USGF Technical Journal - October 1981

USGF

TECHNICAL .Journal

Oct. 19B1

Official Technical Publication of the United States Gymnastics Federation

Cover Photos by Dave Black

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USGF

TECHNICAL .JDurnal

October, 19S1

USGF Scientifi c and Technical Journal Published Exclusively for th e USGF Professional Membership Vol. I NO.3 Compiled and Edited by Bill Sands

Table of Contents Survey Study of Parents of Gymnastics School Students _ _ Page 4 Competition Inju ry Study, A Preliminary Report, Female Gymnasts _________ Page 7 The Importance of Water for th e Athlete Ann Grandjean _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Page 9 Women and Sport Suggested References U.S. Olympic Training Center Sports Medicine ______ Page 11 Making Weight Ann Grandjean _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Page 11 Famous Myths of Sports Health Prepared for the USOC by the Swanson Center for Nutrition , Inc. Omaha, bJebraska ___________ Page 12 Intensive Training and Skeletal Development Arno Lascari _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Page 15 U.S. Olympic Training Center Sports Physiology Laboratory Hemoglobin , Iron and Performance __________ Page 18 A Few Tips for International Judges Ted Muzyczko _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Page 18

AMERICAN ATHLETIC OFFICIAL SUPPLIER OF GYMNASTIC APPARATUS FOR: 1979 World Championships 1979 Jr. World Invitational USA Championships for Men and Women USA Jr.-Sr. Championships Dial-American Cup 1979 World University Games USGF Men's Championships USGF Women's Championships American Cup World Championship Trials

The Coach, The Psychology, Th e Gymnast R. Scott Crouse _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Page 20 Men 's European Championships 1981 , Rome , Italy Page 22 Minutes of the Women 's Committee Fort Worth , Texas June 18 & 19, 1981 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Page 28 EDITORIAL By ROGER C O U N S I L - - - - - - - - - - - - - Coaching gymnastics at best is an amalgam of many disciplines. Coaches have to be superb technicians . They have to have insight into the demands placed on the kinesthethic senses of the athlete. They have to be superb practicing psychologists.

They have to be a surrogate mother and father. They have to be a fund raiser and it helps if they also possess janitorial abi lities. Lastly, they are pressed into service all too often as athletic trainers and emergency first aid technicians .

At the present time there is a great deal of concern predominately in women 's gymnastics about the need for safe practices in coaching gymnastics. The use of the term "safe practices" is somewhat of a catch-all phrase. It does, however, certainly suggest that the speed of progression in emphasizing acrobatic difficulty is approached at much too rapid a pace by many, many coaches. The blame , if one needs to place the blame , cou ld partially fall upon a system of rules that places an emphasis on acrobatics and risk. At the same time, there appears to be too little emphasis on proper execution , the attainment of proper pOSitions in performing basic skills and good old-fashion form throughout a performance.

What can be done about the current tendency towards more and more difficulty without a proper emphasis upon execution? Should we establish rules that prohibit a young athlete from progressing too quickly through the various classes of competition so as to constrain the need to attain greater and greater difficulty at too early a stage of development? Should we do an exhaustive study on certain types of movement at certain stages of physical development and establish a "hot list" of skills that shou ld not be performed too early in one's career? Should the USGF become a licensing agency to make sure that all coaches have the academic background to prepare them to make sound judgements in the teaching of young children assu ring preparation in such areas as biomechanics , physiology of exercise , techniques of counseling , and developmental anatomy? I do not know the answers to the questions just posed , however, the problem is manifest. There were many dangerous landings in the recent Junior Olympic Competition for girls - many more than one wou ld expect at a national level competition. Something is wrong and attention needs to be directed towards the problems. Gymnastics should be rewarding , exhilarating and just plain fun . The term "success" does not need to be concomitant with physical debilitation. If one competes in gymnastics, he or she shou ld not leave the sport as a cripple ; with bad ankles, a bad knee , or arthritic shoulders. There are sound ways to teach difficult skills, and we as professionals must learn them.

As many of you already know, Bill Sands has returned to the ranks of coaching in Chicago. Bill, however, remains with the USGF Staff on a part-time basis , working in three areas: as co-ordinator of the various USGF sport science advisory committees (e.g. Sports Medicine, Biomechanics, Physiology of Exercise , and Psychology of Sport); Technical Editor of the USGF Technical Journal ; and author and overseer of the newly-developed USGF-LUV (for leap, underswing, and vaUlt) Program - a beginner - level program for which we are seeking a sponsor.

- - - - - - - United States Gymnastics Federation - - - - - Members: Amateur Athletic Union; American Sokol Organization ; American Turners ; Association for Intercol legiate Athletics for Women ; National Association for Girls and Womens Sports ; National Association of College GymnastiCS Coaches ; National Association of Co llegiate Gymnastics Coaches/Women ; National Association of Intercoll egiate Athletics; National Association of Women Gymnastics Judges ; National Collegiate Athletic Association ; National Federation of State High School Associations; National Gymnastics Judges Association ; National High School Gymnastics Coaches Association ; National Jewish Welfare Board ; National Junior College Ath letic Association ; United States Association of Independent Gymnastics Clubs ; United States Gymnastics Safety Association , Young Men's Christian Association.

United States Gymnastics Federation

3

American Athletic Equipment 200 American Avenue Jefferson, Iowa 50129 USA 1WX-91 0-520-1 031 Ph: 800-247-3978

~ GymnaStics

A valuable tool for both gymnasts and coaches, offering the basics of the sport, whether it be in floor exercises, balance beam , vaulting, or uneven bars. It guides the gymnast through a series of drills, all easily understandable and illustrated with action photographs.

ORDER NOW! Please send me: _ _ copies BEGINNING GYMNASTICS Cloth (5948- 6) at $14.95 each _ _ co pies BEGINNING GYMNASTICS Paper (5947-8) at $6.95 each I enclose $1.50 for first book ordered and $.50 for each addilional copy for postage and handli ng. Illinois & California residents, please add 6% sales tax.

NAME AD DRESS ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ CI TY I STATE / ZIP Dept. USGF

contemporary Books,lnc.

180 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60601

Survey Study of Parents of Gymnastics School Students June 10, 1981 William A. Sands Director of Education and Research United States Gymnastics Federation

RESULTS In report ing the statistical nat ure of a population the following statistics are merely descriptive. The larg e c lass or interval size and the small numbe r of classes make measures more exot ic than the sim plest measures of description beyond reasonable application of statistics. The remainde r of the results are included in conjunction with the table or graph depicting the information

METHODS The following report was obtained from a confidential survey sent to 20 gymnastics schools across the United States. These schools were chosen randoml y and were sent a packet of 200 questionnaires, 200 letters explaining the questionnaires, and 200 stamped return envelopes add ressed to the USGF office in Fort Worth . A sample questionnaire and letter are included in this report.

The random selection of gymnastics schools was performed by a TRS-80 computer which selected 20 random numbers from a population of 100. This 100 population was taken to consist of the number of members of the United States Elite Coaches Association. These association members are gymnastics school owners, administrators, and / or coaches of private enterprise gymnastics. The schools are set up as small businesses that offer training in gym nastics for a fee of tuition.

Enrollment in these schools is nearly completely that of local residents of the community where the gymnastics school is located. The age range of the athletes served by these schools is often from pre-school to post high school. The 20 random numbers were selected via the computer's pseudo-random number generator and was performed without replacement. Since the address list of the gymnastics schools is also conta ined in the c\lmputer records it was a simple matter of using the random number as the call number for the computer to locate and display the record number that corresponded to the random number. The computer th en generated a mailing label for this particular gymnastics school and the next random number was used for location of the next record number for another mailing label, and so on.

The mailing list of the Elite Coaches Association was used due to its reliability, national scope , and increased probability that these coaches and administrators would comply with the request of distributing and completing the questionnaires.

Twelve states were ultimately included in the 20 random numbers. These states were: Alabama, Florida, Ill inois, New Jersey, New York , California, Michigan, Minnesota , Connecticut , Washington , Pennsylvania, and Arkansas. The questionnaires considered in this report were those returned with in 30 days of the mailing. As of June 9, 1981 this happened to be 500. These 500 su rveys represent a return of 25% of the surveys which represents a good sample by mailing survey standards.

As the questionnaires were returning to the office the tallying of the responses took place period ically and the post mark on the envelope was noted on the questionnaire when possible. All references to particular ind ividuals who completed the questionnaire were destroyed. Interestingly, although several instructions in the instru ctional letter and on the survey itself consisted of emphasis on the confidential ity of the survey, many people still included the return address of their homes. In the future the printer of return envelopes shou ld not include blanks for the return address.

Tallying of the responses was done by hand. Marks were placed beside the item when the subject indicated a mark on that item. The su rveys we re tallied in groups of 20-30. The tally sheets were then later combined for computat ion of totals. The totals and statistica l manipu lation of the data are included in the following tables and graphs.

Computation of mean and standard deviation was performed by the classified data method. Since the number of surveys consisted of 500 this la rg e number of surveys is beyond the capabilities of the TRS-80 computer to handle the raw data.

Classification of the data made the tallying of results and the manipulation of the data much simpler. In the cases where the c lasses could not provide a c lass mark that would numerically represent the mid-range of the class then simple percentages were used to describe the data. The percentage calculations were done based on the total of 500 surveys completed. If an item was omitted due to subject error, preference, or lack of information then these were listed as "unknown ."

CHILDREN INVOLVED IN GYMNASTICS Number and Sex of Children Involved in GymnastiCS

Number of Children Per Family Involved

Percent

Female

Pe rc ent

421 68 11

84.2 13.6 2.2

6 782 152

a a

a a

30 391 76 2

500

100

a 1 2 3 More than 3

Totals

100

500

00

United States GYmnastics Fede;~tion

" I·:·

SAMPLE INSTRUCTIONAL LETTER

I:::

To: P"e'ts o f Gym'asts

t

APril 25 . J981

:::j

Fro m: The United Re

States t;_vl'lnastics

R

:

esearch Survey

i·-

Federation

•••:,

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of Fa m11y Ba.ck 9 r ound

Dear Parents.

State:heG:~~losed a~~;c

to determ 'fne

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survey fs

bef,

Federation, The

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\~~nducted

,younq gymnasts 'I ChardCterlstl cs of Th is sur VeY"ft",e !Iofted States.

by the United of th e survey is amllf e s and parents of

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~ose

Our country and 5 a rand ol"! sa"Jple of . fmportant for your partiCipati o n f gY Pln astl C schools f Oatfon . · We Our ability to heJ n this research f n abSOlutely assure YOu that p young gYl:lnasts ac r o:s veth'eY etc . guaranteed.

0 0 not ,'lOur anOnymity invol::; f information the people s

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and

include

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un derst an ding of t~h fs Survey I s Vf;g~· Therefore,ay~~; :~l1fty to serve You ea~; oPle fn qYll'lnastfc: to OUr better r ouQh pa rt f 1 evervone 1n and 1 mp r oves ou r b,Y the all Of'u~at:on fn th is Survey qV~nast fcs. Your help YOu for VOur c a the Federation' S Mu c h apprecfclted contact 1t 'l th th ooperation.

Si nce ttl , and Ite sfncerely than): ~~:1 servi c e Or e a~:~:;ation let Me s~; ~~:t ~~ ,YOur first Ce of Your concer n . any quest i ons, Please,lten ~ :~f:et~:

Warmest

•

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Executive Director

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Bill S an ds rect o r Education and Research

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LIMITATIONS Since this survey was designed to be simple to complete the ranges of the interva ls or classes of the data are broad. This makes the number of possible responses by the subject small and therefore simple but also sacrifices some hard accuracy due to the broad intervals for noting the responses. For example, the range of incomes are listed in $10,000.00 intervals. This is a very broad range and therefore, statistical manipulation of this data is open to question. Although the large sample size may help alleviate some of this problem , it should be remembered in interpretation of resu lts that broad class interva ls and in some cases the sma ll number of intervals do not allOW great accuracy in measures of centra l tendency or distribution.

Ma le

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.

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United States Gymnastics Federation

............................................................. . .. . . ...................................

POP ULATION STuny Of PA RENT S Of GYMNASTS

OR"PH OF PERCENTADE REPRESENT"TlONS

IINITEn STATE S GYMNAST IC FEDE RATION DIRE CTOR OF EO UCA TION AH O RE SEAR CH

TITLE' LEVEL OF CHILDREN' 5 INVOLVEMENT

RANOOH NA TIONAL SURVEY Of GYHNASTIC CLURS ANfl SCHOOLS PERCENT 1111

ITEM

III

Pleue InSlif e r the fol10liflnq question s hy providlnQ • check lurk In the IPpropr1fte phc e for your re sp onse . nn NOT IHCllJOE YOUR NA."E. complete Inony.ity is essent1fl . nti quaranteed .

8a c kground of Par e nt s

"other ( ) ( (

WtQh Schnol High School ntplol1la Technical School

~.~~,~.::'~:q~:!

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Muters Oegree Ooctorote

( ) ( )

Father

II

We i 9ht of Mother 1b ( )

Under 110 1 b

Occupatton : Hother

), 110·1'0

.>

}

). Over 6.0

5 , 5-6.0

I

),

1~0·170

), Over 170

),

131·1~0

) , Over

I~O

$10000 $20000 $40000 560000

or to to to

of Incollle Per YeAr $10000 to 00000 ( $30000 to ~50000 () $50000 to $70000 ( ) More than

I,,,

(I

7111

BI

91

11111

PRE-SCHOOL CL"SSES

14 . 57.

3 3 . &3 •

PRE-TEAM

16.19"

TU"BLING ONLY

TR<>MPOL I NE

.9"

• 72 •

HI GH SCHOOL TEAM

1. 6 2 "

USGF COMPETITION

32,37.

-. ------. --------. -----------. M~~;;;~ --p;~~;~~ -----------.; ~~;;; ~ -. p;;~;~~ ------.

A.ge tn Yrs. U~d;~

Responses

Response s

-25 ---------. --------------- --6-- -.. -i: 2------------ -----s--------i ----.. -

--.

!!

$10000 $40000 560000 570000

Aa e o f Ho t her an d Fatl'\er

26.35 36.45 Over 45 Unknown T~;;

F.lIIl1 .y Inforillation Fllllt ly Level

6111

). Over 45 ( ) ). Over 4S ( ). ,5.5 - 6.0 () lOver 6.0

.>

Father

5111

END

( )

lh ( )

41

........................................................................................................

I,q, ............................... .................... ..........

A.ge of F'ither Under 25 ( ). 16-35 ( ). 36-45 A.ge of "other Under 2S (). 26-35 ( ) , 36-45 HeiQht of f .. ther Under 5 ft ( ), ~-5.S ft ( ft ( ) He1 ght of Hother Under 5 ft ( ) ~.~ . ~ ft ft ( ) Wei qht of Father IInder 130 1 b ), 130·150

-

3111

•• •

l.vel of Education COI'IP1eted h.Y Parl'!nts •• 10111'

21

_

221 248 19 6

44 . 2 49 . 6 3.8 1.2

IS3 283 54 5

30.6 56.6 10 . 8 1

i; .... -- ......... --....... SOO'····· ioo······· --.... --soo',···· ioo······· Standard Deviation- 5 89 Standard Deviation- 6 41

Mean Age Mother- 35 . 66 Mean Age Father- 37 . 79

.................... . ..................................... ()

Mu_ber of ".le Chtldren Involved in (;ymnast1cs o ( t, I l t, ? l 1, 3 ( ), Nore than 3 ( ) Mu.her of Fe •• le Ch i ldren Involved In r. .y mnastics o ( ), I ( ), 2 ( ), 3 ( ), "ore than 3 ( )

Weight of Hother and Father

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . e ee e • • • e . e • • • • • • • •.

Present level of Chi Id's Involvement t n GY lll nastics Pre-School ( ) Tumbling Only {} elisus ( ) Tram60ltne ( ) Pre-TuIII L) HI gh School Teal'll( )

=.

c=~~:!!!!::. ~:. ~ !~~e ~~=. ~ :~~~ .:~. ~!!! ~ ~~~~~~

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Ph.se Return to IISGF via StalPlped return envelope, Your Cooperation is VI!'")! ''''uch .P1J'~.ctat.d.

