USGF Technical Journal - June 1982

USGF

TECHNICAL ~ournal

June 1982

Official Technical Publication of the United States Gymnastics Federation

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USGF

TECHNICAL

June 1982, Vol. 2, NO.3

.Journal

USGF Scientific and Technical Journal Published Exclusively for the USGF Professional Membership

Table of Contents

Editorial _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 Point Counterpointers and Magic Numbers. Muzyczko _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Bias in Judging Women's Gymnastics Induced by Expectations

of Within Team Order, Ansorge, Scheer, Laub, Howard _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 International Judging Manifesto-Phase I What Caused the "Peel-Ofl"? Lascari , Vest 7 USGF Sanctioning Policies and Procedures _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 9 Eligibility Status 11 Men's Prog ram Committee Minutes 1/8/82 13

1982

USGF CONGRESS Fort Worth, Texas September 23-26, 1982 Americana Hotel

Editorial - By Roger Counsll Officiat in g any spo rt is, without a doubt, one of the most difficult of jobs, but without it, many competitive sports could not exist. Needless to say, officiating or judging can be a controversial topic in any arena, stadium or li ving room where fans gather to watch a competition.

The official is expected to have a thorough knowledge and understanding of all the rules and in what context each app lies. He or she is also expected to enforce these rules by making split- second decisions if an infraction of the rules does occur. Ah, there's the rub! In order to make the required decisions, officials must have experience, education and a sound understanding of the sport and its many facets. For example, in gymnastics, judges evaluate a routine in seconds; a routine which is the culmination of an athlete's weeks, months and sometimes years of training .

The role of judging in gymnastics is two-fold. First, to follow the rules or guidelines set for judging by the Code of Points. Second, to use those rules to correctly place the gymnast in competition. In order for judges to understand and interpret these rules, and apply them correct ly, it is imperative that they have a balanced understanding of the formative, basic elements and the complexity in difficulty. Once again, these on-the-spot evaluations reflect the ath lete's performance in the competition, which in turn reflects his or her training.

Acceptedly , the responsibi lity of judging is challenging, becoming more challenging as gymnastics rapidly evolves. Hats off to those gymnastics judges who, through consc ious effort and dedication, are striving to keep up with this evolution , thereby making a contribution to the sport.

, Make Your Plans Now to Attend This Year's Congress

- - - - - - - United States Gymnastics Federation - - - - - - Members: Amateur AthletiC Union : American Sokol Organization : Amencan Turners : Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women: National Association for Girls and Womens Sports : National Association of College Gymnastics Coaches : National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Coaches Women : National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics: National Assoclallon of Women Gymnastics Judges : National Collegiate Athletic Association : National Federation of State High School Associations : National Gymnastics Judges Association : National High School Gymnastics Coaches Association: National Jewish Welfare Board : National Junior College Athletic Association : United States Association Of Independent Gymnast ics Clubs : United States Gymnastics Safety Association , Young Men 's Chnstian Association .

Unless e xpressly Identifi ed to the contrary , all articles , statements and views printed tlerem are allnbutable sole ly to the author and the United States Gymnastics Federation expresses no opinion thereon and assumes no responsibility therefor .

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

POINT COUNTERPOINTERS AND MAGIC NUMBERS by Ted Muzyczko Are you a pointer or a counter? Both are needed. In judging men 's gymnastics the best base currently established is that of four judges. When the scores are shown, the high and the low scores are dropped and the two middle scores count. If you are a " counter, " that means you are one of the two scorers that count for that particular performance . You are important in that you determine the outcome of the meet. If, however, you are one of the two outer scorers , you are a " painter. " Pointers are extremely important in establishing the co urse or direction that the judging will take for not only that event, but perhaps that meet. In order to accurately frame my comments , the following assumptions must be made: 1. Four competent judges are used .

2. Only legitimate biases (style, background , training , etc .) are prevalent , i.e., no illegitimate biases (school preference) .

3. A reasonable randomization can be shown for each of the four judges. Under these circumstances the judge with the best, i.e., lowest deviation from the mean, would be perhaps the best judge, i.e ., for that meet. However, no judge will be one of the counters for every performer in the entire meet.

When that judge is not a counter, he is a pointer. A pointer judge is a judge who shows perhaps a different direction than the two center sco rers show. As an example, if the following scores are shown for a performer: 7.50 , 8.0, 8.30 , 8.90, it can be noted that the two middle scores (8.0 & 8.3) are counter scores and these counter scores average to an 8.15 which is the established score for that com petitor. The two outer scores or the two pointers are also extremely important. Each of the four judges is well aware that in the open scoring system , the low score of 7.50 would have meaning, unless of course , the judge simply miscounted.

The judge with the 7.50 score will force the other three judges to look at their means of evaluation and see if they had not been too lenient in making deductions or if they had in fact missed something under combination or difficulty. The judge with the 7.50 score will also look at his score, reassess it and see if he hadn't been too severe in his deductions. He is pointing the way for a lower score, for a lower trend in judging the event. He may be right and his act of forcing the other three judges to consider his " pointing " is very valuable .

The same is true with the judge who had the 8.90. He is pointing a trend toward the higher judgments. The other three judges will reassess their scores and see if they had not been too severe in deductions and he will reassess his score to see if he had not been too lenient. This reassessment process on all of the four judges is a self-correcting mechanism that assures that as the meet progresses , correct scores wi ll be thrown within the limits of what is technically possible .

his view ing of new techniques and new movements, these biases are there.

They are legitimate, however, because they have nothing to do with a particular leam or any favoritism toward a particular competitor. The legitimate biases , if minimized , would show a randomization of scores for the judgment of those particular sequences or moves on which the bias was based . The illegitimate bias, of course , is one which has to do with a leaning or fa vo ritism toward a particular team , toward a particular location, toward a particular country or toward a particular competitor. Th ese are unacceptable in judging .

The randomization concept of scores is based on the statistical randomization of a bias. If a judge for each team shows as many scores above as well as be low the mean , then he is showing a good randomization . It would be best if he showed this randomization with a small deviatio n, if the above assumptions are correct. The randomization has to do with countries, geographic location , teams , competitors and styles. This, of course , is an ideal model and it is something that is approached, but rarely if ever, totally possible.

If two judges are judging under this particular system , it is impossible to tell who is high and who is low. It is also impossible to get randomizations and il is difficult also to establish biases . All that one of the judges need say and quite correctly so , is that he is right and the other judge is wrong . If he is consistent ly high , he can say that the other judge is simply low. If he is low, he will say that the other judge is high . The point here is that a satisfactory mean cannot be estab lished with two judg es. There is simply too small a sample of scores.

"'S a further extension of the preceding discussion , it is possible for a judge to be within the average on most of the scores and still not judge the meet. In a ca lcu lation that I made a number of years ago at a National competition, the following facts were evident.

Four competent , nationally ce rtified judges, judged the finals of the NCAA Competition.

Each of the four judges alternative ly acted as a Head Judge.

There were no conferences, therefore 100% of the two middle scores counted or were "counters ."

If we consider three judges, the statistics showed that about 92% of their scores would have counted and considering four judges , 75% of the scores would have counted.

Sounds like good judging , doesn 't it? Of course nothing was said about biases , etc.

NOW LET ME DROP THE BOMB!

It should be noted that the four judges work together as a team and if at any given time , one score appears to be too high or too low, the audience , coaches and com petitors should realize that a very valuable function is being performed by thi s pointer.

If we look at the scores of the entire Finals Competition , i.e., six events , six men per event, we can optimize to find the " magic number. " The magic number is the number which would give you the smallest deviation if given every time for each competitor in the entire Finals Competition .

We are all pointers and counters in a given meet depending on the performance . If the basic assumptions that were listed earlier are prevalent , the pointer in fact is not a judge that is to be scorned because of his apparent highness or lowness, but to be applauded for pointing the possibility of a corrected direction . If in fact, each of the four judges had come up with identical scores within one or two tenths, then there would be no need to have four judges. Because of the limitations of the system and because our system is one of subjective objectivity or objective subjectivity, it is necessary to have the four judges . The four judge system provides the competitors with a score that is as close as humanly possible, given the system .

Think of it: you only need one number to judge the finals of a top meet!

The major assumptions in the above approach are as follows : 1. Four competent judges are present .

2. Th e judges exhibit only legitimate biases , i.e. non-illegitimate biases.

3. The scores are randomized .

4. There is an open scoring system .

5. The judges feel free to call conferences at any given time if a trend appears to be estab lishing itself in an incorrect direction .

The legitimate and illegitimate biases need some additional explanation . A legitimate bias is based on a pre ference for sty le, certain movements and certain seq uences. This is legitimate because each of us is programmed to have certain preferences. As much as each judge tries to be flexibl e and open in

For that meet, I arrived at a magic number of 9.20. This means that if I had gi ve n a 9.20 to each competitor, regardless of the performances , what percentage of my scores do you think would have counted? If you guessed 30%, 40% or even 60%, you were wrong. The actual figure came out to 75% . This means that if I had simply thrown a 9.20 for every single competitor in every event. I would have been as good as the fourth judge in that competition . This in fact is not judging . obviously . Consider another aspect. What if a magic number is arrived at and when a competitor performs extremely poorly , we simply cut down the 9.20 to a 9.0 or an 8.80 and when he's a lot better simply go to a 9.40 or in fact , establish three magic numbers, a low magic number, a middle magic number and a high magic number. It is possible under these circumstances to drive that 75% figure to perhaps somewhere near 90%.

