Technique Magazine – June 2007

ANKLE INJURIES Evaluation and Treatment

EVENTS 2007

NOVEMBER

JUNE 8-10 14 14-17 14-17 20-28 21 -24 30-July 4

JO Championships (R) Men's Qualifier (M) Jeff Metzger Business Builders Workshop Region 3 Congress Region 8 Congress Trampoline & Tumbling National Championships (Tn Region 4 Congress Pan Am Games Selection Camp (W)

Hilliard, OH Colorado Springs, CO Atlanta, GA Plano, TX Atlanta, GA Memphis, TN Coralville, IA Houston, TX

Pan Am Games Training Camp (W) National Elite Qualifier (W) East Championships Rhythmic (R) World Gymnaestrada (G6) Pan American Games (M,W,R,TR) Freedom Cup (AG) Future Stars (R) West Championships Rhythmic (R) JO National Championships (AG) U.S. Classic/ Challenge (W)

Houston, TX Houston, TX Deerfield, Il Dornbirn, AUT Rio de Janeiro, BRA Palm Springs, CA Newark, CA Newark, CA Palm Springs, CA BOHle Creek, MI

Jeff Metzger Business Builders Workshop Region 6 Congress National Gymnastics Day J.O. National Team Training Camp (W) T& TScholorship Camp (TI) World University Games National Business Conference State & Reg. Chair Training (TT) Visa Championships (M/W/R/AG) National Congress and Trade Show World Championships Training Camp (W) World Cup -Russia (TI)

Newton, MA Newton, MA Colorado Springs, CO Three Rivers, MI Bangkok, THA San Jose, CA San Jose, CA San Jose, CA San Jose, CA Houston, TX Sf. Petersburg, RUS

World Cup - Poland (TT) World Championships (M,W) Stars & Stripes Cup/ IAGC Team Trial (IT) World Championships (RI Region 5 Congress Jr. Japan Competition (W) Jeff Metzger Business Builders Workshop Region 7 Congress

Zelona-Gura StuHgart, 6ER Birmingham, Al Patras, GRE Indianapolis, IN Yokohama, JPN King of Prussia, PA King of Prussia, PA

National TOPs Testing (W) World Champs. Team Training Camp (TT) National Team Training Camp (AG)

Houston, TX lake Placid, NY Houston, TX

2-4 7-9 7-11 7-11 20-25 25-Dec 7

World Championships (IT) International Age-Group Competition (TI) Future Stars National Championships (M) NatiQnal Coaches Workshop (M) Jr. Pan American Championships (M/W) Olympic Test Event

Quebec City, CAN Quebec City, CAN Colorado Springs, CO Colorado Springs, CO Guatemala Beijing, CHN

TOPs ACamp (W) TOPs BCamp (W) JumpStart National Testing (Tn

Houston, TX Houston, TX TBD

DECEMBER 1-5 5-9 7-8

JULY 4-6 6-8 7-8 8-14 13-29 20-22 21 21-22 22-26 27-29

AUGUST 2 3-5 4 9-12 5-11 12-21 15 15 15-18 16-18 20-26 25-26

OCTOBER 5-7 23-28 TBD

MARCH 29-30

Tyson American Cup level 9/ 10 State Championships (W)

TBD Various sites

Pacific Alliance (W, M, R, n level 9/10 Regional Championships (W)

TBD Various sites

level 9 East & West Championships (W) JO National Championships (W) Visa Championships (M, R, n U.S. Classic

TBD Kissimmee, Fl TBA Virginia Beach, VA

Visa Championships (W) u.s. Olympic Team Trials - Gymnastics Notional Congress and Trade Show

TBD Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia, PA

Olympic Games

Beijing, CHN

APRIL

SEPTEMBER 1-2 1-9 13-16 19-23 20-23 23-26 27 28-30

2008

2 TECHNIQUE路

JUNE 2007

3-5 18-20

MAY 9-11 16-18 22-24 TBD

JUNE 5-7 19-22 19-21

AUGUST 8-24

W= Women M=Men AG = Acrobatic Gymnastics

R= Rhythmic GG = Group Gymnastics B= Business

NOTE: Dates find events sufliect to dHmge or cancellatian.

TR = Trampoline TU = Tumbling 1T = Trampoline/ Tumbling

JUNE

2007 •

VOLUME

27 •

#6

PUBLISHER

Steve Penny EDITOR

Luan Peszek GRAPHIC DESIGNER

Zemetria Barnes-Perry USA GYMNASTICS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE CHAIR: Ron Froehlich; PRESIDENT: SIeve Penny; VICE CHAIR WOMEN: Tom KolI; VICE CHAIR MEN: Yoichi Tomilo; VICE CHAIR RHYTHMIC: Andreo Schmid, VICE CHAIR TRAMPOLINE: Poul Porillo; VICE CHAIR ACRO·GYMNASTlCS: Tonyo Cose; SECRETARY: Gory Anderson; TREASURER: Bob Wood; FIG REPS: Bob Colorossi (Execulive Committee I, Ron Froehlich (Aud~orl. Tonyo Cose (Acrobolic Gymnaslics Technicol CommiHeel ond John Roelhlisberger (Alhlele Rep.l. AT lARGE MEMBERS: SIeve Butcher, Dovid Holcomb; ATHLm DlREGORS: Kim Zmeskol·BurdeHe, John Roelhlisberger, Coroline Hunt, Karl Heger, USOC ATHLm DIRECTOR: Lorissa Fontaine.

USA GYMNASTICS BOARD OF DIRECTORS CHAIR: Ron Froehlich; PRESIDENT: SIeve Penny; PRESIDENT EMERITUS: Sondy Knopp, Mike Donohue; TREASURER: Bob Wood; SECRETARY: Gory Anderson; VICE CHAIR WOMEN: Tom KolI; VICE CHAIR MEN: Yoichi Tomilo; VICE CHAIR RHYTHMIC: Andreo Schmid, VICE CHAIR TRAMPOLINE: Poul Porillo; VICE CHAIR ACRO·GYMNASTICS: Tonyo Cose; PUBLIC SEGOR: Bill Hyb!, Bob Wood; AMATEUR ATHlETIC UNION: Ron Ferris; AMERICAN SOKOL ORGANIZATION: Jerry Milon; AMERICAN TURNERS: Belly Heppner; COLLEGE GYMNASTICS ASSOCIATlON·MEN: Fronds Allen; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE COACHES·WOMEN: Mork Cook; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR GIRLS AND WOMEN IN SPORT: Marilyn Slrawbridge; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOMEN'S GYMNASTICS JUDGES: Corole Ide; NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHlETIC ASSOCIATlON·MEN: Yoshi Hoyasoki; NATIONAL FEDERATION OF STATE HIGH SCHOOL ASSOCIATIONS: Becky Ookes; NATIONAL GYMNASTICS JUDGES ASSOCIATlON·MEN: Butch Zunich; NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL GYMNASTICS COACHES ASSOCIATION: Morgie Confield; U.S. ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT GYMNASTICS CLUBS: Poul Ziert; U.S. ELITE COACHES ASSOCIATlON·MEN: Thom Glielmi; U.S. ElITE COACHES ASSOCIATION· WOMEN: SIeve Rybocki Tony Gehmon; U.s. MEN'S GYMNASTICS COACHES ASSOCIATION: Tim Klempnouer; U.S. RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS COACHES ASSOCIATION: SUlie DiTullio; YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE USA: Cosey Koenig; NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHlETIC ASSOCIATION· WOMEN: Meg Slephenson; NATIONAL MEMBERSHIP DlREGORS MEN: Mike Burns, Abie Grassfeld; RHYTHMIC: Ivonko Kirov, Michelle Lorson; WOMEN: kelli Hill, Tom Forster; TRAMPOLINE: Shoun Kemplon, Dr. George Drew; ACRO·GYMNASTICS: Undo Porter, Joy Binder; ATHLETES COUNCil Mohini Bhordwoj, Kim Zmeskol·BurdeHe, Lorisso Fonloine, Korl Heger, Jessico Howord, Coroline Hunl, Jomie Morshik, SIeve McCoin, Shonnon Miller, Michoel Rodrigues, Joy Thornlon, USOC Alhlele Rep.; Lor~so Fonloine, Execulive Boord Member John Roelhl;,berger. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS: JEWISH COMMUNITY CENTERS, Lori Kotz; SPECIAL OLYMPICS, Kate Fober·Hickie; U.S. COMPETmVE AEROBICS FEDERATION, Haword Schwortz

FEATURES 6 Back Pain in a Gymnast 10 Ankle Injuries: Can I return and how soon?

14 Lighting the Fire Enhancing and Maintaining Your Athlete's Motivation

20 Online Giving

6

Using the Web is a fun , easy way to rai se money for the Children 's Miracle Network

DEPARTMENTS 2 4 22 24 26 30 34 38

Event Schedule USA Gymnastics Message Athlete Focus Education Member Services Update Congress Information Hall of Fame Congress and Visa Championships Schedule of Events 42 What's New 46 Classifieds 48 Safety Certification Schedule

CHANGE OF ADDRESS ANDSUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES: In order 10 ensure uninlerrupled delivery 01 TECHNJQUE mogoline, nolice 01 chonge 01 oddress should be mode eighl weeks in odvonce. For loslesl service, pleose endose your presenl moiling lobel. Direct oil subscriplion moil 10 TE(HNIQUE Subscriplions, USA Gymnoslics, 201 S. Copilol Ave., Sle. 300, lndionopol~, IN 46225.

24

14

TECHNIQUE is published monlhly excepl bimonthly in Sept/Oct ond Nov/ Oec by USA Gymnoslin, Pon Amencon Plena, Suile 300, 201 South Copilol Avenue, Indionopolis, IN 46225 (phone: 317·237·50501 or vM online @ www.IIO·~tiu.or9 Subscriplion prices: U.S.-S25 per year; (onodo/ Mexico-S4B per year; all olher loreign counlries-S60 per yeor. II ovoiloble, bock issue single copies S4 plus posloge!hondling.

All reasonable core will be loken, bUI no responsibility con be assumed lor unsoliciled moleriol; endose relurn posloge. Copyrighl 2006 by USA Gymnastics ond TE(HNIQUE All rights reserved. Prinled by Sport Graphics, Indionopolis, IN. Member Services 1·800·345-4719

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www.usa-gymn astics .org COVER: KEVIN TAN PHOTOGRAPHER

©

STEVE LAN GE

JUlIE 1007 • TECHHIQUE

3

•

USA GYMNASTICS

MESSAGE

READY OR NOT, THE TIME FOR THE ANNUAL GATHERING OF THE GYMNASTICS COMMUNITY is just around the corner, and if you haven't already made your plans, the time is now!

This August, the country's top gymnasts and the sport's coaches, instructors, judges, gym club owners and industry leaders are heading to San Jose for the 2007 USA Gymnastics National Congress and Trade Show and the Visa Championships in San Jose, Calif. The San Jose McEnery Convention Center will play host to the National Congress and Trade Show from Aug. 16-18, and the HP Pavilion, home to the San Jose Sharks, is the site for the Visa Championships, Aug. 15-18.

The stage is set for an exdting four days in San Jose. The 2007 Visa Championships features competition in men's and women's artistic, rhythmic and acrobatic gymnastics. With berths to the World Championships on the line in both artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, the competition level is guaranteed to be top notch . This year's National Congress theme is "Gymnastics Excellence Through Education" to celebrate the launch of USA Gymnastics University. We expect this year's National Congress to be one of the organization's best, with a strong line up of informative and educational sessions, a filled-to-capacity marketplace and ancillary activities.

Congress attendees receive special opportunities for tickets to the Visa Championships. Through July 15, Congress registrants may purchase all-session tickets for artistic gymnastics at the Visa Championships at the discounted rate of $99 for P2 Level seating and $199 for Pl Level seating. This offer is only for Congress attendees and while supplies last. Lower bowl seating is close to selling out. Order now to get the best seats! National Congress registrants receive complimentary entry into the Rhythmic and Acrobatic competitions, which are held at the Convention Center.