Educational Background of Parents Per c ent

Fath e r Respon ses

Percent

.6

3 102 19 158 160 47 8 3

20.4 3.8 31-6 32 9. 4 1-6 .6

6 50 21 112 131 96 77 7

1-2 10 4. 2 22 . 4 26.2 19.2 15 . 4 1-4

Tot.ls

500

100

~oo

100

Tot.l s

21 ~

131 96 77

26.2 19.2 15.4

304

60.8

Under 5 5 . O.~. 5 ~ . ~·6 , 0 Over 6 Unknown

OF '£RCENTAIGE REPRESEN,.AlT IONS

INJURIES 8y tLASSIFJCAlTlON

......................................................................................

--

PERCEN T

•

1111

17 327 148

31

41

se

"

71

Be

•

•

911

United States Gymnastics Federation

100

500

100

35 . 2 1.4

Percent

Father Re s ponses

Percent

I

.2 10.8 70.4 15.8 2. 8 100

3.4 .4 29.6

8

1.6

500

100

500

6~

o

Standard Deviation- 0.251 Standard Deviation- 0.08

FAMILY LEVEL OF INCOME FOR ONE YEAR

falllily level of Incollle for One Year

n~ 11 ~ ~; --------------;;; ;~~;;; -------. ----- -;;;~ ;~t ---G~: ~ h-~; -;; ;~; ~ t~;;; -. --

.

------------------------_.-----------------------_ ._ ----------------.-- . -----5 I 10 ,000 or le s s 37 126 98 92 55 17 61

IO,nOO-20,000 20,000-30 , 000 30,OOO-40,nOO 40,000· 50,000 50,000.60,000 60,000_70,000 over 70,noO IInknolitn Total s

9

7. 4 25.2 19.6 18 . 4 11 3. 4 12 . 2 1.8

500

100

•••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• • ••••• ••••••••••• •••••••••••• •

11111 01 Sl..OC"T I ONS

B. 79

~

24 . !>to ~

FR"CTURE CONTUSION ABR"SION

1111. &5

.4&

LACER"T1 ON

~

4. &3

SPR"IN

2:\ , 4&.

STR"IN

19.45.

CR"CKEO TOOTH UNKNOWN

S. 09 "

Fam l 1y level of Inco me Over $30 , 000 Per Year 98 92 55 17 61

30 ,0 0 0.40,000 11 11, 000 -5 0 ,000 50,00 0. 60 ,000 fiO , nOO-70,oOn Ov er 70,nOO

~

~

Tota 1 s

323

Mean Inc ome- $40743 . 38

• 93

~

. ........................................"'........"''' .................................. ....

END

1.6

•• ··Note; The mean and standard deviation of this data is open to careful scrutiny since the small number of classes undermines the canputational accuracy o f the metho ds used to determine the mean and standard deviation . The y are included here t o provide a beginning and not an end t o analysis .

ITEM 21

44 . 4

54 352 79 14

o

Mean Height Mother- 5 . 38 tie an Height Father- 5 . 77

....... ................... ................. ........ .............................. ............ .

OA~PM

1.4 17.6

7 88 222 176 7

Standard Dev iation- 15 23 Standard Deviation- 15 11

Mother Responses

Tota Is 32 9. 4 1-6

Percent

Hot Inc l uded

15.8 55.2 21. 8 5.6

500

He i ght In feet

The table above and th e graph Qn the following page depict th e ed ucationa l backg round of th e mother and father of the gym nastic school stu den t. The largest percentage of responses for the mother came from the class representing 1 to 4 years of co llege but not reach ing the level of a degree. The father responses we re greatest in the c lass that indicated comp letion of the bachelors degree. Of particu lar interest is that 43% of the mothers held a degree and 60.8% of the fa th ers. By com bining th e 1· 4 yea rs of co llege with th e degree categories one wi ll fin d that 74.6% of th e mothers have attended college for some period, and 83. 2% of the fa th ers that attended college. " "' , TlTLEI

79 276 109 28 Hot Included 8

Father Responses

Percent

Hel ght of Hother and Father

Colleqe Graduate and Post Graduat e Totals 160 47 8

Under 110 111·130 131·150 151·170 Over 170 Unknolitn Tota 1 s

Below Hi gh School High School Diploma Techntcal School 1 - 4 Years College Bachelors negree "asters Degree Doctoral Degree Unknown

BaChelors Degree Masters Degree Doctoral Degree

Hother Responses

Mean Weight Mother - 123 49 Mean Weight Father- 163.00

Highest Le vel Achieved

Mother Responses

Weight In Pounds

19 . 6 18 . 4 II

3.4 12.2 64.6 Percent Over $30 , 000

Standard Deviation- $18059 . 06

Th e largest single class of respons e s we re in the range of $20,000-$30,000 for the ye a r .

The mean of ' this d a t a however, is much higher a nd lies in the class of $40,000-$50,000 the mean being $40743 . 38. with a standard deviation of $18,059 the curve is fairly broad a nd indicates that 68' of the families make an in c ome between $22,684 and 63,427. The gr a ph on the following page gives a pictor ial o f the distribution of the income by the class intervalS given in the survey questi o naire .

5

......................"''' ....'.,'''................. ......... ......... ............."'...... ........ '''

Grap h of Income Level

''

,."'

'

GRAPH OF PERCENTAGE REP RES ENTAT 1 QNS

TITLE : FEI'1RLE CHI LDREN INVOL VED IN GYI'1 NASTICS

Di stribution o f

z

0

H

~

.,..~

.,..0

Income by Level and Population Mean Income= $ 40 743.38

30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23

PE RCENT 1 10

Standard Dev iation=$l8059. 0 6

50

621

71

e0

90

lee

ZE RO

F E ~" L E S

I NV.

6'

1 FEI'1RLE I NVOL VED

7 8 .2"

2 FEI'1R LE S I NVOLVED

15 . 2"

3 FEM RLES I NVOLVED

.4 "

22

'"'ORE THAN 3 FEM ALES

•2 "

END

21 LE VEL OF CHILDREN 'S INVOLVEMENT

rS

Level of Children's Participation in Gymnastics Level

Responses

Percent

8t 187 90 5 4 9 180

t 4.57 33.63 16.19 0.90 0.72 1.62 32.37

Pre-School Classes Pre-Team Turnbling Only T rarnpoline High School Team USGF Competitive Program

z

w 11

w

4B

.............................................................................. '"...................."'...."'.....

""

p..

321

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>< w 18 > p:: 17 ::> 16 til 15 0 14 w 13 () < 12 ~

u p::

-

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10 9 8 7 6 5

tOO .

Totals 556 The table above depicts the level of involvement by the student of gymnastics. Pre school classes are offered by many gymnastics schools but should not be rnisinterpreted as the more high power type of gymnastics seen by the competitor.

Often these classes encompass movement education and other activities that are Irnportant for the physical educallon of the child but are not strictly defined as gyrnnastics.

The largest groups of students are found In classes at 33.63% and competitive programs that account for 32.37%.

Classes are usually of the beginner. intermediate, and advanced designations. Some programs offer competition in limited amounts for classes so that this table offers a total of 556 responses which indicates that there is some overlap. The competitive program cons ists of competition in 6 classes designated class IV, class III , class II , class I, Jun ior Elite and Senior Elite. Each class offers competition via compulsory exercises and the upper c lasses also offer competition in opllonal exercises. The competitive classification also accounts for 3 age divisions. The Children 's division is from ages 9- t t, junior division is from ages 12 to 14, senior division is from ages 15 and over.

The pre-team classification usually indicates a child either too young or not experienced enough for the class competition program. It also usually denotes a child of demonstrated talent.

4

3 2 1

0 II) II)

41

.0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

'"

0

0

N

0

0

0

0

....l 0

0 0 0 0

.....

--:-

<"'I I

I

0 0 0 0

N

Ilumh er d nd Se;l( of Chi l d r en

I

0 0 0 ~

0

'"

I:

41

-'" I:

>

0

.r.

!i0

.....

0 0 0

0

0

0

I

0 0

0

<"'I

CHILDREN

.....

~

I

0

0 0

0

.....

.r.

I

0 0 0

0 0 0

~

:::>

0

INVOLVED IN G'fHN ASTICS

I n volv e d

I n f.ymn a stics

* ** * * ... ** ... "'**,.,"' >t.>t:* ..,..,..' ..: ..,..,.., .., ..,>t' ..,>t:>t....'* "',., .....,*"' ..,........'..,'* • t'>t·>t,>t·, ·+,. ·t,*'*·. ·>t:...·..· .. · ~**' ..:..:*' ..·..,.. ,..,>t,..,..'*' ..:..,.,.,,.,*' GRA PH OF PERCENTAGE REPRESENTATIONS

/lumber o f

[hi lo r en I nv o l ved

Pe r FdI'li 1 y .

Ma 1 e

Pe r cent

Fe nd I e

Pe r cent

421 6R II

]0

0

RII . 2 13 . 6 2 . 7.

0 0

I

6 78 . 7.

15 . 2 .4 .2

500

100

500

100

0

Ho re t han 3 Tot a ls

391 76

,

This table shows the participat ion of ch itdren in gym nastics. Although there were some surveys tha t did not complete one section of this portion, i.e. they did not fill in the ma le portion if there were only females inVOlved from thei r fami ly. This section does not inc lude " unknowns" since it is assumed that a blank left in this section mea nt zero. Therefore, all responses that did not check either the ma le or fema le portion were assumed to indicate a zero response.

TI TLE : LEVEL OF CHILDREN'S INVOLV EMEN T

PE RC ENT 10

o _

•• •

I TEM 20

30

40

50

50

70

80

90

100

PRE-SC HOOL CLASSES

14 . 57"

33 . 63"

PRE-TEAM

15 . 19"

TUMBLI NG ONLY TRRMPOLI NE

.9 "

.72 '"

HIG H SCHOOL TEAM

1. 52 "

USGF COMPETITION

32 . 37 "

END

The number of female athletes fa r outnumbers the male as 15.8% of the fami lies indicated one or more male children involved whi le 93.4% of the famil ies indicated one or more fem ale children involved in gymnastics ins truction .

... . .. .............. .........,...............................,..................................

GR ~ PH

OF PERCENTAGE REPRESENTATIONS

TIllE r "ALE CHILDREN INVOLVED IN GYP1NASTICS

-

PERCENT e 18

I TEl''!

211

30

41

60

50

70

90

a0

10 0 ZERO MALES INVOLVE D

1 I'! RLE I NVOLVED

84.2"

1 :S. 6 "

•........................ ......,. ................ .... ...... . .,........................ . ..........

2 "ALES INVOL VED

..,

,

"'

2 . 2"

"'

END

6

United States Gymnastics Feder ation

Competition Injury Study A Preliminary Report Female Gymnasts

William A. Sands Director of Education and Research

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Many thanks must go to Ms. Cheryl Grace and her staff at Bayly, Martin, and Fay for the cooperation received in compiling these records for analysis. Such companies are often accused of their callous disregard for such compila tion of information and cooperation in helping the people that are members rather than simply take their money. This is an example of the finest cooperation and working together for the betterment of gymnastics and the people it serves. And to Dr. James Garrick , M.D. chairman of the USGF Sports Medicine Committee for his kind help and work in approving this report for publication .

INTRODUCTION : Competitive Inju ry Study The study of injury in gymnastics has been a troubtesome enterprise due ta rg ety to a lack of well kept records. Since much of gymnastics is performed in siluations and institutions Ihat do nol have the financial resources to employ full time Irainers, physical therapisls, or doctors for their experli se in keeping such records the responsibility is usual ly left up to the coach. Therefore, with the multitude of chores and duties that the coach must perform the record keeping functions are often lost in the shuffle.

The following report is from records kept by Bayly, Martin, and Fay Insurance Company. The records which were used for this report are those obtained through application for payments of a claim to the insurance company of injuries received in conj unction with a competi tion. This report does not include the injuries incurred during training . This is simply due to the nature of the insurance coverage provided

by Bayly, Martin, and Fay .

The reports that are received by Bayly, Martin , and Fay are from various gymnastics institutions across the country that are members of this particular insu rance program . There are other insurance programs. The insurance program records used for this report were begun in the Tucson office of the USGF and later moved to the insurance office in San Antonio. This movement and change of offices caused some loss and incompleteness of records in the early stages of this report's time frame . Although this report includes only those injuries received by female gymnasts there were injuries incurred by male athletes that were reported to this insurance company. The number of these injuries is so small that statistical treatment of the records wi ll be impossible until more records are available.

The time covered during this report is 17 months. This is a somewhat awkward time frame in which to make reference. It is my opinion that the information contained in this report is significant and important for the coach and gymnastics administrator or meet director to know. The reader should keep in mind that the statistical manipulation of this data is for 17 months, from October 1979 to March 1981 .

LIMITATIONS: As mentioned previously, this should be viewed as a preliminary report. As further data is made avai lable a more definitive approach will be taken . The following limitations are listed for easy reference in understanding the boundaries of va lidity in these statistics.

1. The skill with which the forms were filled out by the gymnastics administrator was often poor. Therefore, those items in the reports that were incomplete were not included in the tallying or manipulation of the data for that report and that particular item.

2. The time frame fo r considerati on in this rep ort is 17 months; October 1979 to March 1981 .

3. The population of gymnasts has changed throughout th is 17 month period by increasing steadily. The final total for the number of athletes enrolled in this insurance program as of April 1st of 1981 is 27 ,738. This is not the number that began the program however. The earl y popu lation fig ures are highly unrel iable due to incom plete records and the change of admin istration of the record- keeping .

Therefore, ratios to the population are not included since no reliable figures cou ld be obtained.

4. The definition of injury is not scientifica lly consistent. The "injuries" of these records were certainly of differing severity. The most useful definiti on of injury is probably that determined by time missed from training but the insurance records do not offer th is bit of information for our use. The definition of inju ry for this report is: those cond itions reported to Bayly, Martin, and Fay Insurance Company incurred at a gymnastics competit ion and seeking payment of cla im.

5. Only those injuries incurred during a competition are included. This information cannot be extrapolated to include the frequency of inju ry during training .

6. The gymnastics professional may well learn from Ashley-Perry's fi ft h statistica l axiom when looking at this data. "The product of an arithmetic computation is the answer to an equation; it is not the solution to a problem ." (The Official Rules , by Paul Dickson, Page. 5, Delta Books. 1979) 7. Since this is the first or the preliminary report of injuries to female gymnasts in competi tion, it will be very dangerous to make specific and dogmatic recommen dations. The recommendations will come in the future as the report data can be con tinued through the conclu sion of its cycle of seasons.

United States Gymnastics Federation

. . . . . . . . . . . .~. . . . . . . . . . . .-*I~II. . . . . . . . . . ~~ . . . . .

T I II E

TEST FOR

TJ()I)

I

&.

I I I I I Zo33+ I I I I N I 18. 67+ J I I U I I R I

l4..

I I

E 5

SElIES

AULYSIS TIEIC lH EaJATl(~: l' • lL:tm •• 1fiB8Z35 I IJIIGIN: 1m· POITH 9 TIlE (l'lT: 1 IIMH

Ul • •&2IIB4

Jan Jan

Mar

Apr

Feb Mar Dec

I

I

Nov

I 9.33+ I I I I I 4.67+ I I I I I

L.

Dec

May Oct

Ju

I ~pl~I~I~+-1--r~--~+-~-+-~--r-+-~

I ( 1975 POmI !I )

17

This graph depicts the injuries reported by the month s indicated .

Line and pOints represent total number of injuries reported to Bayly, Martin , and Fay for that particular month . The date is taken as th e date of the injury and not th e date of the report.

Th e following tab les indicate the number and perce ntages of inju ries occuring at specific and general body locations.

The body parts indicated were simply designed to include generally accept ed regions of the body and are not designed to be definitive of anatomy.

7

Injury By Body Pari Involved

Percentage 01 Injuries to Shoulder Area

Body Part

No. Injuries

Percent

Body Part

No. Injuries

Percent

Foot Ankle Tibia Calf Knee Leg Hamstring Hip Tail Bone Back Neck Collar Bn Shoulder Arm Elbow Wrist Fingers Hand Hand

27 40 2 2 40 2 3 1 2 27 10 1 2 9 18 4 4

Collar Bn Shoutder

1 2

.49 .97

3

1.46

No. Injuries

Percent

9 18

4.37 8.74

11

13.11 19.42 0.97 0.97 19.42 0.97 1.46 0.49 0.97 13.11 4.85 0.49 0.97 4.37 8.7 4 1.94 1.94 0.49 5.34

27

13.11

206

100.

