Reviews and Recent Publications

REVIEWS AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS

The Twenty-Seventh Wife. By Irving Wallace. (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1961, 443 pp., $5.95)

Although he is generally credited with only twenty-seven wives, there is evidence that Brigham Young was married to more than fifty living women. With so many wives, it might be expected that he would be continually faced with family problems. However, it appears that only one wife ever gave him any serious trouble. Two months before his 67th or 68th birthday, he married Ann Eliza Webb Dee, a 23 or 24 year old divorcee with two children. (The records and Ann Eliza's statements disagree as to the date of the marriage.) Four or five years later, she filed suit for divorce, on the grounds of neglect and cruelty. Claiming that her husband was worth millions and had a monthly income of forty thousand dollars, she asked for temporary alimony of a thousand dollars a month, twenty thousand in attorney's fees, and a final settlement of two hundred thousand.

The filing of this suit placed Brigham Young in an embarrassing position, with a difficult decision to make. As head of the Mormon Church and leading exponent of the doctrine of plurality of wives, he had tried to convince his female followers that the position of a plural wife was as secure, and otherwise as desirable, as that of a lady with a husband all her own. Now one of his own wives had challenged him to make good by recognizing her as a legal wife and negotiating a financial settlement with her. But if he did this, other plural wives might be encouraged to rebel against their husbands. If, on the other hand, he contested the case and reminded Ann Eliza that she was not legally his wife, and so had no claims against him, he would be publicly notifying all Mormon women that a plural wife who might be abused or deserted by her husband could do nothing about it. And this might be a serious setback to the cause he had so ardently championed.

He decided to contest the case, and after failure of an attempt to buy off Ann Eliza for $15,000.00 filed his answer. Denying the charge of abuse and neglect, he declared that he was worth only about $600,- 000.00 and had a monthly income of not more than $6,000.00. But most important, while acknowledging that he had gone through a marriage ceremony with the complainant, he insisted that it had not counted because he was already married and her divorce from her former husband had been technically illegal. And he reminded her that, at the time of this strange ceremony, he had explained to her that she could not expect to enjoy the ordinary relationship between husband and wife.

The case was spread over nearly four years and went before five different judges, who could not agree about it. For refusing to pay alimony, the defendant was twice held to be in contempt of court, and served one day in the penitentiary and several weeks under house arrest. And some of his wagons, carriages, horses, mules, and cows were seized and sold at public auction. When this sale did not bring enough to satisfy the alimony he owed, money coming to him from rental property was ordered attached, but it is not certain whether or not anything was obtained from this source.

Finally, three years and nine months after filing of the divorce suit, Judge Schaeffer rendered the only possible decision in the case. While rebuking Brigham for his treatment of Ann Eliza, he ruled that their marriage was null and void, and that she had no financial claim against him, except for the wages of a menial servant. Since she had already received more than enough to satisfy this claim, she was awarded nothing more.

Four months after this decision, Brigham Young was dead, but Ann Eliza was very much alive. Her case had attracted wide attention, with newspapers all the way from London to San Francisco giving it publicity. Taking advantage of this, she had gone on a lecture tour, speaking against polygamy. She attracted large audiences, and during the next ten years delivered nearly two thousand lectures. She also wrote a 600 page book which sold well. A few weeks after her last lecture, she was married to Moses R. Deming, a Michigan banker, from whom she was later divorced. When the nation-wide interest in polygamy and the Mormon problem died out, she dropped out of sight, and no one seems to know the time or place of her death.

In her book and lectures, Ann Eliza told only her side of her case, and now Mr. Wallace has told the whole story for the first time. He and his assistants have obviously done a great amount of research. Ann Eliza's side of the story has come largely from non-Mormon and anti- Mormon sources, but for the other side, die author has turned to 1 the Mormons themselves. His information has come from more than forty Mormon publications and fifty or sixty individual Mormons, many of them belonging to the family of Brigham Young. The resulting book, with no index or footnotes, and containing a few minor errors, is written as entertainment rather than for use in historical research. However, it furnishes those interested in Utah history with a surprising amount of information. There are things in it which may offend some sensitive readers, but for those capable of looking at such things objectively, it should be a very interesting story and a good picture of some of the things that were going on in Utah during the second half of the last century.