National Travel Systems can take care of your hotel and other travel needs. This is a city-wide convention and we have secured hotel rooms in more than seven hotels in order to accommodate all of our attendees. According to National Travel Systems, our room block is filling up quickly so we recommend you make your reservations and travel arrangements as soon as you finalize your travel dates.

So, what's in store for you in San Jose? A lot!

As in past years, the USA Gymnastics National Congress and Trade Show offers a wide spectrum of educational sessions, a 200-booth Exhibit Hall and social opportunities, along with workshops, exams and certification.

With the emphasis on the importance of education, there is something for everyone through the 12 separate session tracks over the three-day period: more than 45 sessions, covering all levels, for the women's program; a full-track for men's gymnastics; and multiple sessions for rhythmic, acrobatic and general gymnastics and trampoline and tumbling. Sessions are also included for preschool! recreational gymnastics, children with spedal needs, fitness and sports science. A total of 165 educational sessions are available. In addition , the program offers a full component of business sessions, as well as the annual Business Conference.

Attendees can earn educational credits for USA Gymnastics University.

The Congress also includes safety/risk management certifications; committee meetings; judges sessions, courses and exams; instructor training; state chair and regional chair workshops; etc.

"Preschool Fundamentals Hands on Training Course," also known as HOT, makes its debut.

The Exhibit Hall features 200 booths offering equipment, supplies, apparel, educational materials, awards, electronics, technology, novelties, risk management solutions and more, as well as the very popular MEGA Raffle. The raffle has a total value prize package of more than $40,000. Drawings will take place in the Exhibit Hall during the three days of Congress at lunch breaks and the end of the Congress day. All Congress registrants receive a ticket for the MEGA raffle, which is sponsored by the U. S. Gymnastics Suppliers Association.

On the sodal side, don't miss the annual Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony and luncheon or the Congress dance party.

Fan activities are also being planned during the week in San Jose, including fitness-related fun and fan-interactive areas before competition. Look for more details soon!

This is just a quick preview of what waits for you in San Jose. More information on the 43rd USA Gymnastics National Congress and Trade Show and the Visa Championships is available in this issue. Speakers and topics, a list of exhibitors and the schedule for the National Congress and Trade Show, along with tickets and schedule information for the Visa Championships, also are available at www.usa-gymnastics.org.

See you in San Jose - I know you know the way!

~~ Kathy Feldmann Vice President - Member Services National Congress & Trade Show Director

4

TECHNIQUE' JUNE 2007

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BaGk Pain In a

Gymnast An understanding of its cause and treatment

By David Kruse, M.D. Former Senior Men's National Team Member Resident - Long Beach Memorial Family Medicine Incoming Fellow - Sourh Bend Sports Medicine Fellowship

6

TECHNIQUE路 JUNE 2007

.

Intro d llctlon

I

k we all know, gymnastics requires a level of fitness and total body control that is

rarely matched by other sports. As a result of this, there are many different injuries that can hamper a gymnast's training, competition schedule, and ultimately their career. In particular, the back can be a common source of injury in gymnastics.

Back pain has long been recognized as a major reason for doctor visits in the general population, and is the most common type of pain reported by adults. These reports result in medical costs amounting to billions of dollars annually. 1,2 Recently, more attention has been brought to the high prevalence of back pain in children, more common than previously thought, with multiple medical studies showing back pain in 3050% of adolescents studied. 3,4,5 In many sports, including gymnastics, the prevalence of low back injury is even higher. 6,7,8,9 Studies have shown that in female and male artistic gymnasts the rates of low back pain can be as high as 75% to 85%, respectively. 10 For rhythmic gymnasts, one study published in 1999 showed reports of low back pain in 86% of the gymnasts studied. 11 Consequently, for coaches, it is important to know how to recognize back pain, common causes, and how to facilitate the full recovery of your gymnasts.

Understanding Back Pain I Before you begin to understand your gymnast's back pain, you need to have a grasp of the anatomy of the back and how it works. The low back, or lumbar spine, is composed of 5 venebrae, LI through L5, and are stacked in between the thoracic vertebrae above and the sacrum below. In between each vertebra lies an intervertebral disc, a fluid-filled sac. The spinal column lies behind the vertebral body and discs, through which the nerves from the spinal cord run. These nerves leave the spinal column between each vertebra and control the sensation and strength of our lower body, including pain. (Figure I) Surrounding the spinal structures are muscles, running up and down and in the front and back of the spine, that provide support and stability. In general, these include the abdominal and psoas muscles in front and the erector spinae muscles in back. The spine allows for the trunk to flex (forward bend) , extend (back bend), side flex (side bend), and rotate (twist). Most of these occur at the joints of the back, called facet joints.

The flexion and extension of the spine occurs mostly at the lower two lumbar vertebrae, L4 and L5.

Combined movements, such as extension with rotation, as well as repetitive movements have the highest potential for injury.12 With just this knowledge, it becomes obvious why many gymnasts suffer from low back pain.

IHow to Recognize Low Back Pain Depending on the cause of the back pain, your gymnast may complain of a variety of different symptoms. Most commonly for gymnasts, though, onset is gradual and activity-related, worse with extension of the lumbar spine. The pain is usually on one side of the low back and will sometimes be associated with buttock pain . This article will focus on the common causes of back pain in gymnasts but it is important to know how to recognize signs of more dangerous causes of back pain for which your athlete should seek more immediate medical attention. These would include: fever, loss of balance, numbness or weakness, and loss of control of urine or stool.

Also, constant pain not related to their gymnastics activity and night pain should prompt a more immediate doctor's visit. 6,13, 14

I Causes of Low Back Pain As the high prevalence of low back pain in children continues to become more recognized, medical studies have provided additional information on the common causes of this pain. Spondylolysis, in particular, has been recognized as a very common condition in relation to low back pain in the adolescent sports population and is a common cause of these symptoms in gymnasts. 9,15,16 The following discussion will focus on spondylolysis, as well as an associated injury, spondylolisthesis. Other possible causes oflow back pain in gymnasts will be briefly mentioned.

Figure 1.

JUNE 2007 • TECHNIQUE

7

o

o

Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

I

o

and consequently your athlete's doctor may not be able to provide an exact reason for the back pain. 13 A thorough biomechanical examination is important to find out what muscles may be too weak and/or too tight which may be the cause of this pain.

Facet Syndrome - The facet joints are where one vertebrae moves on another. Just like any other joint in the body, the facet joints can become aggravated causing pain. This, like spondylolysis, usually occurs from forceful extension and rotation motions. 14 Scoliosis - This is an abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine that is routinely screened for during doctor well-child visits, as well as in schools. Scoliosis causes back pain in approximately 30% of children who have the diagnosis. Children who have pain are usually older than 15 years, have mature bones, have started their menstrual cycle and have a history of trauma. 18 Consequently, a couple falls from the beam or high bar may unmask previously undiagnosed scoliosis.

Other potential causes: Intervertebral disc injury, herniated vertebral disc, vertebral growth plate injury, and Scheuermann's disease. 9,1 3, 19 Life-threatening causes: Diskitis, Osteomyelitis, and Cancer.

These are rare but can result in more serious outcomes. 13, 19

We should start by discussing the definition of these conditions to better understand the mechanism behind injury and the subsequent pain and disability. Spondylolysis can be defined as a defect or o fracture of a part of the vertebrae near where one vertebra connects to another. Spondylolisthesis is a spondylolysis that has shown slippage of one vertebra forward on another. 6 Treatment The significant prevalence of spondylolysis in children is becoming As a coach, it is important to have a good understanding of the initial more recognized and one medical study showed that 5% of children treatment and subsequent rehabilitation that is necessary for a back by the age of 6 will have this back defect. 17 The Team Physician's injury so that your expectations for when your athlete returns to full Handbook, states an even higher incidence for female gymnasts, citing activity are accurate and safe for the athlete. The treatment discussed a probable 10-11 % incidence, and possibly an even higher risk in here will be focused on the management of spondylolysis. All of the rhythmic gymnastics. 6 This type of injury usually is a result of repetitive principles listed below should be planned and implemented by your hyperextension, hence the increased incidence in gymnastics. athlete's medical team, i.e. physician, physical therapist, certified As mentioned before, the greatest degree of extension occurs at L4 athletic trainer, chiropractor, etc. and L5 and consequently the majority of spondylolysis injuries will occur in this area of the spine. Your gymnast will complain of back Initial Therapy pain at the site of injury or fracture and will sometimes be associated A spondylolysis injury will usually heal and resolve if the athlete's with buttock pain. The symptoms are activity-related and common activity is modified. However, if no treatment is pursued, it can cause skills that might exacerbate spondylolysis injuries are: back walkover persistent pain and progress to a slipped vertebra. or back handspring, vaulting skills, any rebounding or punching skill, The initial treatment should have a goal of protecting the injured ring giant swing, release-move tap, and dismount landings, to name a vertebrae.

This is done by restricting the gymnast's activity to avoid few. (Figure 2) further irritation or insult to the injury. Activity modification should If these symptoms are identified in your gymnast, the next be dictated by the athlete's doctor, physical therapist, or athletic trainer. step should be an evaluation by their physician. Their doctor Together with this modified activity, pain and inflammation can be will ask detailed questions regarding the history of the injury treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and complete a comprehensive exam. Initial drugs (as directed by the physician), icing, imaging study usually includes simple back and electro-stimulation with the addition of x-rays. The clinician may then choose more TAKE HOME POINTS heat therapy after the initial inflammation has advanced studies including SPECT (single resolved. Bed rest, if needed, should be limited photon emission computed tomography) scan, 1. low back pain occurs in to no more than two days. The doctor may approximately 80% of gymnasts . thin-cut CT scan or MRl of the lumbar spine. elect to put your gymnast in a special brace 6,9 Depending on the results of the imaging 2. Spondylolysis, a vertebral to help control pain and promote healing. studies and if a diagnosis of spondylolysis is stress fracture, is a common back Initial therapeutic exercises are focused on given, your gymnast will need a structured injury in gymnastics. controlling pain, avoiding deconditioning treatment plan that will be discussed below. and restoring overall function. These exercises 3 . Spondylolysis occurs with should be done under the direction of a Other Causes of Back Pain repetitive hyperextension certified physical therapist or certified athletic and rotation.

The following is a brief discussion of other trainer. 9,14,20 causes of back pain in gymnasts. The goal 4. Early diagnosis and treatment should be to familiarize yo urself with these with a well-planned rehabilitation Rehabilitation terms in order to have some exposure should program and smart return to full As pain improves, your ' athlete will be your athlete suffer from any of these: activity provides your gymnast progressed through a more intensive therapy with the greatest chance for full o Nonspecific back pain (Mechanical Back program. and efficient recovery.

The goal of the program should Pain)- An exact diagnosis for the back pain be to improve strength ~ continue on p.44 may not be found in up to 78% of children

I

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8

TECHNIQUE

0

JUNE 2007

Ankle Injuries: Can I return and how soon?

By John Locke, MS, LAT, ATe St. Vincent Sports Medicine

~ St.Vincent

~ Sports Performance Center

t SPORT- OF GYMNASTICS LENDS ITSELF TO ANKLE INJURIES. With Landings from Large heignts and often with rotation and onto unstabLe surfaces, the possibLe occurrence of ank e injuries increases with every event. The LateraL (outside portion) ankLe sprain is a very common injury. Such sprains constitute 15% of aLL sports injuries. The LateraL ankLe consists 6 thr e Ligaments, which are tissues that connect bone to bone and assist with joint stabiLization . In Figure 1 the anatomicaL structures on the LateraL aspect most commonLy injured can be viewed .

If an injury has occurred to the ankLe, how can it be assessed properLy? Certain physioLogicaL responses take pLace after a trauma to the body. Five cardinaL signs of inflammation can be observed. Heat, pain, sweLLing, redness and Lack of motion in the body part wiLL be observed as the body is trying to respond to the trauma. These signs wiLL occur in different calcaneus Cnlcanoo-f1bular Ilgamont intensities due to the severity of the injury. The worse the injury is; the more intense the signs are going to be for the athLete. Figure I. There wiLL be more sweLLing noticed, more pain detected and so on . The sooner an injury is assessed and treated the recovery time is generally reduced. AthLetic trainers, physicians, physician assistants and physician extenders are great resources for assessment and treatment of injuries. Without proper evaLuation and treatment, which includes rehabiLitation, an athLete's return to practice and/ or competition can be Lengthened.