Totals

Total

Percentage of Injuries to Arm and Elbow

Body Part

Upper Arm Elbow

Total

Percentage of Injuries Below The Elbow Body Part Wrist Hand Fingers

Competitive Injury Sludy

Total

Percentage of Injuries Below The Knee

Percent

No. Injuries

4 1 4

1.94 .49 1.94

9

4.37

Percentage of Injuries to the Head No. Injuries

Body Part

Percent Body Part

Foot Ankle Tib ia Cali

Tolal

27 40 2 2

13.11 19.42 .97 .97

71

34.47

Percentage of Injuries From Hip to Knee

Percent

No. Injuries

Head Total

11

5.34

11

5.34

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .: • • •.• • • ot: . . . . ..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . .' . ....... ., ...' • • •

* ...

GRAPH ·OF PERCENTAGE REPRESENTATIONS

TITLE: IN JURY PER CENTAG ES BY REGION OF THE BODY

Body Part

No. Injuries

Percem

Knee Leg Hamsting Hip

40 2

19.42 .97 1.46 .49

........................................................................................

PERCENT • 10

3

Total

46

22.34

ITEM

2e

311

40

S0

68

Be

70

!III

-

1811

BELOW THE KNEE

HI P TO KNEE 9ACK AND NECK

18.93"

ARt't ANO ELBOW

13. 11.

•• • ........................................ ................................... ... .

BELOW T HE ELBOW

:

34.47.

22.34"

4.37"

HEAD AND FACE

5.34"

SHOULDER AREA

1. 46 "

........, ..... .............. . .

END

Percentage of Injuri es of Back and Neck Injury By Event No. Injuries

Body Part

Event Name Tail bone Back Neck

Total

8

Total Injuries

Female

No. Injuries

Percent

Percent

2 27 10

.97 13.11 4.85

Vault Bars Beam Floor Tramp

39

18.93

Total

60 50 32 60 2 204

29.41 24.51 15.69 29 .41 0.98 100.

United States Gymnastics Federation

...................................................................."'. . ......... . .... :

-

......

GRA PH OF PE RCENTAGE RE PRESENTATI ONS

TJTL.E'- INJURY PERCENTRGES BY E\IENT

.......................................................................................... . . . .

ITE",

PE RCENT

e

Ie

2e

311

41

50

61

7e

ee

91

DEATHS ARE PREVENTABLE

110 VRULT

29.41 " 24 . 51"

UNEVEN BARS 8AL~NC E BE~'"

1~ . 69 "

FLOOR EXERCISE

I

29.41'

.98"

TRAMPOL INE

.................................................................. .., ...........,....................................... + .................... . ......... ..

END

The Table below shows the percentage of injuries referred to a hospital versus the percentage not referred . This does not necessarily imply that the injured party was not seen by a physician . simply that the injury was not sent to the hospital.

. . .' . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. " • . • • . , ... . . .: . . . .. ..' . ' .. ' . . . . .. ..: . .. . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . .. .. _. . .. .

, . . . . . . .: • • • •. • • • _• • • ' . " . " . . . .. ......... .. ... .. .. . . . . If

GRA PH OF PE RCE NTAG E REPRESE NTAT I ONS

.............:.,..,.......:.,."'... ............,........,...... ............... .................,. .......................

11 TL E I

INJURy RE FERRAL

-"'

'

:

-

ITE ~

PERCENT

e

11

amount being carried away via evaporat ion of perspiration, breathing , the kidneys (urine), and the intestine (waste products). When exercising in a hot environment, evaporation of sweat becomes the major means of dissipating body heat (1). When sweating is impaired, heat illness may result .

21

311

41

51

Ee

71

EI

ge

lie TAt\.EN T O HOS PI TAL NOT TAKEN TO HaSP.

•

UNKN OWN

••

7~

EE. 7-;'"

MYTHS

4:£. SA "

~

. .. . . . ... . . . . . ... .. . ., . . . .. . .. . . . . . . ..... t _. . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . ., . .... . . . . . . . . .-. . . .... _. .. . . .. . . .. ., • . • ' ''' • • • • • ••• •: ......... ..

END

The graph above depicts the percentages of the injuries by the type of nature of the injury. There was no evidence in the reports that this information came from a phys ic ian therefo re the resu lts shown on th is graph may have been reported by the gymnastics administrator or coach rather than a physician and therefore some resu ltant inaccuracy due to lay-person diagnosis.

The high incidence of the more serious types of injuries as shown in this g raph shou ld not be used to ind icate that on ly ser ious inju ries happen to gymnasts. The nature of the reports used in this study would likely contribute to reporting the more serious injury since these are the injuries that cause out of pocket expenses by the athlete for a physician and diagnosis etc. This will encourage the report to the insurance company to obtain a return of this expenditure. The injuries that are more serious will more likely cause expendi ture of money and therefore reporting to the insurance company. The non-serious injury will more likely be treated by the coach, trainer, or parent and therefore not be reported .

The Importance of Water for the Athlete

by Ann C. Grandjean , R.D., M.S. Associate Director Swanson Center for Nutrition, Inc. Omaha, Nebraska Man can live without food for thirty days, but depending upon various conditions. can only su rvive for four to ten days without water. Water is second only to oxygen for being essential for life. Water performs many functions in the human body, one of which is the regulation of body temperature. Thi s is of extreme importance to the exercising athlete, especially when the environmental temperature begins to ri se.

During exercise, the athlete may increase caloric expenditure from the resting level of t .25 calories per minute to 25 calories per minute (1 ). This increased energy expenditure increases heat production in the body which must be dissipated or the body (core) temperature may elevate to a dangerous level. The combination of envi ronmental heat and increased metabolic heat produced during exerc ise can be, at the least, detrimental to performance, and in extreme cases may be fatal.

The shell temperature is the temperature of the sk in, subcutaneous tissues. and superficial aspects of the musculature. Shell temperature varies considerably depending on the surrounding envi ronmental temperature. Core (body) temperatu re is the tem perature of the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and deeper muscle masses. Normal core temperature is 98.6 0 F., but may range from 97 0 to 99 0 F. There are many factors involved in maintaining normal core temperature. Body heat is transported from the core to the shell, primarily via the blood. In moderate environmental temperatures, the majority of heat radiates from the body with a small

. United States Gymnastics Federation

A number of deaths in football have been attributed to heat stress (2,3) . Heat illness is a problem for football players, runners, tennis players, and any athlete training or competing under conditions of high environmental temperatures. As previously stated, sweating is the major means of heat dissipation for the athlete exercising in a hot environment. Large amounts of water can be lost through perspiration . If the water lost in sweating is not replaced , marked vasoconstriction occurs which contributes to slowing the cooling mechanism and increasing the body's core temperature. In the milder forms of heat illness, dizziness or fainting (heat syncope) may occur. An athlete may continue to exerc ise despite the early warning signs, or may even be unaware of symptoms. As he / she continues to exercise, the sweating mechanism may become ineffective in maintaining normal body temperature. Sweating may cease and the core tem perature will rise rapidly if the athlete continues to exercise, resulling in heat stroke. Heat stroke is the most dangerous form of heat illness as death may result if critical areas of the brain are irreparably damaged due to the high body temperature (4). Fortunately, deaths due to heat stroke are not common in athletics. However, the athletic deaths that do occur each yea r are disturbing, especially in view of the fact that they are "completely preventable" and "a bsolutely needless" (5). Maintaining adequate water intake is the most important single fa ctor in preventing heat illness.

Unfortunately, myths regarding water consumption by athletes are rampant. Some of the more frequentl y heard myths are : "Ingesting water prior to performance will distend the stomach and restrict the descent of the diaphragm, thus handicapping respiration."

"Working out in the heat and without water makes you tough."

"Only sissies drink water ."

THESE

ARE

A LL

DANGEROUSLY

WRONG

FACTS Studies have shown that consuming water, even in extremely large amounts, prior and during activity has no adverse eff ects upon performance (6 ,7,8). A review of studies on the effects of dehydration on physical performance, strength , and heart rate, as well as studies investigating techniques (timing and types of replacement fluids) to achieve normohydration (normal body water level) (9-31) indicate that adequate amounts of water are in fact desirabl e. Costill noted that under conditions of heat stress and prolonged exertion, water losses of as little as two percent of the body weight may impair circulatory and thermoregulatory functions and that adequate fluids shou ld be made available to the athlete in order to prevent the debilitating efforts of dehydration (14). In summation and plainly stated .. the athlete competing or training in high temperatures should drink liberal amounts of water before, during, and after the session.

What constitutes "liberal" amounts of water? The average adull loses approximately one-half gallon (two liters) of water a day. During exercise in the heat, loss of body water via sweat can be as high as two to three gallons (eight to twelve liters) over a period of several hours (1). Such copious water loss, if not replaced , could be fatal. Thirst is not a sensitive indicator of the need for additional water. An athlete may be suffering from a significant lack of body water and still not be thirsty (1,5). In athletes who are continually subjected to high losses of body water, the best rule for fluid replacement is on a weight-to-weight ratio. One pint (two cups or sixteen fluid ounces) should be ingested for each pound of weight loss (32).

RECOMMENDATIONS Several organizations and authors have publ ished guidelines, recommendations, and position statements regarding fluid replacement for athletes and prevention of heat injuries (1,2,5,33-35). This author has taken the liberty to select the following recommendations deemed applicable to the readers of this journal.

1.

Be conscious of temperature and humidity conditions. In areas where the temperature may fluctuate rapidly within a week (or during certain times of the year when temperature fluctuations are common), be cautious of exercising you r usual amount on a hot day, especia lly when the humidity is high. A high percentage of humidity retards the evaporation of sweat from the skin .

2.

When hot weather begins, moderate your activity until acclimatized. Allow one to two weeks for acclimatization ; exercise at lower levels during this time .

3.

Avoid exercising during the hottest part of the day .

9

4.

Exercise in th e shade. If this is not possible, at least take rest breaks in the shade.

( 14)

5.

Rest periods of t 5-30 minutes should be taken dUring workouts of one hour.

( 15) Costill , D. and Sparks , K.. Rapid fluid replacement following thermal dehydration. J. Appl. Physiol. 34299-303. 1973.

6.

Wear loose, white, porous clothing. The whiteness will reflect radiant heat, and the porous clothing will permit evaporat ion to occur. Maintain as much skin exposure as possible.

7.

8.

( 16)

Costill , D., et al.. Water and electrolyte replacement during repea ted days of work in the heat. Paper presented at American College of Sports Medicine national meeting, New Orleans, May, 1975.

Drink water before, during, and after workouts, training sessions, or compe tition.

( 17)

Criag , F. and Cummings, E..

Physiol. . 21 :670- 74, 1966.

Weigh yourself before and after any training session or competition. Drink one pint (two cups) of wa ter for each pound lost.

( 18)

Eaves, C.: Effects of' four liquids on the endurance of college wres tlers following dehydration. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State Univ ..

1968.

( 19)

Greenleaf, J.: Exercise and water electrolyte balance. Blix G. (Ed.) : Nutrition and Physical Activity. Almquist and Wiksells, Uppsala, Sweden , 1967.

(20)

Greenleaf, J. and Castle, B. : Exerc ise temperature regulation in man during hypohydration and hyperhydration. J. Appl. Physiol., 30 :847 -53 , 1971

(2 1)

Herbert, W: The effect of dehyd ration and subsequent rehydra tion on the physical working capacity of col lege wrestlers. Unpublished master's thes is, Kent State Univ., 1969.

(22)

Herbert, W , and Ribisl, P.. Effects of dehydration upon physical working capacity of wrestlers under competitive cond itions. Res . O. Amer. Assoc.

Health Phys. Ed., 43:416-32, 1972.

(23)

Kozlowski, S.: Physica l performance and maximal oxygen uptakes in man in exercise dehydration. Bull Acad. Pol. Sc i. (Biol.), 14:513-19, 1966.

(24)

Londeree , B.: An investigation of the effect of four water replacement schedules upon exercise in the heat. Unpublished doctora l dissertation , Univ. of Toledo, 1966.

(25)

Moroff, S., and Bass, D.: Effects of overhydration on mans physiologica l responses to work in the heat. J. Appl. Physiol., 20:267-70, 1965.

(26)

Pitts, G., et al.: Work in the heat as affected by intake of water, salt , and glucose. Amer. J. Physiol. , 142:253-59, 1944.

(27)

Rose, K.: Warning for millions: intense exercise can deplete potassium.

Physician and Sportsmed. , 3:67, May 1975.

Textbook of Medica l Physiology. Sa unders , Philadelph ia,

(28)

Saltin, B.: Aerobic and anaerobic work capacity after dehydration. J. Appl.

Physiol., 19:111 4-18, 1964.

9.

If you are performing strenuous exercise over a prolonged period in the heat, drinking extra amounts of water prior to exercise may be beneficial.

to.

Remember, temperature and humidity, not the sun, are the important factors i Heat stroke and heat exhaustion can occur in the shade or inside a hot building.

t 1.

Be familiar wi th the early warning symptoms of heat illness. Early warning symptoms include the following: dizziness, grogginess , dry skin, rapid hea rt beat, muscle c ramps, extreme fatigue, coordination problems , chilling , throbbing pressure in the head, unsteadiness, and nausea.

12.

If heat slroke occurs, remove ouler clothing and cool the viclim wi th any means available: cool fluids, ice packs , a cold shower. DON 'T WAIT .. GET MEDICAL HELP IMMEDIATELY. This is a true medica l emergency.

Source: National Strength Coaches Association Journal, Volume 2, Number 3.

May-June 1980 . Reproduced wi th permission of the Journa l and author.

REFERENCES ( 1) Wi lliams, M.: Nutritional Aspects of Human Physical and Athletic Performance. Charles C Thomas , Springfield, III., 1976.

(2)

(3)

Costill, D.. Water and electrolytes. Morgan, W. (Ed .) Ergogenic Aids and Muscu lar Performance. Academic, New York . 1972 .

Blyth , C , and Arnold, D.. Forty -Seventh Annual Survey of Football Fata lities. A report prepared for the American Football Coaches Associa tion.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association , and The National Federation of State High School Associa tions, February, 1979.

Fox, E., et al. : Effects of football equipment on thermal balance and energy cost dur ing exercise. Res. O. Amer. Assoc. Hea lth Phys. Ed ., 37332-39 , 1966.

Dehydration and muscular wo rk. J. Appl.

(4)

Guyton, AC.: 197 1

(5)

Smith, N..

Food For Sport. Bull Publishing Company, Pa lo Al to, Calif, 1976.

(29)

Salt in, B.: Circulatory response to submax imal and maxima l exercise aft er thermal dehydration. J. Appl. Physiol., 19:11 25-32 , 1964.

(6)

Blank, L. : An experimental study of the effect of water ingestion upon athletic perf ormance Res. O. Amer. Assoc. Health Phys. Ed. , 30:131-35, 1959.

(30)

Updyke, W" et al.: An evaluation of schedules of ffuid replacement du ring a simulated football practice session under high temperatu re and hum idity.

Paper presented at National American College of Sports Med icine Meeting, Madison, Wisc., March 25, 1966.

(7)

Foley, P.: Effec t of ingesting water in swimming. Swimming Technique, 8:34, Ju ly, 197 1.

(8)

Little, D , et al. : Effec ts of wa ter ingestion on capacity for exe rcise . Res. 0 Amer. Assoc. Health Phys. Ed. , 20:398-401 , 1949.

(9)

(3 1)

Witten, C.. The effects of th ree liquids on exhaustive exercise and absorption following a 2% body weight loss as a result of acute dehydration.

J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 12:87-96, 1972.

Ah lman, K. and Karvonen, M.. Weight reduction by sweating in wrestlers and its effect on physical fitness . J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness , 1:58-62, 1962.

(32)

Westerman , R.: Fluid and electrolyte replacement in sweating athletes.

JAMA, 212: 1713, 1970.

(10)

Blyth, C. and Burt , J.: Effect of water balance on ability to perform in high ambient temperatures. Res. 0 Ame r. Assoc. Hea lth Phys. Ed , 32:301-07 , 1961.

(33)

America n College of Sports Medic ine: Prevention of Heat Injuries Du ring Distance Runn ing. A Position Statement.