Who needs years of training , national or international certification? The answer is that this is not judging. The difference between 9.60 and 9.70 is as powerful as the difference between 8.0 and 8.50. In Finals Judging , we must all make better separations. Our current rules don 't always help. For example, it is hard to get originality on Still Rings . This causes score compressions at the higher end of the sca le. Ties are inevitable, but we must be on our guard and make better, more separating, judging decisions. We must all avoid hugging the safe center with variations of magic numbers. We all want to be accepted as "counters ," but let us not forget that " pointers" are needed too . Pick a winnerdon 't leave it to the other judge by default.

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

Bias in Judging Women's Gymnastics Induced by Expectations of Within-Team Order CHARLES J. ANSORGE, JOHN K. SCHEER, JAN LAUB, AND JAMES HOWARD Thi s article is reprinted with permission from the Research Quarterly. t 978. Vol. 49. No. 4 pp.

399-405, which is published by the AAHPERD .

The score a gymnast receives for performing a gymnastic routine may be Influenced by factors other than the quality of the performance . Since gymnastics coaches typically place their gymnastics in rank order from poorest to best for competition in each event, judges may expect that the quality of the gymnastics routines will improve with in a team order. This study was conducted to determine if gymnasts are at a scoring disadvantage if they appear first within their team order of competition or at a scoring advantage if they appear last. Ten nationally or regionally certified female gymnast ics jud ges we re se lected from th ree locat ions in the United States and asked to score the routines of the 1977 Region VI AIAW Championships on each of two sets of videotapes , edited from the original tapes , in two judging sessions separated by 48 hours. For the first judging session 20 gymnasts appeared in the first position for their teams and 20 gymnasts appeared in the fifth position for their teams . For the second session the first and fifth gymnasts for each of the teams were reversed in the videotapes, which made it possible to collect scores for 40 gymnasts who were judged in both the first and fifth positions for their teams . Results of a 2 x 10 x 2 ANOVA revealed that female gymnasts were scored sign ifi cant ly (p < .05) higher if they appeared in the fifth position for their team than if they appeared in the first position .

Officials of a wide variety of sports have long been questioned by coaches , athletes, and spectators. Some observers have criticized officials , rightly or wrongly , for being incompetent, and others have asserted that some officia ls are guilty of being biased . In addition to international favoritism , a form of bias which has received much attention (United States Gymnastics Federation , 1974; Strauss, 1976; Fie, 1976) , there may also be other kinds of bias created by extraneous factors which influence officials in predictable ways.

Sin ce gymnastics coaches typically rank order their gymnasts from poorest to best for competition in each event , it is possible that such positioning of gymnasts may create the natural expectation that scores will rise appreciably as a within -team order of competition progresses. Although the effects of expectatio ns on a variety of variabl es have been reported (Rosenthal & Jacobsen , 1966; Rosenthal , 1973; Seaver, 1973) , little research has been conducted on the relationship between expectations and physical variables or ratings for physical performances. In one study , however, it was determined that nationally certified male gymnastics judges were influenced by their expectations for the order of appearance of gymnasts (Sc heer & Ansorge , 1975a). Scores for male gymnasts appearing late in the order for their team were significantly higher than scores for the same gymnasts appearing early in the order of competition .

Because of the paucity of research regard ing the effects of expectat ions on the ratings of physical performances , it wou ld seem possible that women's gymnastics may provide a sport in which the bias created by naturally induced expectations could be studied . Since some major differences exist between the judging of women 's and men 's gymnastics, the investigators undertook this study to determine the effects of individual placement of gymnasts within a team order of competition upon the scores awarded by nationally or regionally certified female gymnastics judges.

Procedures Subjects The subjects in this study were the college female gymnasts from five of the eight teams that competed in the Region VI AIAW Gymnastics Champions hips held in Lincoln , Nebraska in March, 1977. Each team could enter up to six gymnasts in each of the four women 's Olympic events .

Judges Seven nationally and three regionally certified female gymnastics judges were selected to participate in this study . Judging teams of four and three members, respectively , were chosen from the eastern half of the United States and one team of three judges was selected from the western half of the country .

None of the se lected judges were off icials at the 1977 Region VI Gymnastics Championships .

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

Design of Experime nt Original videotapes of the 111 gymnasts from five of the teams in the 1977 Region VI AIAW Championships were recorded . From the original videotapes , through ed iting procedures , two sets of tapes were prepared for presentation to the participating judges, each set of tapes includin g all 111 gymnastic routines.

In editi ng the videotapes for the two judging sessions, two gymnastic routines were selected from within each team's order of competition in each event. Gymnastic routines without major faults , such as falls , were chosen.

One of th e selected routines was placed in the first w ithin-team position, the other in the fifth position for the videotapes used in the initial judging session.

Routines appearing in the first and fifth positions were then reversed in the videotapes used in the second judging session . By altering the within-team orders of compet itio n for the two videotapes, scores were col lected for 40 gymnastic routines, each of which appeared once in the first position , and once in the fifth position , within the teams' orders of competition.

Each judging team scored the routines during two judging sessions which were separated by 48 hours. Scheer and Ansorge (1975b) and Wilson (1976) determined that reliable scores cou ld be obta in ed when ju dges scored both live and videotaped gymnastic routines .

Two strategies were followed to prevent judges from realizing the true purpose of this study . First, judges were told , both ora ll y and in written form, that the data would be used to determine if gymnastics meets can be reliably scored by vid eotape replay. Second , gymnastic routines with no major faults were selected to be reversed to reduce the chances of judges recognizing that the orders of competition had been altered.

Standardized Procedures for Data Collection Data for this investigation were collected in September and October, 1977.

Collection of data was standardized according to the following procedures : (a) Sony Model AV 3600 videotape equipment, with a 19-inch monitor, was used in all of the procedures described above; (b) the same female in vestigator conducted all judging sessions ; (c) each judging session was approximately the same length as a competitive session in the AIAW meet; (d) judges were given written in structions not to discuss the routines , the scores which were awarded, or the videota pes ; (e) following each routine , the investigator collected each judge's score and read to them the average score , a procedure which simulated closed scoring in a meet situation in which each judge receives only the partial feedback of the average score ; and (f) each judge was paid $40, a procedure which again simulated a meet situation and encouraged judg es' cooperat ion in the in vestigation.

The last of the three teams of judges was complete ly debriefed regarding the true purpose of th e study. The remaining seven judges were contacted following the completion of the study and also debriefed . All judges signed a co nse nt form , indicating they wished to be invo lved in this study.

Statistical Analysis For the statistical ana lysis emp loyed in this study a Position x Judges x Order (2 x 10 x 2) ANOVA was used (Kirk, 1968, p. 298). Th e two levels of position were (a) scores of the 40 gymnasts when they appeared as the first competi tor for their team and (b) scores for the same gymnasts completing the same routines when they appeared as the fifth competitor for their team . By determini ng the significance of the main effect for position , the hypothesis cou ld be tested that expectat ions created by placement of gymnasts within a team order of competition have no effect on scores awarded by gymnastics judges. Judges was a fixed factor and repeated measure in the ANOVA. The ten levels of this factor were the scores of the ten certified gymnastics officials who participated in this investigation. Order was also a fixed factor in the ANOVA. The two levels of orde r were (a) scores for those 20 gymnasts who were scored first and then fifth for the two judging sessions , and (b) scores for those 20 gymnasts who were scored fifth and then first for the sessions. A p of .05 was se lected to designate the region of rejection for all null hypotheses.

Results

The ana lysis of data (Table 1) yie lded a signif icant Positi on x Judges x Order interaction (F = 3.15) . To explain this interaction it was necessary to further anal.'ze the data by computing a separate 2 x 10 AN OVA for each of the two orders , one analysis for those 20 gymnasts who were judged in a first-fifth order and one for those gymnasts w ho were' judged in a fifth-first order. The Charles J. Ansorge is associate professor, John K. Scheer and James Howard are assistant professors, and Jan Laub is a research assistant in the School of Health , Physical Education, and Recreation , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE 68588. This study was funded by a grant from Nissen Corporation , Cedar Rapids, IA .

5

Table 1- Summary table of ANOVA of Judges' Scores of Gymnasts

Source Order (0) Error Judges (J) J x 0 Error Position (P) PxO Error JxP JxPxO Error

df

MS

F

1 38

2.55 3.99

.64

9 9 342

1.45 .16 .17

8.78' .94

1 38

1.36 .83 13

10.85' 6.63'

9 9 342

.08 .25 .08

.96 3.15'

â&#x20AC;˘ Significant at .05 level.