ALL of the articles currentLy pubLished advocate the use of PRICE (protection, rest, ice, compression and eLevation) after a trauma. This is the best and most productive advice for an ankLe injury. The most effective method to ice an ankLe is totaL immersion in coLd (45-55 degrees) water. This method guarantees the entire ankLe is receiving the effects of coLd. A vaLid time frame for this treatment is 20 minutes in the coLd and 40 minutes out of the coLd (20 minutes every hour). FoLLowing a short immobiLization period (depending on the severity of the injury), motion of the ankLe needs to be performed. ~ continue on p.12

10

rfCHII'QUf. JUNE 2007

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~ continued

from p.10 Range of motion is vital to the rehabilitation process and the capability of the ath lete to return to competition. Throughout the range of motion, let pain be your guide. An easy method to improve range of motion (ROM) is to draw the alphabet with your big toe.

This will promote all motions needed for the ankle. You should also try to increase your repetitions per day and intensity of those repetitions.

Balance is an area forgotten after ankle sprains. Especially with gymnastics, this is a vital portion of the ankle rehabilitation.

Initially the athlete needs to be able to stand on the injured leg (Figure 2) , followed by more specific exercises that relate to gymnastics. A few examples are balancing on an uneven surface (Figure 3) , including hand and opposite leg movements consistent with performance on the floor, the balance beam movements and landing

12 TECHNIQUE. JUNE 2007

a jump from the vault. Once again the intensity can be increased as the athlete becomes more effective with each exercise.

Along with concentrating on balance activities, the flexibility of the achilles' tendon is important. Prior to and after routines, an achilles' tendon stretch needs to be performed (Figure 4) . The achilles' tendon has a tendency to become tight after an athlete has been limping or guarding the injured ankle.

The next component to focus on is the strength of the muscles that support and move the ankle. The ankle has four distinctive motions. Dorsiflexion (pull toes toward athlete), plantarflexion (toes pointed down), inversion (toes point in) , and eversion (foot rotates outward). The motions were addressed earlier with performing Figure 5. the alphabet to improve the ROM. It is now time to strengthen those muscles.

Simple calf raises (Figure 5) can strengthen the gastrocnemius/ soleus complex (calf); eversion exercises (Figure 6) will strengthen the peroneals group, both of which are vital in ankle stabilization. The strengthening exercises need to work in harmony with the balance, landing and functional activities to be productive for the athlete. These components of ankle rehabilitation must work together to achieve success.

As the athlete continues with the rehabilitation process, it is very important to recreate movements and activities that represent the movements and activities of gymnastics. The athlete needs to be comfortable and confident in the activities they are expected to perform during practice and competition . An example of this is to practice landing on a mat that simulates the landing from the vault, uneven bars or balance beam . The athlete must progress from minimal pressure exerted on the landing to landing from the appropriate heights and speeds. This portion of the rehabilitation can be referred to as functional progression.

During this progression , the athlete needs to perform functional exercises as they physically improve. Functional exercises are described as exercises that allow the athlete to return to, or enhance, a particular

task; in this case gymnastics. The simple question the athlete must keep in mind is, "does this resemble the activity I want to enhance?" By combining sport activities and balance exercises along with the areas of strengthening, the athlete can progress at a rapid pace towards returning to competition.

When does the athlete know they are ready to return to practice and more importantly, competition? In order to

answer thi s question , standard guidelines must be followed. The athlete needs to have full (normal) range of motion of the ankle, no pain with activity, and minimal swelling around the traumatized area.

Additionally, all functional activities need to be able to be performed at a competition level and intensity. It is important to the success of the athlete to be able to feel confident in the gymnastics activities prior to attempting them in a competition .

If during the rehabilitation program the athlete has been successful in all gymnastics activities, he/ she will already be comfortable with the expectations of competition since those activities have already been performed. After a complete and comprehensive rehabilitation program, an athlete can return to the pre-injury level of competition with success and confidence in hi s/her ankle. These exercises need to be used as a preventative measure after the return to competition to help prevent and minimize further problems with the ankle. X 51. ViJ/cent Hospilal aJ/d 51. ViJ/cenl 5pOlts PeljomJaJ/ce ill IJ/diaJ/apolis, IJ/d., m~ official service providers 10 USA GymJ/astics. Call 317415-5747 or lIisil bttp:! I sportspeIjoI1lJallce.stviJ/ceJ/t.org

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Lighting the Ftre: Enhancing and Maintaining Your Athletes' Motivation { By Brian C. Hite, M.S., and Alison Arnold, Ph .D}

14

TEeHlt/QUE路 JUNE 2007

otivation is essential for athletes to realize their potential; however, at times their motivation appears extremely elusive and can fluctuate seemingly without warning. The goals of this article are to describe two theoretical frameworks that may be useful for understanding as well as preventing motivational decline; describe several coaching behaviors that can positively influence athlete motivation; and present some practical motivationenhancing techniques.

Self-Determination Theory Self-Determination Theory (SDT) posits that motivation should be viewed as a continuum and that intrinsic motivation (i.e. participating in a behavior purely out of enjoyment of the activity) is directly related to the perceived satisfaction of three basic human needs: autonomy (the belief that our behaviors are consciously chosen), competence (the feeling that our efforts are effective), and relatedness (the sense that we are an accepted member of a group) (Deci & Ryan, 1985). That is, intrinsic motivation occurs when we believe that we are in control of our own destinies, that our behaviors are effective, and that we are accepted by our peers.

Achievement Goal Theory Another theoretical framework that has been used to evaluate and predict motivation is achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989).

Whereas SDT emphasizes the perceived satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, achievement goal theory addresses how these perceptions, particularly of competence, come to exist. Achievement goal theory posits that there are two primary ways in which competence is determined by an individual in a given situation. Athletes utilizing a task-mastery goal orientation tend to evaluate their competence in terms of factors over which they have control, such as individual improvement, effort, perseverance, and new skill acquisition.

Athletes with an ego-centered goal orientation, on the other hand, tend to evaluate their competence in terms of how

their performances compare to those of their peers. That is, beating other people, outperforming their peers, and achieving better results with less effort are indicative of success to individuals with an ego goal orientation. Though some sport psychology professionals have advocated the use of both task-mastery and ego oriented goals (Steinberg, et al., 2000), the majority of the literature suggests that task-mastery goals are more effective than ego-oriented goals and that, unless competence levels are high , an athlete's focus on ego oriented goals can have a detrimental effect on her levels of motivation, effort, performance, persistence, and confidence (Burton, et al., 2001; Duda & Hall, 2001).

Coaching Behaviors That Increase Autonomy and Competence Developing and nurturing athletes' perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness as well as understanding athletes' goal orientations has been shown to playa key role in the development and maintenance of intrinsic motivation, and as coaches our behavior has a significant impact on whether or not our athletes perceive their basic needs to be satisfied as well as the type of goal orientation they adopt (Gagne, et al., 2003; Hollembeak & Amorose, 2005). In an excellent review of the impact that coaching philosophies and behaviors have on athletes' motivation, Mageau and Vallerand (2003) suggest seven general coaching behaviors that promote need satisfaction and thus, intrinsic motivation . ~ Provide athletes with choices within a structured environment. Choices allow athletes to feel a valuable sense of control and have been empirically demonstrated to strengthen intrinsic motivation (Lutz, et al., 2003).

~ Provide athletes with reasons for rules and activities. When athletes understand the rationale behind the limitations or activities to which they are subjected, they tend to internalize these aspects of their environment making the activities more meaningful and increasing their levels of commitment, effort, and persistence. ~ Acknowledge the athlete's feelings and point of view. This behavior demonstrates to athletes that their coaches view ~

~ Avoid controlling behaviors. Three types

in parenting, educational, and athletic settings has clearly shown time and again that the opposite is true (see Mageau & Vallerand, 2003). These types of controlling behaviors serve no purpose but to increase fear and anxiety and decrease self-esteem, confidence, motivation, and performance. Because of the deleterious effect that these behaviors may have on an athlete's overall well-being, coaches should maintain a vigilant watch for any behaviors, either their own or thei r colleagues', that fall into this category. ~ Provide athletes with a task-mastery environment. As mentioned before, egocentered climates, or those that encourage athletes to evaluate their competence in terms of the performances of their peers, "Having some sort of motto or can result in lower levels of effort, commitment, persistence, motivation, and gesture that identifies an individual as an performance. In order to maximize the accepted member of the team is a powerfu I perceptions of autonomy and competence that lead to intrinsic motivation, taskway to foster a sense of belongi ng. , , oriented aspects of performance directly under the athlete's control, such as effort, improvement, and attitude should ~ Provide athletes with non-controlling message that an activity is not interesting be emphasized and comparisons between feedback . Feedback should focus on or enjoyable in and of itself, limiting should be abandoned. athletes behaviors to those specifically required conveying positive, useful information to earn the reward, and fostering an egoand realistic and appropriate expectations Enhancing Task-Mastery, centered goal orientation. rather than on prompting the athlete to Unfortunately, like material rewards, Autonomy, Competence, and perform the activity again or on vague, too psychologically controlling behaviors are Relatedness in the Gym low, or unrealistically high expectations. also common occurrences. Many coaches Warm-up chosen and led by athletes.

The former enhances intrinsic motivation believe that yelling at, withdrawing Obviously this should be done with the by fostering autonomy and competence affection from, belittling, and / or guidance of the coach, but the choice while the controlling aspects of the embarrassing their athletes will positively of activity and the conversations between latter may decrease motivation as well as motivate these athletes when research teammates that produce the ultimate ~ hinder performance. them as thinking and feeling individuals rather than as anonymous athletes over which the coach has absolute power and influence. Validating athletes' thoughts and feelings helps them feel as though their opinions and feelings are being respected and taken into consideration. ~ Provide athletes with opportunities to take initiative and to work independently.

When athletes participate in an activity because they choose to rather than because they are told to, activities become more personally meaningful thus contributing to perceived levels of autonomy and competence.

of controlling behaviors are physical (i .e. controlling the physical environment and/ or materials to which the individual has access) , psychological (i.e. statements or actions that elicit guilt, make acceptance contingent on certain behaviors, belittle, or embarrass) , and reward-based (i.e. offering rewards for desired behaviors) .

Though it is believed to be a valuable tool by many coaches, the promise of material rewards for desired behavior should be used sparingly as a motivational tool, since it has been shown to decrease intrinsic motivation by sending the

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decisions can give the athletes a sense of choice and belonging.

Allowing athletes freedom to work on skills of their choice. Again, this should be done within the framework of the overall tea m goals; however, allowing the athlete to choose what ski lls they spend a given amo unt of time on fosters autonomy by communicating to the athletes that they are responsible for their own improvement and fosters compete nce by allowing them to perform any skills that either need work or help them feel as though they are good at what they are doing.

Encouraging athletes to attempt brand new skills. Enco uraging kids to confront their fears and to co me out of their comfort zone, even just a little, helps promote competence. Furthermore, allowing them to choose when or if they attempt these new skills contributes to perceived autonomy.

Create games during practice rotations and conditioning that require teamwork to succeed- An example of this wou ld be a casting game on bars where casts to a certain height earn a given number of points, and the team works t ogether to achieve a pre-determined number of poi nts in a specified amount of time; or an obstacle co urse for co nditioning that is the result of each member of the team suggesting one element apiece.

Creating a team slogan, motto, handshake, etc. Having some sort of motto or gesture that identifies an individual as an accepted member of the team is a powerful way to foster a sense of belongi ng.

Organize field trips outside of the gym- This allows athletes to interact about different thi ngs in a different setting, t hereby strengthening the friendships of team members.

