Ustinov College - Pantomath 2020

Pantomath The Ustinov Scholarly Journal

Green technologies in cooperative date farming page 06

Towards understanding the Ancient Egyptian celestial diagram page 4 Exploring ‘honour’ rationales behind forced marriages within British South Asian communities page 8 Researching heatwaves in Japan page 12 Why is the Medusa male? page 20

2020

The Pantomath

Contents Introduction Principal’s Introduction - Sarah Prescott p 3

Social Sciences Towards understanding the Ancient Egyptian celestial diagram - Yossra Ibrahim p 4-5 Green technologies in cooperative date farming in the Jordan Valley - Katie Stobbs p 6-7 Exploring ‘honour’ rationales behind forced marriages within British South Asian communities - Ayurshi Dutt p 8-9 The enforcement of the Law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the European Union and the United States of America - Kristiyan Stoyanov p 10-11

Science Researching heatwaves in Japan - Glenn McGregor p 12-13 Reconstructing relative sea-level change in northwest Iceland - Martin Brader p 14-15 The Equation of the Universe in the life of an overthinker - Giorgio Manzoni p 16-17

Business What would the audit industry look like if audit services were structurally separated from non-audit services? - Jeff Beshany p 18-19

Arts and Humanities Why is the Medusa male? Globalization and glocalisation in Romano-British sculpture - Chelsea Peer p 20-21

Global Citizenship Ustinov Annual Conference 2020 - Global health and human rights: exploring contemporary experiences of women - Halima Akhter, Ayurshi Dutt and Tara MacMahon p 22-23 Ustinov College Global Citizenship Programme: Review of 2019-2020 - Martin Brader and Katie Stobbs p 24-26

Editorial team Editor-In-Chief: Adam Burge. Managing Editor: Deshon Griffith.

Deputy Editor: Chelsea Peer. Arts & Humanities Editor: Annabel Mahoney.

Arts and Humanities Reviewer: Julie Garg. Social Sciences Editor: Zoe Tongue.

Social Sciences Reviewers: Yossra Ibrahim, Eirini Tzouma, Shumpei Tsujimoto.

Science Editor: Allegra Hahn ‘The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of Ustinov College or Durham University’

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The Ustinov Scholarly Journal

Principal’s Introduction ‘As Acting Principal of Ustinov College, I am delighted to welcome the first edition of our new scholarly journal, The Pantomath, the culmination of a lot of hard work by our Media and Publications team based within Ustinov College’s Global Citizenship Programme.

is always the same. The opportunity to meet people working in such diverse fields, across such a range of disciplines is a rare privilege; it allows me ‘to learn a little about a lot’ and hopefully, this journal will give a glimpse of the exciting and varied areas of research that our members represent – it is truly in keeping with the College’s vision to ‘celebrate the strength arising from diversity, interdisciplinarity and collegiality’.

The Pantomath aims to reflect and celebrate the breadth and depth of research and scholarly activity undertaken by the entire College community. The journal features articles on research projects and scholarly activities within Ustinov College, with contributions welcomed from our students, staff, alumni and wider community of friends.

I really hope you enjoy reading this first edition and should you be tempted to contribute yourself in the future, please get in touch; the team would be delighted to hear from you!

Best wishes, Sarah Prescott

Over the years, people have often asked what I enjoy most about working in a postgraduate college, and my answer

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The Pantomath

Towards understanding the Ancient Egyptian celestial diagram Yossra Ibrahim

Housing several astronomical phenomena, the night sky is one of the integral elements of nature that inspired the ancient Egyptian civilisation. The science of astronomy in ancient Egypt is known as early as the predynastic period (c. 5300-3000 BCE); perhaps its earliest uses are formulating calendars and the 24-hour system. In addition, this science motivated time keeping and calendars, and was central to certain religious and funerary concepts. The conceptualisation of a celestial afterlife and the event of the deceased king joining the imperishable stars can be thematized in a number of funerary texts; such as The Pyramid Texts and The Coffin Texts. A number of funerary decorations depict this celestial imagery hereinafter.

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These scenes depicting celestial bodies and various elements of astronomy are considered a unique source of information concerning the ancient Egyptian society, culture, funerary beliefs, perception of astronomy and the heavenly bodies. These documentary scenes are usually referred to as “The Celestial Diagram�, a term denoting a set of decorative illustrations.

Perhaps the earliest known celestial decorations are known from the Middle Kingdom decan tables depicted on the inside of some coffin lids. This decorative tradition continued on to later periods and produced elaborate celestial diagrams.

These celestial diagrams can be found depicted on tomb and temple ceilings, sarcophagi lids, and water clocks dating from the Middle Kingdom to Roman times (ca. 2000BC to 3rd c. AD). These decorations elaborately portray a cohesive picture of the night sky and are the key to understanding how the ancient Egyptians perceived astronomical knowledge.

Despite the variability of these sources, astronomy remains poorly depicted in ancient Egypt and is greatly missing in scholarly research. These primary sources we have at hand are the key to a great amount of evidence regarding the perception of stellar afterlife, reception of astronomy, integration of ideologies and cultures, and the observation of celestial phenomena. Although, these celestial diagrams are one of the expressive ways the ancient Egyptians rationalised astronomical concepts, research on this topic remains scarce and more scholarship needs to realise the cultural value of astronomy and provide new interpretations. Consequently, the main aim of this research is to recognise the ancient Egyptian perception of astronomy and conceptualisation of a stellar afterlife by offering an extensive and detailed study of astronomical representations dating from the New Kingdom up to the Graeco-Roman period (c. 332-642

Social Sciences

BC). Thus, the objective is to assess the different versions of the celestial diagram, inspect the influence of certain religious/ political ideas, and evaluate the way these celestial representations changed or developed over time (c. 1550-642 BC). This work hopes to highlight the novel concepts embodied in the celestial diagrams during different time periods.

The materials under study will be keenly contextualised and assessed in the hope of offering a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the celestial diagrams.

..the main aim of this research is to recognise the ancient Egyptian perception of astronomy and conceptualisation of a stellar afterlife by offering an extensive and detailed study of astronomical representations...

While several publications are key to understanding the function and roles of decans, providing us with a description of the inscribed elements on the celestial diagrams, these publications have mostly focused on cataloguing monuments and diagrams. To date few publications have examined embodied concepts, the function of these diagrams in funerary decorations, and why and when new elements are integrated in the celestial diagrams of different periods. Following

The Ustinov Scholarly Journal

a comparative approach to study the celestial diagrams, highlighting tradition and innovation in the set of depicted elements of each time period is the aim of current scholarship. This in the hope of finding out how stellar conceptualisation changed and in what way; in addition to figuring out what novel elements were included.

Image caption: Ancient Egyptian Zodiac Ceiling showing Aries.

Most of the former effort focused on studying one diagram at a time and the objective was to describe the figures depicted on the diagrams but not to contextualize these findings or construct a broad interpretation that elevates our understanding of this niche. However, a comparative study aiming at a keen analytical understanding and effort to contextualise this niche among the other areas of Egyptological studies is largely missing. It is the hope of this dissertation to study the diagrams from different periods and acknowledge the influence of the Graeco-Roman culture (c.332-642 BC) on the celestial diagrams, as well as to identify the expressed astronomical knowledge and stellar perceptions lying within. This study hopes to expand the corpus of scholarly research on this topic, shed light on this niche and provide new interpretations.

It is the hope of this research to revisit a topic that has fallen out of favour, providing new insights and interpretations of the role and composition of the celestial diagrams. A study that will acknowledge the perception and knowledge of the ancient Egyptians and highlight the role of the celestial diagrams in funerary decorations, while tracing change and impact of cultures and traditions is much needed.

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The Pantomath

Green technologies in cooperative date farming in the Jordan Valley Katie Stobbs Underserviced communities in the West Bank often lack access to water for agriculture and consistent energy supply for groundwater pumping. This is especially true in the Jordan Valley of the West Bank where date farming is the dominant crop. Agriculture is an essential economic and cultural activity for Palestinian farmers and the Jordan Valley is considered Palestine’s “food basket� due to its distinctive location and optimal climate conditions. The cultivation of date palms is concentrated within this region and in the greater Jericho area (Daiq 2006).

Water resources are a vital element of Palestinian ecosystems and lack of access to these resources remains a key point in the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians in the region (Shevah 2014). Sources consist mainly of surface and groundwater resources (springs and wells). Limited water resources have led to over-extraction from the shallow aquifer which leads to deterioration of water quality, increasing the water salinity. Date palms only require twenty percent of the water required by banana trees, and are more tolerant of salinity than other crops such as vegetables and cash crops. Thus, due to the deterioration of the water quality and increased salinity of water in the Jordan Valley, date farming in the Jordan Valley and Jericho regions can be considered an acceptable solution to the lack of availability and quality of water sources.

However, the growth of date palm cultivation in the Jericho and Jordan Valley regions has not reached its full potential; there are numerous barriers impeding progress. Insufficient water is the greatest factor hindering the expansion of date palm cultivation.

