Technique Magazine - September 1996

September 1996 Vol. 16, #8

AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF USA GYMNASTICS

Inside Getting On The World Wide Web Teaching Techniques: Before, During, And After Class The Stemme Forward: Biomechanical Relationships Men's NCAA Academic Champions 1997 Men's Continental Judges Course Collegiate Comer Chalk Talk 1996 Top 50 Scholastic Rankings & Scholastic AllAmerican Awards Colleges With Women 's Gymnastics Teams Qualifiers To The 1996 TOPs National Testing

([ISlA GYMNASTICS

USA GYMNASTICS

1996 Women's Olympic Gymnastics G'.r.Cti r.~ (ie; C UG (.J].

Amanda Borden

Amy Chow Dominique Dawes Shannon Miller Dominique Moceanu Joycie Phelps

..............

Kerri Sirug

A...... ·s ...

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publisher Editor Designer Men's Progrom Director

Kathy Scanlan Steve Whitlock Cindy L. Reed

Contents Telecommunications

Ron Galimore

Gelling On The World Wide Web

Director Rhythmic Program

Kathy Kelly

Preschool Gymnastics

Director

Nora Campbell

Women's Program

Teoching Techniques: Before, During, And After (/oss

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Biomechanics USA GYMNASTICS BOARD OF DIRECTORS (hair: londy Knopp; President: KOlhylconlon; President Emeri· tus: Mike Donohue; Amateur Athletic Union: Mike Iionner; American Sokol Organization: Jerry Milon; USA Trompoline & Tumbling: Wayne Downing; American Turners: Belly Heppner; Jewish Community (enters: Lori Katz; Collegiate Gymnastics Associan-M: Roy Johnson; Notional Association of Collegiate Gymnastics (oaches for Women: Gail Davis; National Association for Girls and Women in Sport: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Association of Women' 5 Gymnastics Judges: Yvonne

Hodg'; Notional (oll'giote Athletic Association: (hril Voelz, Lou Burkel; Notional federation of State High School Associo· tions: Susan True; National Gymnastics Judges Association:

Horry Bierke; Notional High School Gymnostics (ooches Asso' ciotion: John Brinkworlh; Special Olympics, Inc,: Kole Fober· Hi(kie; U.S. Rhythmic Gymnastics Coaches Association:Suzie

DITullio; U,S. Association of Independent Gym (Iubs: Lonce (rowley; U.S. Elite (oaches Association for Men's Gymnas· tics: Peler Kormann;U.S. Elite Coaches Association for Women's Gymnastics: TonyGehman, Roe Kreutzer; U.S. Men's Gymnos· tics Coaches Association: Mar( Yon(ey;U.S. Sports Acrobatics federation: Bonnie Davidson; Young Men's Christian Assodo·

tion of the USA: Rick Dodson; USA Gymnostics Notionol '.\embership Directors: Men's: Jim Holt, Ray Guru; Women's:

,ulio Thompson·Arelz, Mork W,ber; Rhylhmic: Allo IYillky, UteAIt· (orberry Athlete's Advisory (ommittee: Koryn Lyon Glover, choir; (hrisWoller, vice choir; KrislenKenoyerWoodlond,lec;Tonyo lervice (hoplin, Wendy Hilliord, Koryn Lyon Glover, Peler Vidmor, (onrod Voollonger, Kim Zmeskol;usee Athlete Representative: Michelle DUllerre·Forreli.

The Stemme Forword: 8iomechonical Relotionships

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Men's Gymnastics Men 's N(AA Academic (hampions

14

Men's Judge Course 1997 Men's (ontinentol Judges (ourse

15

Women's Gymnastics (ollegiote (orner - (halk Tolk 1996 Top 50 Scholastic Rankings & Scholastic AII·American Awords (olleges With Women's Gymnastics Teams Qualifiers To The 1996 TOPs National Testing

17 19 20 21

Kinder Accreditation for Teachers KAT Workshop Membership Discount Levell KAT Observation Form Levell KAT Workshops (urrent Schedule KAT Registration Form

25 26 27 27

Preschool (ongratulations Levell KAT Preschool Teachers

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General Gymnastics USA GYMNASTICS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (hair: londy Knopp; Special Advisor to the (hoirmon of the Boord: Roe Kreulzer; President: Kolhylronlon; Secretory: Mike Milidonil; Vice (hoir Women: Iioncy Morlholl; Vice (hoir Men: Tim Dogg,II; Vice (hoir Rhythmic: (ondoce Feinberg; FIG Women's Technical (ommittee: Jockie Fie; FIG Rhythmic Technical (ommittee: Andreo Ichmid·lhopiro; fiG Men' s Tech· nical (ommittee: Bill Roetzheim;At Lorge Members: Jim Horlung, Joon Moore·Gnol; Athlele Directors: Tonyo lervice (hoplin, Koryn LyonGlover, Peler Vidmor; USO( Athlete Representative: Michelle Dusserre-Forrell; President Emeritus: Mike Donohue_

Unlesl expressly idenlified 10 Ihe coni lOry, all orlides, slole· menll ond viewl prinled herein ore o"ribuled IOlely10 Ihe oUlhor ond USA GymnosliCl expresses no opinion ond ollumes no relponlibilily Ihereof.

1996 National Gym Fest Nominative Group/(/ub Registration For The 1996 GymFest Participant Agreement Form For The 1996 National Gym Fest

30 33 35

Announcements 1996 National Women's (ollegiate (oaches Of The Year

31

Conditioning Strength Training Fundamentols In Gymnastics (onditioning

36

Rhythmic Gymnastics Revisions To The RSG 1. O. Technical Handbook For (oaches And Judges

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Rhythmic Minutes Rhythmic Program (ommittee CHANGE OF ADDREII AND SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES: In order to ensure uninlerrupled delivery olmHNIQUE mogozine, nolice 01 chong, 01 address should be mode lix 10 eighl weeks in advance. For 100Iest lervice, please endose your presenl moiling label. Direcl all lubscriplion moil to TECHIIIQUE Subscriplions, 1036 It (opilol Ave., luil, 300, Indionopolil, IN 46104.

TECHIIIQUEilISU 0748·S99991 is publilhed 10 limes per yeor

by USA Gymnoslics, Pan American Plozo, Suile 300, 101 I. (opiloIAvenue, Indianapolis, 11146115lphone:317 ·137·5050).

Third dOli pOlloge paid at Indianopolil, IN. lubscriplion prices: U.I.-515 per yeor; Canoda/ Mexico-S4B per year; all olher foreign counlries-560 per year. If available, bock issue lingle copies 54 plus pOllage/handling. All realOnable core will be token, bUI no relPonsibility can be oSlumed lor unsoliciled maleriol; endose return pOltoge. Copyright 1996 by UIA Gymnallics and TECHNIQUE. All rig his reserved. Prinled by Sporl Grophics, Indionapolil, IN.

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Safety 1996 USAG Notionol Safety (ertifiers

45

Telecommunications

GE'I'I'ING ON THEWORLD WIDEWEB -----------------------------1 Rachele Harless USAGO Webmaster

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eveloping a website for the first time presents a challenge. The web is a new m edium, and requires a wide variety of skills, ranging from technical and functional to creative talents. The goal of this ar ticle is to break down the steps of building a small website, simplifying the process to get your club, state, or region on the web. This article is not the only resource you will need to join cyberspace, but hopefully will serve as a starter guide for the first-time webmaster. A resource list is provided at the end of this article. NOTE: This guide is written with the assumption that you have spent some time surfing the web!

" J really recommend that the states and regions create a web page ... J really enjoy having a page, and

J think it gives my region some flexibility in communicating with our members." - Jan Greenhawk,

Region VII

Ask for help The first, most beneficial step is to secure the assistance of someone who is familiar with w riting web pages. This person will cut your initial development time in half (at least) and help you make the right decisions along the way. Most people discover that the initial hurdle is not the difficulty of the tasks, but rather their unfamiliarity w ith terminology, configuration, computers, and the Internet.

How do you find this helpfu l person? Look among the parents of yo ur gym, and also among the older gymnasts w ho are in high school, or even their siblings. Ask around, post a sign, or make an a1U10uncement in yo ur newsletter. If you feel particularly uneasy about star ting a web page, hiring a consultant at $60-$75/ hr. is an (expensive) option.

Develop the content Content is king on the web. A few pictures mixed with a few words is a waste of yo ur time and money - and the reader' s.

Pinpoint the primary audience of your website, and develop your content wi th that target in mind .

Here are some examples of audiences, many of which overlap: States and Regions: coaches and other professionals in yo ur area; families moving to your area; clubs in your area; parents looking for clubs for their aspiring gymnasts.

Clubs: yo ur gymnasts, parents of your gymnasts, parents of potential gymnasts September 1996

Here are some examples of content you could publish through your website: Calendar (class schedule, competition dates, holidays, registration deadlines) Newsletter and announcements Meet results Links to other Internet resources for gymnastics information Gym philosophy, or " mission" You could easily go beyond this list. Clubs might want to consider adding biographies of top gymnasts, which could be used by members of your local media, or recruiting college coaches. A "Gymnast of the Month" page published on your website could be an award for athletes at yo ur club. States and regions could include club directories, assisting those parents who are relocating and wish to find a new club for their child. Meet information, such as schedules, fees and registration forms, are often-demanded website material.

Find a place to store your pages Many options exist here within a wide range of prices!

The most cost effective option is to place your pages on disk space that a gym parent might have through their office. If you have any parents in the education industry, this is an especially viable option! This parent would hopefully serve as the webmaster of your site, since they would have the necessary access to update the pages.

Most commercial online services offer web page hosting as part of their standard package or for a small additional fee. The " bi three" are AOL, Proqigy, and Compuserve. Almost all onlin services also offer fee-based extended plans (e.g., AOL offers " PrimeHost") w hich greatly increase your options.

Dependable customer service is one of the most important factors you can consider when choosing a site to host your pages.

For this reason, some prefer to find a local Internet Service Provider (ISP) to host your pages. You can find an ISP through the yellow pages, your newspaper, or "The List," a great ISP catalog available on the web. ISPs tend to be cheaper than a national online service (over the long run) and the service and help desk assistance is of consistently higher quality. The tradeoff is that you generally do not get hand-holding "wizard" software to guide the setup of a web page; rather, you search the Internet for freeware or shareware software to download. Some ISPs also offer classes to help you get started, however.

An alternative option is to use a free web page hosting service.

These organizations usually require that you to put an ad of theirs on your page. Many have limitations regarding the types of organizations they host and the services they offer; for example, some will give free space only to non-profit groups, and do not provide any significant "interactivity ." However, many good websites are hosted through free page services.

The bottom line: shop around for a service that balances your budget with your needs.

Create your pages If you decide to go with a commercial online service, you will probably receive software for creating your web pages. Generally, this software is good for getting started, but somewhat limited in functionality and slow to keep up with the trends ... consequently restrictive in the long run.

For those w ho use a local ISP, or otherwise do not get free software, web page editors are readily available and happily affordable. If you use Windows 95, then the current editor of choice is Microsoft FrontPage ($149, $109 for office users). FrontPage TECHNIQUE

Telecommunications

is a favor ite wi th web designers of all levels of experience! For Macintosh users, Adobe PageMill has received similarly favora ble reviews ($99/Mac, Win 95 scheduled for October). Also popular are GNNPress, w hich is very similar to AOLPress (free, Windows and Mac); HoTMetaL Pro ($159, Windows and Mac); and Netscape Navigator Gold ($39, Windows and Mac). All of these are WYSIWIG (What You See Is What You Get) editors - especially important for the novice webmas ter!

Web pages are written in "HTML" (Hyp ertext Markup Language), the language of the web. WYSIWYG editors do no t require you to know an y HTML, w hich is great for a new webmaster!

When building a web page, keep in mind that users can see only one screen's wor th of information at a time, and that screen sizes vary. Pages sh ould be uncluttered, and dressed up with limited graphics.

Graphics are key elements of the best web p ages, but too many graphics will drive your audience away . Huge or numerous graphics take a long time to display over a personal modem, even at 28 .8 baud. Decrease display time by using fewer colors, or simply resizing the digital image to smaller height and width. The two most common image formats on the web are . gif and . jpg. Use . gi f for line art, and images w ith crisp edges; . j pg is better for photographs.

Scanning snapshots is easy. If you are unable to find a friend with a scanner, then investigate w h at might be publicly available at the nearest university or high school; or, visit a place like Kinko's. If yo u anticipate lots of scanning, buy your own scanner, a product which has dropped remarkably in price over the years.

A considerably more expensive option would be to consider purchasing a digital camera, which would entirely eliminate the ;canning process.

Shareware products for creating graphics for y our web pages are available for dow nload on the web . My favorite product, for its ease of use, is Paint Sh op Pro, which just released version 4.10 (shareware, Windows). For more professional results, Adobe Photoshop h as won man y fans on the web.

Links to relevant Internet resources complete an excellent web p age. Find other web p ages that your audience w ill appreciate.

Look for " local" links, such as your city n ewspaper or high schools that your athletes attend; gymnastics links, such as the USAG website or your state or region, or clubs in your state or region; and personal links, such as families of the gym w ith their own web pages.

Finally, be sure to include a form of contac t on your web pages, preferably including yo ur email address!

Copy your web pages to a web server Now that yo ur p ages are complete, yo u must put them on a server to be read by others. Software such as Microsoft FrontPage comes with the functionality of uploading your pages to a web server by jus t a few clicks of a button. If you do not u se one of these products, then you must upload your pages by use of an "FTP" program (file transfer protocol) . FTP programs have been around for years, so a great number of them are available as freeware or shareware.

When uploading yo ur web pages, remember to upload ALL of your files ... your graphics and other multimedia files must be uploaded in addition to your " . html " files, w h ich contain only the text and layo ut specifica tions for your web pages.

Test your pages!

The sign of a poorly maintained website is broken links or graphics. As soon as you upload your pages, test each on e to en sure that all images display properly, and that a ll links work.

September 1996

Have a few friends visit your website and give it a test run.

If possible, v iew your web pages using different web browser software. What might look great with Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer might also look terrible with AOL. Some websites have been designed specifically for one of the first two web browsers; while this allows ex tended options for designing yo ur web pages, it can also possibly limit yo ur audience to only those w ho use yo ur chosen software.

Register and advertise your web pages Once you're on the web, how will anyon e know? How do you communicate the fact that you have made all of this wonderful information available? Two approaches must be taken: register your website so that it can be found, and notify your target audience of your website address.

You can register your website using a service such as "SubmitIt" or "SubmitAll," which will send yo ur web address to various search engin es an d catalogs. All of these are fr ee! Be sure that yo ur site is registered in Yahoo!, the "heavyweight" of web catalogs.

The two " must" search en gines are Alta Vista and HotBot, w ith Lycos a close third. Be sure to let other gymnastics websites kn ow of your presence: the Gymn Forum and Cetate's 'Net Gymnastics Guide are two m ore essentials. If yo u are a club, and your region or state has a web page, w rite their webmas ter so that your page can be linked from theirs. Regions and s ta tes sh ould contact USA Gymnastics Online (via email!) w ith their web address .

A!U10unce your website to your target audience initially tlu路ou gh a sign on the front door of the gym, an announcem ent in the newsletter, and/ or an a!U10uncement at a meeting (region al congress, parent's booster club, etc.). Be sure to include your website address in advertisements, newsletters, bills, m eet programs, business cards, and stationery. Even if p eople lose the printed paper, they will remember that yo u are on the web, and they will be able to look you up using one of the services mentioned above . Larger gyms might also consider writing a press release of the startup of their website for distribution to the local paper.

Maintenance Once you get online, follow through w ith proper care and feeding . You'll start to get feedback, usually through em ail. Everyone is impressed when you answer yo ur email promptly ! Check your links often to verify that they still work; other websites sometimes disappear w ith n o warning to you, because they have moved to a new address or because the site is no lon ger being maintained.

Most importantly, update yo ur pages w ith new information on a timely basis! This is the h eart of the web. While the World Wide Web is fun and new, prov iding timely content is the true wonder of the web.

USA Gymnastics Online wants you!

Our web staff hopes to h elp gymnastics be one of the most "connected " ama teur sports over the next year. We aim to provide volunteers to assist states and regions in starting their websites, with a minimal fee to cover costs if necessary. Also, we plan to prov ide " templates" that will accelerate the development of gym club websites. If yo u are interested in volunteering, are a state or region desiring assis tance in developing your website, or would like more information abou t web page templates, please send email to webmaster@usa - gymnas tics . org .

Why bother getting on the web?

Some believe that the web is only a passing fad, while others TECHNIQ UE

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Telecommunications

cannot imagine a future without cybersp ace. Regardless, the web is here today, and for the directly foreseeable future (at least!). An ever-growing number of p eople turn to the web as their first choice source of information and communication.

As of this writing, two sta tes and one region are on the web: Georgia men's gymnastics (Mike Strada, webmaster), NorCal women's gymnas tics (Ben Corr, webmas ter), and Region VII women's gymnas tics (Jan Greenhawk, webmaster). A common misconception abo ut being on the web stem s from the belief: " if I build it, they w ill come." Putting up a website will not result in a m agnificent surge in popularity for yo ur gym, with record-se tting enrollment. The web is rarely a key source of a company's revenue.

There are, however, numerous tangible benefits to having a website. We asked the three webmasters, "wh at wo uld you list as the benefits of being on the web?" Here is a compiled list of their answers: Efficiently distributed, Timely information .

Information on demand. ("People don't have to wait fo r me to return a phone call", Strada) Everyone, including people new to gymnastics, can learn more about the sport. ("The people who are not in gymnastics ask some interesting questions about our sport, and I really love being an 'ambassador' for gymn as tics. " Greenhawk) Increased satisfaction of users to have information at their disposal (particularly parents and coaches).

Kids (and parents!) love seeing their name publish ed on the web. This is one for the scrapbooks!

Information for coaches and other gymnastics professionals. (" I try to provide coaches with information on rules and training, as well as links to coaching related sites on the web that would be h ard to find on their own." Corr)

Resource list If you have access to the web, visit our Technique web pages for active links to these sites!