Encourage goal-setting for practice and competition- This is important, and while the ath letes definitely need to choose their own goals, the coach should review these goals and help the athlete modify t hem so that the goals are positive, realistic, and task (as opposed to ego) oriented.

Reinforce effort, attitude, and improvement rather than scores. When possible, it is preferab le to avoid making a big deal about outcomes that are due to external sources.

For exa mple, while a score or where athletes place at a meet are, to so me extent, the result of their effort and performance, they are also the result of forces completely out of the athletes' control (i.e. cranky judge, tough age group, phenomenal performances by other athletes, et c.) . Reinforcing taskorie nted behavior in creases the chances that the athletes wi ll perceive that their performances were effective.

Visualization. Visualization has been shown to positively affect motivation by enhancing athletes' perceptions of autonomy and competence.

Motivation is absolutely essential for athletes to realize their potential and with a conscious effort on our part as coaches to avoid controlling behaviors; foste r autonomy, competence, and relatedness; and emphasize task-mastery goal orientations we can significa ntly impact not only our athletes' levels of motivation and performance but their overall well-being as well. X

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References Burton, D., Naylor, S., & Holliday, B. (2001) . Goal setting in sport: In vestigating the goal effectiveness paradox. In R. Singer, H. Hausenblas, & c. Janelle (Eds.). Handbook of Sport Psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 497-528) . New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.

Oeci, E.L. , & Ryan, R.M. (1985) . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.

Duda, J. L & Hall, H. (2001) . Achievement goal theory in sport: Recent extensions and future directions.

In R. Singer, H. Hausenblas, & c. Janelle (Eds.) .

Handbook of Sport Psychology (2nd ed. , pp.

497-528). New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.

Gagne, M. , Ryan, R.M. , & Bargmann, K. (2003).

Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, pp. 372-390.

Hollembeak, J., & Amorose, A.J. (2005). Perceived coaching behaviors and college athletes' intrinsic motivation: A test of self-determination theory.

Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), pp. 20-37.

Lutz, R. , Lochbaum, M., & Turnbow, K. (2003) .

The role of relative autonomy in post-exercise affect responding. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26(2), 137+. Retrieved May 14, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia.com/ PM.qst?a=0&d=5002534174 Mageau, G. A, & Vallerand, R. J. (2003) . The coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sport Sciences, 21 (11).

Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Psychology 95(1). Retrieved May 10, 2006, from the PsycARTICLES. Steinberg, G. M. , Singer, R. N., & Murphey, M. (2000).

The benefits to sport achievement when a multiple goal orientation is emphasized. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(4), p. 407. Retrieved October 7, 2005, from the Capella University Library, ProQuest database.

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Using the Web is a fun, easy way to raise money for the Children's Miracle Network

the olliance 01 premier bospilols for children

ove the idea of raising funds for the Children's Miracle Network through the Tyson Fitness Challenge, but hate handling the money and the paperwork? Well, we have the program for you!

The Children's Miracle Network has developed a simple online giving program that provides an easy way for you and your club members ro collect and track donations.

Today's kids primarily use computers to communicate with friends online, and this program allows the Tyson Fitness Challenge participants to e-mail their friends and fam ily asking for donations through a secure Web site.

Although your club can still raise money without participating in the online giving program, your members can not fundraise online if yo ur club does not have an account and opening one only takes a few minutes. You must create yo ur club's page befo re any of your gym nasts can register online.

Please keep in mind that for the Tyson Fitness Challenge participants ro be eligible for prizes, rhey musr be affiliared with a club.

Once yo u have creared your club's personal donation page, you can enter the cash and check donations that you receive through the traditional pledge sheets, as well as monitor how your club's fundraising efforts compare to others across rhe country. Your mem bers will create their own pages ro track their personal fu ndraising, and that money will contribute ro your club's overall amount of money raised. Also, your gym club's supporters may donate straight ro your club's rotal contribution.

Please rake a minure and complete the steps on the page 22 to create your club's online giving page. T hen tell your Tyson Fitness C hallenge participants about this easy, fun way to raise money for children who need help in your community!

,

CHALLENGE

Since partnering in 200 1, USA Gymnastics and its member clubs across the country have raised more than $645,000 for the Children's Miracle Network. USA Gymnastics recently announced its goal ro raise that total to $1 million by 2008.

To be eligible for the prizes awarded to the top three individuals who raise the most money for the Children's Miracle Network, participants must be between the ages of 4 and 16 and must participate in the Tyson Fitness Challenge. Money raised by club members participating in the Tyson Fitness Challenge, regardless of age, will contribute toward their gym's overall rotal for the club prizes, The Tyson Fitness Challenge, a joint initiative of USA Gymnastics and Tyson Foods, has two goals: helping today's kids get more physically fit through fun activi ties; and raising money to help kids who are fighting illnesses through the C hildren's Miracle Network. Geared roward youngsters, ages 4-1 6, the program is not abour teaching gymnastics skills, bur using gymnastics to help kids become more physically fit, as well as learn about a well-balanced diet. Held between March 3 and Aug. 4, 2007, the culmination of the Tyson Fitness C hallenge is voluntary participation in raising funds for Children's Miracle Net\vork.

Children's M iracle Network-the alliance of premier hospitals for children-is a non-profit organization dedicated ro saving and improving the lives of children by raising funds for children's hospitals across North America. Each year the 170 C hildren's Miracle Net\vork hospitals provide the finest medical care, life-saving research and preventative education to help millions of kids overcome diseases and injuries of every kind. For more information on Children's M iracle Network visit www.childrensm iraclenetwo rk.org. X

Tyson Fitness Challenge is good for all of us! Children, coaches and parents all need the reminder of how important balanced living is. Life moves

so fast and we can easily skip working out, choose fast food and sit at the computer. The best medicine for stress and pressure is to work out and eat right! The best part of this is that as we help the C hildren's Miracle Network, we help ourselves live a healthier lif2

,

-Mary Lee Tracy President/Head Coach, Cincinnati Gymnastics Us. National Team coach

20

TECHNIQUE. JUNE 2007

,

Let's all get on board with the Tyson Fitness Challenge and help America get fit! The goal is to get more kids involved in a healthy lifestyle and the Tyson Fitness Challenge can do just that. I am very excited abom this initiative from Tyson and happy to support the Children's Miracle Nerwork. I urge all gymnastics clubs to get involved and invite everyone in America to get in shape! , -Kevin Mazeika Head Coach, Houston Gymnastics Academy Us. National Team coach

Register online now for the Tyson Fitness Challenge at www. usa-gymnastics. 0 rgl tyso nfi tnesschallenge!

After registering, you'll be sent log-in information for the adminstrator's portion of the Web site where you'll then have access to online giving.

~~i~~~~~~i~~~~~~~~~~I St.p

Provide Your Contact Information 1: To create your team click -SIgn Up" Step 5: Fill in your personal

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~"::::::;:o~:.da:I:~r and click "Continue >" AHer clicking Continua you will be asked to confirm your personal Information on the next page and set your fund

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Step 8: Customize your personal page by uploading a personal Image and customizing Returning Fundraise rs:

Join our event as ••• Step 2: Select "Create Club

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AT H LET

KEVIN TAN PENN STATE ASSISTANT COACH AND U.S. MEN'S Senior National Team member Kevin Tan, 25, of Fremont, Calif., won the still rings title at the French International World Cup - Bercy-Paris in Paris, France, March 18.

Tan , who trains with the Penn State team and is a member of Team Chevron , entered the finals as the favorite after fini shing at the t op of the pack in the qualification round with a 16.250. In the finals, he posted a 16 .475 to clinch the World Cup event title. Also in the field was 2004 Olympic silver-medali st Jordan Jovtchev, who fini shed fifth.

Tan said, "It was great winning the gold medal. I took third in

the World Cup in Stuttgart last fall and this was the first World Cup of the season this year. It's good to know I'm right in the thick of things on rings."

He added, "I changed my rings routine completely from last yea r. I restructured and added more difficulty. Last year I was at a 16.9 start value and now I'm at a 17.3 start value. This was t he highest start value on rings."

Tan, a member of the 2006 World Championships Team , is coached

by Penn State Head Coach Randy Jepson. Tan graduated from Penn State University in 2004 with a degree in Finance.

"My plan is to continue competing through 2008," said Tan . X PHOTO: SIEVE lANGE

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USA GYMNASTICS UNIVERSITY LIVE COURSE OFFERINGS USA GYMNASTICS UNIVERSITY is an educational resource that offers numerous educational courses and activities and five levels of certification for gymnastics coaches, recreational teachers and instructors, judges, and business owners/ administrators. The mission of USA Gymnastics University is to provide a multi-level, standardized education program that is available throughout the country and emphasizes the proper development of gymnastics participants in a fun, safe environment.

Course description Preschool Fundamentals Part 2: Hands on Training H.O.T. (Live) This is a live, hands-on training course designed for preschool instructors. Part 2

course topics include fundamental movement for children, class safety overview, games, activities to avoid, manipulatives, lesson planning , inclusion of music, thematic teaching, parent/ child teaching, and the use of apparatus.

This is a great hands-on follow-up to the Part 1 theory course, with course instructors demonstrating practical examples of many of the concepts taught in Part 1. It is recommended to take Part 1 prior to Part 2, but not required.

Part 1 of the Preschool Fundamentals Course is scheduled to be available in June. Part 2 will debut at the National and Regional Congresses this year. Register for a Preschool Fundamentals: Hands on Training (H.O.T) course today! X

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2007-2008 Membership Notices TOPS Testing - Athletes that need to obtain an athlete membership for TOPS testing should obtain the 2007-2008 athlete or Introductory athlete membership form and register when available the first week of June.

Member Clubs Loree and Stephanie extend warm thanks to all Clubs who updated their email address!

Update your email address and start receiving the weekly broadcast emails!

Email corrections to sparrish@usa-gymnastics.org.

Register as a Member Club today and take advantage of the wonderful benefits!

• Club name advertised on USA Gymnastics Website • Use of the USA Gymnastics Member Club Logo • An annual marketing kit filled with

materials including the Tyson Fitness Challenge Kit, National Gymnastics Day promotional materials, DVD with Commercials and gymnastics highlights • Member banner, certificate and window decal • Discounts on Congress, Business Conference, Business ~ continue on p.28

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27

~ • • U P D ATE ~

conti nued from

p.26

Builder Workshops and other educational opportunities • Club owners receive a subscription to Technique magazine • Invitationals listed on website and in Technique (must be received and entered in computer by print deadline) • Special Member Club only password website filled with useful business resources • Quarterly Member Club online newsletter • Free online employment advertisement • Use of the online registration system • Weekly broadcast emails • Other special pricing opportunities Professional and Instructor Members Please keep your e-mail address current to ensure that you receive important information from the USA Gymnastics National Office. Many notices, confirmations and bulletins are being sent electronically.

Keep copies of forms: Make sure that the club maintains a signed copy of every form from every athlete. This is most important

regarding proper risk management. This form must be available for all insurance purposes.

The insurance may be denied without the signed and dated completed form.

Club Directors - please do not hold athlete registrations. Register the athletes as soon as possible so that they can receive a full year of benefits. Parents are very upset to learn that even though they gave the form and fee to the club in the summer time, the club does not register the athletes until much later, sometimes registering as late as January or February.

They are upset that their child did not receive the magazine for a full year. We have to tell them when we receive the payment and that does not reflect well on the club. Let's all try to give the best customer service that we can to our very special members, the athletes.

Memberships belong to the individual: All memberships are the property of the individual. If a member quits or changes their club affiliation, the membership number goes with them .

USA Gymnastics cannot refund or transfer these memberships.

1-800-664-5266 intlgymnast.com 28

TECHNIQUE· JUNE 2007

Password protected: Online services are password protected and therefore only clubs may register athletes through our online services. Clubs should not tell parents to register their child online.

This can result in the wrong membership application and further delay for the athlete. Plus, and most important, clubs must keep a signed current athlete form in their files for Risk Management purposes.

Membership fees for 2007-2008: Athlete Member - $52; $47 online.

Professional Member - $87; $82 online.