Stanley S. Ivins

Salt Lake City, Utah

The Welsh in America: Letters from the Immigrants. Edited by Alan Conway. (University of Minnesota Press, 1961, x -j- 341 pp., $6.00)

Books coming off university presses are usually rich in erudition. What they too often lack is readability. This book is a happy blend of both — with some pertinent notes on Utah history. The volume is a compilation of nineteenth-century letters from Welsh immigrants in America. Often the letters are extreme in their views, and there is an abundance of traditional Welsh enthusiasm running through them. Most of them were written in the fast-fading Welsh language to friends or publishers in Wales. In the letters is a treasure chest of both interesting and significant sidelights on history.

The editor has done an excellent job of sifting. He has eliminated the wordy trivia that often goes with personal correspondence. The result is a collection of intimate gems on Welsh life in pioneering America. The book is well organized and carefully documented.

Of particular interest to Utahns is a chapter, "In Search of Zion," with lively excerpts from letters of Welshmen who accepted the Mormon faith and came to America to find their new Zion.

There is a digest of a letter written by Captain Dan Jones, the "Apostle Paul" among Mormon missionaries to Wales, in St. Louis on April 30,1849. At the time Captain Jones was leading a company of Welsh converts to Great Salt Lake City. They were moving by steamboat up the Mississippi-Missouri toward Council Bluffs.

Captain Jones wrote: "Cholera is very bad in New Orleans and many are dying on these river steamboats, especially emigrants. On one boat that went up before us forty-two died of cholera, on another journey nineteen, but they were not Saints." He added that the Welsh Saints in his group thus far had come dirough without a loss, "with the exception of one dear brother who had die cholera and tried to cure it with brandy and died a few hours after arriving."

Captain Jones added that he had hired a steamboat to take his group from St. Louis to Council Bluffs. "The Saints filled all the cabins widi everyone happy and healthy and eager to go on," he wrote. The captain continued: "We bought our food here to take us to the Valley, iron for the wagons, stoves, clothes, arms, goods, etc., etc."

History records that events did not continue so happily for Captain Jones's group. Between St. Louis and Council Bluffs some sixty of his company were lost to' the dread cholera. When the band of Welshmen entered Salt Lake Valley later that fall, they became the first foreignspeaking Mormon community in the intermountain area.

Another letter is from William Morgan at Council Bluffs in September of the same year. He explains that the Welsh there had been divided into two groups, one going with Captain Jones to Salt Lake Valley. The other remained in Council Bluffs "in order to start a Welsh settlement." He adds: "We shall be glad to see a shipload coming over next spring. If they can get together as much as £1 a head they can come as far as here and if they can go no further, within three years or perhaps two they will have enough oxen or cows to go on. Some of those in this county who had not a penny when diey came here now have cows and calves."

A letter from a Welshman on the pioneer trail with a Mormon handcart company extols the advantages of handcart travel over wagons with horses and oxen.

All in all, the book makes interesting reading, and provides a wealth of firsthand source material for the historian or storyteller.

WENDELL J. ASHTON

Salt Lake City, Utah

Powder River Campaigns and Sawyer's Expedition of 1865: A Documentary Account comprising Official Reports, Diaries, Contemporary Newspaper Accounts, and Personal Narratives. Edited with introductions and notes, by Leroy R. and Ann W. Hafen (Glendale, Arthur H. Clark Company, 1961, 386 pp., $12.00)

In this volume, the Hafens have brought together about all of the known materials relating to the several military expeditions into the Powder River region, and James A. Sawyer's attempt to build a road from Niobrara, Nebraska, to Virginia City, Montana, all of which occurred in 1865. Since neither the military campaigns nor the government's road-building efforts left a marked impression, they have received little attention from historians.