Gymnastics Sites Georgia Men's Gymnas tics http : // p age s . prodigy . com / gagym / NorCal Women's Gymnastics http : // www . s onic . net / -bjcorr / Region VII Women's Gynmastics http : // www . r egion7gymnastics . com USA Gymnastics Online http : // www . usa-gymna s tic s . org

Web Page Editors Microsoft FrontPage http : // www . microsoft . com/ frontpage / GNNPress http : // www . gnn . com / gnn / netizens / gnnpr e ss / HoTMetaL http : // www . softquad . com/ products / hotmetal / hmpo rg . htm Adobe Page Mill http : // www . adobe . com / prodinde x / pagem i ll / ma in . ht ml Netscape Navigator Gold http : / / home . net s cap e . com

Graphics and other programs Paint Shop Pro h t tp : // www . jasc . com/ p sp . html Adobe Photoshop http : / /www . adobe . c om/p r od i nde x /ph o to s ho p / main . html Stroud's Consummate Winsock Apps List (catalog of Windows p rograms, for FTP, graphics, and many more programs) http : // www . cwsapps . com/

Registering web pages Submit-It h t tp : // www . submit-it . com SubmitAll http : / /www . home team . c om/ addu r l / Yahoo (Internet catalog) http : // www . yahoo . com Alta Vista (search) http : // www . alta - vista . com HotBot (search) http : // www . hotbot . com Lycos (search) http : // www . lyco s . com USA Gymnastics Online Debut - Press Release (sample) http : // www . usa- g ymna s tic s . or g / news / 1996 / ma r Olu s ago - debut . html Gynm Forum's Hot List http : // rain b ow . r mii . com / - rachele / h otsp ot . h t ml Cetate 'Net Gymnastics Guide http : // ww . p i . net / -c e tat e / netgymgu i de . html

Advanced Web Development Resources

Good Reading "What Makes a Great Website?" (by Andrew King) http : // www . webr e fe r ence . com/ g r eatsite . html

Online Services AOL http : // www . aol . com Prodigy http : // www . prodigy . com Compuserve http : // www . compuserve . com The List (catalog for local Internet service providers) http : // thel i st . i world . com Geocities (free web page hosting) http : // www . geocities . com

September 1996

Webmaster Reference Library (WRL) http : // www . webreference . com Matt's Script Archive (free and useful scripts!) http : // worldwidemart . com/ sc r ipts / Gamelan (Java and ActiveX resource) h t tp : // www . gamelan . com Gif Construction Set (animated graph ics) http : //www . mindworkshop . com/ alchemy / gifcon . html WebTechs HTML Validation Service (for checking the syntax of your web p ages) http : // www . webtechs . com/ html - val -svc / A Kinder, Gentler HTML Validator http : // ugweb . cs . ualbe r ta . ca / - gerald / validate / Doctor HTML http : // www2 . imagiware . com/ Rx HTML /

Contacting the author webmaster@usa-gymnastics . org

PLEA SE NOTE: Addresses on the web change often. If you are unable to locate a resou rce, try one of the search or catalog resources listed above.

TECHNIQUE

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Preschool Gymnastics

TEACHING TECHNIQUES: BEFORE, DURING, AND d AYfER CLASS

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Carol Robuck, Level I KAT The Gymnastics Bus

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very club has that group of overly excited children that make many preschool teachers frustrated. Here are a few techniques that help keep the class on track and provide a positive learning experience.

Before Class Leader / Greeter This team teaching method works great with two or more teachers. The Leader/Greeter welcomes the children as they come in the door. They direct them to their carpet square or hands them their warm-up prop. After the warm-up activity, the Leader/ Greeter immediately starts the stretches. It is their job to keep the warm-ups going. They also compliment the children on the good job they're doing, while keeping the focus on the good listeners.

Also, their job is to keep the class moving.

Helper The Helper directs any stray children to their carpet squares.

If a child is having a problem, the Helper goes directly to that child and talks to them one on one. The Helper never yells across a class to correct a child unless he or she is in danger.

The Helper compliments the children who are doing the exercises correctly and helps correct those who need help. They also take care of any other problems such as roll call, bathroom, tying shoes, etc. Their job is to help keep the children focused on their warm-up .

Many times one person is in charge of the group . Here are some helpful hints to keep their attention. Make sure everything is taken care of before class starts. Keep them busy and moving. If yo u need to make corrections say: "Can you _ _ ?" or "Let's try _ _ ."

If someone is not listening, point out the children that are doing a good job. Some children try negative behavior to get attention, so keep the focus positive.

During Class Directing the children in a positive manner works better than reacting to a situation. Tell the children what you want them to do, not what they are doing wrong. If you tell a child what he or she is doing wrong tl-tat does not mean that h e or she will do the right thing. This takes practice but has rewarding results.

September 1996

For example: Instead of - "Johnny, don' t throw the balls in the pit," Try -"Johnny, let's put the balls in the box ."

Finger plays are a great way to keep their attention while they are in line or if the teacher has to make a quick set-up.

Always be aware of your tone of voice. It's not always what you say, but how you say it. If a group gets used to being talked to in sharp loud tones, then it can be difficult to get them to respond at first. A short finger play or the use of props are great tools to get the class back on track.

A mimicking game where the teacher simply starts making moves and doesn't say a word until all the children are following is fun. The child that responds first can be the leader on the next activity .

Many times the teacher can walk over to the child that is unruly and stand by him or her and place their hand on his or her shoulder. Many times, this will be enough. If yo u need to talk to the child, talk one-an-one in low tones . Give them choices and explain the consequences. Let the child make the choice. Hopefully it w ill be the right one. If the student continues w ith the undesired behavior, then follow through with the consequences. Be sure the boundaries that you set are reasonable and realistic to begin with.

If discipline is required, explain that you are very sorry that they made that choice. Follow through. It is very important the child understands that it is the behavior that is the problem and not them. The teacher needs to let the child know he or she still likes them, and is anxious to work with him or her as soon as h e or she is willing to listen. Never threaten! Think what could happen if the child didn't cooperate.

If there is a conflict between two children, give them a solution and let them work it out.

For example: The child says, "Johnny is hitting me."

The teacher says, "You need to tell him you don't like that.

Johnny, you need to listen. Remember, we need to use our wo rds not our fists" or, "Let's make a space between you and the other children in line."

TECHNIQUE

Preschool Gymnastics

Remember you can always add skills before or after an element to make corrections.

Circuits Set-up circuits that are:

For example, add a tuck jump after a front roll if they are not standing up, or add a few jumps before a dive roll to get the desired results.

1. Safety conscious.

Check equipment height (keep it low), landing areas, the equipment itself, and make sure the circuit does not have built in danger zones. For example, a tunnel right before a handstand roll so the students get kicked in the face as they come out of the tunnel.

2. Will keep an even flow of traffic. If the children are piling up at a station, change it.

6. Appropriate for the age group. If the activities are too long or too difficult or too easy the children will lose interest. A good teacher can tell when they have lost the group and will change the activities.

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It is important to end on a positive note. This can be done by having a group activity (you can use props, sing a song, dance to your carpet square, etc .) .

4. Are not too spread out. The teacher needs to be able to talk to the children not to shout to them.

Thereare many fun ending activities. The activity does not have to be long. Their purpose is to finish the class on a fun note with happy children that are anxious to return next week for more gymnastics fun!

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Kids Kinetics· Deborah Scholl

The Fitness Athletic Center· Alisa Taylor

Tumble Kids USA· Lauren Miller

MAJK Dance & Gymnastics· Mary Kozlik

Academy of Elite Gymnastics

West Suburban Gymnastics -Samuel Zeman

and Dance· Carol Callahan

ClIrr(,lI/(r 1.;c('II\('t/ III On'r

90 (; r.\Is

Jen Lulla. is a member of the USAG Presdlool Committee and co-

~~ra~ ~a~t(j~:ty~=IV~: t?sAT~a:;J~~Pi~~;

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For FREE Video, InformoJWn and Sampk', col1 (800) 8 1 J O . 3 1 6 .

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

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Ending Class

3. Have few stations that require spotting. The teacher can only be one place at a time, however, the teacher needs to be able to direct traffic at more than one station.

5. In an order that blends together. For example, front roll, cartwheel, backroll... NOT.. . cartwheel, front roll, backroll.

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Biomechanics

THE STEMME FORWARD: BIOMECHANICAL d RELATIONSHIPS

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William L. Cornelius, Ph.D. UniversihJ of North Texas, Denton, Texas

T

he use of basic anatomical and mechanical principles of human motion can be one of the important steps leading to performance virtuosity and mitigated judging deductions. Kreighbaum and Barthels (1996) suggest knowledge of a few basic movement principles provides needed information for improving athletic performance. This has implications for the gymnastics community by suggesting that performance enhancement can be uncomplicated and is associated with the use of basic movement principles. Therefore, the purpose of this discussion is to examine several biomechanical relationship existing in anatomical and mechanical aspects of the stemme forward to "L" support (Figure 1).

Alliance of Anatomical and Mechanical Concepts There is a relationship between anatomical and mechanical aspects of human motion. An example of this relationship can be shown in the stemme forward (Figure 1) and the connection between anatomical components of the human body and transferring angular momentum. For the gymnasts to effectively transfer angular momentum from one body segment to another there must be a sequence of functional muscle group contractions . Consequently, the transfer of angular momentum and a

coalition with functional muscle groups will provide the focus for this biomechanical discussion.

Transfer of angular momentum Angular momentum can be transferred from one body segment to another. Luttgens et al. (1992) indicate the transfer mechanism occurs as forces are generated by functional muscle groups and summated from one body segment to another. This is shown in Figure 1 as the overall angular momentum produced in the swing at frame E is transferred to the arms through frame H as the gymnasts rises against the resistive force of gravity to the "L" support position above the rings.

Functional muscle groups. One muscle does not usually acf along, rather there is a group of muscles acting to contribute to the desired joint movement. A number of muscles, contributing to a common joint action, exert tension to accomplish a specified movement. Kreighbaum and Barthels (1996) suggest that a muscle group is named based on the joint movement created. Frames E to G provide an example in Figure 1 with the muscles causing shoulder adduction; therefore, this functional muscle group is referred to as the shoulder adductors. Further example exists with the muscles causing hip flexion (frames F-H) being connected with the functional muscle group called hip flexors. Table 1 provides the primary muscles connected with shoulder adductor and hip fle xor functional muscle groups involved in the transfer of angular momentum (frames E-H) during the stemme forward upswing phase.

Analysis of Stemme Forward to L-Support The stemme forward to L-support is a skill performed on the rings that requires angular momentum through the bottom of the swing, subsequent swing against gravity, and an abrupt cessation of angular momentum as static equilibrium is established in the L-support. The primary mechanical mechanism in completing this skill incorporates a transfer of angular momentum to linear momentum. This mechanism utilizes a change from the circular path of the body's center of gravity (CG) in frames B to F, about the mediolateral axis at the hands in the saggital plane, to a curvilinear path in frames F to H as the CG then following a relatively straight line from below the rings to a point above the rings.

Me(hani(al aspeds in the downswing phase

Figure 1 The Stemme Forward

The downswing phase from frame B to D serves to utilize the external force of gravity that is instrumental in producing anguSeptember 1996

TECHNIQUE

T~ey sell so fast

your ~ead will spin.

Alpha Factor.

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~~ Aerials.

Biomechanics

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lar momentum. Angular momentum is best produced with the body fully extended as the gymnast moves away from the rings early in frame B. Failure to first move through the planche position, however, will result in points deducted during the judging process. Extension away from the rings from frame B to C produces a large external torque as gravity acts through the body's CG. Moving the CG away from the rings, early in frame A, allows gravity to act as an effective motive force and is essential to a well performed stemme forward.

A forward motive force on the rings in frame B results in moving the rings outward. This action maximizes rotational enertia prior to frame C. Such a maneuver allows for the greatest possible distribution of the gymnast's mass away from the axis of rotation at the rings. A h ollow chest technique and the rings placed the greatest possible distance from the CG, produces the desired rotational inertia. Rotational inertia equals the product of the gymnas t' s mass and mass dis tri bu tion and is considered to be an important component in angular momentum. Angular momentum is the product of rotational inertia and angular velocity.

Consequently, maximal rotational inertia created from the early long body technique and gravity's influence on establishing maximal angular velocity on the downswing provide a desirable level of angular momentum at frame D.

Shoulder joint fle xion occurs from frame B to C. A successful maneuver against the effects of gravity is instrumental in initiating the movement necessary for maximizing angular momentum on the downswing. The shoulder flexion muscle group consists of the biceps brachii, anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, and the pectoralis major and is responsible for moving the CG above and away from the rings. Shoulder flexion is accomplished w ith an explosive, concentric contraction of the shoulder joint flexor muscle group, but is dependent upon a 2:1 ratio between the humerus and scapula (Arnheim and Prentice, 1993; Kreighbaum and Barthels, 1996). Full joint range of motion at the shoulder joint will permit this maneuver to be ap propriately completed prior to frame C and allows the downswing to be fluent and artistically performed.

TABLE 1 Primary Muscle Groups involved in Upswing Phase Muscle Group

Joint

Muscles Involved

Shoulder Adductors

Shoulder

Pectoralis Major

Anatomical aspects in the downswing phase Anatomical aspects dealing with the downswing phase of the stemme forward are integrally tied to the mechanics of the skill.

Blending anatomical and mechanical aspects of human motion can provide the practitioner with information needed to improve performance. Examples of this relationship can be observed in adjusting the angle of muscle insertions to improve the production of torque, securing proper alignment of skeletal structures for manipulating rotational inertia, and producing adequate joint range of motion for maximizing angular momentum created from the force of gravity.

Passing through the planche position in frame B is dependent upon proper skeletal alignment and the way in w hich the lumbar spine, pelvis, and femur interplay. Kreighbaum and Barthels (1996) consider the pelvis as the fulcrum of the body. Control of this segment, therefore, is essential for all gymnastics movements. Performance breakdown is guaranteed when the pelvis is not stabilized and will result in loosing proper skeletal alignment. The hollow chest and a stabilized pelvis are the basis for controlling the body and provide the framework for effective teclmique in many gymnastics movements. This is certainly the case in the movement sequence from frame B to C. The CG is dependent upon skeletal alignment and will drop below the rings earlier than desired during performance of the planche when vertebral hyperex tension is brought on by a strong hip flexor and weak abdominal relationship. A strong abdominal muscle group is primary in limiting forward anterior pelvic tilt and is essential in controlling the ill effects of an over zealous hip flexor muscle group. Typically the hip flexors shown in Table 1 develop faster than the abdominal muscle group and create an unbalanced strength relationship . This is often the case because of the active involvement of the hip flexors in daily activities. The problem can be compounded when a conditioning program does not begin by assessing this strength relationship.

Hip Flexors

Hip

Latissimus Dorsi Teres Major Psoas Illiacus Rectus Femoris Pectineus

o

An extended body position is maintained and controlled through frames C and D in order to increase angular momentum.

The primary mechanism for maintaining the extended body position is in shoulder girdle elevation and slight posterior pelvic tilt during the downswing in frames C and D. The mechanism relating to the shoulder girdle consists of scapula elevation at the sternoclavicular joint through concentric contraction of the shoulder girdle elevators (levator scapulae, trapezius 1 and 2, and the rhomboids) . The elevated shoulder girdle position is then maintained, w ith the external motive force of gravity, and the internal force of the shoulder girdle elevators, enabling the gymnast to maximize the distance of the CG away from the rings on the downswing. The pull of the gravitational force provides a significant contribution in allowing the elevated shoulder girdle position to be maintained as the body nears from D. Consequently, the muscles of the shoulder complex can relax into frame D without loosing the large rotational inertia. Complimenting the contribution of the shoulder complex in securing angular momentum is the position of the pelviS. A straight, long body in the downswing is enhanced by slight posterior tilt of the pelvis. The abdominal and hamstring muscle groups are prime movers in securing posterior pelvic tilt and will contribute to the hollow body technique when relaxation and fleXibility of the antagonistic musculotendinous units (hip flexor, erector spinae an quadratus lumborum muscles) allow proper pelvic positioning.

Mechanical aspects in the upswing phase Previously produced an gular momentum continues in the

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

Biomechanics

upswing phase (frames E-H), but with significant transfer from the entire body to right and left arm segments. Prior to the transfer process and as a lead in, Frame E demonstrates forward displacement of the pelvis and chest, creating slight hyperextension of the lumbar spine. The arched body position is accompanied by a slight decrease in angular velocity of the legs and feet.

This is the mechanism required to initiate a shifting or transfer of angular momentum to the arms in frames F and G. Accompanying the transfer of angular momentum to linear momentum is a change in the path of the CG from a point away from the rings (axis of rotation) to a point closer to the rings.

Frame G depicts a redistribution of body segments about the CG during linear translation. Hip joint and trunk flexion in frame G now provide a shorter resistance arm and an improved means by which linear translation of the CG can be directed against gravity to a support position. Completion of hip flexion and shoulder adduction in frames G to H allow the gymnast to reach static equilibrium in the L-support (frame H). Appropriate mechanics in frames F and G are associated with complete elbow joint extension and progressive bending at the hip joints, rather than elbow flexion and early, excessive hip joint flexion.

Anatomi(al aspeds in the upswing phase Anatomical aspects significantly lend to smooth transfer of angular momentum in the upswing. Anatomical considerations such as muscular strength and normal joint range of motion are critical in smooth transition from the downswing to the upswing phase and in moving against the resistive force of gravity in completing the upswing.

As the angular momentum of the swig from frame D continues into frame E, slight shoulder joint hyper flexion, coupled with upward rotation and stabilization of the scapula, allow the gymnast to continue to rise as the chest leads and the lower body segments experience reduced angular velocity. It is at this point in the upswing that the shoulder joint adductors, shown in Table 1, are the primary internal force contributors in continuing linear momentum. The shoulder joint adductor and hip joint flexor

muscle groups (Table 1) are placed on stretch in frame E, providing the implementation of the length-tension mechanism and subsequent increased force production in these muscle groups . This increased motive force is necessary to overcome the external resistive force of gravity in frames F toH. Frame E places the gymnast in an important position for the transfer of angular momentum to begin. The initial transfer takes place in the transition from frame E to F. As the lower body experiences reduced angular velocity, while maintaining alarge rotational inertia around the mediolateral axis, the arms begin adduction at the shoulder joint. Transfer of angular momentum from the entire body to the arms takes place as the summation of forces change from the total body segment to the arm segments. Reduced rotational inertia produced with hip joint flexion in frames G and H provide needed conservation of angular momentum as the body rises to secure the L-support (frame H). The position in frame H terminates in static equilibrium with the abdominal and hamstring muscle groups securing slight posterior pelvic tilt and a stable base upon which the hip flexor muscle group (Table 1) established 90 degrees at the hip joint. *Figure 1 was based on illustrations in the 1984-1988

Junior Olympic Age Group Compulsories.