Tab le 2- Mean scores of judges for orders' First-Fifth Order (N

1st Position Judges Mean Score

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

7.88 7.72 7.64 7.69 7.79 7.73 7.84 8.00 7.85 7.72

~

Fifth-First Order (N

20)

~

20)

5th Position Mean Score

Mean Dilt.

15 Position Mean Score

5th Position Mean Score

Mean Dill .

7.88 7.70 7.73 7.80 8.09 8.03 8.12 8.04 8.06 7.88

.00 -.02 .09 .11 .30 .30 .28 .04 .21 .16

7.92 7.70 7.60 8.01 8.07 7.95 8.08 8.17 8.11 8.03

8.23 7.78 7.70 7.99 7.91 7.94 8.17 8.10 8.05 7.96

.31 .08 .10

-.02 -.16 -.01 .09 -.07 -.06 -.07

. Maximum possible score was 10.

initial analysis to define the interaction revea led that the mean score of the gymnasts significantly improved from 7.79 to 7.93 when they were judged in a first-fifth order (F = 14.84). When the gymnasts were judged in a fifth-first order, however , the nonsignificant change (F = .3 1) in the means was from 7.98 (fifth) to 7.96 (first). See Tab le 2 for mean scores of the judges for the two orders.

Fo r the analys is of the gymnasts who were judged in a fifth-first order, a significant Judges x Position interaction was also found . To further define this interaction ten one-way ANOVAs were computed (one for each judge) to determine the difference between the scores of gymnasts when judged in the first position for their team versus when they were judged in the fifth position for their team. The alpha level for these tests was lowered from .05 to .01 to reduce the chances of committing a Type I error. The results of the ANOVAs revealed that one of the judges scored the gymnastics routines appearing in the first position significantly lower than when they appeared in the fifth pOSition. None of the other mean differences for th e judges was significant.

The main analysis also revealed a significant Position x Order interaction (F = 6.63), indicat ing the first-fifth and fifth-first orders affected the judges in d iffere nt ways. This two-way interaction supported the further analysis of the triple interaction in wh ic h it was found that gymnasts who were judged in a first-f ifth order on the videotapes were eva luated differently than those who were judged in a fifth-first order. Th e Judg es x Position interaction was not significant (F = .96), nor was the Judges x Order interaction (F = .94).

Because a further definition of the significant three-way interaction and the Position x Order interaction revealed that judges were affected differently for the two orders , the F ratio for the position main effect for analysis of data lost some of its meaning. This is because the means for the first position judging and fifth position judging were found by collapsing the scores across the two orders. Even though the scores were analyzed in this manner a significant main effect difference (F = 10.85) was found in favor of the mean score for gymnastic routines judged in the fifth within-team position (M = 7.96) over the mean score for the same routines judged in the first within-team position (M = 7.87). Only one of the ten judges had a lower mea n score for all gymnasts when they appeared as the fifth competitors for th eir team than when they appeared in the first position.

The main effect for judges was also significant (F = 8.78 ), indicating a difference existed among the means of the scores awarded to the gymnasts by the ten judges. Since the purpose of this study was not to determine differences among judges in the scoring of gymnastic routines , no post hoc analyses were computed . The main effect for order was nonsignificant (F = .64), This F ratio indicated a nonsignificant difference between the mean of the 20 gymnasts who were judged in a first-fifth order and the mean of the 20 gymnasts who were judged in a fifth-first order ,

Discussion The results of this investigation support the hypothesis that the position in which female gymnasts appear in their within-team order of competition affects the scores they receive from nationally and regionally certified gymnastics officials. Those 20 gymnasts who were scored in a first-fifth order for the two testing dates were at a significant advantage , scoring .14 higher. when they appeared in the fifth position for their team . Even though those 20 gymnasts who were judged in a fifth-first order were scored only .02 higher in the fifth position , nevertheless the overall position main effect was still significant. This finding is consistent with the results obtained by Scheer and Ansorge (1975a). They found that male gymnasts were scored slightly more than 1/ 10 of a point higher when they appeared in the fourth position for their team than when they appeared in the first position. Therefore , the results of these two stud ies indicate that both men and women gymnastics judges are sign ificant ly influenced by their natural expectations for within-team orders of compet ition .

The .14 advantage experienced by female gymnasts competing in the fifth within-team position instead of the first within-team position is not only statistically significant but also of practical significance. In the 1976 United States Women 's Final Olympic Trials , each competitor completed four sets of routines on each of the four events , for a total of 16 routines . The winning gymnast scored only 1/ 10 of a point higher than the runner-up over all 16 routines, 150.05 to 149.95; the gymnast who finished in the third position was only .05 further behind (Sundby , 1976). In addition, there were some extremely close scores in the 1977 AIAW College National Championships , in which two of the four individual events were won by 1/ 10 of a point or less when scores we re totaled for 2 days (Mascaro , 1977). From these scores it becomes apparent that 1/ 10 of a point can make a considerable dilference in gymnaslics competit ion.

The Position x Judges x Order interaction produced a noteworthy finding for this study. Eight of ten judg es scored 20 gymnasts higher when they appeared fifth in a first-fifth order for the two testing dates (mean difference = .14) .

However, for the 20 gymnasts who appeared in a fifth-first order, four of ten judges scored the gymnasts lower when they were in the first position , while the remaining six scored the gymnasts higher when they appeared in the first position on the second day of testing. It might be suspected that because the judges became familiar with the gymnasts the resulting scores were higher the second day. However, an analysis between the overall means for each day of tesing revealed no sig nifi cant group differences. Although it is doubtful that the judges remembered specific gymnasts , it may be possible that routines appearing in the fifth position on Ihe first day of testing received some sub tl e form of benefit when they appea red in the first position on the second day of testing. Further study is needed to id en tify the factors which produced this differential effect for judging the two orders.

Since the results of two studies now show that both female and male judges are influe nced by their expectations for the within-team pOSition of gymnasts , it would seem that some rather vigorous steps shou ld be taken to reduce this form of bias. Obviously, a gymnast should not be at a disadvantage simply because she competes first for her team or at an advantage because she competes last for her team . One possible recommendation would be to develop films or videotapes simi lar to those used in this investigation to test judges on position bias at certification clinics. In addition to position bias , these videotapes could be planned to test judges over a variety of factors which the cert ifying organizations consider to be important and could be incorporated into the normal practical testing procedures used for certifying judges.

A seco nd suggestion would be to have lectures planned regarding this form of bias for all ce rtification c lini cs. Finally, gymnastics offic ial s should be informed in meetings prior to important regional and nationa l championships of the possible bias created by their expectations for within-team positions o f gymnasts.

References Fie, J . O lympic qualification competition report Hamburg , West GermanyMay 1 and 2, 1976. USGF News , July, 1976, 2-4.

Kirk , R.E. Experimental design procedures for the behavioral sciences.

Belmont, California: Brooks Cole , 1968.

Mascaro, M.F. Clarion State wins AIAWagain , International Gymnast, 1977 . 19.

41-43.

Rosenthal, R. The pygmalion effect lives . Psychology Today, 1973. 7.56-63.

Rosenthal , R., & Jacobsen, L. Teachers' expectancies: Determinants of pupi ls' IQ gains. Psychological Reports , 1966, 19. 115-118.

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

A Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of the Differences of a Successful and Unsuccessful Bail-out Back Uprise on Rings or -

Scheer, J.K., & Ansorge , C.J. Effects of naturally induced judges' expec tatio ns on the ratings of physical performances . Research Quarterly, 1975 , 46, 463471 . (a) Scheer, J .K., & Ansorge , C. J. Reliability and between judge agreement 01 scoring gymnastic routines by video tape replay. Paper presented at the Research Section Meeting of the Centra l District Alliance for Health , Physical Education and Recreation, Overland Park , Kansas. April 1975 . (b) Seaver, W.B. Effects of naturally indu ced teacher expectancies . Journal 01 Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 28, 333-342.

Strauss , B. Moscow news & Rig a 76- women 's compet it ion . USGF News, April , 1976, 26-27 Sundby , G ., (Ed ,), Fina l trials score sheet. International Gymnast, 1976, 18, 37 38, United States Gymnast ics Federation , The Czechoslovak ian women 's national gymnastics team tour. USGF News, June, 1974, 24-29 , Wil son , V, Ob ject ivity, val idity, and re li ab ility of gymnasti c jud ging. Research Quarterly, 1976, 47, 169-174.

WHAT CAUSED THE " PEEL-OFF"?

by Arno Lascari, Ph ,D. James Vest, B.P.E. The University of British Columbia

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Do not accept a meet that you do n't think yo u ca n hand le, 2. Know the " Code ," specific rules in your meet and the " indisputable" ded uct ions, 3. Know your gymnasts and the competi t ive gym nasts. Any unu sual origina l moves expected?

4. Know your judging pane l: strengths , weakness, fatigue fa cto rs, etc, 5, How can a meet be unfairly lost? One tenth at a time: watch the tenths .

6, Be fresh and alert at all times .

7. Be on time for meet ings, 8, Dress appropriately.

9, Be fri endly and visib le, 10, Know the mea ning of an even panel score, 11. In the Fin als , ,05 has a special meaning , 12. Be aware of " halo effects, " 13, Be awa re of posi tio ning effects.

