowstone country. This book does more than refresh our memories of these stirring adventures. It links together all four of the great surveys including one led by the young, engineering officer, Lieutenant George Wheeler, and portrays in s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d n a r r a t i v e fashion the achievements of each.

After the Civil W a r there was much terra incognita in the last West, including portions of the Great Basin, the Colorado River drainage, the Yellowstone region, and the mountains and park lands of Colorado. Congress, absent-mindedly and without thought of co-ordination, granted small sums to rival expeditions as each caught the public eye and as each interested congressional friends in the project of exploring and mapping the unknown West.

T h e author rightfully notes the involvement of organized science with reference to the Smithsonian Institution and the state geological surveys. The California Geological Survey was Clarence King's training school for his Fortieth Parallel Survey which set the model for competitors in

382

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

terms of staffing, field work, and publication. T h e Hayden Survey was notorious for its rapid work, speed of publication, and unexcelled public image attributable to the W . H . Jackson photographs and revelation of the Yellowstone wonders.

Powell won undying fame with his breathtaking descent of the Colorado River. His dominating personality also prompted Congress to unify the survey work in the United States Geological Survey in 1879.

Powell's teams mapped out the course of the Colorado and expanded topographical and geological knowledge for the country north of the Grand Canyon.

Each of these surveys receives a sympathetic portrayal by the author. H e has presented an extremely readable synthesis of the activities and leading actors of each survey. Documentary resource material is extensively employed, and the canons of historical scholarship are strictly observed.

Recent biographical studies of King and Powell have proven helpful for the author's interpretation of their leadership qualities.

One could wish for greater elucidation of Hayden and Wheeler motivations. Wheeler, in fact, gets short shrift all around. T h e reader is left with the query unanswered as to why his survey was terminated so abruptly in 1879. W a s it because of the lieutenant's own shortcomings or because of the scientific community's suspicion of army-directed geological surveys ? Also, the reader would like to have the play of forces in Congress explained more adequately in order to account for Hayden and Wheeler's fall from grace after 1879. T h e Public Lands Commission (1879) certainly is germane to the narrative.

All in all, however, the historian and the general reader who turns tourist and amateur geologist in the summertime will find merit in this volume. It is no wonder that the University of Oklahoma Press decided to issue this handsomely illustrated book as the latest in its Exploration and Travel Series.

LAWRENCE B. L E E

San Jose State College

Arizona Cavalcade: The Turbulent

Times.

Edited by JOSEPH MILLER. Illustrated by

Ross SANTEE. ( N e w York: Hastings House, Publishers, 1962. xi -f- 306 pp. $5.95) The violence and the beauty; the warmth and the humor; the legend, lore, and the tragedy that were Arizona in the "turbulent times" have been captured by Joseph Miller in this, the final volume of his trilogy dealing with the territory.

Following the pattern he set in The Arizona Story and Arizona: The Last Frontier, Miller draws the substance of his latest book from the rich files of early-day Arizona newspapers. Seldom does the editor intrude, and then only to provide the reader with that background necessary to the comprehension and enjoyment of the various episodes.

For the most part the stories and articles, chronicling the territorial turbulance of fifty to one hundred years ago, appear as they were written in the often colorful prose of the frontier editors and correspondents. Only occasional changes in tense and a few transpositions were necessary, the editor notes in his Preface.

Included in the volume are articles ranging from tall tales in the frontier tradition, to glowing descriptions of the desert and mountain country. There is a detailed history of the Mission of San Xavier del Bac and a fascinating account of the Battle of Apache Pass. Other excerpts deal with the wealth of buried treasure and lost mine yarns, community pride and the spirited rivalry between various towns in the territory, an early description of the Hopi Snake Dance, brutal murders and the "necktie parties" that sometimes followed.

One lengthy section considers the "widely lamented demise of the era of wide-open gambling."

"It was by the ungrateful hand of those whom Arizona honored that the act was perpetrated which robbed the territory forever of the boasted title 'wild and woolly,' " editorialized the Kansas City Star in 1907, as reprinted in the Globe Silver Belt. " T h e

REVIEWS A N D PUBLICATIONS legislature has decreed that there shall be no more gambling. Think of Arizona without the romantic knights of the green cloth â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Arizona, where the click of ivory chips has not been silenced in thirty years."

There are references to the unsettled seat of Arizona's territorial government, which, in twenty-five years moved from Prescott to Tucson, back to Prescott, and finally to Phoenix.

T h e black-and-white drawings by Ross Santee are powerful and capture the robust pioneer flavor of the writing.

Arizona Cavalcade is an exciting book, due largely to the journalistic sense of immediacy which threads its way through the well-chosen selections. Never does the book pretend to present a comprehensive history of the state, even with its companion volumes. Rather, it honestly provides readers with a fascinating, sometimes romantic, glimpse at the men and women and episodes that were Arizona in the "turbulent times."

DONALD ROBERT SCHELLIE

Tucson Daily

Citizen

The Early Autobiography and Diary of Ellis Reynolds Shipp, M.D. Compiled and edited by her daughter ELLIS S H I P P

MUSSER. (Salt Lake City: Privately Published, 1962. x 4- 292 pp. $1.95) Ellis Reynolds Shipp brings to life the ideal of the ancient Greeks. She was "Greek." She was classic in trying to make her head rule her heart; but she was also a poet and her heart tormented her until at last she found an outlet in one of the broadest possible services to humanity, medicine, with emphasis upon her work for women and children. Even then romance, in terms of a woman's love for a man, did not die. She remained utterly devoted to her husband and children.

T h e diary of this Utah pioneer girl, wife, mother, and student at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania is completely introspective. There is not an objective note in it. Here we see a heart laid bare. T h e account is honest to the bone.

383 Ellis' mother died when the girl was ten years old. T h u s was removed from this loving child a marvelous influence for the gentle, cultural life amidst the downto-earth hardships of pioneer existence.

T h e effect remained. T h e daughter never lost her desire for learning; a broad education was her lifelong ambition.

As a teen-ager Ellis was gay, witty, and full of fun. She adored dancing. She knew she was beautiful and had a way with men. But among the many whom she attracted, the one who attracted her did not appear as a suitor. H e r self-discipline began early. She saw handsome Milford Bard Shipp marry twice before she became his wife. H e had then separated from each of the other women, having married only one at a time. H e now recognized what Ellis meant to him. H e r love never faltered, nor her faith in the Lord. H e r trials were of the heroic type; she met them in kind. T h e story shines through the pages of her daily life.

Into Ellis' divine happiness as a young wife and mother came temporary separation from her beloved husband when he filled a church mission. H e r loneliness increased terribly when her baby died. She longed for her "Bard." Shortly after his return she realized that she must share him with another wife in the "Celestial law of marriage." T w o other wives later joined the Shipp family; all lived in the same house.

T h e effort to live the selfless and ideal life demanded by this law strengthened the character of this remarkable woman.

In her diary she does not spare herself when she finds the trials almost more than she can bear. She never blames others.

She constantly seeks wisdom and discipline through the power of prayer. When her sister-wives sacrificed to send her financial help while she was in college and desperately in need, she wrote in her diary: " H o w pure and heavenly is the relationship of sisters in the holy order of Polygamy" ( p p . 252-53).

Ellis Shipp's story should be read by girls of today who count life cheap, and

U T A H H I S T O R I C A L QUARTERLY

384 by those who count education and achievement high. She would inspire them. She overcame almost insurmountable obstacles in attaining her goals—the perfection of her character to meet the law of her life and the earning of her degree as a Doctor of Medicine. Despite its frequently overly ornate diction, the book makes fascinating reading.

CLAIRE NOALL

Salt La\e

City

The Great Iron Trail: The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad.

By ROBERT W E S T HOWARD. ( N e w

York: G.

P. Putnam's Sons, 1962. 376 pp. $6.50) The Great Iron Trail should prove highly interesting to the serious student of railroad history, for it crowds an amazing lot of information into its 376 pages.

Most of the time the author meets his subject head on, at breakneck speed, giving the impression that the reader is as familiar with the many facets of the building of the first transcontinental railroad as the author —which the reader is not. In fact, to fully appreciate the book, the reader needs some filling in on some of the more obscure points relative to the building of the nation's first East-to-West Iron Trail. On the other hand to have gone into additional details would have required perhaps twice the wordage of this present book. All in all the author did well to hold his treatise to 376 pages.

The book is amazing in that the author has searched out and assembled a prodigious amount of historical data, and his speed of rattling it off, page after page, is astounding. One gets a sneaking suspicion that much of this work is Robert West Howard's own interpretation of the political influences, the intrigues, and the behind-the-scene dealings that marked the building of the nation's first transcontinental line. In all probability, however, the author has been quite faithful to the actual historical data he painstakingly assembled.

T h e Acknowledgments and Bibliography that appear in the back of the book is well

worth the price to any student of railroad history. It also adds greatly to the book's historical authenticity. T h e volume is also well indexed, another worthwhile feature.

There are times when the historical recitation of the railroad becomes a bit monotonous. T o this reviewer it occurs in the first eight chapters; after that, the reader's interest will no longer lag.

T h e book has a wealth of historical information citing the origin of various railroad phrases, practices, and equipment.

T h e author also gives the reader a good look at the key men responsible for the early development of not only the Great Iron Trail, but earlier railroads as well. H e also gives the reader a close-up view of the difficulties surmounted in building the transcontinental railroad.

One wonders how this author, who has often visited Utah and is supposedly conversant with Utah's history, could have made some of the mistakes he did.

For example on page 301, he has Leland Stanford staying at the Newhouse Hotel in 1868 — this hotel was not built until 1913. On page 299 he makes the point that cotton-farming and wine-making were important to Utah's entire early agricultural economy. He should have localized this to Utah's Washington County.

The most glaring error of the book is that of pinpointing the driving of the Golden Spike at Promontory Point! One wonders how the author can excuse himself for this when the spike was driven at Promontory Summit, twenty-seven miles as the crow flies directly north of Promontory Point. Even the map on the book's inside and back cover designates Promontory Point as the site of the driving of the Golden Spike. All told, Mr. Howard repeats this grievous error six times. What is more, on page 293 he states that the first transcontinental rail line had to cross the 7,500-foot-high Promontory ridge. Promontory Summit, according to the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, is exactly 4,904 feet above sea level, or approximately 604 feet above the level of the Salt Lake Valley floor.

REVIEWS A N D PUBLICATIONS Mormon readers may take issue with the author when on page 331 he implies that angry Mormon subcontractors kidnapped Dr. Thomas Clark Durrant (see chapter titled " K i d n a p " ) , and this was the major reason why Brigham Young failed to show up at the Golden Spike Ceremony—being fearful of meeting Durrant face-to-face.

On page 315 Howard places Bear River City, Wyoming (today's Evanston), within shouting distance of the Utah state line.

H e is right, providing a person can shout loud enough to be heard six miles.

The above enumerated minor errors make one wonder if the author is guilty of similar misstatements all the way through his book—we hope not!

DAVID H . M A N N

Utah Farmer The California Trail: An Epic with Heroes.

By GEORGE R. STEWART.

Many Amer-

ican Trails Series, IV. ( N e w York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Incorporated, 1962. 339 pp. $6.95) T h e winning of the West and especially the great overland migration of countless wagon trains was not only a major epoch in our nation's history, but one that has captured the imagination of the American public and led many scholars to devote the best years of their lives to its study. George R. Stewart is one of these scholars. Students of the American West will welcome this fascinating book—Volume IVof the American Trails Series.

Readers of this review will not have to be reminded that the "California" trail was not one trail, opened at one time by one overland wagon train, but that many people and expeditions made significant contributions to the discovery and pioneering of that route and the divergent trails related to it. In this volume Stewart traces the history of those varioiv expeditions, noting their contributions (individually and collectively) to the opening of the major wagon roads across the Great Basin to California. Among other things he points out that more than 165,000 people

385 reached California via the overland trails between 1841 and 1857. Obviously, this horde of people had a substantial influence on the conquest and early history of the Golden State.

T h e book begins quite logically with the first pioneer attempt to take wagons overland to California — the Bartleson-Bidwell party of 1841, which succeeded in taking the first wagons through Utah, but not to California. Then follows in chronological order an examination of the other major expeditions. T w o important contributions by the author are an examination of how the parties traveled (types of wagons and gear, methods of crossing streams, etc.) and where they went (mileage charts between major geographic points, etc.). T h e book is well bound and contains an adequate Index.

T h e author makes a major contribution by supplying a detailed map for each expedition or divergent trail included in the study. Readers will welcome these maps w h i c h are ( w i t h t h e exception of t h e one showing Hastings Cutoff) on a large enough scale to be of real value.

Close scholars of the West (and especially "field" historians who have followed the various trails by jeep and on foot) will be disappointed with the author's failure to identify certain springs, hills, and mountain ranges. They might just as well have been given their proper names as to be referred to in language vague enough to make one wonder whether the author has actually seen these places he describes. This reviewer feels that the first obligation of any historian is to present the facts as nearly as those facts can be determined by the most recent research in the field. And where possible, definite identification should be made between historical events and present identifiable places. This is especially true in tracing explorations and routes of early wagon roads. This reviewer was quite disappointed with the author's treatment of the Donner party. A great deal of research has been done, and significant documents have come to light since Professor Stewart wrote Ordeal by Hunger in

386

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

1936. T h e treatment given that tragic expedition in the current volume should have reflected all this " n e w " material instead of referring the reader to Ordeal by Hunger (revised and enlarged, 1962), which does not correct earlier notions and does not adequately bring the account into proper focus for present-day students of the westward movement.