For a decade and a half prior to 1865, relations between the government and the Plains tribes had deteriorated as die result of increased travel by whites through the Indians' hunting grounds. The Harney Expedition of 1855-56, the aftermath of die Grattan Massacre near Fort Laramie, had temporarily quieted the Sioux. No sooner had that tribe been pacified than the Cheyenne became restive when hordes of gold-seekers invaded the Colorado region.

As the Civil War progressed in the early 1860's, the Indians on the high plains became more and more hostile. Their attacks on the Overland Route increased as troops were withdrawn from western forts to fight in the East. The government, in vain, attempted to effect peace treaties with the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe. However, it was not until after the Sand Creek Massacre of November 29, 1864, in which General J. M. Chivington and his troops raided an unsuspecting camp of 500 to 600 Cheyenne and relentlessly slaughtered some 150 men, women, and children that the Plains Indians unleashed their pent-up fury against the whites. They sacked the stage station at Julesburg, raided die North Platte region, and moved into the Powder River country to live on their spoils.

With the Civil War at an end and troops available in die spring of the following year, public opinion demanded the hostiles be punished. In compliance, General Grenville M. Dodge directed General Patrick E. Connor to conduct a three-prong offensive against them. The first or right column, under the leadership of Colonel Nelson Cole, was to go up the Loup River and around the eastern base of the Black Hills to a point of rendezvous on the Tongue River. The center, under Colonel Samuel Walker, was to take wagons north from Fort Laramie, skirt the western base of the Black Hills, and meet Cole's command on the Tongue. The left column, directed by General Connor, was to move up the North Platte to Horse Shoe and thence to the Powder River.

The various reports, diaries, and accounts in the book collectively give the reason for the failure of the campaign. Cole and Walker bodi suffered from lack of food and lost many of their horses. Connor fared little better, but he did succeed in destroying Black Bear's Arapahoe village before he was removed from the command of the expedition.

Part II deals with Sawyer's Wagon Road Expedition, authorized in 1865, as the result of a demand for a wagon route from the Missouri River via the Niobrara to Virginia City. Although Sawyer, after much difficulty, succeeded in reaching his destination, his efforts were largely in vain. The well-established Platte Valley route continued to be the most popular road.

With several exceptions, the materials in this book have previously appeared in print. However, the Hafens have performed a useful service in compiling all these related documents in a single volume.

RAY H. MATTISON

National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska

Kirby Benedict, Frontier Federal Judge. By Aurora Hunt. (Glendale, Arthur H. Clark Company, 268 pp., $9.00)

As a result of much painstaking research in local archives scattered as far east as Connecticut, Mississippi, and Illinois, Miss Aurora Hunt has produced the first biography of one of the earliest lawyer-judges in New Mexican history. This was Kirby Benedict who became an associate justice of the territorial supreme court in 1853, and later served as chief justice from 1858 to 1866. During that thirteen year period he virtually became the embodiment of American law for New Mexicans, but just how valuable and lasting his judgments and decisions were poses another question.

Though he was born in Connecticut in 1810, we first really encounter Benedict as a bright, promising, gregarious young lawyer riding the circuit in Illinois with David Davis, Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen A. Douglas. As he argued in the court rooms, played whist and practical jokes, or grumpily shared a scarce tavern bed with a colleague, it is obvious that Benedict was considered an equal of the future political giants, Lincoln and Douglas. Certainly he was the most historionic and spread-eagle speaker. Says Miss Hunt in a purple passage which Benedict himself might have uttered: "He was a master of satire. One moment he could convulse his audience with laughter and the next bring tears. His voice was like a bugle note yet could be modulated to dulcet timbre."

Benedict's speechifying elected him to the Illinois legislature in 1844 as a Locofoco candidate. There he made headlines by debating with a Mormon member, Almon W. Babbitt, over the repeal of the Nauvoo city charter. Benedict's denunciation of the Mormons created such a favorable impression that he tried to< capitalize on it by announcing himself as a candidate for lieutenant governor, but he failed to receive even nomination.