14. Be aware of crowd eff ects, 15, Be aware of home advantages.

16, Internat ional meets have th e best in the World , Acco rdin gly, scores are always high , 17, Be awa re of Head Ju dge se lections , 18, Assume that somethin g will go wrong , be prepared , If all goes we ll- great.

19, Watch for unexp lain ab le h ighn ess o r lowness on certa in eve nts,

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

B o .c;

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INTERNATIONAL JUDGING MANIFESTO - PHASE I Author Unknown

20, Audi t sco res at the end of the meet.

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A rare opportunity presented itself during recent resea rc h filming of ring performance at the University of British Co lum bia. Data was co llected on gymnasts us ing different ring suspensions. O ne of the subjects, attempting a handstand bai l-out to a back uprise, unexpected ly " peeled-off " du ring slow motion fi lming wit h a synchro nous fo rce record .

The joint ce nters, and centers of grav ity of bod y segments were premarked on the subjects. Th e subject studied was a 20 yea r Old , 133 Ib " 66 inch tall allaro und gymnast with 5 yea rs competitive experience and 7 years total gymnasti cs expe rien ce. The gymnast's leve l of ring skill was indicated by an abi lity to pe rf o rm dislocate shoot handstands and bailouts to back uprises but not gi ant sw ings, Th e testing protoco l wa s two tri als with soft ring sp ri ngs, two trials wi t h stiffe r ring spring s, two trials with F,I.G , equivalen t ring springs and finally two tria ls wi th no springs (ce iling joist) , Two subjects were used , The first atte mpt at the no springs setting resulted in th e peel-off by the gymnast in this study, Slow motion (58 fram es per second) 16m m film s were synchronized wit h a st rain gauge tensiometer (measuring cab le tension) recording on a Gou ld transd ucer am plifi er via a strobe light chart marker.

The purpose of th is inves tig ation was to discove r what physical evidence was assoc iated w ith the " pee l-off" and not associated with the successful performance , Trac ings, using a Recordak MPE film reader, were made every tenth frame (Figures 1 & 2), Tracings were mad e for each fram e during the crucia l phase of the two perform ances. Th e initi al st rategy was to look at the tracings super imposed on one another and to note any differences, Assuming the differences may have been responsib le for the pee l-off, the following data for the duration of the two trials was graphed: 1 elbow angle; 2, shoulder angle ; 3. ang le fo rm ed by the centers of grav ity of th e trunk , total body and lower limbs (to indicate the body 's ro tati on) ; 4. trun k an d lower limb ang le; and 5. the hori zontal and ve rti ca l disp lacements o f th e center of grav ity, Most of the da ta was unrevealing and is not presented in the in terest of brevity and the fact that reprod uc ibility of this stu dy co uld be haza rdous to a gymnast.

Motion of the ce nter of gravity was virtuall y identical in the two cases, Rotation of th e body showed some va rian ce, The elbow was fle xed to a greater exten t in the pee l-off (163째 vs. 172째 ) during the phase j ust before the bottom of the sw ing was reached , Th e gymnast felt that the position of th e ring s we re sligh tl y different in the two cases but was not measurable, Any action of the body producing a large r force or " jerk" shou ld have been ref lected in t he force reco rd ings. Figure 3 sh ows a ve ry slight rat e of increase of force (steepness o f the slope) just before the apparent slippin g of the grip before the 3g leve l (3 tim es body weig ht) was rea ched . This may have been the exp lanation for the peel-off (a quicker o nset of force) . The writers, however, dismissed the rate in c rease as too slight or within the rang e of error to be accepted as th e reason for th e loss of grip. The highest force of the pee l-off was approximate ly 3'/2g'S compa red to alm ost 4 '/,g's during the successful performance (Fi gure 3), Also , 5-7g 's have been the norm for giant swings (Dusen bury , Dvo rak , Lascari , and Valliere), The impulse prof il es (tensi le fo rce throughout the performances) fa iled to show any significa nt pattern dev iation between the two trials except a jerky type loss of grip and more importantly a reduced peak force of the pee l-off (Fi gure 3 0,017 seconds before F), The ev id ence apparent ly indicated the subject simpl y lost hi s grip. Th e peel-off in this case was not du e to any abnorma l in c rea se in th e pea k force, One may conclude the loss of grasp was likely due to an insufficient grasp because of a lack of effort. The gymnast felt , in hind sig ht. he had a "sloppy gri p," It is plaus ibl e the gy mn ast was not "wa rmed up " or ready for the performance, especially for the transition from F,I.G , equiva lent sp ring s to the no-spri ngs suspension. The difference, however, was far greater between the earl ier sets of sp ring s compared to the las t tran sition , It is conjectured that perhaps the re li ance on th e dowel type ring grip for a portion of the support Ilas resulted in a lowe r sensitivity betwee n th e hand and th e ring. Furthermore , any leather grip wou ld lik ely tend to lowe r se nsitivity, It is felt by the primary writer that peel-offs have been more co mm o n since the advent of dowe l type rin g gr ip s compa red to bare-ha nd performances (no data to support this) , The writers' estimate of why this pa rti cular pee l-off occ urred, after exami nati on of t he ev id ence , discuss ion with th e gymnast and reflection ove r a period of time , is th at the testing si tuati on (body marked, repeated t rials, a differen t type of exci temen t ) len t itself to a loss o f co ncentration wh ich in turn led to a "loose" grip. Th e gymnast stated he had no warning of th e peel-off which is indicati ve of either inexperience-insensi ti vity and / o r due to the nat ure of the dowel type ring grip itself.

Summary - A Case Study o f a Peel-Off Fact

1. Th e peel-off was not due to a higher load on the grip.

Evidence or lack of it points to this conclusion

2. No substantial physical evidence was found for the peel-off, therefore , it was likely caused by an insufficient grasp due to one or more of the following :

Likely

a. Not concentrating

Poss ibl e

b. Not "warmed up " or " got co ld"

Possible

c. Not accustomed to the tautness of the rings

Possible

d . Inexperience

Poss ible but unl ikely

e. Im proper grip placement

Probable

f. Overdependence on the ring grip

Slig ht evidence

70 FIGURE 2: Successfu l Bailout Back Uprise

3. The peel-off may have been due to a quicker onset of tensile force due to one or more of the following :

Some evidence

a. Greater elbow flexion-extension during the " hitting the bottom" of the sw in g prior to peeloff .

Some eviden ce

b . Greater rotation of the body during the descent of the peel-off trial.

Gym nast 's observation but likely not significant

c. Different ring position between the trials.

Succe ss ful

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References : Dusenbury , James. A Kinetic Comparison of Forward and Reverse Swings on the St ill Rings as Performed by Gymnasts with Vary ing Body Types .

Unpublished Master's Thesis , the University of Massachusetts, 1968.

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FRAMES ( PEE L- OFF)

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Dvorak , Robert H . A Kinematic Compariso n Between the Bent and St raight Arm Giant Sw ing s on the Still Rings Using Cinematographica l Analysis , Ph .D. Dissertation, the University of New Mexico, 1973.

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P[E L- OFF

Lascari , Arno . Unpublished data based on the same instrumentation described in thi s article, 1980.

FIGURE 3: Cable Tension of a Successful Bailout Back Uprise and an Unsuccessful Bailout Attempt (Peel-Off)

Valliere, Andre. Kinetic and Kinematic Ana lysis of the Backward Giant Swing on the Still Rings in Gymnastics, Univers ity o f Oregon Microfiche, 1976.

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FIGURE 1: Unsuccessful Bailout (Pee l-off) Note: Gymnast was not injured!

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Tim Daggett at the McDonatdsl USGF Gymnastics Championship of the USA, Syracuse, NY, June

1982 USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

U.S.G.F. SANCTIONING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

competitive even ts . Further, tour events w ill not contain any element of competition through scoring or otherwise comparing of performances for purposes of ranking them . Tours and exh ibiti ons are events as defined above involving USA ath letes and/ or occurring in the U.S.A. (Note: Any manifestation which includes both the elements of a tour and of a competition shal l be co nsidered a competition.)

SECTION A. IN TRODUCTIONS

0-2. U.S.G.F. Sanctioning Policies as stated in Sections Band C herein also apply to tours and exhib itions .

A-1 Authorization: Th e United States Gymnasti cs Federation (U.S.G.F.) is the so le governing body for the United States of America for the sports of artistic gymnastics for men and women and for rhythmic gymnastics. The U.S.G.F. receives its authorization from the United States Olympic Committee (U .S.O.C.). where it is a gro up A member; from the Internationa l Gymnastics Fede rati on (FIG) ; and from the International Olympic Committee (I.O .C.).

SECTION E. SANCTIONING PROCEDURES FOR ALL EVENTS (COM PETITIONS, TOURS, AND EXHIBITIO NS).

E-1 . The U.S.G.F., as the governing body for gymnastics in the United States, must consider the issuance of sanctions for those events as defined in this U.S.G .F. Sanctioning Polici es and Procedures.