In spite of these shortcomings, The California Trail must be considered a significant addition to the ever-growing list of books dealing with the American West.

DAVID E. MILLER

University of Utah Toward the Western Ocean: A Story of the Men Who Bridged the Continent, 18031869. By ALBERT BRITT. (Barre, Massa-

chusetts: Barre Publishing 1963. ix -f 164 pp. $5.00)

Company,

"Bridging the Continent" suggests to this reviewer's mind the picture of two gigantic arches spanning Western America: one from St. Louis to Great Salt Lake, and a second from this to the Pacific Coast.

And across this Paul Bunyan structure proceeds a caravan of travelers confidently led

by Lewis and Clark with the Indian princess, Sacajawea, appropriately pointing the way. Next in line comes Washington Irving's colorful mountain men smoothing the roadbed for John C. Fremont's soldiers, who in turn mark out two ruts for the wagon wheels of the Donners and the Mormons. Then, through the dust one can see the glint of steel as rails are laid west by husky Irishmen and east by Chinese coolies, the latter driven by four giants from California. T h e two groups converge on the inland sea, their iron monsters touch noses above the track, and a golden spike gleams in the sunset.

In space not quite as brief as that above, Mr. Barre tells an exciting tale of the conquest of the Far West. T h e narrative flows effortlessly along, and the many anecdotes and contemporary accounts enliven the story. T h e first five chapters deal with explorers and fur trappers, including one

unit devoted to " O l d " Joe Meek alone.

After three chapters with overland travelers, the author then settles down to the epic of the Iron Horse and in the last six chapters finally touches rails at Promontory Summit.

There are neither footnotes nor a Bibliography, unfortunately. T h e book was written for those who want a brief but informative and interesting account of the people who traveled the great American West in the year before 1869. Toward the Western Ocean accomplishes this objective in admirable fashion. T h e basic facts appear to be accurate, the product of extensive reading in the sources of western history. T h e format is pleasing and there is a suitable Index.

BRIGHAM D . MADSEN

Utah State

University

Torrent in the Desert. By WESTON and JEANNE L E E . (Flagstaff: N o r t h l a n d Press, 1962. xvi 4- 204 pp. $20.00) This handsome book was compiled by the Lees, who devoted weekends, and presumably vacations, extending over a period of four years to amassing its contents. Four years is a very short span to allow adequate research for such a monumental subject as the history and development of the drainage of the Colorado River along with man's role in this environment. This defect is quickly revealed to the historian and serious student of the river. It is regrettable that the detail presented by the Lees will acquire the status of authority to the superficial researcher and will further confuse an already confused situation. One suspects that the talents of the Lees should not have been devoted to the total drainage but rather to a certain section, such as Glen Canyon.

T h e basic layout of this book, while appearing to strain for the unusual, is good.

It is broader of implied scope than in execution. In the first chapter the authors proceed from the source of the Green River to its confluence with the Colorado. This technique is repeated in the second chapter

387

REVIEWS A N D P U B L I C A T I O N S as the authors journey down the upper Colorado to its junction with the Green. In the third chapter the Lees go through Cataract, Narrow, Glen, Marble, and Grand canyons to the Grand Wash Cliffs. The final chapter traces the drainage from Zion and Lake Mead to tidewater.

Each chapter has a facing map by Don Perceval. These maps are imaginatively simple and show the vein-like structure of the drainage in black imposed on five gradations of buff which give a broad interpretation of the elevations of the land mass.

Mr. Perceval also designed the delightful end papers, a mozaic of pre-Columbian aboriginal designs derived from pottery and petroglyphs.

Northland Press has done a fine job of bookmaking. The printing of the text, choice of type, the cover, and binding are excellent. In the copy perused by this reviewer, some slippage of plates is discernible, but generally the results are sharp.

The color is something else. The unnecessary addition of blue and red has spoiled approximately half of the fine photographs.

Why a color separation expert would attempt to improve in his shop that which is fully blessed is beyond the comprehension of this viewer. The deep hues of the Red Rock Country provide the color photographer his ultimate material. Attempts to intensify these colors in printing leads to travesty of a rich landscape. Since Mr. Lee is responsible for both the photography and the color separations, his position is unique in that he, alone, must assume the credits and debits for the final result.

The Lees are fine photographers. Their compositions show deep appreciation of their subject matter. The exposures are good, the lines sharp. One of their many photographic gems is "The Source," on page 77. Another is "Angel's Landing Trail, Zion Canyon," on page 187, where a figure has just stepped from the gloom of the labyrinthian gorge into the sunlight.

Native shrubs are etched against the shadows and lend suggestion as to the depth of the crevice. The crossbedding in the Navajo sandstone stands out in sharp re-

lief in the warm sidelight. Space forbids individual mention of many more. T h e fine picture, "Lava Falls," facing Chapter Four, however, does not show Lava Falls.

The rapid is out of view and behind the cliff on the right. Its location is approximately a half-mile beyond the last view of the river in this picture. One regrets that many of the scenes are those enjoyed by the casual tourist and that the Lees did not hunt hard enough for the unusual. This is especially true of the photographic choices of Marble and Grand canyons.

The failure of the Lees to provide a text worthy of the knowledge claimed for them on the dust jacket probably results from their inclination to accept hearsay as fact.

Gross errors are mixed indiscriminantly with factual data. Since the facts are available, we are forced to conclude that the book was rushed into print with insufficient checking of source material. The omission of an index and footnotes is regrettable. Space restrictions forbid itemizing all errors and erroneous implications.

Since the definitive history of man on the Colorado has yet to be written, the Lees tackled a job more difficult than they reckoned. Considering this aspect, they are to be congratulated for coming up with a slightly imperfect but still superior job on a difficult subject.

Northland Press can take pride that its work compares favorably with the better presses of the United States.

P. T . REILLY

North Hollywood,

California

Boom Towns of the Great Basin. By FRANK C.

ROBERTSON and

(Denver: $4.00)

BETH KAY HARRIS.

Sage Books, 1962. 331 pp.

Admirers of Frank Robertson's excellent a u t o b i o g r a p h i c novel, A Ram in the Thicket, and his almost countless other works may find themselves disappointed as they struggle through the first part of this latest effort.

The authors' attempt to sketch the historical background of discovery and explo-

388 ration of the Great Basin, by way of leading into their main subject, is curiously fragmentary and pedestrian. So is the background leading to the settlement of Salt Lake City. Moreover, as though the authors spent little loving care on it, the first part of the book is marred by dismaying editing and proofreading lapses.

But then Mr. Robertson and Mrs. Harris strike out into the desert, where both feel very much at home from long years of literary prospecting, and things pick up rapidly. Phrases begin to gleam, fact and legend stand in orderly ranks, and the awkwardness of sudden, transitionless jumps from subject to subject disappears.

By the time the Wasatch with its Alta and Park City has been left behind, and a nod of r e c o g n i t i o n has been given Bingham, Camp Floyd, and Corinne, the authors hit their stride and from then on the book is sheer delight.

Frisco, Silver Reef, and Pioche come colorfully, not to say violently, to life, together with such memorable characters as Marshall Pearson, one of the most efficient, deadly, and little-known peace officers the West has known; Jake Johnson, the huge, young Mormon from Spanish Fork who pacified the entire town of Pioche for a time, using nothing but his fists; and others. Pioche may have been the toughest of all the West's frontier towns â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Dodge City, Bodie, and Tombstone included. Sixty-seven men were supposed to have been killed there before one died a natural death.

From there Mr. Robertson and Mrs. Harris swung over into White Pine County, on to the Reese River country, and finally over to the biggest bonanza town of them all, Virginia City. They trace out the history of each boom town in turn, each major strike, and many of the colorful "characters" whose stories are still talked about where old-timers gather in the Great Basin.

T h e authors apologize that they give so much attention to mining at the expense of other types of boom towns. They should not. T h e mining booms are where the authors are at their best. And while other

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY parts of their book disclose certain faults, their best is very good indeed.

W I L L I A M B. SMART

Deseret Mission to the Navajo.

News

By BETTY STIRLING.

( M o u n t a i n View, C a l i f o r n i a : Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1961. viii 4- 147 pp.)

An attempt to evaluate the mission work on the Navajo Reservation might seem presumptuous even for a veteran missionary in this field. Betty Stirling has not been a missionary, nor has she lived on the reservation. She has, however, visited many of the missions of the various denominations on the reservation. She has talked with tribal leaders and with officials of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. H e r over-all picture is probably more accurate than had she been a missionary in only one part of the field.

She has written many books for children and youth and is a master storyteller.

Mission to the Navajo is alive with thrilling mission stories that could have come from the middle of Africa, but actually are a part of Christian America.

T h e reader is advised to be an adventuresome tourist and detour across the reservation, either going north from Flagstaff, or east from Grand Canyon. As you travel she describes the country and "The People," as the Navajos call themselves. You get a brief but clear-cut picture of their stormy history, their struggle for an economy and self-government, and their colorful religion. This background is vital to an understanding of the problems involved in teaching Christianity to the Navajo.

One by one the different missions are visited. Their beginnings and stories of their work are told with accuracy, keen insight, and without bias.

T h e Presbyterian mission at Ganado, with its sixty-bed Sage Memorial Hospital and its high school, is one of the finest missions which she visited. St. Michael's, a Catholic mission, is noted as being the largest denominational school on the reser-

REVIEWS A N D PUBLICATIONS vation and as having done research into the Navajo culture and language. T h e Navajo Bible School, which trains Navajo adults for leaders in their churches and fosters the "Navajo Gospel Hour," a program heard all over the reservation, is nondenominational. T h e author states that "In addition to the Presbyterians, Methodists, Episcopalians, and Catholics, there were the Christian Reformed Church and the Baptists. T h e Christian Reformed Church tried both school and hospital work; the Baptists stuck more closely to education and evangelism. Mennonites and Mormons also established small missions among the Navajos."

Betty Stirling is a member of the Seventhday Adventist Church, and the last half of the book tells of the small missions, the hospital, and the boarding school which the Adventists are contributing to the work of bringing Christ to the Navajo. It begins with the start of their work in 1910 by Orno Follett and his wife, to whom the book is dedicated. It follows Pastor and Mrs. Marvin Walter as they first start a boarding school at Holbrook, Arizona, and later a clinic at Monument Valley. T h e growth of these institutions is given in story and with photographs.

T h e last two chapters, " W h y so Slow?" and "What of the F u t u r e ? " are a challenge not only to missionaries, but to all who are or should be interested in mission work in their own country.

ALICE STEVENS MASON

Monument

Valley Mission and Hospital

N E W BOOKS & P U B L I C A T I O N S Ancestors and Descendants of Abraham D. Washburn and His Wife Flora C. Gleason, Utah Pioneers, 1805-1862. Collected and Arranged by ELLA L. TURNER.

(Provo: Author, 1963) Josie Pearl. By ALMA SCHULMERICH. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company,

389 1963) [Biography of a woman who has spent her life prospecting in the West ] LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen, their Writings and their Notable Collection of Americana given to Brigham Young University Library. (Provo: Brigham Young University, 1962) The

Military

Plains.

Conquest

of the

Southern

By W I L L I A M H . LECKIE.

(Nor-

m a n : University of Oklahoma Press, 1963) Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776-1936. By ROY M. ROBBINS. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962) [Reprint] Scotsman in Buc\s\in: Sir William Drummond Stewart and the Roc\y Mountain Fur

Trade.

By M A E REED PORTER

and

ODESSA DAVENPORT. ( N e w York: Hast-

ings House, Publishers, 1963) Soldier and Brave: Indian and Military Affairs in the Trans-Mississippi West, Including a Guide to Historic Sites and Landmarks. Introduction by RAY ALLEN BILLINGTON. ( N e w York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1963) [Part of a series based on the work of the National Park Service in their conduction of the National Survey of Historic sites and Buildings] ARTICLES OF INTEREST American Heritage — XIV, J u n e 1963: "Trail Blazer of the Far West [Jedediah S m i t h ] , " 60ff.

AIA [American Institute of Architects] Architecture — Special Issue 1963: "Salt Lake City Second Century Plan [entire magazine devoted to this t h e m e ] , " 5-30.

Annals of Wyoming —XXXV, April 1963: "Camp Walbach, Nebraska Territory, 1858-1859: T h e Military Post at Cheyene Pass [Utah Expedition]," by Garry David Ryan, 5-20; " T h e Congressional Career of Joseph Maull Carey [introduced Carey Act in Congress, which was so important to the development of arid

390 states such as U t a h ] , " by George W .

Paulson, 21-81; "Soldiering on the Frontier [letter written by C. E. Gould to his brother, Frederick H . Gould, Battle Creek, Michigan, in September of 1858, while he was stationed at Camp Floyd, Utah Territory]," 83-84.

Brigham Young University Studies — V, Autumn 1962: "Brigham Young's Ideal Society: T h e Kingdom of God," by J. Keith Melville, 3-18; "Mormon Bibliography, 1962," 45-48.

U T A H H I S T O R I C A L QUARTERLY ing," by Miles P. Romney, 5ff.; "Utah's Economic Development Follows Closely the Trail of Her Mining History," 6ff.; "How Mining Centennnial Celebration Started and W h o is Behind It," 11; "Colorful G r o u n d b r e a k i n g E x t r a v a g a n z a Launches Park City's New Bonanza," 12ff.; "New Bonanza at Park City: Recreation Project Raises a Dying Mining Town in Utah to the Brink of Great L i f e , " by M o n i t o r C. Noyce, 13ff.; "Utah's Mr. Mining [E. H . Snyder]," by Monitor C. Noyce, 18ff.