(34) (11)

Bock, W, et al. : The effects of acute dehyd ration upon cardiorespiratory endu rance. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 7:67 -72,1967.

Comm ittee on Nu tritional Misinformation, National Research Counci l: Water deprivation and performance of athletes. Nutr. Rev., 32:314-15, 1974.

(12)

Burt , J., et al. : An evaluation of four sched ules of fluid replacement du ring physical activity under extremes of temperature and hu midity. Paper presented at the National Convent ion of American College of Sports Medic ine, Oklahoma City, May 5, 1962.

(35)

Darden, Elli ngton: 1976.

( 13)

Buskirk, E. , et al.: Work performance after dehyd ration: effects of physical conditioning and heat acclima tization: J. Appl. Physiol., 12:189 94 , 1958.

10

Nutr ition and Athletic Performance. The Athletic Press ,

11 United States Gymnastics Federation

Fox :

UNITED STATES OLYMPIC TRAINING CENTER COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO WOMEN AND SPORT:

SUGGESTED REFERENCES

Sports Physiology, W. B. Saunders Co , 1979.

8.

Katch and McArdle: Mifflin Co. , 1977 .

Nutr ition, Weigh t Control and Exercise, Houghton-

9.

Mathews and Fox: The Physiolog ica l Basis 01 Physical Education , W. B. Saunders Co., 1976.

PUBLICATIONS 10. Sha rkey:

Physiology and Physica l Activi ty, Harper and Row. 1975.

I.

Albohm , M., Does Menslrualion Affect Perlormance in Sports? , The Physic ian and Sporlsmedicine, March. 1976.

t I.

2.

Allsen. p . et. ai , Effect ollhe Menstrual Cycle on Maximum Oxygen Uptake.

The Physician and Sportsmedicine, July 1977.

12. Strauss :

3.

Dale, E" et. ai , Phys icial Filness Proliles and Reproductive Physiology 01 the Female Distance Runner, The Physician and Sportsmedicine , January 1979.

4.

Dressendorler, R., Physical Training During Pregnancy and Lactat ion. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, February 1978.

SPORTSMEDICINE: to include athletic injuries, weight training, and other related areas

5.

Erdelyi, G.J, Effects 01 Exercise on the Menstrua l Cycle, The Physician and Sportsmedicine , March 1976.

I . Anderson:

6.

Gamberale, F., et. al" Female Work Capacity During the Menstrual Cycle .

Physiological and Psychological Reactions. Scandinavian Journal 01 Work Environment and Health , 1975, pp. 120-127.

13.

Sharkey Physiology 01 Fitness, Human Kinetics Publishers , Champaign , Illinois, 1979.

Editor, Sports Medicine and Physiology , W. B. Saunders , 1979.

Wilmore. Ath letic Training and Physical Fitness, Allyn and Bacon Co., 1978.

Stretching , P.O. Box 2734, Fullerton , Calif. 92633 , 1975.

2. Fahey : What To Do About Athletic Injuries, Butterick Publishing Co , 1979.

7.

Laubach, L. , Comparative Muscular Strength 01 Men and Women: A Review of the Literature, Aviation, Space , and Environmental Medicine, May 1976.

8.

Malina , R., et. ai , Age at Menarche and Selected Menstrual Characteristics in Athletes at Different Competitive Levels and in Different Sports, Medicine and Science in Sports, Volume 10, Nu mber 3, pp. 218-222, 1978.

3.

Mirkin and Hoffman:

The Sportsmedicine Book, Little, Brown , and Co" 1978.

4 . O'Shea : Scientilic Princ iples and Methods 01 Strength Fitness, Second Edition , Addison-Wesley Co. , 1976.

5.

Quigley: Editor, 1979 Year Book of Sports Medicine, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc. , 1979.

6.

Scriber and Burke: Relevant Topics Publications, Ithaca, New York, 1978.

in Athletic Training , Mouvement

9. Nunneley, S., Physiological Responses 01 Women to Thermal Stress ; A Review, Medicine and Science in Sports, Volume 10, Number 4, pp. 250-255 , 1978 .

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET 10.

Shangold, M., How Running Affects Pregnancy , The Runner, March 1979.

II . Weber, E., Three Great Myths of Sex and Sport, WomenSports , January 1975.

ERGOGENIC AIDS 12.

Wilmore, J ., Exploding the Myth of Female Inleriority, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, May 1974.

1. Morgan:

Editor, Ergogenic Aids and Muscular Performance, Academic Press ,

1972.

13.

Wilmore, J., et. ai , Physiological Profiles 01 Women Distance Runners , Medicine and Science in Sports , Volume 6, Number 3, pp. 178- 181, 1974.

14. Wirth , J., et. ai, The Effect of Physical Training on the Serum Iron Levels of College-Age Women, Medicine and Science in Sports, Volume 10, Number 3, pp. 223-226, 1978.

2. Williams : 3.

Drugs and Athletic Performance, Charles C Thomas Co. , 1974.

Wright: Anabolic Steroids and Sports, Sports Science Consultants, Natick, Mass , 1978.

BOOKS I.

Fox: Sports Physiology , W. B. Saunders Co ., 1979.

NUTRITION I . Deutsch :

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ON THE BACK OF THIS SHEET

2. Mayer:

Realities of Nutrition, Bull Publishing Co. A Diet for Living, Pocket Books , 1977.

3. Parizkova and Rogozkin: Press, 1978.

SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY

4. Smith :

1. Astrand and Rodahl : Textbook of Work Physiology , Second Edition , McGraw-Hili Publ ish ing Co., 1977.

2.

A Scientific Approach to Distance Running , Track & Field News,

4. Fahey:

Good-Time Fitness For Kids, Butterick Publishing Co., 1979.

6.

Food for Sport , Bull Publishing Co , 1976.

5. Williams Nutritional Aspects of Human Physical and Athletic Performance , Charles C. Thomas Co. , 1978.

Burke: Toward an Understanding of Human Performance, Mouvement Publications, Ithaca, New York, 1977 .

3. Costill : 1979.

5.

Nutrition, Physical Fitness and Health, University Park

LABORATORY EVALUATION

Folinsbee, et. al.. Envi ronmental Stress : Academic Press, 1978.

Fox and Mathews: York, N.Y., 1980.

Individual Human Adaptations,

Interval Training lor Liletime Fitness , The Dial Press , New

United States Gymnastics Federation

I . Kliman , et. al : What You Should Know About Medical Lab Tests , Thomas Y. Crowell , Publishers , 1979.

Addition to Ath letic Training : National Athletic Trainers Asso.: Medical Association, 1978.

Fundamentals of Ath letic Training , American

11

t . A realistic timetable should be established. Following the guidelines of a two pound per week weight loss (one pound per week for growing boys), will necessitate the reduction program being started well in advance of the com peting season.

MAKING WEIGHT Ann C. Grandjean, R.D. , M.S. Associate Director Swanson Center for Nutrition , Inc. Omaha, Nebraska

2. An appropriate training schedule should be established. A pre-season conditioning program can be vital to achieving desired weight by competing season.

and 3.

Daniel F. Hanley, M.D. United States Olympic Committee Sports Medicine Council and International Association of Medical Officers Reducing weight in order to compete in a lower weight ctassification is a common practice in sports such as wrestling, judo, boxing , light weight crew, and 150 pound foolball. Many athletes and coaches believe lhat a strong man at 180 pounds is still a strong man at 150 pounds. However, rapid weight loss may be a very real disadvantage to the athlete. A recent vivid example of this is Mohammed Ali in his October 2, 1980 fight against Larry Holmes. Ali is said to have gone from 260 to 217 pounds and couldn 't last. He lost more than weight - he lost endurance, the strength to stay.

The desire and/or pressure to "m ake the team" and to "win " are the forces behind the practice of making weight or crash conditioning. Numerous techniques are employed by athletes to reduce their weight , such as fasting (starvation) , crash diets, inducing vomiting , vOluntary water restriction , exercising in a rubberized suit, and sitting in a sauna or steam bath , as well as various combinations of these techniques .

Also, crash programs often include taking laxatives, diuretics (water pills) and using cathartics (enemas). A wide array of dietary manipulations are used. Athletes have been known to eat frozen grapefruit, drink pickle juice, or exist on only milk and celery for several days before competition.

A diet that limits caloric intake but supplies sufficient energy and nutr ients to maintain health. The most effective way to decrease body fat and increase muscle mass is with a moderate increase in energy expenditure in training activities accompanied by a modest reduction in caloric intake.

ASK All Athletes will find they compete with more power, endurance and speed if they reduce to their best competitive weight early in the season (or prior to the competing season), and remain at that weight throughout the season. Doing so will also reduce their chances of illness and injury. Rapid , "crash " programs cannot be com patible with optimum athletic performance. If you don't believe us, ask Mohammed Ali.

TIPS FOR LOSING WEIGHT 1. Check weight daily. Small weight gains are easier to cont rol.

2.

Know the caloric content of all foods and beverages (including alcoholic beverages). Restrict high calorie items, increase low calorie items.

3.

Instead of two or three large meals a day, eat five or' six small ones.

4. Do not restrict water.

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS When an ath lete increases energy expend iture and /or decreases caloric intake, the resulting weight loss is from two sources - body water and stored energy.

Several of the weight making techn iques used by athletes dehydrate the body and the resulting weig ht loss is only water loss, not loss of true weight. An athlete cannot perform his/her best when competing in a dehydrated state.

Extremely low calorie diets, starvation diets, low-carbohydrate diets, and other "crash" diets can result in a weight loss of several pounds in a couple of days.

However, for the athlete, there are shortcomings to such dietary regimens. A significant percentage of the weight loss is due to water loss, glycogen stores are depleted, and body protein (muscle) may be used for energy. Approximately sixty grams of body protein will be lost per day during fasting (1 ). The body protein used for energy will be taken from such places as muscles, vital organs , and the gastrointestinal tract.

Several investigators have stud ied the effects of starvation and sem i-starvation on performance (2-6). Diminished performance has been observed. Spec ific obser路 vations were decrease in maximum oxygen uptake, decrease in maxima l aerobic power, loss of speed and coordination , and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) causing adverse effects on the nervous system and interfering with judgment. Significant and undesirable changes in psychological behavior have also been observed. Henschel and his associates also found that it took at least three days of refeeding to bring performance back to maximum (3).

Aside from the detriments to physical performance, rapid weight loss also increases the incidence of infection and illness and the feeling of fatigue comes easily. Although the exact effects of frequent and excessive weight loss on growth and development are not known , it is the general consensus that such a practice, especia lly during periods of development in children and adolescents, can be damaging.

LOSING WEIGHT WITHOUT LOSS OF PERFORMANCE Prolonged moderate calorie restriction is preferred to short term crash methods for several reasons. The major reason is that the shorter periods of caloric restriction result in a larger percentage of water, protein , and carbohydrate loss per pound of weight lost with only a minimal decrease in body fat. The goal of the ath lete desiring to lose weight should be to lose fat, not muscle; therefore, the moderate calorie restriction for an extended period of time is the best method. Mayer (7) recommends a maximum weight loss of two pounds per week, while Gregg (8) recommends one pound per week for growing boys. Weight loss in excess of this can result in loss of muscle mass.

TO LOSE WEIGHT AND STILL GET THE NUTRIENTS YOU NEED ...

- Restrict high calorie foods - Increase low calorie foods - Eat a variety of foods including: milk (2% or skim) meat, fish, poultry, eggs dark green or deep yellow vegetables citrus frui ts breads , cereals, potatoes

REFERENCES 1. Passmore, R. and Durnin , J.: 1967.

Energy, Work and Leisure. London, Heinermann .

2.

Keys, A. et al: 1950.

Human Starvation. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press,

3.

Henschel, A., et al : Performance capacity in acute starvation with hard work.

Journal of Applied Physiology , 6:624 , 1954.

4. Katch , F.1. and McCardle, WD .: Houghton Mifflin Co , 1977.

Nutrition, Weight Control and Exercise. Boston,

5.

Mayer, J.: Human Nutrition: Springfield, Thomas, 1972.

Its Physiological , Medical and Social Aspects.

6.

Ribisl, P and Herbert , W.G.: Effects of rapid weight reduction and fr equent dehydration upon the physical work capacity of wrestlers. Resea rc h Quarterly, 41 :536, 1970.

7.

Mayer, J.. Overweight: Hall, 1968.

8.

Gregg, W.:

Causes, Cost and Control. Englewood Cliffs , Prentice-

A SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM A seriously committed athlete desiring to reduce body fat and body weight while increasing lean muscle mass, should follow a program based on the following principles:

12

A Boy and His Physique. Chicago, National Dairy Council, 1970.

Source: National Strength Coaches Association Journal, Volume 6, Number 6, December, 1980. Reproduced with permission of the Journal and author.

United States Gymnastics Federation

FAMOUS MYTHS

FACT:

Your vitamin requirements are not significantly increased because of your increased physical activity, The amount of vitamins you need can be easily obtained from a normal diet. Some vit amins when taken in excess are toxic,

OF SPORTS HEALTH MYTH :

In order to increase muscle size and strength , it is necessary to consume extra protein .

FACT:

Musc les are made up of water, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, and minerals in addition to protein . A normal diet will supply you with more than enough prote in to build muscles. A muscle increases in size and strength when it is repeatedly worked to 70% of its capacity.

RECO MMENDATION : The recommended protein intake is 11 -16% of total calories .

MYTH :

Don 't drink water during an event or practice. Suck on ice cubes only or rinse out mouth.

FACT:

Excessive water loss through sweat can cause mental con fusion and muscle weakness that can definitely affect your performance. Too little water during competition will hurt your performance.

RECOMMENDA TION : Constantly replace water loss. Drink water before , during, and after practice and events.

MYTH:

Salt tablets are needed during hot weather.

FACT:

Most athletes consume three times the sa il they need. If your team physician recommends consuming extra salt , it is best taken as salt added to your food or by eating salty foods.

RECOMMENDATION : Do not take salt tablets unless prescribed by you r team physician.

MYTH:

Fasting or crash diets are a good way to lose weight.

FACT:

Fasting and crash diets can decrease energy levels and hurt performance.

RECOMMEN DATION: If you need to lose weight, check with the team physician. A weight reduction diet for you should provide enough nutrients to allOW you to perform at your best.

MYTH :

Milk causes "cotton mouth."

FACT:

"Cotton mouth" is a resull of tension and heavy mouth breathing .

RECOMMENDATION: Eat a diet conSisting of a va riety of foods, , . meat, milk, fruits , vegetables, breads, and grains, If you want to know more about vitam in supplements, see your team physician.

PREVEN T ING HEAT ILLNESS Water loss means a loss in performance and in severe cases may even mean death, You must replace lost water. Cool , cold and even ice water can be taken by most people without any difficulty to replace water and cool the body , Don 't depend on thirst to tell you when to replace water, Weigh in before the practice or event. Drink water before, during, and after the event and we igh again after the event to help determine how much water you need to drink to replac e loss, One-half liter (two cups) of water equals one pound , If your weight doesn 't recover, see you r team phYSician , If you wea r pads, a sweat suit , or other c lothing that prevent s evaporation , you will slow the cooling process and body temperature will rise. To preven t heat illness: avoid heavy exercise during the hottest part of the day; wear light. loose c lothing that allows free circulation of air; schedule rest and wa ter breaks and move to the shade; take off you r jersey when it gets wet - wet clothing cuts the skin's ability to cool you; drink wa ter before, du ring and after practice sessions and competition ,

TREATMENT OF HEAT ILLNESS When water loss is not replaced , the body conserves wa ter by slowing down the sweating process. This slows down the body's cooling process, You r body can run out of water for cooling , Because of reduced wa ter availability, body temperature goes up and the body's cells (muscle, brain, kidney , heart) may be damaged, Body core temperature will ri se rapidly and at 106째 F. irreversible brain damage may result.

Heat illness can have many different symptoms : thirst, tiredness, grogginess, dry skin, rapid heart beat. Heat stroke can even strike without you feeling exhausted.

Sweating is an indication that water is being lost. Excessive sweating can make you a candidate for heat illness.

If heat illness is suspected , CALL THE TE AM PHYSICIAN IMMEDIATELY. Drink fluids , rest in the shade, remove outer garments, If a physician is not immediately available, cool the individual by whatever means available - cool fluids, ice packs , place the individual in a cool environment, remove outer clothing . GET A PHYSICIAN AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. Heat illness is preventable: hold events in the cool part of the day; schedule rest and wa ter breaks and move to the shade; repla ce water loss before, during, and afle r the event; wear light, loose clothing that allows free circulation of air; remove wet outer c lothing.