A-2 Events: Sanctions and authorizations for the conduct of competitive and/ or exh ibition events in the sports of rhythmic and art isti c gymnastics will , wi thin the gu id elines and constraint conta ined he rein , be considered by the U.S.G.F. Events between gym nastics teams from the USA and other nations, along with certain other designated domestic events which fall under th e aeg is of the U.S.G.F. wi ll be cons idered for sa nct ion by the U.S.G.F. Sa nctio nin g Com mittee.

E-2 . U.S.G.F. Regional Chairpersons are empowered only to approve sanct ions for U.S.G. F. sponsored meets at loca l, sectiona l, state and regional levels as well as designated zone competitions, but within the constraints listed in these Sanctioning Policies and Procedures. (See Women 's Committee Policies and Procedures, Chapter 8, Sect ion A; and Men's Program Guidelines and Coaching Manual, Section 3, II , C, "Co mpetition Sites," p. 52.

SECTION B. SANCTIONING POLICIES - DOMESTIC EVENTS

E-3. These sa ncti oning policies and procedures apply not only to even ts not bei ng formally co nducted by and for th e U.S.G.F. itself, but also to organ izations who are const itu en t members of the U.S.G. F. or those organizations who otherwise conduct gymnastics programs and/ or events other than closed events as defin ed in B-1-c.

B-1 . A domestic event which requ ires a sancti on by the U.S.G. F. Sa nctioni ng Commi ttee is an event which meets all the following requirements : a. Takes place in the United States b. In vo lves athletes from the U.S.G.F. Elite Men 's and Women's National Teams (both Jr. & Sr.) c. Is not a closed competition . Closed events are limited by membership restriction to a specific organ izati on (example: YMCA National Championships , NCAA National Cha mpionships). A closed event must be administered under the administrati ve supe rvis ion of that sponsoring organization to be co nsidered a closed event. (Note: Any even t involving ath letes from two (2) or mo re di ff ere nt domesti c orga nizat io ns which . spo nsor gymnast ics is an open competiti on and must rece ive a U.S.G .F. sanc tion from thE U.S.G. F. If the compet ition is to be utilized as a Junior Olympic Age Group Program qua lifi cation meet, such meet wou ld require a U.S.G.F. sanction even if considered a closed event.

NOTE: Meets designated as " zone" meets must be so desigr)ated by action of the Women 's Committee on a meet-by-meet bas is.

8-2 . All domestic competiti ons require a sanction by the U.S.G.F. Sanction Committee if th ey involve U.S. G.F. National Team Members, unless they are closed competiti ons as defined in B-1-c.

SECTION C. SANCTIONING POLICY - INTERNATIONAL EVENTS On ly the U.S.G.F., by virtu e of IOC and the FIG mandates, may invite or autho rize foreign gymnast event participation in the US. C-1 . An International Event is any event wh ich involves any USA gymnast(s) and meets either of the following requirements : a. Takes place outside the United Sta tes b. Involves anyone who is not a United States cit izen NOTE: This does not apply to foreign ath letes resid in g in the US and participat in g in closed event competitions.

C-2. No organ ization ho ldin g membersh ip in the U.S.G. F. or form w itho ut the U.S.G .F. may orga nize, arrange for, or co nduct an internati onal gymnastics eve nt involving gymnasts from the U.S.G. F. o r any other orga ni zat ion conduc tin g gymnastics competit ions or tours in the United States, unless a sancti on has been applied for and approved in writing from the U.S.G. F. Sa nction Committee.

C-3. Normal courtesy between member nations of the FIG requires ind ividual clubs or schoo ls seeking to arrange international exchanges must app ly for a U.S.G.F. sanction pursuant to U.S.G.F. Sanctioning Procedures as states in sec tion E-2 herein. This app li es even if competitions are schoo l-to-school , club-to-club, etc. (A rticle 9b, FIG Statutes).

SECTION D. TOURS AND EXH IBITIONS 0 - 1 Tours and ex hibiti ons are defined as eve nts which are co ndu cted as a show of gymnastics skill on ly , in any or all events recognized as IOC o r FIG USGF TECHN ICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

E-4. SANCTIONING PROCEDURES. The following steps must be followed in order to obtain a sanct ion for events which require them: Step 1. A Sanct ion Application Form must be requested in writing at least ninety (90) days in advance of the event. Forms may be obtained from: Executive Director U.S.G.F. P.O. Box 7686 Fort Worth, Texas 761 11 Step 2. Comp leted application forms must be received by the following two peop le at least 75 days prior to th e proposed event: 1) Executive Director U.S.G.F. P.O. Box 7686 Fort Worth , Texas 76111 2) Chairperso n - U.S .G .F. Sancti o n Co mm ittee (Note : Chairperson of th e U. S.G. F. Sancti on ing Com mittee is cu rren tl y: Dr. Mimi Murray Sprin gfi eld College Spring field , MA 01109 Step 3. The Sanctio ning Committee wi ll meet to consider the Sanction Application Form based upon the criteria con tained in the U.S.G.F. Sanct ioning Po li cies and Procedures. Consideration of U.S.G. F. program integ rity , and any financia l considerations which may be adverse to the U.S. G.F. wi ll also be factors affect in g sanctio ni ng approval or den ial.

Step 4. The Chairperson of the Sanction ing Co mmittee will instruct the Executive Director to notify the app li can t in writing of the decision of the Sanc ti on Comm ittee sixty (60) days pr ior to the eve nt.

Section F. Fees. If a sanct ion is awa rded , the sanction fee w ill be set by the U.S. G.F. Sanct io n Committee. The U.S.G. F. retains the right to retain television sa les of the event unless otherwise negotiated.

SECTION G. HEARING PROCEDURE AND PENALTIES G-1 . Hearing. If a violat ion of this policy occurs, the U.S.G. F. Exec utive Commi ttee will sc hedule a hearing to review the case. The Chi ef Exec utive Officer (C.E.O.) of the al leged offend ing organ izatio n and the all eged offe ndin g individ ua l wi ll be notified in wri tin g of the time and place fo r the hea ring at least fifteen (15) days prior to the scheduled hearin g. If they elect to, the C.E.O. of the all eged offend in g organ izati o n along w ith the ind ividu a l alleged to have made the vio lation may attend the hearing at their ow n expense to present their views.

9

G-2. Penalties. If a violation is deem ed to have taken place, th e U.S.G.F. Exec utive Committee sha ll levy a pen alty deemed to be cons istent with the degree of damage done the United States Gy mnast ics Federati o n.

9. I hereby attest that the fol lowi ng co nditi ons wi ll exist at the event: a. Insurance coverage for all spectators, USGF off icials administrators , and participants in the minimum amounts of one million dollars compre hens ive genera l li ab ility, fift y thousand dollars hospital and med ica l expense, and ten thousand do ll ars accidenta l death and di sm embe rm ent.

Pena lti es may be lev ied in the fo llowing catego rie s: a. If the offense is dee med to be national in scope and deemed to have been perpetrated by an o rganization (e.g . a nati onal o r international level competiti on o r tour), the off end in g national organization may be sus pended fo r a period o f time up to one (1) year from th e U.S.G.F . Board of Directors.

b. All equipment meets FIG standards or is FIG approved . c. A ll telev isio n rights are assigned to the USGF. (Un less oth erwise previous ly agreed upon in writing.)

b. If the offe nse is deemed to be on ly loca l or reg ional in sco pe and deemed to have been perpetrated by an organization, then the offending school or c lub, may be suspe nded from all U.S. G .F. co mpetiti ons for a peri od of time up to one (1) yea r, inc luding the U.S.A. Championsh ips. c. If the offense is either international , nationa l, o r local in scope , and is deemed to have been perpetrated by an individual athlete, that athl ete may be suspended from participation in all internati ona l team membership or rotation fo r a peri od of up to one year. Additiona ll y, the suspended athlete wi ll be suspended from rece iving any ot her finan cial aid by th e U.S.G. F. for the same period of time .

Adopted by the USGF EXECU TI VE COMM ITTEE - June 17, 1982.

d. (If a competiti on) Officials are properly and currently certified and dul y assig ned pursuant to U.S.G .F. Ru les and Po li cies for competit ions . e. A properly certified athl etic trainer or phYSician be present for all training and performances surrounding the event. f.

An adequate training or emergenc y first aid fa c ility and suppli es be avai lab le during all training and perform ances su rrounding th e event.

Signatu re: _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Title: Note: Mail two copies of this Sanc ti on Appli cation Form . One copy to Execu ti ve Director, USGF - P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth , Texas 761 11 and one copy to Ms. Mimi Murray, Chairperson - USGF Sanction Committee, Spr ingfi eld Co ll ege, Springfield , MA01109. Completed application forms must be rece ived by both parti es no later th an nin ety (90 days) pr ior to th e eve nt.

United States Gymnastics Federation Sanction Application Form This form must be co mpleted and submitted to both the U.S.G.F. Chairperson of the Sa nction Committee and the Executive Director , at least ninety (90) days prior to the sched ul ed date of the competit ion or ex hibiti on.

