Technique Magazine - March 1992 by USA Gymnastics

U.S. Gymnastics

Carnegie Report: Further Implications Coaches Accredita tion Compulsory Deductions Trojan Horse Vault Responses to Acute Injury Compulsory Workshops Information THE

TENTH

ANNUAL

McDonald's © American Cup March 6 & 7, 1992 llIustrntiotl by: Brion Guedel

•

Orlando Arena

Minutes & Reports

1991 WORLD GYMNASTICS CHAMPIONSHIPS

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MEN'S TAPES:

#2260 - 1991 World Gymnastics Championships, Indianapolis, IN. Men's Individual Event Finals. (A,l:06) ..... ......... ....... .$16.95 #2261- 1991 World Gymnastics Championships, Indianapolis, IN. Men's All-Around Finals: Part 1 - FX, PH, SR. (A, 2:00); Part 2 - V, PB, HB. (A, 1 :37) ..................... $24.95 #2262 - 1991 World Gymnastics Championships, Indianapolis, IN. Men's Competition Ib (Men's Team): Part 1 - FX, PH, SR. 1st-6th Teams. (A,1 :49); Part2- V,PB, HB. 1st-6th Teams. (A,l:27) ................. ...$24.95 #2263 - 1991 World Gymnastics Championships, Indianapolis, IN. Men's Competition Ib (Men's Team): Part 1 - FX,PH,SR. 7th-12th Teams. (A,1:55); Part 2 - V, PB, HB. 7th-12th Teams. (A,1:36) ...... ... .$24.95

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March 1992, Vo l. 12, No.3 - TECHNIQUE

Inside Fhi-s Is-sue"--'

March, 1992, Volume 12, No.3

Publisher Mike Jacki Editor Stephen W. Whitlock Director of Educational Services and Safety

Contents Coaching Further Coaching Implications .......... ,................................... 5 Coaching Accreditation Update ................................. .. ......... 6

Production Luan Peszek

Research Wrist Pain in Gymnasts ................ .. .......... .. ............................ 8 A Newly Designed Brace .. .......................... .................... ..... 10

United States Gymnastics Federation Board of Directors

Judging Men's '96 Olympic Compulsory Deductions ......... .. .. ........ 12 Contents of the Men's Optional Exercises .. .......... ,............ 16 Women's Jr A / Sr Compulsory Element Testing .............. 18

Executive D irector. Mike Jacki; President: Mike Donahue; President Emeritus: Bud Wilkinson; Athlete Represe ntatives: Brian Babcock, chai r; Wendy Hilliard, vice chair; Michelle Dusserre, sec; Sheryl Dundas; Tim Daggett; jim Hartun!?; Karyn Lyon; Tanya Service; Wendy Hilliard, USOC Athlete s Advisory Council; Amateur Athletic Union: Julie Sickels; American Sokol Organization: Jerry Milan; American Turn-

~i~~~B'illo~=~i;JM!~~sB~ri~:~~~:~!~CSA~~~~~aeti::sF~~ Roethlisberger; National Association for Girls and Women in Sports: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Assocation of Collegiate Gymnastics Men: Abie Grossfeld;National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Women: Gail Davis; Na tional Associaton 01 Women's Gr.mnastics Judges: Yvonne Hodge; National Col1e~iate Ath etic Association: Cheryl Levick, Fred Turoff; Nahonal Federation of State High School Associations: Sharon Wilch, Susan True; National Gymnastics judges Association: Harry Bjerke; National High School Gymnastics Coaches Association: John Brinkworth; National jewish Welfare Board: CourtneyShanken; Rhythmic Coaches Assocation: Suzie DiTullio; Special Olympics, ]nc.: Kater Faber-Hickie; U.S. Association of Independent Gym Club: Lance Crowley; U.S. Elite Coaches Associa tion for Women: Tony Gehman, C here Hoffman; U.S. Sports Acrobatics Federa tIon: Bonnie Davidson; Young Men's Christian Association: Rick Dodso n; USGF National Membe rship Representatives: Men's: Dave Strobel, Bob Wuomos; Women's: Joan Moore Rice, Jeff Metzger; Rhythmic: Marina Davidovich, lotie Barretta-Keyser.

United States Gymnastics Federation Executive Committee President: Mike Donahue; Secreta ry: Mike Milidonis; Vice President-Women: Sue Ammerman; Vice President-Men: Jim Howard; Vice President-Rhythmic: Norma Zabka; Executive Director: Mike Jacki; F]G Women's Technical Committee: Jackie Fie; F]G Rhythm ic Technical Committee: And rea Schmid; FIG Men's Technical Committee: Bill Roetzheim; Members-At-Large: Roe Kreutzer; Na ncy Ma rshall; Athlete Representatives: Brian Babcock, Michelle Dusserre, Wendy Hilli a rd; Presiden t Eme ritu s : Bud Wilkinson.

page 5

Sport Psychology Hypnosis - A Key to Effective Visualization ............ .. ....... 20 Judging Judges - Beware of Greeks Bearing Gifts! .. ..................... 24 page 8

Sport Science Psychological Responses of Children and Adolescents to Acute Physical Injury in Sport ................. .......... .......... 26 Miscelaneous Call for Papers (USGF Sport Sc ience Symposium) ...... .... 29 Originality Invitational (M) ..................... ... ............. ............ 33 Technique Advertising Schedule .......................................... 34 Announcements .. ..................... ..................... ,....... .... ,.... .. ...... 35 USGF Compulsory Workshops .......... .. ........ ....................... 36 Minutes & Reports MPC, 2/8/92, Colorado Springs ................ ........................ .42 MPC Conference Call, 1/27/92 .......................................... .44 RPC, 2/8/92, Colorado Springs ......................................... .45 RTC, 2/8/92, Colorado Springs .......................................... 46 Education/ Event Calendar ...... ............................................ 47 Safety Certification ... ............................ ........ ......................... 48

page 24

J'tIl-iR1

OlympIC

Workshops

Associate Content Editors Wi lliam Sands, Ph.D., Chairman, Sports Advisory Commi ttee Patty Hacker, Ph.D., Chairman, E'duca tion Sub-committee Stephen W. Whitlock, liaison

Unl ess expressly identified to the contrary, all articles, sta tements and views printed herein are attributed soley to the author and the United Slates Gymnastics Federation expresses no opinion hereo n and assumes no responsiblity thereof.

TECHNIQUE - March 1992, Vol. 12, No.3

CHANGE OF ADDRESS AND SUBSCRIPTION INQU IRIES: In order to ensure uninterrupted delivery of TECHNIQUE magazine, notice of change of address should be made six to eigh t weeks in ad va nce. For fastest service, please enclose your present mailing label. Direct all subscription mail to TECHNIQUE Subscrip tions, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225. TECHNIQUE is published 10 times per year by the United States Gymnastics Federation, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capito l Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225 (phone: 317-237-5050). Third class postage paid at i.ndianapolis, IN. Subscription price: $25.00 per yea r in Uni ted States; all other countries $48.00 per year. If available, back issue single copies $4.00 plus $1.00 postage / handling. All reasonable ca re w ill be taken, bu t no responsibility can be assumed for unsoli cited material; enclose return postage. Copyright 1992by USGF and TECHNIQUE. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.

page 36

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS AND VIDEO-TAPES VIDEOTAPES: NEW - #2272- MEN:

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Winter Camp in Colorado Springs. Sport Psychology Session by Dr. McKelvain (Goal Setting and Preparation for Team Competitions). (A,2:00) .................... $14.95 NEW - #2274- MEN: '96 Olympic Compulsory Session from the 1992 USGF Winter Cup Challenge in Colorado Springs. (A, 1:45) ........... ....... .............. ................. ... $12.95 NEW - #2275- MEN: Optional routines by the "Atlanta '96 Group" at the '92 Winter Cup Challenge in Colorado Springs. (A 1:45) ...... ........... .......... .. ........ ........ ...... ~'tl 0.95

#2132- PRESCHOOL / DEVELOPMENTAL WORKSHOP, Ft. Worth, TX (8/91). This clinic featured Kajsa Murmark and Gun Stahl from the Swedish Gymnastics Federation. #3 of 3 tapes. Games; Balloons; and final lessons ...... ... ... ... ... ..... ....... $12.95 #2133 - AMERICAN CLASSIC (W), Salt Lake City, UT (11/91). #1 of 2 tapes. Senior Optional Exercises (selected routines, all events) T.5ommer, D.Fierro, L.Fontaine, M.5haw, M.5hawen, H .Hornbeek, and others. (B+) ............... ..................... ....$16.95 #2134- AMERICAN CLASSIC (W),SaltLake City, UT (11 /91). #2 of2 tapes . Junior A & B optional exercises (selected routines, all events 0:38) L.Pallardy, L.Vinciganaovic, K.Powell, P.Harris, S.Robbins, K.Burke, J.Thompson, M.Flammer, H.Prosser, O .Willis, and others. Senior compulsory exercises (selected routines 0:50) ..... $16.95

EN: '92 Olympic compUl~u2140 - ELITE PREMIER of the proposed sory Session from the 1992 USGF Winter 1996 compulsory exerCI~es, Salt Lake CIty, up Ch:allenge in Colorado Springs . UT (11 / 91). The premIer featured demOTE: Two (2) tapes. (A) ..... ........ .$24.95 ~nstration of th~ '96 r.outine~ and instruc""-A A" fl -::--hon on the JUnior elIte testmg program. NEW - #2 ,- Iv'1~.-vpnonaj ~esslOn rom #1 f2 t Fl E . T B' d the 1992 USGF Winter Cup Challenge in 0 apes. oor xerCIse: . IggS; an Colorado Springs. NOTE: Two (2) tapes. P.a rt 1 of Balance Beam: M. Grossfeld. (A, (A) ............. ............. ...............................$24.95 2.00) ... .............. ..................... ............. $12.45 NEW - #2330- RSG: 1992 USGF Rhythmic #2141 - ELITE PREMIER of the proposed Challenge from Colorado Springs. Jr. & 1996 compulsory exercises, Salt Lake City, UT (11 / 91). The premier featured demsr. Rope, Hoop, Club and Ball. Plus Jr. Ribbon. (B, 2:53) ....... ........ ..................$16.95 onstration of the '96 routines and instruc#2143 _ WOMEN'S ELITE TRAINING tion on the Junior elite testing program. CAMP, Colorado Springs, CO 1/92. Part #2 of 2 tapes: Part 2 of Balance Beam: M. 1: FX drills and Jr. B. routine (Biggs); BB Grossfeld; Uneven Bars: A.Akopian; Tumbling: S.Elliott; Vaulting: V.Artemov. (A, drills and Jr. elements (Grossfeld); V drills $1295 1:50) ...... ............. ... ............. ................. $12.45 (Ell"10 tt) . (A,200) : ..... .... ... ... . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . #2349 _ RHYTHMIC NATIONALS (RSG),

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#2144 - WOMEN 'S ELITE TRAINING CAMP, Colorado Springs, CO 1/ 92. Part 2: TU drills (Elliott); "FastTrak" Tumbling / Trampoline system (Elliott); Dance / Ballet training (M. Fa ulkenberry). (A,2:0) ............ .................. .............. ... .$12.95 #2130 - PRESCHOOL/DEVELOPMENTAL WORKSHOP, Ft. Worth, TX, 8/ 91. This clinic featured Kajsa Murmark and Gun Stahl from the Swedish Gymnastics Federation. #1 of 3 tapes . Introduction, Philosophy, and first group lessons. (A,2:00) ...... ..... .. ............. ....... .. .......... ......... ......$12.95 #2131- PRESCHOOL/ DEVELOPMENTAL WORKSHOP, Ft. Worth, TX, 8/ 91. This clinic featured Kajsa Murmark and Gun Stahl from the Swedish Gymnastics Federation. #2 of 3 tapes. Ways to use apparatus; Day in the Jungle; Bean Bag Activities and Games. (A, 2:00) ...... ............. $12.95 4

Colorado Springs, CO (5 / 91). Finals competition. (C) ........... ........................... $12.95 #2240- 1991 Chunichi Cup, Nagoya, Japan (11 / 16-17/ 91). Men's All-Around and Event Finals. ....... ......... ... ... ................ ..... .... .. .... ....... $19.95

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS #6001- USGF SAFETY MANUAL, 2nd Edition. This is the required text for the USGF Safety Certification Course ..... ........ $16.45 #2601 - GYMNASTICS SAFETY VIDEO (Show this to all your class students) ...$39.95 #6002 - TRAMPOLINE SAFETY MANUAL (Essential if you use a trampoline in your program) ... ........ ........... .... .. ........ .. ... ...... $9.95 #6101 - USGF SAFETY POSTER #1 - Guidelines of Gymnastics ... ... .. ... ......... ..... .. $5.00 #6102 - USGF SAFETY POSTER #2 - Responsibilities 6f the Gymnast ...... .. .. $5.00 #6103 - USGF SAFETY POSTER #3 - Mat Safety Guidelines ..... ... ...... ... ..... ....... ..$5. 00 #6104 - USGF SAFETY POSTER #4 - Spotting Guidelines .. ........ ..... .. ... ................ $5.00 #3605 - Teaching Developmental Gymnastics, O'Quinn. (This book is excellent for preschool teachers) ............................... $19.95 #1100 - WOMENS Recreational/Optional Competitive Program. (This is a fu ll optional program including Vault, Bars, Beam, Floor, and Tumbling. Excellent for the recreationalgymnast) ...... ......................... .. ...$7.00

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Use the Form on page 2 to order any of these videos or educational materials. March 1992, Vol. 12, No. 3 - TECHNIQUE

Carnegie Report

Further Coaching Implications At the inaugural Olympic Congress of the USA, an important session consisted of the presentation of a working paper commissioned by the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development. This session was organized by the USOC Coaching Development Division.

Carnegie Report Dr. Vern Seefeldt and Dr. Martha Ewing of the Youth Sports Institute of Michigan State University co-presented their paper, "An Overview of Youth Sports Programs in the United States." This report has many important implications for how we structure our development programs. The report itself is more than 130 pages, and is based on a very extensive research project. In a previous issue of Technique, an attempt was made to summarize the major points and recommendations of the paper. In this article, some of the other findings of the study are presented. It is interesting to compare students perceptions of important "concerns" from a survey taken in 1940 with that of the current study. (see Table 1) Table 1 Student "Concerns" 1940

1990

Talking Chewing gym Running in the Halls Wearing improper clothes Getting out of turn in lines Not putting paper in wastebaskets

Drugs Alcohol Pregnancy Suicide Robbery & assault Rape

Table 3. Why do kids drop out of sports?

Dr. Vern Seefeldt Dr. Martha Ewing

1. No longer interested

Summarized by: Steve Whitlock and Dr. Tom Crawford

2. The activity was no longer fun 3. The activity took too much time 4. Needed more time to study 5. There was too much pressure 6. The coach played favorites 7. The coach was a poor teacher 8. I was tired of playing 9. Too much emphasis on winning

The researchers were also interested in determining what kinds of changes might have been made that would have kept the kids participating. (Table 4) Table 4. What would you like to change? (Asked of kids who dropped out) 1. Make the practices more fun 2. The practices and games should not con-

flict with studies More play time Coach understands the players more Coach was a better teacher Coach needs to understand the sport better 7. Less emphasis on winning 8. Coach didn't yell so much

3. 4. 5. 6.

Implica tians The researchers were interested in gaining insight as to why student athletes participate in sports and why they drop out. The most significant responses are listed in Tables 2 and 3. Table 2. What are the MOST important reasons for participation in sports? 1. To have FUN

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

To do something I'm good at To improve their skills To stay in shape ... Get exercise For the excitement of competition For the challenge of competition To learn new skills To playas a part of a team To go to a higher level of competition

TECHNIQUE March 1992

Recommendations and implications for gymnastics programs and gymnastics coaches: • Clubs should learn why the athletes participate and why they drop out! Having FUN was cited as the most important reason for sports participation. • Less time (week, month, season) should be devoted to practices. Gymnastics programs and coaches must understand and appreciate the other needs of the athletes and make an attempt to work cooperatively to better manage the athlete's time, including, paying greater attention to effective and efficient organization of practices. • Coaches need to provide greater opportunities for ALL team members to participate. Beyond the team levels where most mem5

The No.1 reason kids participate in sports is to have FUN.

bers have the opportunity to participate, gymnastics clubs should provide other regular opportunities for the recreational and class student to participate. These opportunities might include performance days, exhibition "teams," group activities like general gymnastics exhibitions, tours and field trips, etc. • Coaches need to give more attention to learning the psychological and emotional needs of teenagers. • More women are needed as coaches and counselors for girls during the formative years. • Coaches must enhance their abilities in effective communication. Inappropriate communication (yelling at players, use o{ derogatory comments) was cited as a primary change that would have to be made in order to induce those who dropped out to rejoin the sport.

For further information on the Carniegie Report contact Dr. Vern Seefeldt or Dr. Martha Ewing at: The Youth Sports Institute, 2131 M. Sports Circle Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1049, (517) 353-6689.

Summary The research and experiential evidence pertinent to youth sports indicates that many of its potential benefits are available to only a highbE selected group of participants. If the benefits ~f\ sport are to be expanded some major changes must be undertaken. Leaders and coaches at the local and national levels must commit to programs that emphasize inclusion of those who currently have the greatest need for sport, but for whom access is denied, because of skill level, race, gender, ethnicity, geographic location and socioeconomic status. The study also identifies reasons why athletes participate in sport and why they drop out. Coaches and program leaders at all levels should carefully examine their program goals, objectives and procedures to insure that the basic participation needs are being achieved for all levels.

USGP Professional Development Program Level I Participation

<):>

«Q

LEJ ~V.AbJL USGF COACHES EDUCATION

The National Compulsory Workshops represent the first opportunity for coaches, program directors, and gymnastics administrators to participate in the Professional Development Program. Completion of the clinic will provide participants the designation as "Premier Member Level I Coaching Administrator." This designation allows individuals to conduct Level I Accreditation clinics at the local level.

Review

Unique Opportunity The National Compulsory Workshops have been designed so that coaches may participate in the Professional Development Program session at ANY of the workshops. Coaches should complete the registration form for the workshop at which they will attend the Coach Accreditation session. Detailed information and the Level I Application Form will then be mailed out to participants. The presentation of the Level I material will be the same at all National Compulsory Workshops. Remember that their is no designation for men, women, or rhythmic at Level I.