After that Benedict, who had begun to drink heavily, followed an aimless career until his New Mexican appointment in 1853 — an appointment which illustrates, incidentally, what Washington did widi its political "problem children" in the nineteenth century. Once in Santa Fe, Benedict proved a highly informal, colorful and shrewd if opinionated judge. Of the 22 cases he decided between 1854 and 1867, one was the first American decision involving riparian rights in the Southwest. In others he rendered judgements involving slavery, peonage, and Indian pueblo disputes — the latter being important for the fact that the principals accepted the American court's authority in a tribal case. During his term Benedict and two colleagues also codified New Mexico's laws and translated them into Spanish.

Yet when one looks at Benedict's judicial career it appears relatively undistinguished. He was less the writer of codes and setter of precedents than he was an explainer of American legal customs and a politician-editor. In 1861, for example, Benedict's court became a propaganda machine grinding out patriotic Union sentiments rather than decisions. Shortly thereafter he assumed leadership of a wing of the Republican party and served as editor and part-owner of the influential Santa Fe New Mexican. In the same vein, Benedict was important as one of the few early Americans who had a real affection for the Spanish Southwest. He realized that the region had a remote past and an established society; and as first president of the New Mexico Historical Society he sought to preserve the former while instructing Washington about the latter. We must not treat the 80,000 souls here as we do people in other territories, he wrote, for "this is not like a new country."

In tracing the legal and judicial development of the Southwest, Miss Hunt has printed in toto many of Benedict's letters to such men as Attorney General Edward Bates, Lincoln, and others as well as the judge's court decisions. These are naturally quite valuable to the historian as sources, but they are presented in such a way as to give the book a distinctly undigested and fragmented quality. The other disappointing feature is that the author has maintained an uncritical and even elegiac approach to Benedict. This gentle tack does an injustice to such a rough and ready, strong-minded, hard-drinking man whose personality, with its defects of character, affected the early legal system of New Mexico as much as his decisions did. But while being cautious about conclusions and interpretations, Miss Hunt has brought Benedict out of the shadows and has thrown much light on the coming of American law and court systems to the Southwest.

As usual, the Arthur H. Clark Company has illustrated its traditionally well-printed texts with photographs and facsimile maps.

HOWARD R. LAMAR

Yale University

Free Grass to Fences. The Montana Cattle Range Story. By Robert H. Fletcher. (New York, Published for the Historical Society of Montana by University Publishers Incorporated, 1961, 233 pp., $12.00)

I offer this review to the readers of the Utah Historical Quarterly for a variety of reasons. Any resident or student of the West should be interested in the colorful history of the cattle industry whether it be in Texas or Montana or any of the livestock states in between. But the primary interest is that this book is a sample of what could and should be done by students or scholars in other Western states in connection with their livestock stories of an earlier era.

The book is a beautifully gotten-up affair as to cover, paper, and typography. Further, it is illustrated profusely with many photographs grouped together in sections throughout the volume. Of considerable interest are the many drawings and artwork from the pen and brush of Charles M. Russell, whose interpretations of the pioneer West, particularly Indians and cowboys, has seldom been equaled. It is written in the vernacular with a very breezy style. The trappings of the scholarly monograph are completely missing. But this should not be considered a criticism, for obviously the book was not written for the academic.

Montana is no doubt a big state, but Fletcher like many other natives and admirers of the land of the "Big Sky," makes it even bigger. In this regard only the Texan can surpass the Montanan as a storyteller.

Free Grass to Fences is colorful history entertainingly told and beautifully illustrated. Even so, it is openly, frankly, and obviously Montana propaganda extolling, without a blush, the virtues of its cattle industry generally and the Montana Stockgrowers Association particularly.

A. R. MORTENSEN

Utah State Historical Society

The Advancement of Learning: Fifteen Years of Graduate Instruction Research and Service at the University of Utah 1946-1961 (Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 1961, 132 pp.)