RECOMMENDATION: If you have problems with "cotton mouth," drink wa ter. Ice and chewing gum may also help.

WATER LOSS AND PERFORMANC E MYTH :

FACT:

Honey, sugar, soft drinks, glucose or dextrose taken before the event will provide quick energy.

The ene rgy used in com petition or practice comes from food eaten days and weeks prior to the event.

RECOMMENDATI ON: A diet of milk, meats, vegetables, fruits, breads and grain s provides al l the nutrients you need. A diet conta ining these foods and adequate training will enable you to perform at your best.

MYTH:

Large amounts of vitamins will supercharge the cells of the body.

FACT:

It is impossible to su percharge you r tissues sin ce most vitami ns can 't be stored and any excess amount is excreted . Extra amounts of the few vitamins that can be stored are either inactive and of no benefit or are toxic and can cause serious problems.

RECOMMENDATION: Don't take supplements unless presc ribed by your physician. Eat a variety of foods and you will get all the vitamins you need.

If you lose 2% of your body fluid, you r performance will drop. Without realizing it, your concentration, strength and stamina will decrease. The human body is about 60% water, white a muscular athlete may be as high as 70% wa ter. Water loss forthe athlete can be critical. Water is second on ly to oxygen as being essential for life, Two-thirds of the body water is stored within the cells of the body - muscle cells , heart cells, brain cells, When 2% of body water is lost, cellular effic iency decreases - the muscles lose power, the brain isn't as sharp, the hearl has to work harder.

When not engaged in sports, a person needs two liters of water a day. However, during com petition or training you may lose as much as 3-5 liters of water - even more in hot, humid weather. Th is wa ter must be replaced du ring practice and competition if you are to continue function ing at top form, Don 't take sail tablets, Water will be pulled from the body to dilute the salt. Use sa lt tablets ONLY if they are prescribed by the team physician, Most people normally consume three times the salt they need, Under certain condit ions you may need extra sa lt. If the team physician prescribes extra sa il, it can be taken as salt added to your food or by eating salty fo ods such as ham, sa lted nuts, chips, and other sa lty snack foods.

NUTRITION QUIZ

MYTH :

Food and wa ter should not be taken during competition .

T

F

FACT:

During long-term evenls, NOT drink ing water during the event will hurt you r performance.

T T

F F

RECOMMENDATION: In events which la st more than one-half hour, water must be taken during the event or performance will decrease. In events requiring continuous SUb-maximal output, carbohydrate stores may be saved by drinking some dilute carbohydrate mixture during the event.

T

F

T

F

MYTH :

An athlete's performance in strength and speed sport s is improved by a high protein pre -event meal.

2. Natural vitamin supplements are more effective than synthetic ones.

3, Honey, sugar, soft drinks, glucose, or dextrose taken immed iately before an event will produce quick energ y.

4 , An athlete training in hot weather should take salt tablets to help prevent fat ig ue.

5. During competition or practice an ath lete's body will stay in wale r balance if the athlete drinks enough water to satisfy th irst.

1.

Quiz Answers on p, 29 Athletes require larger amounts of vitamins than non-athletes because additional vitamins are needed for the rig orous train ing programs.

United Stat es Gymnastics Federation

Prepared for the United States Olympic Council on Sports Medicine by the Swanson Center fo r Nutrition, Inc_, Omaha, Nebraska

13

Vitamin

Fucts

us. RDA lor Adults and Children over lour

VitaminS

,.,-soIuble

vr.mlna

Vitamin A (retinol . provilamln carotenolds)

5000IU

Vitamin 0 (Calcllerol)

400IU

Some Deliclency Symptoms

Some Overcon,umptlon Symptoms

Retinol: liver, butler, whole milk. cheese, egg yolk. Provitamin A : carrots, leafy green vegetables, sweet potatoes, pumpkin. winter squa.h , aprlcot •. c.nt.,oupe. lortiliad margarine.

AssIsts formatIOn and maintenance of skin and mucous membranes, thus increasing resistance to infections. Functions in vilual procene. onll lorms visual purple . Promotes bone and tooth dovelopment.

MIIeI: night-blindness. diarrhea. intestinal infections. Impaired growth.

Mild: nausea, irritability. blurred VISIon .

Vitamin 0 lor tilled dairy products : lortilled mar~arine : fish 0115 : eg yolk . yntheslled by sun Ight actlOn on skin .

Promotes ossillcation 01 bones and teeth, increases intesllnal absorption 01 calCium.

Rickets In children . 05teomalaCia In adults. rare .

Vegetable 011 . marganne. shortening : green and leafy vegetables : wheat germ. whole grain products : egg yolk . Outler. liver.

Functions as antiOXidant protecting vitamins A and C and latly acids from destruction : and prevents cell-membrane damage.

Almost impoSSible to produce wlthoul starvallon . posslbte anemia In lowblfth-welght Inlants.

NontOXIc under normal condillons.

Broccoli . sweet and hot peppers . collards . bruS$8ls sprout s. strawberries. orange . kale . :;r apetrult. papaya . potato. mango. tangenne . spinaCh . lomato.

Forms cementing substances . such as collagen . that hold body cells 1ogelher. thus strengthening blood veS$8ls . hastening healing 01 wounds and bonos . and Inc rea$ing resistance to ",'eetlon . Aids In use ot iron.

Mild : (HU lse easily. bleea · Ing gums.

NontoxIC under normal conO,llons When m4t9i1<lOse .. discontinued <lellCIency symptoms may Dr,elly appear unlll the body adapts.

Pork . liver. meat : whole grains. lortllied grain products : legumes: nuts.

FunCtions as part ot a coenzyme 10 promote carbohydrate metabolism . product io n 01 riboSe. a constltuen l 01 DNA and ANA . Promotes normal appe: de and normalluncllonlng 01 nervous system.

?,

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

W.t.r-solubla

Some Maior Physiological Functions

Some Significant Sources

30IU

~.mln.

Vitamin C (ascorbiC aClo)

60mg

Thiamin (vitamin ad

t.5mg

Sevar.: xerophthalmia.

Savara: growth retardation. anlargamant 01 liver and ."I •• n. 10 .. ot h.". r"-umallc pa/n. Incr.... O pra•• ura in skull. dermal changH .

M'IeI: niluse •. w.'Oht lou. 1,ntabillty.

Savara: men till and phY$lc.' growth retilrdatlOn . kidney damage. mobilizatIOn of calCium Irom bony tI$$ue ilnd dapoSltlon In soft tl5l .....

Sevara: scurvy.

Imf,alred growth. wasting 01 Issues. mental conluSion. low morale. edema.

Savara: berlcen .

Inlants wno$8 mOlnar IngeslaG me<;ladoses dUring pregnincy will 5ho ... daliclency symptoms ,1I.r birth unlll the body adilptl.

Rlbolt.vln (vitamin B,)

t .7mg

Liver : milk . yogurt. collage cheese : meat : lorllfled gra," products.

Functions as part 01 a coenzyme assisting celli to use oxygen lor Ihe release 01 energy Irom lood.

Promotes good VISIOn and healthy skin .

LaslOns 01 cornea . cracks at corners 01 mOuth.

None reported.

NI.cln

20mg

liver. meal . poultry. Iosh . pean vls 10rtl"00 ~raln prouucts . Synthesw~d rom tryptophar. (on the average 1 mg 01 niaCin Irom 60 mg 01 dl8t· ilry tryptophan) .

FunClions as faart 01 a coen/yme In at synthesil. tissue resp,ratlon . and utll,lat,on 01 earbOhydrale lor ener9Y Promotos hea!lh y skin. nerves. and d :gest,ve tract. Aids dlgesllon and losters normal appetite .

Skin and gastrOinlest,"ill leSions. anore.,a. weak· ness. Irritability. verllgo.

None reporled 101 niCOllnamlde Flulhlng. t)eadilche. cramps. nausea lor nicotinIC acid.

Funclions as part 01 coenzymes," amino ilcid and nucleopr o lein melabollsm Promotes red blood cell lormation.

Red tongue . d .. rrhea. anemlil.

May obscure I~ "'Itance 01 parnICIOU$ ilnemoa.

Functions as part 01 a

Irritability. muscle tWIlehing. dermalltls near eyes. kidney stones. hypo· chromiC anemia.

None rep<,>rted

(n 1co1:n amI(Jt1 .

nlcvllnlC aCid)

Folacin Ilolic aCid)

O.4mg

liver . 'egumes : green leafy vegetables.

e.

2.0mg

Meal. poultry. lish. snelillsh ; green and leafy vegelables: whole gra,"s, legumes.

Vitamin (pyndoxlna . pvndoxat . pyndoxamlne)

Vitamin 8,.

810tin

Panlothanlc Acid

14

cQenzytn~ l'1vo:ved in prcr teln metabolls ~ . assists In

conversion 01 tryptophan to niae!n . laity aCid metabe ;, sm . and red blood cell lormatlon .

6.0mcg

O.3mg

tOmg

Sewere: pellagra.

Meal. poultry. lish. sheillosh : eggs : milk and ml(k products.

Functions," coenzymes involved in nucleiC acid syntheSIS and blologicill methylallon. ASSists in oolvelopmenl 01 normat red blood cells and maintenance 01 nerve Ii'" sue.

Sevara: pernICIOUS anemia. neurological dl'" orders.

None reported .

Kldne". liver : milk : egg yOlk : most resh vegetables.

Functions as part 01 a coenzyme involved in lilt synthesis. amino aCid metabolism. and glycogen lormation.

Fatigue. depreSSion. nausea. dermatllll, mU$cular pilins.

Nona raported .

liver. kidney. meats . milk : eQg yOlk . whole IIralns : legumes.

Functions lIS part 01 a coenlyme Involvod '" energy metabolism .

Rare boeaus<> lounO In mosl 10005 . Fall:,;ue . sleep disturbances. nausea.

None rel'VIle<.l

United States Gymnastics Federation

Documented Version of Article Published in Recreation Research Review December 1980 Vol. 8, No.2, pp. 61-64 INTENS IVE TRAINING AND SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT Arno Lascari Department of Sport The University of British Columbia

Is high level sport training for youngsters headed in the proper direction? Do high levels of exercise have detrimental effects on growing bones and jOints?

The case against sport training for children with respect to physical development has traditionally been weak (66). However. recent sport injury evidence, increased training levels of chi ldren, and signs of malaise should stimulate us to examine the issue once again and perhaps take a slightly different view.

The following quotation appears on page 9 of the Canadian Gymnastics Federation 1979 / 80 Official Yearbook and refers to the ordeal young girl gymnasts apparently undergo in the pursuil of Olympic participat ion: To most, its about as appealing as being Muhammad Ali's sparring partner. It's tendonitis at 6 years of age, the smell of liniment constantly on your mother's hands, bandages , stitches and plaster casts. . It's a chi ldhood invested in a sport that must be perfected before puberty strikes.

Effects of exercise on skeletal development. Wolff's law states that bones develop in a manner which is most suitable mechanically. to resist the loads put on them (65, 90) Although the evidence is not well documented, it appears that muscle loading onto long bones is greater tha n body weight (30 p. 32), During exercise the muscles pull on bones and stimulate their growth to a greater extent than the weight of the body.

The X-rays of the forearms and hands of a group of experienced tennis players revealed increases in the size of the radius and ulna in the dominant arm compared to the non-dominant arm (15), I! has also been shown that exercise leads to an increased mineralization of bones (82), There is also evidence that high ly specialized athletes undergo detrimental skeletal changes including enlarged bone processes at the origins and insertions of the most used muscles; irregular ex tensions of articular surfaces; accessory bones (sesamoid type) particularly in the olecronon region of wres tlers' elbows and at the kneecaps in sprinters; foreign bodies, probably cartilag inous, within joint capsules; degenerative changes of the articu lar cartilage evidenced by shredding, splitting , etc, and also inflammatory proliferation of cartilage and bone (10,38, 42, 65, 83 p. 197), Most of these changes were not caused by a single injury but rather were due to being pounded repeatedly , Ath letes have been found to have thicker ligam ents, tendons , and other connective tissues and to have greater tensile strength per unit of cross section (43 , 83 p. 155). I! has also been found that there is a greater number of a cartilage ce lls on the articulating surfaces of bones in joints, resulting in increased "sponginess" in the hyaline cartilage, which permits a more even distribution of load, Th is functional adaptation of cartilage brought on by exercise was found to be confined to surfaces which are normally load bearing . Extreme movements and the loading of joints in extreme positions, however, may lead to problems , so care shou ld be taken in such sports as gymnastics to avoid high repetitions of high load skil ls involving extreme ranges of motions, Microscopic examination of joint surfaces have indicated that they are never smooth, and that the synovial fluid surrounding them contains particles abraded from cartilage. A la rge increase in such particles is found after continued pounding of joints (runners beware). Hyaline cartilage has also been found to undergo rapid increases in thickness within minutes after exercising , It is believed to be due largely to changes in the fluid content in the cartilage (43). This observation provides another reason for "warming up."

Epiphyseal Injury. Until epiphyseal junctions unite, they may be considered vulnerable to injury, For this reason a coach should know when various parts of the skeleton reach maturity, The following are age estimates of epiphyseal union: (76, p. 3) Union of Long Bone Epiphysis Medial epicondyle of humeru s Proximal humerus Proximal radius Distal radius Proximal ulna

United States Gymnastics Federation

Experts estimation (range) in years of age 16 - 21 18 16 19 16

-

21 19 21 19

Distal ulna Head of femur Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Distal femur Proxima l tibia Distal tibia ProXimal fibula Dls la l fibula

19 17 16 17 18 18 17 t7 17

-

21 18 18 18 19 19 18 t8 t8

British research indicates that "growing pains" in the hip area are often due to hip arthritis caused by over indulgence in a sport (57). Malfusion of the public symphysis was also found to be much higher in players from a football club than in the general population, The bony insertions of the tendons and the epiphyses are weaker than the muscle tendon unit itself (51, p, 611), An abnormally strong muscular contraction may thus ca use epiphyseal separation. Early studies have offered conflicting evidence regarding permanent disability due to epiphyseal injury, However, the case of "Little League Elbow" has clearly established the need for moderation in the amount of throwing a growing child is allowed. (4, 5, 51).

Recently, children have been training at very intensive levels: five-year olds are now running marathons, and recently, large number of youngsters have been trained as Olympic gymnasts (11). Unfortunately, this has resulted in some serious prob lems. For example, a number of top gymnasts have suffered serious epiphyseal damage early in their careers. And, as was predicted by this writer, two top gymnasts (one Canadian, one American) have had serious problems due to overtraining, I! takes little knowledge of child growth and development to understand the reason: training seven days a week in advanced gymnastics leaves the body with insufficient recovery time, Detailed examination of the evidence suggests that the greatest danger to the epiphyses is when the child suffers repeated physical trauma or irritation (10, 38, 42, 65).

The PrOblem : Is it overtraining or improper training? If a muscle is in distress one feels pain , an immediate and clear warning, Due to the paucity of nerve endings within bones and joints, low level damage to a bone or joint becomes apparent only when the swelling or damage extends to the periphery. By that time considerable rest is needed, Dr. Douglas Jackson, MD., director of the Sports Medicine Clinic in Long Beach, Ca lifornia states: ( 11, p. 116) Our biggest problem comes when a preadolescent is asked to perform in the face of pain , and that happens in poorly supervised programs ... What we're seeing, in order of frequency, are girl gymnasts (lOW back, ankle, knee, elbow, shoulder), then preadolescent tennis players (shoulder, elbow, and some low back ), age-g roup swimmers (shoulder and knee), and last runners (chron ic tendons and kneecaps).