Accreditation

The Level I program is designed to provide a foundation in coaching for entry level coaches Participants in the session at the National ComAND provide a review for experienced coaches. pulsory Workshops will also be immediately eliThe Rookie Coaches Gymnastics Guide is a general text which covers the areas of philosophy, com- gible to begin the Level II accreditation process. munication, athlete readiness, safety, gymnas- The first Level II clinics will be conducted at the tics, and gymnastics lesson planning. Sequential National Congress in Anaheim, California. You Gymnastics II, the skills text, has been revised and have the opportunity to be among the first coaches expanded to include basic skills which are appro- in the United States to receive coaching credenpriate for children beginning their gymnastics tials for the sport of gymnastics. experience. These two texts will be presented in a *NOTE: Coaches accepted for participation in the special video tape format. Each text is accompanied by a Workshop courses will NOT be required to take the written short written examination.* examil1ations.

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

HI LTON'S SUPERSTARS OF GYMNASTICS MARCH 28,1992 7:30 R.M.

Great Western Forum, Los Angeles, CA Tickets are available at all Ticketmaster locations,including: • May Company • Music Plus • Tower Records and Video Stores, or charge-by-phone at (310) 480-3232

The Hilton Superstars of Gymnastics will showcase past and present gymnastics stars, including: Kim Zmeskal - 1991 World All Around Champion Shannon Miller - 1991 Individual Event World Medalist Chris Waller - 1991 Mens National Champion Peter Vidmar - 1984 Olympic Gold Medalist Bart Conner - 1984 Olympic Gold Medalist Nadia Comaneci - 1976 Olympic Gold Medalist

more! P ills m(l.ny_ ' r '\

All proceeds from this special event will be donated to the United States Olympic Committee. TECHNIQUE March 1992

Sport Science Research

Wrist Pain in Gymnasts Luc J.K. Teurlings, B.S. and Bert R. Mandelbaum, M.D.

Capitate Hamate Triquetrium Pisiform

Negative Variance

Ulna

Figure 1.

ince gymnastics involves a great deal of weight-bearing supports, wrist pain is a very common and debilitating problem for gymnasts at any level and at any age. Unlike any other joint such as the knee, the wrist is not anatomically designed to support our entire body weight. The gymnast's wrist joint is subjected to high loads during many gymnastics skills, and the repetitive nature of these high intensity loads makes the wrist even more vulnerable to injury. The high incidence and obscure nature of wrist pain in gymnasts stimulated a detailed studyl on the causes and mechanisms of wrist pain in gymnasts. Aside from the acute wrist injuries (e.g. a fracture), it is the chronic wrist pain that presents the Trapezoid physician with the Trapezum grea test challenge. Past observation of gymnasts with ~"'-:",*"---- Lunate chronic wrist pain has indicated anatomical change in their wrist joints. A condition called "positive ulnar variance" seemed to predominate in this group. This condition is manifested by a slight discrepancy in length between the two forearm bones (the ulna is longer relative to the radius) . (see, Figure 1) In most non-gymnasts, the ulna is slightly shorter than the radius (this is called "negative ulnar variance"). In order to evaluate wrist pain, 20 UCLA collegiate team members were examined in 1987 (11 male gymnasts and 9 females). A survey with questions concerning the gymnast's past and / or current wrist injuries was completed, as well as a plain radiograph of each wrist. The results were very interesting. It was reported that 87.5 % of all the male gymnasts had experienced wrist pain at

-- -- -- -- -- - --- -

UCLA Male Gymnasts

UCLA Women

UCLA Men

UCLA Women

Average age:

20.5

19.3

Average years of training :

9.9

11 .8

Training hours/week:

24.0

22 .0

Figure 2. one time, with 75% for a period longer than 4 months. In contrast, 55% of the female gymnasts reported wrist pain in the past, 33% for longer than 4 months (see Figure 2). These numbers not only confirm the high incidence of wrist pain, but also demonstrate the long duration of these injuries. The higher incidence in males (as compared to females) is attributed to the pommel horse, which exposes the male gymnasts to increased loads. If the pain persists and interferes with workouts for longer than 4 months as reported in many cases, it is evident that this problem severely affects any gymnast's ultimate performance. 2 So what exactly does this mean and what does it tell us? First, many competitive gymnasts show positive ulnar variance. In other words, they have a slightly longer ulna as compared to their radius. This has some serious implications anatomically. The imbalance between the bones might result in damage to a piece of cartilage called the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) that acts as a cushion between the ulna and the wrist bones (the scaphoid and lunate). Repetitive loading and rotational movements around the wrist joint cause injury and erosion to the TFCC. This subsequently results in pain. Second, the difference in ulnar variance between gymnasts and non-gymnasts, illustrates that the growth of the gymnast's ulna and radius are altered by these weight-bearing stresses. Since most competitive gymnasts started intense training at an early age, we believe that the excessive loads on the gymnast's wrist joint cause a premature closure of the growth plate of the March 1992 TECHNIQUE

radius. Most of the forearm support is transmitted through the radius and is therefore the most vulnerable to impact forces . Animal studies have shown that excessive loads on a developing bone might cause premature closure of the growth plates, and result in a decreased length of the bone. As the gymnast matures and develops, it is our theory that the high intensity forces induce the radius to close its growth plates prematurely, thereby resulting in a shorter radius as compared to the ulna which continues to grow to its normal length. In order to prove our hypothesis, we conducted another study to examine wrist injuries and ulnar variance in the pedia tric gymnast. Forty three club gymnasts (7 males, 36 females) from three different clubs withinlhe greater Los Angeles area participated in this study. They were each given a questionnaire inquiring about their wrist pain and a radiographic examination. The average age was 11.7 years old and the levels varied from the developmental level up to the elite level (5 subjects). This group had an average of 15.6 hours of workout a week. From this pediatric group, 72% had a history of wrist pain (35 % bilaterally or on both hands). Thirty percent had pain for longer than four months . .The in:idence of pain was found to be related to mcreasmg age and increasing total hours of gymnastics. 3 The values from this study demonstrated that even at this early age, a tendency is observed in gymnasts towards positive ulnar variance. Figure 3 shows the comparison of ulnar variance between the pediatric and collegiate gymnasts, and their respective control groups. The location of the pain was consistent in both the collegiate and pediatric gymnasts. Most of the pain (75% and 52% respectively) presented on the dorsum (top) of the hand, on the ulnar (little finger) side. Extension (such as in a handstand) was reportedly the most painful maneuver. Events most consistently associated with pain, include pommel horse for the boys, and floor exercises for the girls. A higher incidence of pain is also noticed since the introduction of the "Yurchenko" vault. During this round-off vault, the gymnast hyperextends her hand with a high velocity impact shearing force prior to hitting the springboard. During the second phase of the vault, the hand is placed in a hyperextension position again on top of the horse. Both of these positions cause increased stress forces within the wrist joint. The purpose of this article is to inform and caution the coaches, gymnasts, and others involved in gymnastics of the possible ill effects of weight-bearing supports on the wrist. These st~d颅 ies are only a first step to a better understandmg of this problem. It is apparent that further research is necessary. Based on our findings thus far, several recommendations can be made to prevent and/ or treat wrist pain:

TECHNIQUE March 1992

54~ 3-

e.w

a:<l:

()

<l:

(d"b

> -1 a: <l: z -2-l ::::>

gym"os~'1

(11.7,路0.3481

6 /

(00""01'1

~6 (21 .9,-0.621

(controls)

-3-

(male UCLA gymnasts) tl (20, 2.82**)

(10.96, -3.03)

-4-5

5 * P < 0.01 ** P < 0.0001

AGE (YEARS)

-- - Figure 3.

1. Try to avoid excessive overloading of the wrist at a young age; instead, gradually increase weight-bearing supports as the gymnast matures and the wrist joint strengthens. 2. Incorporate wrist strengthening and flexibility exercises before and after workout at all ages. 3. Avoid spending excessive time on weightbearing activities, and try to alternate between support and swinging events. 4. Use a foam pad on the horse to absorb impact forces, e.g. during vaulting, swinging circles, etc. 5. Use a wrist support to decrease loads on the wrist.

Endnotes Mandelbaum, B.R, Bartolozzi, A.R., Davis, CA., Teurlings, L. and Bragonier, B. : Wrist Pain Syndrome in the Gymnast. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 17, No.3, 305-313,1989. 2 The findings from the radiographs were even more captivating. The average ulnar variance (UV) of all UCLA male gymnasts was +2.82 mm, whereas the females' UV averaged +1.44 mm. Additional radiographic data gathered from 10 NCAA male gymnasts during the 1987 NCAA Championships, showed that these gymnasts' UV measured +1 .20 mm. In order to interpret these results, X-rays were taken from a control group of 25 non-gymnasts. Interestingly enough, these controls' UV averaged -.52 mm. The difference in ulnar variance between these highly competitive gymnasts and non-gymnasts was found to be statistically significantly different. 3 The ulnar variance was measured to be an average of -.35 mm, which is negative but still more positive than the non-gymnast control group (31 non-gymnasts) whose UV average was -3.0 mm.

Training Aid A Newly Designed Brace for the Management of Wrist Pain in Gymnasts Luc Teurlings, B.S. Bert R. Mandelbaum, M.D.

In our previous article we presented some of the results of our research studyl regarding wrist pain in the competitive gymnast. After observing the high incidence of wrist pain in gymnastics, it has become clear that a solution to this problem is in demaF\d. In an attempt to alleviate wrist pain in gymnasts and possibly prevent this problem in the future, the "Teurlings Wrist Brace" (see, attached photo) was developed .

Figure 2.

The greatest challenge in creating a wrist brace for gymnasts, is finding the delicate balance between providing a strong support and allowing maximum flexibility in the wrist joint to execute the gymnastics skills. Incorporated in the "Teurlings Brace" is a dorsal support which provides strong support in wrist extension and hyperextension, as in a handstand position. Wrist flexion, however, is completely unrestricted. One of the unique features of this brace consists of its palmar pad (see Figure 1). This pad is positioned in the lower half of your palm and serves three purposes:

Figure 1.

1. Having a pad in the palm of your hand during a support position will raise the wrist a small distance from the contact surface, enough to decrease the angle of extension at the wrist joint (see Figure 2: angle beta is smaller than alpha). This "opening up" of the wrist extension angle relieves the pressures inside the wrist joint during hyperextension. 2. The palmar pad is somew ha t wedge-sha ped (thicker on the radial side than on the ulnar side) in order to compensate for the imbalance between the radius and ulna. This condition is called positive ulnar variance. The medial wedging distributes the contact forces inside the wrist joint more evenly. 3. The palmar pad can also serve as a cushion acting to absorb pressure on events where high impact forces on the wrist are common (e.g. vault, floor exercise, pommel horse ... )

brace has been patented and is currently being manufactured by EZ WRAP, DeFuniak Springs, Fla. Four different sizes (XS, S, , M, L) will be available based on palm and wrist sizes. Although more research is needed to further explore wrist pain in gymnasts, we are hopeful that the Teurlings Brace will help prevent and treat such pain. Our ultimate goal is to limit the many hours of training lost due to wrist injuries, and to increase the quantity and quality of gymnastics. I.

Mandelbaum, B.R., Bartolozzi, A.R., Davis, CA., Teurlings, L. and Bragonier, B.: Wrist Pain Syndrome in the Gymnast. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 3, 30-317.

The brace is also designed such that the palmar pad can be detached from the dorsal support by its Velcro attachment. This allows the gymnast to use the brace in a variety of activities: â€˘ With palmar pad: on events where the surface is flat, e.g. floor exercise, vault, mushroom, ends of pommel horse ... Without palmar pad: on apparatus where the palm of the hand needs to be exposed, but where dorsal support is still desired, e.g. p-bars, pommel horse ... The Teurlings Brace has been tested by members of the UCLA gymnastics team, among others, and has been found to be very effective. So effective that the

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

Men's Judging

1996 Olympic Compulsory Exercises - - - - Floor Exercise Members of the Mens

Notes: 1.

By Boris Chakhlin, USSR

FIG/TC

Value Part

Direction A-C: 1.2

1.2 0.6

1. From a straight stand facing corner 'A', rise on toes as arms swing backward-sideward, jump upward and salto backward tucked, punch piked dive forward to momentary handstand. 2. Snap down, back handspring, back handspring, piked backward salto to momentary stand. 3. Tucked back extension roll with straight arms and 1/2 pirouette backward and roll forward with straight arms and straight legs to stand with arms swinging forward.

Floor Exercise Fault Deductions (Use the FIG Code of Points for all deductions and virtuosity awards, with the following additions) 1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

1.2 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.8

1.2 0.6

1.2

0.4 0.6 0.4 1.2

Direction C-B: 0.4

0.8

4. Swing left leg upward-sideward with 1/8 turn left, arms sideward-horizontal. Step left and cartwheel left, step left and cartwheel left landing in a momentary straddle stand with arms sideward-horizontal. 5. One/eighth turn left to momentary stand on left leg, arms high-forward. Swing right leg forward with 1 /2 turn left on left leg and front scale on left leg, arms sideward-horizontal (hold 2 sec.).

Direction B-A: 1.2 0.6 1.2

0.4

0.6

6. Lower right leg with 1/4 turn right to stand, arms downward . Two or three running steps, hurdle and front salto tucked. 7. Immediate punch forward dive with straight body to tucked forward roll to straightstand. 8. Fall forward to front support with arms bent. Push up to tuck stand on left/ right leg with right/left leg sideward. Circle left/ right with the right/left leg, circle left/ right with the right/left leg to free support scale, arms straight and legs straddled (hold 2 sec.). 9. Close legs and lower to front support with arms straight. Bend knees and hips to momentary tucked-kneeling position. Extend hips and knees through pike position continuing upward to momentary handstand. 10. Fall forward with 1/1 turn on right/left arm to momentary rear support (Healy Twirl). One/half turn to front support.

Direction A-D: 0.4

1.2

11. Flex knees and hips to momentary tucked stand and rhythmically stretched jump with 1/4 turn left landing in a straight stand. 12. Immediately jump upward and forward (no steps) and round-off back handspring, jump backward with 1/2 turn to tucked saIto forward to stand.

9.8

.2 10.0

VIRTUOSITY

Arm movements are optional, if not otherwise specified. Exercise may be reversed only in its entirety.

10. 11 .

12.

Deduction Based on CP Based on CP Based on CP Based on CP 1. Scale held 1 sec. 0.2 2. Scale held less than 1 sec. 0.4 Based on CP 1. Based on CP 2. Loss of rhythm prior to upward jump Sm 1. Free support scale held 1 sec. 0.6 2. Free support scale held less than 1 sec. 1.2 Based on CP Based on CP Based on CP 1. Based on CP 2. Insufficient tuck during saIto Sm-Med

General Guidelines: • For lack of rhythm or harmony in a part or parts, deduct up to 0.2 each time. • If the gymnast takes steps that are not indicated, deduct 0.1 per step plus possible facilitation. • If the gymnast significantly deviates from the floor pattern, deduct 0.3. Virtuosity Possibilities: • Based on CP

Pommel Horse By Bill Roetzheim, USA Value Part Fault 0.4 1. From side stand frontways at left end of horse with right hand on left pommel, left hand on end of horse, jump to wendeswing forward with 1/ 2 turn and change of support to side support frontways on pommels followed by travel circles to side support rearways on opposite end of horse (front-in direct to side travel). 0.4 2. One and one/half flank circles to side support frontways on end. 1.4 3. Direct stockli "8" to side support rearways on pommels. 1.4 4. Reverse stockli followed by reverse stockli to side support frontways on pommels. 0.4 5. Two "Thomas Flair" circles in side support frontways straddled. 0.4 6. Undercut right leg forward over left pommel followed by scissor backward over right pommel.

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

0.4

0.4 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.4 9.8 .2 10.0

7. Undercut right leg forward over left pommel (false reverse scissor) followed by undercut left leg over right pommel, scissor forward over left pommel, scissor forward over right pommel. 8. Left leg swing forward over left pommel into one 1/2 flank circles to side support. 9. One/ half turn around longitudinal axis to side support rearways on pommels (1/2 spindle frontways on left pommel). 10. One flank circle to side support rearways and travel frontways with hop to side support frontways on end of horse. 11. One / half flank circle to Swabenflank, one/ half flank circle to side support frontways on end of horse with both hands on lea ther. 12. Russian wendeswing dismount to cross stand right. VIRTUOSITY

Pommel Horse Fault Deductions (Use the FIG Code of Points for all deductions and virtuosity awards, with the following additions)

2. 3. 4.

Deduction 1.2 Based on CP Sm 0.4 1. Oblique starting position 2. False jump prior to mount Sm 3. Not swinging the travel sequence Med 0.4 Based on CP 1.4 Based on CP Normal execu1.4 1. Extra circles or falling tion + 1/2 off between stockli's value of skill

2. Extra hand placement Med 3. Excessively piked body Sm Sm 5. 0.4 Insufficient leg separation 6. 0.4 Based on CP 7. 0.4 Based on CP 8. 0.4 Based on CP 9. 1.4 Based on CP 8. 0.4 Based on CP 10. 1.4 Both hands not off pommels Med at the same time 11. 0.4 Based on CP 12. 1.4 1. Placing hand on pommel Med Med 2. Body below horizontal Sm . 3. Body below 45° General Guidelines: • For added circles, deduct 0.5 each time. • For lack of rhythm in a part or parts, deduct up to 0.2 each time. Virtuosity Possibilities: • Based on CP

Rings By Feng Jibai, China Value . Part Fault

From straight hang: 0.6 0.6 1.2

0.6 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.6

0.6 0.8 9.8 .2 10 . 0

4. Press to handstand with straight arms and bent body, legs straddled (hold 2 sec.). 5. Fall forward to rearward swing in hang.

6. Backward swing with 1/2 turn, backward swing with 1/ 2 turn. 7. Backward swing and "Honma" stemme to rearward swing in support. 8. Roll forward to pike inverted hang and kip to support. 9. Lower to cross (hold 2 sec.). 10. Lower with straight or bent arms and lift legs forward and continuously rotate backward to a pike inverted hang, dislocate to forward swing in hang. 11. Feige upward to support. 12. Forward swing in support and saito backward tucked to stand. VIRTUOSITY

Rings Fault Deductions

Note: This routine, as presented, is being performed clockwise. It may be reversed only in its entirety.

1. 1.

1.2

1. Feige backward slowly with straight arms and straight body to a hanging scale rearways (hold 2 sec.). 2. Dislocate, swing downward and forward. 3. Stemme forward to "L" support (hold 2 sec.).