To the people of the state of Utah, who since frontier times have supported a university academically free, respectably staffed, housed, and equipped, "the goings-on on the hill" must sometimes have seemed remote indeed. The attempts of any university to explain itself, to communicate its highest responsibilities, fail almost inevitably from the sheer complexity of the job. Here, however, commemorating the fifteenth anniversary of the establishment of a graduate school at the University of Utah is a notable attempt to bring together from the angles of many diciplines an accounting of the progress of a university. Edited by William Mulder, with a foreword written by the new United States Commissioner of Education, Sterling McMurrin, it brings together essays from the physical sciences (Robert R. Kadesch), the biological sciences (William W. Newby), Medicine (C. Hilmon Castle), the social sciences (Philip C. Sturges), the humanities (Kenneth E. Eble), and the performing arts (Paul B. Banham).

This beautifully made paper-bound book speaks subtly for another branch of die University which has also come of age. The University Press, bringing together the talents of book designer Keith Eddington of the Art Department and many fine craftsmen in die press itself, has created an exquisite example of the book-makers' art worthy indeed of this great western university.

MARJORIE WALKER

Utah State Historical Society

The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons. By J. W. Powell. (New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1961, 400 pp., $2.00)

This Dover publication is a reprint of Powell's Canyons of the Colorado and is the first unabridged republication in sixty years, the only change being the change of name on the title page. The original work, published in addition to his scientific reports, has long been an important piece of the literature of the Colorado River country. Powell's achievement ranks with that of Lewis and Clark, Pike, Fremont, and all the others who ventured into the unexplored areas of the continental United States, and the Dover Company has done a service to Western historiography by reprinting this classic in its paper-bound, though sturdy, form for such a nominal price. The book also augments Powell material and other studies of the Colorado River Basin published by this Society over the past several years.

Five Hundred Utah Place Names, Their Origin and Significance. By Rufus Wood Leigh. (Salt Lake City, Deseret News Press, 1961, 109 pp., $1.25)

The toponymy of Utah has been added to and enriched by several disparate streams flowing into die reservoir of geographic names for one hundred and fifty years from contrasting cultures, including four languages: Indian, French, Spanish, and English. The names represented here were selected from Dr. Leigh's larger work, "Indian, Spanish, and Government Survey Place Names of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateaus." Names are listed alphabetically, and brief information on the geography, sometimes geology, and history of the physical feature or cultural entity is included. This pocket-size book, a handy reference for the traveler and full of ready concise information for the student, would be a worthwhile addition to anyone's personal library.

History of South Dakota. By Herbert S. Schell. (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1961, 424 pp., $5.50)

After thirty years of research, Dean Herbert S. Schell, of the South Dakota State University, has brought together in his book the many complicated streams of history, including the rich and bizarre, that have gone into the making of this frontier state. In his History of South Dakota, Dr. Schell attempts to relate the unique geographical, economic, political, and social problems of one state to those of the whole nation. It is to be hoped that someone will sometime do for Utah what Dr. Schell has done so< ably for South Dakota.

The Jews of California From the Discovery of Gold until 1880. By Rudolf Glanz. (New York, Waldon Press, Inc., 1960, vii+188 pp.)

When the rush for gold in California began, the American Jews were just beginning to move out of the East in large numbers. Instead of settling in the Middle West as they had intended, many of them joined the rush to California, filling up the settlements along the Pacific Coast. This new book by Dr. Rudolf Glanz gives a long look at the history of the Jews in the various California communities in which they have played an important role. Of special interest to Utah is the section on the life in San Bernardino, where the Mormons were the earliest settlers. It is interesting and heartening to' read about the considerable co-operation between the Mormons and Jews.

The Whipple Report. Journal of an expedition from San Diego, California, to the Rio Colorado, from Sept. 11 to Dec. 11, 1849. By A. W. Whipple. Introduction, notes and bibliography by E. I. Edwards. (Los Angeles, Westernlore Press, 1961, 94 pp., $5.50)

In 1849, just after the close of the Mexican War, Lieutenant Amiel Weeks Whipple, then still a young man, was assigned the task of making the preliminary survey for the new international boundary line in the area of the Gila and Colorado rivers. Another young man, Lieutenant Cave J. Couts, was also assigned to the expedition, his task to guard Lieutenant Wheeler and his engineers. The two young men, intensely different in personality, each keeping his own record of the expedition, lived and worked among Indians, Mexicans, and a steady stream of immigrants, gold seekers, artists, and journalists on their way to California. In December their mission accomplished, they returned to San Diego, each with his contribution to the literature of the West.