Bulletin of the Medical Library Association — LI, January 1963: "Medicine and the Mormons," by Robert T . Divett, 115.

Kennescope — July-August 1963: " U t a h Mining Centennial: Industry's History Parallels Utah Copper Development," 3-7.

Desert, Magazine of the Southwest—• XXVI, June 1963: "Mormonism Today: The Religion Transplanted In The Desert More Than A Century Ago By Brigham Young Is Facing A 'Lotus-Eating' Crisis," by Thomas F . O'Dea, 23-27; "Cohab Canyon, Where Mormons Took Refuge From Federal Marshals," by A. Gordon Hughes, 27-29 — A u g u s t 1963: "Voodoo in the Desert [Peyotism]," by J. E. P. Hyland, M.D., 16-18.

Library Journal — LXXXVIII, January 1963: "Mormons in Literature: A book list to set the record straight," by Maurice P. Marchant, 58-60.

Frontier Times — X X X V I I , FebruaryMarch 1963: "The Town That Copper Killed [Bingham, U t a h ] , " by Joseph H .

Porath, 16ff.

Horizon, A Magazine of the Arts — V, July 1963: "The Hidden, The Unknowable, The Unthinkable: Of Sir Richard Burton, his explorations, his eccentric tastes, and his ever-watchful wife," by Fawn M. Brodie, 110-17.

Intermountain Industry — LXV, March 1963: "The Utah Scooter Industry," 6ff.; "Goblin Valley [south-central Emery County, U t a h ] , " 24 — May 1963: "Wasatch Front's Oil Refining Industry," 6-9; "In 1847 Goodyear Sold a Site for a City —for $3,000 [Ogden, U t a h ] , " by Horace W . Shurtleff, 12-13 — June 1963: "Manufacturing Economy Depends Heavily on the Raw Materials from Min-

Mining Congress Journal — XLIX, May 1963: "Centennial of Mining in Utah," 47; "Historical Review of Mining in Utah," by Miles P. Romney, 48-52.

Montana Western History — XIII, April 1963: "Father Pierre Jean DeSmet," by Albert Antrei, 24-43 — Summer 1963: "Milton Sublette, Thunderbolt of the Rockies," by Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., 52-63.

New Mexico Historical Review — XXXVIII, April 1963: "Fray Silvestre and the Obstinate Hopi [Silvestre Velez de Escalante]," by Eleanor B. Adams, 96-138.

The Southwestern Historical Quarterly — LXVI, April 1963: "The Diary of Morris J. Snedaker, 1855-1856 [Mormons in Texas]," edited by Norman B. Ferris, 516-47.

The Trail Guide [Kansas City Posse, The Westerners] — VIII, March 1963: "Some Western Editors View the Mormon War, 1857-1858," by Robert Richmond, 1-13.

Utah Law Review — VIII, Winter 196263: "Right to Civil Jury Trial in Utah: Constitution and Statute," by Ronan E. Degnan, 97-122.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING

One of the highlights of Society activities is the annual meeting held in the fall of the year. It is a time for the Society board, staff, and members to meet in a social atmosphere to renew acquaintanceships. A person who has distinguished himself in historical research is invited to address the assemblage on a subject pertinent to Utah history.

This being the year Utahns have selected to celebrate the one-hundredth anniversary of the beginning of commercial mining in the state, Dr. W . Turrentine Jackson, professor of history, University of California, gave an outstanding address "British Impact on the Utah Mining Industry," appropriate to the occasion.

ANNUAL AWARDS

For the past several years a feature of the annual meeting has been the naming of recipients of Society awards. Through its award program, the Society recognizes outstanding contributions to the cause of

history within the state. It is hoped that the public recognition will encourage other individuals to strive for greater effort in making known the story of the past.

In attendance at the Society's Eleventh A n n u a l Meeting was the H o n o r a b l e George D . Clyde, governor of Utah, who presented this year's awards. Governor Clyde presented to Mr. Harold P. Fabian, chairman of the Utah State Parks and Recreation Commission, an Honorary Life Membership in the Utah State Historical Society for his long and devoted service in preserving Utah's historical shrines. Mr. Fabian, as Park Commissioner, was primarily responsible for the designation of several buildings as worthy of preservation and restoration. Under his guidance, restoration work has been carried on at the Stagecoach Inn at Fairfield, the Old State House at Fillmore, and the Brigham Young and Jacob Hamblin homes in Washington County. And so the staff is proud to claim this man of vision and action as an Honorary Life Member of the Utah State Historical Society.

AWARD

WINNERS AT THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL DINNER OF THE UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Left to right â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Mr. William M. Purdy (Teacher Award), Mrs. Helen H. Brown (Service Award), Mr. Harold P. Fabian (Honorary Life Membership), Mrs. William H. Bennett (Service Award), Mr. Stanley S. lvins (Service Award), Mr. John Stagg (Service Award), Dr. C. Gregory Crampton (Fellow), Mrs. Kenneth L. Williams (Service Award), Mrs. A. William Kelson (Service Award).

X

Governor George annual awards of ship and Fellow Eleventh Annual

D. Clyde presented the Honorary Life Memberto the recipients at the Meeting of the Society.

For his scholarly research and writing, Dr. C. Gregory Crampton was given the Fellow award of the Society by Governor Clyde. Dr. Crampton's publications extend over a wide range. His early productions dealt primarily with California. Having become a professor of history at the University of Utah, Dr. Crampton has interested himself in one of the lesser-known areas of Utah and has established himself as an authority on the region. His major research on the Colorado Plateau has resulted in four books (Outline History of the Glen Canyon Region, 1776-1922; His-

Recipients of Utah State Historical Society awards â&#x20AC;&#x201D; left to right, Mr. Harold P. Fabian (Honorary Life Membership) and Dr. C. Gregory Crampton (Fellow).

torical Sites in Glen Canyon, Mouth of San Juan River to Lee's Ferry; The Hos\aninni Papers of Robert B. Stanton, Mining in Glen Canyon, 1897-1902; and Historical Sites in Glen Canyon, Mouth of Hansen Cree\ to Mouth of San Juan River}, published in the Anthropological Series by the University of Utah. For these and his other works, the Society proudly presented the award of Fellow to Dr. C. Gregory Crampton.

Feeling that many persons in Utah have made significant contributions to the state's history, but wishing to keep the two previously established awards of Honorary Life Member and Fellow for exceptionally outstanding contributions, the Board of Trustees of the Society in 1963 created two new awards. In recognition of worthy service to the Society or Utah history, the Society created the Service Award.

The first recipients of this award were: Mrs. Helen Hackett Brown for her gifts to, interest in, and work for the Society; Mr. Stanley S. Ivins for his years of service to the Society, for his writings, and for his aid to scholarship; the Junior League of Salt Lake City for the volunteer services of their members on Society projects (with special recognition to Mrs. William H . Bennett and Mrs. A. William Kelson); and Mr. John Stagg, of Dixon Paper Company, for the publication of a series of brochures portraying scenes and events of Utah's past.

For their contributions to history, these individuals and institutions are to be complimented and congratulated. The Society is proud to give recognition to them.

The second new award this year is one designed to encourage, through public recognition, outstanding teaching of history.

The first recipient of this award was Mr. William M. Purdy, academic dean of St. Mark's College Preparatory School. Mr. Purdy's teaching methods were long ago brought to the attention of the Society. He inspired his students not only through classroom instruction but also through guided classroom tours to historic sites, research libraries, and public events. Many of these

JUDITH A N N DIETEMAN

University

of Utah

were conducted at his own expense and "after hours." Such exemplary teaching is deserving of recognition. The Society is privileged to have Mr. William M. Purdy as the first recipient of the Teacher Award.

JULIE ROBINSON

Utah State

University

Also, in the area of education, the Society continued this year to recognize the outstanding history students in the fouryear institutions of higher learning in the state. Students selected by the history faculties to receive Student Awards are: Judith Ann Dieteman, University of Utah, born in New Jersey and raised in Pennsylvania, finished high school in Salt Lake City. She entered the University of Utah and majored in history and minored in English. Miss Dieteman has been admitted to the Graduate School at the U. of U. and hopes to earn her Ph.D. degree and establish a career in college teaching.

Julie Robinson, Utah State University, a native of Idaho, graduated valedictorian of the College of Business and Social Science with a double major (history and French). During her years on campus, Miss Robinson was a member of several honorary and student groups. Miss Robinson has completed a training course to qualify for Peace Corps service in Nigeria.

Clifford Terry Warner, Brigham Young University, a native of California, has an enviable record in scholarship. Mr. Warner has been the recipient of many scholastic grants, and plans to attend Yale University on the Danforth Fellowship.

Thomas M. Worthen, Jr., Westminster College, born in Idaho, received his early education in the schools of Salt Lake City.

While on campus, Mr. Worthen was a member of several honorary and student societies. H e plans to remain in Utah and teach in the secondary schools of the state.

CLIFFORD TERRY WARNER

THOMAS M. W O R T H E N , JR.

STUDENT AWARDS

Brigham

Young

University

Westminster

College

394

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

INDEX " A B C " mediation efforts, 161-62 Air Corps, see United States Air Corps Alexander, T h o m a s G., " F r o m D e a r t h to D e l u g e : U t a h ' s Coal I n d u s t r y , " 2 3 5 - 4 7 ; " T h e y Kept ' E m Rolling: T h e Tooele A r m y Depot, 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 6 2 , " 3—25; " W o r l d ' s Largest Military Reserve: W e n d over Air Force Base, 1 9 4 1 - 6 3 , " 3 2 4 - 3 5 Alsberg, H e n r y G., ed., New Mexico: A Guide to the Colorful State, reviewed, 378—80 Alta, U t a h , picture of, 365 Alter, J. Cecil, Jim Bridget', reviewed, 167 American Association for State and Local History, awards, 8 7 - 8 8 , 342 American F o r k M i n i n g District, 210 American Oil C o m p a n y , brief history, 303—4; picture of, 305 American Smelting and Refining C o m p a n y , history of, 2 7 1 - 7 2 ; G u g g e n h e i m controlled trust, 2 7 8 ; lawsuit concerning, 277 Apex Mine, see Dixie Mine Archives, see U t a h State Archives Arizona Cavalcade: The Turbulent Times, ed., Miller, reviewed, 3 8 2 - 8 3 A r m y , see United States A r m y A r m y of U t a h , see U t a h Expedition Arrington, Leonard J., " A b u n d a n c e from the E a r t h : T h e Beginnings of Commercial Mining in U t a h , " 1 9 1 - 2 1 9 ; " A n c h o r s A w e i g h in U t a h : T h e U . S. Naval Supply Depot at Clearfield, 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 6 2 , " 1 0 9 - 2 6 ; " T h e y Kept ' E m Rolling: T h e Tooele A r m y Depot, 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 6 2 , " 3 - 2 5 ; " W o r l d ' s Largest Military Reserve: W e n d o v e r Air Force Base, 1 9 4 1 - 6 3 , " 3 2 4 - 3 5 Athearn, Robert G., Rebel of the Rockies: A History of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, reveiwed, 80—81 A r t h u r Mill, picture of, 279 Atomic Bomb, picture of, 3 3 0 ; picture of B-29 Superfortress which dropped the, 3 3 0 ; picture of crew w h i c h dropped the, 3 3 1 ; training of crew at W e n d o v e r Air Force Base, 3 2 9 - 3 2

B Ballads and Songs from Utah, ed., H u b b a r d , reviewed, 72—73 Bamberger, Simon, drilled first oil well, 293 Bartlett, Richard A., Great Surveys of the American West, reveiwed, 381—82 Bateman, I. C , A m e r i c a n m i n i n g p r o m o t e r , 3 5 1 ; arrested in L o n d o n , 3 5 6 ; n a m e d resident director in U t a h of U t a h Silver Lead M i n i n g C o m pany, 357 Batters, George, English broker associated with p r o m o t i n g of Anglo-American mines, 3 5 1 ; p r o moted companies proved disastrous, 3 5 5 ; p r o moter and c h a i r m a n of C a m p Floyd Silver Mining District, 3 5 3 ; w i t h d r e w from U t a h m i n i n g scene, 359 Beaver Lake M i n i n g District, brief account of, 264 Beckstead (Bexsted), H e n r y , discovered ore in B i n g h a m Canyon, 196 Bennett, John C , disaffected with Mormon C h u r c h , 94; role in securing N a u v o o City Charter, 9 3 - 9 4

Bennett, Mrs. William H . , picture of, 3 9 1 ; Junior League volunteer, 392 Bentonite, history of production in Utah, 2 3 0 - 3 1 Beryllium, picture of technicians using berylometer, 189; production of, 190 Big Cottonwood M i n i n g District, account of, 210 Bigler's Chronicle of the West: The Conquest of California, Discovery of Gold, and Mormon Settlement as Reflected in Henry William Bigler's Diaries, by G u d d e , reviewed, 7 9 - 8 0 B i n g h a m Canyon, artist's conception of, cover N o .