TECHNIQUE March 1992

(Use the FIG Code of Points for all deductions and virtuosity awards, with the following additions) Part Value Fault Deduction 1. 0.6 1. Based on CP 2. Held 1 sec. 0.3 3. Held less than 1 sec. Entire value 2. 0.6 Based on CP 3. 1.2 Based on CP 4. 1.2 1. Based on CP 0.6 2. Held 1 sec. 0.6 3. Held less than 1 sec. Entire value 5. 0.6 Based on CP 6. 0.6 Body below horizontal after tum Sm-Med 7. 1.2 Based on CP 8. 0.6 1. Body below horizontal on Sm-Med support back swing 2. Lack of kip ping technique 0.4 9. 1.2 1. Based on CP 2. Held 1 sec. 0.6 3. Held less than 1 sec. Entire value 10. 0.6 Based on CP 11. 0.6 Based on CP 12. 0.8 1. Shoulders below ring height Med-Lg 2. Body not stretched before landing Sm-Med 3. Insufficient tuck Med-Lg General Guidelines: • For lack of rhythm in a part or parts, deduct up to 0.2 each time. Virtousity Possibilities: • Based on CP

Vault Fault Deductions (Use the FIG Code of Points for all deductions and virtuosity awards, with the following additions) Pre-Flight

Value Part Fault Deduction 2.9 1. Body angle at moment of support between 30° and horizontal Sm-Med-Lg 2. Body below horizontal at point of support 1.0 3. Support of hands not at the same time Sm-Med-Lg 4. Support of hands not parallel Sm-Med-Lg 13

Post-Flight 6.9

.2 10.0

1. Bending of the body up to 1500 Sm-Med 2. Bending of body from Lg 1490 to 1200 3. Bending of the body less than 1200 Entire Value VIRTUOSITY

General Guidelines: • For lack of rhythm in a partor parts, deduct up to 0.2 each time. Virtuosity Possibilities: • Based on CP

30 0

.c :.-~

arm hang, swing forward to front uprise, swing downward and backward to piked saito forward with one/ half turn to stand without regrasp. 9.8

.2 10.0

VIRTUOSITY

Parallel Bars Fault Deductions (Use the FIG Code of Points for all deductions and virtuosity awards, with the following additions) Part Value Fault Deduction 1. 0.6 Body not square to rail on regrasp in side hang Sm-Med 2. 0.6 Based on CP 3. 0.6 1. One / fourth turn not finished in handstand Sm-Med 2. Pause in handstand more than 1/ 2 Med 4. 1.3 Based on CP 5. 0.6 Based on CP 6. 1.3 "Healy" not through vertical Sm-Med 7. 1.4 Based on CP 8. 1.5 Pirouette not through handstand Sm-Med 9. 0.6 Body not at least 30 above Med-Lg horizontal 10. 1.3 1. 1/ 2 turn not free of bar Med-Lg 2. Insufficient pike (not at least 90 0 Sm-Med-Lg 3. Saito tucked Entire Value 4. Body not stretched prior to landing Med-Lg 5. Regrasp of bar Lg 0

General Guidelines: • For lack of rhythm or position in a part or parts, deduct up to 0.2 each time. Virtuosity Possibilities: • Based on CP

Parallel Bars By: Hardy Fink, Canada Value

0.6

1.3

0.6

1.3

1.4

1.5

0.6

1.3

10.

From a short run (a board may be used for the mount): Dive to front uprise and rear vault over right / left rail with a 1/ 4 turn to glide swing on one rail (legs together). At end of forward glide swing kip to momentary front support. Cast backward and swing to momentary handstand (no stop), 1/ 4 turn inward to handstand on both rails (hand change is optional). Swing downward and underswing with 1/ 2 turn to upper arm hang. Swing forward in upper arm hang, at end of forward swing reach backward to reverse undercast and kip to support swing backward. Swing backward to momentary handstand and "Healy" turn to upper arm hang. Swing backward in upper arm hang and back uprise to reverse stutz to straight arm support. Swing backward in support and reverse pirouette to momentary handstand. Swing downward and forward tostutzkehre forward. Swing downward bending arms to upper

Horizontal Bar By Eberhard Gienger, Germany Value Part Fault 0.6 1. Jump to hang with double overgrip, stemme forward and hop to double undergrip. 0.6 2. Three / fourth giant swing forward and forward pirouette to momentary handstand with double overgrip. 0.6 3. Feige to handstand (free hip circle). 0.6 4. Giant swing backward (0.2), swing downward reaching under right / left hand with 1/ 2 turn to hang with mixed grip (0.4) 1.2 5. Backward swing with mixed grip and rear vault over bar to hang with double overgrip. 1.4 6. Swing forward and hop to double undergrip (0.4), immediate stoop to seat circle forward (Jam), dislocate and swing downward with el-grip (1.0) . 0.8 7. One and three / fourth el-grip giant swing, hop to handstand with double undergrip. 1.2 8. Immediate free hip circle forward to handstand (Weiler kip) . 0.6 9. Three/ fourth giant swing forward (0.2), forward pirouette prior to vertical to handstand with double undergrip (0.4). 1.0 10. Endo stalder to momentary handstand. 0.2 11. Giant swing forward.

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

1.0 9.8 .2 10.0

12. Three/fourth giant swing forward and hecht dismount with closed legs to stand.

VIRTUOSITY

Horizontal Bar Fault Deductions (Use the FIG Code of Points for all deductions and virtuosity awards, with the following additions) Deduction Part Value Fault Sm-Med 1. 0.6 Body below horizontal 2. 0.6 Based on CP 3. 0.6 Based on CP 4. 0.6 Based on CP 5. 1.2 Based on CP Sm-Med 6. 1.4 Shoulders below horizontal Sm-Med-Lg 7. 0.8 Body below 45°

9. 10. 11. 12.

1.2 1. Start of Weiler kip begins Sm-Med-Lg prior to handstand 2. Body bending during swing to handstand a. Up to 90° Sm b. Less than 90° Med 0.6 Based on CP 1.0 Based on CP 0.2 Based on CP 1.0 1. Piked body position during flight phase Sm-Med 2. Tucked or straddle position Entire value

General Guidelines: • For lack of rhythm or harmony in a part or parts, deduct up to 0.2 each time. • For extra giant swings, deduct 0.5 each time. Virtuosity Possibilities:: • Based on CP

J.lL

O~ U oSo JUNKOR OIL YMPKC WOMENQS GYMNASTKCS CHAMPKONSHKPS May 1-3, 1992 Walter Brown Arena, Boston University Ticket prices:

3 Day/5 Session Packet Compulsories - Friday, May 1, 1:45-9:00 pm Optionals I - Saturday, May 2, 10:00- 2:00 pm Optionals II - Saturday, May 2, 3:30-7:30 pm Finals - Sunday, May 3,1 :00- 4:00 pm

child child child child child

$20.00 $3.00 $6.00 $6.00 $6.00

adult adult adult adult adult

$25.00 $6.00 $10.00 $10.00 $10.00

(12 and under)

Please make checks pay~ble to The Boston Organizing Committee and enclose payment with a self-addressed stamped envelope to avoid a $1 .00 handling fee. Send to: MGC, Att: Letitia Selk, 108 Clematis Ave., unit J, Waltham, MA 02154.

For more information call: The BOC Ticket Hotline - (617) 891-5645 TECHNIQUE March 1992

FIG Men's Technical Committee

Contents of the performed optional exercises at the 26th World Championships in 1991 in Indianapolis Statement with regard to the contents of the performed optional exercises at the 26th World Championships in 1991 in Indianapolis The Men's Technical Committee hereby publishes some contents statements on the difficulty performed on all apparatus at the 1991 World Championships. The foundation for this publication stems from the reports of the Head Judge Assistants. The following details are from Competition IB and contain the most frequently performed elements, the mounts and dismounts as well as in part the contents of the specifics to the apparatus.

Floor (Klaus Schlager GER)

In 212 exercises, the following were most frequently performed: D-Parts Tsukahara tucked or piked Tsukahara stretched Double saito backward stretched

At begin.

76 9 48

At end

FIG Ref. 16 (VII-20) 1 (VII-20) 10 (VII-24)

In total 292 D-parts were performed, of this 152 mounts, 28 at the end, 104 in the middle of the exercise and 8 as strength parts, i.e., connections (D, i.e., C + D). C-Parts Total At begin. Double saito backward tucked or piked 214 47 SaIto backward stretched with 2/ 1 longitudinal axis turn 56 6 Saito forward, saito forward 75 Thomas flair into handstand 21 Saito forward stretched 19 1 1/ 2 Saito forward to roll 14 Saito backward tucked, saito forward tucked 15

At end

FIG Ref.

145

(VII-3)

(VII-7) (IX-3) (IV-7) (VI-7) (VI-19)

(IX-23)

In total 468 C-parts were performed, of this 55 at the beginning, 177 at the end, 207 in the middle of the exercise and 29 strength parts.

Pommel Horse (Sawao Kato JPN) In total in Competition IB 338 D-parts were performed, which are distributed as follows : Total FIG Ref. Travel in cross support forward 167 32 Travel in cross support backward Direct Stockli B 20 68 Spindle Wende swing 37 14 Connection through the handstand The most frequently performed D-parts were: Travel circle forward 3X (3 / 3) Travel circ Ie forward 4X (3 / 3) Thomas spindle in side support (pommels between the hands) Thomas travel spindle in side support

74 43

(III-32) (III-32)

31 37

C-Parts In total in Competition IB, 309 C-parts were performed, which are distributed as follows: 45 Travel in cross support forward 16

Travel in cross support backward Travel in side support Circle connections Direct Stockli B Spindle Handstand connections Other C-parts

18 35 32 7 17 124 31

The most frequently performed C-parts were: Travel circle forward 2X (2 / 3) Thomas travel circle rearways in side support (supported on the leather) Reverse Stockli through the handstand with straddled legs and swing down Swing up into handstand with straddled legs and travel turn to wende Mounts Travel circle forward 3X (3 / 3) Travel circle forward 4X (3 / 3) Direct Stockli B 1 circle in cross support Dismounts Swing upward through the handstand with straddled legs and wende Swing upward through the handstand and travel turn to wende Reverse Stockli through the handstand with straddled legs

(III-31)

31 25 (VIII-27) 72

(IX-3)

46 21 24 12

(III-32) (III-32) (V-18) (II-14)

(IX-2)

(IX-3)

In Competition II all 36 exercises were performed with a dismount through the handstand and in Competition III 7 exercises (l exercise without dismount).

Rings (Istvan Berczi HUN) D-Parts In total 257 D-parts were performed in Competition frequent were: Double felge forward to hang (Jonasson) Double felge rearward to hang (Guczoghy) Kip to cross in L-position Lower to inverted cross Press to L-support from cross

IB. The most

73 8 57 34 20

(II-28) (I-28) (IV-8)

C-Parts In total 480 C-parts were performed. The most frequent were: 146 (I-23) Giant swing backward 111 (II-II) Giant swing forwar 49 (II-3) Stemme backward to handstand Double felge forward (Yamawaki) 27 (II-27) 27 (I-15) FeIge upward to handstand 21 (VI-II) Free support scale Honmastemme to cross 10 Kip to cross 5 (IV-7) Cross in L-position 15 (VI-19) Mounts Kip to cross in L-position Kip to L-support Kip to free support scale

53 25 12

(IV-8) (IV -I)

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

26 14

Azarian Kip to support, lower to cross

(V-20)

Horizontal Bar (Didier Solbach FRA)

Dismounts Double saito backward tucked with 1/1 turn (Tsukahara) Double saito backward piked with 1/1 turn Double saito backward tucked with 2/1 turn Double saito backward piked/stretched Double saIto backward tucked Double saito backward stretched Double saIto backward stretched with 1/1 turn

86 (VII-35) 3 8 7 16 33 33

(VII-35) (VII-36) (VII-40) (VII-30) (VII-31) (VII-26)

Vault (Viktor Klimenko URS) In Competition IB the following vaults from different value levels were performed : D

138

C 62

B 10

A 2

From groups 3 and 4, the most frequently performed were: Tsukahara stretched 31 Handspring, saito forward piked 12 Kasama tsu tucked 10 Handspring, saito forward tucked with 1/ 1 turn 10 Round-off, saito backward stretched with 1/ 1 turn 0

(Adrian Stoica ROM) D-Parts In total in Competition IB, 204 D-parts were performed, of which the following were most frequently performed: Healy, Healy 34 (11-32) Double saito forward to upper arm hang 28 (VII-4) Giant swing backward with 1/ 2 turn 27 (III-16) Giant swing backward with 1/1 turn 10 (lII-20) Diamidov with 1/4 turn 26 (1-40) FeIge with straddling forward into support 24 (VI-20 ) (basket with straddle to rearward swing in support) Double saito backward tucked to upper arm support15 (VII-40) C-Parts In total in Competition 18, 657 C-parts were performed. The most frequently performed of these were: (1-31) 195 Srutzkehre forward to handstand 135 (VII-23) Saito backward stretched to handstand (11-31) 79 Healy to support Giant swing backward to handstand 58 (III-IS) (1-39) 49 Diamidov (III-3) From a handstand, Moy to support 39 From a side hang, kip into straddled L-support, 33 (lV-23) press to handstand Stemme forward and straddle cut backward (1-19) 24 to support

Dismounts Double saito backward tucked Double saIto backward piked Double saIto forward tucked

TECHNIQUE March 1992

C-Parts Giant swing rearward forward (Russian giant swing) Free straddle circle forward with 1/ 2 turn to handstand Free straddle circle backward with 1/2 turn to handstand Stalder backward with 1/ 2 turn, Stalder forward C + B Giant swing backward, swing backward with 1/2 turn to one arm reverse grip and upward swing with 1/ 2 turn to ordinary grip Mounts Back uprise, free straddle circle backward Underswing, giant swing backward Underswing, (reverse grip) with 1/ 2 turn Underswing, (mixed grip) with 1/ 2 turn Underswing (reverse grip) Under swing (reverse grip), free straddle circle forward

Parallel Bars

Mounts Slide kip and straddle backward to support Slide kip to support Basket (shoot up) to handstand Cast to rearward swing in support Basket with straddle to rearward swing in support

D-Parts The most frequently performed were: One arm giant swing backward, Gienger saito One arm giant swing backward, Tkatchov Counter stoop Hecht backward (counter hecht) 1 1/2 saito forward tucked over the bar to hang (Gaylord)

(lV-7)

59 28 32 29 25

eVI-3) (VI-20) (VI-20)

141 52 5

(XI-19) (XI-20) (XI-4 )

Dismounts Tsukahara piked Tsukahara tucked Double Tsukahara Double saito backward stretched Double saito backward, stretched-piked Double saito backward tucked Triple saito backward

44 11 3 17

(VI-68) (VI-11) (VI-16) (VI-16)

(VI-52)

(V-19)

(lV- 23)

(VI-43)

10 12

(V-39)

77 38 16 16 15 6 54 38 23 35 8 8 30

(VII-35) (VII-35) (VII-36) (VII-39) (VII-39) (VII-34) (VII-52)

Concluding Remarks The above details are only excerpts from the Head Judge Assistants' reports. They should give to the National Federations and the interested institutes an overview of the most frequent contents of the performed exercises in Competition lB. At the same time these indications should represent an orientation for the individual work in t~e federation. !he Men's Technical Committee takes this opportumty to once agam thank all Head Judge Assistants for their accomplished work and for their valuable reports. Karl-Heinz Zschocke President FIG Men's Technical Committee Berlin, December 12, 1991 Translation by: Becky Riti 2/7/92

(IV -I)

Women's IriS. Development

Cast Handstand

Bent arms in cast" Body bent in cast (arch / pike) Failure to attain handstand Giant Circle Backwards Bent arms (legs together) Poor body position Straddling legs (changing element) Toe on (legs together) to Poor timing of "toe on" (too early) Straddling legs (changing element) Toe Circle (around the bar) Failure to complete circle (coach may assist after circle)

(straight body)

1996 Compulsory Element Testing Vault - Tsukahara Piked Phase Preflight Support 2nd Flight

Landing

General

Deductions Faults - Legs apart up to .30 - Poor technique up to .20 (too long in support) - Insufficient repulsion prior to saito up to.30 - Insufficient height up to.50 up to.50 - Insufficient distance - Insufficient pike (90° required) up to.50 - Insufficient stretch/ open of the body prior to landing up to .30 - No Stretch/open of the body prior to landing .50 - Unsure landing: Movement of 1 foot up to .10 Actual step or hop in any direction up to .20 ea. .10 Each additional step or hop .30 Severe pike/squat on landing Poor direction throughout up to .30 Insufficient dynamics up to.50

* All other deductions according to penalties listed

NOTE: Junior AJSenior Development Testing at the Regional Level will count as 20% of the gymnast's all-around score. The testing will count as 40% of the gymnast's all-around score at the U.S. Classic and the USA Championships (Junior Division). .

Element Mount Thief vault to rear support

Stag jump (immediate)

Element Fault Deduction 1st Sequence - (on LB - direction optional) Glide Kip (legs together) Insufficient Amplitude up to .20 Cast Handstand 180° Bent arms in cast up to .30 Fouette (hop) tum (in handstand phase) Body bent in cast (arch / pike) up to .30 Failure to A TIEMPT 1/ 2 turn in handstand up to .90 Failure to complete 1/2 turn in handstand phase) up to .20 Stag - split leap Failure to directly connect forward step (for any reason including fall) the cast handstand 1/ 2 tum with the clear hip circle Split leap (straight leg 1/2 - MAXIMUM up to .50 . forward, join feet together amplitude on Insufficient Clear Hip - 180° turn up to .30 (hand change is optional) Clear hip Bent arms on clear hip (turn initiated on the up to .30 way up) Body bent on clear hip Stretch jump with 112 (arch/ pike) up to .30 (180°) turn to finish in 1/2 tum completed more than tuck stand 15° below vertical (handstd) up to .30 Failure to complete 1/2 turn up to.30 Body wave forward Failure to perform 1/2 turn .50 to balance stand Clear hip handstd followed by 1/ 2 tum (change of element) .30

2nd Sequence - (on HB, from a stand on LB) . Long Hang Kip InsuffICient Amplttude

up to .20

.30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30

up to.50 .30 .20

Balance Beam

Uneven Bars

Return to a stand on the floor (jump or drop-off). Coach may assist.

to to to to to

Evaluation stops at the bottom of the circle unless the circle is not completed.