Instructor Member - $50; $45 online.

Jr. Professional Member- $ 60; $55 online.

Introductory Member - $20; $15 online.

Team USA Gymnastics $ 25 Member Club - $ 160 Industry Member - $325

2007 National Congress and Trade Show, San Jose, California.

Held in conjunction with the Visa Championships Men and Women Artistic, Acrobatic, Rhythmic

• Congress registration covers attendance at educational sessions for three days, tickets for the huge exhibit hall raffle, entrance into the exhibit hall, exhibit hall social, entrance to the Acrobatic Gymnastics and Rhythmic competitions, special Congress bag, Congress gift and Congress dance party.

Call National Travel systems today to book your next trip , whether it's a gymnastics

• Purchase your all-session tickets for the Visa Championships, which will be held at the HP Pavilion.

competition or a vacation I

getaway.

• Contact National Travel Systems (888) 603-8747 now for your Congress hotel. There are multiple hotels that will be used for Congress attendees .

Rooms are available although a few of the hotels are sold out or are selling out. Ma ke your reservations soon .

• Pre-congress seminars on Wednesday, August 15: Business Conference, Safety Certification, Hands on Training (H .O.T.) preschool fundamentals course.

• Register today for three days of Gymnastics Excellence through Education August 16-18, 2007. Advance registration rates end July 15, 2007.

After that date registration must take place on site and the regular semi nar fees will apply.

• Online registration is available now at www.usa-gymnastics.org. click on the Education link, then National Congress.

(888) 603-8747

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• Hall of Fame Class of 2007 Induction Ceremony and Luncheon will ta ke place on Friday, August 17 from 11 a.m. - 1 p.m. Tickets are $40.00. Ce remony and luncheon will take place at the San Jose Marriott Hotel. ~

HOW WELL DOES IT WORK?

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It only assists you , when it saves you , It's not a bungee rig with artificial "lift".

JUST ASK HERI

Gymnasts can practice correct technique, fear free, with more repetitions , while getting comfortable performing a skill or series on the high beam ; safely!

RTS

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JUNE 2007 • TECHHIQUE

29

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NATIONAL

USA GYMNASTICS

CONGR(;:SS & TRAD!;:SI-lOW

'Gymnastics Excellence Through Education'

43rd ANNUAL USA GYMNASTICS NATIONAL CONGRESS and TRADE SHOW Held in coni unction with the 2007 Visa Championships August 15-18, 2007, San Jose, California WHO SHOULD ATTEND? ALL USA Gymnastics ProfessionaL and Instructor members. Coaches, judges and instructors of aLL LeveLs. RecreationaL and preschooL teachers, business managers, administrators, club owners, high schooL and coLLege coaches.

WHAT IS OFFERED? Three days of education with more than 150 sessions offered. Lectures given by recognized top individuaLs in the fieLd. Sessions on coaching , judging, business, preschooL, recreationaL, sports science, fitness, Group Gymnastics and cheerLeading . The Leading experts in the areas of Women's, Men's, Rhythmic, Acrobatic Gymnastics and TrampoLine and TumbLing programs wiLL present. The Trade Show exhibit haLL will feature 200 booths of products and information from over 90 different Industry Member vendors. SpeciaL events to take pLace in the exhibit haLL daily.

WHERE?

San Jose McEnery Convention Center

HOTEL TRAVEL RESERVATIONS:

EVENT TICKETS

NationaL TraveL Systems 888-603-8747

Email atusagama@takeavacation.com Website: www.wdpLtd .com CONGRESS DATES:

August 16-18, 2007

REGISTRATION FORM:

SpeciaL rate for aLL-session tickets for Congress attendees. Rhythmic and Acrobatic Gymnastics events included in Congress registration fee.

In Technique and on Website at www.usa-gymnastics.org 1\

VISA CHAMPIONSHIPS DATES: August 15-18, 2007 AUGUST 15, 2007

Congress Registration 12:30- 6:30 p.m.

San Jose Convention Center Pre-Congress events • AnnuaL Business Conference • Safety/ Risk Management course • PreschooL Fundamenta Ls: Hands on Training (H .D.T.) Course • Women's SC/ RC Workshop

GET MORE STUDENTS - KEEP THEM LONGER! n

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• SET Achievable goals for Students • BUILD Enrollment Retention . .

• MEASURE Teacher Effi cle~cy • RECORD Student Accomplzshments

Instructor Training Videos _ 30+ skills per level explained step by step.

Curriculum Cards _ Track skills taught as required in USAG Safety manual.

Star Posters _ Kids take /W 111e Helps them experience success.

JEFF LULLA is Founder and President of the FUN & FIT GYMNASTICS CENTERS.

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For Details,FREE VIDE0 7 Information and Samples7 call (800) 800-3162 30

TECHNIQUE · JUNE 2007

of

~ea~a!~~~;tf~~~ Review

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"The kids love getting the stars. Parents like the posters. I have a lot of young instructors and it really helps having everyone teach the same W?y. It is easier for me and keeps things organized ."

Cmdy Burness, PreSident, Starbeam Gymnastics, Inc. Johnstown, NY "I currently have a small gymnastics program and the Fun & Fit progra works good. The kids and parents love it It teaches gymnastics ski lls in the correct progression. It helps to gage the children. I love this program because Jeff has always been about safety. " .

Angela Fulmer, The Gymnastics Place, LLC, BaJiyton, AL

Jeff lulla receiving the 2006 "Business leader of the Year" award with loree' Galimore, USAG Club Services Manager

their "KAT' (Kinder Accreditation for Teachers) Course.

Jeff speaks internationally and consults on the Fun and Fit PERSONAL BEST philosophy and teaching conce pts to club owners and coaches.

2007 USA GYMNASTICS NATIONAL CONGRESS AND TRADE SHOW August 16-18, 2007 • San Jose, CA REGISTRATION FORM Held in Conjunction with the Viso Chompionships

DATE RECV' D

Complete one form per person-Photocopy for additional regi strati ons . Your confirmation w ill be sen t by email . Plea se provide a valid email address .

Regi stration opens August 15; Congress session s a nd Exhibit Hall Augu st 1618. To become an Instru ctor Member to recei ve the member discount, simply _ . . . check " Please sign me up" and include an extra $50 ($70 Foreign Instructor Member) in your total amount enclosed .

CONGRESS COSTS

AMT. PAID CHECK # DEPOSIT CRCD APP# REG#

(July 15th - Registration Deadline)

Professional, Jr. Professional & Instructor Members Minimum age for Congress attendees is 16.

Non-Members & other member types

o $335 Congress Registrotion (Ends July 15thl

REGULAR PRICING (Deadline July 15th)

o $400 On-site Registrotion

o $235 Congress Registration o $334 Congress and Visa Championships all session ticket package at seating level P2 0$434 Congress and Visa Championships

To become a Professional Member call: 1.800.345.4719 or go online to www.usa-gymnastics.org

011 session ticket package at seating level P1

Additional Visa Championships ticket information Number of additional all session tickets at P2 Number of additional all session tickets at P1

x $99.00 each x $ 199.00 (Deadline July 15th)

PI - lower level side seating (lower rows); P2 - lower level side seoting (mid to upper rows); Special Rate for

0/1 session tickets ore for Congress ottendees.

On-site Registration in San Jose for members is $335.00

Name _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Birth Date {d/ m/ y) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

USA Gymna sti cs Pro/Ins!. No. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

o Please sign me up for on In structor Membership. I hove included $50 ($70 Fo reig n In structor) in toto I omount due. ""T1

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Email Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (Emoil a ddress must be provided in o rder to receive confirmotion ) Mailing Address

______________________________ 0

Thi s is a new address

(Pleose moke the chonge in the USA Gymnostics do to bose)

City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Day Phone{

Evening Phone{

Club Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Club Number _ _ _ _ _ _ __

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Check all that apply:

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TOTAL AMOUNT ENCLOSED

(1) (1)

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0 Club Owner 0 Coach/Teacher 0 Judge 0 Administrator

$

-.11

1 - 1_ _ _ _ _

Make check or money order payable to USA Gymnastics

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Exp. Date _________________ Sig nature _______________________________________________________________

CD

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DOther

Card Number _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Print Cardholder Name _____________________________________ Telephone # ___________________________

Please return this registration form to: USA Gym nastics Cong ress, Pan American Plaza, 20 1 S. Capitol Ave. Ste 300, Ind ianapol is, IN 46225 • FAX: 317.692.5212 Attention: Member Services THE INDIVIDUAL CONGRESS FEE INCLUDES: • C redential for entrance to Congress sessions Aug. 16- 18.

• Admission to Rhythmic & Acrobatic GymnastiCS Competitions.

• Entrance to the Exhibit Holl featuring the industry's finest products and services.

• One lickello the Congress Dance Party on Saturday. August 18 (additional Congress Donce Party tickets for spouse/guests are $35 each-available at on-site registration )

Videotaping: Videotaping of Congres s sessions is permitted FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY unless the session presenters announce thot his/ her/their session may not be videotaped .

Language:

The official language of Congress is English . USA Gymnostics w ill make no specia l provisions for transla ti on of sessions into

other languages.

Congress attendees with special needs

must notify USA GymnastiCS in writing in thi s regard prior to July 15. We suggeslthal

this information be included wi th the Congress registration form.

CANC ELlATION POUCY All reg istration cancellations must be in writing _ Submit written

request 10 USA Gymnastics, Atlention Cathy Allen

Before July 15 - Registration fee leu S30 service lee per person cancelling _

Aher Ju ly 15 - 50% of registration fee per penon cancelling

SUBSTITUTION POUCY To tronder registration to another person, the new Congress oHendee must also have a Professional or Instructor membership.

Before July 15 - $30 per substitution On -Site - $35 per substitution Submit request in writing to USA Gymnastics, Attention Cothy Allen

REQ UESTS FOR REFUNDS AFTER AUGUST 31 , 2007, WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED • all se~sion tickets ore non-refundoble

Additional Congress Educational Opportunities Registration Form Mailed and faxed registrations must be recieved by August 1 After August 1 you must register on-site for an additional $25 fee per course per person

!

DATE RECV' D

= =~

AMT. PD.

NOTE: Due to limited space and materials, admission is not guaranteed unless pre-registered.

Due to time constraints, several courses may overlop. Please be aware of this when scheduling.

CHECK /I

~

POSTMARK

One form per person . Photocopy for additional registrations .

I~

DEPOSIT

NOTE: Your Pro or Instructor Address {listed in the USA Gymnastics member databasel will be used for all correspondence.

CRCD APP II

I

............. Socia l Security No . . .................. ............... USA Gy mnastics Pro/ ln st. #

.................................. Safety Exp iration Date

o THIS IS ANEW ADDRESS State

......

z-Ip ....

Night Phone Email ....

Check appropriate space for the add-ons you wish to attend.

SAFETY CERTIFICATION/RISK MANAGEMENT COURSES Minimum age for Safety Certification is '6

Language: The Officiallcinguage of Congress is English. USA Gymnastics will make no special provisions for translation of sessions into other languages.

Wed. August 15, 1路6 p.m.

Congress Attendees with special needs must notify USA Gymnastics in writing in this regard prior to the July 15 early bird registration deadline. We suggest that this information be included with the Congress Registration Form.

o

o ....

o o o

Pro-Member with Current Safety Certification wishing to recertify at live course ... ...... ...... ... ... ..... ..... ..................No charge Pro-Member with Expired or New Safety Certification ............. .$65 Instructor Member ...... ..... .. ........... .. ....... ..... ...... .. .... .. $65 Non-Member.. .... .... ... .. ... ........... ...............................5115 路You must have your USA Gymnastics number or dote applied for on the registration form in order to qualify for the discount.

PRESCHOOL FUNDAMENTALS:

Hands on Training (H.O. T.) Course Wed. August 15, 1 p.m.. 5 p.m. o 565 (lnstructor/Prol o 5115INon-Memberl Minimum age is 16.

Videotaping: Videotaping of Congress sessions is permilled FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY unless the Session Presenters announce that his/her session may not be videotaped.