3 ; claims located in 199, 2 0 1 ; copper mines located in, 2 6 6 ; first copper ore taken from, 2 6 3 ; metal of primary i m p o r t a n c e not certain, 3 4 7 ; picture of transporting copper ore, 262; ore's c h a n g i n g nature causes problems, 3 5 8 ; porphyrycopper m i n i n g began, 2 7 8 ; residential area disappeared, 279 B i n g h a m Consolidated M i n i n g and Smelting C o m p a n y , Dalton and L a r k properties worked, 273— 7 4 ; incorporated, 2 7 3 ; smelter closed, 2 7 7 ; see also B i n g h a m Copper and Gold Mining C o m pany B i n g h a m Copper and Gold Mining Company, organized, 2 7 2 ; owners, 2 7 2 ; picture of company in Midvale, 2 7 3 ; purchased additional property, 2 7 3 ; smelter erected, 273—74; see also Bingh a m Consolidated M i n i n g and Smelting C o m pany B i n g h a m , T h o m a s and Sanford, discovered outcroppings of ore, 196 Blacksmith shop, picture of, 218 Boner, H a r o l d A., The Giant's Ladder, David H. Moffat and his railroad, reviewed, 377—78 Boom Towns of the Great Basin, by Robertson and Harris, reviewed, 387—88 Branch, E. Douglas, The Hunting of the Buffalo, reviewed, 78 Bridger, Jim, m e m b e r of U t a h Expedition, 128 British Mining, see Mining, British Britt, Albert, Toward the Western Ocean: A Story of the Men Who Bridged the Continent, 18031869, reviewed, 386 Brooks, Juanita, The Mountain Meadows Massacre, reviewed, 164; received American Association for State and Local History award, 87, 342 B r o w n , Helen Hackett, picture of, 3 9 1 ; received Service A w a r d of the U.S.H.S., 392 B r o w n , O . P., representative of Mexican Mormons, 157; smuggler of a r m s to Mexican Mormons, 155 B u c h a n a n ' s Expedition, see U t a h Expedition Buchanan, James, appointed M a g r a w superintend e n t of stretch of Pacific W a g o n Road, 137; a w a r d e d compensation to H o c k a d a y and Liggit, 147; " T h e Buchanan Spoils System and the U t a h Expedition: Careers of W . M. F. Magraw and John M. H o c k a d a y , " 1 2 7 - 5 0 ; Magraw personal and political friend of, 137; picture of, 127; reasons for sending troops to Utah, 128; sent federal troops to U t a h , 127; severed postal communications with U t a h , 129 Buel, " C o l o n e l " David, account of m i n i n g activities, 3 5 1 ; American m i n i n g promoter, 351 Burroughs, John Rolfe, Where the Old West Stayed Young: The Remarkable History of

INDEX Brown's Park Told for the First Time, Together with an Account of the Rise and Fall of the Range-Cattle Business in Northwestern Colorado and Southwestern Wyoming, and much about Cattle Barons, Sheep and Sheepmen, Forest Rangers, Range Wars, Long Riders, Paid Killers, and Other Bad Men, reviewed, 3 8 0 - 8 1 Burt, C. R., Outline History of Utah and The Mormons, review by, 78—79 Butterfield, Justin, Joseph Smith's defense counsel, 94 B. Y. Express C o m p a n y , awarded mail contract, 134

The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes,

by Stewart, reviewed, 385—86 C a m p Floyd Silver M i n i n g C o m p a n y , Limited, difficulties of the, 3 5 8 - 6 0 ; established, 3 5 3 ; failure of, 360 C a m p Scott, U t a h Expedition's winter quarters, 144 Cannon, George Q., denied seat in Congress, 66 Carbon County, recession in, 245 C a r d o n , A. F., "Senator Reed Smoot and the Mexican Revolutions," 151—63 Carmichael, Sarah, a u t h o r of p o e m c o m m e m o r a t ing Lincoln's death, 108 Carnotite, discovered, 2 8 2 ; first commercial p r o duction of, 2 8 4 ; location of, 282, 2 8 4 - 8 5 Carranza, Venustiana, assassinated, 1 6 3 ; Mexican revolutionary, 158; president of Mexico, 163 Cedar City Co-op Store, picture of, 4 1 ; reminiscenses concerning, 41—49 Cedar City, established, 249; iron production in, 253 A Century of Service, 1860-1960, A History of the Utah Education Association, by Moffitt, reviewed, 72 Chicago Silver M i n i n g C o m p a n y , Limited, activities of, 3 6 1 - 6 2 Christensen, Parley A., A Symposium of Opinions: Certain Aspects of L. D. S. Education with Suggestions for Making it Less Theological and More Functional in Individual and Community Life, review by, 376—77 C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, c o m promises m a d e by, 67, 6 8 ; discouraged m i n i n g activities, 3 4 8 ; disincorporated, 66; polygamy problem, 64—66; promoted iron manufacturing, 254; received American Association for State and Local History a w a r d , 88, 342 Clay, history of production in U t a h , 2 2 3 ; picture of arrastra for pulverizing of, 2 2 2 ; picture of kiln for m a k i n g brick, 222 Clay, John, My Life on the Range, reviewed, 75—76 Clayton, William, recorded discovery of oil seep, 291 Clearfield Naval Supply Depot, see United States Naval Supply Depot, Clearfield Cline, Gloria Griffen, Bigler's Chronicle of the West: The Conquest of California, Discovery of Gold, and Mormon Settlement as Reflected in Henry William Bigler's Diaries, review by, 79—80; Exploring the Great Basin, reviewed, 165-66 Coal, automation improves production of, 2 4 2 ; bounty offered for discovery of, 2 3 5 ; by-products

395 from, 2 4 6 ; coking coal found, 2 4 3 ; cost in comparison with other fuels, 2 4 1 , 2 4 5 - 4 6 ; D e n ver & Rio G r a n d e Railroad development of, 2 3 7 ; deposits k n o w n to exist, 2 3 6 ; Depression years, 241—42; economy of state affected, 2 4 5 ; first exploring parties, 2 3 5 ; history of, 235—47; i n d e p e n d e n t producers of, 237—38; labor conditions, 2 3 9 - 4 1 , 242, 2 4 3 - 4 4 ; m a r k e t s lost, 2 4 4 4 5 ; m i n e accident rate, 241—42; m i n e , picture of, 2 3 6 ; miners, picture of, 2 4 3 ; production beginnings, 2 3 5 - 3 6 ; production of, 2 4 1 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 4 , 2 4 5 ; reserves ( 1 9 6 0 ) , 2 4 6 ; research and develo p m e n t of, 2 4 3 ; special investigation, 238—39; Scofield Mine disaster mass burial of victims, picture of, 2 3 9 ; union achieved recognition, 2 4 2 ; U n i o n Pacific Railroad development of, 2 3 7 ; United Mine W o r k e r s tried to organize miners, 2 4 0 - 4 1 ; wages paid miners, 244, 245 Coal Logs C o m p a n y , money invested, 243 Cobalt, production of, 1 8 9 - 9 0 C o l u m b i a Steel Corporation, assigned construction of steel plant d u r i n g W o r l d W a r II, 2 5 9 ; byp r o d u c t ovens production, 2 5 7 ; capacity of, 257— 5 8 ; electric shovel h a n d l i n g ore, picture of, 2 5 7 ; e m p l o y m e n t by, 2 5 8 ; erected m o d e r n iron w o r k s , 2 5 5 ; iron ore in railroad cars, picture of, 2 5 7 ; Ironton plant opened, 2 4 2 ; production ( 1 9 4 4 ) , 243 Connor, Patrick E., attitude toward M o r m o n s , 196, 2 0 0 ; announced discovery of copper ore in B i n g h a m Canyon, 2 6 3 ; arrived in U t a h , 1 0 1 , 194; c o m m e n t e d on a r m y ' s activities on m i n i n g , 2 0 4 ; died, 2 0 5 ; established C a m p Douglas, 1 0 1 ; founded Union Vedette, 2 0 1 ; invested in m i n ing, 204; left and returned to U t a h , 2 0 5 ; picture of, 196; promoted m i n i n g in U t a h , 200, 2 0 1 , 202 Constitutional Conventions, delegates elected to, 6 8 ; n u m b e r held, 6 1 , 68 Cooke, Phillip St. George, m e m b e r of U t a h Expedition, 128 Cooley, Everett L., Route from Liverpool to Great —Salt Lake Valley, review by, 168—69 Co-op Stores, corporation law passed, 4 1 ; effect on U t a h , 4 0 ; organized, 3 9 , 40 Copper, B i n g h a m operation, 1 8 3 - 8 5 ; discovered in H i g h l a n d Boy Mine, 2 6 8 ; discovered in Lucin District, 2 6 4 ; districts w h e r e copper m i n e d , 2 7 5 ; first ore taken from B i n g h a m Canyon, 2 6 3 ; history of industry, 2 6 2 - 7 9 ; open-cut copper m i n ing began, 2 7 8 ; ore being loaded into rail cars, picture of, 2 7 5 ; porphyry m i n i n g beginnings, 278—79; presence of copper in territory reported, 2 6 3 ; production of, 186, 188, 266, 276 ( t a b l e ) , 2 7 8 ; small companies organized to m i n e , 2 7 4 ; sulphide ore discovered and developed, 268—70; sulphide ore production beginnings, 2 6 6 ; transporting ore from Utah Copper Mine in B i n g h a m Canyon, picture of, 262 C r a m p t o n , C. Gregory, ed., The Hoskaninni Papers: Mining in Glen Canyon 1897-1902, reviewed, 7 4 - 7 5 ; pictures of, 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Fellow a w a r d , 392 Crawford, T h o m a s E d g a r , The West of the Texas Kid, 1881-1910, reveiwed, 7 6 - 7 7 Creer, Leland H., Exploring the Great Basin, review by, 165-66 Cutter, Donald C , William Brown Ide, Bear Flagger, review by, 1 6 6 - 6 7

396

D a v e n p o r t M i n i n g C o m p a n y , Limited, acquired mines in Little Cottonwood M i n i n g District, 3 5 4 ; expenditures on property, 3 5 4 ; property sold to satisfy creditors, 363 Davis, E r w i n , A m e r i c a n p r o m o t e r of the E m m a C o m p a n y , 3 5 2 ; established claim against Last Chance C o m p a n y , 3 6 6 ; Flagstaff C o m p a n y attempted compromise with, 365—66; loaned m o n e y to directors of Flagstaff-Last ChanceT e c o m a companies, 3 6 4 ; p r i m e p r o m o t e r of E m m a , Flagstaff, and Last C h a n c e companies, 360 Davison, Stanley R., The Golden Frontier: The recollections of Herman Francis Reinhart, 1851— 1869, review by, 1 6 7 - 6 8 Defense Installations, annual payroll, 3 ; employm e n t in U t a h , 3 ; income generated by, 3 ; installations n a m e d , year established, employees, payroll, goods purchased ( t a b l e ) , 4 ; reasons for establishing in U t a h , 4; U t a h materials p u r chased annually, 3 Democratic party, labeled protector of M o r m o n s , 95 Denver & Rio G r a n d e Railroad, developed coal mines, 2 3 7 ; discriminated o n rate charges, 2 3 8 ; U t a h Fuel C o m p a n y o w n e r , 237 Deseret Chemical Warfare Depot, a m m u n i t i o n reconditioning facilities, 16; location, 7; T A D assimilated, 23 Deseret Iron C o m p a n y , capital, 2 5 1 ; Cedar City c o m p a n y store, 3 7 ; incorporated, 2 5 2 ; operated c o m p a n y store o n cash basis only, 3 7 , 3 8 ; org a n i z e d , 2 5 1 ; purchases, 251 Deseret News, advertisement indicative of Morm o n opinion of election of A b r a h a m Lincoln, 9 8 ; d e n o u n c e d Lincoln, 9 8 - 9 9 , 1 0 1 ; facsimile covering assassination of Lincoln, 107; reported M a g r a w relieved of mail contract, 134; reported presence of copper in territory, 2 6 3 ; reported o n success of "Iron Mission," 250 Detroit M i n i n g District, organized, 2 6 6 ; production of, 2 6 6 ; smelter erected and destroyed, 266 D i a z , Porfirio, dictator of Mexico, 1 5 3 ; policies, 152—53; resigned as president, 154 D i e t e m a n , Judith A n n , brief biography, 3 9 3 ; picture of, 3 9 3 ; received U t a h State Historical Society S t u d e n t A w a r d , 393 Divett, Robert T., " U t a h ' s First Medical College," 51-59 Dixie Mine, a m o u n t and value of copper ore m i n e d from, 2 6 5 ; picture of, 265 Dolomite, history of production in U t a h , 226—27 D o n n e r - R e e d Trail, artifacts found o n , 3 3 ; change of direction on, 3 1 , 3 2 ; m a p ( G r e a t Salt Desert p o r t i o n ) , 3 0 ; m o d e r n - d a y expedition from Knolls, U t a h , to Pilot Springs, 2 6 - 3 3 ; tracked vehicle following, picture of, cover N o . 1, 2 7 ; tracks found on, 2 9 ; see also Great Salt Desert Doty, James D u a n e , appointed governor of U t a h , 103 D o u g a n , J. L. ( M i k e ) , b r o u g h t in first commercial U t a h oil well, 2 9 9 ; picture of, 298 Douglas, C a m p , established, 101 Douglas, Stephen A., advocated destruction of Morm o n i s m , 9 6 ; denounced M o r m o n s , 9 5 ; friend of M o r m o n s , 95 D r a k e , T h o m a s J., Lincoln retains in office, 1 0 3 ; M o r m o n s request removal from office, 102 D r u m M i n i n g District, see Detroit M i n i n g District

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY D u r h a m , Archer L., "Anchors A w e i g h in U t a h : T h e U . S. N a v a l Supply D e p o t at Clearfield, 1942-1962," 109-26 D u r h a m , G. H o m e r , Great Issues Concerning Freedom, review by, 70—71