References Arnheim, D.D., & Prentice, W.E. (1993). Principles of Athletic Training (8th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Year Book.

Kreighbaum, E., & Barthels, K.M. (1996). Biomechanics: A Qualitative Approach for Studying Human Movement (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Luttgens, K., Deutsch, H., & Hamilton, N. (1992). Kinesiology: Scientific Basis ofHuman Motion (8th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: W.e. Brown and Benchmark.

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

9

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13

Men's Gymnastics

MEN'S NCAA ., ACADEMIC CHAMPIONS I

A

14

T "'

the ,"cond time in thm yea", the M.""hu,"u, Institute of Technology has been declared the national academic team champion for men's gymnastics by the College Gymnastics Association.

The College Gymnastics Association's academic top 15 with their corresponding GPA (4.0 scale): 1. MIT

3.543

2. BYU

3.399

3. Oklahoma

3.237

4. Air Force

3.215

5. UC-Berkeley

3.151

6. William & Mary

3.132

7. Iowa

3.090

8. Syracuse

3.018

9.

Ohio State

3.007

10. Navy

2.997

11. Vermont

2.967

12. Nebraska

2.924

13. Santa Barbara

2.916

14. New Mexico

2.885

15. Temple

2.869

Forty-eight individual gymnasts were honored as 1996 allAmerica scholar-athletes for earning at least a 3.50 grade point average while attaining a minimum NCAA scoring average of 8.5 during the 1996 season. Navy's Arlen Hanle, New Mexico's Blaz Puljic, and Santa Barbara' s Andre Zimmerman have been declared academic all-Americas for the fourth straight year. NCAA rings champion Scott McCall of William and Mary, NCAA vaulting champion Jay Thornton of Iowa and NCAA high bar champion Carl Irnhauser of Temple earned academic all-America designation. Nissen A ward winner Darren Elg of Brigham Young University was among the six gymnasts with perfect 4.0 grade point averages.

Complete list of honorees: Jonathan P. Corbitt Darren Elg Jeremy Killen

Illinois BYU Oklahoma

4.00 4.00 4.00 September 1996

Peter lombard Peter Masucci Chris McGone Rob Rimpini Ofri Porat Jay Thornton Sean Juguilon Neil A. Niemi Theodore Harris Andy Fulmer David Schrock Scott Hrnack Geoffrey M. Jensen Kenneth Sykes Ben Nordby Andre Zimmerman Casey Bryan Kyle Quigley Joe Roemer Darin Gerlach Chad Finefrock James Abbatiello Marshall Nelson Jason Newman Brad Panozzo Gareth Robinson Arlen J. Hanle Blaz Puljic Garon Rowland Dan Fink Steve Pryor Mike Plourde Greg Gebhardt Matthew M. Holecko II Scott W. McCall Greg McGlaun Stephen P. Dvoranchik Carllmhauser Jon Randall Frederick Chad A. Silva Ethan Sterk Aaron Cotter Tim Gergen James Koziol Gray Wetzler Paul G. Davee TECHNIQUE

Navy Iowa Illinois BYU Syracuse Iowa Iowa Ohio State Nebraska Massachusetts Temple Syracuse Air Force Temple BYU Santa Barbara Oklahoma Western Michigan Penn State Temple Ohio State Vermont Nebraska Michigan State Illinois Illinois-Chicago Navy New Mexico Oklahoma Oklahoma Massachusetts Massachusetts Iowa William & Mary William & Mary Illinois William & Mary Temple James Madison Air Force Michigan State Iowa New Mexico Nebraska Santa Barbara William & Mary

4.00 4.00 4.00 3.97 3. 96 3.96 3.94 3.93 3.92 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.89 3.88 3.86 3.84 3.83 3.83 3.82 3.81 3.80 3.79 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.73 3.72 3.71 3.71 3.69 3.67 3.65 3.64 3.64 3.63 3.63 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.58 3.58 3.56 3.52 3.52 3.52

Men's Judge Course

1997 MEN'S CONTINENTAL JUDGES COURSE Daily Schedule Thursday, January 2 Noon-10:00 pm

Registration

Friday, January 3 8:00- 8:30 am Registration 8:30- 8:45 am General Welcome 8:45- 9:15 am Introduction to the 1997 Code of Points 9:15- 9:35 am Organization of the Judging Panel 9:35-10:30 am Difficulty and Bonus 10:30-11:00 am Coffee Break 11:00-11 :45 am Exercise Presentation 11:45-12:15 pm Judges Control 12:15- 1:00 pm Lunch 1:00- 2:30 pm Floor Exercise / Theory and Practical 2:30- 4:00 pm Pommel Horse 4:00- 4:30 pm Coffee Break 4:30- 6:00 pm Rings

Saturday, January 4 8:00- 9:00 am 9:00-10:00 am

., 9

Albuquerque, New Mexico - January 2-5

Questions and Answers (Optional Session) Vault

10:00-10:30 am 10:30-12 noon 12:00- 1:00 pm 1:00- 2:30 pm 2:30- 3:15 pm 3:15- 4:00 pm 4:00- 4:15 pm 4:15- 7:00 pm

Coffee Break Parallel Bars Lunch Horizontal Bar Questions Coffee Break Introduction for Practical Test Prac tical Exam

Sunday, January 5 9:00-11:00 am Theory Test 12:30- 2:00 pm Banquet & Awarding Brevet

Hotel Pinnacle Four Season's 200 Carlisle NE Albuquerque NM, 87110 (505) 888-3311 ph

Course fee $425 - Single Accommodations $350 - Double Accommodations Fees includes hotel (three night), course, and three meals a day.

Course fee only is $225

Registration Information Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Member Association _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Arrival Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Airline and Flight # _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Arrival Time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Home Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Home Phone _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Business Phone _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ Fax _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ E-Mail Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Departure Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Airline _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Departure Time _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ RoomlnateRequest _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __

PLEASE NOTE: There will be a shuttle available to tran sport you to the hotel. Please fill out the above information in order for us to plan transportation.

Please send course fee and registration information to:

Ron Galimore, Men 's Program Director USA Gymnastics, Pan American Plaza 201 S. Capital Ave., Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46236 (317) 237-5050 ext. 231

All fees and registration must be received by December 1, 1996.

September 1996

TECHNIQUE

.A 15

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Women's Gymnastics

COLLEGIATE CORNER CHALKTALK 9

Kathy Feldmann, USA Gymnastics Collegiate Coordinator

"

ANCAA Women of the Year State-Level Honoree

Midwest:

University of Utah

Kristy Savoie from Louisiana was the only gymnastics representative to receive this award as announced in the September 2, 1996 NCAA News .

Southeast:

University of Kentucky

Central:

University of Michigan

NCAA Women's Gymnastics Committee

USA Gymnastics 1997 Collegiate Championships (M/W)

Pat Panichas, Southern Connecticut State University, was appointed chair, effective September 1,1996, to succeed Cheryl Levick, whose term expired.

Structure

National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Coaches/Women Meg Stephenson, assistant coach at Minnesota, was re-elected to a two-year term as president of the NACGCjW.

Recruiting Guide Now available from the NACGCjW is the Guide to Understandin g the Recruiting Process in the Sport of Women's Gymnastics . Cost is $8 (make checks payable to NACGCjW). Send order to:

April 12, 1997 at University of Iowa Structure

1-800-638-3731

1997 NCAA Gymnastics Championships April 17-19, 1997 at University of Florida, Gainsville Structure All Divisions; 12 teams (five Regional Champions and seven At-large); 12 All-Around gymnasts not on qualified teams; event specialists (win their event at Regionals with a score of 9.80 or better).

All teams compete the first day in two sessions. The top three from each session advance to "super Six" on the second day .

The Event Finals compete on the third day (this includes the top eight gymnasts in each event from the first day).

Dates AprilS, 1997 Ohio State University

West:

Boise State University

All teams compete the first day in two sessions. The top team from each session and the next two highest scoring teams from either session advance to the team finals on the second day.

Event Finals are on the third day (top eight gymnasts in each event from the first day) .

USA Gymnastics National Invitational Tournament

NCAA HOTLINE NUMBER

Northeast:

Collegiate Division: Eight teams, eight All-Arounds, and two specialists with a 9.0 or better National Qualifying Score.

Division I teams may qualify providing they meet the scholarship requirement.

USA Gymnastics representative: Sandy Thielz

Lynn Breuckman, Women's Gymnastics Coach 1700 South Fourth St. .

Bielfeldt Athletic Administration Building Champaign, IL 61820

Regionals (S):

April 10-12, 1997 at Seattle Pacific University

September 1996

Any Division I team w ho did not compete in the NCAA National tournament the previous year . Selection based upon regional representation and national qualifying score from the previous season. Eight teams compete in one session. The home team has an automatic slot. Awards for team, all-around, and events are given for this meet.

USA Gymnastics representative: Kathy Feldmann

National Collegiate Gymnastics Association First week-end in March Site rotates yearly between the Midwest and East Coast Structure Division III teams. Eight teams, four All-Arounds, and four sp ecialists based on qualifying score. All Teams compete on the first day. Event finals are held on the second day.

TECHNIQUE

17

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Women's Gymnastics

1996 Top 50 SCHOLASTIC RANKINGS & SCHOLASTIC ALL-AMERICAN AWARDS National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics CoachesfWomen

Scholastic All-American Teams 1.

Boll State University Western Michigan University 2.

Southern Utah University 3.

4. George Washington Univ.

University of Michigan 5.

6.

University of Nebraska University of Denver 7.

8.

Yale University Texas Women's University 9.

10. University of Bridgeport 11. Central Michigan University 12. Iowa State University 13. University of Pennsylvania 14. University of Georgia 15. James Madison University 16. Cornell University 17. University of Iowa 1B. Col State Fullerton 19. Utah State University 20. louisiana State University 21. Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill 22. University of Alabama 23. University of Alaska Anchorage 24. Oregon State University 25. University of Washington 26. Towson State University 27. Southeast Missouri State Univ.

28. University of Minnesota 29. Brown University 30. University of Illinois-Champaign 31. University of California-Berkeley 32. Boise State University 33. College of William and Mary 34. Univ. of California-Santo Barbara 35. University of Pittsburgh 36. Son Jose State 37. University of Vermont 37. West Virginia University 39. Penn State University 40. Kent State University 41. Univ. of Californio at los Angeles 42. University of New Hampshire 43. Michigan State University 44. Ohio State University 44. University of Illinois-Chicago 46. University of Florida 47. California State Univ.-Sacromento

3.50150 3.48400 3.43400 3.38900 3.37400 3.37000 3.36600 3.35000 3.34600 3.29100 3.27000 3.23000 3.23000 3.21000 3.20700 3.19620 3.17800 3.17700 3.15000 3.14900 3.14900 3.14600 3.14400 3.13420 3.13000 3.12980 3.11500 3.11000 3.10000 3.09500 3.07600 3.06860 3.05930 3.05000 3.04400 3.04000 3.03000 3.03000 3.02000 2.9BOOO 2.97340 2.97000 2.92800 2.92000 2.92000 2.91200 2.90000 September 1996

48.

49.

50.

University of Rhode Islond Northeastern University University of Kentucky

2.89330 2.87000 2.77000

Scholastic All-American Individuals (Due to space constraints only individuals with a 3.900 and up are listed) Melindo Blondis Kimberly Dehaan Keri Erazmus laura Hambly Dono Henkel lisa Kurc Sari lehmuskallio Adriana Manogo Amy Meyerson Jessica Nonnemacher Kristin Quackenbush Emily Swank Susan Talbot Joy Taylor Monique Taylor Anne Marie Vassallo Sadie Warren Heather Werner Meredith Willard Megan McNulty Kathryn Sutter Julie Talbot lynn Dameron Heather Ozaroski Elizabeth Cluxton Kim Mazza Alice Kruk Molly Northrop Sirinda Sincharoen Kelly McKinnie Kristie Gockenheimer Amber Gaskill Meena lakdowolo Kim Purcaro Melanie Sanford Moria Ventura Tracy Owens Shelly Bartlett Betsy Cousins Emily McKee Theresa Show TECHNIQUE

Uof I-Chicago Uof Neb.-lincoln James Madison Ball State Western Michigan Univ. of Georgia Towson State West Virginia Univ.

Univ. of Florida West Virginia Univ.

West Virginio Univ.

Utah State Univ.

Bowling Green State Uof Neb.-lincoln Texas Women's Univ.

Oregon State Texas Women's Univ.

Boise State Univ. of Alabama George Washington Uof Missouri-Columbia Southern Utah Univ.

College of William and Mary Northeastern Univ.

University of Kentucky Iowa State University Bowling Green State University of Utah Uof California-Berkeley Uof Missouri-Columbia George Washington Univ.

Central Michigan Univ.

George Woshington Univ. of NewHampshire Yale Univ.

Western Michigan Boll State University Uof Nebraska-lincoln Ohio State Univ.

Uof Illinois-Chicago Univ. of Kentucky

4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 4.0000 3.9900 3.9820 3.9650 3.9640 3. 9640 3. 9600 3.9600 3. 9500 3. 9500 3.9500 3.9470 3.9300 3.9300 3.9300 3.9300 3.9200 3.9100 3.9030 3.9000 3.9000 3.9000 3.9000

Women's Gymnastics

COLLEGES WITH WOMEN'S GYMNASTICS TEAMS I

"

.A 20

Here's a complete listing of colleges in the U.S. that have a women's gymnastics team.

NORTHEAST Division I Bowling Green State Univ.

Brown Univ.

Cornell Univ.

Kent State Univ.

Univ. of Massachusetts Univ. of New Hampshire Northeastern Univ.

Ohio State Univ.

Pennsylvania State Univ.

Univ. of Pennsylvania Univ. of Pittsburgh Univ. of Rhode Island Rutgers University Temple Univ.

Univ. of Vermont Yale University

Bowling Green, OH Providence, RI Ithaca, NY Kent,OH Amherst, MA Durham, NH Boston, MA Columbus, OH University Park, PA Philadelphia, PA Pittsburgh, PA Kingston, RI New Brunswick, NJ Philadelphia, PA Burlington, VT New Haven, a

Winona, MN

Division III Gustavus Adolphus College Hamline University Univ. of Wisconsin Univ. Wisconsin-La Crosse University of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Stout University of Wisconsin

St. Peter, MN 51. Paul, MN Eau Claire, WI La Crosse, WI Oshkosh, WI River Falls, WI Menomonie, WI Whitewater, WI

Gainesville, Fl Washington, DC Athens, GA Harrisonburg, VA Lexington, KY College Park, MD Chapel Hill, NC Raleigh, NC Radford, VA Towson, MD Morgantown, WV Williamsburg, VA

MIDWEST Division I

Bridgeport, a Indiana, PA New Haven, a West Chester, PA

Arizona State University University of Arizona Brigham Young University University of Denver University of Nebraska University of Oklahoma Southern Utah University Utah State University University of Utah

Chambersburg, PA Brockport, NY Cortland, NY Ithaca, NY Cambridge, MA PrOVidence, RI Springfield, MA Collegeville, PA

Tempe, AZ Tucson, AZ Provo, UT Denver, CO Lincoln, NE Norman, OK Cedar City, UT Logan, UT Salt Lake City, UT

Division II Texas Woman's University U.S. Air Force Academy

CENTRAL Division I University of Alabama Auburn University Ball State University Centenary College Central Michigan University Eastern Michigan University Illinois State University University of Illinois University of Illinois Iowa State University Lousiana Stote University Michigan State University University of Michigan Univ. of Minnesota-Twin University of Missouri

Division II Winona State University

University of Florida George Washington University University of Georgia James Madison University University of Kentucky University of Maryland University of North Carolina North Carolina State University Radford University Towson State University West Virginia University College of William &Mary

Division III Wilson College SUNY College at Brockport SUNY College at Cortland Ithaco College Mass. Institute of Technology Rhode Island College Springfield College Ursinus College

DeKalb, IL Cape Girardeau, MO Kalamazoo, MI

SOUTHEAST Division I

Division II Univ. of Bridgeport Indiana Univ. of PA Southern Connecticut 51. Univ.

West Chester Univ.

Northern Illinois University Southeast Missouri State Univ.

Western Michigan University

Denton, TX USAF Academy, CO

WEST Division I Tuscaloosa, AL Auburn Univ., AL Muncie, IN Shreveport, LA Mount Pleasant, MI Ypsilanti, MI Normal, IL Champaign, IL Chicago, IL Ames, IA Baton Rouge, LA East Lansing, MI Ann Arbor, MI Minneapolis, MN Columbia, MO

Boise State University University of California Univ. of California-Davis University of California Univ. California-Santa Barbara Calif. State University-Fullerton Calif. State Univ.-Sacramento Oregon State University San Jose State University Stanford University University of Washington

Boise, ID Berkeley, CA Davis, CA Los Angeles, CA Santa Barbara, CA Fullerton, CA Sacramento, CA CorvalliS, OR San Jose, CA Stanford, CA Seattle, WA

Division II University of Alaska-Anchorage Seattle Pacific University September 1996

TECHNIQUE

Anchorage, AK Seattle, WA

)

Women's Gymnastics

QUALIFIERS TO THE

1996TOPs 9

NATIONAL TESTING

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Gary Warren, National TOPs Coordinator October 3-6, 1996 Gymnastics Training Center of Rochester, NY 2051 Fairport N ine Mile Point Road Penfield, NY 14526 Phone (716) 388-8686

Name Melissa Chan Michelle DeGroff Ottie Shimamoto Theresa Casella Jessica Brown ShivOIU1 Croasdale Rachael Etzkorn Danielle Farming Ashley Miller Elizabeth Waldman Amanda Wible Amy Bridwell Janelle Dantzscher Jalynne Dantzscher Ad rienne Platts Megan Holbert Melanie Gray Christie Jones Jessica Combs Heidi Pasch Alicia Sanchez Giselle Solorzano Brisa Fuentes Taisia LaumalU1 Marissa Messer Jessica Stevenson Monica Emanuel Ka trina Olesniewicz Hilary Saskin Allison Knapp Jordan Schwikert Lisa Butler Anna Helmreich Siobhan Luce Chelsea Plourde Danielle Rederfo rd Kate Sturdivant Karissa Vossler Alise Blackwell Laura Ga lia

Age 10 9 10 10 11 10 10 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 10 11 10 11 11 9 11 10 10 10 11 9 10 9 9 10 10 11 11 10 11 11 10 11 9 11

Reg.