USGF Sanctioning Policies and Procedures INTERPRETATIONS

1. NAME OF EVENT: _____________________________________

2. SI TE OF EVENT: _____________________________________

rhe following are answers to quest ions that may arise:

3. NAME OF FAC I LlTY: _ _________________________________

O.

If my high school tea m meets another high sc hoo l, do I need to app ly for USGF Sa nctio n?

A.

Nol Thi s is considered a c losed meet. Th e same appli es to club to club .

YMCA to YMCA , Univers ity to Uni versi ty, etc . (B-1 -c)

O.

If my co llege team travels to a foreign country fo r a competiti on , do I need a U.S.G .F. sanction?

A.

Yes! Thi s is mandated by the FIG Statutes and app lies any time fore ign athl etes are involved in competition w ith USGF National team members.

(C-3)

O.

Does thi s mean that if we invite a fore ign at hl ete o r ath letes to the USA to join us in a competition , th at we must have a USG F sanct ion?

A.

Yes . (C-3)

O.

What if I run a Class II USGF meet forgirl s? Do I need a U SG F Sa nc ti on for that?

A.

Yes, but si nce th at is an interna l event of th e USGF, that sanc ti on can be g ive n by the regi onal c hairperso n of the Women 's Committee. (B- 1-d)

O.

Maya Women 's Committee award a sanction for an event not deSignated as a " c losed " event?

A.

No . Th ey only issue sa ncti o ns pursuant with Women 's Rul es and Policies. rh ey may onl y iss ue sa ncti ons fo r eve nts which invo lve athletes who are not national team members , or sanc ti ons for competitions that do not invo lve athl etes from more than one consti tu ent USGF organizat ion o r a foreign count ry. In th ese cases th e sanc tion must be app lied for with the USG F sancti on commi ttee . (B-1-C an d B-2)

O.

Then th ere must be more th an one kind of USGF sanction?

A.

Yes , th ere are three:

4. NAME OF ORGANIZATION SPONSORING EVENT: _ ___________

5. NAM E A ND TITLES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS GOVERNING COM PETITION (i.e. meet directo r, USGF representati ve , and meet refere e, etc .)

1.

2.

3.

6. Year Eve nt was founded _ _ __ _ 7. If the event has been conducted previous ly, please provide a history of financial info rmat ion for the past three years:

Yea r

Gross Incom e

Even t Expense

Net Incom e

$ -- $ -- $-- $

Di stributi on to Participants

Final Net

$ --

8. Spo nso r: Li st spo nsors for the competiti o n along w it h what th ey are provid ing:

2.

3.

4.

5.

10

1. Women 's Committee Sanction . Issued for Women 's Committee class level meets, at the local , state , and regional level along with designated nationa l meets (e .g. Cha mpi ons hips, and the Jrl Sr , bu t " 0t Elite.

Women's Champ ions hips) . See Women 's Rules and Policies , Ch 8, Sanctions.

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

2. Men's Juni or Olympic Board .

Issued only for regional junior competitions . See Men's Program Guide lines and Coaching Manual, Section 3, II C " Competition Site." p. 52 .

financial loss resulting from the gymnast's absence from work or basic occupation , on account of preparation for . or participation in , the Olympic Games, Wo rl d Championsh ips , or oth er aut horized international gymnastics events , may be paid. In no circumstances sha ll payment under this provision exceed the sum which the competitor wou ld have earned in the same period .

3. USGF Sanctioning Committee . Any meet that involves national tea m members. either domestic or international more than one organization or foreign ath letes they must apply with this commi ttee. See USGF Sanctioning Policies and Procedures.

O.

If I host a competition that involves a national team member or members. must I have a sanc ti on?

A.

Yes. w ith only one exce ption - a meet that is defined as a "c losed" competition . (B-1-c and B-2)

The gymnast may receive compensat io n under this rule , for up to sixty (60) days in th e year prior to the event for which such training , including the event itself, is being conducted; and no more than thirty (30) days of that tim e period may be consecutive .

B. Per Diem/ Pocket Monies Gymnasts from the United States, and those from visiting nations may receive pocket monies all owa nce of $8.00 per day, for the length of thei r tour o n offi c ially spo nsored trips by th e USG F. These monies are specifically all ocated for incidental expe nses in connection wi th suc h events.

O . What if I inadvertently violate th e USGF sanctioning policy?

Your organ ization or c lub (depending upon the nature of th e infraction) cou ld be subject to suspension from the USGF Board (o rganization) or from USGF competiti ons (c lub or school) for up to two years . (G-2)

A.

Per diem, sha ll be determined by the USGF in conjunction with the hosts or co-spo nsors for specific events , and shall cons ist of room and board, travel arrangements (within the area) and other formal gathering s in con nection with the eve nt and sha ll consist of appropriate meals and housing as may be necessary for the conduct of the event with the approva l of the USGF.

O . Can I appea l the charges that I have committed a vio lation ?

A.

Yes . you have the right to a hearing before the USGF Executive Comm ittee. (G-1)

O.

Can a "c losed" meet be an international meet?

A.

No. The term " c losed" refers on ly to a domestic meet wi thin a given USGF co nst ituent organ izati on. (B-1-c)

III.

SCHOLARSHIPS/DEVELOPMENT FUNDS A. A gymnast may accept academic and technical schola rships for their preparation and participation in gymnastics competitions app roved or sa ncti oned by the USGF.

EQUIPMENT POSITION STATEMENT B. A gymnast may accep t academic and technical scho larsh ips for gym nast ics preparation and participation granted on the basis of and fulfillment of scholast ic ob lig at ions but no t on ath let ic prowess .

r o provide the best possible protection for the USGF, the USGF should award sancti ons for meets where on ly the equipment from F.I.G. approved compan ies is used. Howeve r, equipment compan ies that are not F.I. G. approved ca n be used if they show written proof of F.I.G . specifications being met as ver ified by a statement from a registered certified engineer; also

C. A gymnast may accept monetary assistance during approved periods of training, including participation in competitions approved or sanctioned by the USGF. Such assistance sha ll be limited to Olympic Games, World Championships. Regional Games. National Championships and major internat ional competitions. Such assistance may include payment for food , housing , transportation , coaching , medical care and insurance, sports equ ipm ent, and a sum per day for the number of days related to an eve nt as an ind em nity against petty expenses. Such assistance is to be pa id by or thro ugh the USG F.

rl1at proof of in surance be furnished by the company and a promise made by sa id company to indemnify the USGF against all c laims and damages IIlcluding liab ility and punitive damages. This insurance must assume the li ab ility of the USGF and carry at least $10.000.000 coverage. rhese companies wou ld then be placed on an "app roved USGF equipment list " and this list would be sent to all USGF members who will need and request USGr sanctions.

IV.

Furthermore, the USGF stresses that there is no intention of discriminating against any company . nor do we wish to discourage new. innovative products . as we are o nly interested in the overall safety and development in gymnastics at all leve ls in the United States.

Ado pted by the USGF Exec utive Committee - January 1982.

B. Gymnasts may recei ve uniforms and other travel appare l from the USGF for National Te am travel to foreign nations for international competitions . Such other items as may be donated to entrants in USGF events by sponsors , are allowable insofar as they are presented to all entrants and carry personalized markings to specify the event. They are to be presented by the USGF and are the property of the USGF (for a spec ifi ed period of time) . A gymnast may not conve rt into cash any award , gift or uniform won or accepted in gymnastics competition .

ELIGIBILITY STATUS I.

AMATEURISM A. An amateur gymnast is one who engages in gymnastics for educational , physical , mental , recreational , and social benefits der ived therefrom and to whom participation in the sport of gymnastics is an avocation.

B. Gymnasts, en tered for comp etition by the USGF, must be amate urs acco rding to the Rules of the USGF, FIG (Art. 38), USOC and IOC (Rule 26 and its by-laws).

C. In accordance with the regulations set forth by the Nati onal and International Federations the USGF will assume responsibility for th e protection and support of its athletes.

II.

COMPENSATION A. Broken Time Payments Compensation authorized by the USGF . in case of necessi ty to cover

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

AWARDS, GIFTS, UNIFORMS A. Awards , presented on the basis of places obtained during competition, should have no intrinsic va lu e, and be symbolic of the sport. the eve nt or some combination thereof, and appropriate for the event bei ng conducted. Money or merc handise may not be awa rd ed for competitive exce ll ence or for specific ach ievement or placing in any competitive event approved and sanctioned by the USGF .

V.

ADVERTISING A.

In accordance with regulations set forth by the National and International Governing Bodies , a gymnast may not all ow hi s person , name, picture or sports performance to be used for advertising , except when his or her Nati onal or International Federation enters into a contract for sponsorship or equipment. All payments must be made to the National or International Federation concerned , and not to the ath lete.

B. Approp riate logos, including tradema rks of manufacturers who have donated or oth erwise supp li ed equipment for events , teams or individuals on USGF Teams, are allowed so long as such companies have in effect a working contract between said company and the National Office of the USGF . Such trademarks shall be properly placed and in keeping with th e companies normal policies of use o f such trade marks, as well as meet the approval of the USGF. Log os , 11

tradema rks , and names on eq uipm ent is allowed , if in ag reemen t w ith the USGF's co ntract for providing the equipment for the event speci fi ed.