The Early Autobiography and Diary of Ellis Reynolds Shipp, M. D., ed., Musser, reviewed, 383— 84 E c o n o m y , coal p r o d u c t i o n affects, 2 4 5 ; impact of transcontinental railroad on, 182; " T h e Mineral Industry: A F o u n d a t i o n of U t a h ' s E c o n o m y , " 178—91; mineral industry major foundation o n which economy built, 179 Education, Gentile view of, 6 4 ; l a w for free p u b lic schools, 6 7 ; M o r m o n idea of, 64 Equity Oil C o m p a n y , b r o u g h t in first U t a h commercial oil well, 2 9 9 ; location of first commercial well, 2 9 9 ; picture of first commercial well, 298 Egbert, John, discovered ore in B i n g h a m Canyon, 196 Ellsworth, S. George, picture of, 6 2 ; " U t a h ' s Struggle for Statehood," 6 0 - 6 9 E m e r y County, recession in, 245 E m m a Silver M i n i n g C o m p a n y , Limited, established, 3 5 2 ; m i n e c o m m e n t e d u p o n , 208 Estergreen, M. M o r g a n , Kit Carson, A Portrait in Courage, reviewed, 81 Exploring the Great Basin, by Cline, reviewed, 165-66

Fabian, H a r o l d P., pictures of, 3 9 1 , 3 9 2 ; received H o n o r a r y Life Membership in U t a h State Historical Society, 391 The Far West and Rockies: General Analytical Index to the Fifteen Volume Series and Supplement to the fournals of Forty-Niners Salt Lake to Los Angeles, eds., H a f e n and Hafen, reviewed, 73-74 Fences, pictures of, cover N o . 4, 316 Fertilizer, p r o d u c t i o n of, 190 Fife, Austin E., "Folklore and Local History," 315-23 Flagstaff-Last C h a n c e - T e c o m a Syndicate, difficulties of, 364—65; directors borrowed funds, 364 Flagstaff Silver M i n i n g C o m p a n y of U t a h , Limited, abandoned, 3 6 9 ; capital, 3 5 3 ; claims against, 3 6 7 ; closed, 3 6 7 ; compromise attempted with Davis, 365—66; confidence of investing public, 3 6 0 ; court disallowed contract with Davis, 366; difficulties of, 364—65, 3 6 7 - 6 9 ; dividends paid, 3 6 3 ; established, 3 5 2 ; land p a t e n t in error, 3 6 7 ; legal entanglements, 367—68; m a n a g e r deceived directors, 3 6 7 ; m i n e c o m m e n t e d upon, 2 0 8 ; reorganized, 367—369; see also Flagstaff-Last C h a n c e - T e c o m a Syndicate Floyd, John B. (Secretary of W a r ) , accused Morm o n s of secessionist activities, 128; involved in scandals, 149 Folklore, "Folklore and Local History," 315—23; folklorist interest consists of e n d u r i n g elements of culture, 3 1 9 ; local historian also folklorist — folklorist not historian, 3 2 0 ; role of folklorist, 3 1 8 - 1 9 ; sources used by folklorist, 3 1 9 - 2 0 ; see also History, Local

INDEX

397

Fuller, Frank, Gentiles requested removal from office, 102 Fuller's Earth, history of production in Utah, 23031 Gas, see Natural Gas General Store, picture of, 47 Geneva Steel Company, built coke ovens, 243; byproduct ovens, 260; capacity of, 259, 260; constructed, 259; cost of, 259; equipment, 260; picture of, 259; production during World War II, 260; sold to U. S. Steel Corporation, 260; U. S. Steel investment in, 260 The Giant's Ladder, David H. Moffat and his railroad, by Boner, reviewed, 377—78 Gilsonite, early operation, picture of, 229; history of production in Utah, 229-30 Godbe, William S., vendor of Chicago Silver Mining Company, Limited, 361 Gold, first mining in Utah of, 190; placer mining, pictures of, 181, 192; production of, 202; sought as means to save mining industry of Utah, 267 The Golden Frontier: The recollections of Herman Francis Reinhart, 1851-1869, ed., Nunis, reviewed, 167—68 Goodridge, E. L., filed first oil land entry, 295; prospected for oil on Colorado River, 295 Grant, Heber J., tribute to Abraham Lincoln, 108 Greater Aneth (Complex of Oil Fields), location, 299; moved Utah to nation's top producer of oil, 300; set off exploration boom, 300 The Great Iron Trail: The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad, by Howard, reviewed, 384— 85 Great Issues Concerning Freedom, by Read, reviewed, 70—71 Great Salt Desert, artifacts found in, 33; bombing range, 28; Donner-Reed Trail (map), 30; expedition across, 26—33; expedition searches mound, picture of, 32; first white men to cross, 27; modern-day travelers cross, 28; pictures of expedition across, cover No. 1, 27, 29, 31, 32; see also Donner-Reed Trail Great Salt Lake, oil prospecting on, picture of, 294 Great Surveys of the American West, by Bartlett, reviewed, 381-82 Griswold, Wesley S., A Work °f Giants: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad, reviewed, 81-82 Gudde, Erwin G., Bigler's Chronicle of the West: The Conquest of California, Discovery of Gold, and Mormon Settlement as Reflected in Henry William Bigler's Diaries, reviewed, 79—80 Gypsum, history of, 225—26; Western Gypsum Company, picture of, 225

H Hafen, LeRoy R. and Ann W., eds., The Far West and Rockies: General Analytical Index to the Fifteen Volume Series and Supplement to the Journals of Forty-Niners Salt Lake to Los Angeles, reviewed, 73—74 Haight, Isaac C , leader of "Iron Mission," 252 Hall, N. L., suggested solution to Mexican problem, 162 Halloysite, history of production in Utah, 230—31

Hanks, Ebenezer, merchant in Parowan, 38 Hansen, Gary B., "Industry of Destiny: Copper in Utah," 262-79 Harding, Stephen S., Lincoln removed from governorship, 103; Mormons requested removal from office, 102 Harline, Osmond L., "Utah's Black Gold: The Petroleum Industry," 291—311 Harney, William S., initial commander of Utah Expedition, 128 Harris, Beth Kay, Boom Towns of the Great Basin, reviewed, 387-88 Hastings Cutoff, modern expedition over, 26-33; traveled by, 27-28 Hearst, George, acquired mining interests in Utah, 212 Highland Boy Mine, construction work began in, 268; copper ore discovered in, 268; copper ore shipments commenced, 268; production of ores, 270; smelter constructed, 269; smelter closed, 277; sold, 267-68; value of ores mined in, 269 Himes, Elvert, A Century of Service, 1860-1960, A History of the Utah Education Association, review by, 72 History, Local, definition of local historian, 315, 317; "Folklore and Local History," 315-23; fences, pictures of, cover No. 4, 316; function of local historian, 317-18; ethics imposed on historian, 322; local historian also folklorist — folklorist not historian, 320; role of local historian, 317, 318; see also Folklore Hockaday, Isaac, letter sent to White House cornplanning of ill-treatment by Mormons from, 136; partner of John M. Hockaday, 133 Hockaday, John M., awarded mail contract, 145; business, 133; business partner, 133; "The Buchanan Spoils System and the Utah Expedition: Careers of W. M. F. Magraw and John Hockaday," 127-50; described by Albert Tracy, 147; early life, 143-44; lost mail contract, 144; member of Utah Expedition, 144; partner acquired, 145; quality of mail service given by, 133; sold mail contract, 145-46; U.S. attorney for Utah, 144 Horn Silver Mining Company, brief account of, 211 The Hoskaninni Papers: Mining in Glen Canyon 1897-1902, eds., Crampton and Smith, reviewed, 74-75 Howard, Robert West, The Giant's Ladder, David H. Moffat and his railroad, review by, 377-78; The Great Iron Trail: The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad, reviewed, 384-85 Hubbard, George U., "Abraham Lincoln as Seen by the Mormons," 91-108 Hubbard, Lester A., ed., Ballads and Songs from Utah, reviewed, 72-73 Huerta, Victoriano, gained control of Mexican government, 158; Mexican revolutionary, 155; refused to salute American flag, 59, 60; resigned as president of Mexico, 162 The Hunting of the Buffalo, by Branch, reviewed, 78 Hussey, Warren, accused of misguiding public, 359; attempted to protect director of Utah Silver Mining Company, 357; launched campaign to sustain operation of Camp Floyd Silver Mining Company, 358; Utah banker who promoted British investment in Utah mines, 353

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

398 I

K

I n d e p e n d e n t Coal and C o k e C o m p a n y , i n d e p e n d e n t coal producer, 2 3 7 ; picture of preparation and w a s h i n g plant, 245 International Smelting and Refining C o m p a n y , influenced development of copper industry in U t a h , 2 6 7 ; smelter constructed at Tooele, 277 The Indian Traders, by McNitt, reviewed, 77—78 Interstate Brick C o m p a n y , brief history of, 223 Iron and Steel, coking problems, 2 5 1 - 5 2 ; Deseret Iron C o m p a n y organized, 2 5 1 ; first pig iron m a n u f a c t u r e d , 2 5 0 ; first successful production of p i g iron, 2 5 5 ; history of, 248—61; independ e n t companies m a n u f a c t u r e of, 2 5 5 ; " I r o n Mission" called, 2 4 8 ; legislature appropriated funds to continue m a n u f a c t u r e of, 2 5 2 ; M o r m o n converts in iron centers of E u r o p e sought, 2 5 1 ; M o r m o n C h u r c h a b a n d o n e d m a n u f a c t u r e of, 2 5 4 ; M o r m o n C h u r c h backed m a n u f a c t u r e of, 2 5 4 ; ore discovered, 2 4 8 ; picture of molten iron flowing into vats, 2 5 8 ; p i g iron produced, 2 5 2 ; Pioneer Iron W o r k s organized, 2 5 0 ; production of, 2 6 1 ; railroad brings revival of m a n u f a c t u r e of, 2 5 3 ; recent developments in, 2 6 1 ; value of, 2 6 1 ; see also Columbia Steel Corporation, Kaiser Steel C o m p a n y , and Geneva Steel C o m p a n y I r o n City, established, 2 5 3 ; r e m n a n t s of, pictures of, 2 4 9 , 250 Iron County, early stores in, 37 " I r o n Mission," call for, 2 4 8 ; Cedar City established by, 2 4 9 ; c o m p a n y consisted of, 2 4 9 ; George A. S m i t h leader of, 2 4 9 ; legislature subsidized, 2 5 2 ; M o r m o n converts sought w h o were familiar w i t h iron m a n u f a c t u r i n g for, 2 5 1 ; P a r o w a n established by, 2 4 9 ; produced pig iron, 2 5 0 , 2 5 2 ; report on, 250 Ironton, m o d e r n iron works erected, 255 Iverson, J. Grant, pictures of, 3 3 8 , 3 4 2 ; " T h e President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 , " 336-46 Ivins, A n t h o n y W . , leader of Mexican M o r m o n s , 154; picture of h o m e in Colonia Juarez, 1 6 1 ; wrote Senator Smoot asking for help for Morm o n colonies in Mexico, 154 Ivins, Stanley S., picture of, 3 9 1 ; received Service A w a r d of the U.S.H.S., 392

Kaiser Steel C o m p a n y , a m o u n t spent developing properties, 2 4 3 Kelker, George H . , The Hunting of the Buffalo, review by, 78 Kelly, Charles, The Hoskaninni Papers: Mining in Glen Canyon 1897-1902, review by, 7 4 - 7 5 ; Jim Bridgei", review by, 167 Kelson, Mrs. A. William, picture of, 3 9 1 ; Junior League volunteer, 392 Kennecott Copper Corporation, absorbed Utah Copper C o m p a n y , 2 7 9 ; future p r o g r a m of, 2 7 9 ; open-pit copper m i n e , picture of, 188 Kiln, picture of, 222 Kimball, H i r a m , agent of B.Y. Express Company, 134 Kingston Mine, one of first shipments of copper ore from, 264, 266 Kinney, John F . , elected delegate to Congress for Utah, 1 0 3 ; Gentiles requested removal from office, 102 Kit Carson, A Portrait in Courage, by Estergreen, reviewed, 81 Kohler, D r . Benjamin Rush, born, 5 2 ; died, 5 5 ; medical training, 5 5 ; picture of, 57 Kohler, D r . Frederick S., biography of early life, 5 2 ; died, 5 8 ; founder of " U t a h ' s First Medical College," 51—59; married, 52; medical training, 5 2 ; m o v e d to U t a h , 5 2 ; picture of, 5 5 ; sons, 52; trained m i d wives, 58

J Jackling, Daniel C , erected concentrating mill at Copperton, 2 7 8 ; picture of, 1 8 3 ; organized U t a h Copper C o m p a n y , 278 Jackson, W . T u r r e n t i n e , "British I m p a c t on the U t a h M i n i n g I n d u s t r y , " 3 4 7 - 7 5 ; picture of, 342 Jim Bridgcr, by Alter, reviewed, 167 Johnston, Albert Sidney, informed superiors of M a g r a w ' s help to U t a h Expedition, 1 4 1 ; m e m ber of U t a h Expedition, 128 Jonas, F r a n k H . , received A m e r i c a n Association for State and Local History a w a r d , 87—88 Jordan Silver M i n i n g C o m p a n y , Jordan and Galena mines, picture of, 2 0 9 ; organized, 199 Jordan W a r d Meetinghouse, picture of, 199 Junior League of Salt L a k e City, picture of League president and volunteers, 3 9 1 ; received Service A w a r d of the U.S.H.S., 392