Club

Name

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Airborne Gymnastics Airborne Gymnastics Airborne Gymnastics Airboune Gymnastics Arizona Sunrays Arizona Sunrays Arizona Sunrays Arizona Sunrays Arizona Sunrays Arizona Sunrays Arizona Sunrays Charter Oak Charter Oak Charter Oak Charter Oak Desert Gy nmastics Desert Lights Desert Lights Diablo Gymnastics Diablo Gynmastics Diablo Gy nmastics Diablo Gy mnastics Dynamic Gynmastics Dynamic Gynmastics Dynamic Gynmastics Dynamic Gymnastics Encore Gymnastics Gigi Gymnas tics Green Va lley Gym Ca ts Gym Ca ts Gym evada Gym evada Gym evada GynmNevada Gym evada Gym evada Gym evada Gym agic Gymagic

Jaci Reber Jean Storey Justine Cephus Kristin Jua rez Carrie Knepp Lindsay Slocum Gem1y Sutko Katelyn Verduzco Erin Cattolica Ashleigh G underman Heather Hall Amanda Alston Laura Cockrell Erin Blackstock Keeva Brumley Kristin Crane Danielle Friesen Jade Kvach Meghan Sieverten Jem1ifer G reen Megan Ha rders Kerry Cronin Katie oesen Chris telOdgard Ana Rickard Ashley Small N icole Ourada Ashley Warzon Queenita Gamble Brittany Eisemnan Chelsie Smith Denai Vogel Meagan Ziegler Jihan Abdullal1 Desire Sniatynski Jessica Beck Ka tie Henmich Sa ral1 Marrs Lindsay Nelson Ashley Powers

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Sep tember 1996

TECHNIQUE

Age 10 11 11 10 9 10 9 11 11 9 10 10 9 11 9 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 9 9 10 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 11 9 10 9 10 10

Reg.

Club

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Gymagic Gymagic LA Sch ool of Gymnas tics LA School of Gymnastics Las Vegas Flyers Las Vegas Flyers Las Vegas Flyers Madera ational Gymnastics National Gymnastics National Gymnastics Texas Star Gymnastics Texas Star Gynmastics Tulsa World Tulsa World Tulsa World Wichita Gynu1astics Ced ar Rapids Gymnastics Cedar Rapids Gymnastics G rand Island Twisters Grand Island Twisters Iowa GymIowa GymIowa Gym- est Iowa Gym- est Iowa GymLafleur's Lafleur 's Racine YMCA Saito Saltro Saito Saltos Scamps Scamps Team Central Team Central Team Central Team Centra l Team Centra l

Women's Gymnastics

Name

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Allyson Traylor Katie Mild Deva n Kestel Jessica Albert Briana Derck Megan Griffin Laura Rings Amy McLaren Julie Abaray Christina Green Meghan Weier Emilia Sykes Lynette Suber Sarah Foehl Jennifer Hilyard Ashlee Davis Stacy Falvey Amy Lynch Krista Roemerman Patricia Rogers Kelly Day Erica Trippet Nicole Hameister Abagail Breidenstein Kate Goldberg Rebecca Goosman Cassandra Kent Alison Kish Bridget H ollingsworth Teresa Kiel Nicole Bruno Devon Downs Makenzie Kline Jasmine Thompson Rececca Breitholle Julie Crall Be thany Cunduff Shannon Dehart Jamie Vishnauski JanaI Cox Valerie DeVore Adrierme Mills Morgan Ricke Chelsea Rogers Emma Sartini Jenna Asad Sinisgalli Stephanie Sherrell Emily Snellenger Amber Brobst Jessica Ewart Dara-Ann Bauman Maegan Koller Julie Kulak EmilyZilm Katie Zilm Lauren Jackson BethSawitz Stacy Zickl Jenna Rivers

Age 11

10 11 11 11 11 11 9

10 10 11

10 11 9

10 10 10 10 11 9 9 10 11 9

10 10 10

10 10 9 9 10

10 9

10 9 9 10

10 11 9 9 9 9

10 10

10 9 9

10 9 9

10 9 11 9

10 10 11

Reg. 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Name

Club Team Central Twin City Twisters Bluegrass Gymnastics Buckeye Buckeye Buckeye Buckeye Buckeye Cincinnati Gymn. Academy Cincinnati Gymn. Academy Cincinnati Gymn. Academy Classics Classics Gymnastics Gahanna Gymnastics Gahanna Gymnastics GTCofOhio GTC of Ohio GTC of Ohio GTC of Ohio GTC of Ohio Gymnastics World Gynmas tics World Illinois Gymn. Experience Indy School of Gym Indy School of Gym Indy School of Gym Indy School of Gym Indy School of Gym Mega Gymnastics orthbrook Gymnastics Olympic Dreams Olympic Dreams Olympic Dreams Olympic Dreams Queen City Queen Ci ty Queen City Queen City Queen City Southern Indiana Gym Southern Indiana Gym Southern Indiana Gym Sou thern Indiana Gym Southern Indiana Gym Southern Ohio Thome Gymnastics Twistars Twistars Universal Gymnast Universal Gymnast Ca ts Ca ts Cats Ca ts Cats Charles River Gymnastics Charles River Gymnastics Charles River Gymnastics Exper-Tiess September 1996

Lindsay Willner Kaitlin Harrison Natalie Lipshutz Jennifer OiNeil Gina Rinaldi Katelyn Schenkel Jessica Webb Meghan Cicero Mary-Cate Cicero Brittany Fon'as Lauren-Ashley Garan Nicole Bergeron Jennifer Sobuta Erin Bush Justina Sullivan Jen Lenches Kristy Behr Heather Nielsen Corissa Pirkl Christina Walsh Hadley Singer Jodi LaBean Alyissa Hasan Jessica Jones Melissa Roemmele Brittany Anderson Doreen Baram Erin Qu igg Katie Grocki Katie Hammond Rebecca Tucker Heather Hite Bethany Martin Kara Weaver Ashley Levine N icole Muffoletto Krista-LYlm Purol Holly Weber Sarah Fiorillo Laura Digrazia Erin Os trove Sophia Pantano Cassander Martin Courtney Turco Angie Hall Jovani Coleman Sayaka Hino Julia Stola r Stephanie Sullivan Michelle Turner-Goldsmith Ashley Martz Aslym1 Satterfield Jessica Goldyn Zoe Magiros Lakisha Gatling Jessica Sauceda Ashley Morris Victoria Bergreen Emily Brown TECHNIQ UE

Age 9 10 10 9 11 10 9 9 11

10 9 10 9 11 9 10 9 9 11 11 10

10 9 11 9 9

10 9 10 11 9 9 9 10 11 9 9 9 9 10 9 11 9 11 11 11 9 11 11 10 9 10 11 10

10 11 10 9

10

Reg. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 ' 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Club Exper-Tiess Granite Sta te GTC of Roches ter GTC of Rochester GTC of Rochester GTC of Rochester GTC of Rochester Gym Cats Gym Cats Gym Cats Gym Ca ts Kingstown Mass. Gymnastics Academy NEGX NEGX Nelson's Gymnastics New Image Gymnastics New Image Gymn. Academy New Image New Image Gymnastics Southern Tier Sou thing ton YMCA Stumpf's Stumpf's Stu mpf's Twisters Twisters Chantilly Academy Fit n Fun Frederick Gynm astics Frederick Gymnastics Glend ale Gymnastics Glendale Gynmas tics Glendale Gymnastics Harford Gymnastics Harford Gymnastics Harford Gymnastics Harford Gynmastics Head Over Heals Hills Gymnastics Hills Gynmas tics Hills Gymnas tics Hills Gymnastics Karon Gymnastics KMC Gymnas tics Marva teens Marvateens Marvateens Marvateens Marvateens N ittany Gymnastics N ittany Gymnastics North Stars North Stars Ocean Tumblers Ocean Tumblers Paragon Gynmastics Paragon Gynmastics Parkettes

Women's Gymnastics

Name CrisalUl Calvo Michelle Cramer Cherrish Funk Mallory Marcincin Caitlin Pellegreic Courtney Regan Christina Stegura Tiffany Tanzosh Kristal Uzelac Meghan Welsh Jessica Caroe Kimberly Harman Julie Brazitis Kacy Lebo Kerrie Blumer Lauren D' Ambrosia Jill ian Komett Catlin Stafford Valerie Town Heather Zito Rachael Welniak Daniela Palumbo Amanda Garron Karin Wurm Amanda Chirlin

Age 11 11

10 10 11

10 9 9

10 11 11 9 11 9 11 11 11 9 11 11 9 9

10 10 9

Reg.

Club

Name

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Parke ttes Parkettes Parkettes Parkettes Parkettes Parke ttes Parkettes Parkettes Parkettes Parkettes Pres tige Gymnastics Presitge Gymnastics Prestige Gymnastics Prestige Gynmastics Rebound Rebound Rebound Rebound Rebound Rebound St. Mary's Rec. & Park Sunburst Gymnastics Watkin's Gymnastics Watkin's Gynmastics World Wide Gymnastics

Kristin Kremer Margaret Adams Ka therine Douglas Megan Linton Ashley Morris Natalie Clark Ashlee Bradley Keri Fryoux Ansley Joe Christina Thoms Jessica May Erica Raulerson Emily Riddle Jessica Rogers Misty Wade Alyssa Zambryckij Jordan Brewer Jessica Brogd en Michelle McGra th Lucinda Vance Molly Jo Herrin Molly McNutt Abby Peterson Keri Lee Sullivan

Age 10 11

10 11

10 9 11

10 11

10 11 11 9

10 10 11 9 11 9 9

10 9

10 11

Reg.

Club

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Charleston Flyers Charleston Twisters Charleston Twisters Charleston Twisters Charleston Twisters Co untryside Gymnastics Elite Gymnastics Elite GyrtUlastics Gwinette GyrtUlastics Gwinnett Gymnastics Gyrmlastics Unlimited Gyrmlastics Unlimited GYflUlastics Unlimited GYflUlastics Unlimited Gymnastics Unlimited GYrtUlastics Unlimited Gymcarolina Gymcarolina Gymcarolina Gymcarolina Kips M t Brook Gymnastics University Gymnastics Center University GyrtUlastics Center

REPLACE YOUR CARPET OR MATS AT 0% FINANCING* Start your season with carpetfrom Tiffin! *for 6 months

September 1996

TECHNIQUE

Email: tiffin@tiffinmats.com http://www.tiffinmats.com

I

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GKConsi~

Our consignment program has already helped hundreds of pro shops across the country become successful and profitable. Why not choose the GK consignment program for your pro shop and start earning extra profits with .. .

entPro~~

With each consignment package, yo u will receive a new assortment of prints and solids from our variety collection, shown on pages 20 thru 22 of the GK catalog.

Your packages are specifically tailored to your gym's needs, such as quantity, sizes and styles.

In addition to receiving consignment merchandise at wholesale prices, you'll be able to purchase all GK products including team apparel at our low wholesale prices too.

No Investment No Risk Our consignment program offers packages for:

Pro Shops 路 Meets路 Summer Camps

Since you only pay for what you've sold and you may return the rest of the package there is ...

No Investment No Risk

For more information on how you can get started on our consignment program, just call our customer service department at 1.800.345.4087.

1230 Spruce Street Reading, Pennsylvania 19602 1.800.345.4087

t99l-~OOO )\ge Group

Progra...

KAT WORKSHOP MEMBERSHIP DISCOUNT Effective immediately - the cost for KA T Workshop registration is $160 for non-members and $140 for General, Instructor, or Professional Members.

tggl-~OOO Men's )\ge Group 'l:o...petition Progra... , l:lass l:o...pulsory Routines

V_a

As a General Member ($20), you receive: Official USA Gymnastics Member Kit. Which includes a workout towel, key chain, luggage tag, and a d ecal.

USA Gymnas tics Membership Card. This card entitles you to a 10 % discount off all gymnastics apparel sold through the USA Gymnastics merchandising department.

Subscription to USA Gymnastics magazine (6 issues, bi-monthly) .

Additionally, yo u w ill r eceive USA Gymnastics M ember Newsletter, w hich includes information and features geared specifically to parents of gymnasts .. . preschool through elite ... on topics ranging from safety to nutrition to choosing the right club or coach.

As a Instructor Member ($40), you receive: Discounted rate for initial Safety Certification course.

Subscription to Techniqu e magazine (10 issues per year).

USA Gymnastics Membership Card . This card entitles you to a 10 % discount off all gymnas tics apparel sold through the USA Gymnas tics merchand~s ing department.

USA Gymnas tics Instructor decal.

As a Professional Member ($75), you receive: Authorization to participate in USA Gymnastics Sanctioned Events and insurance coverage at such events.

1997-~OOO National T ea.n -~","" ....

#&O••.••••.......... $~95 1997-~OOO Men's Junior

Progra...,IO-I1. Co.npulsory and PLase #1. Junior 1l...c:)ndiIi«:»Dl Progr Video

#&1 ................. $19.95 r~~---~---- - ------- - ------ - - - ---I To order any USA Gymnosli{s mer<hondise presented in this issue, please complete this order form.

I

I

Subscription to USA Gymnastics magazine (6 issues, bi-monthly).

USA.

GVMNi\.STlCS ORDER FORM

I ,,, ____________ AOOi!\1 _ _ _ __

Subscription to Techniqu e maragine (10 issues per year).

PHOII! _ _ _ _ __

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

CI1Y _ _ _ _ __

_ _ _ _ _ STAl!

ZIP _

_ __

Complimentary Safety Recertification course. ( LU3 GVIW4Slf(s MWB!RSIIII' # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Professional Member discounts on USA Gymnastics Congress, seminars, clinics, and more.

CHAm: 0 MAm,C"o 0 VISA

OD'I(o'!'

OA"!"",, Exmll Exp. DAT! _ _ __ SIGUATURE

Professional Membership card that entitles you to a 10 % discount off all gymnastics apparel sold through the USA Gymnastics merchandising department.

D!I(R!PHON

nEM '

QUANHTY

PRIC!

TOTAl

Rules Ilnd Policies book(s) for the d iscipline(s) you select.

Complimentary FIG su pplements with original purch ase of FIG Code of Points.

Au thorization to h old USA Gymnas tics sanctioned events.

Newsletters issued by State and Region al Chairs .

Voting privileges for program positions, including Membership Director of the USA Gymnastics Board of Directors.

SUBTOTAl

SEND ORDERS AND MAKECHECKS PAYABlE 10:

For each Professional Member received, USA Gymnastics send s a rebate to your state and region to assis t including gymnastics competitions at the local level.

USA GYMNASTICS LOCKERROOM PO BOX 5562, INDIANAPOLI S, IN 46255 ·5562 HOO-4-USA-GYM

DOM!STI( SH!PPING & HAN DUNG, C ; :.:I\!l jl\j l.':~IC' ~)l )o;1Sj,)t:')liil::I:· XGSi ~,H!,OC~l l)Hi

l'lTlOOOO!VJAUf:;£I).1Y;l!'oSUEi

IN R!S!D!NTS ADD 1% SAl!S TAX l!IS IO% M!MB!RSHIP DISCOUNT ON APPAR!l & NOV1lTY IHMS ONlY

USA

I T

TOTAl AMOUNT PAYABl!

GYMNASTICS

M!MB!RSHIP # 1196

..

~-----~-~-.,-~-.-.-.--,--.~~,.~ ~-~~.-.-,-- ~~~~~- .

Kinder Accreditation for Teachers

LEVEL I KAT OBSERVATION FORM

I

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KAT Observation Steps 1. Contact club (let the teacher know you are completing your KAT observations) 2. Set-up a time to meet with the teacher prior to start of class 3. Observe class/complete observation form 4. Allow teacher to review and sign your observation form 5. It is advisable to send a thank you note to the teacher you observed NOTE: you can observe two classes at your gum.

Skills practiced

Students Comments and observations regarding student's personality characteristics (i.e. shy, aggressive), their behavior patterns, and social interaction.

Name _______________________________________ Social Security No. _____ - _ _ -_ __ Mailing Address ________________________________

Teacher

City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State

What communication methods were particularly effective (i .e. verba l, demonstration?)

Day Ph: ( Ages (circle):

)

crawlers

Zip _______

Night: walkers

Ratio =

(l....._ _)<--_ _ - __

2-yr 3-yr 4-yr 5-yr

Students /

Teacher(s)

Club Observed _______________________________ Address _________________________________ City ________ Phone: Teacher Observed

('--~)'--_ _ - _ __

-----------------------------

What teaching style was used (i.e. animated, enthusiastic, authoritative)?

(

Teacher's Signature

Lesson plan Objectives

Safety Warm-up Components

General Observations (facility and equipment)

Skills introduced & practiced

Class Management Class organization - Were the students organized in a manner in which learning was facilitated? How?

Activity (name & explain)

Theme Time management - whas there enough time allotted for each part of the lesson (i.e. warm-up, skills)? Last time frame .

Props

Music Discipline - w hats types of discipline tactics were used (i.e. time out, warnings)?

Games

Closing

September 1996

TECHNIQUE

Kinder Accreditation for Teachers

LEVEL I KAT WORKSHOPS CURRENT SCHEDULE October

11-12

Williamsburg, Vir.

Region VII Congress

Workbook is sent prior to workshop.

October

12-13

Billings, Mont.

Billings Gym. School

Accreditation is valid for three years.

October

17-18

Orlando, Fla.

Region VIII Congress

October

24-25

Boxboro, Mass.

Region VI Congress

Grandparentin g 4 class observations is available. Must h ave at least 5 years preschool gymnastics teaching experience- send resume with registration.

Atlanta, Ga.

Adam's Gym Corner

December 7-8

For more information, contact Jennifer Gallahue Lee at 317-2375050 extension 237.

KAT REGISTRATION FORM Minimum age for KAT is 16 years Nan1e ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ Soc.Sec.# _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Birthdate ______________ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ State _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Telephone (Day) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Night) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ Course Location ___________________________________ Date ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Organization Represented ____________________ Job Title _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Local Newspaper _____________ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ Fax ______________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Current USAG Member. #

(required for discount)

* Any USAG individual membership: General, Instructor, Professional, or Team

Prerequisites _ _ _ Rookie Coaches Guide Test/ or PDP Level I - - - Four hours observation/ or Grandparent (via resume) Registration

_ _ $140 member (General, Instructor, Team, or Professional) - - $160 non-member

Form of Payment:

Check

Visa

Mastercard

___ Am. Express

Discover

Name on Card ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Number _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Expiration Date

Signature _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __

Please make checks payable to USA Gymnastics KAT Workshop.