Lieutenant Couts's journal has been in print for some time. Here now is Lieutenant Whipple's report, filled with fresh descriptions of the land, the Indians, their language and habits, the work that was being done, and life generally as he saw it. The book, published in a limited edition, is Volume XX of the Great West and Indian Series.

Trappers and Mountain Men. By the Editors of American Heritage. (New York, Golden Press, 1961, 153 pp., $4.95)

Trappers and Mountain Men, the latest number in the American Heritage Junior Library of books, is a beautiful example of the bookmaker's art. Illustrations in color are well chosen and include rare etchings, sketches, photographs, maps, portraits, and paintings. The narrative is by Evan Jones in consultation with Dale L. Morgan. It is swift-paced and touches upon some of the highlights of the centurieslong history of the North American fur trade while mirroring something of the unique and unforgettable way of life of the Mountain Man as he explored the rivers of America in his relendess search for beaver. Dale Morgan says in his Foreword: "Beaver to supply the ever-expanding European hatter's market was the primary concern of the early American fur trade ... it contributed largely to the founding and maintenance of die American colonies, and later to the spread of settlement. . . . We can scarcely imagine the shape American history might have taken had the beaver hat not existed." In addition to being good history for the young reader, the book contains an extensive bibliography and a good index which should please die adult

Battalion of Saints. By Richard Wormser. (New York, McKay Company, 1961)

Diary in America. By Captain Frederick Marryat. Edited by Jules Zanger. (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1960)

Directory of Historical Societies and Agencies in the United States and Canada, 1961. Compiled by Clement M. Silvestro and Sally Ann Davis. (Madison, Wisconsin, The American Association for State and Local History, 1961, 111 pp., S1.50)

Donner Pass, and Those Who Crossed It. By George Stewart. (San Francisco, California Historical Society, 1960)

Family Kingdom. By Samuel W. Taylor. (New York, New American Library, 1961) [Pocketbook reprint of 1951 edition]

For Fear We Shall Perish; the Story of the Donner Party Disaster. By Joseph Pigney. (New York, Dutton, 1961)

Harian's The Heart of the Southwest: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, Nevada (2d. ed., New York, Crown Publishers, 1961)

Indians of North America. By Harold E. Driver. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1961)

The Indian War of 1864. By Captain Eugene F. Ware; edited by Clyde C. Walton. (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1960)

The March of the Montana Column. By Lt. James H. Bradley. Edited by Edgar I. Stewart. (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1961)

James Taylor Forrest, "What a Sight it Was! [William Cary, artist of the West]," American Heritage, February, 1961.

Joseph G. Lee, "Navajo Medicine Man," Arizona Highways, August, 1961.

"Four Corners Country," ibid., September, 1961.

Richard L. Bushman, "Mormon Persecutions in Missouri, 1833," Brigham Young University Studies, Autumn, 1960.

J. Keith Melville, "Theory and Practice of Church and State During the Brigham Young Era," ibid.

Thomas E. Cheney, "Mormon Folk Song and the Fife Collection," ibid.

Mark W. Cannon, "The Crusades Against the Masons, Catholics, and Mormons: Separate Waves of a Common Current," ibid., Winter, 1961.

Conan E. Mathews, "Art and the Church," ibid.

"Southern Utah, America's Last Wilderness Frontier [Special issue]," Desert, March, 1961.

Frank Jensen, "Memorial to the Iron Horse," ibid., May, 1961.

Nell Murbarger, "Short-cut to Canyons and Color ..." ibid., June, 1961.

Eugene L. Conrotto, "By Power Scooter Through the Wild Red Yonder [Escalante to Bluff, Hole-in-the-Rock]," ibid., August, 1961.