Lander, Frederick West, brawled with Magraw, 1 4 2 - 4 3 ; engineer of section of Pacific W a g o n Road, 140; offered superintendent's position on Pacific W a g o n Road, 1 4 1 ; referred to Hockaday, 143 Larson, Gustive O., " B u l w a r k of the K i n g d o m : U t a h ' s Iron and Steel I n d u s t r y , " 2 4 8 - 6 1 ; Outline History of Utah and the Mormons, reviewed, 7 8 - 7 9 ; "William R. Palmer," 3 4 - 3 5 Last Chance Silver M i n i n g C o m p a n y of Utah, Limited, a b a n d o n e d , 3 6 6 ; Davis established claim against, 3 6 6 ; free of litigation, 366; m a n a ger replaced, 3 6 4 ; o r e proved unprofitable, 364; organized, 3 6 0 ; progress d u r i n g first year, 360; see also Flagstaff-Last Chance-Tecoma Syndicate Lead-Silver, see Silver-Lead Lee, Hector, Ballads and Songs from Utah, review by, 7 2 - 7 3 Lee, Lawrence B., Great Surveys of the American West, review by, 3 8 1 - 8 2 Lee, Weston a n d Jeanne, Torrent in the Desert, reviewed, 3 8 6 - 8 7 Liberal party, dissolved, 6 8 ; established, 63 Lime, history of production in U t a h , 2 2 6 - 2 7 Limestone, history of production in U t a h , 226—27 Lincoln, A b r a h a m , " A b r a h a m Lincoln as Seen by the M o r m o n s , " 91—108; authorized Brigh a m Y o u n g to raise a protective a r m y , 100; campaign to become presidential elector, 9 3 ; celebration held in Salt L a k e City for second inauguration of, 106; Deseret News facsimile of advertisement reflecting M o r m o n s e n t i m e n t toward, 9 8 ; Deseret News facsimile of assassination of, 107; interview with T . B. H . Stenhouse, 103; M o r m o n s against, 97—102; M o r m o n atti-

INDEX

399

tude favorable toward, 103—8; m e m b e r of Illinois Legislature, 9 1 ; news of assassination reached Salt Lake City, 106; ordered troops to Utah, 1 0 1 ; pictures of, 92, 105; poem c o m m e m orating death of, 108; rebuttal to Douglas' rem a r k s on U t a h , 96; response to petitions from Mormons, 103; signed anti-polygamy bill, 1 0 1 ; statute presented to N e w Salem Park, 108; tribute to from Heber J. Grant, 108 Lind, John, President Wilson's personal representative to Mexico, 158 Linford, Ernest H., New Mexico: A Guide to the Colorful State, review by, 378—80 Little Cottonwood Canyon, picture of silver m i n e in, 2 0 3 ; silver discovered in, 203 Little Cottonwood Mining District, claims in, 208 Lowder, John, discovered copper ore in B i n g h a m Canyon, 2 6 3 Lucin Mining District, copper discovered in, 264; value and tonnage of copper removed from, 264 Lyon, T . Edgar, Probing the American West: Papers from the Santa Fe Conference, review by, 71-72

M MacKinnon, William P., " T h e Buchanan Spoils System and the U t a h Expedition: Careers of W . M. F . M a g r a w and John M. H o c k a d a y , " 127-50 Madero, Francisco I., executed, 158; Mexican revolutionary, 154; n a m e d to presidency, 154-55 Madsen, Brigham D . , Toward the Western Ocean: A Story of the Men Who Bridged the Continent, 1803-1869, review by, 386 Magraw, Robert Mitchell, brother of W . M. F .

Magraw, 138; fiancee of President Buchanan's niece, 138 Magraw, W . M. F., administration of wagon road project, 139—41; advocated military intervention in U t a h , 136; appointed superintendent of section of Pacific W a g o n Road, 137; awarded mail contract, 132; benefited from military operations, 1 4 3 ; brawled with Lander, 1 4 2 - 4 3 ; brother of, 137; " T h e Buchanan Spoils System and the U t a h Expedition: Careers of W . M. F .

Magraw a n d John M. H o c k a d a y , " 1 2 7 - 5 0 ; business, 133; died, 143; discharged from Pacific W a g o n Road project, 1 4 1 ; factors indicating prejudices against M o r m o n s , 1 3 4 - 3 6 ; historians opinion of, 132; joined U t a h Expedition, 1 4 1 ; lent stock and e q u i p m e n t to Utah Expedition, 140; letter to president concerning M o r m o n s , 1 3 0 - 3 2 ; letter to president explaining why he joined U t a h Expedition, 1 4 1 ; partners of, 1 3 3 ; personal and political friend of President Buchanan, 137; quality of mail service given by, 133; recruited troops to join U t a h Expedition, 1 4 1 ; relieved of mail contract, 134; U.S. takes legal action against, 143 Mail, receptacles for delivery of, picture of, 319 M a m m o t h Copperopolis Mine, purchased by British investors, 3 5 4 ; shared m a n a g e r of Saturn Silver C o m p a n y , 363 Manifesto, declared, 67 Mann, David H . , The Great Iron Trail: The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad, review by, 384-85 Marcy, R a n d o l p h B., m e m b e r of Utah Expedition, 128

Mason, Alice Stevens, Mission to the Navajo, review by, 3 8 8 - 8 9 Medical College, advertisement concerning, 5 3 ; denunciation of, 56, 5 8 ; faculty of, 5 5 , 5 6 ; founded, 5 3 ; graduates, 54, 5 5 ; incorporation agreement, 5 3 ; p r o g r a m of, 5 7 ; " U t a h ' s First Medical College," 5 1 - 5 9 Merchandise, co-op stores organized, 4 0 ; "Early Merchandising in U t a h , " 36—50; effect of coop stores, 4 0 ; h o m e m a d e goods, 37; itinerant merchants, 3 6 ; m e d i u m of exchange needed, 3 7 ; M o r m o n C h u r c h facilitates merchandising, 3 9 ; postage charges, 37; problems involved in transporting goods, 3 9 ; railroad b r o u g h t changes to, 3 9 ; ZCMI organized, 39 Mexican H a t Oil Field (San Juan C o u n t y ) , first claim, 2 9 5 ; first drilling on, 2 9 5 - 9 6 ; first recorded oil land entry, 2 9 5 ; oil booms, 2 9 5 , 2 9 6 ; oil drilling on, 2 9 4 , 2 9 5 - 9 6 Mexico, Colonia Juarez, picture of, 156; governm e n t reluctant to allow a r m s to be sent to Mexican M o r m o n s , 1 5 6 - 5 7 ; M o r m o n colonies in ( m a p ) , 1 5 3 ; "Senator Reed Smoot and the Mexican Revolutions," 151—63; U.S. battleships sent to waters of, 157 Military Installations, in U t a h , 108 Miller, David E., The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes, review by, 385—86 Miller, Joseph, ed., Arizona Cavalcade: The Turbulent Times, reviewed, 382—83 Minerals, centennial of m i n i n g in U t a h , facsimile of governor's proclamation, 195; commercial exploitation of, 192—219; economic encouragem e n t d u r i n g Civil W a r , 3 4 7 ; employees in, 185; expansion and development, 183—91; factors giving impetus to the industry, 2 0 5 ; foundation for industry, 1 8 1 ; g r o w t h of industry, 1 8 1 - 8 3 ; industry of U t a h , 178—311; iron production, 1 8 0 - 8 1 ; laws concerning the industry, 2 0 0 ; location of ( m a p ) , 178; major minerals in state, 179; major periods of development, 179—80; meetinghouse w h e r e first m i n i n g district organized, picture of, 199; miners, picture of, 2 1 3 ; m i n i n g assay office, picture of, 2 1 7 ; m i n i n g district, organizational minutes of first, facsimile of, 198; m i n i n g population, 3 4 8 ; production, 180, 182, 186, 191, 197 (chart-nonferrous m e t a l s ) , 206, 3 4 8 ; railroad stimulated the industry, 2 0 5 ; reasons for lack of early m i n i n g rush, 3 4 8 ; South Hecla Mine, picture of, 3 6 8 ; transportation revolutionized industry, 3 4 8 ; transporting ore from m i n e to railroad, picture of, 215 Mining, British, "British Impact on the U t a h Mini n g Industry," 3 4 7 - 7 5 ; capital invested in U t a h mines ( c h a r t ) , 3 7 1 ; companies registered to o p erate mines in U t a h ( c h a r t ) , 3 7 4 ; first capital in U t a h , 3 5 1 ; modus operandi for m a r k e t i n g of western American mines in E n g l a n d , 3 4 9 - 5 0 ; opinion changed, 3 7 1 ; sponsored ventures, 349 Mission to the Navajo, by Stirling, reviewed, 3 8 8 89 Moffitt, John Clifton, A Century of Service 18601960, A History of the Utah Education Association, reviewed, 72 Morgan, Sr., Nicholas G., retired from U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 86 M o r m o n s , " A b r a h a m Lincoln as Seen by the Morm o n s , " 9 1 - 1 0 8 ; campaign against, 6 5 ; Colonia Juarez, picture of, 156; complained of mail

400

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

service, 1 3 3 ; C o n n o r , Patrick E., attitude toward, 196; converts familiar w i t h iron m a n u f a c t u r i n g sought, 2 5 1 ; fled Mexico, 157; " I r o n Mission" called, 2 4 8 ; iron ore discovered, 2 4 8 ; leaders confer on Mexican problem, 157; Lincoln, attitude toward, 9 7 - 9 8 , 1 0 3 - 8 ; M a g r a w letter to President concerning U t a h Expedition and Morm o n h a r r a s s m e n t of himself, 1 4 1 ; Mexican colonies ( m a p ) , 1 5 3 ; Mexican revolutions, 151— 6 3 ; Mexican M o r m o n s m u r d e r e d , 154; petition for relief from g o v e r n m e n t officials, 102; political favor courted, 9 1 ; Republican party, reason for opposition, 9 7 ; search for natural resources, 2 4 8 ; "Senator Reed Smoot and the Mexican Revolutions," 1 5 1 - 6 3 ; ZCMI organized, 39 Mortensen, A. R., The Mountain Meadows Massacre, review by, 164 M o u n t a i n Fuel Supply C o m p a n y , acquired existing companies in U t a h , 3 0 9 ; discoveries, 3 1 0 ; expansion of, 3 0 9 - 1 0 ; gas b r o u g h t to Salt Lake City, 3 0 9 ; picture of gas m a i n s being installed by, 3 0 9 ; purchases by, 310 M o u n t a i n Lake M i n i n g District, see Big Cottonwood M i n i n g District The Mountain Meadows Massacre, by Brooks, reviewed, 164 Musser, Ellis Shipp, ed., The Early Autobiography and Diary of Ellis Reynolds Shipp, M.D., reviewed, 3 8 3 - 8 4 My Life on the Range, by Clay, reviewed, 7 5 - 7 6

Mc McCullock, Ben, m e m b e r of U t a h Expedition, 128 McGuffy, James, m e r c h a n t in P a r o w a n , 38 McNitt, F r a n k , The Indian Traders, reviewed, 7 7 78

N N a n c a r r o w , " C a p t a i n " James, English m i n i n g engineer w h o endorsed U t a h mines, 3 5 1 , 354 N a t u r a l Gas, areas developed, 3 1 0 - 1 1 ; customers for, 3 1 0 ; d e m a n d for, 3 1 0 ; discoveries, 3 0 8 ; first gas wells, 2 9 3 ; mains being installed, picture of, 3 0 9 ; m o s t i m p o r t a n t discovery, 3 0 9 ; project to bring gas to Salt Lake City, 309 N a u v o o City, charter granted, 93—94; settled by M o r m o n s , 91 N a u v o o Legion, called u p o n to protect the mails, 99-100 Nelson, EIRoy, " T h e Mineral I n d u s t r y : A F o u n d a tion of U t a h ' s E c o n o m y , " 1 7 8 - 9 1 N e w h o u s e , Samuel, attempted gold m i n i n g , 2 6 7 ; " F a t h e r of Copper M i n i n g in U t a h , " 2 7 2 ; gathered m i n i n g properties in B i n g h a m Canyon, 2 6 7 ; picture of, 2 6 7 ; officer in U t a h Consolidated, 2 6 8 ; sold U t a h Consolidated, 269 New Mexico: A Guide to the Colorful State, ed., Alsberg, reviewed, 3 7 8 - 8 0 Noall, Claire, The Early Autobiography and Diary of Ellis Reynolds Shipp, M.D., review by, 3 8 3 - 8 4 Nonferrous Metals, by-products of, 190; production of, 182 Nonmetallic Minerals, history of, 220—34; value of ( t a b l e ) , 2 2 4 ; see also Bentonite, Clay, Dolomite, Fuller's Earth, Gilsonite, G y p s u m , Halloysite, Lime, Limestone, Phosphate, Portland Cement, Potash, Salt, Sand and Gravel, Stone, and Sulphur N o r t h Star M i n i n g District, see Star M i n i n g District

N o r t h w e s t Lisbon Oil Field, developed, 301 N u n i s , Jr., Doyce B., ed., The Golden Frontier: The recollections of Herman Francis Rein hart, 1851-1869, reviewed, 1 6 7 - 6 8

Ogilvie, Alex, discovered ore in Bingham Canyon, 196 Ogilvie, George, discovered ore in Bingham Canyon, 196 Oil, see Petroleum Olson, Earl E., The Far West and Rockies: General Analytical Index to the Fifteen Volume Series and Supplement to the Journals of Forty-Niners Salt Lake to Los Angeles, review by, 73—74 O n t a r i o Mine, history of, 2 1 2 - 1 4 ; pictures of, 2 1 3 , 2 1 6 , 217 O p h i r Mining District, claims in, 2 0 8 ; population, 208 O p h i r , U t a h , picture of, 362 O q u i r r h Range, m i n i n g in, 203 Outline History of Utah and The Mormons, by Larson, reviewed, 78—79