Mail Registration Form and Payment to : USA Gymnastics KAT Pan American Plaza 201 South Capitol Ave. Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46225 September 1996 TECHNIQUE

tt

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Preschool

CONGRATULATIONS LEVEL I KAT PRESCHOOL TEACHERS I

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Following is a list of preschool teachers who have completed the Level I Kinder Accreditation for Teachers program: * indicates KAT Clinician

Kelly Noonan Heidi Soper-Lawless

Alabama

Nancy White

Kathy Chambers

Indiana

Joel Inman

Arkansas Laura Beam Sara Todd Goebel

California Mary Byers Ashieris Linda Dembrow Kristine Lowry DeTurk Debbie Fricker Steve Greeley Susan Gross Michelle Klimesh *Jeff Lulla Patty Sylvis Kelly Woods

Colorado Sue Ladson Betsy Sprague

Connecticut Nancy Ford Margaret Hanssler Darcy Riehl

Florida *Barbara Davis Judy Kuhnle Patti Lubaski

Georgia

Jan Fadell *Loree Galimore Linda Hanson Kathleen Kelemen *Patti Komara Tamara Laird Karen Schroeder

Minnesota

South Carolina

Linda Thorberg

Cindy Hawkins

Mississippi

Texas

Tijuana Boyanton

Marilyn Bitsis

New Hampshire

Nina Corley Diane Havens

Pamela Berube

New Jersey Jane DeAngelis Kate Faber-Hickie

New York

Iowa

Barbara Hughes James Jeffers Holly Nay Carol Robuck Annette Thomas Jana Vonfeldt

Lisa Fandrich John Harris Suzanne Lux Lisa Miskowiec

Estelle Alfonso Satu Lahti Alfanso Weinlein

Erin Netteland Ben Nichols Candy Winters

Joanna Fritz Al Lansdon Mary Lee Mansfield

Ron Winters

Karen Spencer

Debbie Grainger Louise Parenteau *Sharon Scherr

Ohio

Australia

Nevada

Kentucky Tracy Lynn Cromer Julie Wright

Oklahoma

Louisiana

Sarah Brawley Carol Corbett

Connie Overton

Maryland

Paige Phillips Michael Thoendel

Patricia Delaney Allison Hyland

Massachusetts Lisa Foisy Liz Gonzalez

Evan Sayres

Oregon Tammy Peterson

Pennsylvania

Melanie Walker

Jen Scannell Peggy Traumuller

Lori Jackson

Illinois

Michigan

Cindy Morano Deirdre Niziolek

Cindy Raleigh Margaret Stevens

Brenda Glover Sandi Marth

Rhode Island

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

Washington Nicki Geigert Richard Samuels

Wisconsin

Linda Pettit Lisa Shuck

COMING SOON...

*' *' *'

1996 USA National

Congress ~ideos 1996 U.S. Oly ... pi«:

Trials fl'o ... e ... a .. d rhyth ... i«: ~ideos 1996 Atla ...ta

te«:hni«:al ~ideos

Alicia Albe.

2 tapes (2:40) #2375 . .. . .. $24.95 1996 m...".hmi«: Challenge

JuniDr CDmpetitiDR Downers Grove, IL. Day one and day two competitions. Features all competitors: Kassy Scharringhausen, Kate Jeffress, Tara McCargo, Johanna Shoemaker, Ellie Takahashi, Diana Quirin, Amy Ng, Emily Varela.

(2:00)

WOMEN'S

1996 M«:Donald's ~meri«:an

Cup Women's Competition Fort Worth, TX. Preliminary and Finals competitions. Features all competitors. Including: Kerri Strug, Kristy Powell & Andree Pickens (USA), Svetlana Boginskaia (BLR), Oksana Chusovitinia (UlB), Sang Lan (CHN), Svetlana Zelepukina (UKRI, Yvonne Tousek (CAN), Alexandra Dobrescu (ROM), Joanna Juarez (ESP), Julia Korostilova (RUS).

2 Tope set (2:40) #2471. . ... . $24.95 1995 IBM Atlanta

In....national Women's Competition Filmed in Atlanta, Georgia, this meet took place in the Georgia Dome, site of the Gymnastics Events in the 1996 Olympic Gomes.

Participants included: Katie Teft &Mohini Bhardwaj from the USA, Roza Galieva &Elena Grosheva (RUSI, Svetlana Boginskaia &Elena Piskun (BLR), Alexandra Marinescu &Mirela Tugurlan (ROM), Ji liya &liu Xuan (CHN) as well as competitors from Spain, Japan and Ukraine. #2503 ... .. . $16.95

RHYTHMIC 1996 m...".hmi«: Challenge

SeniDr CDmpetitiDR Downers Grove, IL. Day one and day two competitions. Features all competitors: Jessica Davis, Lauri Illy, Natalie Lacuesta, liriel Higa, TIna Tharp, Kristin Lee, Kelsi Kemper, Melissa

#2395 .. .. ..$19.95

& Belarus Rhythmi«: ExhiLition Downers Grove, IL. Features all athletes: USA: Jessica Davis, Lauri Illy, Natalie lawesta, liriel Higa, Kassy Scharringhausen, Kate Jeffress, Taro McCargo, USA Group Team, and the Elite Sports Complex Rhythmic Children Athletes.

BLR: World Championships medalist, Larissa Lukyanenko, Tatiana Ogryzko, Evguenia Pavlina, and the BLR Group Team.

BONUS! Training footage of Belarus Gymnasts and USA Group Team.

1996 USA.

(2:00) #2396 . .... .$19.95

Alexandre Svetlichnyi (UKR) as well as competitors from Korea, Jopan, Germany &Bulgaria. #2502 ...... .$16.95

OTHER 1996 M«:Donald's 1 on 1

International Championships Atlanta, GA. Every round of competition.

Features all competitors. Including: Kerri Strug, John Roethlisberger, Jair Lynch, Andree Pickens, Lauri Illy &Jessica Davis (USA), Svetlana Boginskaia, Andrei Kan &Eugenia Pavlina (BLR), Oksana Chusovitinia (UZB), Sang Lan (CHN), Svetlana Zelepukina &Valery Goncharov (UKRI, Yvonne Tousek, Kris Burley &Camille Martins (CAN), Alexandra Dobrescu & Adrian lanculescu (ROMI, Joanna Juarez (ESP), Julia Korostilova &Oleg Kuzmin (RUS) 2 tape set (4:00)

Le .... el 8 - Cin«:i ..... ali G." .....asli«:s A«:adeIDY Be a "fly on the wall" at Cincinnoti Gymnastics Academy! This second video of the series is from Cincinnati Gymnastics Academy showing their LevelB Workout.

2tape set #2473 .. . .$24.95

#2472 ...... $24.95

COACHING "A. Day In The Gym" Video Series Series Descriptian:

Sea Hie, Wash. Prelims &Finals. #2246 .. . . . $19.95

"ADay In The Gym" is for use as an education- Le~el 6 - Arizo ... a altool for USAG profeSSional members. Each Sunrays Gy ...... asli«:s video in the series shows a candid, unrehearsed This video shows the Level 6 Workout from view of a typical workout featuring training Arizona Sunrays Gymnastics. footage from dubs across the nation. Each #2456 .. .. $16.95 video focuses r--------------------------------------i

1995 Winter Cup Challenge

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General Gymnastics

1996 NATIONAL .,i GYMFEST

A

30

©Copyright Walt Disney Corporation

USA Gymnastics General Gymnastics Advisory Panel

Dates:

December 6-8,1996

Site:

Disneyland Hotel and Disneyland®Park, Anaheim, Calif.

Staying at Disneyland Hotel is just like staying at Disneyland®Park! At this 60-acre resort playground it's hard to tell where the Park ends and the Hotel begins.

Fees:

$40/ participant for1996 National GyrnFest activities

NOTE: Each Group receives one FREE participant and one FREE Group Leader for every 10 paid registrants.

Deadlines:

October 15 - Nominative registration deadline. A 50 %-of-total payment is required by this date.

November 15 - Definitive registration deadline. The balance of total payment is due at this time along with all required forms.

Theme:

Beyond Imagination

be able to participate in the Disney Magic Music Day activities; and 3) Groups must submit a videotape of their performance for submission to Disneyland® Park to be eligible for the Magic Music Day activities.

Activities of the 1996 USA Gymnastics National Gym Fest Saturday and Sunday, December 7-8 - All 1996 National GymFest activities will be conducted at the Disneyland Hotel. The GymFest participation fee includes: One rehearsal time for your Group's performance routine at the Disneyland Hotel One performance of your Group' s performance routine at the Disneyland Hotel Gala Showcase group performance - All registered groups will learn, rehearse, and perform in the Large Group routine at the Gala Showcase on Sunday 1996 Nationaal GymFest T-shirt Additional performance of your Group' s routine or special miniroutine during the Gala Showcase on Sunday (if selected)

Additional Information: Updated 1996 National GymFest information will be provided in Technique magazine and on the USA Gynmastics World Wide Web site - http : // www . u s a - gymna s tics . org/usag/ gg

Schedule and Description of Activities Disney Magic Music Day Friday, December 6 - For an additional fee of $52/person, participating Groups will be able to perform at Disneyland® Park (subject to approval of Disneyland®Park). For each participant, this fee includes:

Workshop and social opportunities (TBD) A 1996 National GyrnFest participation plaque for each Club Written comments and suggestions concerning your Group's performance routine by the GGAP.

N OTE:Each 1996 National GymFest Performance Group is required to submit an additional videotape of their performance routine to the GGAP to assist in planning the Gala Showcase by the November 15 th definitive registration deadline.

Your Group' s performance at Disneyland®Park A five-consecutive-day pass to Disneyland®Park A workshop with Disney staff members A participation plaque for each Club A lapel pin and T-shirt FREE Disney Music Day packages for two of the Group Leaders

N OTE: 1) Performance in the Disney Magic Music Day activities are NOT required for participation in the 1996 GymFest; however, 2) Groups MUST be registered for the 1996 National GymFest to September 1996

TECHNIQUE

Announcements

1996 NATIONAL WOMEN'S COLLEGIATE COACHES OF THE YEAR Source: NACGCjW (National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Coachess/Women)

National Coaches of the Year

1996 Women's Regional Assistant Coach of the Year

Val Kondos, UCLA

Northeast: Steve Craig, Pittsburgh

Frank Kudlac, Texas Woman's

Southeast: Tom Meyers, Kentucky

Dick Stapleton, Rhode Island College

Central:

Tim Rivera, Michigan State

Midwest:

Rob Drass, Nebraska

West:

Mark Cook, UCLA and Dick Foxal, Oregon

1996 Women's Regional Coach of the Year Northeast: Brice Boggin, Kent State Southeast: Leah Little, Kentucky Central:

Kathie Klages, Michigan State

Midwest:

John Spini, Arizona State

West:

Jim Turpin, Oregon and Sam Sand mire, Boise State

Important Dates: 1997 Women's NCAA National Championships April 17-19 at the University of Florida 1997 USA Gymnastics Collegiate Championships (W1M) April 10-12 at Seattle Pacific University 1997 USA Gymnastics National Invitational Tournament April 12 at the University of Iowa

FREE CATALOG In NY 914-963-0005 Dept.GA56

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

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General Gymnastics ----------~~~~

Nominative Group/Club Registration for the 1996 GymFesl Please return by October 15, 1996 Group/Club /Contact Organization Name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Mailing Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ City: - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - - --State: - - - - - - - - --

Zip: _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

Day Phone: (_ _) _ _-_ _ __

Night Phone: (_ _ ) _ _ -_ _ __

Fax: (_ _ ) _ _ -_ _ __

Em ail address:_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

Name of Contact Person: _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Contac t's Mailing Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City:---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----State: _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ Zip: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Day Phone: (_ _) _ _-_ _ __

Night Phone: (_ _ ) _ _ -_ _ __

Fax: (_ _) _ _ -_ _ __

Email address: _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

Description of Gym Fest Group Performances Name of Group Performance routine : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ Briefly describe your (long) Group GymFest routine: _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __

(Groups MUST bring at least two cassette copies of their music to the GymFest) Length of performance: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (9 minutes maximum) Number of performers in the Group Performance: _ _ Children (ages 5-10) Your GymFest Fee:

I

+ __

Youths (11-1 7)

+ _ __

Number in Group Performance

Adults

= ___

x $40

_ _ _ _ Total N umber

= =

$ _ _ __ Total

Magic Music Day Performance at Disneyland Park - Friday, Dec. 6 NOTE: 1) 2) 3)

Pelformance in the Disney Magic Music Day activities are NOT required for participation in the 1996 GymFest; however, Groups M UST be registered for the 1996 GymFest to be able to participate in the Disney Magic Music Day activities, Groups must provide a videotape of their pelformance to USA Gymnasticfor submission to Disneylan d Park to be eligiblefor the Magic Music Day activities.

Name~MagkMu~cDayrou tine :--------------------------------_ _

Briefly describe your Magk Mu sk Day routine: _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __

(Groups MUST provide at least two cassette copies of their music to Disney) Length of performance:

(30 MINUTES MAXIMUM) September 1996

TECHNIQUE

9

"

A. 33

General Gymnastics

Number of performers in your Group' s Disney Magic Music Day routine: _ _ Children (ages 5-10) + _ _ Youths (11-17) + Magic Music Day Fee:

o 34

=

_ _ _ _ x$52

=

_____ Total Number $ _ _ _ _ Total

1996 Gym Fest Gala - Sunday, Dec. 8

I

A

N umber in this routine

Adults

_

YES, our Group would like to be considered for participation in the Sunday Gala. (Groups that are selected will be notified on Saturday).

_

YES, our Group will participate in the March-in and Combined Group routine even if we are not selected to perform our long or short program.

(Groups MUST provide at least two cassette copies of their music to the GymFest) Number of performers in your (short) Gala routine: _ _ Children (ages 5-10) + _ _ Youths (11-17) +

______ Total Number

Adults

Summary Payment Information 1. GymFest Group participants Total No. _ _ x $40

$_ _ __

Total No. _ _ x $52

$_ _ __

TOTAL

$_ _ __

2. Magic Music Day participants

Payment Method:

=

_ Credi t card Charge to: _ VISA

MC

AMEX

Discover

Card No: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ Expiration date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Cardholder Signature: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Return all form s and make checks payable to: 1996 National GymFest, USA Gymnastics Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol A ve., Indianapolis, IN 46225

September 1996

TECHNIQUE

General Gymnastics

Participant Agreement Form for the 1996 National Gym Fest All Gym Fest and Magic Music Day participants MUST complete this form death, as well as other damages and losses associated with participation inphysical activities. I further agree that USA Gymnastics, thehost organization, along withemployees, agents, officers, and directors of these organizations sholl not be liablefor any losses, except where such loss or damage isthe result of the intentionalor reckless conduct of one of the organizations or individuals above.

NOTE: Due to the fact that the 1996 National GymFest is not aUSA Gymnastics sanctioned event, USA Gymnastics is nat responsible for providing medical insurance coverage for the participants. Therefore, it is necessary that each participant in agraup fill out and return the following agreement. This form may be duplicated for additionol participanfs.

Agreement In consideration of my participation in the 1996 Notional Gym Fest, Iagree to be bound by each of the following: A. Eligibility Iagree to comply with the rules of the 1996 Notional GymFest.

B. Readiness to Participate 10m physically and psychologically prepared toparticipate as a participant in the 1996 Notional Gym Fest. Prior to my participation in the 1996 Notional GymFest, Iwill have practiced my exercise display and will perform onlythose exercises that Ihave accomplished to the degree ofconfidence necessary to assure Ican perform, without injury to others and myself.

C. Medical Attention I hereby give my consent to USA Gymnastics and the Host organization of the 1996 Notional GymFest events to provide, through a medical stoff of its choice, customary medical/athletic training attention, transportation, and emergency services as warranted in the course of my participation in the 1996 Notional GymFest.

D. Waiver and Release Iam fully awareof and appreciate the risk, including the risk of catastrophic injury, paralysis, and

Primary Medical Coverage 10m covered by primary health/ medical/occident insurance through: Company Nome: _ __ _ _______ Policy No: _ __ _ __ Signature of Participont:_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dote: _ _ _ _ __

For any Participant who is not yet 18 years old: As legal guardian of the above named athlete/ participant in the 1996 NotionalGymFest, Ihereby verify by my signature that Ifully understand and accept each of the above canditions for permitting my child to participate in this event.

Printed Nome of Participont: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Signature of Parent/Guardion:~_ _ _ _ _ _ __ Date: _ __ _ __

Participant Registration Information - Return by October 1S, 1996 Group Nome: _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _________________ _ T-shirt size (YS, YM, YL) (AM, AL, AXL)

NAME: Gp Ldr #l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Gp Ldr #2

- -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -

(You may duplicate this form for additional participants)

Return to: National Gym Fest, USA Gymnastics Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol Indianapolis, IN 46225 September 1996

TECHNIQUE

Sex M/ F

Age

Performance Particip'ations (check 011 that opply) Magic Music GymFest

t'~

"

A

35

Conditioning

STRENGTH TRAINING FUNDAMENTALS IN d GYMNASTICS CONDITIONING .A 36

James J. Major

Motor Behavior Laboratory Oept. of Exercise and Sports Science University of Utah Salt Lake Cih;, Utah

O

ften coach es must be a jack-of-all-trades, but masters of one. Gymnastics coaches are responsible for not only skill training, routine composition, safety, education, and mental health of their gymnasts, but also their conditioning. To help the coach with conditioning, there is a pleth ora of advice and equipment. However gymnastics coaches need fundamental information to evaluate these products and su ggestions; and yes, even see through the grantsmanship of the sport scientists. Understanding basic principles, coaches can sift through the advice and ch oose the best conditioning for their gymnasts.

To h elp coaches towards understanding basic principles of stren gth training, the U.s. Elite Coaches Association for Women's Gymnastics (USECA - W) has had translated an excellent article on strength training fundamentals (Biihrle and Werner, 1984). The translation of "The Muscle H ypertrophy Training of the Body Builder" (Biihrle and Werner, 1984) is available from the USECA. I want to explain how these fundamentals should be applied in gymnastics. Four basic principles that w ill help coach es to evaluate strength training are:

Consistent, special strength training is necessary for maximum performance in gymnastics; Training to increase muscle size and stren gth is important, but maximum stren gth from minimum size is the most important training goal; Rest and recuperation are important aspects of strength training, also in gymn astics; Strength trainin g must be integrated with th e skill training in gymnastics.

Consistent, special strength training is necessary for the best possible performance in gymnastics.