Despite the fact that date palms can survive in arid conditions due to their increased tolerance to salinity, there needs to be sufficient irrigation of adequate quality in order to maximise potential yields (Abu-Qaoud 2015). Additional obstacles include steep investment costs, poor marketing, and unfair competition from Israeli products (Ighbareyeh et al. 2015). This is partially due to the continued control of land, water, market page 6

Social Sciences

Image caption: Solar PV farm, date processing, and farmers and technicians consulting about date palm crops in the Jordan Valley.

and borders by Israel, which generates high production, transportation and marketing costs. The inadequacy of official support policies from the Palestinian Authority for date palm cultivation and for the agriculture sector generally, also hinders development and results in a weak marketing system (Daiq 2006).

The future of irrigation in the Middle East is treated wastewater. Israel has already begun to move irrigation from freshwater sources and into treated wastewater use. The Israel Water and Sewerage Authority has stated that freshwater is to be capped for agriculture and any additional water provided to farmers will come from treated wastewater. Treated wastewater is even more significant for irrigation in the West Bank where fresh water supplies are severely limited. Many communities also lack a public sewage network, so untreated wastewater from unlined cesspits either percolates into the groundwater sources or is collected by sewage tankers and disposed in open areas, which is harmful to residents’ health and the environment. Recycled wastewater is therefore an asset to farming and should be valued as such.

Equitable and reliable access to water is essential for social and economic development and for building peace and stability among peoples and nations.

Manoeuvring through the political bureaucracy to obtain permits to update existing or construct new systems, such as the drilling of new wells, is both challenging and time-consuming and often takes years to implement, if at all. On the other hand, low tech, local on-site wastewater treatment offers a comprehensive solution to water needs for marginalised, off-grid communities (Mcilwaine and Redwood 2010). This decentralised approach, provides water and food security for these communities and the local treatment of waste reduces The Ustinov Scholarly Journal

the impact of pollution on shared natural resources, thereby mitigating conflict.

Water and energy are borderless resources; Israelis and Palestinians are in desperate need to find better ways to equitably share the costs and benefits of environmental management. Successful conflict mitigation over cross-border water and energy needs in Israel and Palestine lies in the success of people to people (P2P) activities. Regional environmental projects have been shown to reduce conflict by building trust; relationships yield partnerships and partnerships yield trust. Such relationships can be replicated, enhanced and strengthened when local communities engage with one another on local solutions for water treatment, renewable energy and food security projects.

P2P partnerships have brought together conflicting neighbours to learn about, design, implement, and monitor technologies that offer mutual benefits for improved water, wastewater, and energy services. From 2014 – 2016 I witnessed firsthand the positive impact such collaborative partnerships can have whilst working on the joint Palestinian Wastewater Engineers’ Group/Arava Institute for Environmental Studies’ project to install on-site greywater treatment systems, drip irrigation systems and solar PV powered desalination plants in off-grid communities in the Jordan Valley. Beneficiaries were trained by joint Israeli and Palestinian teams and a joint Israeli-Palestinian water committee for the Al-Auja spring was established, thereby fostering cooperation and mitigating conflict and as a result, enhancing and promoting social and trade relations between Israel and Palestine.

other” and acknowledgement of mutual interest to cooperate over local solutions to transboundary resource management.

This in turn promotes improved local and regional governance, and can be influential in long-term policy solutions.

Through such cooperative efforts, joint Israeli and Palestinian initiatives in date farming have provided an opening for agreements on transboundary resource and agricultural management, and hopefully in the future, a comprehensive trade agreement for dates between Israeli and Palestinian growers. By investing in problems that affect people’s everyday lives and livelihoods, mutual cooperation can provide practical dividends in addition to environmental and social benefits.

References Abu-Qaoud, H. (2015). Date Palm Status and Perspective in Palestine. Date Palm Genetic Resources and Utilization (pp. 423-439): Springer.

Daiq, I. (2006). Date Palm Economies and Cultivation Circumstances in Palestine. Paper presented at the III International Date Palm Conference 736.

Ighbareyeh, J. M., Cano-Ortiz, A., Carmona, E. C., Ighbareyeh, M. M., & Suliemieh, A. A. (2015).

Study of Biology and Bioclimatology of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) To Optimize Yield and Increase Economic in Jericho and Gaza Cities of Palestine. International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences, 3(1), 90-97.

Mcilwaine, S., & Redwood, M. (2010). Greywater Use in the Middle East: Technical, Social, Economic and Policy Issues. (S. Mcilwaine & M. Redwood, Eds.).

International Development Research Centre.

Shevah, Y. (2014). Adaptation to Water Scarcity and Regional Cooperation in the Middle East. In S. Ahuja (Ed.), Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification (Vol. 1, pp. 40–70). Elsevier Ltd.

There are a range of benefits to this P2P approach, including the obvious economic, environmental and health benefits alongside perception change of “the page 7

The Pantomath

Exploring ‘honour’ rationales behind forced marriages within British South Asian communities Ayurshi Dutt

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Social Sciences

“Marriages shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 16 (2)). A threat or an actual occurrence of forced marriage constitutes lack of meaningful and informed consent (or no consent in the case of people with learning disabilities) where one or both spouses experience limited or no degree of choice in terms of whether to marry, whom to marry, when to marry, or even express their unwillingness to marry without negative consequences. This research explores the processbased nature of forced marriage, i.e. the stages before, during and after a forced marriage, by illuminating the actuality of family honour in relation to pressures, coercion, decision-making and ‘consent’ related to forced marriage.

Honour is a social construct which directly affects respectability, reputation and social standing of a community group, and is managed by ‘male control over women’s social and sexual conduct’ (Welchman and Hossain, 2005; Gill et al., 2012). Deference, fidelity, chastity and modest social conduct govern the intimate and social lives of women in patriarchal communities, and sexual promiscuity, extra-marital affairs, romantic involvement with men disapproved of by family, rejecting familyapproved matches and pre-marital sex amount to non-conformity (Meeto and Mirza, 2010) and bring shame, humiliation and embarrassment to the entire family, causing an urge to rectify sullied honour (Reddy, 2014).

My research is with victim-survivors of forced marriage from the British South Asian community (Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indians) to facilitate an understanding of how honour influences coercion and consent. It also traces how women’s agency develops, and how they negotiate, challenge or capitulate to a forced marriage. Apart from biographical interviews with victim-survivors, I will also conduct semi-structured interviews with third sector organizations, practitioners and frontline workers in the area of domestic abuse, honour-based abuse, child protection, migrant women support and advocacy, the broader criminal justice system (honour-based abuse and domestic abuse focused police staff) and airport immigration staff.

In the majority of Western settings including the UK, forced marriage and other forms of honour-based violence like honour killings and female genital

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mutilation, are conceptualized as abuses inherent to minority cultures only. There is a strong Western view which others black and minority ethnic communities as ‘feudal, backward and uncivilized’ and themselves don a morally superior cap (Razack, 2004). This cultural and racial stereotyping of forced marriage, and the communities in which it occurs the most, not only increases stigmatization and strengthens islamophobia and racism, but also dismisses similar occurrences, such as shotgun marriages, in majority white cultures (Chantler and Gangoli, 2012). Honour, too, is not a character of minority cultures and forms a key part of patriarchal status quo worldwide (Gangoli et al., 2011).

To address the underlying issues of race, gender and violence, I use a threepronged theoretical framework to address my research aims and objectives.

Firstly, I employ a postcolonial feminist lens (a strand of feminist understanding which debunks Western myths and stereotypes associated with BAME communities and) to acknowledge their own structural constraints and dissuade their conceptualization as ‘poor women in need of saving from their own deviant cultures’ (Anitha and Gill, 2009; Das, 2010). Secondly, I use intersectionality as a tool to understand how multiple social categories of power, inequality and oppression (e.g. religion, race, ethnicity, employment status, education levels, age, immigration status). These intersecting inequalities provide a reference point to document the differences among survivors’ experiences of forced marriage, and to contextualize what made them consent and stay in a forced marriage (Crenshaw, 1989; Davis, 2008). Lastly, a nested ecological framework to violence against women is used to synthesize the multiple factors at play at different levels of the social ecology (ontogenic (personal history: witnessing abuse as a child), microsystem (situational: community standing/reputation), exosystem (racism, isolation) and macrosystem (hegemonic masculinity, patriarchal norms, honour codes) (Heise, 1998). The purpose of using the heuristic ecological model is to document causal factors and their interlinking with each other when honour codes are operationalized while accepting, rejecting and escaping a forced marriage.

In summary, my research will explicate the processes of honour, family and community involvement in different types of pressure exerted on victimsurvivors to gain consent to marry. This research addresses a concern related to participation in marital decision-making by exploring the degree of choice victimsurvivors have in environments of family stronghold, and how they verbalize it amidst larger family consensus. The findings from this research can be used by service providers and domestic abuse practitioners to better understand and respond to cases of forced marriage.

References Anitha, S. and Gill, A. (2009). Coercion, Consent and the Forced Marriage Debate in the UK. Feminist Legal Studies, 17(2), pp.165-184.

Chantler, K., & Gangoli, G. (2012). Violence Against Women in Minoritised Communities: Cultural Norm or Cultural Anomaly? In Thiara R., Condon S., & Schröttle M. (Eds.), Violence against Women and Ethnicity: Commonalities and Differences across Europe (pp. 353-366).

Opladen; Berlin; Farmington Hills: Verlag Barbara Budrich. doi:10.2307/j.ctvbkjw5t.26 Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139-167.