Shoulder (chest) roll forward to finish in tuck stand

in Code of Points, Table of Faults to Specific Apparatus Deductions for Vault.

up up up up up

Fault

Deduction

Hand support on beam too up to .20 early Insufficient amplitude/flight up to .30 Leg angle less than 45° above up to .20 horizontal Arrival on beam heavy / uncertain up to .20 Insufficient stretch of body in rear support position up to .20 Press, whip or planche to initiate roll up to.30 Placing hands on beam too early .10 Failure to pass thru inverted stretch position up to .20 Lack of continuity into stag jump Pause up to .20 Stop .30 ~ full Insufficient amplitude (height) up to .20 Insufficient split up to .30 Insufficient bend of front leg up to .20 Insufficient amplitude of leg(s) up to .30 Insufficient amplitude of hop up to .30 Failure to "hop" .50 Incorrect timing of 1/2 turn up to .20 Incomplete 1/2 turn up to .30 Insufficient "stag" position up to .20 Insufficient split up to .30 Insufficient height up to .20 Poor leg/body alignment up to .20 Strong bend of swing leg Insufficient split Insufficient height Poor leg / body alignment

up to up to up to up to

Insufficient stretch of body Insufficient height Incomplete 1/2 turn

up to .20 up to .20 up to .30

Poor technique in wave

up to .30

.20 .30 .20 .20

(involvement of knees, hips, chest, head) Insufficient amplitude of body wave Failure to finish in balance stand (in releve)

up to .20 up to .20

(body at horizontal or higher) 18

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

Scale forward (support leg straight)

Cross handstand (180° split-1 count pause), dose legs in handstd & return to split in handstd

Lower to Kneel scale

Lack of continuity in leap series ... FOUETTE THRU TO BALANCE STAND (pause between) (EACH) up to .20 Incorrect timing to completed up to .30 scale position Insufficient amplitude of free up to .20 leg (at least 45° above horizontal) up to .20 Support leg bent up to .20 Failure to hold (2 seconds) Insufficient split position Failure to "mark" 1st handstd Failure to "close" legs IN HANDSTAND Poor body position (not stretched through handstand) Insufficient split position (180°) Second split position not parallel to beam IN HANDSTAND Insufficient amplitude of knee scale

(Quick) plie, releve into ... Arabesque (hold 4 counts) Too slow into arabesque free leg horizontal or above position Insufficient amplitude of free leg Failure to hold 4 seconds (-.1 per second) Poor leg / body alignment 180° pivot tum in balance stand Turn not completed on balls of feet Poor body position (posture/ alignment) Front Handspring, step-out Insufficient flight (from hands) Alternate repulsion from hands Failure to step-out Failure to leave the beam by vertical Note: From handspring, high rebound to mats stacked to beam height. Coach to assist on landing.

up to .20 .10

Tour Jete to roll backward (fishflop / shoulder chest roll) to prone position

Split Positions

Brush ... Releve to a balance stand on 1 foot, free leg forward horizontal- 4 count hold

TECHNIQUE March 1992

Fault Insufficient Height Incorrect body position Incomplete turn

Quickly plie and ... Releve with 3/8 turn to finish with free leg in back attitude position.

Aerial Walkover, Round-off, 180° split jump to tuck stand

up to .20 up to .20 up to .20 up to .20 up to .10 up to .20 up to .30 up to.40 up to .20 up to .20 up to .20 up to .30 up to .20 .30 up to .20

Floor Exercise Element Stretch Jump 1/1 (360°) tum

Failure to hold 4 Seconds (-.1 per second)

Deduction up to .20 up to .20 up to .20

Incorrect timing of tour Insufficient split of legs(1800) Insufficient height Lack of continuity / control into backward roll Tucking into roll Roll not through vertical Failure to att,ain 180° splits (.10 on each split)

up to .20 up to .20 up to .20

Insufficient height of free leg Failure to execute on ball of foot

up to.30

up to .20 up to .20 up to .10 up to .30

Failure to plie & releve into turn Incomplete turn Insufficient amp / height of free leg in rear attitude position Early bend of free leg Poor body position throughout Insufficient amplitude of aerial Poor body alignment on aerial Lack of continuity between aerial and round-off Insufficient split of legs in jump Split position not parallel to floor Poor leg/ body alignment on split jump Insufficient height of jump

.40 up to .20 up to .20 up to .20 up to .20 up to .30 up to .30 up to .20 up to .20 up to .20 up to .20 up to .20 up to .20

(Immediate) Back extension roll to split Bent arms on roll up to in handstand, step out Failure to split in vertical up to Insufficient split up to Lack of dynamics into handstand up to Cabriole, tuck hop, Incorrect leg / body position fouette hop (each) up to Insufficient amplitude (each) up to

.30 .20 .20 .10 .20 .20

From foueue - back leg developes forward and upward into .... Failure to develope into BWO .10 Failure to maintain height of free leg into develope .10 Back Walkover Insufficient lift/ height of free leg into BWO up to .20 Insufficient split of legs up to .20 Failure to kneel alternately up to .20 Flying inside-out (270°) pirouette on the hands Failure to reach horizontal up to .20 passing thru oblique plane Incorrect hand change .10 Incorrect angle of body on pirouette up to .20 Round-off, whip, whip, flic-flac,salto backward Lack of lightness / quickness tucked/open on whip-backs (each) up to .20 Insufficient height of salta up to .30 Insufficient tuck position prior to open up to .20 Insufficient stretch of body in open up to .20 Late opening (below 45° inverted) up to .20 .30 Failure to open Feet apart on tumbling (each elem) .10 Failure to stick landing .10

General: 1. Insufficient Amplitude of leg /foot positions throughout 2. Weak body position (posture /alignment) 3. Insufficient use of floor area 4. Rhythm throughout

up to .20

up up up up

to to to to

.30 .30 .20 .30

Sports Psychology

Hypnosis - A Key to Effective Visualization Donald R. Liggett and Sadao Hamada

Jack Nicklaus said that hitting a good golf shot combines 10 percent swing, 40 percent stance and 50 percent consists of the mental picture one has of how the swing should occur.

nhancing athletic performance through visualization has been widely appreciated, but enhancing visualization through hypnosis has received less attention. The potential of this innovative technique was demonstrated by the authors' experience with gymnasts during the summer of 1990. Visualization has achieved a recognized place in athletic training. Sometimes called imager or mental rehearsal, visualization can create the feelings (mental, physiological, and emotional) of an actual event. In Psychology Toda y, Richard Suinn (1976) described his use (and the effectiveness) of mental imagery with Olympic athletes. More recently, Harris and Harris (1984) in their section on instant replays stress the value of imagery. In one example they relate the following. Jack Nicklaus said that hitting a good golf shot combines 10 percent swing, 40 percent stance and 50 percent consists of the mental picture one has of how the swing should occur. He talks of 'movies in his head' when he plays and says that he never hits a shot, not even in practice, without having an in focus picture of how it will occur (p.96). When the mind images a performance, impulses are sent to the appropriate muscles. These impulses are similar enough to the impulses in the actual performance that the athlete's gains from visualization parallel those from an actual practice. To your brain, a neural pattern is a neural pattern whether it is created by a physical act or a mental act. Your brain sends the message to the muscles and the muscles react (Porter and Foster, 1986, p.75). In some visualizations the athlete only sees himself or herself performing as if watching a movie or video of the performance. As a visualization gets more intense, or deeper, the athlete not only sees the performance but also actually feels action in the muscles and experiences the emotions of the performance. These deeper visualizations are more effective since the impulses to the muscles more nearly parallel those of the actual event. The difference is clearly apparent even to one observing the athlete. In a kinesthetic imagery, the muscle action is sometimes a mild twitching and sometime a more vigorous contracting. This difference between mental imagery and the more kinesthetic imagery is not a dichotomy-the imagery may be at any point along this continuum. Since the connections between the brain and the muscles are stronger in a kinesthetic visualization, it is logical that a kinesthetic visualization will improve performance more than

a strictly mental visualization. Further, it is not unusual for some athletes to have a dual experience - both seeing themselves in the act as well as feeling their performance, physically and emotionally. This phenomenon is similar to the dissociation which is frequently referred to in hypnosis (see Hilgard, 1986).

Procedure During the summer of 1990, DL was teaching the Psychology of Hypnosis course for the Stanford University Psychology Department. SH, the Stanford Men's Gymnastic Coach, was working with a few gymnasts who were using Stanford facilities. Initially, three of the gymnasts agreed to help us test the effectiveness of hypnosis in perfecting tricks. All three are members of the USA National Team and in training for the 1992 Olympics. DL used a progressive-relaxa tion group ind uction with the three. Two entered a trance deep enough to be susceptible to suggestions of arm catalepsy and other checks. The third entered only a very light trance, if anything beyond being quite relaxed. He had indicated some ambivalence about participating, so his reaction was understandable. We did no further work with him. A post-hypnotic suggestion was given to the other two to facilitate individual reinduction at a later time. The work with the other two was conducted on an individual basis. Gymnast A had been unable to complete a double back flip layout with a full twist. He had been working on this for one year. He knew the timing necessary and understood what he was doing wrong-he had been starting his twist before the beginning of the second somersault. After a reinduction and some deepening, he was asked to talk his way through the trick very slowly, describing precisely all of his motions as he went through it. As he described the trick, he was to feel and see himself doing the trick in slow motion. He was to go through it slowly enough so that he could start each part, particularly the twist (which had been a major problem), at exactly the right moment. If he made any mistake he would stop, reverse the action as though rewinding a VCR tape, and then execute that movement correctly. At first his visualization was mostly verbal and mental. After some deepening, he showed muscle twitches as he visualized. After describing the steps in the trick and visualizing it with the correct technique several times in very slow motion, he was asked to speed up the motion a little - still visualizing it slowly enough to perform it carefully and correctly, but each time a little faster March 1992 TECHNIQUE

than before. He was told to cut out more and more of the oral description as he gradually speeded up the action until he was visualizing the trick at full speed with no verbal description. He repeated visualizing at full speed until he felt comfortable doing the trick. The performance of the trick at this point had become essentially automatic. It might be noted that as the visualization was repeated, the muscle reactions became quite strong. The following day he attempted the trick and was successful for the first time. He was able to do it five times consecutively without a problem, and continued to do it successfully on following days. Gymnast B was interested in working on a Tkachev and a Kovac, which he had been working on for two years. His problem was that he was not distinguishing the timing of the beats for those two skills. (A Tkachev has to be earlier than a Kovac by 90 degrees, even though the movement of the beats are identical). The same visualization procedure was followed. With each trick, after a reind uction and some deepening, he was asked to feel himself doing the trick very slowly as he described each step. As with Gymnast A, he was to go particularly carefully and slowly through any part that had been causing trouble. When he could go slowly through any part that had been causing trouble. When he could go slowly through the trick with no problem, he was told to gradually speed up the execution, eliminating the description, until the trick could be done at full speed. The increase in speed was always gradual enough so that the trick continued to be visualized correctly. The trick was repeated at full speed enough times that it became comfortable to himand essentially automatic. After going through this procedure for each trick, he was able to execute both of these tricks without error. Both of these gymnasts were thoroughly familiar with the tricks they were learning and both had the basic skills and strength to do the tricks. The problem was in the timing of the tricks. If they had not known the mechanics of the tricks, different proced ures would probably have been needed. Perhaps detailed coaching and instruction during the visualization would be required for other gymnasts to accurately visualize appropriate action. In using this procedure it seems important that the athlete be in a deep enough trace that the imagery becomes kinesthetic, and not just mental. If the athlete does not show muscle activity during the visualization, additional deepening strategies are used. Two deepening strategies have seemed to be particularly effective with athletes. One is asking the athlete to visualize going down an escalator while the hypnotist counts slowly from 10 back down to one, with suggestions along the way of going deeper and deeper. In the other strategy, the athlete is asked to gradually tighten arm, shoulder, and chest muscles as the hypnotist counts slowly from 10 to 15 , and then gradually to relax those muscles as the count goes back down from 15 to 10. Along with the counting down are suggestions of going deeper and feeling more relaxed .. . deeper... more relaxed ... even TECHNIQUE March 1992

deeper. lf the athlete does not seem to be completely tight at 15, sometimes a count to "16" or even "17" will assure a tight upper body. More important, however, is final relaxation. To be sure that the athlete is completely relaxed at the last count, an additional count of "9" and even "8" is sometimes used to achieve complete relaxation. The subjective opinion of several athletes is that the tightening and relaxing technique is generally more effective in deepening than the escalator descent. The relaxed trance state is also conducive to flexibility. The advantage was particularly effective with another one of the gymnasts. Gymnast C was a Japanese national who had competed at the highest level in Japan. He was a member of the Nippon University Gymnastics team which is one of the top collegiate teams of Japan. He did not understand enough English to follow the induction directions used with the other gymnasts, but he was interested in experiencing what he had observed in the other gymnasts. Though we did not know whether the plan would work, we decided that DL would use the same progressive relaxation instructions, and SH would pride a running translation into Japanese. The gymnast looked at DL, while SH translated into Japanese whatever DL said, maintaining as nearly as practicable DL's tone of voice. This induction proced ure proved to be as effecti ve as proced ures which did not require a translator. Again a post-hypnotic suggestion was given to facilitate a later reinduction. One of Gymnast C's problems was flexibility. He had never been flexible enough to be able to complete a split. At the maximum extension, his crotch remained almost five inches above the floor. When relaxed in hypnosis however, he was able to get both legs flat on the floor. Never before had he been able to achieve this extension. After doing this several times in trances, he was able to achieve this when not in a trance. Other gymnasts were also able to increase their flexibility through hypnosis and to maintain this flexibility when not hypnotized. Before the summer of 1990, DL had worked with some power lifters to help them focus their concentration and thereby, to increase their power. Three competitive power lifters were each able, in a competition a week after a single hypnosis session, to lift about 15% more than they had ever lifted before. To test the effect of hypnosis on gymnasts' strength, we tried to see if we could increase one of the gymnast's strength enough to perform an iron cross. We did not manage this, though it seemed to SH that he did gain some strength-enough to come a bit closer to achieving this maneuver than before.

Rationale There are several reasons for the remarkable effectiveness of doing imagery under hypnosis. First, in a hypnotic trance, the athlete is more able to concentrate and focus completely on the visualization. Internal distractions are eliminated and external ones are much less noticed. While a major noise or event will cause a person to come out 21

The relaxed trance state is also conducive to flexibility.

Since visualization under hypnosis is clearly more intense, the feeling of being in the event is much more vivid than visualization without the hypnoSIS.

of a trance, minor disturbances seem to have little effect upon the trance state. Second, the mental rehearsal of the trick can be slow enough to assure perfect form . For most athletes, more vivid imagery can be achieved in a trance than would otherwise be possible. Even an imagery in slow motion can be quite vivid to the subject. Fourth (and this is a major advantage of imagery whether or not the athlete is in a trance), it triggers and strengthens the brain-to-muscle neural connections of the final performance. While actual practice is clearly important, imagery has one further advantage over a practice session. In hypnotic imagery, the athlete can more convincingly visualize executing the trick in an actual competition. The pressures of the real event can be experienced - the emotion and the tenseness, as well as the mental and physical reactions. Since visualization under hypnosis is clearly more intense, the feeling of being in the event is much more vivid than visualization without the hypnosis. This rehearsal of the actual competition can do much to prepare the athlete psychologically for competition. Suinn (1976) cites an interesting example.

Jean-Claude Killy, a three-gold-medal skier, has reported that his only preparation for one race was to ski it mentally. He was recovering from an injury at the time and couldn't practice on the slopes. Killy says the race turned out to be one of his best. Hypnosis is a powerful tool. It has found a place in American psychotherapy, but it is not currently used extensively in athletics, at least not

in the US. It has, however, undoubtedly played a part in the proficiency of some of the Soviet and Eastern European athletes, perhaps because hypnosis as a technique has much more general acceptance there than in the USA. For example, hypnosis is more widely used in Soviet medicine than in American medicine.

Summary In this experience we were able to help gymnasts learn complex tricks, increase their flexibility, and quite possibly concentrate energy for strength moves - all important gains for gymnasts. The practicality of hypnosis in gymnastics as well as in other sports is certainly suggested by this experience with gymnasts at Stanford. Further explorations of its will reveal its great potential, and suggest a much larger role in the training and development of American athletes.

References Harris, D.V. &Harris, B.L.(1984) The Athletes Guide to Sports Psychologt;: Mental Skills for Physical People. Champaign, IL; Leisure Press Hilgard, E.R. (1986) . Divided Consciousness - Multiple Controls in Human Action and Thought. New York: John Wiley. Porter, K. & Foster, J. (1986). The Mental Athlete, New York: Ballentine Books. Suinn, R.M. (July 1976). Body Thinking: Psychologtj for Olympic Champs. Psychology Today. pp. 35-43

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Women's Judging

Judges - Beware of Greeks Bearing Gifts! Gerald S. George, Ph.D

University of Southwest Louisiana Illustrations by: James Stephenson

ven to the trained eye, certain gymnastics skills often appear to be nothing more than a myriad of flipping and twisting combinations. However a careful look at the subtle differences in movement patterns, particularly with reference to "when" they occur, will reveal that these skills are decidedly different in terms of "complexity" as well as "difficulty."

-.:--

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Take for example the comparison of a Tsukahara Tucked with a 1/2 Twist to that of a Half-On Half-Off Salto Forward Tucked in the women's Vaulting Event. At first blush, both of these vaults may appear to be essentially the same. Careful study will reveal no significant technical differences in their run, hurdle, board contact, pre-flight and horse contact phases. Furthermore, the post flight phases of both vaults

require that the performer execute a 1 and 1/2 salto with a 1/2 twist. And finally, both vaults require that the performer land in the "forward rotating" mode. So wherein lies the difference? Why is it that the FI.C. Code of Points rates the Half-On Half-Off Salto Forward Tucked with a 10.00 value while only awarding the Tucked Tsukahara with a 1/2 Twist a value of9.50? Well let's take a second look and perhaps we can begin to see "Why." It is a well-know and well-documented mechanical reality that somersault rotation is more important and more difficult to achieve than that of twist rotation. In skills involving elements of both, the wise coach becomes well aware that, to insure safe and successful execution, the performer must first attain a sufficient quantity of somersault rotation before considering twist rotation. Successfully initiating the twist component prior to somersaulting is at best very difficult and requires advanced technical know-how. Figure 1 depicts the Post Flight Phase of the Tsukahara Tucked with 1 /2 Twist. Notice that the somersault component (tucked body shape) has been initiated devoid of any twisting. This set of affairs allows the performer to readily accrue the necessary somersault rotation prior to initiating the 1/2 twist. Furthermore, the delayed twist action affords the gymnast an opportunity to see the ground earlier and for a longer duration of time, thus enhancing the potential for a more controlled landing. Because of these inherent advantages, it's difficulty rating is set at 9.50. Figure 2 depicts the post flight phase of the Half-On Half-Off SaIto Forward Tucked. As the name implies, the post flight phase of this skill requires that the performer first complete the entire 1/2 twist phase prior to "tucking" for the somersault phase. Such a requirement makes this vault more difficult to achieve for at least two good reasons. First, and perhaps most important is the fact that having to initiate, execute and complete the entire 1/2 twist prior to somersaulting effectively negates any real opportunity to initiate appreciable somersault rotation off the horse itself. The performer must rely primarily upon whatever somersault rotation she initiated during the takeoff phase. Consequently the vault's inherent technical requirements makes attaining an appropriate amount of precious somersault rotation significantly more difficult to achieve. A second reason why this vault has a 10.00 value centers upon the fact that its post flight phase consists primarily of a forward saIto. BeMarch 1992 TECHNIQUE

cause forward rotating skills severely limit the opportunity for early and/ or continuous eye contact with the ground, the potential of the gymnast to "stick" the landing also becomes increasingly more difficult to achieve. Figure 3 depicts what many gymnasts and coaches believe to be a Half-On Half-Off Salto Forward Tucked (10.00 value), but what in reality is a Tsukaraha Tucked with an early 1/2 Twist (9.50 value). Because it can be quite deceptive to the unobserving eye, it will be called the Trojan Horse vault. Careful observation will reveal that the "somersault snap-down" is initiated off the horse prior to the initiation, much less the execution and completion, of the 1/2 twist. Yet the twist is done early enough so as to render the illusion that the performer is doing a 1 /2 twistimmediately off the horse. It is for these reasons that the Trojan Horse vault is not a Half-On Half-Off SaIto Forward Tucked and as such should not merit a 10.00 difficulty. Careful observation will reveal that this Trojan Horse vault is actually a Tsukaraha Tucked with an early 1/2 Twist and should merit a difficulty rating of 9.50. Judges it's easy to see the difference. When you observe the vault, simply ask yourselves this ques-

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tion: Did the performer initiate, execute, and complete the entire 1/ 2 twist prior to tucking for the somersault? If the answer is yes, then it qualifies as a Half-On Half-Off SaIto Forward with a 10.00 difficulty rating. If the answer is no, then ...