One of the most important insights of modern training is that a highly developed level of strength cannot be m aintained even by intensive performance of the event itself (Biihrle and Werner, 1984). This insight has proven to be true in such very different events as swimming, cross-country skiing, and gymnastics. Gymnastics alone w ill not develop nor even maintain an adequate level of strength for advanced gymn astics (Oppel, 1967). Special conditioning must be performed, besides countless elements, combinations, parts, and full routines. Inconsistent strength training can explain the decline in performance, or at least the stagnation, of a number of athletes who had promising performances during the

preparatory season. Once those athletes started to comp ete, their results did not live up to these expectations (Biihrle and Werner, 1984). Gymnastics specialists have warned agains t decreasing stren gth training during the competition season (Borrmann, 1978: Hartig and Buchmann, 1988; Plotkin, Rubin and Arkaev, 1983; Ukran, 1969).

Special strength for gymnastics training mus t answer the demands of gymnas tics. The principle of specificity implies tha t the exercises used in train in g should be similar to the exercises that must be performed in the competition routine. Therefore, we might imagine that the best training for gymnastics would be more gymnastics. However, long ago this was proven no t to be the case (Borrmann, 1978; Oppel, 1967; Plotkin, Rubin, and Arkaev, 1983).

Special training is necessary to develop the stren gth and power in the athlete sufficient for correct technical performance of skills (Hartig and Buchmann, 1988; Oppel, 1967) . Repetition of the skill alone w ill not guarantee even a minimum level of strength to perform the skill correctly.

The observation that a highly developed level of strength cannot be maintained even by the most intensive performance of the m ovements of the competition routines does not contradict the principle of sp ecificity, but completes it (Biihrle and Werner, 1984; Martin, 1991; Verch oshanskij, 1985) . Special s tren gth training is necessary, but it must specifically meet the demands of the event, in this case gymnastics skills. What is specific for gymnastics will be discussed below.

Training to increase muscle size and strength is important, but maximum strength from minimum size is the most important training goal.

Muscle size and strength are related. The thicker a muscle fiber, the stronger it can contrac t, and the more tension or force the muscle can generate. Th e sum of all the cross-sectional surface areas of all of the fibers determines the size of the muscle crosssection, and thereby the potential for stren gth. This fact is particularly true for the lean, well-trained muscle of an a thlete. The crosssectional surface area of the muscle thereby becomes the most important trait for estimating strength (Biihrle and Werner, 1984) .

Increasing the cross sectional area of the muscle, or muscle hypertrophy, is fundamental for maximal improvement of strength (Biihrle and Werner, 1984). However, we must admi t that the exact biochemical mechanism for muscle hypertrophy, w h at factors cause it, and therefore how to best go about achieving or avoiding muscle hypertrophy is still unknown (MacDougall, 1986; Hartmann

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

~

Conditioning

and Tunnemarm, 1988) . Muscle hyper trophy is mos t important in body building, but a survey of elite Swedish bodyb uilders found no agreement on how to best achieve muscle hypertrophy (Tesch, 1986).

Figure 1

fraction of energy delivered [%]

100 -------- ".

CP-decrease ".

----------------'"

so

---- -

,

aerobic metabolism

-. ,'

ATP-decrease,,'/"\-, ",.I

\.

/

\ :

.-",'

c.::.::-

o

aerobic -------_ glycolysis load duration

i

;/'

I

10 20 30

40 SO 60 70 80

such efforts is evidence of the u se of these proteins. These proteins are then rebuilt and supercompensated (Figure 2).

Increasing cross-sectional area of the muscle w ith strength training is the result of the addition of contrac tile proteins to the muscle after training. However, w hen a muscle h ypertrophies from training, other components also increase. Body builders have increased amounts of connective tissue in the muscle (MacDougall, 1986). Hypertrophied muscles also h ave increased resting concentrations of ATP and creatin phosphate (CP) (Har tmann and Tunnemarm, 1988). More connective tissue and increased stores of A TP and CP also increase the volume, or cross-sectional area of the muscle. Moreover, I suspect that ATP and CP are the key sources of energy for gymnastics p erformance. I also suspect that ATP and CP are so important because well trained gynmasts have little lac tic acid in their blood after completing full routines . The two m ain endurance problems in gynmastics, the last tumbling pass during the floor exercise and men's optional pommel horse routines, are probably related to ATP and CP stores, and thereby of the size of the main muscles used in those events. A TP and CP stores in the muscles are probably depleted in finishing gymnastics routines (see Figure 1). Therefore, muscle size is basic for endurance in gymnastics .

The cross-sectional area of the muscle increases with strength training because amino acids (proteins) are added to the muscle after training. There are at least two theories of exactly why and how proteins are added to the muscle beca use of work or training.

One is the ATP-deficit theor y of mu scle h yper troph y, Adenosintriphosphate (A TP), is the immediate source of energy for contraction in the muscle. The ATP-deficit theory states that muscle growth is stimulated by a disturbance of the balance between production and consumption of ATP. ATP is essential for life but is only stored in limited quantities in the muscle (Figure 1) .

ATP-deficit in the muscle, particularly if it is the result ofintensive maximal strength and power efforts, seems to provoke extra riboneucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. In turn, RN A stimulates muscle growth. Although it h as been d emonstrated that increased synthesis of messenger RNA is an essential requirement for the hypertrophy process (Lundholm, 1986), the stimulus for increased muscle uptake of protein apparently occurs before there is any evidence of increased RNA synthesis (MacDougall, 1986) . An ATP-deficit probably also influences protein metabolism because the body requires ATP to compound amino acids into protein and more muscle.

There are other theories that attempt to explain muscle hypertrophy besides the ATP-deficit theory. However, the bottom line in strength training is that the muscle must be bigger in order to be stronger. It is trite, but bigger muscles identify athletes better than any other physical attribute. This is also true fo r the male and female gymnast. However, gynmastics coaches also know that among the very best gymnasts many gymnasts w ith the biggest muscles are the weakest in the stren gth elem ents. Many gymnasts with the most exceptional strength moves do not have big muscles for a gymnast. How is this contradiction between physiology and gymnastics explained?

Intensive maximal strength and power exercises cause not only A TP-deficit but also damage to the body proteins. This damage occurs to components of the muscle fibers (structural proteins) as well as enzymes and hormones (functional proteins). Both structural and functional proteins are important for muscular contraction. Large concentrations of nitrogens excreted by the body after

We do not use all of the fibers in a muscle at once, but some use more fibers than others. An athlete's maximal strength is mainly d etermined by the number of muscle fibers recruited by the nervou s system for the movement, together with the cross-sectional surface area of these fibers. Only 70 to 90 percent of the potential strength, determined by the cross-sectional surface area of the muscle, can be voluntarily activated and applied to athletic movements. Only by stimulating the muscle w ith electricity at a high frequency (100 H z and higher) will permit all muscle fibers, and thereby the entire potential of the muscle, to be activated a t once (Strojnik, 1995).

Figure 2 Training load

Rest

original level

Positive adaptation

Negative adaptation

---Fatigue Recuperation

SuperReturn to original level compensation

September 1996

Most important for gynmastics is the insight that maximal strength can also be increased without increasing muscle m ass (Buhrle and Werner, 1984; Poliquin, 1991; Verchoshanskij, 1985).

Increasing strength without increasing muscle mass is important in gymnastics because the gymnast must move his or her own body . In gymnastics the power-to-body-weight ra tio is a factor that decisively influences p erformance. It is the power-to-weight ratio that strongly influences gynmastics performance, not strength alone.

With the appropriate assistance, for example, stimulation of the muscle w ith electricity, the entire potential of the muscle to produce force can be m easured. The potential strength value measured in this way is termed the absolute strength. The highest strength value produced by voluntary contraction is the maximal strength of the a thlete. An a thlete's m aximal strength will u sually be lower than that athlete's absolute strength. The difference between the absolute strength and the maximal strength is termed the strength deficit (Buhrle and Schmidtbleicher, 1981). This is becau se even well trained athletes cannot use all of the fibers in their muscles a t once. A " big" muscle is not necessarily the stronTECHNIQUE

., I

.A31

Conditioning

gest one, p articularly if a substantial fraction of the absolute strength cannot be voluntarily and skillfully applied. This is the stren gth d eficit. Muscle hyp ertrophy training like the REF program w ill tend to increase the s tren gth d eficit, w hile maxim al strength training like the MAX program w ill tend to d ecrease the gymnast' s s trength deficit (Table 1). For example, body builders usu ally have a very high absolute strength, but also a relatively large strength deficit.

I

"

.A 38

Strength may be increased without increasing the size of the muscle by reducing the strength d eficit. The training methods used are similar to that of Biihrle and Werner's MAX group (repeated m aximal strength efforts). Notice that this group had a subs tantial increase in maximal stren gth, but with the least increase in muscle mass (Table 2). With the MAX program the muscle simply does not do enough repetitions to go into ATP deficit and hypertrophy (Biihrle and Werner, 1984; Hartmann and Tiinnemann, 1988) . Instead, here strength is increased by increasing maximal strength w ithout little increase in muscle size, thereby reducing the strength deficit.

1\

Strength Capacity

as

"'" t;;; ....... c::> >-

z

~

g

•••

~

e o o.

o

0 . 0

Time r---------~--------~--------__+>

Initial Level

1. Training Cycle

2. Training Cycle

-----------------:> STRENGTH TRAINING

Figure 4 1\

Strength Capacity

•••

• •• • •••

•o.

. 00 .

0 · 0

~--------,---------~---------+>

Initial Level

1. Training Cycle

Rest and recuperation are important aspects of strength training, also in gymnastics.

It is a common idea in trai ning that fatigue d evelops strength.

This idea is particularly popular am ong athletes w ho train fo r muscle size, for example bodybuilders, football players, and throwe rs in the field events (Brunner and Tabachnik, 1990; Biihrle and Werner, 1984) . A rapid exh austion of ATP stores has been associated w ith the "burning" feeling in the muscle. This painful feeling often accompanies strength trainin g sets with heavy loads (70%) and many repetitions (8-15). This kind of strength training tends to be very fatiguing and is also the kind of training that make the muscles increase in size, or hypertrophy . If the load is less, but the speed of movem ent is very fast, the effect m ay be the same: muscle growth (Table 2; Biihrle and Werner, 1984).

Figure 3 = t:;

by increasing the cross-sectional surface area of the muscle. An example of a training program th at w ill increase the maximal strength of the athlete, w ithout increasing the muscle size (absolute strength), wo uld be the program of the MAX group in Biihrle and Werner's experiment (see Table 1) . However, coaches and athletes sh ould recognize the fact that improvement by this m ethod is limited by the m orphologically available muscular mass, in other wo rds by the absolute strength level. Therefore, a gymnast's conditioning sh ould alternate between muscle hyper trophy and maximal strength training, between the training processes shown in Figures 3 and 4 (Schmid tbleicher, 1992) . During training p eriods w hen relatively m any whole and part routines are completed, the special strength training should be like that in Figure 4, using a program like that of the MAX gro up in Table 1. The reason for emphasizing training like Figure 4 is to keep muscle hyp ertrophy and the strength deficit as low as possible during this routine training period.

2. Training Cycle

-----------------> STRENGTH TRAINING

Special, specific strength training for an event provokes an adaptation of the neural innervation processes that control the skill. The fraction of the absolute stren gth that can be voluntary activated may be increased with maximal s trength training. Consequently, maximal strength can be increased by other means than

Figure 2 shows the time course of the training process. No tice' that this graph also shows that rest is also necessary if strength is to increase. Chronic fa tigue tends to reduce effects of the strength training on muscle size. In fact, it h as been shown that strength and power training w hile chronically fatigued decreases the effects of, strength training (Verchoshanskij, 1985). Bodybuilders often use split routines strength training every day, but a muscle group only every oth er day (Biihrle and Werner, 1984; Tesch, 1986).

Heavy fatigue from stren gth training has other effects that are important in gymnastics. Heavy fatigue from s trength training can be very d etrimental to coordination and technique. When gymn as ts perform powerful movements, their nervous system is heavily involved and their coordination is also improved by this training (Borrmann. 1978). Therefore, maximal strength training should be performed w hen the gymnas t is warm, but relatively fresh. Training periods where strength training is emphasized should be separated from periods w here skill learning is emphasized (Major, 1993; Verch osh ans kij, 1985).

Strength training must be integrated with the skill training in gymnastics .

Modern strength training and conditioning h as two priorities: On one hand, training should improve the cross-sectional surface area of all muscle fibers, and thereby the absolute stren gth.

On the other h and, this potential, absolute strength must be able to be applied w ith m aximal effect, in a manner sp ecific to the event. Ap plying strength, with m aximal effec t, specific for the event, is achieved w ith skill practice and training (Biihrle and Werner, 1984).

Correct technical execution is often impossible without sufficient strength. Perform an ce of gYITmas tics skills w ith virtuosity

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

Conditioning

often demands a great deal of strength. With insufficient stren gth, the gymnast learns a skill w ith one technique only to have to relearn the skill w hen he or she h as increased strength. Relearning can be very time-consuming, frustrating, and is a substantial source of inefficiency in the training process (FKS, 1988). Alternative methods are: 1. Develop sufficient strength before learning the skill (sequential strength-skill development), and

2. Spot or assist the gymnast w ith insufficient strength for technically good performance during performance of the skill while strength is being developed (simultaneous skill-strength improvement). As well, any loss of strength will deteriorate the technical performance of a skill that the gymnast has already mastered .

Specific for gymnastics skills are the muscle groups that need hypertrophy, and w hich muscle groups do not. After observation of the morphology of the world's elite gymnasts in several European, National, and World Championships events, I believe that elite gymnasts of both genders appear to need h ypertrophied:

nique, and quickness event like gymnastics. We must remember that the power-to-body-weight ratio IS an important performance determining factor in gymnastics. A gymnast must lift his or her body mass with their legs w hen tumbling or with their arms on bars. As the mass of the gymnast increases, they inevitably tend to slide dow n the curve in Figure 6, and their gymnastics performance will tend to suffer.

tt

Figure S

"

/\

A

460 0>

39

420

-:::=. ""'0 Q)

':E

-= 0> ' (i;

3:

elbow extensors (movement: straightening the elbow joint; typical exercise: bar dips or hand stand pushups)

380 340 300 260

plantar flexo rs (movement: standing up on toe; typical exercise: standing toe raises)

V~

525660 67.5 75 82.5 90

100

sh oulder (hyper-) flexors (movement: lifting the arms above and past the head; ty pical exercise: press to handstand) sternoclavicular joint elevators and depressors (movement: lifting or pushing down the shoulders and arms; typical exercise: straight arm lat pulldowns or incline bench press) hip extensors (movement: kicking the thigh back; typical exercise: cast to handstand) shoulder extensors (movement: pushing the arms down and behind the back; typical exercise: Manna)

110

125

Body moss (kg) The power-to-body-weight ratio is perhaps the real reason w hy the taller and heav ier gymnasts seem to h ave more difficulty succeeding in gymnastics. The taller the athlete is, the greater his or her body mass will be, and the worse the relative stren gth. If this is indeed the case, then the training of the taller gymnast must concentrate on the highest relative strength and lowest strength deficit.

In addition, the male gy~nast must h ave h ypertrophied:

Figure 6

shoulder adductors and horizontal adductors (movement: end of front giant in rings, cross; typical exercise: flys) elbow flexors (movement: bending the elbows; typical exercise: initial pull up to Asarjian in rings) The above list does not ignore the fact that many of the individual muscles that participate in these movements also participate in oth er movements important for technically perfect gymnastics, for example by stabilizin g the joint (stabilizers). For technically correct gymnastics, almost all other muscle groups than the above list must be very strong. The muscle groups must have min imum muscle mass and minimum strength deficit. This is particularly the case for all (remote) joint stabilizer muscles of the body.

-;-

*

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c E >""C

0 ..0

= ., ffi = ~ --""

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...c:

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Strength Training Principles for Gymnastics Muscle size is important for strength, but gymnastics conditioning must n ot become body building. Absolute strength does increase w ith body mass. Among trained athletes, the bigger the person, the more weight they can usually lift. This relationship between body size and strength can be seen in the graph comparing weight lifted in the Olympic weightlifting events (world records) compared to weight class (Figure 5) . However, the strength of an athlete relative to their body size decreases as the body m ass of the weight lifter increases (Figure 6) . The world record in relative strength is held by an athlete in the 60 kg (125 lb.) class who snatched three times his own body weight with on e mo vement over his head! Olympic weightlifting is an extreme power, tech-

Q;

"'"

/\ 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4 V~

525660 67.5 75 82.5 90

100

110

125

Body moss (kg)

I believe the problem of the taller gymnast is analogous to the loss of performance and strength commonly seen in the pubertal gymnast. Well trained 10-year-old girls and 12-year-old boys commonly show comparatively h igh values of relative strength.

But as children and teenagers become taller and therefore heavier, their relative strength should decrease . Relative strength often does seem to decrease, especially during pubertal growth spurts and skill performance d eteriorates at the same time. In the case of

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

Conditioning

I

o

A. 40

the pubertal male gymnast, the problem is due to a relative strength that cannot keep up with the increase in body mass due to body height growth (Zatsiorsky, 1995). What might be appropriate here would be muscle hypertrophy training. In the case of the female gymnast who is filling out during puberty, the loss of relative strength is also due to increased body mass, but not only from body length growth. In the case of the female gymnast, more muscle hypertrophy training would be clearly inappropriate. Instead, the maximal strength of the female gymnast must be increased while maintaining body mass. Increasing maximal strength while maintaining mass would reduce the strength deficit and increase relative strength.

Muscle tissue and fat tissue are the two kinds of body tissue that are relatively quickly gained or lost with training. As muscle tissue is much more dense than fat tissue, muscle hypertrophy can cause a greater increase in body weight than a slight loss of fitness.

Muscle hypertrophy training must therefore be very judiciously used in gymnastics training. As hard as it is to loose a pound of fat through correct diet and exercise, a pound of excess muscle is comparatively impossible to loose and still maintain fitness. Muscles that are not absolutely essential for gymnastics should not be hypertrophied. The important muscles for gymnastics need to be hypertrophied, but only within strict limits.

Not only will exaggerated muscle hypertrophy training ruin the gymnast's power-to-weight ratio or relative strength, muscle hypertrophy training may also make the gymnast slower. It is well-known that bodybuilders tend to have a higher percentage of slow twitch muscle fibers than Olympic weight lifters, power lifters, or other strength athletes (MacDougall, 1986; Tesch, 1988).