Christie Freed, paintings by V. Douglas Snow, "Down the Canyon on a Mule [Grand Canyon]," Ford Times, July, 1961.

Christie Freed, paintings by V. Douglas Snow, "Lagoon, Utah's Unexpected Pleasure," ibid., August, 1961.

Nedd McArthur, "Treasure House of Mormon History [Beehive House]," Hobbies, July, 1961.

Bill Ballentine, "The Mormon Country [an auto trek through Utah's interior]," Holiday, March, 1961.

Leah D. Widtsoe, "I Remember Brigham Young," Improvement Era, June, 1961.

Alice L. Bates, "They Left Their Names in Stone [stone inscriptions which dot the West]," Manuscripts, Spring, 1961.

Harold A. Bulger, "First Man Through the Grand Canyon [James White adventure]," The Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, July, 1961.

Helena Huntington Smith, "The Truth About the Hole-In-The-Wall Fight," Montana, the Magazine of Western History, Summer, 1961.

Cecil M. Ouellette, "Rainbows Over Utah," National Parks Magazine, July, 1961.

Ray H. Mattison, "The Upper Missouri Fur Trade: Its Methods of Operation," Nebraska History, March, 1961.

Donald Jackson, "The Race to Publish Lewis and Clark," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, April, 1961.

Clifford M. Drury, "The First White Women Over the Rockies," Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, March, 1961.

Robert Cahn, "The New Utah: Change Comes to Zion," Saturday Evening Post, April 1, 1961.

"Rainbow Bridge: Final Act," Sierra Club Bulletin, June, 1961.

K. C. Tessendorf, "Pony Express: The Human Equation," Tradition, February, 1961.

Fred Harvey, "When the Locusts Came," ibid., April, 1961.

John Clark Hunt, "The Grizzly and the Early West," ibid., June, 1961.Ellen Fleming, "Baby Doe Tabor, Silver Queen," ibid.

Frank Cunningham, "David H. Moffat, Empire Builder [railroads]," ibid., July, 1961.

Fred Harvey, "Pioneer Windmills," ibid.

Curtis Bishop, "Eighteen Months of Glory [Pony Express]," True West, July-August, 1961.

Floyd W. Sharrock, "A Preliminary Report of 1960 Archaeological Excavations in Glen Canyon," Utah Archaeology, Newsletter, March, 1961.

Don Ripley, "Hovenweep — The Deserted Valley," ibid.

Don D. Fowler, "1960 Archaeological Survey and Testing in the Glen Canyon Region," ibid.

David H. Mann, "Early-Day Utahns Colonized Idaho," Utah Farmer, June 15, 1961.

Frank H. Jonas, "The 1960 Election in Utah," Western Political Quarterly, March, 1961.

Stanley W. Zamonski and Teddy Keller, "Battle Axes of the Lord," The Denver Westerners Monthly Roundup, April, 1961.

Omer C. Stewart, "The Native American Church (Peyote Cult) and the Law," ibid., January, 1961.

August W. Schatra, "Fremont's Recruit, 'Hubbard,'" Westerners, Los Angeles Corral, June, 1961.

Frank C. Robertson, "Gathering to Zion," The Westerners New York Posse Brand Book, Vo1 - VII > 4 > 1961 -

William J. Palmer, "Colorado — River of Conflict," Corral Dust, Potomac Corral of the Westerners, June, 1961.

Graham Hollister, "Colonel Hollister's Westward Trek [Genoa, Nevada]," ibid.

Roy E. Appleman, "Prelude to Lewis and Clark," ibid., August, 1961.Jeff Cooper, "Inferno on Foot [Grand Canyon]," Westways, June, 1961.

Russ Leadabrand, "Let's Explore a Byway (Across Historic Carson Pass)," ibid.

Ake Hultkrantz, "The Shoshones in the Rocky Mountain Area," Annals of Wyoming, April, 1961.

Thelma Gatchell Condit, "The Hole-In-The-Wall (Early Day Dances)," ibid.

Maurine Carley, "Overland State Trail-Trek No. 1," ibid.