Figure 3.

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Sport Science

Psychological Responses of Children and Adolescents to Acute Physical Injury in Sport Blake S. Starr E.M.T., A.T. University of Utah Sports Medicine Department

There is an abundance of literature on sports injury psychology, but virtually nothing written on psychological responses to acute injury, especially with regard to children and adolescents.

Introduction

As Gruen (1975) has noted:

Acute injury management is extremely important to athletes and coaches involved in sports. Not only is the treatment of the physical problem important, but the psychological implications of injury need to be addressed immediately. This paper will attempt to explore the idea that the psychological response of children and adolescents to an acute injury is a result of Symbolic Interactionism. Several determining factors will be discussed, as will the definitions of key terms relevant to Symbolic Interactionism. It is necessary to note at this time the complete lack of literature to be found by this author on the subject. There is an abundance of literature on sports injury psychology, but virtually nothing written on psychological responses to acute injury, especially with regard to children and adolescents. With the increasing numbers of children participating in organized sports today, it is necessary to help the "on the scene" health care professional, or coach, deal with the psychological problems that accompany any injury.

When a person is incapacitated ... he is not only severely debilitated by psychological imbalance, but his whole psychological adjustment is in severe turmoil. He is faced with a sudden termination of his customary lifestyle, which has abruptly passed out of his control. He suffers pain, strange symptoms, and a frightening disruption of physiological processes that were once either automatic or taken for granted ... He must leave the future up to the "experts," most of whom he has never met before. He is concerned about the disruption of his family, friends and work circles and its consequences; and he worries about his capacity to reenter these circles. He faces an uncertain future in which resumption of normal activities is questionable for him. Kubler-Ross (1969) wrote a book, On Death and Dying, which addressed psychological stages that

Acute verses Chronic Taber's Medical Dictionary (Tabers, 1985), defines Acute as; Having rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a short course. Chronic on the other hand, is defined as; long drawn out, of long duration. For the purposes of this paper, we shall define acute as from the time immediately following the injury, until the athlete is seen by a physician in a health care facility.

Classification of Injury The classification of the injury as to its seriousness will affect the response of the athlete. The immediate seriousness of the injury will almost always be determined by the athlete. Generally, the more serious the athlete perceives the injury to be, the more dramatic the psychological response. This could be illustrated by the response of an athlete to a finger dislocation, verses a fracture of the finger. Although the pain may be similar, the visual presentation of the dislocation, would be interpreted by the child as a much worse injury, therefore the response would be more dramatic. This is especially true of children and adolescents who sometimes very dramatically react to a very minor injury. This topic will be covered more in the Children and Adolescents section.

General Psychological Response to Injury Becoming injured can be a highly stressful event, especially to someone whose body and physical activity are a source of self-esteem. 26

persons pass through when confronted with the death or "loss" of a family member. According to Kubler-Ross, the person experiences five distinct steps after the loss. The five include denial or disbelief, anger, bargaining, depression and ac ceptance. The medical field has adapted these stages to injury, and lists the common feelings by athletes associated with each stage. Amheim (1989) defines the stages as follows: a. Denial - Upon becoming injured, the athlete will commonly deny the seriousness of the injury, and be unable to believe the injury has happened, or could have happened to them. b. Anger - Anger commonly follows denial. As the athlete becomes a ware of the seriousness of the injury they may make comments like, "Why me?" "Wha t did I do wrong?" "Why am I being punished?" Sometimes the anger becomes displaced toward other people, especially the coaches ... "Why didn't you spot, (or spot me better)?" c. Bargaining - Is a method where the athlete begins to try to make a deal with his / her recovery time. Bargaining may be reflected in prayer or pressure may be put on the health care professional, "if you let me play one week earlier, I'll do twice as much therapy." d. Depression - As the athlete becomes increasingly aware as to the extent of his/her injury and tha tthe proper healing will take a specific amount of time, usually depression sets in. Crying may occur; there may be periods of insomnia, and the athlete may loose the desire for food . e. Acceptance - Gradually the athlete becomes less depressed and becomes resigned to the situation. March 1992 TECHNIQUE

There is considerable evidence that athletes with similar injuries recover at different rates of speed (Booher 1989). This is usually dependant on a variety of factor ranging from the prior physical condition of the athlete, to the type of rehabilitation that is chosen for the injury. As a result, the amount of time spent in each of the five stages will vary with the athlete, and some athletes overlap the stages.

Objects as Symbols

General Physiological Response to Injury

"Objects consist of whatever people indicate or refer to" (Blumer,1969:68). Therefore, objects become social objects which in tum become symbols. From the moment of birth, human beings begin collecting symbols. In addition to social objects, facial expressions, verbal language, body language, colors, shapes, smells, etc., all become symbols to the human organism. Meanings are attached to each symbol. The interpretive process of attaching a meaning to a symbol is a process that involves the symbolic interactionism process.

Any injury that causes a deviation in normal tissue metabolism can cause shock. Shock is the physiologic state with specific manifestations. Signs and symptoms can include; a rise in pulse; pale ashen cool moist skin; agitation; anxiety; a feeling of impending doom; and poor ventilation. Shock may accompany many different injuries. There are presently eight types of shock listed, which include; Hypovolemic (blood loss), Metabolic (loss of body fluid), Neurogenic (loss of nervous control of the vascular system), Psychogenic (the common faint), Cardiogenic (inadequate heart function), Respiratory (difficulty breathing), Septic (severe generalized infection), and Anaphylactic (severe allergic reaction). (EmergencyCareand Transportation, 1987). Two things need to be noted at this point: The seriousness of the injury will tend to influence the occurrence of shock, and the degree and type of shock will effect the psychological response of the athlete.

Symbolic Interactionism At this point I wish to propose that children and adolescents psychologically respond differently to injuries than their adult counterparts. I will support this proposition through the exploration of Symbolic Interactionism. Symbolic Interactionism is a term first" coined" by Herbert Blumer in an article written in Man and Society. The term caught on and is now in general use. George Herbert Mead initially laid the foundation for the symbolic interactionism approach, but the "definition" expressed here is a result of a modification by Herbert Blumer (Blumer 1969). Basically, according to Blumer:

Symbolic Interactionism states that; 1) Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them. 2) The meanings of such things is derived from or arises out of, the social interactions that one has with one's fellows. 3) These meanings are handed in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by persons in dealing with the things that he/ she encounters." It is necessary at this time to briefly discuss the definition of meaning as it applies to symbolic interactionism. The meaning of a particular thing (symbol! situation), for a person grows out of the ways in which other persons act toward the person with regard to the thing. Meanings then, as social products, are creations formed in, and through the defining activities of the people they interact (Blumer, 1969). TECHNIQUE March 1992

Objects in the physical world act as stimuli for animals, leading to specific responses. The same object (e.g., grass) will lead to different responses depending on which species are involved. For the human being however, all objects in nature are not fixed stimuli, but are social objects, constantly changing as they are defined and redefined by interaction. - (Charon,1979:38)

Symbolic Interactionism as it Relates to the Interpretation of Pain Understanding pain is a vast area, much too broad to be covered in the contents of this paper. Many books have been written on pain, ranging from the neurophysiology of pain, to the social modeling influences associated with pain. In its simplest definition, pain is primarily a signal that body tissues are being, or have been, damaged (Sternbach,1986). The International Association for the Study of Pain represents pain as a complex experience, rather than as a basic sense. It states that; "(a) pain is subjective (b) pain is more complex than an elementary sensory event (c) the experience of pain involves associations between elements of sensory experience and an adverse feeling state; and (d) the attribution of meaning to the unpleasant sensory events is an intrinsic part of the experience of pain" (Sternbach, 1986). Providing the same pain producing stimulus to a group of individuals seems to elicit a different response from each individual stimulated. With respect to children and adolescents, using the Symbolic Interactionism idea, I offer the following: The amount of pain experienced by an injured child will be directly influenced by the number of symbols the child possesses with respect to pain, and the meaning attached (through social interaction) to those symbols. Here is an example: A toddler is attempting to learn to walk. The child takes a few steps, trips and falls hard to the floor. The immediate response ofthe child is to view the response of the parent watching. If the facial expression of the parent shows fear, or concern, the child will cry, and the experience becomes "painful." The same situation occurs with a different child, and the parent affectionately reassures the child, and the child responds with a smile. More concrete evidence of symbolic interactionism is demonstrated by Campbell (1975), finding a striking similarity between the definitions of illness given by children and their mothers. Same meanings attached to symbols. 27

The amount of pain experienced by an injured child will be directly influenced by the number of symbols the child possesses with respect to pain, and the meaning attached (through social interaction) to those symbols.

I have found that in the acute stage of injury, if you can get the athlete calmed down, the actual injury becomes much less serious to the athlete.

Is the degree of pain experienced dependent on the number of symbols and the meanings attached to them? In m y opinion, the answer is yes. Here are two gymnastics examples. As a gymnastics instructor, I see gymnasts practice on the uneven bars extensively. Because of the friction imposed on the palms of the hands, the skin tears frequently. It is initially quite painful, and is referred to as a "rip" by the gymnasts. It is thought by the coaches to be a "natural part of practicing bars." Tracing the evolution of a gymnast named Kristi, I found that initially upon getting a "rip" she complained a lot, to the point of refusing to continue to work on the bars. As time passed, her reaction to getting a rip diminished to the point she would continue to work on the bars with two or more rips and sometimes needed to be told to stop. In another example, the reactions of beginning gymnasts to falling off the balance beam compared to ad vanced team gymnasts differs greatly. The beginning athletes exhibit a strong fear to the experience, while the advanced gymnasts usually treatit as a partofthe training on beam. !feel these changes occur through the processes of Symbolic Interactionism, the meaning attached to the symbol changed, which changed the response.

Psychological Responses of Children and Adolescents to Acute Injury Based on the information presented in this paper, I feel that the initial psychological responses of children and adolescents to acute injury is a result of the following: 1. The number of symbols and the meanings attached to them possessed by the individual, with reference to pain, injury. 2. The degree of seriousness of the injury as perceived by the injured individual. 3. The age of the participant; younger children will have fewer symbols, and the meanings will be less defined. 4. The gender of the participant; because of the socialization differences between boys and girls, the meanings attached to the symbols will be different, thus affecting the response. 5. The length of time the participant has been involved in the sport. 6. The current participation level of the athlete, beginning, advanced, etc.. 7. The nature of the sport concerning inherent risks. The symbols attached to a bowling injury are significantly different than those attached to a ski race injury. The actual observable responses to injury in my experience include; whimpering, crying, screaming, silence, laughter, psychogenic shock (fainting), and swearing.

Emergency Emotional Care Treatment of an acute injury involves recognition of signs exhibited by the athlete dictating the type of emotional reaction he /she is experienc-

ing. According to Arnheim (1989), it is normal for the injured athlete to experience; weakness, trembling, nausea, vomiting, perspiration, diarrhea, fear, anxiety, and heart pounding. The person attending to the athlete should be as calm as possible and be reassuring to the athlete. Signs of over-reaction by an athlete may include; excessive talking, argumentativeness, inappropriate joke telling, and hyperactivity. The athlete in this case should be allowed to vent emotions. Examples of under-reaction to injury include; depression, sitting or standing numbly, little talking if any, emotionless, confusion, and failure to respond to questions. In this case the athlete should be encouraged to talk and express his / her feelings. The listener should be empathetic.

Conclusion In over twenty years of working with young athletes, I have found that in the acute stage of injury, if you can get the athlete calmed down, the actual injury becomes much less serious to the athlete. I have numerous times approached the injured athlete and spent more time calming the person down, working on breathing and relaxation, then the actual treatment of the injury. Recognizing that the younger athlete may respond differently to injury, some of the concepts explored in this paper may make it easier for the professional to communicate and render more effective care to the younger athlete. It is important to focus your treatment on the person, not the injury (Arnheim, 1989).

References American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1987) EmergenClJ Care and Transportation of the Sickand Injured. Menasha, Wisconsin: The George Banta Company. Arnheim, D. D. (1989) Modern Principals of Athletic Training. St. Louis: Times Mirror/ Mosby Publishing. Blumer, Herbert (1969) Symbolic Interactionism - Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Booher, J. M., Thibodeau, G. A. (1989) Athletic Injury Assessment. St. Louis: Times Mirror / Mosby Publishing. Charon, J. M. (1979) Symbolic Interactionism. Englewood Cliffs New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. Davis, F. A. (1985) Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. Philadelphia : F. A. Davis Company Publishers. Gruen, W. Effects of brief psychotherapy during the hospitalization period on the recovery process in heart attacks. J. Clin . Consult. Psychol. 43:223-233, 1975. Kaplan, H. B. (1983) Psychosocial Stress - Trends in Theory and Research. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press. Kubler-Ross, E. (1969) On Death and Dying. London, England: Macmillian, LTD. Magi!, R.A., Ash, M.J., Smoll, F.L. (1982) Children in Sport . Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers. Niedeffer, R. M. (1981) The Ethics and Practice of Applied Sports Psychology. New York, N.Y. : Mouvement Publications. Perinbanayagam, R.S. (1985) Sign ifiJing Acts. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. Strecker, Ivo (1988) The Social Practice of Symbolization . London, England: The Athlone Press. Sternbach, R. A. (1986) The Psychology of Pain -2nd Edition. New York, New York: The Raven Press. Turk, D. c., Meichenbaum, D., Genest, M. (1983) Pain and Behavioral Medicine: A Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective, New York, N.Y. : Guilford Press.

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

1992 USGF Congress Call for Papers

u.s. Gymnastics Federation Sport Science Symposium 1992 USGF Congress Anaheim, CA United States Gymnastics Federation 201 S. Ca pitol Indianapolis, IN 46225 31 7-237-5050

February, 1992 Dear Colleague, The 1992 USGF Congress is being held in Anaheim, California in September. The U.s. Gymnastics Federation is continuing efforts to conduct sport science and medicine symposia in conjunction with the USGF Congress. As director of the U.s. Gymnastics Sport Science Symposium, I would like to invite you, your colleagues, ani or your students to submit a paper and/ or presentation for this symposium. The symposium will be held on Friday, September 18, 1992, between 9:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. in the Anaheim Hilton near Los Angeles, California. The Symposium will focus on issues related to improving performance and minimizing injury of gymnasts. The audience for these presentations will be primarily coaches. Papers and oral presentations should be applied in nature, seeking to enhance performance and/ or learning through scientific information. The length of the presentations will be from 15 to 30 minutes depending upon the topic. Potential contributors should submit six copies of the abstract(s) on the accompanying form by March 15, 1992. We are going to publish the symposium proceedings in a book and would like the complete papers submitted no later than June 15, 1992. The book will contain the abstract and the full paper. The abstracts will be peer reviewed and acceptance or rejection notification will be made by May 1, 1992. I sincerely hope that you and / or a colleague or student have been doing work in gymnastics that you would like to present to the U.s. gymnastics coaches. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to call me (213) 740-2492. Sincerely,

cr-d-~~-~ Jill McNitt-Gray, Ph.D. USGF Sport Science SympOSium Director

Abstract Information Please read all the information before preparing the abstract on the next page. You should make several copies of the abstract form to practice typing before committing to a final copy. The abstract must fit entirely in the space provided. Use typewriter, preferably electric, with ELITE type. Use a high quality ribbon with BLACK ink. Be sure that the type is clear and dark. Type the entire title of the paper in all caps. The title should be succinct md descriptive. Follow the title with the author's name(s), the presenting author first. Include the lab, institution, city, state, zip, and country. Indicate grant or funding information at the bottom.

TECHNIQUE March 1992

Your abstract should be of the informative type. It should contain a statement of the study's or presentation's specific objectives, a statement of methods (if pertinent), a summary of results and/or statement of conclusions. Tables and / or graphs are permitted in the provided space. It is not acceptable to state that "Results will be discussed. " Use standard abbreviations. Any use of Greek letters or other nonstandard symbols and punctuations should be drawn in by hand in black ink. When using abbreviations for compounds, spell it out in full the first mention, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Do not abbreviate in the title of the abstract.

u.s. Gymnastics Federation Sport Science Symposium Abstract Submission Form The original completed form and 5 copies must be submitted by March 15, 1992. MAIL FLAT - DO NOT BEND

Mail to: Jill McNitt-Gray, Ph.D. Department of Exercise Science, PED 107 University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90089-0652

Audio-visual equipment needed for this presentation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Mailing Address Name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ of Submitter: Address_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ City_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State Zip Country _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (W) _ _ (_ _ ) _ _ _ _ __ Phone numbers: (H) _ _ (_ _ ) _ _ _ _ _ __ Reviewer's Space: Comments:

Grade_ _ __

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Accept_ _ _ __

Rejeect_ _ __

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

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Originality Invitational The second annual USGF Originality Invitational was conducted on the Sunday following the USGF Winter Cup Challenge in Colorado Springs. The enthusiasm of the crowd of 400+ which gathered in the training gym at the Olympic Sports Center was matched in kind by the quality of participants. Below are listed some of the unusual! original/daring skills or combinations.