One explanation is that typical body building sets last so long that the muscle suffers a lack of oxygen (8-15 reps per set). Moderately heavy loads high numbers of repetitions and shorter rest periods restrict the supply of oxygen to the muscles. It appears that this restricted supply of oxygen can cause muscle fibers to change to slow-twitch tissue (Tamaki et aI., 1994) . The lack of oxygen stimulates the muscle to increase its oxygen binding ability. The ability to extract oxygen is unfortunately also associated with slower contractions and lower peak forces . High numbers of repetitions, and shorter rest periods, describe the training that caused the greatest muscle hypertrophy in the Werner and Biihrle's (1984) experiment (Table 1, REF group) . This may be the explanation behind the bigger, but relatively weaker, muscles of bodybuilders compared to Olympic weight lifters.

In one particular case, ignorance about hypertrophy training can be potentially catastrophic. When the coach is asking the gymnast to loose weight, while having the gymnast do a muscle hypertrophy training, the gymnast is in an impossible situation.

Due to the hypertrophy training, the athlete is gaining weight no matter how little she or he eats. In such a situation, disordered eating behaviors might seem to the athlete like the only solution.

Muscle hypertrophy training is therefore potentially connected with eating disorders.

Coaches may unwittingly have their gymnasts complete body building. Many typical gymnastics strength training exercises could in fact cause excessive hypertrophy . Looking at the muscle hypertrophy of gymnasts who claim not to lift weights, but only perform body-weight resistance, (traditional) gymnastics strength training would also lead one to believe that gymnastics in and by itself can cause substantial muscle hypertrophy. I suspect that muscle hypertrophy due to a POWER type program using body weight gymnastics specific exercises and speed is happening too often in gymnastics (see Table 1). Gymnastics training, particularly performing many routines and half-routines during a single workout, is very similar to Biihrle and Werner's POWER training September 1996

program. This group achieved almost as much muscle hypertrophy as the body building group (REF), but without corresponding increases in maximal strength (Table 2). Moreover, among gymnasts there is obviously a wide variety in the ability to build body mass . The observation that individuals have individual ability to hypertrophy their muscles concerns females as well as male gymnasts. Therefore,

Gymnastics Coaches! Critically evaluate your strength training.

It has been noticed for some time that the very best gymnasts in the world have great strength with little muscle mass (Schwermann, 1986). Massive development of quadriceps (women) and upper arms (men) in some of our best gymnasts is also anecdotal evidence that our strength training should be reevaluated. Elite gymnasts who resemble body builders make a nice show, but poor gymnastics . My direct experience with the 1993 World University Games USA men's gymnastics team leads me to believe that the strength deficit is a problem in USA men's gymnastics training methodology. During the first phase of the training camp for those World University Games, the athletes demonstrated an almost daily increase in maximal strength, and excellent performance during gymnastics practice, despite unusually hard and fatiguing training of daily compulsory and optional routines as well as twice-daily strength training. These changes happened over such a short period of time that a change in absolute strength can be ruled ou t. The morning strength session was according to the same program as the MAX group in Table 1. The afternoon strength training was according to Plotkin, Rubin, and Arkaev (1983). The MAX program involved a maximum lift in each training and therefore the lRM was measured every day. Almost without exception, the lRM of the team members increased each day. I believe that what was happening was an increase in their maximal strength before there was any possibility of further hypertrophy because there was not enough time for the muscle to hypertrophy nor were the gymnasts lifting enough to cause muscle growth.

Therefore they reduced their strength deficit, and thereby increased their relative strength. Another sign was that their gymnastics performance continued to be excellent, and even improve, despite the fatigue of strength twice a day as well as half-routine and full-routine training (Watanabe, Major, and McKelvain, 1993; Major, 1993). The situation of our elite and collegiate female gymnasts is unknown. The 1991 Women's Senior National Team was stronger than the Junior National Team (Irvin, Major, and Sands, 1992). However, the fact that the Junior National Team had better relative strength indicates that the Senior National Team's strength training was not maximizing strength while minimizing muscle hypertrophy as effectively.

Conclusion An increase in the cross-sectional surface area of the muscle is fundamental for the maximal improvement of strength because strength improvement is ultimately limited by muscle size, the muscle cross-sectional area. However, the gymnastics coach must also understand muscle hypertrophy training because gymnastics training must keep muscular hypertrophy within strict limits .

Hypertrophy must be kept within strict limits to keep the powerto-body-mass ratio of the gymnast as high as possible. Gymnastics coaches must understand body building so that they canconservatively use hypertrophy training with the gymnasts in their care.

TECHNIQUE

Conditioning

)

References Borrmann, G. (1978). Anatomisc hph ys iologisc h e Zusa mmen ha n ge bei turnischen Bewegungen [Relationships be tween a na tomy - physiology and gymnastics movements]. In G. Borrmann (Ed.), Geriittllrnen Third Ed iti on (pp. 70-82) . Berlin, GD.R.: Sportverl ag.

Brunner, R., and Tabachnik, B. (1990). Soviet Traini'lg and Recovery Methods.

Pleasant Hill CA: Sport Focus Publishing.

Biihrle, M., and Schmidtblelcher. 0 (1981) Komponenten der Maximal- und SclUlellkraft [Components of maximal strength and power]. Sportwissenschaft, 1,11-27.

Biihrle, M., a nd Werner, E. (1984). Das Muskelquerschnittstraining der Bodybuilder [The muscle hy pertrophy training of the body builder]. Leistungssport, 3,5-9.

FKS [Researc h In st i tu te for Physical Ed ucation a nd Spor t]. (1988).

Entwickillngstendenzen del" Leistungen teclmisch-akrobatischer Sportarten bis 1992 sowie abgeleitete Erneuerungen und Alternative zum Trainingssystem [Trends in the development of performance in technica l-acroba tic sports up to 1992, as well as thereby derived innovations and alternatives to the training system]. Leipzig, G.D.R.: Forschungsinstitut fur Korperkultur und Sport Hartmann J. , and Tiinnemann, H. (1988). Modernes Krafttraining [Modern strength training]. Berlin, G.D.R.: Sportverlag.

Hartig, R. and Buchmann, G. (1988). Geriittllrnen-Trainingsmethodik [Gym nastics-Training Me thodology]. Berlin, G.D.R.: Sportverlag.

Irvin, R., Major, J., a nd Sands, W.A. (1992) . Lower Body and Torso Strength Norms for Elite Female Gymnasts. InJ. McNitt-Gray (Ed.), 1992 USGF Sport Science Congress Proceedi'lgs (pp. 5-12). Ind iana polis, IN: United States Gymnastics Federation.

Lundholm, K. (1986). Nybildning och Nedbrytning av Kontraktila Proteiner [Creation and destruction of contrac tile proteins]. In A. Forsberg and B. Sa l tin . (Eds .), Styrketrii'ling (pp. 88-93). Farsta, SWE: Sveriges Riksidrottsforbund and Folksam.

MacDougall, J. D. (1986). Morphological changes in human skeletal muscle following strength training and immobilization. In N .LJones, N . McCartney and A.J. McComas (Eds.). Human Muscle Power (pp. 269-285). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

Major, J. (1993). New Ways to Plan mId Organize Gymnastic Trainingfor blcreased Effectiveness According to J. W. Werchoshanskij. Carmichael, CA: U.s. Elite Coaches Assoc. for Women"s Gymnastics.

Martin, D. (Ed.) (1991) Handbuch Trainin gslehre [Handbook of Training Theory and Methodology]. Schorndorf, F.R.G.: Verlag Karl HofmalUl.

Matvejev, L. P. (1971). Problema periodizacii sportivlloj trenirovki [The probl em of the periodiza tion of a thletic training]. Moscow. USSR: Fiskultura i sport.

Oppel, C. (1967). Die Abhangigkeit turni scher Leistungen im Jugendalter vo n der Muskelkraft [The dependency of gy mnastics performa nce on muscular strength during the junior ages]. TheOl路ie u. Praxis d. Korperkultur, 12, 236244.

Plotkin, A.B., Rubin, V.s.,and Arkeev, L.J. (1983) Oprazhenyenie ssoprotivlyenle u spyediatsvnaie po lgotovka ot vleshiy gimnas ti [Exercises w ith weights in specific conditi ong of elite gymnasts]. GYl11nastika, 1, 21 -23.

Poliquin, C. (1991). Training for Improving Relative Strength. Sports, 11,3-11.

Schmid tbleicher, D. (1980). Maximalkraft und Bewegungsschnelligkei t [Maxima l strength and the speed of movement]. Bad Homburg, F.R.G.: Limpert Verlag.

Schmidtbleicher, D. (1992). Training for Power Events. In P.V. Komi (Ed.).

Strength and Power in Sport (pp. 381-395) . Oxford, GBR: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Schwermann, B. (1986) . Mussen unsere Trainer beim Krafttraining umdenken ?

[Do our coaches need to rethink their strength training?]. Geriitturnen Aktuell, 3, 22.

Strojnik, V. (1995). Mu scle activation level during maximal voluntary effort.

European Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 144-149 .

Tamaki, T., Uchiyama, S., Tamura, T., and Nakano, S. (1994). Changes in muscle oxygenation during weight lifting exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 68, 465-469.

Tesch, P. (1986). Principerfor Styrketraning [Principles of strength training]. In A. Forsrberg and B. Saltin. (Eds.), Styretrii'li'lg (pp. 104-113). Farsta, SWE: Sveriges Riksidrottsforbund and Folksam.

Tesch, P. (1988). Skeletal muscle adap tations consequent to long-term heavy resistance exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20,5,132-134.

Ti ttel, K., and Wutscherk. H. (1992). Anthropometric Factors. In P.V. Komi (Ed.), Strength and Power in Sport (pp. 180-196). Oxford, GBR: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Ukran, M.L. (1969). Ginmastika [Gy mnastics]. Moscow, USSR: Fizkultura i sport.

Verchoshanskij . J.V. (1985). Programmirovnnie i organisacija trenirovo.,1Ogo processa [The programming and organization of the training process]. Moscow, USSR: Fizkultura i sport.

Wa tanabe, M., Major, J., and McKelvain, R. (1993). The specific preparation at the United States men's gynmastics team for the 1993 World University Games: Summary Report. Ind ianapo lis, IN: United States Gymnastics Federation.

Za tsiorsky, V. M . (1995). Science mId Practice of Strel1gth Training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Pub!.

Figure 1

Figure 4

Fraction of the different metabolic substances in the supply of energy at continuous, maximum effort. ATP and CP are the sources of energy for gymnastics. A TP and CP stores can be rapidly replenished . It is well known that there is little lactic acid in the blood of elite gymnasts after the floor exercise and optional pommel horse, so these routines apparently do not substantially tax anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic meta bolism .

Perhaps there are enough relatively easy phases during which A TP and CP can be restored. (Modified after Kuel et al in Biihrle and Werner, 1984)

The course of a typical maximal strength training. No tice that the diameter of the muscle d epicted as circles does not increase w hile the ability to activate more muscle fibers increases. This effect is produced by a training like the MAX group in Table 1. (Modified after H artmann and Tiinnemann, 1988)

Figure 2 Schematic process of training load and adaptation (Matveyev, 1971) Figure 3

Figure 5 The relationship between m aximal strength and body mass exemplified by the World Records in Olympic Weightlifting.

The heavier the athlete, the more weight is lifted . (Modified after Hartmann and Tiinnemann, 1988; Tittle and Wutscherk, 1992)

Figure 6

The course of a typical muscle hypertrophy training. No tice that the diameter of the muscle increases as the diameter of the fibers increases. With this training, the number of the fibers in the muscle that are ac tivated does not increase. This effect is produced by a training like REF in Table 1. (Modified after Hartmann and Tiinnemann, 1988) Sep te mber 1996

The relationship between maximal strength and body mass exemplified by the World Records in Olympic Weightlifting.

The heavier the athlete, the less weight is lifted p er kilogram body mass. (Modified after Hartmann and Tiinnemann, 1988; Tittle and Wutscherk, 1992)

TECHNIQUE

., 9

.A 41

Conditioning

Table 1 Comparison of the training routines of the three experimental groups in the experiment (Biihrle and Werner, 1984) MAX GROUP: Repea ted maximal str ength eff o r ts

I

"

.A 42

3 sets of 3 repetitions

@

90 % of 1RM

2 sets of 2 repe titions

@

95 % of 1RM

2 sets of 2 repetitions

@

97 % oflRM

1 set of 1 repetition

@

100 % oflRM

Total: 18 repetitions in 8 sets w ith an average intensity of 94.3% of lRM . Pauses between sets: 3 minutes Perform ance of the movements: explosive contraction

This kind of program is appropriate for reducing the strength deficit.

REF GROUP: Repeated st r ength effo rt s until failu r e 3 sets of 12 repetitions

70% of1RM

@

Total: 36 repetitions in 3 sets w ith an average intensity of 70% of 1 RM .

Pauses between sets: 2 minutes Perfo rm ance of the movements: re petitions to failure.

771is kind of program is appropriate for muscle hypertrophy, increasing absolute strength, or body building.

POWER GROUP: Pow e r training method 5 sets of 7 repetitions

45 % of 1RM

@

Total 35 repetitions in 5 sets with an average intensity of 45 % of 1 RM. Pauses between sets: 5 minutes Performance of the movements: as rapidly as possible. This kind of program produces almost as much muscle h ypertrophy as repeated efforts to failure (REF).

No te: The relative level of the training load was readjusted every week to the improving level of maximal strength (1RM) . l RM is the one repetition maximum or the heaviest weight the athlete can lift one time.

Table 2 The results of training with different methods (12 weeks) (Biihrle and Werner, 1984).

N refers to Newtons, a measu re afforce.

1 pound offor ce is equal to approximately 4.5 New ton s. mm 2 is a measure of s~lIface area of the muscle measured with computed tomography.

Is ometric Maximal S tr eng th

Mus cle cross-s ectional area - triceps

before

after

N

N

N

%

before mm 2

MAX

441.3

521.7

79.4

18.0

27.4

30.1

2. 7

9.9

POWER

442.3

518.8

76.5

17.3

26.2

29.0

2.8

10.7

REF

421.7

509.0

87.3

20.7

25.2

29.7

4.5

17.8

diffe rence

after difference mm 2 mm 2

%

MAX: This grou p used a training p rogram for improving maximal streng th, with a minim u m m uscle hypertrophy effec t, thereby reducing the strength deficit. This group used the lowest number of repetitions, bu t the highest average intensity, and interm ediate rest periods.

REF: This group used a training p rogram for increasing strength by increasing the cross-sectional area of the m uscle (muscle hypertrophy). This group used the highest n u mber of repetitions at an in term ediate in tensity, and the shortest rest periods. The result was intensive fa tigue.

POWER: This group used a training program fo r improving power and quickness . Th is group used almost the highest number of repetitions, the next highest number of sets, but the highest speed of movement, and the longest rest period s.

September 1996

TECHNIQ UE

Rhythmic Gymnastics

REVISIONS TO THE RSG J.D. TECHNICAL HANDBOOK FOR COACHES AND LUDGES Levels 5-8, Group

pg. 10 Add at bottom of page:

A. Level 7 optional routine must follow the Level 8 rules (see

Splits and chest stands are not permitted as starting or ending position penalty 0.50 pg. 11 Add at bottom of page: RANGE OF SCORES on a two judge panel, where the scores are being averaged, the maximum difference between the two scores is 0.30 pg. 12 Rules for Compulsory Judging

43

pg. 27 Part VII Element #1 Hips out of alignment in split, back knee bent

0.20

Element #11 balance done on flat foot

0.30

pg. 29 After Element#12 listings of deductions and before PreacroIllusion forward roll, insert Level 8 Rhythmic Floor Exercise pg. 30 VII. Level 7 Meet Format

A. General Rules

Add: 9. A gymnast must salute the judge prior to stepping onto the mat and upon completion of her routine. Penalty for not respecting either rule is 0.20. pg. 18 V.

A

pg. 31-37) and is judged on a 8.00 maximum score.

E. OPTIONAL PARTS

BASIC CONCEPTS OF JUDGING LEVEL 6

B. One judge per gymnast can be used at a local meet. A panel of two judges per gymnast is necessary for state and regional meets.

C. Two gymnasts may compete the same routine either at the same time or alternating, with two judges judging one athlete and two judges judging the other. pg. 19 IX. Judging a Level 6 Routine 3. The composition score and execution score are added together, this becomes the gymnast's competition score when a one judge panel is used.

B. For all compulsory routines, both judges judge composition and execution. The two scores are averaged. The optional routine is judged with one judge judging composition and the other judge judging execution. The two scores are added. pg. 35 Club Composition Requirements Level 8 B. Other Groups ...

4. asymmetric elements, three occurrences

0.10

Add NOTE: Asymmetric movements are characteristic of clubs; they are either combinations of elements belonging to different structural groups, or combinations of elements of the same structural groups, but performed on different planes or in several directions.

The two movements of the clubs may have the following relationships

pg. 23 Level 6 Meet Format Change to read: B. A one judge panel may be used for each event for local meets.

C. A two judge panel will be used for state and regional...

J. The rotations of the events should allow for the gymnasts to be evaluated by both judging panels. pg. 24 III. Level 7 Judging Breakdown

Ribbon Composition Requirements for Level 8 A. Fundamental Groups, three occurrences each category 2. spiral w ith pivot of A difficulty

7.00 ; Maximum score (compulsory

8.00 = Maximum score (Optional)

3.00 ; Composition/ musicality 4.00 ; Execution

3.80 = Composition! musicality

D. Ribbon specific

2.

one pivo t of A difficulty must be performed w ith a spiral

Bonus 0.10 Musical relationship 0.10 "B" difficulty 3.90 = Execution Bonus 0.10 Expression

IV. Level 7 Optional Routine eliminate" A" and change the following letters" AC" September 1996 TECHNIQUE

.,tt

Rhythmic Minutes

.,

III.

RHYTHMIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE

I

Conference Call September 3, 1996

A. 44 I.

Roll Call

Members present: Andrea Schmid Lana Lashoff Catherine Yakhimovich Maureen Broderick Vanessa Vanderpluym Candace Feinberg Nora Campbell

II.

1997 National Championships

Format: Three day event Day one: Each gynmast competes two events Four events will be rotated Day two: Each gynmast competes two events Four events will be rotated Based upon the resu lts of day one and day tvvo: The top six athletes (Jr. and Sr.) will be presented individual event awards The top twelve athletes (Jr. and Sr.) w ill advance to All-Around Finals.