Das, V.2010. “Listening to Voices: An Interview With Veena Das by Kim Turcot DiFruscia.”

Altérités7 (1): 136–145.

Davis, K. (2008) `Intersectionality as Buzzword: A Sociology of Science Perspective on What Makes a Feminist Theory Successful’. Feminist Theory, Vol. 9 (1): 67-85.

Gangoli, G., Chantler, K., Hester, M., & Singleton, A. (2011). Understanding forced marriage: Definitions and realities. In A. K. Gill & S. Anitha (Eds.), Forced marriage: Introducing a social justice and human rights perspective (pp. 25–45).

London: Zed Books.

Gill, A.K., Begikhani, N. and Hague, G. (2012) “Honour”-based violence in Kurdish communities’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 35, 75– 85.

Heise, L. (1998). Violence Against Women. Violence Against Women, 4(3), 262-290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801298004003002 Meeto, V., & Mirza, H. S. (2010). There is nothing ‘honourable’ about honour killings – Gender, violence and the limits of multiculturalism. In M. M. Idriss & T. Abbas (Eds.), Honour, violence, women and Islam (pp. 42–66). London: Routledge-Cavendish.

Razack, S. (2004). Imperilled Muslim Women, Dangerous Muslim Men and Civilised Europeans: Legal and Social Responses to Forced Marriages. Feminist Legal Studies, 12(2), 129-174. https://doi.org/10.1023/ b:fest.0000043305.66172.92 Reddy, R. (2014). Domestic violence or cultural tradition? Approaches to ‘honour killing’ as species and subspecies in English legal practice.

In A. K. Gill, C. Strange & K. Roberts (Eds.), Honour killing and violence: Theory, policy and practice (pp. 27–45). Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.

Welchman, L. and Hossain, S. (2005). ‘Honour’: Crimes, Paradigms and Violence Against Women.

London: Zed Books, pp.1-21.

To gain more knowledge of how this research will be conducted, she can be personally contacted at ayurshi.dutt@durham.ac.uk.

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The Pantomath

The enforcement of the Law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the European Union and the United States of America Kristiyan Stoyanov

My postgraduate thesis centres on the enforcement of the Law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the European Union and the United States of America. To begin with, the WTO does not determine whether the WTO Agreements or panel/Appellate Body reports adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body generate direct effect, that is the ability of individuals to rely on WTO law to set aside national law. As a result, the contracting parties to the WTO Treaty rely on domestic constitutional arrangements to decide the extent of direct effect. Both the EU and the US prevent individuals from contesting the validity of EU law and US law, respectively, vis-à-vis WTO law.

The purpose of my thesis was to examine the enforcement of WTO law in the EU and the US in order to determine if the EU has been less generous than the US to the legal effect of WTO law. In order to answer this question, I divided my thesis in three parts.

Firstly, I examined the reasons the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) gave to preclude direct effect of WTO law, and argued that, while certain parts of the reasoning of the Court were flawed, it was the correct decision to not allow WTO law to be used as a parameter of legality of EU law. I claimed that WTO law determines its methods of enforcement and so there is no other alternative for nations than to comply with WTO law, compensation for violations of WTO law is not a permanent option, and direct effect would not prevent WTO members from taking recourse to temporary measures such as compensation and retaliation. I page 10

then argued that the CJEU rightly rejected direct effect on the basis of reciprocity; as other large trading nations, such as Canada and the US, do not allow direct effect, the EU would be at a disadvantage on the world stage vis-à-vis its trading partners if it did so. This builds on existing literature by providing alternative arguments supporting the propositions that the CJEU did not interfere with the functions of any other EU Institution by taking the decision to reject direct effect, the CJEU’s reasoning is based on legal grounds, rather than political, and direct effect of WTO law would have led to a distortion of the EU institutional balance.

...CJEU rightly rejected direct effect on the basis of reciprocity; as other large trading nations, such as Canada and the US, do not allow direct effect, the EU would be at a disadvantage on the world stage vis-à-vis its trading partners.

Secondly, I considered the exceptions to the no-direct effect rule in the EU and the US (i.e. consistent interpretation).

According to this principle individuals can rely in certain circumstances on WTO law before domestic courts and require national law to be interpreted in light of WTO law. My analysis demonstrated that the EU has been more willing to give

deference to the doctrine of consistent interpretation than the US. This makes a contribution to my field by showing that some of the limitations to consistent interpretation that exist in the US are not present in the EU. Additionally, it shows that the CJEU, through its case law, has shown some willingness to interpret EU law in light of WTO law. I also provided alternative arguments in favour of abolishing the limitations to consistent interpretation of WTO law in the EU and argued that EU treaty law should be interpreted vis-à-vis the WTO Agreements and panel and Appellate Body reports adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body.

In the final part of the thesis I looked at the other two exceptions to direct effect in the EU, the Nakajima and the Fediol doctrines.1 My analysis demonstrated that the CJEU advocated a narrow interpretation of the two doctrines and due to the limited circumstances in which these two operate their practical effectiveness is very little. Moreover, I claimed that in light of recent case-law in this area the CJEU appears to continue taking a narrow view of Nakajima. That being said, contrary to what other scholars argued, I claimed that the doctrine has not been abolished by the CJEU and still remains a valid exception.

To conclude, my thesis builds on recent scholarship in my field by demonstrating that the CJEU gave overall valid reasons to preclude direct effect of WTO law. Having put the EU and the US in comparative context, I show that the EU has been more forthcoming to interpret EU law in light of WTO law. In addition, the two exceptions to the no-direct effect rule in the EU remain in operation and are still valid law.

Social Sciences

1 The Nakajima doctrine would apply ‘where the [EU] intended to implement a particular obligation assumed in the context of the WTO’. If an EU measure refers expressly to a precise WTO law provision under the Fediol doctrine economic agents can request the CJEU ‘to review the legality of the [EU] measure in question in the light of the WTO rules’. See Case C-149/96 Portuguese Republic v Council of the European Union [1999] ECR I-8395, paragraph 49.

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The Pantomath

..1032 people died and the number of heatwave related hospitalisations exceeded 34,000...

Researching heatwaves in Japan Glenn McGregor

As a climatologist I am interested in the causes and consequences of extreme weather and climate events. Since experiencing the ‘mega’ August 2003 European heatwave while on holiday in southern England, where temperature records at that time were broken reaching 38.5oC, and subsequently researching the social impacts of this impressive event, I have come to understand the importance of heatwaves. Not only do these phenomena exert a heavy toll on society and economy but also the impacts on so-called ecosystem services or nature can be disabling.

Over the last few months, I have been working on a number of heatwave related projects. These include an edited book on the utility of climate science for developing healthy cities with a focus on how to manage extreme urban heat events, a sole authored book on the causes and consequences of and responses to heatwaves and joint research

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with Japanese colleagues at Rissho, Tokyo and Tsukuba Universities on the characteristics of heatwaves in Japan.

So why work on heatwaves in Japan?

The simple answer is, while there has been much work done in the past on the health impacts of heatwaves, much remains to be discovered about the physical causes and characteristics of heatwaves in Japan. Knowing about the

Knowing about the socalled physical drivers of heatwaves and the nature of the heatwave season, provides the opportunity to develop management strategies for dealing with such climate risks now and in the future

so-called physical drivers of heatwaves and the nature of the heatwave season, provides the opportunity to develop management strategies for dealing with such climate risks now and in the future. That heatwaves are an important climate characteristic of Japan which can trigger noticeable social impacts is amply demonstrated by the July 2018 heatwave event when 1032 people died and the number of heatwave related hospitalisations exceeded 34,000. The fact that another impactful heatwave event occurred in 2019 and the severity of the 2018 event has been partly attributed to observed anthropogenic climate change makes a compelling imperative to understand heatwaves.

To date research with my Japanese colleagues has mainly concentrated on investigating the inter-annual variation of heatwave occurrence in Tokyo. For example, if we say a heatwave is made up of days when the actual daily temperature exceeds a given temperature threshold, then those days above that threshold can be identified as potential heatwave days – in Figure 1 these are all the days above the orange maximum temperature threshold line. Adding a minimum duration criteria for the number of consecutive days that exceed the threshold (e.g. 3 days) narrows down the potential heatwave events to just a few – in fact four for the summer period in 2018 for Tokyo. Note using this kind of definition allows the identification of unusually warm periods for any time of the year – even winter can have unusually warm weather.

Knowing a heatwave is a period of three consecutive days or more above the 90th percentile maximum temperature value allows the counting of the number of summer heatwave events as illustrated in Figure 2. This shows some evidence of a tendency for a greater frequency of heatwaves since 2000. There is also a hint for Tokyo that the first heatwave of the summer season is tending to occur earlier in the year – there is a greater occurrence of the first heatwave in the month of May for the latter half of the period 1972 – 2018 as shown in Figure 3.

As the research on heatwaves in Japan is still in its early stages, it is necessarily descriptive. However, the next phase of research will involve investigating what large scale climate mechanisms drive the year to year variation of heatwave occurrence and the possible earlier onset of the heatwave season, along with an analysis of the specific weather patterns associated with some of Japan’s ‘killer’ heatwaves.