Floor Exercise 1. Full twisting back salta, immediate punch front full 2. Double twisting one and 3/4 back salta 3. Layout 1 1/2 back salta 4. Layout double double 5. Triple full, punch front 6. 2 1/2 twisting double back 7. Full twisting double front 8. Triple double 9. Handspring front full- punch Rudy

Pommel Horse 1. Flairing longitudinal travel (3/3) in 2 hand steps 2. Flairing pommel loops (3) 3. Russian wendeswing (360 째 ) on leather around pommel (twice) 4. Loop to handstand, reverse cut both legs to handstand 5. Triple direct stockli to Russian walkaround 6. Flairing Bilozerchev (2 steps) 7. Flairing 1/2 spindle to flairs - hands outside both pommels 8. Double direct stockli to reverse stockli on leather to Russian wendeswing on leather around pommel 9. Double direct stockli to Russian to Triple direct stockli 10. Flairing 1/2 spindle to flairing Tong Fei to Flairs with hands outside pommels 11. Back travel (3/3) on leather inside 2 steps 12. Longitudinal travel with Double direct stockli 13. Behind back travel on leather inside 2 steps followed by longitudinal travel inside 2 steps 14. Back travel, leather, pommel, leather, pommel, pommel, leather 15. Longitudinal travel- straddled Russian to travel to straddled Russian

to double front barani-out 2. Inlocate back rise, finishing with arm s OUTSIDE RINGS AND STRAPS 3. Front rise to switch rings (releasing both rings, 1/ 2 turn and regrasping rings) to felge to support 4. Straight body press to inverted cross - lower to inverted hang - roll back to cross - back roll to maltese 5. Bail, full twist in rings to double Yamawaki to swing back untwist rings (1 / 2) to felge support - lower to L cross - pull out 6. Layout Guczoghy to triple back 7. Shoot to inverted cross - press outbail to inverted cross - lower to maltese - bounce to cross twice 8. Shoot to maltese 9. Cross rings swing to double layout 10. Layout Guczoghy to giant to layout double double 11. Full twist of rings to 1/ 2 twist (uncross 1/ 2) to Whippet to cross

Vaulting 1. Handspring front 1 1/ 2 2. Stretched Kasama tsu with 1/ 1

Parallel Bars 1. Giant to Deltchev to support 2. Giant to handstand, glide to dislocate - May to straddle cut L

3. Peach 1/2 to handstand 4. Peach support with 1/ 2 turn to swing to planche 5. Giant Diamidov to giant to elgrip reverse pirouette 6. From support - cast off side (front vault) to back salta to feet 7. Dip swing to front somi (straddled) to under arms 8. Peach 1/ 1 turn to handstand 9. Full-in dismount off side 10. Peach support with 1 / 2 turn to front somi support

Horizontal Bar 1. Tkachev to triple back 2. Tkachev, Tkachev to tucked double double 3. Hecht to back salta dismount 4. Stalder with 1/ 1 turn to 1 arm reverse grip giant 5. One arm to double double 6. Hecht front regrasp (piked) to stalder 7. Back rise, back somi catch (tucked) to double double over bar Prize money was provided by United Canvas and Sling, GMR, Gibson, Alpha Factor, A-l Awards, Carolina Gym Supply, AAI and USGF. Article contributed by: Robert Cowan, USGP Men's Program Administrator

American gymnast George Eyser won gold medals in the long horse vault, parallel bars and rope climbing in 1904, silvers in the pommel horse and combined competition (four events) and a bronze in the horizontal bar. One of his legs was Illustration by: made of Dan Vasconcellos wood.

Still Rings 1. Tucked Guczoghy to cross rings (1 / 2) to uncross rings (1/2) to Whippet TECHNIQUE March 1992

Reprinted from: The Olympian, Sept. / Oct. 1991 , p. 33.

United States Pavilion at the 1992 Universal Exposition Seville, Spain

TECHNIQUE 1992 Advertising Schedule and Publication Deadlines Statistics: Published: Minimum of 10 issues per year Circula tion: All USGF Professional members (a pproximately 7,500-10,000)

Readership Profile: Technique is received by all professional members of the U.s. Gymnastics Federation. This elite and powerful group includes all coaches, club owners, judges and administrators. Technique provides its readers with current research topics, coaching trends and the official minutes from all USGF committee meetings to assist gymnastics professionals throughout the country. By advertising in Technique, your product or service is basically mailed to a list of professional members in a form which will be looked at, even studied, and then kept permanently. This gives your ad extra impact. As a compliment to your advertising schedule in USA Gymnastics, or as its own entity, Technique will provide you with excellent exposure to a very select and highly motivated audience. Please direct any inquiries to: Luan Peszek, Production Coordinator Please provide "camera USGF ready" ads. Recommended Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 black & white screen 201 S. Capitol A venue 133 lines. Indianapolis, IN 46225

Publication deadlines: Issue No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4

Month January February March April May June July August Sept-Oct Nov-Dec. January February March April

Submission Print Deadline* Date 12/10/91 1/20/92 2/20 3/20 4/20 5/20 6/20 7/20 9/20 10/25 12/10 1/20/93 2/20 3/20

1/7/92 2/1 3/1 4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 10/1 11/5 1/6/93 2/1 3/1 4/1

Mail Date 1/10/92 2/6 3/6 4/6 5/6 6/6 7/6 8/6 10/6 11/11 1/10/93 2/6 3/6 4/6

Members receive the magazine ... 1/20/92 2/15 3/15 4/15 5/15 6/15 7/15 8/15 10115 11/19 1/20/93 2/15 3/15 4/15

Full Page B/W (bleed) 85/8xll1 / 4 Half page B/W (live area) 73/16 x 5 1/ 3 page B/ W (horiz.) 37/ 16 x 73/ 16

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Dates: The six month exposition will open on April 20, 1992, and close on Columbus Day, October 12, 1992. Participants: The United States is one of 111 nations participating in Expo 92, a record number of participants for any universal exposition. The event is expected to draw over 20 million visitors. Theme: The theme of the U.s. Pavilion is "Discovery." Exhibits and events will illustrate our national vision of creativity and competitiveness inspired by a freemarket economy and will showcase American technology and innovation. Facilities: Presentations will be in an open courtyard containing a 30x70 foot Sports Court (a semi-resilient, all weather athletic surface provided by Sports Court Duragrid) and a 35x40 foot stage.

Advertising Specifications and Rates: lx* @

The United Sta te s Information Agency invites self-funded American Sports groups to apply for designation as official participants in the Pavilion Sports Program of the United States Pavilion at the 1992 Universal Exposition in Seville, Spain. Level 2 participation includes selffunded groups in gymnastics, fancy rope skipping, aerobics, half-court basketball, ...

Equipment: A variety of basic equipment will be available. Participating groups should discuss specific equipment needs with Pavilion Sports Program (PSP) personnel as early as possible. Primary responsibility for set-up lies with participants' PSP will provide limited assistance for major needs when pre-planned. Pavilion guide staffwill provide announcers, translators and facilitators for actual presentations. They will also provide very limited facilitative assistance for the groups during their visit. Guide staff cannot serve as escorts, etc. outside the Pavilion. For more information: Please contact Ken Richards, Director Sports Program, Room 561 USIA, 301 Fourth St. S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547. The telephone number is 202-205-2481 and the fax number is 202-619-6520. March 1992 TECHNIQUE

Announcements o

1992 Congress Hotel Dates: September 17-20, 1992 Host Hotel: The Anaheim Hilton & Towers 777 Convention Way Anaheim, CA 92802-3497 714-750-4321 Tel. 714-740-4252 Fax Rates: Single $113 Double/Twin $128 Triple $148 Quad $168 Sufficient rooms are reserved for Congress up to August 14,1992.

A Challenge in South America Coaching potential Bolivian champions for the 1993 Juegos Bolivarial1os Youth women's gymnastics club of Santa Cruz, Bolovia is searching for a coach who would accept the challenge to train promising gymnasts for the 1993 Juegos Bolivarianos. Qualifications: • 4 years experience in coaching women • Fluent in Spanish • Single Work Conditions: • 2 year contract (minimum) • $US 500 per month • No rent (Club provides appartment) • Transportation costs from U.S. to Bolivia covered. Candidates please send curriculum vitae to: Maria Nelly Pavisich, Club 7, Foreign Relations: p.o. Box 316, Santa Cruz, BOLIVIA (South America) Tel: (5913) 33-4554, Fax (5913) 34-7043

Superstars of Gymnastics Hilton's Superstars of Gymnastics will feature the top gymnasts from the U.s. 1991 World Championships Teams, plus Olympians Nadia Comaneci, Bart Conner, Peter Vidmar, Olga Korbut, and Mitch Gaylord at the Great Western Forum on March 28.1991 World Champion Kim Zmeskal will be joined by 1991 World Championships team members Michelle Campi, Liz Crandall, Hilary Grivich, Shannon Miller, Betty Okino, Kerri Strug and Sandy Woolsey. Men's participants include 1991 World Championships team members Jarrod Hanks, Scott Keswick, Patrick Kirksey, Lance Ringnald, Chainey Umphrey, Chris Waller, John Roethlisberger, and Tom Schlesinger. Rhythmic athletes participating are Senior National Team members Bianca Sapetto and Naomi Hewitt-Coutuier. The event, sponsored by Hilton and produced by the USGF, is an exhibition event whose proceeds will be donated to the United States Olympic Committee. The excitement begins at 7:30 p.m. on Saturday, March 28 at the Great Western Forum. Tickets are available at the Great Western Forum box office and through TickerMaster by calling (213) 381-2000, or by Charge-By-Phone at (310) 480-3232.

Foreign Athletes in USGF sanctioned com peti tions No member of any foreign national team can compete in a USGF sanctioned event without the direct written approval of the Executive Director of the United States Gymnastics Federation. It is the responsibility of any meet director or any individual who is requesting a sanction that they inform the United States Gymnastics Federation that they would like to invite foreign athletes to participate in such an event. Such a request will be made by the United States Gymnastics Federation to the other national federation involved. If national team members are involved with any competition, such competitions must have written approval by all national federations that are either providing athletes or hosting such an event. Failure to receive approval from the USGF or any other national federation could cause participating athletes or federations to be in violation of International Gymnastics Federation Statutes. Such violations could cause the probation or suspension of individual athletes or a member federation from future FIG events, including the World Championships and the Olympic Games. Address any questions, inquiries, or requests for sanction to: Mike Jacki, Executive Director, U.s. Gymnastics Federation, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300. Indianapolis, IN 46225

Dodge International Challenge: USA- Japan Presented by Texaco

Post Olympic Tour The USGF is planning a nine city Post-Olympic Tour from August to October. The tentative schedule is as follows: 8/21 8/22 8/23 9/18 9/19 9/20 10/9 10/11

The Palace Capital Center MadisonSq. Garden The Summit Convention Center San Jose St. U. Miami Arena St. Paul Civic Ctr.

Auburn Hills, MI Washington, D.C. NewYork,N.Y. Houston, TX Anaheim, CA San Jose, CA Miami, FL Minneapolis, St. Paul,MN

DATES & SITES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

TECHNIQUE March 1992

The Arizona Veterain's Memorial Coliseum will host the 1992 International Challenge: USA-Japan, Mlrch 18-19. Televised by ABC Wide World of Sports, this meet will feqature the top men and women competitiors from the U.s. and Japan. The athletes participating in this event will be headed to the 1992 U.s. Phar-Mor Championships in May and the Olympic Trials in June. This event will extend the opportunity for international competition and training which is significant to the preparation of the U.s. men's and women's competitors for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Tickets are available by Charge-by-Phone 602-678-2222.

Safety Certification Mandate Reminder All coaches and judges are reminded that they MUST BE SAFETY CERTIFIED in order to participate in 1991-1992 national, elite, and international competitions. This includes the J.O. National competitions. In the 1992-1993 season, the safety certification mandate will also include coaches and judges participating in the USGF Collegiate Gymnastics National Championships. Violation of the mandate could result in suspension of individual USGF membership and / or disqualification of the participating athlete.

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March 1992 TECHNIQUE

Educational Information

Tentative Schedules: USGF National Compulsory Workshops In order to assist you in your planning for travel to the 1992 USGF Compulsory Workshops, a Proposed ASchedule is included below. Note: There may be some modifications to the schedules - registered participants will receive sc hedule changes in their

information packets.

Women's Workshops Thursday -

,Jl:OQ_路_--3et=up12:00-4:30 Safety Course/Exam 6:00-9:30 Coaches Accreditation* - PDP Level I 2:00-9:00 Early Registration Friday 7:00-8:30 8:30-9:30 9:30-12:30 12:30-2:00 2:00-4:30 4:30-5:30 5:30-7:00 7:00-8:30 8:30-10:00

Late Registration Official Opening Level 10 Floor Exercise

Lunch Break

Boy's Workshops

Rhythmic Workshops

Friday - Arrival date 4:00-6:00 Late Registration - USGF items on sale 6:00-6:30 Opening of Workshop Preview of weekend activities. 6:30-9:30 Introduction and presentation ofBasic Skills Achievemen t Program (BSAP) - Video demonstration and lecture.

Friday - Arrival date 1:30 Safety Course Registration 2:00-7:00 Safety Course/Exam Saturday 8:00-4:00 East/West Team Competition 6:30-10:00 Coaches Accreditation, Level I Social 10:00 Sunday 8:00-8:30 Late Registration - USGF items on sale 8:30-9:30 Official Opening 9:30-11:30 Level 5 routines (lowest leveD 11 :30-1:00 Lunch Break 1:00-5:00 Level 6 routines 5:00-7:00 Dinner Break Open training with chore7:00-9:00 ographers

Saturday 8:30-12:00

Level 10 Beam Level 10 Bars

Dinner Break Vault - all levels Round-off Entry Vault Clinic

12:00-1 :30 1:30-5:00

Saturday 8:30-10:00 Level 5, 6, 7 Floor Exercise 10:00-11:30 Level 5, 6, 7 Beqm rlt.~II.-+; \-3

5:00-6:30 6:30-10:00

11:30-12:30~,..J Danc~eview 12:30-2:00 Lunch ~ I Vlor 2:00-3:30 Level Bars 3:30-6:30 Dance Workout 4 6:30 Special Activity

..r

Sunday8:30-1 0:00 Level 1-4 BB, FX & Dance 10:00-12:30 Dance Workout 5 12:30-12:45 Official Workshop Closing

Sunday9:00-12:30

12:30-2:00 2:00-...

Presentation of Class 7, 6, 5, 4 portion of Junior Olympic Competition Program (JOCP) Video demonstration & lecture.

Lunch Break Olympic Development Evaluation Program (ODEP) Video demonstration & lecture.

Dinner Break Coaching Accreditation Presentation Presentation of Class 3, 2,1 portion of Junior Olympic Competition Program (JOCP) - Video demonstration and lecture.

Monday8:30-11:30 11:30-1:00 1:00-3:00 3:00-4:00 4:00-6:00

Lunch Break

Level 7 routines

Lunch Break Level 7 rou tines, Level 8 RFX Official Workshop closing Open training with choreographers

Safety Certification / Other

12:45-1:30 Lunch Break 1:30-4:30 Skill Evaluator's Test ~4ee~ Qi;e~tQI"~ +e~~

2:30-6:00 Repeat of Coaches Accreditation* - PDP Level I * The PDP Level I course is being offered at two separate different times. Coaches may register for the time that is convenient to their schedu le.

Use the appropriate Registration Form on the following three pages to pre-register for the Workshops Add-on Explanation: These opportunities are provided so you can take advantage of one-stop shopping. Get it all done in one weekend! Of special interest is the premier of the new USGF Professional Development Program. Qualified applicants will attend a 3 hour session to review the materials from Level I and to receive instruction regarding program administration procedures. All qualified participants in the National Workshop coaching accreditation sessions will receive full Level I Accreditation without taking the regularly required tests! (See January, 1992 Technique, Vol 12, #1, p. 28 for a description of Level I). Upon receipt of the Pre-registration Form, the appropriate Program Administrator will mail a complete packet of nformation regarding your preferred Workshop. This packet will include site information, host hotels, American Airlines flight discount information, activity schedule, Merchandise Form, as well as "Add-on" information and Registration Forms. NOTE: Pro-members will receive their packets at the address indicated in the USGF computer, non-members that are part of a group will have their packets sent to the Club/organ ization address, individual non-members will receive their packets at their home address. TECHNIQUE March 1992

WOMEN'S USGF COMPULSORY Olympic WORKSHOP

Junior

Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona June 4-7,1992

Site: Dates:

Participant Information:

Club name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phone (__) _ _ _ _ __ Address City_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State Zip _ _ _ __ USGF Pro Numbers:

Participant names:

Registration Fee

1. _____________________________

$ $ $ $ $

2. _____________________________ 3. ___________________________

4. _______________________________ 5.

150 150 125 125 125

NOTE: Discounted fees begin with 3rd participant from the same club.

Sub-total: Discounts:

â€˘

_ _ (no.) x $25.00

USGF Pro-members Discount:

= -____

TOTAL: PRE-REGISTRATION DEADLINE IS MAY 10, 1992 After May 10, you must register on site. CHECKS SHOULD BE MADE PAYABLE TO: U.S. Gymnastics Federation If paying by Credit Card:

Card:

0 Visa

0 MasterCard

Card No. ___________________________ Expiration Date: _________ Card holder name: ______________________Signature_____________________________ MAIL ALL REGISTRATION FORMS TO: USGF WORKSHOPS, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46225 NOTES:

1. 2. 3. 4.

$50.00 Cancellation fee (per registrant) up until May 1, 1992 NO REFUNDS after May 1, 1992 (substitution of participants is allowed) NSF CHECKS CHARGE: $20.00 Direct any questions to USGF Women's Program: 317-237-5050

PLEASE SEND MORE INFORMATION REGARDING: Please check N) Safety Cert~ication 0 Skill Evaluators Course and Exam Test

Coach Accreditation Course (Levell)

o I agree to have my name and address in the Directory REGISTRATION IS LIMITED: FIRST COME, FIRST SERVE BASIS (T392)

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

MEN'S Junior USGF COMPULSORY OlYmpic WORKSHOPS Site/dates:

May 29-31 June 5-7:

o Indianapolis, In o Philadelphia, PA o San Francisco, CA

Please check which workshop youp/anon attending.

ONorman, OK o Atlanta, GA

Participant Information:

Clubname: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phone(__.) _ _ _ _ __ Address City_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State Zip _ _ _ __ Participant names:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

USGF Pro Numbers:

_____________________________________________ ______________________________ _______________ ______________________________ _______________ ______________________________ _______________ ______________________________ _______________

Registration Fee

$150 $150 $125 $125 $125

NOTE: Discounted fees begin with 3rd participant from the same club.