Palmer, William R., biography, 3 4 - 3 5 ; "Early Merchandising in U t a h , " 3 6 - 5 0 ; picture of, 3 4 ; publications of, 3 5 ; reminiscenses about position held in Cedar City Co-op Store, 4 1 - 4 9 P a r k City, miners boardinghouse, picture of, 2 1 6 ; picture of, 212 Park City M i n i n g District, history of, 212 Parker, William M., president of U t a h ' s first m e d i cal college, 53 Parkinson, William B., matriculant and defender of Utah's first medical college, 56 P a r o w a n , established, 249 Peoples party, dissolved, 6 8 ; established, 63 Perpetual E m i g r a t i n g F u n d C o m p a n y , merchandise carried by wagons of, 3 6 ; organized, 36, 6 4 ; purpose, 64 Peterson, Virgil V., Rebel of the Rockies: A History of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, review by, 80—81 Petroleum, activity d u r i n g Great Depression, 2 9 7 ; a n n u a l well completion ( 1 9 4 5 , 46, 4 7 ) , 2 9 8 ; area drilled d u r i n g 1 9 0 7 - 1 4 , 294; crude-oil pipelines, history of, 3 0 1 - 3 ; drilling in plateau country, picture of, 2 9 2 ; Equity Oil C o m p a n y (first commercial w e l l ) , 2 9 9 ; first commercial oil field b r o u g h t in, 2 9 9 ; first commercial well drilled, 2 9 2 ; first crude-oil pipeline constructed, 302; first petroleum discovered in Utah, 2 9 1 ; first recorded oil land entry, 2 9 5 ; first recorded well drilled, 2 9 3 ; first well drilled, 2 9 2 ; F r a n k Shafer N o . 1 well, history and picture of, 2 9 7 ; geologist theory concerning oil in Utah, 2 9 7 - 9 8 ; Greater A n e t h complex, 2 9 9 - 3 0 0 ; Great Salt Lake, oil prospecting on, picture of, 2 9 4 ; history of, 291—301; individuals w h o drilled first well, 2 9 3 ; location of first discovery, 2 9 1 ; Moab area activity, 2 9 7 ; nation's top producer of, 3 0 0 ; newspaper account concerning oil, 2 9 3 ; N o r t h w e s t Lisbon oil field, 3 0 1 ; oil convention ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 2 9 4 ; oil companies drilling in Utah, 2 9 8 ; one of first wells, picture of, 2 9 5 ; periods of oil drilling, 2 9 3 ; production of first c o m m e r cial oil field, 2 9 9 ; Red W a s h oil field, 2 9 9 ; resources discovered w h i l e drilling for, 3 1 1 ; Roose-

INDEX velt oil field, 299; " r o u g h n e c k s , " picture of, 3 0 1 ; Rozell oil field, 2 9 4 ; Utah counties w h e r e oil has been drilled, 2 9 3 ; Virgin oil field, 2 9 4 - 9 5 ; wells drilled, 296 Petroleum Refining, capacity of, 3 0 3 ; established, 3 0 3 ; industry located, 3 0 3 ; refined products pipelines, history of, 3 0 7 - 8 ; see also American Oil C o m p a n y , Standard Oil C o m p a n y Refinery, Wasatch Oil Refining C o m p a n y , and Western iStates Refinery Phosphate, history of production in Utah, 233 Piercy, Frederick H a w k i n s , Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, reviewed, 168-69 Pioneer Iron W o r k s , organized, 250 Pitchblende, see U r a n i u m Politics, Gentile view, 6 3 - 6 4 ; M o r m o n ideal, 63; two-party system achieved, 6 7 - 6 8 Poll, Richard D . , A Work °f Giants: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad, review by, 81—82 Polygamy, Gentile view, 6 4 ; laws passed against, 65, 66, 1 0 1 ; Manifesto declared, 6 7 ; M o r m o n view, 64; polygamist killed, 6 6 ; raids on polygamists, 66; statehood issue, 64, 65 Portland C e m e n t , history of, 2 2 7 ; U t a h Portland Cement C o m p a n y , picture of, 227 Potash, history of production in U t a h , 2 3 1 - 3 3 ; Texas Gulf S u l p h u r C o m p a n y , picture of, 232 Pratt, Parley P., discovered iron ore, 2 4 8 ; introduced bill in legislature to establish Iron County, 248 Price, Jr., H o w a r d C , My Life on the Range, review by, 75—76 Probing the American West: Papers from the Santa Fe Conference, ed., Toole, reviewed, 71—72 Pruiss Mining District, copper discovered and mined in, 265 Purdy, William M., picture of, 3 9 1 ; received Teacher Award of the U.S.H.S., 3 9 2 - 9 3 ; Where the Old West Stayed Young: The Remarkable History of Brown's Park Told for the First Time, Together with an Account of the Rise and Fall of the Range-Cattle Business in Northwestern Colorado and Southwestern Wyoming, and much about Cattle Barons, Sheep and Sheepmen, Forest Rangers, Range Wars, Long Riders, Paid Killers, and Other Bad Men, review by, 380-81 Radium, cost of separating ore, 2 8 5 ; experiments to separate from carnotite, 2 8 5 ; isolated, 282; " q u a c k " cures with, 285—86 Read, W a l d e m e r P., Great Issues Concerning Freedom, reviewed, 70—71 Rebel of the Rockies: A History of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, by Athearn, reviewed, 8 0 - 8 1 Records M a n a g e m e n t Act, passed by legislature, 174 Red Wash Oil Field, developed, 299 Reed, A m o s , appointed secretary of U t a h Territory, 103 Reilly, P. T., Torrent in the Desert, review by, 386-87 Republican party, advocated extinction of polygam y , 65, 95 Rich, Emeline Grover, student in Utah's first m e d i cal college, 54

401 Robertson, F r a n k C , Boom Towns of the Great Basin, reviewed, 3 8 7 - 8 8 Robinson, Julie, brief biography, 3 9 3 ; picture of, 3 9 3 ; received Student A w a r d of the U.S.H.S., 393 Rocky M i n i n g District, copper ore m i n e d a n d shipped from, 2 6 4 ; organized, 264 Rogers, Fred Blackburn, William Brown Ide, Bear Flagger, reviewed, 166—67 R o m n e y , Miles P., " U t a h ' s Cinderella Minerals: T h e Nonmetallics," 2 2 0 - 3 4 Roosevelt Oil Field, developed, 2 9 9 ; u n i q u e character, 299 Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley,

by Piercy, reviewed, 168-69 Rozell Oil Field, drilling on, 294 Rush Valley M i n i n g District, claims located in, 2 0 4 ; organized, 2 0 3 - 4

Salt Desert, see Great Salt Desert Salt, harvesting c r u d e salts, picture of, 2 2 0 - 2 1 ; history of production in U t a h , 2 2 1 - 2 2 Salt L a k e Copper C o m p a n y , purchased property and erected smelter, 264 Sand and Gravel, history of production in U t a h , 2 2 8 ; U t a h Sand and Gravel Products Corporation p l a n t and gravel pit, picture of, 228 San Francisco M i n i n g District, copper discovered and m i n e d in, 265 Saturn Silver M i n i n g C o m p a n y of U t a h , Limited, acquired property, 3 5 4 ; difficulties of, 3 6 3 ; suspended operations, 363 Scofield Mine Disaster, mass burial of victims, picture of, 239 Schellie, Donald Robert, Arizona Cavalcade: The Turbulent Times, review by, 382—83 Scott, Winfield, marshalled troops to m a r c h to Salt Lake City, 1 2 7 - 2 8 Silver-Lead, production of, 182, 2 0 2 - 3 , 2 1 5 , 267 Silver Reef Mining District, history of, 214—15 Smart, William B., Boom Towns of the Great Basin, review by, 3 8 7 - 8 8 Smelters, construction of, 1 8 2 - 8 3 , 204, 207, 2 7 1 ; development of, 185; first copper smelter erected, 2 6 8 ; Germania Smelter, picture of, 2 6 9 ; H i g h land Boy Smelter production, 2 7 0 ; i m p o r t a n t smelters ( 1 8 7 0 ) , 2 0 7 ; lawsuit involving, 1 7 6 - 7 7 ; purchased by A S A R C O , 271 Smith, D w i g h t L., ed., The Hoskaninni Papers: Mining in Glen Canyon 1897-1902, reviewed, 74-75 Smith, George A., expression against A b r a h a m Lincoln, 9 9 ; led " I r o n Mission," 249 Smith, Joseph, contemporary of Lincoln in Illinois, 9 4 ; death of, 95 Smoot, Reed, conferred with leaders of M o r m o n C h u r c h on Mexican problem, 157; discussed Mexican problem with President, 1 5 8 - 5 9 ; Morm o n colonists ask for help from, 154; picture of, 1 5 1 ; secured resolution in U.S. Senate authorizing g o v e r n m e n t to provide relief for A m e r i cans in Mexico, 157; "Senator Reed Smoot and the Mexican Revolutions," 1 5 1 - 6 3 ; sought to have confiscated a r m s released by g o v e r n m e n t , 155 Sonne, C o n w a y B., Kit Carson, A Portrait in Courage, review by, 81

402 Sorensen, D o n , " W o n d e r Mineral: Utah's Uranium," 280-90 South Star Mining District, see Star Mining District South Utah Mining Company, Limited, purchased m i n e in Little Cottonwood Mining District, 354 Spryte, description of, 28 f.n. 6; picture of, 27 Stagecoach, painting of, cover N o . 2 ; picture of, 138-39 Stagg, John, picture of, 3 9 1 ; received Service A w a r d of the U.S.H.S., 392 Standard Oil C o m p a n y Refinery, history of, 306 Standard Oil Syndicate, operations of copper mining property successful, 2 7 0 ; purchased Utah Consolidated stock, 269 Standard Rex Silver Mine, picture of, 203 Star Mining District, organized, 211 Statehood Day Celebration, 3 4 1 ; address, 6 0 - 6 9 ; picture of, 62 State of Deseret, disbanded, 6 1 ; established, 61 Steel, see Iron and Steel Steen, Rector, located Ontario ledge, 212 Stenhouse, T . B. H . , interview with A b r a h a m Lincoln, 103 Stewart, George R., The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes, reviewed, 3 8 5 - 8 6 Stirling, Betty, Mission to the Navajo, reviewed, 388-89 Stockton, population of, 2 0 4 ; town surveyed, 203 Stone, history of production in U t a h , 2 2 4 - 2 5 Sulphur, history of production in U t a h , 2 2 8 - 2 9 Sunnyside, U t a h , picture of, 238 A Symposium of Opinions: Certain Aspects of L.D.S. Education with Suggestions for Making it Less Theological and More Functional in Individual and Community Life, reviewed, 376—77

T h e Tecoma Silver Mining C o m p a n y , Limited, directors filed suit against vendor of, 366; operation finished, 366; ore proved unprofitable, 364; organized, 3 6 0 ; railroad built tracks to mines and gave preferential rates to, 3 6 1 ; vendors, 360; see also Flagstaff-Last Chance-Tecoma Syndicate Television Station KCPX, received American Association for State and Local History award, 88, 342 Texas Gulf Sulphur Company, picture of, 232 Tibbets, Jr., Paul W., c o m m a n d e r 509th C o m p o site Group, 3 2 9 ; dropped atomic b o m b on Japan, 331 Tintic Mining District, copper ore discovered in, 2 6 4 ; copper o u t p u t increased, 2 6 6 ; location of, 2 1 0 ; mines located in, 2 1 0 ; organized, 210 Tintic Standard Mine and T o w n , picture of, 210 Titus, John, appointed chief justice for Utah Territory, 103 Tooele A r m y Depot, assignment of, 7—10, 14, 17, 24; b o m b storage area, picture of, 17; construction of, 6, 8, 15; Deseret Depot Activity assimilated by, 2 3 ; employment, 7, 1 0 - 1 2 , 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 2 0 ; established, 5; expansion contemplated, 2 5 ; future of, 24—25; materiel processed, 9, 13, 14; military units assigned to, 12, 13; mission of, 7, 18, 19; operations of, 16; picture of, 2 1 ; salvage, 9, 14; storage, 7, 15; storage igloos, picture of, 7; storage "silos" for tanks, 15; surplus sold, 15, 16, 2 2 ; T a n k F a r m (storage a r e a ) ,