Science

Figure 1: Time series of Tokyo 2018 daily maximum temperature plotted against the daily 90th percentile value of maximum temperature for the period 1972 – 2018 (the 90th percentile value is the lower limit of the top 10 percent of all values for a given day of the year). The peaks above the threshold are potential heatwave days – unusually hot days

Figure 2: Annual occurrence of heatwave events for Tokyo.

Figure 3: Month when the first heatwave of the year occurs in Tokyo for the period 1972 – 2018.

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The Pantomath

Reconstructing relative sea-level change in northwest Iceland Martin Brader

Image caption: Hvitserkur basalt stack aka Dragon Rock in northwest Iceland

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Science

Relative sea-level data are used in a variety of locations to establish patterns of ice loading from glaciation and unloading from deglaciation. Such data therefore act as a critical test for models of former ice sheets and earth rheology. These relative sea-level data are particularly valuable from locations where different patterns of ice loading and unloading are modelled, as they can help to distinguish between individual model scenarios.

In Iceland, two contrasting hypotheses of the Last Glacial Maximum glaciation are proposed – maximum and minimum – with very different implications for regional ice volume, freshwater input into the North Atlantic, and therefore global oceanic circulation and climate.

Models outputs show different patterns of relative sea-level change in northwest Iceland under the maximum and minimum glaciation scenarios (e.g. Hubbard et al.

2006). Establishment of the pattern of postglacial relative sea-level change in this region may therefore help to determine likely ice loading patterns and Earth characteristics.

Data can be collected from a variety of terrestrial coastal environments, including coastal lowlands, isolation basins and geomorphological features, such as raised beaches. Coastal lowlands encompass a range of low-elevation coastal environments, including mud flats and saltmarshes. Isolation basins are rock depressions which have been connected to or isolated from the sea. Analysis of microfossils within sediment sequences from coastal lowlands and isolation basins can provide records of environmental and, in turn, relative sea-level change at a range of elevations in a particular location.

Mapping of raised beaches also provides valuable constraint on past sea level, particularly where the local marine limit can be established. The marine limit is the highest point reached by postglacial relative sea-level in a particular location (Andrews, 1970) and comparison of elevations between locations can demonstrate differences in ice loading and the pattern of deglaciation (Norðdahl and Ingólfsson, 2015).

Integration of data from a range of environments can produce a relative sealevel curve for a particular location, which provides an overview of relative sea-level changes from deglaciation to present (e.g. Lloyd et al., 2009, Brader et al., 2015). Given the contrasting ice loading and unloading scenarios for northwest Iceland, we investigate isolation basins, coastal lowlands and raised beaches at locations across and away from proposed ice loading centres.

we extract sediment samples from isolation basins at a range of elevations, from the marine limit to present sea-level, in order to establish a comprehensive record of change.

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During fieldwork, we extract sediment samples from isolation basins at a range of elevations, from the marine limit to present sea-level, in order to establish a comprehensive record of change.

Fieldwork involves travelling to remote locations around the Icelandic coastline.

There we can establish field camps, from which we hike to individual isolation basins in order to sample them. As a result, the field team is able to experience some of Iceland’s most dramatic scenery, coupled with some excellent campsite cuisine!

Following fieldwork, laboratory analyses of diatoms (unicellular algae) produce assemblages for individual locations, which can be combined with results from dating analyses to produce a sea-level index point – the position of relative sealevel in space and time. In this research, dating is provided by radiocarbon analyses and tephra deposits, which can be correlated to specific dated volcanic eruptions. The generation of a series of sea-level index points produces the aforementioned relative sea-level curve for a location, which can then be compared with other RSL curves to investigate similarities and differences between locations.

Based on field and laboratory analyses, we produce new relative sea-level curves for northwest Iceland (Brader et al., 2017), which allow the testing of different ice loading and unloading scenarios through comparison with existing records (e.g.

Rundgren et al., 1997; Lloyd et al., 2009; Brader et al., 2015).

Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Royal Geographical Society, British Society for Geomorphology, Quaternary Research Association, and Van Mildert College, Durham University. Permission to undertake the research was provided by RANNIS and Umhverfisstofnun Islands

References Brader MD et al. (2015) Lateglacial to Holocene relative sea-level changes at Stykkishólmur, northern Snæfellsnes, Iceland Journal of Quaternary Science 30 5 497-507 Brader, MD et al. (2017) Postglacial relative sealevel changes in northwest Iceland: evidence from isolation basins, coastal lowlands and raised shorelines Quaternary Science Reviews 169 114-130 Hubbard, A et al. (2006) A modelling insight into the Icelandic Last Glacial Maximum ice sheet Quaternary Science reviews 25 2297-2313 Lloyd JM et al. (2009) Lateglacial to Holocene relative sea-level changes in the Bjarkarlundur area near Reykhólar, North West Iceland Journal of Quaternary Science 24 7 816-831 Norðdahl, H and Ingólfsson, Ó (2015) Collapse of the Icelandic ice sheet controlled by sea-level rise? Arktos 1 13 DOI 10.1007/s41063-015-0020-x

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Figure 1: Example of a spiral galaxy. Andromeda is our twin galaxy and we can see it fully (we cannot see the Milky Way in the same way just because we are inside it).

The Equation of the Universe in the life of an overthinker Giorgio Manzoni

Since the beginning of humankind, people have been wondering about the Universe. Acknowledging the fact that we will probably never know the reason why there is a Universe and why it is like this, scientists started to apply their hard math to model it. The equation of the Universe is one of the biggest achievements in that direction but it might sound a bit intimidating. Is it actually possible to describe the entire Universe with just an equation? What does it mean to describe the Universe?

Moreover, is the community of scientists reliable?

I am Giorgio, I’m a PhD in astrophysics, but my primary school teacher used to call me “Valentino”. It’s an Italian name but if you split it into two parts it becomes “va-lentino”, which means, with a little bit of imagination, “someone who goes slowly”. With probably all of the best intentions, she thought that humiliating me in front of my classmates would have stimulated me to be faster and at the pace of the other “average-speed” kids. I have never changed. I found myself many times wondering about things that everybody around me would have accepted as they were, without wasting additional time.

Curiosity can be demanding in terms of time and not everybody would consider it well spent. After high school, this sense of curiosity pushed me to enrol into the Physics degree. I was uncertain as I have always been fascinated by Philosophy or Psychology and that would have been an easier choice given my natural skills.

Having finished my bachelor, I completed a Master’s in Astrophysics and here I am now in Durham for my PhD. After a while in this field, I can tell you, my dear overthinker friend, that, even if not immediately appreciated, overthinking about the Universe is always worth it. The reason is the following. Sometimes we like to take things for granted because it helps us to make faster decisions and free up space in our brain. However, this page 16

is a very dangerous process when you are dealing with a Universe consisting of material where 70% is as yet unidentified.

Scientists decided to call it Dark Energy, exactly because the origin is completely obscure. However I can tell you that overthinking about it, is not just a good idea but it’s something necessary if we want to progress in science.

I found myself many times wondering about things that everybody around me would have accepted as they were...

When studying cosmology I became suddenly fascinated about how we can describe the Universe in a simple threeingredients cooking recipe. Wait, you are not surprised enough: I am saying that if you have these three things, you can create the Universe you live in! These ingredients are: matter (Ωmat,0about 30%), light (Ωrad,0about 0.008%) and dark energy (Ωʌabout 70%). Unfortunately, not particularly easy to find at the local market… To complicate things a bit, that 30% of matter is not completely under

control as only 4% of it is composed by matter we know, called by astrophysicists baryonic matter, and the remaining 26% is named dark matter. Yes, do not let the confusion come into your mind, you read it right. Dark matter is not dark energy, and, in our Universe, there is no real reason for treating dark matter differently from baryonic matter.

You might have guessed at this point that when things become “dark”, it means that they are not completely understood.

True. However, while dark energy is probably one of the biggest enigmas in astrophysics, we can “see” dark matter quite well through the eyes of gravity. Take the example of a spiral galaxy (Figure 1), like our wonderful Milky Way, the galaxy we live in. With our telescopes, we can see very well that the stars in this kind of galaxy rotate around the centre of the galaxy. Furthermore, we can measure the rotational velocity of these stars! For example, on average, stars in the Milky Way rotate at 220 kilometres per second (pretty fast, isn’t it? How many kilometres can you run in one second?). Assuming we have understood gravity pretty well, it is impossible to reproduce the rotation of galaxies without taking into consideration the contribution of additional matter, which unfortunately cannot be seen with any telescope. Although the concept of invisible matter might not sound very scientific, it actually is because the reason

Science

we are used to seeing the matter with our eyes is that it interacts with light. However, the fact that it happens on Earth does not mean it has to happen in the entire Universe.

For dark energy, the argument is a bit more complex. We live in a universe that is in expansion. This means that if we look at any other galaxy with our telescopes, we actually see this galaxy moving apart from us. Note that this does not mean we are in the centre of the Universe, as the same effect would happen in whatever galaxy we would find ourselves sitting in. Since gravity alone would attract objects together, we need an additional component to bring them apart. That’s why we need dark energy. Of course, this is not the only reason for dark energy. For example, without dark energy, we would not be able to describe the curvature of the Universe but let’s leave this for another time.

At this point, you might wonder where the equation of the Universe is. Ok ok, I don’t want to disappoint you. Here it is:

This is the first Friedman equation1, and you might have noticed that I have already mentioned the Ω terms. They are the densities of the ingredients of the Universe as measured today (0.008% for the light2, 30% for the matter, and 70% for the dark energy3).