TOTAL PAYMENT MAKE CHECK/MONEY ORDER PAYABLE TO USA GYMNASTICS Amount Enclosed Chorge to:

$-=---_ _ _ _ _...J

L..I

0 VISA

0 Other ..

Cord No . ..

Exp. Dote....

BUSINESS OWNERS CONFERENCE CLUB #~_--=-=--=-=-:--~

o Wed. August 15,8:00 a.m.-5:30 p.m.

Signature (required) ..

25

:5150

8 -8:30 a.m.Continental Breakfast.

Limited enrollment.

No on-site registration.

ABOVE COURSES WILL BE HELD AT THE SAN JOSE MARRIOT HOTEL WOMEN'S JUDGES CERTIFICATION TESTS

Sun. August 19, TIme TBD

o Wrillen 0 5/ 6 0 7/ 8 0 9 0 10 o Practical 0 7/ 8 0 9 0 10 Choose Exom ond level

Cost: 520 per test port Times:TBD Site: TBD

Please return this registration form to:

USA Gymnastics Congress Pan American Plaza 201 South Capitol, Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46225 FAX: 317-692-5212 ATTENTION: Member Services

VISA

USGSA Presents

San Jose, CA August 76- 7~ 2007

Over $37,000 in Prizes generously donated by USGSA members $2000 in Gift Certificates from A-l Awards· $2000 in Gift Certificates from Alpha Factor· ELITE Uneven Bars & TAC!l 0 LZT Vault Board from American Athletic· $2000 Gym Decor Package from Artistic Coverings, Inc. . Preschool Starter Kit & / / Workstation Kit from DGS/9.9's· 42 x42 x1.25 Gymnastics Floor from Dollamur . $1000 in Gift Certificates from Dreamlight, 11

Inc.. $3000 in Gift Certificates from Elite Sportswear GK· $1000 Gift Certificate from Gibson, Inc.. $200 Gift Certificate from Gym Treasures· Handstand Trainer Instructional CD from Gym-Trix, Inc. . Banners and Cling Decals from Hodges Badge Co., Inc.. 25-year subscriptions from Inside Gymnastics· Sleeveless proshop leotards from JKLM Designs· $2000 in Gift

Certificates from Mancino Manufacturing. Practice Package 3-mat set from Norberts Athletic Products, Inc. . Gymnastics Lesson Plan Kit from Patti Komara's Tumblebear Gym· Gripsl Etc & International Gymnast merchandise from Paul Ziert & Associates· Junior Mini Bar with Fiberglass Rail & Mini Bar Mat from Professional Athletics· $2000 in SA Sport-USA equip-

ment from SA Sport-USA· $2000 in Gift Certificates from Satara Leos· Single User Software License from Score Master· $500 in Gift Certificates from Tramp Master, Inc. . $250 Gift Certificate from Trampolines Unlimited, Inc.· 6M Air Floor & Sweet Spot with Cover from Tumbl Trak· $500 Gift Certificate from UCS, Inc. . $1000 in Gift Certificates from United Athleti4

Don't Miss This Event!

• Must be present in Exhibit Hall to win • One Raffle Ticket per USA Gymnastics Registrant • Complete Raffle Rules, Schedule and Prize Listing available at Congress

X

USA GYMNASTICS

NATIONAL CONGR(;:SS & TRADESHOW

''Gymnastlcs Excellence Through Education" Supp!ie15 Who Support Your Congress and Your IndU5lry.

I San Jose • 2007

2007 Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony and Luncheon HALL OF FAME INDUCTION CEREMONY AND LUNCHEON

LIFETIME ACHI EVEMENT AWARD WINNER

When : Friday, August 17, 2007 11:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m.

Dr. Joseph C Schabacker - Contributor (Acrobatics)

Where: San Jose Marriott Hotel, San Jose, Calif.

Cost: Individual $40; Table $400 (10 people)

REGISTRATION/TICKET FORM : Individual tickets or reserved tables

Individual Tickets $40.00 per person.

HALL OF FAME CLASS OF 2007

Kevin Davis -Athlete (Men) Sadao Hamada -Coach (Men) Karl Heger- Athlete (Trampoline and Tumbling) Leigh Hennessy-Athlete (Trampoline and Tumbling) Irina Vdovets -Coach (Rhythmic) Dr. Gene Whelan-Athlete (Men) Valerie Zimring-Schneiderman -Athlete (Rhythmic)

TABLES: $400.00 (10 people)

Full tables will be reserved.

Individual seating will be open. Tickets may be picked up at the National Congress Registration Desk at the San Jose McEnery Convention Center or at the ceremony door location on Friday, Aug. 17, at 10:30 a.m. at the San Jose Marriott Hotel.

PLEAS E PRINT: Please submit email address. Confirmation will be sent via email

r------------------------------------------------, Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Member # (if Applicable) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip Code _ _ _ _ _ __ *Email Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Required for confirmation) Phone: Daytime_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Evening _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Credit card: Type_ _ _ Number_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Exp. _ _ __ Name (print) on card: _ _ _ _ _ _ __ # of tickets _

Signature _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

@ $40 each. • # tables _ _ @ $400 (table of 10) • # tables_

Donation to HOF *_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Total amount due: Table(s) reserved in the name of _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ * All donations of $50 or above will be listed in the Hall of Fame Program, Congress Information Guide and Technique magazine. Must be received by July 16 in order to be in publications.

Fax form with credit card information to 317-692-5212 or mail form and check (made out of USA Gymnastics) to: USA Gym nastics Hall of Fame Ceremony - Cathy Allen 201 S. Capitol Ave, Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46225 or download at usa-gymnastics.org/HOF/

I'

~

U,A GYMNA5TICS

NATIONAL CONGR(;SS '. TRAD!;:Sf-lOW

'Gyrmasocs Excellence 7/rouif1 Edx:ation'

San Jose 2007 0

USA GYMNASTICS NATIONAL CONGRESS and TRADE SHOW San Jose McEnery Convention Center, San Jose, CA August 16-18, 2007 Sessions are one hour long. Sessions begin at 8:30 a.m. and end at 4:30 p.m.

List of invited speakers as of May 2007. This is not the final or complete listing. This may be subject to change. More speakers and topics are being added daily. Check our website www.usa-gymnastis.orgfor current updates.

Rhythmic Program • Char Christensen/Laurie Reid - Optional • Kathy Kelly - Protecting the Athlete: Sexual Abuse and member misconduct issues • Brooke Toohey - No carpet? No problem!

Balance Beam: Height expectations for • Martha Karolyi - National Team wrap-up Rhythmic start-up in any club acrobatic gymnastics elements and how and updates • Nadine Davies - The Abruzzi course: More to improve • Mary Lee Tracy - Discipline in all areas! clarifications on the Code • Marian Dykes/Paul Padron - Beam • Mark Young/Connie Maloney - Bar • Mila Harty - Rhythmic secrets: Basic Connections: What didn't the judges Releases- Expectations and how to flexibility and ballet for all gymnasts give? it. achieve • Caroline Hunt - A new direction: the • Marian Dykes/Paul Padron - Level 2 - 4 • Mark Young - Groups 3, 6, 7 in bar skills Vault - Let's judge! future of the rhythmic program • Steve Rybacki - Master the art of • National Judges course and exam • Myra Elfenbein/Laurie Reid teachi ng twisti ng ski lls Compulsory Floor: When you have crossed • Steve Rybacki/Pat Panichas - Optional ~s Saen :;.; o = c~ e --;othe line of interpretation?

Vault - See the big picture and separate • Robb Rogers - Neuromuscular activation • Myra Elfenbein/Brad Harris - Evaluating the good from the great! to prevent injury and prepare for Level 7 and 8 bar skills • Claudia Kretschmer - Prep Op. This is a performance • Tom KolljConnie Maloney - Junior great program! Get started in your gym , • Greg Moore - Acceleration for vault Olympic update state and region . Keep your students in and floor • Tom Koll/Cheryl Hamilton - How to your club with Prep Op. teach it and how to evaluate it • Darrell Barnes - Assessing weakness/ imbalance and prescribing corrective • Tom Koll/Neela Nelson - Dance Reaeationa IPre-scliiil''P ''"'" rogr - am - I''aa '''- -ss--r Technique: Credit or no credit exercises PrH!_ ~--:-..-.~~~...-_ _ _.....I • Tom Koll - Booster Clubs - friend or foe • Chris Carr - Sports Psychology • Brant Lutska/Linda Thorberg • Cheryl Hamilton/Sharon Weber - FIG • Dr. Bill Sands - Bio-mechanics; Preschool equipment ideas using tumble Code Updates periodization and planning; strength trak, trampoline, and boys equipment; • Brad Harris - Handspring Vault drills and power development 10 tips for successful parent and child • Carole Ide/Connie Maloney - NAWGJ • Dr. Alison Arnold - To go or not to go: classes; Round table for preschool Judges Meeting/Report dealing with fear; Win, win, win: coaches and recreational program; Pieces are • Carole Ide and all - College judging athlete and parent relationships; The purposeful deconstruction of skills; • Connie Maloney - Judges - Keep your mind body connection Motivating children for gymnastics; head up!

Understanding the preschooler• Gina Pongetti - Low back pain prevention • Connie Maloney - Professionalism developmentally appropriate classes "Hinge Theory" The terrible triad of Aligning coaches & judges expectations • Tom Koll - Recreational Beam shoulders, hip and spine flexibility; The • Neela Nelson/Audrey Schweyer • Tim Rand - Recreational Bars; Spotting importance of shoulder strength: Event Optional BB/ FX Composition: How to for recreational classes specific, injury prevention , men's and create and evaluate.

• Pam Evans - Adding dance to you r women's focused; Ab and core strength, recreational classes beginner and elite: Do it right, do it early, • Cheryl Jarrett - Moving through the levels - How and when; Level 4 - 6 • Jeff Lulla - Creating a winning do it always; Knee injuries, prevention Beam: Drills to make acrobatic skills solid environment for all students and strength : No more ACLs • Antonia Markova - Express yourself!

• Randy Parrish - Conditioning games • Dr. Larry Nassar - Rehab: do it right!

• Tony Retrosi - Combination tumbling for birthday parties and special events; • Peter Pidcoe - Upper quadrant injuries Go for the bonus; Yurchen ko 101 Recreational musical warm-up and fun Women' Program Beginning drills for round-off entry vaults conditioning • Gary Anderson & Gary Warren - Elite/ • Don Peters - Bars - Skills to go the • Michael Taylor - Dealing with conflict TOPS/ Hopes Programs distance; Developing Confident Gymnasts and confrontation; Safety in the gym for • Tammy Biggs - Balance Beam; Progressions • Linda Johnson/Lynn Perrott - CORE class instructors; Basic first aid principles and pitfalls for TOPS National Testing stability • Beth Gardner - Organized chaos; So Skills; Join the Band: Use of therabands fo r • Linda Johnson/Linda Mulvihill you are teaching/ coaching little boys; flexibility and skill improvement Compulsory BB/FX: Leap drills and Recreational floor activities and skills.

• Carole Bunge/Don Houlton - Clear hip evaluation • Steve Greeley - To discipline or not expectations and how to achieve it • Linda Thorberg/Don Houlton - Saltos • Patti Komara - Preschool Boys, on Optional Floor: Height and how to Yoga Bears, Cheerbears, Dancing Gym Bears, • Chris and Kim (Zmeskal) Burdette improve it. and More!; Be a super teacher! ~ Routine development for Hopes Division JUNE 2007 • TECHNIQUE

35

V

f\

NATIONAL

GYM~~~T IC'>

CONGR!;SS TRAD~ s~ow

~

San Jose' 2007

USA GYMNASTICS NATIONAL CONGRESS and TRADE SHOW • Gene Hurwin - Big Fun therapy and recreational services for

children with special needs: How to teach gymnastics to children with special needs - a 4-part session series

Click Away

Fitness Program • Special guests speakers daily - to be announced soon • Jeff Lulla - Marketing gymnastics as a youth fitness solution • Loree Galimore - USA Gymnastics Fitness Program and the Tyson

Fitness Challenge • Christopher Weiler - Fitness Fusion: How to build powerful

athletes; What's the best exercise for ... ?