I! is apparent that bone and joint considerations may be the limiting physical determinant in the amount of training that is productive and wholesome for the child athlete,

Facts or fantasies. In the light of the foregoing, let us examine some commonly held beliefs associated with the pursuit of winning in athletic competition. "We are only scratching the surface of the kid's potential." This may be true in some respects , but it is clearly false when that "scratch" results in injury. "Work , work , work, until you can 't and then work some more. " This may be fine for some last heroic performance , but it is clea rly false if one is attempting to improve performance, Running , for example, until muscle function collapses invariably results in bone fractures (fatigue fractures) and is clearly counterproductive, "You've got to live with pain to be an athlete," Is this fact or fiction? All -out effort is often not painfu l at all for a well-conditioned athlete, Constant pain in a joint is not conducive to becoming a champion and in this sense it is false to suggest that with pain comes success, The quotation at the beginning of this paper shows how lack of moderation can turn an otherwise joyous experience into one that is tragic, Perhaps such practices are based on the myth that women's gymnastics " must be perfected before puberty strikes," In fact, every world and Olympic all-around title has been won by a postpubescent woman. Canadian women 's gymnastics would probably be much better if there were no bias against older girl and women competitors , " Kids are indestructible," Taken literally, this statement is obviously false. I! means that kids may hurt a bit but that they will recover in short order. This is true for some, but there are others who don 't recover, Football and trampolin e have both been leading causes of permanent spinal cord in juries in U,S, schools (45, 52), Recently , in Ontario secondary schools, gymnastics was found to be the most injury prone sport to the extent that five or more practices per season were missed (55, 56).

A strong case can be made for the view that the best route to athletic excellence is to keep the athletes healthy, Some may agree in principle to that view but still feel that one has to take risks to achieve top performance. They may also believe that the "sink-or-swim" coaching method is needed to find potential champions rapidly , Such a method not only reflects an unhealthy philosophy from a rec reational point of view, it is counterproductive, In fact , countless champion ath letes would have originally "sunk" l So by using such a method, one will eliminate many future great

15

athletes. It is philosophically unhealthy .Jecause it implies that the sport itself is what is important and not the people participating in it. The fundamental reason for the existence of a sport is its worth and benefits to part icipants. Produc ing rejects instead of "sound minds in sound bodies" is not the way to promote a sport. Fina lly, the sink or swim method is often an unacceptable substitute for inadequate teaching .

Some people believe that injuries are inevitable in risk sports. Is this a se lf-fulfilling prophecy? Programs can be run with remarkable record s of safety . If we care enough, work hard enough , we can do muc h better in acc ident and chronic injury prevention .

8. Asher, RAJ . "The Dangers of Going to Bed," Brit ish Medica l Journal 2:967968 , 1947.

9. Bachhuber, Gregory J. and Manty, Wil liam T. " Bone Development and Structure in Normal Children." MD. Thesis, University of Wisconsin , 1940.

10. Baetzner, W. "Sportschaden Schwarzenberg . Bertin, 1927.

1 t.

Some Guidelines. Coaches are under increasing pressure to push youngsters to ever higher levels of training . But the evidence indicates there are dangers in doing so. We won't have the long term results of intensive childho09 training for some time to come, but it is professional to use good judgment, based on the available evidence. As a general rule a coach should train children in ways he would wish for his own children. In fact , the Supreme Court of Canada has held that the level of care owed by a teacher to his student is greater than that owed by a careful parent to his or her own children (68).

It is clear that there is an optimum level of training. The optimum level for muscle function will probably not be the same as that for bones and jOints, or for mental and spiritual functions ; and certainly it will not be the same as the level of participation required for a totally well-rounded child.

What constitutes too much training for bone and joint development? How much time is needed for recovery? The following guidelines are suggested for the promotion of a healthy growing child and for long-term excellence in sports.

In sports involving pounding of jOints, high loads, and extreme ranges of motion workouts two days in a row should be avoided for youngsters under fift een . Fifteen to eighteen year olds need, at an absolute minimum two separated days of rest out of the week. Sports involving considerable throwing or running , gymnastics, wrestling , hockey, and golf fall readily to mind. Those sports requirin g less pounding of jOints such as swimming, synchronized swimming , diving, curling , possibly speed skating , cross crountry skiing , and rowing or canoeing may have a higher opt imum tra ining level. For these sports, suggested upper limits for training for youngsters under 15 is the same as for the high joint stress sports for 15-18 year olds, namely rest on at least two separated days per week . For 15 year olds and above (until retirement) at least one day per week of rest is needed to prevent over-reaching the optimum level of at least one of the following : bone and jOint function, musc le function , mental and spiritual function. .once a coach suspects that a youngster is reaching past the optimum level in one category, it is sometimes possible to stress another category. A runner could give his legs a rest and work on upper body strength, study running films , engage in flex ibility work , or pursue other activities .

When a youngster complains of joint pain, there is usually something organically wrong . If pain persists, the problem should be referred to a doctor and the activity that produces the pain should be ceased. A joint pain that persists more than 2 weeks is getting quite serious, perhaps not for the present, but as far as long term effects are concerned. A coach must try to avoid teaching hazardous skil ls or deal with them extremely cautiously. Gymnastics is loaded with popular moves that place special risk on the performer (ca rtwheel vault, handspring, front aerial s, ring work , etc .).

Finally, if the coach attempts to be sensitive to each and every child's welfare, the rewards of this modus operand i will likely keep him or her in the profession . It is this writer's belief that the best sports programs for youngsters, the ones that will contribute best to the wholesome development of each young person , are those programs that are based on the traditional values promoted by recreation and education .

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Abramson, A.S. "Atrophy of Disuse," Arch. Phys. Med ., 29:562-570, 1948.

am

Bewegury -saparat."

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Barnes, Lan: " Preadolescent Tra ining - How Young Is Too Young?"

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Brogdon, B.G. and Crow, N.E. " Little Leaguer's Elbow," American Journal of Roentgenology, 83:671-675, 1960.

14. Burke, E.J. Kleiber, D. " Psychological and Physical Implications of Highly Competitive Sports for Children ," Physical Education, vol. 33, no. 2, May, 1976.

15. Buskirk, Elsworth R. , Anderson, K., Lange, and Brozek , Joseph. " Unilateral Activity and Bone and Musc le Development in the Forearm ," Research Quarterly, 27:127 -131 , May, 1956.

16. Carey, E.J. "Studies in the Dynamics of Histogenesis," Radiology, 13:127 -168, 1929.

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17. Carothers, Smith, F.C., and Calabrish , P. "The Elastic ity and Strength of Some Long Bones of the Human Body." Naval Medical Research Institute, 1949.

18. Charnley, J. and Baker, SL "Compression Arthrodesis of the Knee," Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , 34 -B:187 -199 , 1952.

19. Clarke, H.H. and Petersen, K.H . "Contrast of Maturational, Structural Strength Characteristics of Athletes, Non-Athletes, 10 to 15 Years of Age ," Research Quarterly, 32:163-176, 1961 .

20. Clarke, HH and Shelley, M.E. " Maturity, Structure, Strength, Motor Ability , and Intelligence Test Profiles of .outstanding Elementary School and Junior High School Athletes," The Physical Educator, 18:132-137, 1961 .

21.

Crowe, H.E. ".orthopedic Facts about Football," Journal School Health, 17:180, September, 1947.

22.

De Lotto, Marcel J. "The Effects of Competitive Athletics on the Growth and Development of Pre-Pubescent Boys," Eugene, .oregon, PhD . Thesis, 1954.

23. Dotler, W.E. " Little Leaguer's Shoulder," Guthrie Clin. BUll., 23:68-72 , July, 1953.

24.

Elliott, Geoffrey M. ''The Effects of Exercise on 'Structural Growth ' " Review Cahper Journal, vol. 36, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., 1970

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Emerson , R.J . "Sports Report ," Medical Tribune, January 6, 1964.

A

26. Espenschade, Anna. " Motor Performance in Adolescence," Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 5:118, 1940.

2. Anatomy Lecture. University of Michigan, Spring, 1962.

27 .

3. Adams , Edward H. "A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Hard Labor During Youth as a Stimulator of Physical Growth of Young Colored Women," Research Quarterly, 9:102-108, .october, 1938.

Evans, F. Gaynor. Stress and Strain in Bones. Springfield , Illinois: Thomas, 1957.

28. Fait, H. "An Analytical Study of the Affects of Competitive Athletics Upon Junior High School Boys," University of Iowa, PhD. Dissertation , 1951 .

4. Adams, J.E. " Injury to the Throwing Arm. A Study of Traumatic Changes in the Elbow Joints of Boy Baseball Players," California Medicine, 102:127-132, February, 1965.

29. Frost, Harold M. Bone Biodynamic s. Boston: 1964.

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30.

"Little League-Osteochrondrosis of the Proximal Humeral Epiphysis in Boy Baseball Pitchers," California Medicine, 105:22-25, July, 1966.

6. Allison , N., and Brooks, B. Bone Atrophy. "An Experimental Study of the Changes in Bone which Results from Nonuse," Surg., Gynec., and abst.

33:250-260, 1921 .

7. Allman, F.L. "Competitive Sports for Boys Under Fifteen Beneficial or Harmful? " Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia, 464-468, November, 1966.

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Little, Brown and Company,

Frost , Harold M. The Laws of Bone Structure. Charles C. Thomas, 1964 .

31 . Gillespie, JA "The Nature of the Bone Changes Associated with Nerve Injuries and Disu se." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 36-B : 32 . Glegg, R.E. and Leblond, CP " Pressure as a Possible Cause of Dissolution and Redeposition of Bone and Tooth Crys tals," Canadian Journal of Medical Science, 31 :202-206, 1953.

33. Goisman, J. and Compere, EL " Healing of Fractures of Atrophic Bones ," Journal of Bone and Joint Surg ery, 20:587-603, 1938.

United States Gymnastics Federation

34 . Goss, Richard J. Adaptive Growth . London : 35.

36.

37 .

Logos Press Limited, 1964.

64 . Quinby, William ; Truman, John; Connelly. John. " Ath letic Injuries in Children."

Clinical Pediatrics. September, 1964.

Hale, C.J. " Physiological Maturity of Little League Baseball Players," Research Quarterly, 27 :276-282, 1956.

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Rarick, G.L. " Exercise and Growth." Science and Medicine of Exercise and Sports. 440-465. New York: Harper Brothers, 1960.

Harrer, Alt. "Bowlegs and Pigeontoes WAAHPER , 38: No. 4, January 1968.

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"Competiti ve Sports fo r Young Boys : Controversial Issues," Medicine and Science in Sports, vol. 1, no. 4, December 1969.

an Advantage?" Jou rnal of

Harris, N.H., Murray. R. " Incidence of the Symphysispubis in Athletes ," Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, vol. 56, p. 63, 1974.

67 . Reichart, John L. . MD . "Competitive Athletics for Pre-Teen Age Children," JAMA, 1701 -1707, April 5, 1958.

38.

Heiss, F. " Klein Wochenschr," Deutsch Med. Wochenschr, 57:2138, 1931 .

39 .

Hirsch, C. " Studies on the Mechanism of Low Back Pain," Acta Ortho.

Scandinav., 20:261-274 , 1949.

40.

Hirsch, C. and Nachemson A. " New Observations on the Mechanical Behavior of Lumbar Discs," Acta Orthop. Scandinav., 23:254-283, 1954 .

41

Howell, J.A. "An Experimental Study of Ihe Effect of St ress and Strain on Bone Development," Anal. Rec" 13:233-253, 1917.

42 .

Hora. K. Publ. de la Fac. de Med . Brno. Republ. Tehecoal. 10. 1. 1931 .

43 .

Inglemark. Bo E. " Morpho-Physiological Aspects of Gymnastic Exercises, " FIEP Bulletin. 2737.1957.

44.

Janssen. M. On Bone Formation: London: Longmans, 1920.

45.

Katy, Sidney. " Healthwise," Homemakers Magazine, April 1978. p. 70.

74 . Siffert, Robert, Levy , Roger. " Athle tic Injuries in Children," Pediatric Clinics , vol. 12, 1965.

46.

Kay, J.A. "Traumatic Arthritis and the Mechanical Factors in Hypertrophic Arthritis," Journal Lab. and Clin. Med ., 15: 1145- 1160, 1930.

75. Sigmond, Harvy. "The Adolescent and Athletics, Orthopedic Aspects."

Pediatric Clinics of North America , 7: 165-172, 1960.

68.

Ritchie , J., McKay at al v. Board of Govan School Unit No. 29 of Saskatchewan et al. Western Weekly Reports, p. 301.

69.

Raux . W. Beitrage zu r. "Morphologie der funktionellen Anpassing." Arch. Anal., Physiolo., Anal. Abl., 9:120-158, 1885.

70.

Rowe, FA " Growth Comparisons of Athletes and Non-Athletes." Research Quarterly, 4:108-1 16, 1933.

71 . Ryan , Allan J . Medical Care of the Athlete. New York: McGraw-Hili. 1962.

72.

Its Relation to Tension and Pressure.

47 . Kharmosh. Olved and Serville, Paul. "The Effect of Motor Denervation on Muscle and Bone in the Rabbit's Hind Limb," Acta Orthop. Scandinav . 36 :361370, 1965.

Samachson, Joseph. The Arm or Within Us. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1966.

73. Shuck, G.R. "Effects of Athle tic Competition on the Growth and Development of Junior High School Boys," Research Quarterly, 33:288-298, 1962.

76.

"Skeletal Age Changes in Young Ameri can Males, Technical Report EP-45, " Quartermaster Research Center, Natick, Massachusetts, May, 1957.

48 . Krogman, W.M. " Maturation Age of 55 Boys in the Little League World Series.

1957," Research Quarterly, 30:54-56. 1959.

77 . Slocum. D.B. and Larson, R.L. " Indirect Injuries of th e Extensor Mechanism of the Knee in Athletics," American Journal of Orthopedics, 6:248-253, November-December, 1964.

49 . Lacroix, P. The Organization of Bones. London : J. & A. Churchill Ltd . 1951

78.

50. Lanier, R.R . "The Effects of Exercise on the Knee Joints of Inbred Mice," Anal.

Rec .. 94311 -321, 1946.

51.

Larson , Robert L. and McMahon, Robert O. "The Epiphyses and the Chi ldhood Athlete," Jama, 196: No. 7, May 16, 1966.

Slocum, D.B . "Mechanics of Common Shoulder Injuries," American ~ournal of Surgery, 98:395. 1959.

79. Siottow, Tim . " How to Extend with the Growing Gymnast's Vulnerability to Injury," International Gymnast, Jan. 1978.

52 . Lascari, Arno. "Trampoline Safety," Cahper Journal, 1980.

80 . Smith, L.D. " Hip Fractures: The Role of Muscle Contraction on Intrinsic Forces in the Causation of Fractures of the Femoral Neck." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 35-A:367 -383, 1953.

53. Loman, C.L. "Relations of Postu re States to Competitive Sport s, " Phys. Educ. , 9: October, 1953.

81 . Steinhaus, A.H . "Chronic Effects of Exercise," Physiological Reviews, 13:103147, 1933.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ " Vulnerable Age," JOHPER, 18:635, November, 1947.

82.

55. Mac intosh, David, " Athletic Injuries: A Growing Concern in Secondary School Interschool Sports Programs, " Cahper Journal, Jan.-Feb., 1980, vol. 46, no. 3.

83.

54.

" Muscle Hypertrophy." Jr. Health and Physical Education , 3:36-37, 1932.

Education. Dubuque: 56.

Toward an Understanding of Health and Physical William C. Brown, 1963.

Macintosh, D., King , J.C. The Role of Interschool Sports Programs in Ontario Secondary Schools, Ministry of Education, Queens Park, Toronto, 1977 , p. 78.

84.

57 . Murray, R.O ., Duncan, C. " Athletic Activity in Adolescence as an Eliological Factor in Degenerative Hip Disease," Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , vol.

538, p. 406 , t 971 .

Strobino, L.V., French, G. and Colonna, P.E . "The Effects of In creasing Tensions of the Growth of Epiphyseal Bone," Surg., Gynec, & Obsl. , 95:694700.

85.

Tower, S.S. "Reaction of Muscle to Denervation," Physiol. Reve" 19:1-48.

1939.

58 . Meyer, AW. " Further Observations Upon Use-Destruction in Joints," Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 15:67-84 , 1922.

59 .

86 . Voyt. E.C. and Vickers, V.S. "Osseous Growth and Development," Radiology , 31:441 , 1938.

" Chronic Functional Lesions of the Shoulder," Arch.

Surg. , 35:646-647 , 1937.

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Watson, Ernest H. and Lowrey , George H. Growth and Development of Children. Chicago: The Year Book Publishers, 1954.

60. Meyer, H. von . "Die Arctitektur des Spongivsa ," Arch. Anal. Physiol.. 34 :615628, 1867.

88.