On the left-hand side, what we are trying to describe is the velocity of the expansion of the Universe.

On the right-hand side, the “a” term is the scale factor, a measure of the expansion of the Universe with a=0 at the moment of the big-bang and a=1 today.

This inevitably brings us to the fact that during the evolution of the Universe, different epochs followed one another: the first one after the Big-Bang is the era dominated by the light, and then a matterdominated Universe followed and just “recently” (about when the Earth formed) we entered the Dark Energy dominated era with an exponentially accelerated expansion.

If you feel confused, don’t worry: the concept hidden behind the equation is very simple. And I am going to explain it here for you.

Up until now, there are no models that can fully substitute this one without introducing any “collateral effect”6 (i.e. predicting something that is not observed in the sky). Yet, that does not mean that in the future this model will not be corrected or a new general model, that includes the current one as a small part of the bigger picture, will not be discovered. In fact, this has already happened when Einstein found a theory which automatically incorporated Newton’s gravity as a special case. Hence, the message I want to leave to you is: never stop questioning yourself, this world and the entire Universe!

1. I apologise with any reader who is interested in the curvature of the Universe. I took the right to neglect that term for the sake of simplicity, and because all of today’s measurements show that this curvature is zero. However, if this bothers you, you can find the full Friedman equation in any cosmology book or even on Wikipedia.

2. Astronomers refer to light as “radiation” which is why the “rad” in the subscript.

Now, mio caro amico lettore4, if you have reached this point, you might wonder how an overthinker reacts to this equation. I know that in your heart you want to ask me: “are you absolutely certain that the Universe behaves like that?”.

3. The Dark Energy is described in the equation by the cosmological constant ʌ. Even Einstein included it in his equation for general relativity but he was conflicted and later he even stated that it was the biggest mistake of his life.

I guess this question applies to every branch of science. Even more in cosmology, as all we can do is observe the sky and there is no way we can touch the Big-Bang or reproduce it in a laboratory.

What I can tell you is that this is the most accurate and widely accepted model of the Universe at the moment5. However, every day, astronomers from all over the world are testing it in various ways in order to find if it holds true.

5. It’s called the ʌCDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter) Universe.

4. My dear friend reader.

6. There are a lot of attempts to model the Universe trying to get rid of the dark components. Search for example “modified gravity theories”.

Figure 2. The evolution of the ingredients of the Universe described by the equation.

If you feel confused, don’t worry: the concept hidden behind the equation is very simple. And I am going to explain it here for you.

Basically this equation is able to describe the past epochs of the Universe.

If you focus on the right-hand side of the equation (you can compare the terms of the equation in Figure 2), you can see that the density terms for the light and the matter appear always together with the scale factor. Consider the Universe as a box with light and matter inside (the size of this box is the scale factor “a”).

As the box becomes bigger and bigger, the density of light Ωrad and matter Ωmat will become smaller and smaller (that’s because the total amount of light and matter is not changing). Instead, the big surprise is that the density of dark energy Ωʌ is independent of the size of the box.

The more the Universe expands, the more dark energy is created in order to keep the density constant (wow!).

The Ustinov Scholarly Journal

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What would the audit industry look like if audit services were structurally separated from non-audit services?

Jeff Beshany

Non-audit, or consultancy, services performed by auditors have grown immensely since government deregulation began in the USA in the late 1970s and in the UK in 1984. Growth for non-audit services was spurred on by the need of businesses in various industries to remain competitive. These businesses turned to the auditors who, through their exposure to various industries, gained a unique understanding of each industry’s dynamics. The experience gained by the auditors provided them with a competitive advantage compared to non-auditing consultancy firms, which the auditors dutifully exploited. Today, most auditing firms earn more revenue from providing non-audit services than they do from providing audit services. While this has been a boon for the auditing industry it has come with heavy criticism. The industry has faced accusations of compromising their ethical responsibilities from performing an audit in a drive to expand their non-audit business, which is a greater source of revenue (Brooks, 2019). It is for this reason that non-audit services have been cited as a major factor when audit fails.

The collapses of Carillion and Patisserie Valerie in 2018 were blamed, in part, on accounting irregularities that were not discovered during those firms’ annual audits. These most recent failures follow in the footsteps of the 2001 collapse of Enron in the United States, whose executives worked hand-in-hand with their auditor Arthur Anderson to defraud customers and drain employees’ pensions, and the financial crisis of 2008, where

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auditors failed to identify weaknesses in the financials of the banking sector (Sikka, 2009). In the UK alone, the collapse of the subprime mortgage market threatened the existence of British banks, which necessitated an injection of more than £100 billion of taxpayer investment from the government. More recently, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC), the audit industry’s regulatory body, had found UK auditors guilty of not performing

quality audits up to 25% of the time (FRC, 2019). The preponderance of these events led to questions by politicians and the media regarding the nature of the audit industry which culminated with the UK government authorizing a comprehensive review of the entire industry in 2018.

Four separate reports, two of which were independent reviews, concluded in December 2019. Taken in total these reviews determined that audit quality, independence, trust, professional scepticism, transparency, and competition, along with many other aspects of audit, are issues that must be addressed and improved. In addition to determining that the industry’s regulatory body, the FRC, is too weak and should be replaced, the UK government recommended an operational split of audit and non-audit services, with the caveat that a full structural split may be necessary in the future if the recommended measures proved ineffective (CMA, 2019). This conclusion by the UK government is ground-breaking because the result advocates for the “break up” of an entire industry which has never occurred in history. The nearest comparisons that could be investigated are monopolies such as Standard Oil and AT&T in the USA, but those examples are

Business

breaking up individual companies within an industry, not breaking up the industry itself. Therefore, a forced breakup of the audit industry between audit and nonaudit units would be monumental and unprecedented.

This conclusion by the UK government is ground-breaking because the result advocates for the “break up” of an entire industry which has never occurred in history.

Furthermore, by challenging the status quo of the audit industry, the UK government has questioned the industry’s legitimacy and implied that a structural split of audit and non-audit services would re-legitimise the audit industry and improve the various aspects of audit. Yet, there has been no inquisition into what the audit industry will look like if a full structural split between audit and nonaudit services occurs. Logic dictates that if the status quo were to change there must be a new normal to replace it. The objective of my research project is to inquire into what the audit industry would look like if a full structural split occurs.

Would audit quality, independence, trust, professional scepticism, transparency and competition, among other aspects of audit, improve in a post-split audit industry? This research proposes a

The Ustinov Scholarly Journal

qualitative study, interviewing various practitioners of the audit industry, not just the top executives, to gain their insights.

Will the interview answers support the conclusions of the UK government’s review that improvement in these areas will be obtained only after audit and non-audit services are split? Will the split serve to re-legitimise the audit industry?

Or will the answers reveal factors not previously discussed that could add narrative in support of the status quo?

Interview subjects will consist of current practitioners, certified by a recognized professional accounting body (e.g. ACCA or ICAEW), that work in the audit industry at companies that offer both audit and non-audit services. The subjects will also have a minimum of 5 years, or 10,000 hours of experience, using Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers (2008) as a baseline to meet this project’s criteria for expertise.

However, it is intended that a wide range of years of expertise will be used as a data point. In addition to years of expertise, the age and gender of interview subjects will be taken into account as accounting research has shown that both demographic points are correlated with audit quality (Hardies et al, 2016). This project will also account for the possibility that there may be no correlation discovered, but this in itself would result in an important finding.

References Brooks, R. (2019) Bean Counters: The Triumph of the Accountants and How They Broke Capitalism.

London. Atlantic Books.

Competition & Markets Authority (2019) “Statutory audit services market study”.

Competition & Markets Authority. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ media/5cb74577e5274a7416b64f01/final_ summary_report.pdf Financial Reporting Council (2019) “Developments in Audit 2019”. Financial Reporting Council. Available at: https://www. frc.org.uk/getattachment/5d176788-3330-4b62b18e-276c678d3d2c/Developments-in-AuditFinal-Screen.pdf [Accessed 16/02/2020] Gladwell, M. (2008) Outliers. New York. Little, Brown and Company.

Hardies, K., Breesch, D., and Branson, J. (2016) “Do (Fe)Male Auditors Impair Audit Quality?

Evidence from Going-Concern Opinions”, European Accounting Review, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 7-34 Sikka, P. (2009) “Financial Crisis and the silence of the auditors”. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 34 Issues 6-7, August-October 2009, pp. 868-873

1 An audit conducted by a third party is referred to as an ‘external’ audit but will be referred to as ‘audit’ for this essay.

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Why is the Medusa male?

Globalization and glocalization in RomanoBritish sculpture Chelsea Peer

‘Will coronavirus reverse globalization?’ (Bloom, 2020).

A headline from the BBC asked this in April. It exemplifies how this formidable force causing large scale connectedness in economies across the globe has weighed on our minds for the past several decades and even now amid an unprecedented pandemic. Yet, while globalization has largely been an economic and political term, its effects on culture and human interconnectedness have caused it to seep into the thought of the humanities as well, including my area: the archaeology of Roman Britain.

Figure 1 ‘Statue of Isis-Fortuna at The British Museum © The Trustees of the British Museum’.