USGF

C. Advertisement of alcoholic beverag es, tobacco products . or patent medicine shall not be allowed by th e USGF.

MATERIALS

D. A gymnast sha ll not be allowed to carry advertis ing material on his person or clothing in the Olympic Games, World Champ ionships, Reg ional Games, National or International events , and National events under patronage of the International or National Federation , other than trademark on technical equipment or clothing as approved by the International or National Federation .

CLEARANCE SALE

E. A gymnast may permit his name , photograph , or personal appearance to be used for news reports or to pub licize a competition or exhibition approved or sanctioned by the USGF providing suc h use is not also directly associated with commercial advertising .

VI.

TELEVISION AND MOVIE APPEARANCES A. A gymnast may appear on television talk shows , television commercia ls, movi es or other shows not involving strictly performan ce of routines , or such performance as might be based solely on gymnastics ski ll s and their performance ; provided the fees in connection with such appearance are paid d irect lytothe USGF, or in such other cases as may be approved by the USG F for payment to an institution or club that the sponsors provide adequate accounting records to insure that the payments have in fact , been directed to the institution or club so named to receive the fees and not directed to the institution or club so nam ed to receive the fees and not directly accrue to the gymnast involved.

B. A gymnast shall not be allowed to carry advertising material on his person or clothing in the Olympic Games, World Championships .

Regional Gam es, National or International events, and National eve nts under patronage of the International or National Federati on, other than trademark on technical equipment or clothing as approved by the International or National Federat ion.

VII. CLEARANCE ITEMS Please spec ify quantity . ) BB II USGF BELT BUCK LE ) H6 USGF HAT ) WC5 USGF WOMAN'S CAP ) RK13 USGF REG ISTERED KEYCHA IN ) TS10 USGF TUBE SOCKS

COST

QUANTITY

TOTAL

$3.50 $3.50 $3.50

PARTICIPATION A. In order to be eligible for participation and competition in gymnastics, an athlete cannot have been registered as a professional coac h in any sport, or signed a contract as a professional athlete or professional coach in any sport prior to the official closing of an international or national competition.

B. An amateur gymnast cannot compete, train , coach or give exhibitions for payment received, directly or indirectly, in money or in kind orior material advantage or benefit.

C. An amateur cannot bet or wager on any gymnastics competition .

$2.25 $3.00

Total Postage Amount Tota l Item $ Amount Tota l Amount Enclosed Name or Initials _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ Address City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ State _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

D. An amateur gymnast shall not capitalize on his athletic fame through the promotion and selling of goods and services, or engaging in pay or financial benefit in an occ upation or business transaction wh erein the usefulness or value arises chief ly from the publicity given to the reputation of fame secured from the participation in gymnastics. rather than the ability to perform the usual and natural acts and duties incidental to such occupation or transaction.

E. An amateur gymnast may not participate in a competitive event or ex hibition , adve rtising or television appearances without the approva l or sanction of said participation by the USGF. F. An amateur gymnast shall be excluded from participation in gymnastics if in the practice of sport and the opinion of the USG F, manifestly contrave ned the spirit of fair play in the exercise of sport , particularl y through doping or violence .

VIII. ELIGIBILITY COMMITTEE

Please send check or money order to USGF P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth, Texas 76111

A. Th ere shall be a Committee on Eligibility appointed by the USG F Exec utive Direc tor and approved by th e Board of Direc tors .

Prices subject to change without prior notice Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery Prices effective Oct. 31, '82 No C.O .D. or bill me orders accepted

B. The Committee on Eligibility shall be charged with the responsibi lity of overseeing compliance with the International and National Rul es of Eligibility as defined by the IOC, USOC, FIG and USGF. C. The Committee on Eligibi lity shal l recommend to the Board of Directors such ac tion as it dee ms des irable to reconcile or adjudicate

12

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

any differences or conflicts that may exist between the eligibility rules.

D. The Committee on Eligibility shall be charged with the responsibility of receiv ing the provisions of the amateur eligib ility statutes which guarantee the right of amateur athletes to participate in protected competitio ns and which prevent the imposition of sanctions as a result of such participation. It shall recommend to the Executive Board such action as it deems desirable to reconcile any differences or conflicts that may exist pursuant to inconsistent Eligibi lity Ru les and interpretations of USGF constituent member's organizations.

IX.

USGF

BOOKSTORE Midway through the summer isn't it about time one considered buying those much needed reference sources for next fall 's coaching and training needs?

ENFORCEMENT A. Violation of Eligibility Statutes of the laC, USOC, FIG, or USGF shall result in disciplinary action of the amateur status of the gymnast.

B. The gymnast shall be apprised of the accusations and violations of the Eligibility Statutes by the USGF Executive Director.

C. The amateur status of the gymnast shall be received by the Eligibility Committee. The gymnast shall have the right of hearing and the right of appea l to the Elgibility Committee. The gymnast shall be advised in writing prior to his or her appearance before the committee of the genera l procedures to be followed during the hearing .

D. Appropriate disciplinary or corrective action , as determined by the Eligibility Committee and approved by the USGF Execut ive Committee may include: Reprimand , restriction of participation , probation, suspension or expulsion of the amateur status of the gymnast, after the hearing .

Present:

Les Sasvary (Chairman) MEN 'S PROGRAM COMM ITTEE MINUTES Fred Ro ethlisberger (Sec retary) Conference Call , January 8. 1982 Bill Roetzheim Jay Whelan Ed Burch Don Gutzler Mas Watanabe Abie Grossfeld 1. Discussion took place regarding the necessity of schedu ling a Men's Program Committee meeting. A meeting was scheduled to take place in conjunction with the Ame ri can Cup. March 6 in New York , New York.

2. Athlete Assignments: Japan vs USA in Japan , January 25 - February 2 1. Wallace Miller 2. Peter Vidmar 3. Scott Johnson 4. Tim Daggett 5. Phi l Cahoy 6. Mario McCutcheon 7. Roy Pallassou National Coach and Assistant Coach American Cup, March 6 & 7 and Mixed Pairs: Hartung . Vidmar, Conner and personal

coaches.

Hungary vs US A, March 13, Atlantic City, New Jersey: Scott Johnson, Mario McCutcheon , Mitch Gaylord, Wally Miller, Roy Pallassou, Tom Beach, Chris Riegal, National Coach and Assis tant Coach .

USA vs China, March 26 & 27, UCLA: Jim Hartung, Peter Vidmar, Scott Johnson, Phil Cahoy , Tim Daggett, Mario McCutcheon , Mitch Gaylord , National Coach an d Assistant Coach .

USA vs Soviet Union , April 17 & 18, Gainesville, Florida: Bart Conner, Jim Hartung , Peter Vidmar, Scott Johnso n , Phil Cahoy, Tim Daggett Mario McCutcheon , National Coach and Assistant Coach .

Daily Mirror Champions All , April 3, London , England: Dennis Hayden , Yoichi Tomita -

coach .

Moscow Riga end of March - start of April : one of non-collegiate seniors based on rank, traveling with personal coach of highest ranked gymnast. Tentatively Mario McCutcheon .

Hungarian Invitationa l, April 7-11 : Two Seniors based on rank who have not participated internationally to this date.

Tentatively Brian Babcock and Matt Biespiel with coac h of highest rank ed gymnast.

DDR Invitational , April 16-17: Highest ranked gymnast who has not participated internati onally to this date. Tentatively Mark Casa along with pe rsonal coach .

3. There will be a full team meet wi th China in Ch ina in June o r July.

4. Playboy would like to sponsor the Men 's Post Graduate Championships on May 14 & 15.

5. Discussion took place regarding the desirability of selecting a National Coach through 1984. It was decided that the present system of selecting a National coach for a year should be retained .

6. Les Sasvary moved that Abie Grossfeld be the 1982 USA National Team Coach .

Seconded by Bill Roetzheim . Passed unanimously.

Abi e Grossfeld named as Assistant Coach, Makoto Sakamo to and the committee approved the appOintment.

Meeting was adjourned .

Submitted by Fred Roethlisberger, Secretary

------------------------USGF Bookstore Order Form Quantity Tota l

$20,00_CPW2 Code of Points-Women CRW4 1982-1984 USGF National Nationa l Compulsories for Women (2nd Edition) $5.00 - - - EPW5 USGF Rules & Policies and El ite . Program Book for Women $6,00 - - - GCM6 USGF Men's Program Guidelines and Coach ing Manual $15,00 - - - -

Book Rate Postage: 1-2 Books $1,25/ 3-5 Book. $2 ,50/ 0ver 6 Books $3.00 Postage Airma il: 1-2 Books $3,00/3-5 Books $4 .00 / 0ver 6 Books add $1.00 per book to $3.00 rate .

Tota l Postage Amount Total Item $ Amount Total Amount Enclosed Name or tnitlals _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5tate _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip

, Please send check or money order to U5GF P,O. Box 7686, Fori Worth , Texas 76111 Prices sublect to change without prior notice Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery No C,O.D. or bill me orders accepted Prices effective until Jan. 1, '83

FRED ROETHLISBERGER Minutes approved and corrected 1-27-82.