Business Program

Profitability and Efficiency Assessment Business Expansion Planning

• Jeff Metzger - Compensation conundrums: Determining pay

• •

• •

On-line Management Training Courses

• •

Custom Business Coaching

• •

Business Valuation & Sales

scales, Giving raises, Controlling salary; How to get employees to think and act like owners; Interview like a master: How to read people; Proper pricing in an inflationary environment Patti Komara - Swim lessons for a gym school- big bucks!

David Holcomb - Cracking the Code 1: What you should have known before you ever opened and what you can do now to catch up; Cracking the Code 2: The numbers and financial information you must know; Cracking the Code 3: The detaiLs that matter if you are to run a successful gymnastics schooL Bobbi Montanari - What makes your club unique?; Communication from the top to bottom Frank Sahlein - Creating career paths for your key staff; Future planning; Preparing, valuing, developing exit strategies and selling your business; Master marketing from A to Z Steve Greeley - How deep are the roots of your culture?

Dr Robyn Silverman - That kid is driving me nuts! Strategies for deaLing with distracting, monopolizing or withdrawn students; Raising the Bar: Transforming your club into a powerful personaL development center Sean Dever - Positive profits; The business doctor is in; Estate planning-keep more today, leave more to your heirs tomorrow.

Mimi Phene-McKellar - Developing a five diamond facility

Risk Management/Safety/Member Conduct Issues/Other updates for members • Patrick O'Connor - Series of three sessions on risk management,

your business, your club • Michael Swain - Five sure ways to get sued when working with

children and how to prevent them • Bobbi Montanari - Everything in writing; The details of risk

management

PeerN

• Kathy Feldmann - Background checks, a new mandate for

( Business Brain Trust Conference)

professional members and the program available for clubs • Kathy Feldmann/Don McPherson - Legal issues and updates

- are you protecting yourself?

• Kathy Feldmann/Tania Heath - USA Gymnastics University is

here. Find out how, who, what, where and when.

Acrobatic Program • Pam Meier - How to start an acrobatic program in your club part

1; how to start an Acrobatic program in your club part 2 • Selena Peco - What you need to know to start coaching

acrobatics; How to start coaching acrobatics Levels 6 & 7 • Nancy Davis - How to incorporate acrobatics into your recreational program; How to start coaching acrobatics levels 4 & 5

Men's Program • Sessions TBD

Begin Today By Visiting

www.3rdLeveIConsulting.com

d,G\{ j

Trampoline and Tumbling Program • Sessions TBD

Group Gymnastics • Sessions TBD

36

X

TECHNIQUE· JUNE 2007

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• • UPDATE

2007 NATIONAL CONGRESS AND VISA CHAMPIONSHIPS SCHEDULE OF EVENTS WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15 8:00 a.m . - 5:30 p.m.

9:00 a .m. - 6:00 p.m 9:00 a .m. -9:00 p.m.

12:30 p.m. - 6:30 p.m.

1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m.

1:00 p.m . - 6:00 p.m.

1:00 p.m. - 5 :00 p.m .

2:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m.

6:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m.

7:00 p.m . - 9:00 p.m.

7:00 p.m. - 9:30 p.m.

Annual Business Conference T & T SC/ RC/ Workshop and Training Rhythmic National Judges Course Congress Registration Opens Junior Men's All-Around and Event Finals Safety Certification / Risk Management Course H.O.T. Preschool Fundamentals Hands on Training Women 's SC/ RC Workshop and Tra ining Women 's Summit and Celebration Dinner Preschool Instructor Training - Invited instructors Senior Men's All-Around and Event Comp .-Day 1

Marriott Hotel Room Ballroom Marriott Hotel Room Willow Glen Convention Center Room D Convention Center Hall 2 HP Pavilion Marriott Hotel Room Blossom Hill Convention Center Room J Convention Center Room A 4 & 5 Convention Center Room TBD Convention Center Room TBD HP Pavilion

THURSDAY, AUGUST 16 7:30 a .m. - 5 :30 p.m.

8:00 a.m . - 5:45 p.m.

8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m .

9:30 a.m . - 1:00 p.m.

9:30 a.m. - 10:30 a.m .

11:00 a.m . -1 :00 p. m.

1:00 p.m. - 3:30 p.m.

2:30 p.m. - 6:00 p.m .

7:00 p.m. - 9:30 p.m .

Congress Registration Open Convention Center Exhibit Hall Open Convention Center Ex hibit Hall USGSA Mega Raffle during Lunch break and afternoon after last session Congress Sessions Convention Center Convention Center Junior Rh ythmic All-Around Competition Club Owners Continental Breakfast - Sponsored by USGSA Convention Center Congress Lunch break - Food avai lable fo r purchase in Exhibit Hall Junior Women All-Around & Event Comp o Day 1 HP Pavilion Sr. Rhythmic All-Around Competition Convention Center Senior Women All-Around & Event Compo Day 1 HP Pavilion

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UPDATE [2007 NATIONAL CONGRESS AND VISA CHAMPIONSHIPS SCHEDULE OF EVENTS]

FRIDAY, AUGUST 17 8 :00 a.m. - 5 :30 p.m.

9 :00 a.m - 9:00 p.m.

8:00 a.m. - 5 :45 p.m .

Congress Registration Open Rhythmic National Judges Exam Exh ibit Hall Open

9 :30 a.m. - 10:00 a.m.

8 :30 a.m. - 4 :30 p.m.

10:00 a.m. - 11 :15 a.m.

11 :00 a.m. -1 :00 p.m.

11 :00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m.

2 :00 p.m. - 3 :30 p.m.

Coffee Break sponsored by USGSA Congress Sessions Acrobatic Gym. Session A National Team Trials L 8- Elite Congress Lunch break - Food available for purchase in Exhibit Hall Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony & Luncheon Acrobatic Gym. Session B National Team Trials L 8- Elite (presentation of awards) National Instructor Workshop and social Exhibit Hall Social Women Regional Board meetings - TBD Senior Men All-Around & Event Comp o Day 2

Convention Center Hall 2 Convention Center Room D Convention Center Hall 2

Exhibit Hall USGSA Mega Raffle during Lunch break and afternoon after last session

3:30 4 :30 5 :00 7 :00

p.m. - 5 :30 p.m. p.m. - 5:45 p.m. p.m. - 7:00 p.m. p.m. - 10:00 p.m .

Convention Center Hall 2 Convention Center Convention Center Hall 3 Marriott Hotel Ballroom Convention Center Hall 3 Convention Center TBD Convention Center Hall 2 TBD HP Pavilion

SATURDAY, AUGUST 19 8:00 a.m. - 2 :00 p.m.

8:00 a.m. - 2 :00 p.m.

8:30 a.m. - 3 :15 p.m.

10:00 a.m.-1 :00 p.m.

Congress Registration Open Convention Center Hall 2 Exhibit Hall Open Convention Center Hall 2 Convention Center Congress Sessions Jr. and Sr. Rhythmic Event Finals and Session C: Acro National Team Trials - Elite Convention Center Hall 3 11 :00 a.m. -1 :00 p.m.

Congress Lunch break - Food available for purchase in Exhibit Hall 2:00 p.m.

Exhibit Hall Closed 1:00 p.m. - 3 :30 p.m.

Junior Women All-Around & Event Comp o Day 2 HP Pavilion 6:00 p.m . - 8 :00 p.m.

Senior Women All-Around & Event Comp o Day 2 HP Pavilion 9 :30 p.m . - 1:00 a.m .

Congress Dance Party Marriott Hotel Ballroom 'k *Tentative schedule dated May 10, 2007 . Please watch for updates in the schedule in future issues of Technique and online at www.usa-gymnastics.org

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43

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and function of the lumbar spine, improve strength and flexibility of the legs, improve core strength, and correct any deficits in posture, flexibility, biomechanics and conditioning that would predispose your gymnast to developing a recurrence of the injury or pain. These exercises should be done under the supervision of a physical therapist or athletic trainer. A discussion of the details of these programs is best fit for another focused article. 9,14

Return to the Mat

I

With athletic injury it is always important to start with a realistic time course of recovety in order to avoid premature return to activity.

With spondylolysis injury, there is a wide range of possible outcomes. With early recognition and proper rehabilitation, most gymnasts will have excellent outcomes and can return to full activity. The length of time for full recovery is dependent on the initial extent of injury and may vary between 2 and 9 months.9 After full recovery, your gymnast's doctor may chose to obtain more images of the spine to assess for evidence of bone healing.6,9 Some gymnasts, however, may not have a smooth road to recovery. In these cases of incomplete recovery, there are other options.

Bracing has been used in the treatment of these injuries and is considered an effective option in certain cases. Injections and surgical correction is used in extreme cases of persistent symptoms, significant vertebral slipping, or in cases with ongoing weakness and numbness. 6,8,9

In routine cases, progression to full activity begins slowly over 4-6 weeks after rehabilitation is complete. Your gymnast should begin gymnastics-specific activities and should be guided by symptoms, i.e. pain.

Activity should be reduced or eliminated if pain recurs. Complete lumbar spine function with a lack of symptoms following sport-specific activity usually indicates that your athlete can successfully return to full gymnastics activity. It is important to realize, though, that one of the best predictors of low back injury during athletic activity is a previous low back injury. Therefore, a longterm maintenance rehabilitation program should be continued past the resolution of symptoms in order to help prevent a recurrence.6,9, 13, 14,20

IConclusion As we all know, injury is an inevitable part of gymnastics and dealing with this unfortunate event can be half the battle of preparing your athlete for competition.

Therefore, a good understanding of some of the more common injuries seen in gymnastics will provide you with more knowledge and insight to help prevent injury and facilitate recovery if injury does occur. The best chance for eventual full recovery of your athlete, with the least amount of time lost from training and competition, comes with early diagnosis and treatment. This is true for low back injuries, as well, and I hope that this article has succeeded in making a very common problem more approachable. Good luck in the gym and stay safe. 1(

References: 1. Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Mar[in BI. Back Pain Prevalence and Visi[ Ra[es. Spine. 2006;3 1(23):2724-2727.

2. Frymoyer JW, Cats-Bari l WL. An overview of [he incidences and costs of low back pajn. O n hop C1in Nonh Am. 199 1;22(2):263-271.

3. O lsen TL, e< al. The Epidemiology of Low Back pajn in an Adolescem Population. Am) Public H eal m. 1992;82(4) :606608.

4. Skaggs DL, e< al. Back pain and backpacks in school children.) Pedim Ormop. 2006;26(3):358-363.

5. Burton AK. The nalUi.u hislOry of low back pain in adolescents. Spine. 1996;21 (20):2323-2328 .

6. Wilhi<e )M. Thoracic and Lumbosacral Spine. Team Physician's Handbook. 3rd ed. Hanley & Betfus, Inc., Philadelphia, 2002:460-479.

7 . Sward L, et al. Back pajn and radiologic changes in <he mOtaco-lumbar spi ne of athletes. Spine. 1990; 15: 124- 129.

8. Micheli L) . Back Injuries in Gymnastics. Clin Spon Med. 1985;4( 1):8 5-92.

9. Standaen C). New strategies in me man agemem of low back injuries in gymnasts. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002; 1(5):293-300.

10. Sward L, e[ al. Disc degeneracion and associ aced abnormalities of the spine in elite gymnasts. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Spine. 1991;16 :437-43.

11. Hu[chinson MR. Low back pain in e1i[e rhy<h.mic gymnasts. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

1999;3 1(1 1): 1686.

12. H ainline B. Low back injury. Clin Sports Med. 1995;14 (1 ):24 1-265.

13. Shi l[ ) S, Barnw TM. Evaluating and managing back pain in chi ldren. ) of Musculoskele<al Medicine. 2007;24(2):7386.

14. Drezner )A, H erring SA. Managing Low-Back Pain. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2001 ;29(8):37-43.

15. Micheli L), Wood R. Back pain in young athle[es: significant differences from adultS in causes and patterns.

Arch Pediarr Adolesc Med. 1995; 149:15-1 8.