‘Globalization’ vs ‘Romanization’ Since the early 1900s, the term ‘Romanization’ has dominated the study of Roman Britain (Haverfield, 1905, 1912).

In short, Romanization theorises that as Rome exerted influence over its territories, provincial elites strove to emulate their Roman rulers and their acceptance of Roman culture ‘trickled down’ over time into the lower classes. Today, the concept of Romanization is treated with distaste, but scholars have struggled to replace the framework. Versluys has criticised the approach of many Roman Britain scholars for allowing themselves to fall back into the framework of Romanization, rebranding it as globalization without fully moving on from the theory (Versluys, 2015: 146). There has been plenty of condemnation of Romanization, but in a way that is especially unfruitful (Versluys, 2014: 4).

In his own work, Versluys proposed a way of looking at the visual material culture of the Roman Mediterranean through the lens of globalization. He argues that a mistake made by previous approaches focussing on acculturation was creating ‘cultural containers like “Egypt”, “Greece” and “Rome”’ (Versluys, 2015: 149). As Versluys puts it: ‘What we need, therefore, is a concept that has x page 20

and y as relative categories that are part of the same cultural container. We need, in other words, a concept in which not linear relations are central, but continuous circularity is’ (Versluys, 2015: 146). As an example, he carries out a short exploration of the goddess Isis and her spread through the Hellenistic and Roman worlds (Figure 1). He writes: ‘she was a Hellenistic, Mediterranean innovation of the old Egyptian Isis and, moreover, that Egyptian

priests themselves played a crucial role in establishing this innovative “translation”’ (Versluys, 2015: 149). She was integral ceremonies opening the Roman seafaring season ‘where “Egyptian” and “Roman” apparently have become synonyms’ (Versluys, 2015: 149). We can thus not talk about an interpretatio graeca or romana of something “Egyptian”’ as all three cultures were involved in the creation of Isis as she existed in the time of Rome (Versluys, 2015: 149).

Van Alten takes this angle on globalization and adds to it the concept of glocalization—a process ‘involving the interpretation of the universalization of particularism and the particularization of universalism, the so-called paradox of globalization or the local-global nexus’ (van Alten, 2017: 2). He reiterates Versluys’ conclusion on Isis and argues that glocalization ‘offers perspective, since it is able to study the described religious material not just as solely bottom-up or top-down processes.’ The material culture of the Roman provinces shares characteristics seen throughout the empire ‘which makes it trans-locally recognizable,’ yet ‘locally different’ (van Alten, 2017: 7). Van Alten calls on the arguments of Van Andringa (2002, 2007), whom he writes ‘argues against visions of Roman and native religion as coexisting… because this implies that both religious cultures were static non-changing entities before Roman conquest’ (van Alten, 2017: 7). Rather, religious communication allowed for local communities ‘to express their understanding of their place in a global context and in relation with other local communities’ (van Alten, 2017: 7) which lead to the creation of new communities, establishing ‘new religious expressions in which both local and global interests were combined’ (van Alten, 2017: 7). Both Versluys’ and van Alten’s approaches assert treating postRoman conquest cultural development as catalysts for new creations, and this may

Figure 2 Reconstructive drawing of the Gorgon head at the Temple to Sulis Minerva at Bath.

(From Jackson, 1913: pl. 133)

Arts and Humanities

Bibliography Aldhouse-Green, M., 2004. An Archaeology of Images: Iconography and cosmology in Iron Age and Roman Europe. Routledge, London.

Armit, I., 2012. Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi-org.ezphost.dur. ac.uk/10.1017/CBO9781139016971 [Accessed 26/3/20] Bloom, J., 2020. Will coronavirus reverse globalisation? BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ business-52104978 [Accessed 2/4/20] Collingwood, R.G., Myres, J.N.L., 1936. Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxon Settlements. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Haverfield, F.J., 1905. The Romanization of Roman Britian. The British Academy II. https:// babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/t?id=mdp.390150684 78752&view=2up&seq=1&size=150 [Accessed 11/4/20] Haverfield, F.J., 1912. The Romanization of Roman Britain, 2nd ed. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, London. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/ epub/14173/pg14173-images.html [Accessed 11/4/20] Jackson, T.G., 1913. Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://archive.org/stream/ byzantineromanes02jackuoft/byzantineromanes 02jackuoft#page/n290/mode/1up [Accessed 30/4/20]

Figure 3 A nest of severed head sculptures from Entremont in southern France. (From Wikimedia; Creator: Michel Wal. Under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License. Changes made.)

get at the heart of why we have thus far struggled to describe what was happening in Roman Britain without Romanization.

The Application of ‘Globalization’ and ‘Glocalization’ to Romano-British Sculpture I will be taking this framework Versluys and van Alten used to explore cultural exchange in the Mediterranean and Germany and assess their application on Romano-British sculpture with Classical subjects. Romano-British stone sculptures have often been treated as poor attempts to emulate the Mediterranean style (Collingwood and Myres, 1936: 249-50; Johns, 2003). However, I argue that rather than trying and failing to copy their Roman rulers, the artists of Roman Britain were taking the Classical ideas brought into their society and interpreting them in their own ‘glocalized’ way. I have already begun to test this in the case of the Romano-British Gorgon and plan to expand to other Classical figures in my dissertation.

The Medusa was portrayed in the Roman Mediterranean as a beautiful woman with locks of snakes for hair. In the Mediterranean, she was treated primarily as an amulet of protection, and often appeared in funerary context (Toynbee, 1971). Moving into Britain her purpose remained much the same, however, there is one glaring difference in the case of stone sculpture: the Romano-British Gorgon is often depicted as male.

The most famous example is the male Gorgon head at Bath (Fig. 2). However, The Ustinov Scholarly Journal

a more instructive example is one on a tombstone pediment found at Chester.

Celtic style artwork features large expressive eyes in contrast with the Mediterranean preference for realism, and this example of a male Gorgon exhibits a style of eye which provokes the Celtic tradition of the ‘severed head’. While still unrealistically large and round, the eyes are undetailed and ‘puffed’ (Armit, 2012: 178, Illustration 6.5) in appearance. They appear as though they may be closed (Armit, 2012: 178), and closely resemble the eyes of severed heads found at Entremont (Fig. 3), an ancient cultural landmark in southern France which features the severed heads of vanquished enemies whose closed eyes ‘reflect death, closure, absence of engagement and the negation of being’ (Aldhouse-Green, 2004: 191). Could this be the traditional depiction of the severed head of warriors creeping its way into depictions of the Classical Medusa and incorporating older conventions for illustrating death?

Conclusion

Johns, C., 2003. Art, Romanisation, and Competence, in: Roman Imperialism and Provincial Art. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 9–23.

Toynbee, J.M., 1962. Art in Roman Britain.

Phaidon Press Ltd, London.

Toynbee, J.M.C., 1971. Death and Burial in the Roman World. Cornell University Press, USA. van Alten, D., 2017. Glocalization and Religious Communication in the Roman Empire: Two Case Studies to Reconsider the Local and the Global in Religious Material Culture. Religions 8, 140–160. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8080140 [Accessed 2/4/20] Versluys, M.J., 2014. Understanding objects in motion. An archaeological dialogue on Romanization. Archaeological Dialogue 21, 1–20. https://doi-org.ezphost.dur.ac.uk/ [Accessed 13/4/20] Versluys, M.J., 2015. Roman visual material culture as globalising koine, in: Globalisation and the Roman World: World History, Connectivity and Material Culture. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 141–174. https:// www-cambridge-org.ezphost.dur.ac.uk/core/ services/aop-cambridgecore/content/view/ D688BC6C8B854F4A4BE67C883 626574D/9781107338920c7_p141174_CBO. pdf/roman_visual_material_culture_as_ globalisingkoine.pdf [Accessed 15/2/20] Wal, Michel. Têtes coupées Entremont. [Online] Available from: https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:T%C3%AAtes_coup%C3%A9es_ Entremont.jpg [Accessed 29/4/20]

As the Gorgon maintained many of her long-established traits, most especially her protective powers, she was changed

by Britain’s own local cultural context.

In Roman Britain, the ‘global’ concept of Medusa was adopted and adjusted by local contexts in a way that more closely fits the definition of ‘glocalization’ than ‘Romanization.’ I believe exploring this approach in my dissertation can improve our understanding of Romano-British art, religion and the people’s relationship with the rest of the Roman world.

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Ustinov Annual Conference 2020 Global health and human rights: exploring contemporary experiences of women Halima Akhter, Ayurshi Dutt and Tara MacMahon

The Ustinov Annual Conference (UAC), which took place virtually for the first time ever on Saturday, 27 June 2020, explored the contemporary experiences of women through the lens of global health and human rights. While it seems a truism that women should have access to health and human rights regardless of their age, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, women continue to fight for these rights in the modern era.

This year’s UAC provided an engaging platform for students, faculty, and practitioners alike to explore and assess— from a critical feminist perspective—the contemporary practices, gaps, and transformations in the aforementioned fields, wherein a gender-informed and rights-based perspective was threaded along the multiple and intersecting themes ensuing from the broader literature on global health and human rights. By employing a critical feminist and social justice lens, conference discussions and deliberations created a space for the reassessment and reconfiguring of UK and international theory, practice, and policy.