Wermel, J. "Untersuchungen uber die Kintogenese und ihre Bedentung in der onto-und phylogenetischen Entioicklung ," Morph. Jahrb., 75:128-149. 1935.

61 . Middleman, J .e. "Shoulder and Elbow Lesions of Baseball Players." American Journal of Surgery. 102:627-632, November 1961.

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62 . Pitzen. P. Munch. Med. Wochenschr, 75:786, 1928.

63 . Price-Jones. Quarl. Journ. Exper. Physiol. 16, 61. 1926.

United States Gymnastics Federation

90. Wolff, A " Die Le hre von der functionellen Pathoyenese der Defornitaten ."

ArCh. f. Klin , Chir. 4: Hefl. 4.

17

UNITED STATES OLYMPIC TRAIN ING CENTER COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY

Hemoglobin

The various iron-related blood indices which have been measured from your blood are described in the accompanying paragraphs.

Hemoglobin, located in your red blood cells, has the important function of carrying oxygen. The more hemoglobin you have (per unit of blood) , the better your ability to carry oxygen to working muscles. However, your successful performance in many sports, especia lly short-term (anaerobic) type activities, does not depend on oxygen carrying capacity and hemoglobin level. Oxygen carrying capacity and hemoglobin level may be important in endurance (aerobic) type activities. Nevertheless. if your hemoglobin level is within normal range, it should not be a detriment to sport performance. If it is below the normal range, it may indicate a depletion of the iron stored in your body - a condition called anemia. If your physician diagnosed you an amenic, he/ she might recommend that you increase your iron intake. While men are very rarely anemic , about 5% of young women are anemic. Unfortunately, taking extra iron will not increase your hemog lobin level if that level is norm al for you. Some people naturally have high or low hemoglobin levels but are still within normal range.

A high altitude tends to increase hemoglobin levels after a few weeks at that altitude.

Elevations of 5,000 - 7,000 feet, such as Colorado Springs , mayor may not inCrease your hemog lobin level even after severa l weeks. Athletes do not necessarily have higher hemoglobin levels than nonathletes.

Normal values:

For training athletes, optimal nutrition is important for optimal body functioning and optimal performance. Iron is just one of many important parts of good nutrition.

Inadequate iron is rarely of concern for men but is of concern for women because of the ir greater iron losses through menstruation. In addition , training athletes may have greater than normal iron needs bec ause of iron losses from sweating . At high altitudes, more red blood cel ls are produced , thus taking more iron than usual from the iron stores.

men

Hematocrit Hematocrit is the percent of your blood which is filled by red blood cells. The more red blood cells (per unit of blood) you have, the higher your hematocrit. Since hemoglobin, which carri es oxygen , is located in red blood cells , the number of red blood cel ls you have can affect how much oxygen your blood can carry. A high aJlitude tends to increase the production of red blood cells, so that after a few weeks at a higher than usual altitude, you may have a higher hematocrit. Your hematocrit mayor may not inc rease after a few weeks at Colorado Springs where the altitude is only 5,000 - 7,000 feet. If your hematocrit is with in normal range it probably will have no effect on your performance. Athletes do not necessarily have higher hematocrits than non-athletes.

Normal values:

Men = 42-48% Women = 38-42%

= 13.5 - 16 grams of hemoglobin / 100 ml. blood

women = 12 - 14.5 grams of hemoglobin / 100 ml. blood

Serum Iron Most of the body's iron is found in the hemoglobin of the red blood cel ls. There is also some iron in the serum (flu id) portion of the blood. This iron is in transit to and from iron storage depots. Normal serum iron values range from 60-135 mcg / 100 ml blood in women and from 80-160 mcg / 100 ml blood in men. A lower than normal serum iron level suggests that a lim ited amount of iron is available for transport to tissues or for storage. Low serum iron values (below 60 mcg / 100 ml blood) may be caused by: (1) chronic iron deficiency with reduced iron storage levels, (2) initial adjustments to high altitudes, (3) inflammatory disease, (4) menstrual cycle variat ions (low serum iron values are often seen near the onset of menstrual bleeding) and (5) large blood losses. Sometimes serum iron values are low in normal , healthy people because of a normal day to day variation that exists. Therefore, serum iron values must be interpreted along with other blood variables to accurately evaluate body iron conditions.

TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity)

A FEW TIPS FOR INTERNATIONAL JUDGES TED MUZYCZKO JUNE 1, 1981

The iron in the serum of the blood is carried by a substance ca lled transferrin. The amount of transferrin available to bind and carry iron in the serum is refl ected by the "TIBC" va lues. Thus, Total Iron Binding Capacity is an indication of how much transferrin is in the blood and reflects the maximal capability to transport iron to and from iron storage depots. Normal values for TIBC range from 250-350 mcg / 100 ml blood in men and women. High TIBC values occur when the body is trying to mObilize a lot of iron because of an increa sed need or increas ed loss of body iron.

International judging is both a serious and complex affa ir. You must be prepared.

This preparation does not end with your qualification as an internat ional judge; that is only th e beginning. If you are selected for an international assignment, keep in mind the Duties and Responsiblities of Officia ls - USGF.

% Saturation

The judges as selected for any team tour, competition or exhibition in this nation or abroad shal l be called upon to perform the following duties:

Although iron is carried in serum by transferrin , there is more transferrin than iron, so that the total iron binding capacity is usually about three times more than the iron level in the serum. In other words, the transferrin in the blood is normally on ly about one-third saturated with iron. Normal % saturation values are, therefore, about 20%40%. A low % saturation (below 15%) indicates 'low serum iron and is found mainly in conditions of greatly reduced body iron stores (i ron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia).

Iron, Nutrition and Your Performance The body needs iron for making hemoglobin which carries oxygen in th e blood and for making many enzymes involved in producing energy for muscle contraction. Iron is brought into the body through the food we eat but only limited amount of food can be absorbed. Iron that is absorbed is carried by the blood to storage depots (bone marrow). This iron is then used to make hemoglobin or is transported out to various tissues to be a part of certain enzymes needed by cells to produce energy. We also lose a certain amount of iron each day through sweating, loss of skin cells and red blood cell turnover. Adequate dietary iron and adequate iron stores are important for good oxygen transport and muscle function. If iron intake is inadequate or iron losses are greater than iron intake, the iron stores can become diminished (iron deficiency or depletion) and eventually a number of blood variables are affected (such as lower than normal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels - clinically known as anemia).

18

The duties and responsibilities of officials are pointed out by the USGF. The following is reprin ted from the USGF.

1. Be prepared to act as team manager with all the listed duties of team manager, in add ition to his duties as judge, if required .

2. Where qualified and so prescribed in advance, the judge shall act as Ass istant Coach, serving to assist the Head Coach in any manner requested by the Head Coach. Such arrangements will only be utilized when at the beginning of the se lection process for the judges position , such qualifications have been an integral part of consideration , and wi th the approva l of the Head Coach and the USGF Office.

3. Be present at all work-outs to score any exercises that the coach requests. Be prepared to c ritiqu e each exercise, encourage while pointing out errors.

4. Be present at all technical meetings required, take courses as required . and protect the teams interest at all such meetings. Impart all decisions of these meetings to coach and team.

5. The Judge will not act independent of the team , he must atlend all team meetings, briefings and work closely with the Coach .

The above Duties and Responsibi lities need elaboration and amplification . The following Tips and Comments should be helpful.

United States Gymnastics Federation

1.

preliminary reading about the location and competition prior to leaving.

Participation means whenever possible traveling with the team and helping along with luggage, with problems, etc.

Know Your Assignment Does T he C ompetition Have A History?

2.

3.

It is easy to make a commitment to a foreign delegation or judge . Make sure that it is followed through . This means if they need additional judging materials or if they want you to contact the USGF for future meets, etc. , make sure that that information is relayed. The U.S teams and the USGF will be viewed in a manner in which you carry out these commitments. Make sure you know the address, phone number and telex of the USGF. Many times you may simply give this to a foreign delegation leader so they can directly contact the USGF.

Physical Preparations International trips can often be strenuous. Time zone changes play havoc on the body. Try to be in reasonably good physical shape. Very often you 'll spend much time eating and talking with very little exercise and very little sleep. If you are traveling to Europe the time differences can be anywhere from six to eight hour later. It wouldn 't be a bad idea to go to bed early a few hours prior to the trip and get up a few hours earlier. This may help take the "sting" out of the first few days after your arrival. Sometimes gymnasts are asked to compete within a day of their arrival. This is strenuous for them, but it is also strenuous for a judge; therefore a judge should be prepared to take this stra in. If your body is tired. your mind will not be at peak efficiency. While there watch what you eat and drink - you are in training tool

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Know Your Judging Group Know your "judging team " - their names, their countries, their likes. their dislikes, their knowledgeability levels. Be able to communicate with them in any manner possible. The gymnastics language is somewhat international in that there are many cognates. If you have a problem let your hands do the talking. Remember John Smith may be a funny name to a Russian so be careful in understanding and pronouncing the names of foreign judges and gymnasts.

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Judges Meetings Attend all judges meetings and let your presence be known. Be courteous but firm if necessary. Very often countries will overlook a new judge for a head judge position unless something is said. Don't forget you have a strong team and that team needs representation . Make sure you understand all that transpires and report it directly to the coach and to the team. Starting times are critical, warm-ups are c ritica l and any rules interpretations that are different are also critical. Be on time - if not you may be left out.

Be Prepared To Act As A Team Manager/ Delegation Leader/Assistant Coach During many trips there will often be only one coach. Therefore. the Delegation Leader responsibility should be filled by the judge. The judge might also act as a Team Manager and Assistant Coach, if necessary. If possible keep records of what occurs, take photographs , etc. These are useful later for subsequent articles and general information.

Honor Your Commitments

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As part of your preparation determine if the competition you are to judge has a history. good or bad . Pan American games are almost always a problem .

Reading the past reports or talking with the past judges will help you be better prepared to cope with situations that are common to that competition . If you are to be the tactician that you must be. your strategy would be much better if you know the past history. Also. of course, be prepared for the unexpected.

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Equipment Make sure you have the necessary judging equipment . A list that is not all inclusive is shown below:

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Know You r Rules It is extremely important to know all the rules as they are interpreted internationally rather than nationally. Most international judges accept the U.S. interpretations; however, keep in mind there are some that do not. You must be up to date with the latest compulsory as well as optional interpretations.

Knowing the rules also means knowing apparatus dimensions and having the necessary books with you. Knowing the rules further implies that you know the rules of the specific competitions, the number of gymnasts to count , rotations, warm-up, warm-up times, starting times, etc.

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Know Your Judges An international judge must learn to appreciate the differences between the judges from different countries. Many cou ntries do not have extensive programs so that their training may not be as complete as yours. Most international judges do not judge as many meets as U.S. judges do. Be as helpful and positive as you can. Learn to develop a sense of confidence between the other judges and you rself. Learn to appreciate the ir gymnasts and their struggles - they want equity too. Study their strengths and weaknesses. How can the NGJA help their programs?

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Plenty of paper, pens and pencils.

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The code of points and any of its supplements.

3. A small tape recorder is helpful in recording other exercises or keeping notes for later use.

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Make sure you have dark shoes , grey slacks, blue blazer, white shirt and a tie. Some judges from other countries wwear unusual attire; however, as a proper USGF and FIG representative you should be dressed appropriately.

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Wear an appropriate patch that represents the USGF.

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Have a small bag that is large enough to carryall your necessary judging equipment.

Know Your Gymnasts and Coach International judges must work cooperatively with the coach and gymnasts.

They must know the exercises of each of the gymnasts. their weaknesses, their strengths, their leanings, etc. Remember the coach is the last work on the performance of the gymnasts; however, you can be of great assistance to him by pointing out how they may best score. The gymnasts and coach must develop a sense of confidence in the judges who are out there on the floor for a common cause: To see that the U.S. teams are treated fairly .

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PartiCipate In All Functions It is important that the judges participate in all functions such as the training sessions, judges meetings , banquets. etc. Make yourself visible. Show the host country that you care enough to become part of what they have spent many hours putting together. Attending the training sessions and observing the performances of other gymnasts from other cou ntries train ing techniques . etc. will be valuable to the success of your immediate mission as well as to the success of the overall U.S. effort. Passing out small representative pins or other items from the U.S. will go a long way to making you , the team and the U.S. visible. Take a genuine interest in the location of the meet , the surroundings, the country, the people, etc. It wouldn 't hurt to do a little

United States Gymnastics Federation

7. A dictionary or a foreign language code of points is helpful. A copy of a triple translation is included - German , English, FrenCh. 8. Make sure you have a watch to time a gymnast falling from the apparatus.

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If there are compulsories in the meet make sure you have the complete compulsory text deductions and the NGJA judging sheets.

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A hand calculator is sometimes helpful in determin ing scores quickly.

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A camera or cameras are sometimes helpfu l for specific moves and team pictures or articles which may be written late r.

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Miscellaneous items such as enough money and proper clothing for the weather in a particular location are a matter of common sense but are worth noting. Further if you need any pills or medication you may not find them so easily in many countries. This is part of your equipment so be prepared. Other miscellaneous items include pins, patches and a possible gift that you may be asked to present in exchange. If you are a delegation leader and the coach has not brought something along it will be embarrassing for the USGF not to have something along . In that regard always check with the chief delegation leader of the host country as to when presentations are made and what is to be expected. You may also be asked to say a few words so be prepared. An additional note is be careful of press conferences and what you say.

Continu ed

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prepared l " you know th e malar words In Ihe gymnastics voca bulary In some language such as Frenc h or German you will be able to communica le with 95% of the judges. When In doubt. of course. you can use your hands. I am convinced that some of the effectiveness of lore lgn judges is due to their ablilly to communicat e beller than many U.S. judges. It is not hard 10 get a working vocabulary 01 several hundred gymnastic lerms in German or French .

Remember there are a lot of cognates and Ihal elegant sentence struc lure IS not necessary. Simple telegraphic word comm unicalion is oft en suffic ient , Learn the major words and phrases. To help you along I have appended a three column Iranslation English. German. French 01 the fronl pari of th e Code of Points. Also included are several moves with stick figures and words in German as well as English . Belore I go on an international trip I study Ihe code of points in German , learning all the major words aga in. It is really amazing how lew words you have to know to eff ectively communicale on Ihe floor even in Ihe tightest clinch . Also. Included is a list 01 common gymnastic terms Iranslated from English to German and French .

Know The Meet-Judging And Recording System You musl know exactly how Ihe scores are 10 be wrillen and Ihe Informallon Iransferred 10 Ihe head judge flasher elc . Keep an eye on Ihe average score and your score and look for any drifts Ihal may occur. Be prepared 10 lake action il you have 10.11 you are nol a head judge figure out ah9ad of time In what manner you would have to take ac ti on il some drifts appear to be occurring .

This may mean a direct confrontation with a head judge i.e. walking up to him and expressing what you feel the problem is. Watch your scoring and make sure that the U.S. team is trealed lalrly. Also make sure that the rest of the gymnasts are treated fairly.

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Keep An Eye On The Other Events Although you are judging one event keep an eye on the other events as much as possible. Your judging expertise may be needed to help a coach with a protest. Be prepared 10 assist in wri ting any protests together with the coach as the cases arise.

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Look Out For Vaulting Vault ing always presents some kind of a problem in competition. Be careful that Ihe different number of vault is performed in the finals. For some reason this very short event seems to create the very longesl of problems. Be on the alert '

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If You Win An Argument Don't Gloat The gynmastics judging communily is very small. You may win Ihe bailie on one event. but don 't gloat. You may see Ihe same judges on another event who wi ll remember it. Also don 't lorgel thallhere will be anolher competilion and another time where you or someone else will represent the U.S. and you may be crea ting problems for the future. II you have made your point and you have won, be courleous. be prolessional and go on to the next order 01 business.

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After Sales Service After the event or competition be sure and thank those judges who have done a good job. be specific. II any 01 the judges have not done well and have obviously been one sided be sure you lei them know for nexl time. Again be specific. they remember thing s a lot more; immediately after, than they will a lew weeks or a year later.

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Write Your Reports After the competition make sure that you write a report of Ihe competition with a copy to the USGF and to the NGJA. II thank-you notes are in order make su re to send them to the U.S. representa tives or those abroad wherever applicable.