U5GF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/JUNE '82

13

------------------------------------------------------ --------~

Congress Registration Form*

o Current

Cost (inc luding Banquet) S40 / person ** Cost (exc luding Banquet) S30/ person * *

SEPT

23·26

'Be

Member of U.S.G.F

NAME: ADDRESS: ____________________________________________ CITY: ___________________ STATE: ___________ ZIP:

CONGRESS AMERICANA HOTEL

FORT WORTH,' TEXAS

PHONE: ___________________

""'--.)

Please check appropriate boxes: Please Return Registration to: USGF Congress '82 Box 7686 Fort Wo rth, TX 76111 For Further Information call: 817-485 -7630

Area of Interests:

0 Administration 0 Business 0 Coach ing DJudging DSport Sc iences 0 Other ( Are You: 0 Coach 0 Instructor 0 Judge 0 Medical Personnel, Trainer, etc. o Teacher 0 Other ( ) Is Your Program: 0 Pre-school 0 Elementary School o High School o Univers ity o Private Club 0 Other ( ) • Please enclose check or money ord er with registration form .

•• Late Reg istra ti on Fee $5.00 + Congress Fee. if received after Sept. 5th

USGF

BACK ISSUES

Our entire 1981 catalog of back issues (6 issues) is available in this special package price of $6.00 (while supply lasts). We 'll also include the Mar / April 1982 issue of USGF GYMNASTICS covering the 82 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS and as an added incentive we'll throw in Vol. 3, No.2 of WORLD GYMNASTICS FIG's official publication. Eight issues in all for only $6.00.

FOR

GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL Purpose of the Publication: The USGF Technical Journal IS an educational publication which originates at the Untted States Gymnastics Federation (USGFI It is an official publication . The USGF Technical Journal IS designed as an Instrument of transfernng the most current educational Information In all aspects of education and coaching which would be applicab le to the multi-faceted sport of gymnasllcs . Athletic Training , Growth and Motor Oevelopme~t, Behavional and Sports Psychology. Muscle Physiology, Nutrition, Biomechanics, Sports Medicine. etr . - as well as pertinent technical information - Committee Meeting minutes and reports , survey evaluation, changes In rules and policies of competition , etc., to aid our professional members In the quest to keep up with changes effecting our constantly growing sport. Presently, the USGF Technical Journal is a benefit for the Professional Membershi p; its circulation is limited to the coaches , Judges, medical personnel. and educators / decision-makers involved in the sport .

Preparation of Articles for Submission : Please follow a uniform format of preparing articles for submission in order to provide the most efficient channel through the evaluation and review process. The following should be included in submissions:

$6.00

MORE

1. An original type copy , double spaced on 8 V2 x 11 inch paper .

2. An abstract, on a separate psge, a short summary of procedure and explanallon of study or article conten t (not more than 150 words) .

3. A shor t biographical paragraph on a separate page of the author o r authors accompanied by a small photo (2 V2 x 3Yi ·) of the author.

4 . References on a separate sheet double spaced in co nsecu t ive order , using Index Medicine style (authors name - la st name first. name of book, city, publisher, year, page numbers) journal r~ferences , should follow same format (author, name of article, Journa l name, vo lume, pages, year).

5. Duplicates of pictures and diagrams or figures (black and white preferred) With sharp detail . Also include explanations (captions) of pictures and diagrams on a separate

We'll send you 10 assorted back issues of USGF GYMNAS~/CS ('78- '80) to complete your gymnastics library with the nation's most comprehensive publication in the sport.

sheet.

Photograph release - a letter of re lease from any identifiable subject in photos that are included in the article unless the face or eyes are obscurred. Letter should be signed by subject, parent or guardian.

6. Title page conSisting of an informative title, autl,or's .name and complete institutional or professional add re ss.

Guest edi torials shou ld be submitted following the same format for submission as listed, with the possible exclusion of numbers 2 and 4 of the above.

Submission of Articles for Publication: Written articles will ·be accepted for revi ew and possible publication in the following procedure. First the articles are sent to :

PROGRAMS

Managing Editor, Department of Publications

Past programs ranging from the first USSR tour in 1975 to the more recent INTERNA TlONAL INVITATIONAL. Eight programs in all for the package price of $6.00.

USGF P.O. Box 7686 Fort Worth. TX 76111 \\'UllC \\

(

11.\.\JJ~,U~~IJII'''' 101,

f ..: U ' .

~'''~'r:

0 0

0

1981 Back Issues!6 Issues Plus 2 10 Assorted Back Issue Package Program Package Total Postage Amount Total Item

forward copies to the appropriate USGF Sports Advisory Committee members for review. On receiving their review, copies of the article will go ~o the Managing Editor and Executive Director for final approval for pub lication .

If it is necessary for the article to be edited or revised in order to improve the effectiveness of communication to a wide variety-level of readers, the author will receive the edited article prior to publishing for their approval.

BACK ISSUES FORM 56.00 $6.00 $6.00

Upon receipt of the article, to the USGF office, the research coordinator will review and

S Amount

Total Amount Enclosed

All correspondence will be addressed to the Author submitting the article, unless otherwise requested ..

• If the article or parts of have been submitted and / or published by another publ ication, a comple te name and address of the Editor and Publication should accompany the article upon submission to the USGF in orde r to follow proper procedures of publishing and to receive approval to reproduce the article in the USGF publication .

Request for Reprints of Articles

Name or Initials _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ These requests should be made directly to the author .

Name Address

USGF GYMNASTICS MAGAZINE

City

The USGF GYMNASTICS magazine services 1he entire gymnastics community 1hrough USGF Professio nal. Gold Card or Athlete membership, or 1hrough magazine subscrip1ions - USGF GYMNASTICS, P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth .

Texas 76111 . USGF GYMNASTICS is designed to provide the ath lete and all enthusiasts of 1he spon of gymnas1ics with the most current picture of national and in1ernat ional events, results and trends which effect them directly.

Con1ribu1i ng articles and gues1 opinions are encouraged to help progressively define and guide 1he spon of gymnastics.

State _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Please send check or money order to USGF

P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth, Texas 76111 Prices subject to change without prior notice Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery No C.O.D. or bill me orders accepted Prices effective until Jan. 1, '83

USGF TECHNICAL JOURNAL/ JUNE '82

15

\)~ited States

The winning team with the perfect score on benefits.

Join the winning team . Over 125,000 gymnasts and over 700 clubs are members . We offer even more in 1981 -82 than before .

Everyone scores perfect with these benefits: USGF Club Membership. By enrolling 100 % of the club staff and students as USGF General Members, your club would automatically receive a million dollars of Comprehensive General Liability.

The intent of this program is to insure that the club and parent or guardian will not be burdened by medical costs not covered by other programs , and that the club and its personnel are adequately covered for their liability exposure. Individual General Members receive $50,000 excess medical coverage. Some of the club benefits include: 1. O,L,&T (Owners, Landlords and Tenants Liability).

2. Hired and Nonowned Auto Liability.

3. Incidental Medical Malpractice.

4. Trampoline Coverage.

5. Personal Injury Liability.

6. Independent Contractors Liabi Iity .

7. Prem ises Medical Payments .

8. Extended Bodily Injury Liability.

USGF Professional Membership. This membership is designed for the serious gymnastics coach, teacher, judge or program director. It offers professional growth benefits as well as informat ion on the USGF System of Competition . Some of the benefits include: 1. USGF Technical Journal (bi -monthly).

2. USGF GYMNASTICS Magazine (bi-monthly).

3. $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage.

4. Twenty-four Hour Accidental Death Benefits .

5. Free Admission to Nationally Sponsored USGF

United States Gymnastics Federation P.O. Box 7686, Fort Worth, Texas 76111

Sports Medicine and National Program Clinics.

6. College Credit Extension Courses from the University of Utah.

7. Voting Privileges in the USGF Women 's Committee (must be 18 years old to vote).

USGF Gold Card Membership. Some of the benefits of this membership include: USGF GYM NASTICS Magazine (bi -monthly) and Voting Privileges in the USGF Women 's Committee (must be 18 years old to vote).

USGF Athlete Membership. Athletes will not want to be without these benefits : 1. $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage for USGF Sanctioned Competitions and Events (This does not cover the gymnasts during his/her daily training or travel to and from a USGF sanctioned event).

2. $10,000 Accidental Death and Dismemberment.

3. Athlete Registration Number Required for all USGF Sanctioned Competitive Events .

USGF General Membership. Some of the bene fits include: $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage and $10,000 Accidental Death and Dismemberment.

For more information on any of these memberships, call or write: Cheryl Grace National Director U.S.G.F. Membership Program Bayly, Martin & Fay/San Antonio P.O. Box 17800 San Antonio, Texas 78217 1-800-531-7224 1-800-531-7205 1-800-292-5721 (Texas only)

Non-Profit Organization U.S. Postage

PAID Permit No. 2025 Fort Worth, Texas