The keynote speaker was Dr Elham Amini, a Teaching Fellow in Durham University’s Department of Sociology. Dr Amini’s presentation, ‘Medicalisation, menopausal time and narratives of loss: Iranian Muslim women negotiating gender, sexuality and menopause in Tehran and Karaj’ detailed how Iranian Muslim menopausal women utilize loss narratives to cope with loss and despair, renegotiate their marital relationships, and embrace a new type of agency.

Dr Amini used robust feminist methodologies to conduct rich biographical interviews with menopausal women in Iran, exploring and contextualizing their gendered and sexual lived experiences. Her novel research also included a postcolonial feminist theoretical framework to debunk the victimhood narrative of Muslim women, and to illuminate a strong non-Western idea of agency. Dr Amini opened the floor to the conference participants on a high note of rigour and interest.

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Additionally, the conference featured presentations from current and former MA and PhD students alike. In the first session, Halima Akhter (Durham University) discussed the causes and impacts of mental stress among Bangladeshi female students, and Noor-E-Afroz

By employing a critical feminist and social justice lens, conference discussions and deliberations created a space for the reassessment and reconfiguring of UK and international theory, practice, and policy.

Promei (Shahjalal University of Science and Technology) discussed the sexual and reproductive health of Bangladeshi women. While some of these issues were specific to Bangladesh, the broader themes of mental and reproductive health resonated with a wider audience and engendered discussions about how to better serve women across the globe.

The second session of the conference featured presentations about the impacts of COVID-19 on global health and

human rights. Phoebe Coles (Durham University) opened the session by talking more broadly about how global health emergencies affect women’s rights and safety, especially those living in close proximity to their perpetrators. Caterina Milo (Durham University) then discussed abortion and informed consent in the age of COVID-19. Obviously, the outbreak of a global pandemic early in 2020 revealed not only the shortcomings of laws and institutions across the world, but also stimulated important conversations about how to better protect women amidst such dangerous and unpredictable circumstances.

In the last session, Zoe Tongue (Durham University) examined a human right to abortion through a reproductive justice approach, emphasizing the structural barriers that women face and arguing for an intersectional approach that recognizes the impact of race, class, and gender on reproductive health.

Together, these presentations demonstrated interesting and important research in the fields of global health and human rights, emphasized the pervasiveness of the difficulties that women face around the world, and offered potential solutions for the UAC’s audience members to ponder long after the conference’s conclusion.

Global Citizenship

The Ustinov Scholarly Journal

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Ustinov College Global Citizenship Programme: Review of 2019-2020 Martin Brader and Katie Stobbs

students in making Higher Education a diverse, inclusive and accessible place for all.

Ustinovians joined a Hawk Walk in November 2019, during which participants were introduced to a number of birds of prey at Houghall Farm and Woods, where they learnt about the key characteristics of these predatory birds, as well as how the birds are trained.

Café Scientifique hosted ‘Music of the Stars’ in February 2020, bringing together astronomy and music in the Durham University Observatory, in collaboration with student musicians and members of Durham University Astronomical Society.

Attendees were able to listen to some of Ustinov College’s talented musicians whilst observing the universe projected onto the ceiling of one of the social spaces.

In collaboration with the Seminar team, Café Scientifique co-hosted a seminar on ‘Climate Change in the Past and Present’ in February 2020 with Dr Dan Lawrence (Durham University), Dr Asuka SuzukiParker (Rissho University Kumagaya Campus, Japan) and Dr Olivia Woolley (Durham University). The interdisciplinary seminar brought together a range of perspectives from archaeology, law and climatology.

Ustinov College’s Global Citizenship Programme aims to build a strong academic community and scholarly programme at Ustinov College; to foster critical literacy, intercultural communication and interdisciplinarity; and to provide a space for ongoing exploration of global citizenship in theory and practice. This academic year, the Global Citizenship Programme has gone from strength-to-strength. A total of 40 events have been held across the University and wider community, including in Durham Miners’ Hall, Durham University Business School, the School of Government and International Affairs, the new Teaching and Learning Centre and the Oriental Museum, with the entire programme running online in Easter Term.

Across the programme, 1802 participants have engaged with and benefitted from GCP events in 2019/2020. Participants do not just come for a public lecture, but to take part in an open conversation.

Our activities benefit from interaction with community partners, including Durham County Council, Durham Miners’ Association and the Neville’s Cross Community Association. We are also delighted that the programme continues to offer a range of opportunities for our students to engage with diverse, interand multidisciplinary topics in a relaxed setting, which provide opportunities for growth, learning and experience-sharing.

Here, we provide a summary of these activities:

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Café Scientifique The first GCP event of the academic year was hosted by Café Scientifique: ‘The Equation of the Universe’ by Giorgio Manzoni (GCP Scholar), where he explained the origin of the universe and current knowledge of its evolution.

In October, Café Scientifique hosted a seminar for Black History Month on ‘What do scientists look like?’ by Dr Faith Uwadiae (Francis Crick Institute).

Dr Uwadiae’s research focusses on the immunological link between malaria and a form of cancer called Burkitt’s Lymphoma.

While scientists have known for more than fifty years that the two diseases are linked, the reasons thereof are still unknown.

Dr Uwadiae also shared her experiences as a black female scientist and underlined the importance of the roles of staff and

In May 2020, Café Scientifique hosted a seminar on ‘Brain Biases: what we don’t know about our minds’ with Dr Elisabetta Ronco (Universita Milano Bicocca) and Michelle Taylor (Durham University). This interactive online session included insights into unconscious bias, recurring biases, and how we attempt to mitigate the impact of these biases on our decisionmaking and interactions with others.

Café Politique In November 2019, Café Politique hosted their first event on the ‘US 2020 Democratic Party Primaries’ with colleagues from the School of Government and International Affairs. Dr Neil Visalvanich and Dr David Andersen discussed how the primaries work and who may win the nomination.

Café Politique also contributed to the College’s Black History Month events, including the Keynote Lecture by Professor David Olusoga OBE (University of Manchester) entitled ‘We need to talk about Windrush’ in December 2019 (rescheduled from October). The keynote lecture was delivered at the stunning Durham Miners’ Hall at Redhills, in collaboration with the Durham Miners’ Association and the Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Unit. Two hundred students and members of the local community gathered to listen to Professor Olusoga’s perspective on the Windrush Scandal.

Ustinov College collaborated with the DU Jewish Society and the University Chaplaincy Team to mark Holocaust Memorial Day and 75 years since the liberation of Auschwitz with a talk by Marta Josephs, the daughter of Holocaust survivor, Andrew Frenkel. Marta told her

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father’s story, emphasising the importance of the stories of survivors being passed down and the duty of the descendants of survivors to pass on those stories.

Café Politique hosted a second event with Dr Neil Visalvanich and Dr David Andersen on the complex US Impeachment process in January 2020. Attendees learnt about the purpose and history of impeachment in the USA, the politics and evidence behind President Trump’s impeachment, and what we could expect to see as the process progressed.

In February 2020, Café Politique hosted a discussion forum on Strike Action called by the Universities and Colleges Union (UCU), which provided opportunities to learn various perspectives on the strike action over informal conversation.

A seminar on ‘The Persian Gulf Sub-Region in Crisis: US-Iran Tensions 2019-2020’ was hosted online in May 2020. Professor Anoush Ehtesami (Durham University), a leading scholar on the Persian Gulf, shared insights into the background, development and future of the crisis.

In June 2020, Café Politique organised their final event of the year on ‘Peace in a Pandemic?’ This online seminar explored the impact of Covid-19 as a conflict interruption. The seminar was facilitated

by Professor Robert Mac Ginty (Durham University) and explored the possible impact of the coronavirus pandemic on ceasefires and peace processes.

Café des Arts In January 2020, Café des Arts organised a discussion panel on ‘Peace, Conflict and the Arts’. Speakers included Professor Jolyon Mitchell (University of Edinburgh), Dr Theodora Hawksley CJ, Dr Stephanie Kappler (Durham University) and Barrie Ormsby (Bearpark Arts Cooperative). The event incorporated themes of conflict, peacebuilding, artistic engagement with war and conflict, and the role of the arts in peace processes, as well as art as a medium to process trauma which arises from conflict globally.

Café des Arts organised a discussion panel on the important topic of ‘Decolonising Academia’ in June 2020, featuring a crossinstitutional panel of speakers, including Dr Jason Arday (Durham University), Dr Janine Bradbury (York St John), Dr Laura Layola-Hernandez (University of Leeds) and Kayombo Chingonyi (Durham University). The discussion included the importance of critical engagement with and the deconstruction of the ways in which knowledge and resources that we encounter are shaped by the impact of colonial power structures, alongside the sharing of experiences and challenging racism in academic settings.

In July, Café des Arts organised a ‘Crafts for Wellbeing’ workshop led by Sarah Dodds (Durham Centre for Academic Development) which provided an opportunity for a break from research activity, to meet fellow students and get creative. The session introduced

participants to Zentangle, which is a form of doodling whilst relaxing.

For their final event, Café des Arts hosted an online seminar ‘Sex Work: Advocacy, Organising and the Arts’ which explored cultural appropriation in the mainstream contemporary media, the relationship between sex work and the arts, and workers’ rights.