Sub-total: Discounts:

â€˘ USGF Pro-members Discount:

__ (no.) x $25.00 =,---;-=======-, TOTAL:

1 . - 1_

--I

PRE-REGISTRATION DEADLINE IS MAY 10, 1992 After May 10, you must register on site. CHECKS SHOULD BE MADE PAYABLE TO: U.S. Gymnastics Federation Card: 0 Visa 0 MasterCard Card No. __________________ Expiration Date:_ _ __ Card holder name: ______________Signature_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Hpaying by Credit Card:

MAIL ALL REGISTRATION FORMS TO: USGF WORKSHOPS, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46225 NOTES:

1. $50.00 Cancellation fee (per registrant) up until May 1, 1992 ... 2. NO REFUNDS after May 1, 1992 (substitution of participants is allowed) 3. NSF CHECKS CHARGE: $20.00 4. Direct any questions to USGF Men's Program: 317-237-5050

PLEASE SEND MORE INFORMATION REGARDING: Please check rJ) Safety Certification 0 Coach Accreditation Course and Exam Course (Levell)

o I agree to have my name and address in the Directory REGISTRATION IS LIMITED: FIRST COME, FIRST SERVE BASIS (T192)

TECHNIQUE March 1992

RHYTHMIC USGF COMPULSORY Olympic WORKSHOPS

Junior

Sites/dates:

o June 12-15 - Princeton, NJ

o June 19-22 - Los Angeles, CA

Please check which workshop you plan on attending.

6/ 12 Safety Certification + exam (2:00-7:00pm) 6/ 13 Coaches Accreditation Level I (6:30-10:00 pm) 6/14-15 Compulsory Workshop

6/ 19 Safety Certification + exam (2:00-7:00 pm) 6/20 Coaches Accreditation Levell (6:30-10:00 pm) 6/21 -22 Compulsory Workshop

Participant Information:

Club name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phone (_ _) _ _ _ _ _ __ Address City_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State Zip _ _ _ __ Participant names:*

USGF Pro Numbers:

Registration Fee

$ $ $ $ $

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

150 150 125 125 125

NOTE: Discounted fees begin with 3rd participant from the same club.

Sub-total: Discounts:

• •

USGF Pro-members Discount: __ (no.) x $25.00 Early Registration Discount: (If post mat ked by April 1) __ (no.) x $25.00 * NOTE: Athletes will be able to participate in the Workshop for a daily fee of $25.00. On site registration only. Fee does NOT include any materials.

= =

TOTAL:

EARLY REGISTRATION DISCOUINT DEADLINE IS APRIL 1, 1991 PRE-REGISTRATION DEADLINE IS MAY 15,1992 After May 15, you must register on site. CHECKS SHOULD BE MADE PAYABLE TO: U.S. Gymnastics Federation If paying by Credit Card:

Card: 0 Visa 0 MasterCard Card No. ______________ Expiration Date:_ _ _ __ Card holder name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _S.ignature._______________ MAIL ALL REGISTRATION FORMS TO: USGF WORKSHOPS, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300, 201 S. Capitol Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46225 NOTES:

1. $50.00 Cancellation fee (per registrant) up until May 10, 1992 2. NO REFUNDS after May 10, 1992 (substitution of participants is allowed) 3. NSF CHECKS CHARGE: $20.00 4. Direct any questions to USGF Rhythmic Program: 317-237-5050

PLEASE SEND MORE INFORMATION REGARDING: Please check N)

o Safety Certification Course and Exam

Coach Accreditation Course and Exam (Levell)

o I agree to have my name and address in the Workshop Directory REGISTRATION IS LIMITED: FIRST COME, FIRST SERVE BASIS (T392)

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

Believe in Yourself

THINK IIC! THEN MAKE IT HAPPEN The JASON WHITFIELD MEMORIAL FOUNDATION is proud to offer this high quality 18" x 24" full color poster of Jason to keep his "spirit and memory" alive in the sport he so dearly loved. Jason pursued a dream of representing the United States at the Olympic games; however, his dream was cut short by a tragic accident in September, 1991. This poster is dedicated to his memory and the high level of excellence that he continually strived for. We hope it can be an inspiration to others in the pursuit of their dreams, whatever they may be. For a minimum donation of $10 plus $2 postage and handling [additional donations are gratefully accepted] you can help support the JASON WHITFIELD MEMORIAL FOUNDATION and its goal to provide financial assistance by granting college scholarships and other training assistance to deserving gymnasts. Enclosed is my donation of $ (minimum donation of $10 each plus $2 postage and handling per poster) payable to the JASON WHITFIELD MEMORIAL FOUNDATION for_ poster(s) . Please allow four to six weeks for shipping.

NAME :

---------------------------------

GYM AFFILIATION: __________________

ADDRESS: ____________________________________________________ CITY: _____________________________

STATE: _____________

ZIP: _ _ _ _ _ _ __

'iOME PHONE: -+(_ _~-------- WORK PHONE: (L_ _L -_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

Mall to: JASON WHITFIELD MEMORIAL FOUNDATION, P.O. Box 51271, Livonia, MI 48151-5271 TECHNIQUE March 1992

Men's Minutes

Mens Program Committee Winter National Championships Meeting February 8, 1992 Roll Call Members Present: Bill Roetzheim Jim Howard Greg Buwick Jim Hartung Art Shurlock Gene Watson Kevin Mzseika Mas Watanabe Robert Cowan Members Absent: None

FIG/MTC Member Vice President for Men Sr. Coaches Representative Chairman Athletes Council Representative Sr. Coaches Representative Sr. Coaches Representative Jr. Coaches Representative Mens Technical Coordinator Mens Program Administrator

I. EXECUTIVE SESSION

Motion that the Mens Program Committee meeting will be conducted in Executive Session. MOTION - Greg Buwick SECOND - Jim Howard PASSED - 6-1

II. ELECTION OF SECRETARY Greg Buwick outlined that the Mens Program Committee desired to have the minutes efficiently and expeditiously dealt with and the Mens Program Administrator is in the best position to do this. Motion that the Mens Program Committee appoints Robert Cowan as secretary pending approval of the Executive Director. MOTION - Bill Roetzheim SECOND - Jim Howard PASSED - Unanimously

III. REPORTS A. FIG - Bill Roetzheim reported that the Gymnova equipment originally discussed for the Individual Event World Championships had been denied. It will beJanssen/FrittsenorSpeith. The 1994 World Championships Team competition will allow for the top 12 from the 1991 Indianapolis championships to automatically qualify. This will be a significant savings for the US. In addition, the top 2 teams from each continental area will compete. • The dates for the '92 European championships are October 17-18 (Prelims), December 11-13 (Finals) . • The Paris Individual Event World Championships will have about 110 gymnasts per event. February 15 is final registration and February 28 is the draw. Podium training begins on April 13 at 2 p.m. 5 gymnasts in no more than 3 events. 1 judge, 1 superior judges assistant on SR and HB for USA. Japan has FX and V, Hungary has PH and PB. April 13, judges course is 9-1 in Paris. The hotel is the Novotel-Ibis. • The Olympic Games will require 24 hours lead time for extra training submitted by the head coach each day. 2 judges will be used per country 42

and the USA has a Superior Judges Assistant on Parallel Bars. Other OlympiC SJA's are FX-KOR, PH-CHN, SR-GER, V-URS, HB-ITA. April 1 is deadline for submission of Judges names. Anyone not qualified (continental course attendant) cannot be drawn as Head Judge. Head Judges have no power, so some nations are sending younger, unknown judges to insure they have a seat on the floor. Bill is doing all videos for all courses. • After the Olympic Games, there will be two types of competition. Traditiona/- with 4 judges, a superior judge, etc. FIG - 6 judges, a Head Judge, a Controller. • In the New Code, the deductions will be: Small = 0.1 , Medium = 0.2, Large = 0.4. • Deviation from correct angle of execution deductions will be: 15 = 0.1, 30 = 0.2, 30-35 = 0.4, and above 45 = 0.4 PLUS loss of element. • There are 10 people running for the Mens Technical Committee for 5 places. Bill and Hardy Fink are the only incumbents running. The Russians are not running anyone who is not RUSSIAN. Boris Shakhlin is out, Tourischeva is out, Deruguina (RSG) is out!! • The World Championships will be moved 0 of Sabae City, Japan and probably to Osaka or Tokyo. • Feng Jibai (CHN) is running for Executive Committee and Li Ning for President of the FIG. The proposals to the FIG will include eliminating compulsories and psychologically testing judges, among other things. B. Athletes Council- Jim Hartung Will present revised 1996 Athletes support program. C. Executive Committee - Jim Howard Report given earlier at USECA meeting. D. US Elite Coaches Association - Art Shurlock No report. E. Jr. Coaches - Kevin Mazeika Talked extensively about the new Junior program. Will consist of a Basic Skills Achievement Program, and Olympic Development Program and the Junior Olympic Competition Program. He encouraged everyone to attend the workshops in May and June. The Jr. Elite level currently has 11 athletes in the 1996 division and 2 in the 1992 division, showing marked improvement in their performance. Coaches knowledge is strongly upgraded . The Junior camp which just concluded had 23 athletes on a very high level of difficul ty and execution. Kevin proposed a Junior World Championships. Bill Roetzheim stated that this is already an FIG Proposal, but will possibly fail. F. Office Report - Robert Cowan Submitted in writing to all Winter National attendees. March 1992 TECHNIQUE

VII. OLYMPIC COACH SELECTION PROCEDURES This item was d ealt with out of numerical order due to concern for the time need ed to ad equately deal with the issue. The input from the USECA was reviewed and '~a s ically they want: 1. The coaches to vote after the Trials and 2. Select the Coach after the Trials. Greg Buwick outlined the responsibilities of the Olympic Coach as he sees them. He then reviewed the history of the Olympic Coach position. Motion to adopt the job description for the 1992 Olympic Coach as created by Greg Buwick. MOTION - Bill Roetzheim SECOND - Kevin Mazeika PASSED - Unanimously (see attached)

Greg then handed out a color-coded time-line. Motion that April 1 is deadline for RECEIPT of nominations for Olympic Coach to Greg Buwick. He will send out Mens Program Committee approved job description plus request letter of commitment from each candidate. May 10 - MPC will meet in conjunction with JO Nationals and reduce the candidates list to the top 3. May 14-17, the interview process for the top 3 will occur and the election will take place at the US National Championships during the MPC meeting. A PRESS CONFERENCE IS REQUESTED BY THE MPC FOR THIS OCCASION. MOTION - Jim Hartung SECOND - Kevin Mazeika PASSED - Unanimously

IV. ATHLETES ASSIGNMENT Robert Cowan had distributed a sheet of the assignments needed. Individual World Championships and USA-Japan were tabled . Motion to assign Cottbus Meet and Rome Meet by 'nk order from Team Atlanta. MOTION - Jim Howard SECOND - Art Shurlock PASSED - Unanimously (see attached)

VI. COACHES SUPPORT PROGRAM Jim Howard reviewed the 1992-93 program approved by the Mens Program Committee at the Penn State meeting. This is the scale: Coaches of top 6 athletes at 1992 US Nationals " " 7-12 " " " 13-18 " top 8 Jr Elite Athletes at '92 Nats. " 10 Class I Athletes from JO Nats. " 10 Class II Athletes from JO Na ts.

$1,800 ea. $1,500 ea. $1,200 ea. $ 900 ea. $ 800 ea. $ 700 ea.

The problem now exists that there are 12 Jr. Elite (Team Atlanta) and will be for this year only. Robert Cowan outlined that he would find the $3,600 necessary (4 x $900) in the budget and alleviate having to resubmit program to Executive Committee. V. PETITIONS All of the petitions were discussed relative to merit, conditions, cause and effect. Motion to accept petition for Scott Keswick to US National Team unranked, to utilize him in American Cup and possibly USA-Japan. MOTION - Greg Buwick SECOND - Jim Howard PASSED - Unanimously

Motion to accept petition for Chainey Umprey to US National Team unranked. MOTION - Jim Hartung SECOND - Art Shurlock PASSED - Unanimously

Motion to accept Tom Schlesinger's petition to US National Team unranked. TECHNIQUE March 1992

MOTION - Greg Buwick SECOND - Bill Roetzheim PASSED - Unanimously

Motion to accept Dominick Minicucci's petition to US National Team unranked. MOTION - Art Shurlock SECOND - Bill Roetzheim PASSED - Unanimously

VIII. OLYMPIC JUDGES To be dealt with by Independent Selection Committee. IX. WINTER RE-RANKING NAME This must be changed from Winter Nationals to something other than a National championships due to NCAA restrictions. NO action - Tabled Editorial Note: Lateramid much discussion, Jack Beckner offered the name "USGF National Winter Cup Challenge. " The MPC members present liked this suggestion and will propose adoption at the next meeting. X. RE-ADMISSION OF NGJA AND NCAA REPRESENTATIVES A fair amount of discussion occurred on this subject. The US Elite Coaches Association had been polled on their feelings, along with the Junior Coaches who are members. The US Elite Coaches Association overwhelmingly rejected re-admission of the NGJA. The NCAA representation will be d ealt with by insuring that at least one member of the Senior Representa tives to the MPC be an NCAA affiliated individual. Motion to re-admit NCAA Rules Committee Representative to the Mens Program Committee. MOTION - Art Shurlock SECOND - none. Motion died for lack of second.

XI. NATIONAL TEAM MEMBER INSURANCE Art Shurlock outlined his concern for the cracks through which an athlete can fall as to medical coverage. Robert Cowan explained the financial implications and the current coverage which is extensive. Jan Claire is to send information on the USGF policies available for purchase to all members of the Senior National Team. XII. TEAM '96 ATHLETE SUPPORT Jim Howard and Jim Hartung presented a proposal (see attached) for the 1996 support program. Robert Cowan had submitted a counter proposal in November (see attached). Discussion relative to having this approved by the Executive Committee and Board of Directors occurred, and funding by the USGF as a lineitem on the budget. Motion to accept Jim Howard/Jim Hartung proposal for submission to Executive Committee. MOTION - Jim Howard SECOND - Greg Buwick PASSED - Unanimously

XIII. 1993 US CHAMPIONSHIPS DATE Robert Cowan explained that the Womens program had met in January after extensive research by Bill Sands and proposes August as the date for US Nationals in 1993, 1994and 1995. Healsoexplained, that while he knows this is not necessarily the best time for the men due to the NCAA program, college freshmen entering in August and the traditional training / testing program, the US Championships will not be split. The Mens Program Committee would like to request that the Executive Director insure that television is interested in the event in August and Mas Watanabe will work with Bill Sands on the calendar and the relative impact on the mens program. 43

XIV. FINAL TRIALS FORMAT Withdrawn XV. AUTOMA TIC QUALIFICATION FOR 1996 DIVISION Motion that the top 6 in rank order from the 1996 division of the 1992 USGF Winter Re-Ranking meet be automatically qualified for the 1992 US Nationals in Columbus. MOTION - Greg Buwick SECOND - Art Shurlock PASSED - Unanimously

XVI. NEXT MEETING DATE Austin, TX - JO Nationals - May 10 (Sunday) XVII. NEW BUSINESS A. Winter Re-Ranking Dates - February 5-6,1993; Feb 4-5,1994; Feb 3-4,1995. B. Upgrade the 1992 compulsory document with new information from Bill Roetzheim. C. The 1996 Compulsory Committee Time-line DO NOT CHANGE UNTIL AFTER US NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS. D. Congress Presentations - Combine presentations by Elite Coaches on the 1996 compulsories with Dieter Hoffman's presentations. E. USA Continental Judges Course is January 7-10, 1993 possibly in Tampa. Motion to adjourn -11:58 a.m. MPC Reconvened at 10:45 p .m. to discuss assignments and review video of the 1992 Winter Re-Ranking Event: Motion that Mark Sohn, Paul O'N eill, Mike Racanelli, Trent Dimas, Jarrod Hanks represent the US at the Individual Event World Championships. MOTION - Greg Buwick SECOND - Jim Hartung PASSED - Unanimously

Motion that the top 6 in rank order plus Scott Keswick be the athletes in the USA-Japan Meet. Personal coaches in rank order will be utilized with top athletes coach, being head coach. MOTION - Jim Hartung SECOND - Bill Roetzheim PASSED - Unanimously

Motion to adjourn -11:45 p.m.

The above is true and accurate to the best of my knowledge Robert Cowan , 2/10/92 NOTE: Please contact the Mens Program Administrator if interested in reviewing any of the "attachments" referred to in this report.

MPC Conference Call January 27, 1992

The call was put up at 9:00 P.M. EST. Members in attendance: Greg Buwick Chairman, Sr. Coaches Rep. Vice President for Men Jim Howard Art Shurlock Sr. Coaches Representative Athletes Representative Jim Hartung Gene Watson Jr. Coaches Representative Kevin Mazeika Jr. Coaches Representative Mas Watanabe USGF Mens Technical Coordinator (Voice, no vote) USGF Mens Program Robert Cowan Administrator (Voice, no vote) Members Absent: FlG/MTC member (in Europe) Bill Roetzheim

Robert Cowan opened the meeting with an explanation that there were two agenda items ... acceptance of the Winter Re-Ranking qualifying scores and a petition from Mark Diab. The MPC members with FAX capabilities had received the summary of all qualifying scores. The 48th score in the 1992 division was 107.30 and the 24th score in the 1996 division was 95.25. Jim Howard stated that Josh Saegert, currently in qualified rank #33 would be unable to attend, thus moving #49, Adrian Besancon, into the meet. Motion to accept the top 48 scores from 1992, the top 24 scores from 1996 and the individual qualifiers who have earned 9.70 or better into the 1992 USGF Winter Re-Ranking competition. Motion - Greg Buwick Second - Art Shurlock PASSED - UNANIMOUSLY

Motion to accept Mark Diab's petition for the Still Rings event as an individual qualifier. Motion - Greg Buwick Second - Jim Hartung PASSED - UNANIMOUSLY

Motion to adjourn. Motion - Greg Buwick Second - Kevin Mazeika PASSED - UNANIMOUSLY

The call was terminated at 9:10 P.M.

The above is true and accurate 10 the best of my knowledge. Robert Cowan, Men's Program Administrator January 28, 1992

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

Rhythmic Minutes

~hythmic

Program --, . CommIttee February 8, 1992 Colorado Springs, CO Members Present: Candace Feinberg Andrea Schmid Norma Zabka Maureen Broderick Mary Ellen Holdreith Nora Hitzel Absent: Marina Davidovich Wendy Hilliard

Chairperson FIG Rep V.P.RG JOPC Rep Coaches Rep RPA (another meeting) Athletes Rep

The Chairman, Candace Feinberg, called the meeting to order at 7:00 PM. I. USGF OFFICE REPORT Hitzel described the Panasonic Video Program. The USGF Rhythmic program was alloca ted 6 complete sets of the Panasonic video equipment. Five of the sets will be divided between the 10 coaches who put an athlete on the 1991 National Team; 1/ 2 of the remaining set will be sent to the group coach and the last half set will be held for any potential new national team coach from the 1992 Championship.