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY constructed, 15; tanks, picture of, 14; tank rebuilding area, picture of, 13; "They Kept 'Em Rolling: T h e Tooele A r m y Depot, 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 6 2 , " 3—25; Tod Park dismantled, 23 Tooele City, population (1940, 1 9 4 5 ) , 12 Tooele County, prospecting in, 203 Tooele Ordnance Depot, see Tooele Army Depot Toole, K. Ross, et al., eds., Probing the American West: Papers from the Santa Fe Conference, reviewed, 71—72 Torrent in the Desert, by Lee and Lee, reviewed, 386-87 Toward the Western Ocean: A Story of the Men Who Bridged the Continent, 1803-1869, by Britt, reviewed, 386 Trackmaster, description of, 28 f.n. 6; pictures of, 27, 31 Tracy, Albert, described Hockaday, 147; officer with Utah Expedition, 143 Transportation, Alta Stage, picture of, 3 7 3 ; horses and sleigh, picture of, 3 5 5 ; narrow-gauge railroad constructed to Alta, picture of, 3 7 1 ; stagecoach, picture of, cover N o . 2, 138-39 T u n g s t e n , production of, 189 Tyler, S. L y m a n , appointed to Utah State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 86; biography, 86; The Indian Traders, review by, 7 7 - 7 8 ; picture of, 86

u U n i o n Iron W o r k s , organized, 2 5 3 ; property sold, 2 5 4 ; reorganized, 253 U n i o n Pacific Railroad, developed coal mines, 237 Union Vedette, description of Lincoln memorial service, 107; established, 201 United Metals Selling Company, purchased property of Salt Lake Copper Company, 264 United States A r m y , prospects for minerals in Utah, 194-205 United States A r m y Air Corps, expansion program initiated, 3 2 5 ; selected Wendover as base site, 325 United States Congress, investigated mail service complaints, 133; questioned necessity of Utah Expedition, 130 United States Mining Company, history of, 274; see also United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Company United States Naval Supply Depot, Clearfield, activity to remain at, 124; Anchorage Acres constructed, 114; "Anchors Aweigh in U t a h : T h e U.S. Naval Supply Depot at Clearfield, 1 9 4 2 1962," 1 0 9 - 2 6 ; christened officially, 112; commissioned officially, 113; constructed, 111; cost, 112; deactivation scheduled for, 123; disestablished, reasons for, 123; disposition of, 124; employment, 115 ( c h a r t ) , 120, 121, 122; established, 108; facilities constructed, 112; functions transferred, 122; history of, 109—26; housing problems, 114—15; location of, 108; mission of, 113; Oceanographic Distribution Office, picture of, 125; Oceanographic Distribution Office storage, picture of, 124; operations of, 116-18, 121; personnel problems, 1 1 3 - 1 5 , 1 1 8 - 1 9 ; pictures of, 109; site selected, 1 1 1 ; storage facilities at, 122, 123; storage facilities leased, 122; surplus disposed of, 1 1 9 - 2 0 , 1 2 1 - 2 2 ; value of, 123 United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Company, influenced development of copper indus-

INDEX try in U t a h , 2 6 7 ; picture of, 187; see also United States Mining C o m p a n y United States Steel Corporation, see Columbia Steel Corporation and Geneva Steel C o m p a n y U r a n i u m , d e m a n d for, 2 8 3 , 2 8 9 ; early use of, 282; exploration for, 2 8 9 ; first m i n e , 2 8 2 ; history of, 2 8 0 - 9 0 ; location of, 2 8 1 , 282, 2 8 3 ; m i n e , aerial view of entrance, 280; m i n e , picture of small, 2 8 5 ; m i n e , picture of surface facilities, 284; m i n i n g began, 281—82; m i n i n g methods, picture of m o d e r n , 2 8 7 ; plant constructed in Utah, 2 8 9 ; production of, 282, 2 8 3 , 286, 2 8 8 ; reserves, estimated, 2 8 7 ; value of, 2 8 3 - 8 4 , 286 Utah Central Railroad, constructed, 206 Utah Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited, acquired Highland Boy Mine, 3 7 5 ; capital, 2 6 8 ; major copper producer in Utah, 2 7 0 ; officers of, 2 6 8 ; organized, 2 6 8 ; progress of, 3 7 5 ; property of, 2 6 7 - 6 8 , 2 6 9 ; sold to Standard Oil Syndicate, 269; see also U t a h Consolidated Mining C o m pany Utah Consolidated Mining Company, capital, 2 7 0 ; organized, 270; closed H i g h l a n d Boy Smelter, 277; see also U t a h Consolidated Gold Mines, Limited Utah Copper C o m p a n y , organized, 2 7 8 ; picture of, 2 7 5 ; see also Kennecott Copper Corporation Utah Cotton Wood Mining and Smelting C o m pany, Limited, Scottish promotion of, 2 5 4 - 5 5 Utah Expedition, Buchanan attempted to justify to Congress, 1 3 0 - 3 2 ; " T h e Buchanan Spoils System and the Utah Expedition: . . . ," 127—50; Congress opposed, 130; harassed by M o r m o n raiders, 129; military and frontier figures with, 128; Mormons u n a w a r e of the, 129; n u m b e r in, 128; popular with Easterners, 128—29; troops leave for Salt Lake City, 128; troops marshalled to march West, 127—28; troops unable to reach Salt Lake, 129; unpopular with the East, 129 Utah Fuel Company, acquired Winter Quarters Mine and Sunnyside, 2 3 7 ; coal mined, 2 3 8 ; N u m b e r 2 Mine, picture of, 2 3 6 ; property valued at, 2 3 7 ; subsidiary of D & R G W railroad, 2 3 7 ; Sunnyside, Utah, picture of, 238 Utah Historical Quarterly, change of format, 86, 173; criticisms of, 88, 175-76 Utah History W o r k s h o p , U.S.H.S. co-sponsor of, 87 Utah Iron and Steel Company, closed plant, 2 5 5 ; constructed plant at Midvale, 255 Utah Iron Manufacturing C o m p a n y , abandoned, 254; equipment, 254; organized, 254 Utah Mining C o m p a n y , purchased claims in Bingh a m Canyon, 3 5 1 ; smelter erected, 3 5 1 ; see also Utah Silver Mining Company, Limited Utah Oil Refining Company, see American Oil Company Utah Portland C e m e n t C o m p a n y , picture of, 227 Utah Sand and Gravel Products Corporation, plant and gravel pit, picture of, 228 Utah Silver Lead Mining C o m p a n y , Limited, amount lost in, 3 5 8 ; capital, 3 5 7 ; difficulties in, 357—58; disbanded, 3 5 8 ; organized, 357 Utah Silver Mining Company, Limited, capitalization of, 3 5 1 ; claims in Bingham Canyon, 351— 52; difficulties of, 3 5 5 ; first British capital in Utah, 3 5 1 ; re-organized, 3 5 7 ; see also Utah Mining C o m p a n y and Utah Silver Lead Mining Company, Limited

403 U t a h Southern Railroad, constructed, 206 U t a h State Archives, budget, 174; building p r o g r a m of, 3 4 4 ; committee appointed to aid in presenting p r o g r a m to legislature, 87; c o m m i t tee members, 87; funds appropriated for state archivist, 3 4 5 ; legislature placed vault on state building p r o g r a m , 3 4 4 ; Military Records Section activities, 3 4 6 ; need for archives vault, 1 7 3 ; present vault facilities, picture of, 3 4 5 ; problems of, 3 4 4 ; Records M a n a g e m e n t Act passed, 174; report on activities of, 344—46; services performed by, 3 4 5 ; State Records Center established, 345, 3 4 6 ; vault, facsimile of proposed, 174 U t a h State Historical Society, Board of Trustees appointed by governor, 1 7 3 ; Board of Trustees, picture of, 339; electrical fuse panel, picture of, 3 4 5 ; financial condition of, 336-38; historic m a r k i n g p r o g r a m of, 342; historic trek of, 3 4 1 ; lecture series of, 3 4 1 ; local chapter, 339; Mansion preservation by, 342—43; m e m b e r s h i p of, 3 3 9 ; "President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1 9 6 2 - 6 3 , " 3 3 6 - 4 6 ; publication p r o g r a m , 3 3 9 4 1 ; public relations of, 3 4 1 ; special committee c o m m e n d e d , 173; Statehood Day celebration, 3 4 1 ; Student A w a r d s , 3 9 3 ; Utah Historical Quarterly, sales of, 3 3 9 ; U t a h History W o r k shop, 341 U t a h State Historical Society Eleventh A n n u a l Meeting, address presented, 347—75; awards presented at, 391—93; award winners pictures, 3 9 1 , 392; Governor Clyde presenting award, picture

of, 392 U t a h State Historical Society Library, donors to, 344; picture of librarian, 342; report on activities of, 3 4 3 - 4 4 Utah, statehood struggle, 6 0 - 6 9

V a n a d i u m , d e m a n d increased for, 286, 289; location of high-grade ore, 282; production of, 188— 89, 289 Vedette ( M i n i n g C l a i m ) , located, 199 Vera Cruz, Mexico, U.S. Navy occupied, 160 Villa, Francisco Pancho, began revolution, 163; dead, 163; Mexican revolutionary, 158; offered protection to M o r m o n colonists in Mexico, 161 Virgin Oil Field, drilling on, 2 9 4 - 9 5 ; first actual oil-producing field in Utah, 295

w Waite, Charles B., Lincoln retained in office, 1 0 3 ; M o r m o n s requested removal from office, 102 Wales, U t a h , founded, 235 W a l k e r Brothers, 208, 2 1 0 ; shipped first ore from the territory, 206, 263 Walker, D o n D . , The West of the Texas Kid, 1881-1910, review by, 7 6 - 7 7 Wall, "Colonel" Enos A., o w n e r of Bingham m i n ing property, 278 W a r n e r , Clifford Terry, brief biography, 3 9 3 ; picture of 3 9 3 ; received Student A w a r d of the U.S.H.S., 393 Wasatch Oil Refining C o m p a n y , history of, 3 0 5 - 6 W e b b , H e n r y J., " T h e Last T r e k Across the Great Salt Desert," 2 6 - 3 3 ; picture of, 29 Weir, T h o m a s , attempted gold m i n i n g , 2 6 7 ; gathered m i n i n g properties in Bingham Canyon,

404 2 6 7 ; officer in U t a h Consolidated, 2 6 8 ; picture of, 2 6 7 ; sold U t a h Consolidated, 269 Welsh-Lofftus U r a n i u m C o m p a n y , established and incorporated, 2 8 2 - 8 3 Wendover Air Force Base, activity of, 3 3 3 ; atomic b o m b , crew trained to d r o p , 329—32; atomic b o m b , picture of, 330; atomic b o m b , picture of crew which dropped the, 3 3 1 ; atomic b o m b , picture of plane which dropped, 3 3 0 ; construction, 325, 326, 327, 3 3 3 ; cost, 327, 3 3 3 ; deactivated, 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 ; e m p l o y m e n t ( c h a r t ) , 334; history of, 324—35; jurisdiction changed, 332, 3 3 3 , 3 3 4 ; missiles tested and developed at, 332— 3 3 ; mission of, 3 2 7 ; pictures of, 324, 334; site selected, 3 2 5 - 2 6 ; size of, 3 2 6 ; status of, 3 3 5 ; sub-depot activated, 329; training facilities, 3 2 7 2 8 ; units trained at, 327, 3 2 8 ; weapons tested at, 332; " W o r l d ' s Largest Military Reserve: Wendover Air Force Base, 1 9 4 1 - 6 3 , " 3 2 4 - 3 5 ; see also Atomic Bomb and United States Air Corps W e n d o v e r ( T o w n ) , interested in purchase of Wendover Air Force Base, 3 3 5 ; prewar population, 3 2 4 ; population ( 1 9 6 2 ) , 335 Western Gypsum Company, picture of, 225 Western History Association Conference, scheduled, 87 Western States Refinery, history of, 307 West Jordan Mine, located, 199 West Mountain Q u a r t z Mining District, boundaries, 199; claims located in, 2 0 9 ; mines in, 209; organizational minutes, facsimile of, 198; organized, 199; production of all minerals, 2 6 7 ; railroad constructed to, 209; smelters erected, 209 The West of the Texas Kid, 1881-1910, by Crawford, reviewed, 76—77 Where the Old West Stayed Young: The Remarkable History of Brown's Park Told for the First Time, Together with an Account of the Rise and

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Fall of the Range-Cattle Business in Northwestern Colorado and Southwestern Wyoming, and much about Cattle Barons, Sheep and Sheepmen, Forest Rangers, Range Wars, Long Riders, Paid Killers, and Other Bad Men, by Burroughs, reviewed, 380—81 William Brown Ide, Bear Flagger, by Rogers, reviewed, 166—67 Williams, Mrs. Kenneth L., picture of, 3 9 1 ; Junior League president, 392; received Service Award of the U.S.H.S., 392 Wilson, W o o d r o w , declined to recognize Huerta Mexican government, 158; d e m a n d e d Mexico publicly salute the American flag, 159; departed from American policy of non-intervention with foreign nations, 158 Woodhull Brothers, took copper ore from Bingh a m Canyon, 2 6 3 - 6 4 A Work of Giants: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad, by Griswold, reviewed, 81-82 Worthen, Jr., T h o m a s M., brief biography, 3 9 3 ; picture of, 3 9 3 ; received Student Award of the U.S.H.S., 393

Young, Brigham, authorized to raise a protective army, 100; commented on Lincoln and Buchanan, 9 8 ; commented on Stenhouse interview with Lincoln, 1 0 3 - 4 ; denounced Lincoln, 1 0 1 ; issued call for "Iron Mission," 2 4 8 - 4 9 ; response to request from Lincoln, 99; statement regarding U.S. A r m y prospecting for minerals in Utah, 201

Zapata, Emiliano, Mexican revolutionary, 158 Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution, co-op stores organized, 3 9 ; organized, 39

SPECIAL MEMBERSHIPS AND HONOREES OF THE UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY HONORARY MEMBER BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Levi Edgar Young HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS

J. Cecil Alter Kate B. Carter Leland H. Creer Harold P. Fabian Charles Kelly Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr. A. R. Mortensen Joel E. Ricks Horace A. Sorensen FELLOWS

Leonard J. Arrington Juanita Brooks C. Gregory Crampton LeRoy Hafen David E. Miller Dale L. Morgan Wallace Stegner