Ustinov Annual Conference In 2020, the Ustinov Annual Conference explored Global Health and Human Rights: Contemporary Experiences of Women. The Ustinov Annual Conference team has provided a separate review of the conference in this edition of The Pantomath, where further information about individual talks can be found. This was the fifth annual conference and the first to be held entirely online, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. The online format allowed contributions from Ustinovians across the globe including both alumni and current students.

The event incorporated themes of conflict, peacebuilding, artistic engagement with war and conflict, and the role of the arts in peace processes...

Ustinov Intercultural Forum Ustinov Intercultural Forum hosted their first event in November, with a celebration of Día de Muertos (Day of the Dead). This ancient celebration has pre-Hispanic roots and brings together food, culture and religion, together with the construction of a shrine to remember loved ones. The Ustinov College Day of the Dead shrine was entered into a global competition coordinated by the Mexican Embassy and the event was featured several Mexican newspapers. Attendees enjoyed learning about the celebrations, as well as the impromptu performance of Don Juan during the talk!

Ustinov Intercultural Forum have also organised Food Discussion Groups focussing on particular themes, such as Spicy or Hot? The sessions provide opportunities for students to discuss food within their own cultures, and to learn about others. Discussions have included contributions on Bangladeshi, Thai, Italian, Mexican and Indian cuisines.

In collaboration with colleagues at Durham University Oriental Museum, Ustinovians have also enjoyed a number of Object Handling Workshops. These sessions offer opportunities to handle a number of objects from the collections, usually focussed around a particular theme or activity, such as Ancient Egypt.

In February 2020, UIF hosted an event for International Mother Language Day which has been promoted by UNESCO to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. The event, co-hosted

by Charlotte Spink (Durham University) and Ahmed Shafquat Hassan (GCP Scholar) explored different written and oral expressions from around the world, with attendees sharing texts in their mother tongue alongside translations into English.

In recognition of the World Day for Cultural Diversity, the Ustinov Intercultural Forum hosted an online event for students to share their own cultural heritage.

Attendees learnt how cultural diversity is a driving force of development, not only with respect to economic growth, but also as a means of leading a more intellectually, emotionally, morally and spiritually fulfilling life.

Seminar Team In January 2020, the Seminar team hosted a talk on ‘Experiences of Trans Youth in Schools’ by Luke Armitage (Durham University). Luke spoke about his PhD research, which investigates UK schoolteachers’ attitudes towards transgender pupils. Luke provided an overview of the social context of marginalisation around transgender children, as well as why teachers’ approaches to transgender children are particularly important for wellbeing and attainment.

The second seminar organised by the Seminar Team in January 2020, ‘You know like in other languages they do it weirdly’, focussed on literary translation in the classroom for metalinguistic awareness and intercultural competence. Dr Clementine Beauvais (University of York) argued that through literary translation children mobilise pre-existing knowledge of language, as well as exploring the spaces between languages.

In May 2020, the Seminar team organised a seminar on ‘Online Learning: adapting education during the pandemic’ featuring contributions from Priyanka Bhatia (Durham University), Candace Nolan Grant (Durham University) and Terri Edwards (Durham University). The seminar focussed on the adaptation of learning environments following the Covid-19 pandemic to online classrooms, as well as the impact on teachers and students.

SUCCESS In November 2019, SUCCESS hosted a Careers Experience Panel which was a great opportunity for international students to learn about careers in the UK as an international graduate. The panel was made up of three recent graduates now working in the finance sector, who shared their personal experiences of careers in the UK. In collaboration with colleagues from the Careers, Employability and Enterprise Centre (CEEC), SUCCESS organised a Mock Assessment Centre during which page 25

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Ustinovians worked in groups to respond to a problem set by the facilitators, David Henderson and Dr Christine Bohlander.

The sixteen participants were able to practice their communication and teamwork skills through the small-group exercises.

SUCCESS was delighted to welcome Dr Peter Whitton from the Durham Centre for Academic Development to deliver a Time and Project Management Workshop.

Within the interactive session, participants practiced skills applicable to a range of projects, including their academic work, which would be applicable to a range of career settings.

SUCCESS has also organised a series of one-to-one CV Appointments with colleagues from CEEC, where students are able to receive support on the development of their CVs, and Careers Advisor Appointments with colleagues from Durham University Business School.

In March 2020, SUCCESS organised a guest lecture from Jeremy Cook OBE (Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Colleges and Student Experience, Durham University) on Leadership. Jeremy shared his experiences as a senior leader within the British Army and at Durham University to demonstrate a range of key characteristics of leadership. Jeremy provided an overview of leadership theory, followed by his own thoughts on leadership, including leadership styles, key leadership attributes, communication and emotional awareness. Following his talk, Jeremy welcomed questions from many of the sixty participants in attendance.

In collaboration with the Volunteering team, SUCCESS delivered an online careers experience event in May 2020 focussed on Careers in the Third Sector.

The panel discussion gave Ustinovians an opportunity to hear about the experiences of two guest speakers working at Citizens Advice and Cancer Research UK.

Volunteering Ustinov College hosted the Neville’s Cross Christmas Festival at Sheraton Park, which was organised by the Neville’s Cross Community Association in collaboration with the GCP Volunteering team and Graduate Common Room volunteers.

The event was generously supported by the Lottery Community Fund, County Durham Community Foundation and local councillors Liz Brown and Elizabeth Scott. The event attracted over 500 local community members, with a visit from Santa Claus and one of his reindeer, performances from local musical groups, and stalls from local craft producers.

In January 2020, Ustinovians also undertook fundraising activities for the Australian Bush Fire Relief Efforts including the sale of cakes and biscuits at the Sheraton Park site. The students managed to raise an impressive £450 through the bake sales under the title ‘Cakes for Koalas’.

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Our Volunteering team has also organised a series of Food Bank Collections for the Trussell Trust throughout the academic year. A Christmas food drive saw over 150 kg of much-needed food donated at collection points at our Sheraton Park and Dryburn Court sites. A further 65 kg of food was collected in June 2020, which was donated to PACT House Stanley. Ustinov College students have also donated an incredible 2000 sanitary products to help tackle period poverty in County Durham.

For the second year, Ustinov College and St Mary’s Colleges have collaborated with Durham County Council to deliver our Chinese Schools Volunteering Project.

This year has seen a huge growth in the numbers of volunteers, with over eighty students designing and delivering lessons to local schoolchildren. Sessions focus on Chinese language, culture and food and over 250 children in Bearpark, Silver Tree, Langley Moor, Shincliffe C of E, St Oswald’s and St Margaret’s schools have benefitted from the scheme.

This was a fabulous event with the Mayor of Durham, the Vice Chancellor of Durham University and the Lord Lieutenant of County Durham in attendance.

Our Chinese Schools Volunteering Project culminated in the Lunar New Year Festival at Durham Town Hall in February 2020.

This was a fabulous event with the Mayor of Durham, the Vice Chancellor of Durham University and the Lord Lieutenant of County Durham in attendance. We were thrilled that the Chinese Schools Volunteering project was shortlisted for Best Cultural Volunteering Award at the Durham University Volunteer Awards 2019/2020.

The Volunteering Team has also been involved in the organisation of seminars at Sheraton Park, such as ‘Greening Sheraton Park: Recycling Initiatives’. Speakers included representatives from the local Parish Council, the County Council Waste Recycling Team and our own Operations Team. There was a stimulating and passionate discussion about what can and should be done in relation to recycling and associated impacts on our own recycling efforts.

Music and Performance In October 2019, Music and Performance hosted an interactive African Drumming Workshop in collaboration with colleagues in the Durham University Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Unit. Participants were able to learn some basic drumming

techniques, facilitated by a professional instructor.

Music and Performance also organised an interactive North Indian Classical Music Workshop with professional musician Budhaditya Bhattacharyya in January 2020. During the session, Budhaditya provided a short talk on the construction and meaning of North Indian classical music in Indian culture, followed by an opportunity to ask questions about musical cultures and the role of music in society.

In collaboration with the GCR, the Music and Performance team co-hosted a Jazz Evening in Sheraton Park café, including performances from Butler Jazz. The evening began with a short overview of the origins of jazz, followed by an exciting live performance. At the interval, there was an opportunity for questions to the band, followed by a second set of jazz classics.

In June 2020, Music and Performance hosted an online webinar Seeking music in non-musical soundscapes across the globe with renowned documentary film maker, Petr Nuska (Prague Film School and Durham University). The session focussed on three topics: music in non-musical soundscapes, film language, and the people behind the camera.

Media and Publications Our Media and Publications team have been busy this year supporting a range of events and activities with their editorial and photographic skills. This year has also seen the relaunch of The Ustinovian following a break from publication. The hard work of the Media and Publications team has also seen the launch of the first edition of this publication – The Pantomath. The Pantomath is Ustinov College’s new scholarly journal and aims to showcase the breadth and depth of research and scholarly activity undertaken by the College’s students, staff, alumni and supporters.

Conclusion The Global Citizenship Programme continues to go from strength-to-strength with a broad and inclusive programme of activities and initiatives, which promote multi- and interdisciplinary conversation.

In particular, we would like to recognise the contributions of our scholars to the development, organisation and delivery of the programme, particularly during the challenging transition from face-to-face to online modes of delivery. It has been a pleasure to work alongside our scholars and we look forward to future events and activities next academic year.

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