16. Goldstein )0, e< al. Spine Injuties in gymnasts and

swimmers. An epidemiologic investigation. Amer J Sports Med. 1991 ;19(5) :463-468.

17. Cavalier R, e[ al. Spondylolysis and spondylolismesis in children and adolescentS, I: diagnosis. natural history. and nonsurgical management. J Am Acad O tmop Surg.

2006;14:4 17-424.

18. Ramirez N , et al. The prevalence of back pain in children who have idiopamic scoliosis. ) Bone Joint Surg.

1997;79A:364-368.

19 . Feldman OS, et al. Evaluation of an Algori<hmic Approach [Q Pediatric Back Pain. ) Pediarr Ormop. 2006;26(3):353357.

20. Bono CM. Current C oncepts Review: Low- Back Pain in Amle[es.) of Bone and Joint SUtg. 2004;86A(2):382-396.

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CLASSIFIEDS for sale' position available' seeking employment· educ a tion' consignment

POSITION AVAILABLE Head Girls' Coach. Well establ~hed 1000+ ~udent Southern New Hampshire gymnastics school ~ searching for a superior, well qualified, organized head girb' coach to continue our successful competHive program and toke the responsibility of coordinating and running both optional and compubory gymn~s. Duties involve superming coaching ~aff, sening the compefitive schedule, coordinating team practice and recreational doss schedule, and coaching levek B·lO. Benefits indude dental and medicol insurance, sick days, paid vocations, and a 40 IK apnan. Compony/ aub Nome: Gymnosncs Village. Web Address: www.gymna~i<>village.com Contact: Judy Shenk.

Email: judy@gymn~icsvillage.com. Phone: (603)BB9· B092. Fox: (603)59B·4616 If you are an Optional Gymnasti" Coach and looking for a great place to work, The Gymn~ics Academy at Bmwood Frtness Center, a service of Ochsner Health S~ems ~ the place to app~. Full·time coaching posnion, requires level 9 & 10 experience and expert~ on bars, vauh, and tumbling to compliment our winning team. B~e experience a plus. Offerl excellent benef~s induding health, dental, and 401 K. Please log on to www. elmwaodf~ness.com and app~ online. Bmwood Frtness Center ~ on Equal Employment Opportunity Employer.

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46

TECHNIQUE - J UII E 2007

working ~h USAG loveb 4·1 0 gymna~s, as well as leaching some reueatianal and pre-learn dasses. Our cooch will be sofety certified and have ~rang spotting skilk and Ihorough understanding in Ihe use of progressions, ~h on ability 10 cooch oillevek and even~. We would like 10 have a fun, energelic and encouraging cooch who has slrang organizational skilk and can help mainlain a posinve working en~ranmenl ~h cooches, parenls, and gymnasK Our girls are dedicated and passionate about Ihe sport of gymnastics and we wanl our coach 10 have Ihe some dedication and passions, as well as on ability 10 molivale young alhleles 10 achieve Iheir per;onal best.

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EDUCATION

CLICK ONTO www.Tumblebear.cam for Ihe lalesl in Iraining DVDs and lellon plans for preschool gymnaslics ITumblebear Gym Program), Schaol·age Gymnaslics, Dancing GymBears, Cheer Bears, Yoga Bears, Swimming lessons Program, Parenl and Tals, and Gym·N·learn.

DVDs of Pani'slectures on running agym schoo/, managing slaff, Iraining coaches, gomes, party and camp ideas, and much more. For more information call 219.865·2274.1\

IWiN-Moil.

RATES 1-100 words = S100 101-200 words = S200 Yoorod in Ted.,;que w1l ovIomoIicoily be pkxed ooline for 30 days 01 no odmoonoI <horge. The address is: www.usa-gymnaslics,arg/dassifieds/ Your 30 days will begio 011 the next regular posting dote.

DIADUNIS ISSUE

DEADLINE FOR AD AND PAYMENT

January Oed 0 February ...................................... Jan. 10 March ............................................ Feb. 10

~ ~~~~~~~:~~ NOrE: 1/ ,''' 'Olb

"'"s on a "HktrU! or ltalir/oy,

,''' precorlirrg wad rIrzy is ransiJ."r! "" rIoaJHroe.

SUBMIT Email your ad and «edit elHd information to: Ipeszek@usa·gymnoslics.org Or mail to: USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza 201 S. (apital Ave., Sle. 300 Indianapolis, IN 46225 or fox 10 317-237-5069. ' " you 'ox, pfease iIdude yOlK aeGt card number, exporatioo dcit. and sigoaIur••

Please designate if )'OOr ad should appear in Techniqu. mogazin. or USA Gymnasffll magoline. ADS SUBMmED

WITHOUT PAYMENT WILL NOT BE PUBLISHED. USA Gymnastics reserves the right to vary formal.

Tee"""'" is received by more thcm 17,000 USA Gymoostics profelSionoI members pkrs thousands of ,ie,"," wiD be exposed to \W ad ooioe. Advertise 100r em~oyment ofljlOf11Jnify, prodoct, saM", or competition hef. for greot resul~. 0_1 C"" loon Paszek 01317-829·5646.

FOR INFORMATION

CIIIlrow hi , . . " II classiIiN ad ;"

r.cw,., go

hI"""'//www~/~/ Or etlll L_ PISle#c at 311-829-5646.

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dedication

24

official fitness center of the USA Gymnastics Team and all those who support them

over 360 clubs nationwide

@FITness

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800.224.0240 24hou rfitness.com

USA GYMNASTICS .. GoA.or-l-

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proud sponsor of USA Gymnastics

USA Gym nastics 201 S. Capitol Avenue, Suite 300 Ind ianapolis, IN 46225

NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION u.s. Postage

PAID Indianapolis, IN Permit No. 7867

CHANGE SE RVICE REQUESTED

2007 SAFETY CERTIFICATION SCHEDULE The Safety Schedule is updated weekly on our website www.usa-gymnastics.org. Please see the website for the most current schedule. *line tnI dale SIiJject to drznge. See 1IfD"9YIIIIIStIcs.otJ Irx rploIes.

23 Woodward, PA 16882; 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

Woodward Camp, 134 Sports Camp Dr. Directions: StephenHass 814·349-5633 Course code: SH06232007PA Instructor: Stephen Hass 814·880-3410

June 14 Atlonto, GA; 3:00 p.m. to8:00 p.m.

Region 8 Congress, RenoissonceAtlanta Hotel, 590 WPeochTree St NW Course code: XX06142007GA Instructor: Chris Calvert 404·687-9911

Directions: Jeff or Trish Carter 405-722-0808 Course code: JE082420070K Instructor: Jan Eyman 254-694-2065

July

14 Plano, TX; 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.

Region 3 Congress, Dallas/Plano MorrioHat legocy ToWll Center, 7120 Dallas Parkway Course code: XX0614200lTX Instructor: Jan Eyman 254-694·2065

13 Jefferson, MO 65101 · 4:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.

NAWGJ Summer Workshop-Premier Bank: 300 Ellis Blvd.

Directions: Vickie Kalthoff 636-230-9866 Course code: RW07132007MO Instructor: Robin Weidmaier 816-232-7502

15 Broadview Heights, OH 44147; 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.

Gymnastics World Directions: RonGonim440-526-2970 Course code: BM061520070H Instructor: Bobbi Montanari 614-777-9430

14 Woodward, PA 16882; 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

Woodward Camp, 134 Sports Camp Dr. Directions: Stephen Hass 81 4-349-5633 Course code: SH07142007PA Instructor: Stephen Hass 814-880-3410

16 Stroudsburg, PA 16882; 1:00 p.m. to6:00 p.m.

International Gymnastics Camp, 9020 Bartonsville Woods Rd Directions: Bruno Klaus 570-629·0244 Course code: PF06162007PA Instructor: PhilFrank 856-786-3977

2 Newton, MA; 4:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.

Reg. 6 Congress, Boston MarrioH Newton Course code: XX08052007MA Instructor: Pat McDiarmid 413-596-2313

20 Indianapolis, IN; 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.

RIl!j. 5Congress, Sheraton Indianapol~ Hotel, 8787 Keystone Crossing Course code: XX092020071N

11 Woodward, PA 16882; 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

Woodwara Camp, 134 Sports Comp Dr. Directions: Stephen Hass 814-349-5633 Course code: SH0811200lPA Instructor: Stephen Hass 814-880-3410

27 King of Prussia, PA; 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.

Reg 7 Congress, The Inn at Valley Forge, 251 De Kalb Pike Course code: XX09272007PA

15 Son Jose, CA; 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.

National Congress, San Jose MorrioH Hotel, 301 SMarket St Course code: XX08152007CA

22 South Hero, vr 05486; 4:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m.

Dunkleys Gym Camp Directions: RuthDunkley McGovern 802-372-8898 Course code: GM06222007VT Instructor: Gail McGann 802-273-3627

September 2 Austin, TX 78759; 5:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.

GAT: Renaissance Hotel www.galx.org Directions: Jan Eyman 254-694-2065 Course code: JE0902200lTX Instructor. Jan Eymon 254-694-2065 Gncinnati, OH 45014; 11 :00 a.m. to4:00 p.m.

Gncinnati Gymnastics Academy Directions: Mary Lee Tracy 513-860-3082 Course code: BM090720070H Instructor: Bobbi Montanari 614-777-9430

August

21 CoralVille, IA; 3:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.

Reg. 4 Congress, MarrioH Coralville Hotel and Conference Center, 300 E9th St Course code: XX062120071A Instructor: Jim SchloH 319·331 -8629

31 Austin, TX 78759; 5:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.

GAT: Renaissance Hotel www.galx.org Directions: Jan Eyman 254-694-2065 Course cade: JE0831200lTX Instructor: Jan Eyman 254-694-2065

24 Oklahoma Ci1y, OK 73132; 5:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.

Man TroHers, 7009 NW 63rd

til

30 Valparaiso, IN 46385; 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.

Horizon Gymnastics Center, 1254 Horse Prairie Ave Directions: linda Beach 219-477-6542 Course code: EP093020071N ~ ~ ~ Instructor: Edgar Pulido 630-632-3544 -. jl

SAFETY CERTIFICATION IS REQUIRED FOR PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIp· PRE-REGISTRATION FORM (Minimum age lor Salety Certili(ation is J6 years) COST: www. usa-gymnastics.org Nome: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mole or Female: Professional or Instructor #: _______ Current Safety Exp. Dote: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Soc. Sec. # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Birth Date:_ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State: _ _ _ _ _ Zip: Telephone: (H) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

(W) _ _ _ _ _ _ __

E-mail Address: Course Code:

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Course City/ Stote: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dote: _ __ __ __ Form of Payment:

O VISA

O Other _ _ __

Payment Amount: _ __ __

All registrations must be received at USA Gymnastics two (2) weeks prior to the course dote' . late registrationsl incomplete registrations, or registrations without proper payment will not ~e processed. late registrations ore not guaranteed a book or admission to the course. On-site an~ late registrations will be charged a $25 on-site!late fee. All materials, including t~e course book, are provided at the course and are port of the course fee. Certification is valid for four (4) years. Safety Certification is non-refundable and cannot be transferred to another individual. Safety Certification registration, however, may be transferred to another course within six (6) months with prior wriHen notificotion. late fee will apply if notification is received after course deadline. *USA Gymnastics reserves the right to alter course deadline

Mail registration form and payment to: V ISA

Name on Cord: Number: _ __ __ Exp. Dote: _ __

Pro-Member with Current Safety Certification WIS. h·mg t0 r~cer t·fy I . atl·Ive course .............:.: ....:................ no charge Pro-Member With Expired or New Safety Certlflcotlon ............ $ 65.00 Instructor Member ................................................................ $ 65.00 Non-Member ........................................................................ $ 115.00 * You must hove your USA Gymnostics number or date applied for on the registration form in order to qualify for the discount.

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Signoture: _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _

USA Gymnastics Member Services P,oud Spo,,", Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46225 or Fax to 317-692-5 212

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