Day three: Each gynmast competes four events Based upon the combined score of the preliminary All-Around (40%) and the final All-Around (60%): The top eight athletes (Jr. and Sr.) w ill be presented All-Around awards The National Team (eight Jr. / eight Sr.) w ill be determined

FIG Representative Coaches Representative Coaches Representative Judges Representative Athletes Representative Rhythmic Program VP Rhythmic Program Director

International Assignments

Junior assignments based on events gymnast is currently training.

Senior assignments based on Olympic Trial results.

Sept. 21-23 -10th Kasasagi Rhythmic Cup Gynmasts: Kate Jeffress AmyNg Coach: Catherine Yakhimovich Oct. 25-27 - Namibia, Africa Gymnast: Alicia Albe Coach: Catherine Yakhi movich Nov. 20-21 Pacific Alliance Gymnasts: Natalie Laques ta Lauri Lilly Heilie Isaacs Lana Lashoff Coach: Nora Campbell *Judge: Dec. 6-8 - Jr. Pan American Gymnastics Championships Gymnasts: Johanna Shoemaker Tara McCargo Kassy Scharringhausen Kate Jeffress Catherine Yakhimovich Coaches: Efrossina Anguelova Marina Davidovich Norma Zabka *Judges Ellen Nyemcsik *Ju dge assignments made by the Rhythmic Judges Selection Committee

II.

1997 Rhythmic Challenge

Format: Two day All-Around competition (2/7-2/8 in the AM). Re-ranking based upon the combined scores of day one and day two.

Coaches will be required to submi t, prior to the compe tition, a written routine analysis for each apparatus identifying difficulties in sequence AND using the terminology as defined in the new Code of Points.

Following the second day of competition, judges w ill meet w ith athletes and coaches for a video and/or flo or review. This will be followed by a Code discussion w ith coaches and judges.

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

Safety

, 996 USAG NATIONAL SAFETY CERTIFIERS The foll owing list of National Safety Certifiers is provided to assist in fi nd ing or organizing safety courses. Please no te that a minimum of six participants is required in order to con duct a course. If you w ish for the certifier to travel a significa nt dis tance, a minimum of eleven participants is required in order for the certifier to receive any travel expenses fro m USA Gymnastics.

Dollie Landvaller Ricky Garcia Scoll Wright Bernie Ray David Wehr David Adlard Edward Franz Hiroshi Fujimoto Jeff Lulla David Moskovitz Steven Paul Scoll Quinn Shannon Michael Taylor Ron Barella Betsy Sprague Robert Beach Virginia Redmond Karl Bishop Marci L. Levine D.J. Milem Suzanne Stanton Christine Calvert Michael E. Goodale Cora Fonseca James R.Tighe Monte Kimes Edgar Pulido Barry Dubuque Loree Galimore James Gedney Steve Schoenbaechler Kevin Spencer Caesar Garcia Stephan DiTullio Stephen Posner Bob Ouellelle John Perna Gerald Bellemare Stephen Randall Rae Rogers Mary Panackia Jerry Reighard

AK AL AR AZ AZ CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CO CO CT

DE FL FL FL FL GA GA HI ID

IL IL IN IN KS KY KY LA

MA MA MD MD ME ME ME MI MI

907/ 789-0909 &789-7440 205/ 970-0496 501/327-7742 602/ 978-1336 &934-2007 602/ 596-3543 510/ 439-7651 619/ 670-1638 &594-5553 408/ 372-1006 818/ 845-0700 415/ 721-7347 415/ 866-4932 619/ 562-7667 &296-8411 415/ 854-3880 &858-3480 970/ 482-3118 303/ 750-3356 203/ 787-3388 &392-6092 302/ 831 -8599 813/ 532-0574 &447-2108 305/ 861-8753 904/ 641-7768 &641-9966 904/ 769-6464 404/687-9911 803/ 643-3458 808/ 488-7030 208/ 853-4042 &853-3220 312/ 586-6015 &747-2024 708/ 969-0900 812/ 473-3232 &482-4800 317/ 823-0393 913/ 469-5554 502/ 458-8094 502/ 752-6300&1-888-496-8963 504/ 924-1705 508/ 263-9306 413/ 748-3357 410/ 379-8468 410/ 848-2771 207/ 395-4306 &443-3134 207/ 284-8351 &603/ 964-9000 207/ 667-9648 &947-3860 810/ 474-0689 517/ 828-5604 &774-6696

Scoll Gay Ray Overmann Julie Maynard Donald Davis Dan Keane David Mickelson James Reichar!

Anthony Retrosi Cathy Finkel Willie Forman Phil Frank Louise Janecky Derick Moellenbeck Sarah Jane Clifford Edward Konopa Paul Spadaro Ronald J Ganim Bobbi Fahrnbach Scoll Blakemore Richard McCoy Ruth Lepper Sandoz Jeannelle Jay Ken Miller Michael Rizzuto Robert Lynn Ross Mike Franco Kimberly Domagalski Robert White William Allen Robert Valley Kay Brown Janice S. Eyman John Edward Smith Russ Ward David Clifton Leigh Eaton Nicki Geiger!

Ralph Druecke Heather Gollnick Billy Bob Taylor Raleigh Wilson

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

MN MO MO NC NC NE NE NH NJ NJ NJ NM NV NY NY NY OH OH OK OR OR PA PA PA PA RI SC SC SD TN TX TX TX TX VT WA WA WI WI WV WY

612/ 920-5342 314/ 291 -7664 417/883-9963 &417/ 882-5311 919/847-7647 &790-9400 910/665-0662 402/ 551 -3977 402/ 296-2326 &712/ 328-8588 603/433-0404 201/586-1808 before 9 pm 609/ 453-8791 &882-2000x6493 609/ 786-3977 505/662-9118 &662-9523 702/ 355-77 55 716/ 381 -8840 &388-8686 516/ 422-0116 212/ 957-1963 216/ 237-3808 &216/ 526-2970 614/ 777-5057 &457-1279 918/ 584-4093 541 / 929-2003 503/ 246-0818 &531 -9492 412/ 429-8879 &279-4344 908/ 356-0633 &271 -2838 814/ 867-4305 &238-8995 717/ 369-4667 &267-1760 401/789-8096 803/ 773-1404 803/ 268-77 40 &268-3790 605/ 341 -5914 615/ 822-8116 903/ 785-2130 &784-0205 J 817/ 694-2065 214/ 203-8298 &722-8294 713/ 444-6595 802/ 863-4714 360/ 578-2042 &577-6274 206/ 788-2676 414/ 796-0265 &782-3430 414/ 246-4307 &789-6885 304/ 757-3860 &304/ 344-3279 307/ 745-8302

tt

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A

4S

Calendar

Date

Days Discipline

Event

Location

Contact

Phone

Seattle, WA New York, NY Buffalo Grove, Il Colo. Spgs., CO

Ruth Sandoz Heather Stout Jennifer Gallahue lee Ron Galimore

503-531-9492 314-256-4500 317- 237- 5050 317-237-5050

Colo. Spgs., CO Williamsburg, GA Williamsburg, VA Downers Grove, IL Billings, MT Colo. Spgs., CO Orlando, FL Orlando, FL Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Boxboro, MA Boxboro, MA

Gary Warren Jan Greenhawk Jennifer Gallahue lee Nora Campbell Jennifer Gallahue Lee Dennis Mcintyre Tim Rand Jennifer Gallahue Lee Julie Bejin Julie Bejin Kathy Feldmann Jennifer Gallahue Lee

317-237-5050 410-226-5943 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 954-972-4947 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 617-784-5830 317-237-5050

SEPTEMBER 1996

20 24 28 28

1 2 8

MW MWR MWR M

Region II Congress PDP I Video Clinic Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop Senior Team Camp

OCTOBER 1 996

I

"

A

46

3 11 11 12 12 15 17 17 18 19 24 24

4 3 2 2 2 8 3 2 1 2 4 2

W MW MWR R MWR M MW MWR MWR MWR MW MWR

National TOP Testing - at USOTC Region VII Congress Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop J.O. Group Championships Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop Junior National Team Camp Region VIII Congress Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop USA Gymnastics Executive Committee Meeting USA Gymnastics Board of Directors Meeting Region VI Congress Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop

NOVEMBER 1996

4 12 14

7 6 4

W MW M

FIG Women's Intercontinental Judges' Course Pacific Alliance Championships "Future Stars" 10路11 Championships

Athens, GA Kuala Lumpur, MAS Colo. Spgs., CO

Kathy Kelly Gary Alexander Dennis Mcintyre

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050

14 23

4 8

M R

National Coaches Workshop FIG/ RSG Intercontinental Judges' Course

Colo. Spgs., CO Lahti, FIN

Dennis Mcintyre Nora Campbell

317-237-5050 317-237-5050

Guatemala City, GUA Guatemala City, GUA Tulsa, OK Annaheim, Calif.

Atlanta, GA Seattle, WA Tel路Aviv, ISR Stuttgart, GER

Gary Warren Jennifer Gallahue Lee Jennifer Gallahue Lee Ron Galimore

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050

Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN TBA

Kathy Kelly Kathy Kelly Jeff Olsen

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050

Colo. Spgs., CO TBA Columbus, OH Ft. Worth, TX

Nora Campbell 317-237-5050 Ron Galimore 317-237-5050 Jim Ginzer jimgGOCUBS@woridnet.att.net Jeff Olsen 317-237-5050

Houston, TX

Nora Campbell Jeff Olsen Kathy Kelly

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050

Kathy Kelly

317-237-5050

Nora Campbell Kathy Kelly

317-237-5050 317-237-5050

Kathy Kelly Nora Campbell Nora Campbell Kathy Kelly

317-237-505 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050

Noro Campbell

317-237-5050

DECEMBER 1 996

3 3 5 6 7 8 20 TBA

7 7 4 3 2 8 2

MWR MWR W MWR MWR M MW MW

PAGU Junior Championships PAGU Congress National TOP Training Camp National Gym Fest - at Disneyland Hotel Kinder Accreditation for Teachers (KAT) Workshop FIG Intercontinental Judges Course Israel's Open Gymn. Champ. (Peace Tournament) DTB Pokal

JANUARY 1997

8 14 25

5 5

W W MWR

Women's Continental Judges' Course Women's Brevet Judges' Course Reese's International Gymnastics Cup

FEBRUARY 1997

8 14 14 27

2 2 3 3

R M W MW

Rhythmic Challenge USA Gymnastics Winter Cup Challenge Revco Buckyeye Classic McDonald's American Cup

MARCH 1997

1 2 20 21 TBD

1 1 4 2

R MWR W MW W

International Competition 3 x 3 Int'I Gymnastics Invitational Americon Classic Int'I. Team Championships (Jr./Sr.) Nat. Collegiate Gymn. Assoe.

TBA Cincinnati, OH TBD

Rhythmic EastMest Championships American Challenge - National Elite NCAA Regionals USAG Collegiate Champs - Seattle Pacif. Univ.

Rhythmic EastMest Championships Level 10 Regional Championships USAG Nat. Invitational Tournament - U. of Iowa NCAA National Championships J.O. Championships

TBA TBA Various Sites Seattle, WA TBA Various Sites Iowa City Gainesville, FL TBA

Ft. Worth, TX

APRIL 1997

4 4 5 10 11 12 12 17 26

2 2 3 2 2 1 3 2

R W W MW R R W W R

September 1996

TECHNI Q UE

Safety Certification

SAFETY CERTIFICATION COURSES Minimu m age for Safety Certification is 18 years

13

OCTOBER

11

Fl; 6:00- 10:00 p.m.

In conjunction with Gemini Cup Invitational Site: TBA Course Dir: Karl Bishop 813-447-21 OB Kent State Univ., OH; Time: TBA local contact: Bob Anderson 330-677-6700 Course Dir: Ron Ganim 216-526-2970 Evansville, IN; 2:00-6:00 p.m.

M.E.G.A. Gymnastics; 2949 N. Joseph Ave local contact: Kelly Vance 812-423- 3121 Course Dir: Barry Dubuque: 812-473-3232 Ft Smith, AR; 1:00-5:00 p.m.

Flame Gymnastics Academy local contact: Dan Beam SO 1-646-7723 Course Dir: Scott Wright 501-327-7742 Crystal lake, Il; 8:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m.

387 Congress Parkway local contact: Kathy Gebhardt 815-477-4111 Course Dir: Edgar Pulido 630-969- 0900 Portland, OR; 6:00-1 0:00 p.m.

MAC Club local contact: Meg Doxtator 503-246-0818 Course Dir: 503- 246-0818 Williamsburg, VA; 6:00-10:00 p.m.

In conjunction with Region 7 Mink.

Congress George Washington Inn Course Dir: Billy Bob Taylor 301-344-3279

19

20

20

20

20

24

Richmond, VA; 1:00-5:00 p.m.

Richmond Olympiad Gymnastics 10701 Trade Rd; 23236 local Contact: Judy Shaw804-794-2813 Course Dir: Billy Bob Taylor 301 - 344- 3279 Salt lake City, UT; 9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m.

Bailies Gymn local Contact: Tami Bailie 810-572-4905 Course Dir: Jim Tighe 208-853- 3220 San Bruno, CA; 2:00-6:00 p.m.

The little Gym 731 Kains Ave; 94066 local Contact: Millie Chauser 415-225--0602 Course Dir: Randy McCoy 541-929-2003 Broomall, PA; 1:00-6:00 p.m.

Kehlers Gymnastics; 680 Parkway local contact: Carla Wilson 610-359-9999 Course Dir: Robert lynn Ross 717- 762-0448 Orlando, Fl; 9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m.

Region 8 Training Camp; Mini Congress; Delta Resort Hotel Course Dir: Mard levine 305-861-8753 Allentown, PA; 10:00 a.m.-2:30 p. m.

Gymnastics Center of lehigh Valley; 995 Postal Rd locol contact: John Becker 610- 266- 6711 Course Dir: Phil Frank 609-663- 8006 ext. 438 Boxboro, MA; 6:30-10:30 p.m.

Holiday Inn - Boxboro Woods; One Adams Place Route 111 Region 6 Congress local contact: Kathy Feldman 617-784-5830 Course Dir: Paul Spadaro

,----------

25

26

26

26

27 27

Boxboro, MA; 8:30-12:30 p.m.

Holiday Inn - Boxboro Woods; One Adams Place Route 111 Region 6 Congress local contact: Kathy Feldman 617-784-5830 Courses Dir: Steve DiTullio Flemington, NJ; 2:45-9:00 p.m.

Gymnastics Unlimited 2 lilac Dr. local Contact: 908-782-8882 Course Dir: Cathy Finkel 201 -586-1 808 (before 9:00 p.m.)

Cincinnati, OH; 4:00-8:00 p.m.

American Eagles Gymnastics 754 Old St Rt 74 Suite C local Contact: Mark Fahrnbach 513- 752-2003 Course Dir: Bobbi Fahrnbach Westminster, MD; 6:00-10:00 p.m.

Perna Gymnastics Club; 3100 littlestown Pike local contact: lizor John Perna 410-848-2771 Course Dir: John Perna 410-876-0662 San Bruno, CA; 1:30-5:30 p.m.

The little Gym; 731 Kains Ave Course Dir: Randy McCoy 541-929-2003 Albuquerque, NM; 9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m.

Gold Cup Gymnastics Course Dir: louise Janecky 505-662-9118

NOVEMBER

Certi.£icationis good for four years.

Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __

To achieve Safety Certification, the participant must be at least 18 years of age at the time of the course.

S , tate: _ _ _ _ Zip_ _ _ __

Telephone: (H) _ _ __ _ __ _ _ (W) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Course Director: _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ Course Location:_ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ Date: _ _ _ __ Organization Represented: _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Professional or instructor _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Current Safety Expiration date: _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ of Payment: 0 Check 0 Visa 0 Mastercard 0 AmExp 0 Discover I I ame on Card:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I N umber: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I Expiration Date: Signature:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

September 1996 TECHNIQUE

11 Wrangell, Alaska; 12:00-4:00 p.m.

Stikine Middle School local contact: Joe Rizzo 907-874-3393 ext 264 Course Dir: Beth landvatter 907-789-7440

COST: Pro·Member with Current Safety Certification wishing to re·certify ..... ............. no charge Pro-Member with expired or new Safety Certification ......................... $50.00 Instructor Member ......................... ... $50.00 Non·Member ar Generol Member .......... $100.00 ' You must have your USA number on the registranon lorm in order to Quolify lor the discount.

NO APPLIED FOR numbers will be occepted.

You moy not register lor 0 coUise to recertify ony earlier thon 8 months prior to your expiration dote.

No on·site registration. You must pre·register no later than 10 days prior to the course.

Please make checks payable in full to USA Gymnastics Safety Certification Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USA Gynu1astics Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225 or FAX to 317-237-5069

rn% L ______________________________

DECEMBER

Course Dir: Kim Domagalski 803-773-1 404

Soc. Sec. #:_ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Birthdate: _ _ _ _ __

City: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

30

Sumter, SC; TBA; Sumter YMCA

Name: Mr./Mrs. / Ms._ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __

Minimum age for Safety Certification is 18 years

24

JAN/ FEB

Chesterton, IN; 1:00-5:00 p.m.

Chesterton HighSchool; 651 W. Morgan Ave local contact: Mike or Maria Bachuchin 219-926-2151 ext 260 Course Dir: 810-474-0689 All materials (including the Safety Handbook) for 3rd Cycle courses are provided at the course and are part of the course fee.

Participation Registration Form

10

Minot, NO; 6:00-10:00 p.m.

Gymnotics Inc; State Fairgrounds local contact: Steve Carver 701 -852-4585 Course Dir: Bill Allen Florence, SC; 1:00-4:00 p.m.

Freedom Florence local contact: louise Peck 803-667-5090 Course Dir: Kim Domagalski 803-469-8724 Raleigh, NC; 10:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.

North Raleligh Gymn.

5400 Atlantic Springs Rd; 27616 Course Dir: Don Davis 919- 790-9400 Jackson, TN; 9:00 a.m.-l :00 p.m.

Golden Circle Gymnastics locol contact: Don Kirton 901-424-5437 Course Dir: Mike Goodale PA; 1:00-4:30 p.m.

International Gymnastics Camp 717-629-0244 Course Dir: Phil Frank 609-663-8006 ext 438

To register please fax (317·237-5069) or mail your Participant Registration Form to USA Gymnastics.

rrtBA

GYMNASTICS

~

Non-profit Organization U.s. Postage PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis, IN

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