Coco-Cola / Minute Maid, Bausch-Lomb, and Clariol "nd Panasonic have, or will be using, rhythmic athletes in major 1992 Olympic marketing campaigns. Hitzel described the work in progress with regard to the plan for the 1992-97 Junior Olympic Program. Hitzel distributed the financial breakdown for the 1992 USGF Rhythmic Coaches support program. A total of $12,000 will be distributed as follows: • From the results of the 1992 Rhythmic Challenge $1,000 will be paid to coaches with athletes who finish #1-3 and $500 will be paid to coaches with athletes who finish #4-5. • From the results ofthe 1992 National Championships, $1,000 will be paid to coaches with athletes who finish #1-3 and $500 will be paid to coaches with athletes who finish #4-5. • In addition a $500 broken time payment will be made to each coach who serves as head coach at an international competition, excluding theOlympic Games and World Championships. Hitzel distributed the breakdown of the 1991 Athlete Support Program. Twelve athletes participated in the 1991 program with a total of $44,791 distributed as follows: USGF Team '92 USOC Levell USOC Level 2 Other

$25,125 14,166 2,500 3,000

Hitzel announced than an athlete monitoring sys.em will be implemented in February. The monthly reporting plan was discussed and approved by the National Team coaches. TECHNIQUE March 1992

II. FIG REPORT Andrea Schmid reported that 12 candidates have submitted nominations for the seven positions of the FIG Rhythmic Technical Committee. The candidates are from ITL, POL, USA, JPN, AUT, BRA, BUL, CAN, ESP, FIN, GRE, SWE. The election will take place in Salou, Spain at the FIG Congress. The International Judges Course will be held January 10-17, 1993 in Italy. The U.S. can send 3 representatives. The U.S. has applied to host a Continental FIG Judges Course February 10-15, 1993, approval has not yet been given. 6th cycle Brevets and Nationally rated judges would be eligible to attend . The FIG Technical Committee has sent to each country the names of two judges that could be selected to serve as a judge at the 1992 Olympic Games. The selection was based upon the results of the international judges evaluation system used at 1990 and 1991 international events. Nora Hitzel and Norma Zabka were nominated by the FIG. Hitzel declined, therefore, Helena Greathouse, the 3rd ranked FIG international judge will serve as an alternate. Schmid called for proposals that the U.S. would make to the FIG with regard to the rhythmic program. No specific proposals were made but a great deal of discussion was held regarding the potential value for the U.S. program of having the rhythmic group competition in the Olympic Games as opposed to the individual competition. Hitzel will investigate. III. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM The following delega tions were selected based upon results of the Rhythmic Challenge: March 6-8 Thiais RSG Tournament, FRA Athletes: Bianca Sapetto, Jenifer Lovell, Sally Ward, Christi Tucay Coach: Lydia Bree *Judge: Helena Greathouse March 14-15 Deriugina Cup, Ukraine Athletes: Naomi Hewitt-Couturier Coach: Anelia Relenkova *Judge: Zina Mironov HOD: Nora Hitzel March 20-22 Louvain LeNeuve, Belgium Athletes: Krist! Alt, Tamerin Luchessa Coach: Lucy Janowska *Judge: Ellen Nyemcsik March 28-29 DTB Pokal, Germany Athletes: Jenifer Lovell Coach: Irina Vdovets *Judge: Candace Feinberg April 24-26 6th RSG Tournament, Portugal Athletes: Bianca Sapetto, Heather Lovell, Jessica Davis, Allison Taylor Coach: Jan Exner *Judge: Norma Zabka

May 7-10 Four Continents, Beijing, China Athletes: Sally Ward, Christi Tucay, Tamerin Luchessa Coach: Alia Svirsky Group: TBD Coach: Graciela Yanes Ojeda (group) M.D. Dr. Mick Lynch Hana Christie *Judge: HOD / Judge: Nora Hitzel June 6-7 Olympic Trials *J udges: Schmid, Zabka, Feinberg, Greathouse, Christie Nyemcsik IV. 1993 SCHEDULE The following was announced: International FIG Judges Course *Continental FIG Judges Course *Rhythmic Challenge *National Championships or, World University Games (Buffalo, NY) Olympic Sport Festival (San Antonio, TX) World Championships (Spain)

Jan 10-17 Feb 10-15 Feb 13-14 Apr 30-May2 May 7-9 July 8-19 July 23-31 Sept/Oct

V. TRAINING CAMPS Hitzel described the problems of securing training camp time at the Olympic Training Centers, particularly for those camps with below elite level athletes.

Next meeting: National Championships. Submitted by: Nora Hitzel, RPA Approved: Mike Jacki, Februanj, 1992

Rhythmic Technical Committee February 8, 1992 Colorado Springs, CO Members Present: Candace Feinberg Andrea Schmid N. Zabka B. Fester H. Christie N . Hitzel

Chairman, RTC FIG Rep V.P.RG memberRTC member RTC RP A (non voting)

Candace Feinberg called the meeting together at 8:30 AM. I. FIG REPORT A. Schmid gave the FIG Report (see Rhythmic Program Committee Minutes) II. CERTIFICATION POLICIES FOR THE 8TH CYCLE Hitzel presented the plan for the 1993-97 Junior Olympic Program and how the changes will affect the 8th cycle certification policies. Committee members were asked to review current poliCies and, in light of the new program, be prepared to make suggestions for changes at the next meeting. An ad hoc judges committee consisting of Diane Massad (JOPC), Helena Greathouse (Brevet), Mary Ellen Holdreith (RPC), and Barbara Fester (RTC) will begin to design the judging criteria for the new compulsory routines and the format for the written tests. Once this committees proposals are completed they will bp submitted to the JOTC and the RTC for approval. III. RULES AND POLICIES The 1993 Rules and Policies Judging Chapter will need an extensive revision with regard to judging panels, assignment policies, rating requirements, etc. The committee was asked to begin this review immediately. IV. JUDGES TRAINING VIDEO B. Fester distributed a new description of the elements and sequences that will be incorporated into the judges training video. Committee members were asked to review for a final time. Fester and Hitzel will meet in April to finalize content and production schedule. V. JUDGES SHORTHAND While judges cannot be forced to use a particular style of notation it is strongly recommended that all judges begin to adopt the shorthand symbols presented in the February, 1992 issue of Technique magazine. All new judges will be taught these symbols at the onset of their training. VI. JUDGES EVALUATION Judges evaluation systems were discussed including JOE (the Judges Objectivity Evaluation used by the women's program), peer eva Iua tions and coaches eva Iuations. This will be a continuing committee project.

Submitted by: Nora Hitzel, RPA Approved: Mike Jacki, February, 1992

March 1992 TECHNIQUE

EDUCATION/EVENT CALENDAR

Start No. DiscipDate days line Event

.--.....,

4/2/92 4/2/92 4/3/92 4/3/92 4/3/92 4/4/92 4/4/92 4/4/92 4/10/92 4/11/92 4/11/92 4/14/92 4/18/92 4/19/92 4/21/92 4/23/92 4/24/92 4/24/92 4/24/92 4/25/92 4/25/92 4/30/92 5/1/92 5/7/92 5/7/92 5/8/92 5/13/92 5/14/92 5/15/92 5/17/92 5/23/92 5/24/92 5/29/92 5/30/92

5I.JJ/92 6/1/92 6/4/92 6/5/92 6/5/92 6/5/92 6/5/92 6/6/92 6/11/92 6/12/92 6/13/92 6/13/92 6/14/92 6/15/92 6/18/92 6/18/92 6/19/92 6/19/92 6/26/92 6/27/92 7/6/92 7/13/92 7/17/92 7/17/92 7/18/92 7/18/92 /18/92 7/20/92 7/23/92 7/25/92 8/1/92

",.1

1 4 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 4 3 2 3 3 1 1 4 3 4 4

3 2 4

3 1 1 1 3 2 1 6 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 4 1 1 12 12 4 4 3 3 1 7 7 1 10 1 5 1 7 4 16 1

MWR MW MW MWR M W MW W MWR W W MW MWR MW Gen M W W R MW MWR MWR W R M W MWR MW R MW MW MW M MW MWR MW W M M M M R MW R R W M MWR W R R W MWR MWR M M MWR MWR MW MWR MWR M W MWR MWR

TECHNIQUE March 1992

Safety Certification Course (early evening) XIXth International Championships USGF Collegiate Championships Safety Certification Course Grand Prix of Italy 2nd Elite & Level 10 Regional Champions All Avignon Safety Certification Course Level 9 Regionals NCAA Division I Regionals Individual Apparatus World Championships Safety Certification Course (9:00-3:00 p.m.) Individual App. World Championships (TV coverage) General Gymnastics Seminar NCAA National Championships NCAA National Championships U.s. Classic Nationals 6th RSG Tournament Individual App. World Championships (TV coverage) Safety Certification Course 2nd Annual Conference of Children's Fun & Fitness J.o. Level 10 Nationals Four Continents Championships J.O. Nationals J.O. Level 9 Nationals Safety Certification Course (7:00-10:00 p.m.) Phar-Mor U.S. Gymnastics Championships U.S. Rhythmic Championships & Safety course Safety Certification Course - at the U.s. Championships Phar-Mor U.S. Gym. Championships (TV coverage) Phar-Mor U.S. Gym. Championships (TV coverage) Men's National J.O. Compulsory Workshop + Safety Golden Sands Safety Certification Course (2:00-6:00 p.m.) Puerto Rico Cup Women's National J.O.Compulsory Workshop +Safety Men's National J.O. Compulsory Workshop + Safety Men's National J.O. Compulsory Workshop + Safety Men's National J.O. Compulsory Workshop + Safety Men's National J.O. Compulsory Workshop + Safety U.S. Olympic Team Trials U.s. Olympic Team Trials Rhythmic Nat. J.O. Compulsory Workshop + Safety J.O. East Team Competition U.s. Olympic Trials (TV coverage) U.s. Olympic Trials (TV coverage) International Olympic Academy (lOA) Argentina /USA J.O. West Team Competition Rhythmic Nat. J.O. Compulsory Workshop + Safety Region III Congress (+ Safety & Coach Cert.) Sokol Canada Slet- 740 Spadina Avenue, Toronto, ant. Olympic Team Exhibition 10-11 Developmental Team Camp Regional Development Camp Safety Certification Course (9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) American Sokol Instructor School Texaco Challenge: USA/Japan (TV coverage) FIG Congress "Night of Legends" (TV coverage) Class 1 & 2 Development Camp Region VIII Mini Congress Garnes of the XXVth Olympiad Safety Certification Course (10:30 a. m.-5:00 p .m.)

City Springfield Budapest Springfield Ann Arbor Milan Various Birmingham Avignon San Jose Various Various Paris Fullerton ABC TV Beekbergen Lincoln Minneapolis Knoxville Portimao ABC TV Layton Exton Boston Beijing Austin Baton Rouge Colo.Spgs. Columbus Colo.5pgs. Columbus NBC TV NBC TV Indianapolis Sofia IndianaPQIis Sanjuan Tempe Atlanta Norman Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Baltimore Princeton Princeton NBC TV NBC TV Olympia Buenos Aires Los Angeles Los Angeles Denver Toronto TBA Colo. Spgs. Colo.Spgs. Median Western Dist. ABC TV Salou TBSTV Colo.Spgs. StoneMtn. Barcelona Stroudsburg

STI CO

Contact

Phone

413-788-3357 MA Steve Posner HUN Program Administrators MA Cheryl Raymond 313-296-3614 MI S. MacDonald ITA RCowan, KKelly 317-237-5050 Regional Chairs GBR RCowan, KKelly 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 FRA Kathy Kelly 408-246-7795 CA Linda Barclay Regional Chairs. FRA Program Administrators CA Course Director 619-449-9459 HaL G.J.sikkens NE MN TN Kathy Kelly paR Nora Hitzel

05765-2131 317-237-5050 317-237-5050

801 -359-0419 UT Blake Starr 215-436-3550 PA Linda Reid MA Connie Maloney 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 CHN Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 TX Robert Cowan LA Connie Maloney 317-237-5050 CO Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 OH AllisonMe1angton 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 CO Nora Hitzel OH BobbieMontanari 614-457-1279 1-3:00 P.M. EST 1:30-3:00 P.M. EST 317-237-5050 IN Robert Cowan BUL Program Administrators IN Dave Moskovitz 317-237-5050 PUR RCowan, KKelly 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 AZ Kathy Kelly 317-237-5050 GA Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 OK Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 PA Robert Cowan CA Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 MD Nora Hitzel MD RCowan, KKelly 317-237-5050 Nora Hitzel 317-237-5050 NJ 317-237-5050 Nora Hitzel NJ 4:00 P.M. EST GRE ARG CA CA CO CAN

SWhitlock Kathy Kelly Nora Hitzel Nora Hitzel M. Mahoney Slet Committee

317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 303-429-3367

317-237-5050 Robert Cowan 317-237-5050 Robert Cowan 614-457-1279 Bobbi Montari 402-731-2665 Sandy Benak 3:00P.M. ESP MikeJacki 317-237-5050 AllisonMe1angton 317-237-5050 317-237-5050 CO Robert Cowan GA Sheila Ragle 404-294-4235 ESP Olson Travel 213-615-0711 717-629-0244 PA Bruno Klaus CO CO OH

Non·Profit Organization U.S. Postage

PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis, Ind.

SAFETY CERTIFICATION Scheduled Courses Saturday, March 14, 1992 Mountain Brook, AL - 12:00-6:00 p.m. Mountain Brook. Com. Ed. Or., 3670 Bethune Dr., Mountain Brook, AL 35223 Course Oir.: Ricky Garcia (205) 970-0496 Sunday, March 15, 1992 Albuquerque, NM - 1O:00am-4:00pm Gold Cup Gymnastics, 6009 Carmel, Albuquerque, NM (505) 821-8417 Course Dir.: Louise Janecky (505) 662-9118 Saturday, March 28, 1992 1. Norristown, P A - 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Kehler's Gymnastics, 2490 General Armistead Ave., Norristown, PA 19401 Course Oir.: Lynn Ross (717) 267-1760 Local Cont.: Carla Wilson (215) 631-0442 2.Conway, AR - 3:30-9:30 p.m. Sonshine Academy, 803 Harkrider, Conway, AR 72032 Course Oir.: Scott Wright (501) 327-7742 3.Richardson, TX - 2:00-8:00pm Richardson Recreation Or., 711 Arapaho, Richardson, TX 75080 Course Oir.: Jan Eyman (817) 694-4214 Local Contact: Billy Booth (214) 680-3525 Thursday, April 2, 1992 Springfield, MA - Time: early evening Course Oir.: Steve DiTullio (508) 263-9306 Local Contact: S. Posner (413) 788-3357 This course will be conducted in conjunction with the USGF Collegiate National Championships. Friday, April 3, 1992 Ann Arbor Hilton, State Street & 1-94, Ann Arbor, MI 48108 (313) 761-7800 Local Con.: Sandy MacDonald (313) 296-3614 Course Oir: Jerry Reighard (517) 774-6696

This course will be conducted in conjunction with USGF Reg. V Men's Regional Champ. Friday April 10, 1992 San Jose, CA - 11:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. California Sports Center, 3800 Blackford Ave., Suite C, San Jose, CA 95117 Course Dir.: Hiroshi Fujimoto (408) 373-1694 Local Conact.: Linda Barclay (408) 246-7795 Saturday, April 18, 1992 1.Fullerton, CA - 9:00am-3:00pm Cal State Univer. - Fullerton, Phys. Ed. Bldg. Course Oir.: S. Butcher (619) 449-9459 2.Festerville, PA - 9:00am-4:00pm Somerton Schl. of Gym., 155~hilmont Ave., Festerville, PA 19053 Course Oir.: Phil Frank (215) 786-3977 Local Contact: Steve Silver (215) 364-7878 Saturday, April 25, 1992 Layton, UT - 12:00-6:00 p.m., North Davis Gymnastics, 80 W. Gentile, Layton, UT 84041 (801) 544-0858 Course Oir.: Blake Starr (801) 359-0419 Wednesday & Thursday, May 13-14, 1992 'Colorado Springs, CO 7:00-10:00pm each evening U.s. Olympic Training Center, 1776 E. Boulder St., Colorado Springs, CO 80909 (719) 578-4500

Course Oir.: O. Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 This course will be conducted in conjunction with the U.S. RSG Championships. Sunday, May 17, 1992 Columbus, OH - 8:00am-l :30pm Holiday Inn, 328 W. Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43201 (614) 294-4848 Course Oir.: B. Montanari (614) 457-1279

the USGF National Men's Compulson; Workshops. Friday, June 12, 1992 Princeton, NJ - 2:00-7:00pm Course Oir. : O.Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 This course will be conducted in conjunction with the USGF National RSG Compu lsory Workshop. Friday, June 19, 1992 Los Angeles, CA - 2:00-7:00pm Course Dir.: O. Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 This course will be conducted in conjunction with the USGF National RSG Compulsory Workshop. Friday, July 17, 1992 Medina, OH - 9:00am-4:00pm Best Western-Medina, 2875 Medina Rd., Medina, OH 44256 Course Oir's: B. Montari (614) 457-1279 Dave Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 • These courses are USGF National Courses, therefore, participants will be charged the group rate of $60 per person.

This course will be conducted in conjunction with the U. S. Gymnastics Championships . Sunday, May 31, 1992 Indianapolis, IN - 2:00-6:30pm Course Oir.: O. Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 This course will be conducted in conjunction with the USGF National Men's Compulsory Workshop. Thursday, June 4, 1992 Tempe, AZ -12:00-4:30pm Course Oir.: Steve Whitlock

This course will be conducted in conjunction with the USGF National Women's Compulson) Workshop. Sunday June 7, 1992 1. Philadelphia, P A - 2:00-6:30pm Course Oir.: TBA 2. Atlanta, GA - 2:00-6:30pm Course Oir.: TBA 3. Norman, OK - 2:00-6:30pm Course Oir.: TBA 4. San Francisco, CA - 2:00-6:30pm Course Oir.: O. Moskovitz (317) 237-5050 The above courses will be conducted in conjunction with

1. The text book for the Certification Course is the USGF GYMNASTICS SAFETY MANUAL. This texVreference manual is to be purchased and studied prior to course participation. 2. The course will take approximately six hO].l' including the test. 3. Certification is good for four years. 4. The Course fee is $100.00. USGF members and second cycle recertification is $75.00. Retest cost is $25.00. For groups of at least 5, contact the USGF Department of Safety and Education (317) 237-5050.

r-------------------------, Participation Registration Form T392

Name: Mr. /Mrs./Ms. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,Soc. Sec. # _ _ _ _ _ __ Address:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,State: _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ __ Telephone: (H) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (B) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Course Director:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Course Location:

Date:_ _ _ __

Organization Represented: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

If USGF Member, List Type and Number_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Form of Payment:

Check

Visa

Mastercard

Name on Card:, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Number: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Expiration Date:

Signature:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Please make checks payable in full to USGF SAFETY CERTIFICATION Mail Registration Form and Payment to: USGF Safety, Pan American Plaza, Suite 300,201 S. Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46225 '"t DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE • FOR OFFICE USE ONLY

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Registration Form Received: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ L _________________________ ~ Confirmation Mailed: I