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Language I believe it is im possible lor an international judge to function actively at an international meet unless he can communicale with his fellow judges. This does not mean that you must be a linguist. However. you must be able to communicate and preferably withoul a translator. II every time you have a conference you must call in a tran slater you will delay the meet and will ullimately yield to the intimidation of the crowd and Ihe reliance 01 the other judges for translation. I remember a number of meets in which foreign judges wou ld understand Eng lish slighlly and German well prior 10 the competition .

However, when difficult ies arose th ey would lorget all of their English and Ihen mosl of their German. I wonder il Ihey remember their own language? Be

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International judging is serious business. You have been selected lor a trip because of your ability and your commitmenl: not lor a free trip. Once you have recognized that you have a job 10 do and you do perform il ably.lhere is plenty of time to enjoy the country, the people, the food and the marvelous gymnastics camaraderie.

THE COACH , THE PSYCHOLOGY, THE GYMNAST

by R. SCOTT CROUSE We all know the role of coach becomes increasingly more demanding and complex, one area of concern has gradually emerg ed as a centrallopic of consideration : the handling of individual athletes as well as a team as a whole.

The coach must know the different personality Iypes of Ihe athletes with whom she will be working during the season. enabling her 10 use effectively Ihe varied approaches available to her. Means and lorms 01 communication. motivational techniques, and teaching procedures will vary in accord ance with the degree to which Ihe individual athletes and the team manifest differen t personality trails. Peak performances. ideal training weight, suslaining individual drive throughout the season. championship dedication. producing under pressure. surviving the competition atmosphere, are examples of the gymnastic coach 's goals and yet are direct results of the coach being able to establish roles and balanced relati onships with the individuals on her team . each with their own uniqueness.

A coach can group her gymnasts or athleles into Iypes, like: slow. timid, stubborn. careless. sensitive, bold. lazy; but Ihe limid athlele often becomes bold in a given situalion; the lazy athlete springs into a bu rst of aclivity from time 10 time. At best. these c lassifications give you the ath lete's so ca lled "balling average " ye t they don 't lell you exactly what she will do when she comes up 10 Ihe apparatus each time .

That's what makes a sport.

How should a coach guide her own relalions with Ihe various types on her team?

How should she approach each one? What shou ld she guard against?

Don't Be An Ugly American Ou r gymnasts are gelling younger and younger these days. Don 't be an ugly Ameri can - be a proper role model. Also make su re you are courteous 10 all Ihe loreign delegations. II you don 't like Ihe wine. beer or fruit cocktail . you simply don't have to eat it. However, don'l make a fuss about how much beller the United States is. restaurants. etc . The world is shrinking and we are becoming more and more of an international commu nity . The U .S. certa inly buys enough foreign cars and how about electronics? How about crime in the streets? Let's be fair and courteous to all members of Ihe foreign delegations .

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Enjoy Yourself

Don't Be Afraid To Express Yourself II somelhing is going wrong be prepared with a plan of action . It's too lale 10 do it aft er the meet is over or if you're on your way home. Sometimes direct confron tat ion or sheer intimidation are the only words that will be understood .

Don 't cry wolf too often , however, or you will be categorized as a habitual complainer. Exert the pressure when the pressure is needed . II you feel we have an event winner and he wins by .05 don't arque for another two lenths after it's over. He has won and il is over l Argue during the scoring process to raise the score if need be.

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The first rules. says basic psychology, is to be tolerant and understanding . Try to avoid giving any impression that you have comtempt for a gymnasl because she's timid , for example.

As a coach. it's not your absolute job to lurn the tim id inlo the bold, the lamb into Ihe lion . even if it could be done all Ihe time. A trained psychiatrist wou ld hesitate to do Ihat. We can only take the personalily for granted. Coaches study cha racter not to absolutely change it but 10 use it at the highesl peak of effic iency. and to extract from it Ihe greatest degree of co-opera tion.

While you read the fOllowing paragraphs. keep in mind a specific gymnast. Nole that Ihere has been a space left long-side the headings: insert the initials of a gymnast you know who comes under Ihat heading. Keep that gymnast in mind as you read along. . and notice. too. that she does nol fall entirely into anyone group. A large number of gymnasls tend to share certain traits that typify gymnastic success as well as failure. ft is impossible therefore to lalk about a "gymnast" in a sing ular way.

The Sensitive Gymnast: - - We are all " touchy" about cert ain things . But we call a girl a "sens itive " gymnast when we really mean they are oversensitive. They are quick to catch Ihe painful implication s ... even in remarks thai are not intended as insu lts.

United States Gymnastics Federation

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Your allitude is Important, should never be condescending. Be soft spoken wi th such a gymnast.

Don't issue orders Instead phrase your instructions as requests and suggestions.

Watch your team 's reaction to her and be ready to repa ir the damage they do In rubbing her the wrong way. She's hard to hold on the team .

Take time wi th her grievances. She will magnify any signs of unfairness: frequenlly she appeals decisions.

Don 't kid her she can't take It. Even casua l teas ing by you or others, may be brutal to her.

Reprimands shou ld be light.

Be sympathelic loward her problems.

Remember that the sensit ive gymnast's suggeslions are often very good. She responds well to praise and is good on detail.

carelessness. The causes of ca relessness may be: (a) distraction .. always think ing of something else; or (b) plain lack of interest. The firs t type is harder to handle.

I . If a gymnast is disinterested , you may have to give her more respons ibil ity to arouse interest in her training. If that fails , you may have to re-evaluate her worth as a team member.

2. If she 's the distracted type, avoid assignment to hazardous skills in training . especia ly where the safety of others is involved.

3. She's not good on delails. Her work needs more than the usual personal coaching and critiqu e.

4. When you talk to her, be sure you have her allention and hold it . Check her understanding of instru ctions.

5. Be firm: give clear , direct, detailed orders. Indecision would be weakness on you r part.

6. Such a gymnast is always a maintenance problem. Keep an eye on her personal equipment, (i.e.. grips, shoes, etc.).

The Slow Gymnast: - - -

The Bold Gymnast: - - -

Slowness may be due to either of two reasons . The girl may be very Ihoughtful and deliberal e: or she may be slow thinking and dul l.

ThiS type of gym nast can be your " best girl" or your "worst headache." It depends on how you match your firmn ess against her boldness.

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Be pal ient.

Give the slow gym nasi more time belween inslruclions and the carrying out of your coaching orders. It takes her longer 10 adjusllO changes. In other words . let her know as soon as possible what she is expec led to do. Avoid giving her several skills or problems to work at the same time.

Talk slowly when addressing her, especially when you're giving instructions.

Watch her facial rea ctions and listen ca ref ully to her comments to determine whether you ought to repeat your instruc tions or expand on them .

Be very ca reful how you handle the compla ints and grievences of the deliberate gymnast. She has given thought 10 the mailer; don't give her a hasty decision. The same with her suggestions. Some coaches make it a practice to lei I the deliberate girl who brings up a problem that they need time to th ink it over.

There is something about the deliberale gymnast that encourages respect for her opinions. When you wan t to get something across to your team , make a special effort to get her agreement.

With Ihe dull gymnast, be careful to show consideration. Show respect for her opinions, suggestions . . she reach es them painfully and clings to them . Let her down easi ly.

A dull gym nasi can be very sensitive 10 implications Ihal she's backward .

Watch that.

Make your orders, instructions, explanations simple and clear for the dull gymnast. Use many illustrations and examples.

Always c heck whether the dull gymnast understands; keep a sharp eye on her when she is beginning something new.

Give the dull dymnast a second opportunity before warning or reprimanding her.

When the slow or deliberale gymnast does a job al a lillie beller than her normal speed, she is making a special effort. In her case Ihis ca lls for a word of praise.

The Timid Gymnast: It is easy to reduce a timid gymnast 10 complete ineffectiveness. But handled righi, Ihis kind of gymnast can be very useful and a sleady performer as well as becoming very team orientated.

I . It requires considerable encouragemenl lo bring out her suggeslions and to get her to speak up on complaints.

2. Don't be overbearing ; keep an eye on the team to see how they get along with her.

3. Approach her with calmness.

4. Keep in mind that timid kids in general sometimes have a habitual feeling of insec urity. Make an effort to find out what training situations alarm such young people the most.

5. In giving instructions, be sure you 're understood. The timid gymnast is often too shy to ask you to repeat.

6. Give her a special hand as she starts new skills , and step out of the picture only when you think she's galien up enoug h steam.

7. Emphasize the team idea; always speak of "we" and " us". Remember she's slow to get to know people; check her knowledge of how others fit into the team in terms of team respons ibility.

8. Don 't assign skills , and / or tasks requiring a lot of in itiati ve and the making of decisions. If she must make decisions expect her to lean heavily on you.

9. Be sure you praise her particularly for overcom ing difficulties herself and for using initiative. These requ ire real effort on her part .

The Careless Gymnast: - __ Most everyone is ca reless from time 10 time . But here we are dealing with habitual United States Gymnastics Federation

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She's usually most responsive to the request type of order rather than the direct order.

Watch out for rashness, ill -considered action , carelessness, tac tlessness, and Ihei r effects on the team .

Be calm. She's apt to over-respond.

Reprimand quietly. Be coach- like, matter-of-fact, watch you r temper. Avoid argument; always give her a chance to save face. She may be the kind who has to have the last word; try ending with finality ... turn and walk away.

She can be kidded, but in a person-la-person fash ion not coach-to-athlete fashion. Appeals should be directed to her good sense.

Give her adequate work and responsibility in training . She can be a bad case of idle hands.

She's a good team member to lead off a change, but watch her methods closely.

Handle her complains with speed.

Never flatter; don 't overpraise.

Help her plan. Lack of planning is usually her big weakness.

Don 't go out of your way to ask her opinion unless you really want it.

The Lazy Gymnast: _ __ Lazyness may be due to fatigue or lack of interest. If the gymnast is physically tired , a good answer is rest. Sometimes fatigu e is mental, due to emotional upset. You can rarely do more than offer suggestions ... unless you are responsible for it. But if she's disinterested: t . Try to correct the situation by different training, more responsibility , putt ing colour into her work.

2. You can kid this girl, appeal to her self- respect.

3. Provide her wit h worthwhile goals; emphas ize the opportunities of competition.

4. Always give direct, c lear orders. Be tough about holding her to minor responsibi lities ... that's her weak spot.

5. Make her think ; ask her opinion .

The Stubborn Gymnast: - Some gymnast are inclined to meet every new idea with opposition. The stubborn gymnast is the girl whose fi rst inclination is to say no.

I . Don't argue. Try to make her think it 's her idea, then criticize it a little, make her defend it. Or sell her a series of facts keyed to her viewpoint.

2. Use the request type ord er most of the time. But sometimes a direct order with a show of authority is necessary.

3. Be very cons istent ... and let her know your immovable position .

4. This gymnast doesn't work wel l with the others. You will have to make a specia l effort to sell her on the team idea. Once she gets it, she's one of it 's best members.

5. She's the last gymnast to use when you wan t to introduce a change.

6. Try emphasizing goals, competition. Once she gets started she'll go through.

In conclusion, we realize anyone can give an order. But getting the order or instruction obeyed in the constant quest of goals, whatever they are, requires more than mere possession of coaching authority. It takes tact, imag ination and ingen uity.

There is no foolproof formula. Every order or instruction must be tai lored to the person and the situation. The coach is by profession a decision-maker. Uncertainty is her opponent. Overcoming it is her mission. Whether the outcome is a consequence of luck or of wisdom, or both, the moment of decision is without doubt Ihe most creative and c ritica l event in the life of a coach.

Happy Trainingl

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Men's European Championships 1981 Rome , Italy Bi" Sands Director of Education and Research ITEMS Thursday . .... Training I . Training was supposed to be allwo high schools but since the podium was ready the men trained at Ihe Pallazo Detlo Sporl which is a beautiful facility.

2. Practice was 10 start at 3:00 pm and the Roumanian team was the first to show up for training .

3. After warm up of 15-20 minutes they dispersed to different events . The East Germans went directly to pommel horse.

4. After about 30 minutes 2 crash mals were broughl in. Until this time there were no soft landing mats at aiL 5. The podium had more area than the one in Fort Worlh and it was very crowded as all 62 men were working at the same time.

6. Roumania went to rings for first event.

7. France started on floor.

8. Training did not appear to be timed at aiL 9. Swiss have a very young looking leam. They impressed me as the most improved team there.

10. A lot of ankles were taped.

It . East Germans had a contingent of 6 non-athletes along with the team . It looks like each gymnaSl"s personal coach or a coach and two others. one taking film and the other may be the chef-de-mission.

12. The East German workout lasted 1.5 hours.

Friday . .... Training . . ... Tomorrow is the meet. t . Arrived at the hall at 9:45. The only people Iraining are some little Italian boys.

They look to be about 12-14.

2. The little Italians are working rings. Their swing looks adequate but they are clearly not as good as our junior boys.

3. Russian team wil l be Makuts, Korolev , and Tkatchev. Azarian is alternate.

4. Korolev is Junior European Champion.

5. Teams arrive for training at 10:05.

6. The workout area is very crowded again. Tkatchev makes his own line for pommel horse whi le everyone else stands in a different line.

7. Training is timed but no one is following the timer.

8. Appears that USSR brought all the personal coaches of the gymnasts and 3 extra gymnasts.

9. All Russians but Korolev finished workout in 1-1 12 hours.

10. Only one guy did conditioning of any kid during the four days that I saw.

It . Geinger stayed an hour longer than everyone else. He looks pretty rough. He landed every handsp ring front vaull on his back .

12. Black Tape has been wrapped around the top portion of each ring to keep the chalky part of the ring centered on the botom . t 3. The athletes all finished thei r workouts when the timer announced that it was time to move to the third event.

Friday Afternoon I was told that there would be workout at 3:00 pm . I arrived at 2:30 and waited and asked every hour where the men were and was told that they would be coming in one hour. I waited until 7:30 and then left. If they trained on Friday aflernoon they did not Irain in the arena.

I later found out that all warm ups were conducted outside in a tent alongside the arena. The temperature was very hot outside and the equipment , I understand, was portable.

Met the Japanese observers for the competition. They sent Tadao Miuka and another coach but I did not get his name. The other coach was supposed to be for the press , allhough I have never seen a press person use 16 millimeter high speed film cameras before. Mr. Miuka was the coach who hosted the UCLA team in Japan a few weeks ago and was very interested in how the guys were doing.

Routine Composition of Little Italian boys.

High Bar. Stem with 112 turn swing forward and lift legs while chang ing grip to reverse grip to immediate Endo Shoot. (This mount was very popular among the other gymnast all weekend.) Fronl Giant. Stoop in to 2 eagle giants. Hop to reverse grip. Front giant. Pirouette to back giant. Back Giant. Back Giant. Back Giant. 1 12 in 112 out.

Parallel Bars Glide to Kanzaki (on backswing shoot out like back door of inverts) shoots to glide kip. Swing to straddle planche. Press handsland. Giant swing. Stutz.

Giant swing down and uprise to support and swing to handstand. Pirouette. Cast to upper arms. Back uprise L. Stiff-stiff press handstand. Double Tuck off.

Floor Exercise. Round off double tuck . 1 12 turn to swedish fall and turn to splits. Press handstand. - Front step out round off arabian to prone fall. valdez. Front step out, handspring front, prone fall. Round off flip flop layout.

Skills that I Saw

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Saw one Russian , not a competilor, do compu lsory ring dismount. He went about 6 inches above the rings and the insides of his legs touched the straps.

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2. HIGH BAR - Gienger did several variations of a one arm giant from a pirouette.

One of Ihese was from front giants, he did a full pirouette but did nol catch the bar With hiS free hand. After the full pirouette he did the one arm giant in elgrip and piroutted out of this when he returned to the top of the bar.

3. HIGH BAR - Gienger did a full twisllng flyaway Ihat goes over th e top of the bar.

(Blind change pirouette with flight over the bar ) and then caught the bar with one arm and did a one arm giant to blind change at the top.

4. HIGH BAR - Nikolay E. Germ - does a Tkatchev and a front catch in his routine. German giant to German uprise with 112 turn to immediate Stalder. 1/ 2 in 112 out dismount.

5. VAULT - Layout Tsuk full from Makuz USSR 6. VAULT - Handspring Front in Pike from Tkatchev 7. HIGH BAR - Bruckner E. Germ. piked barani out off high bar.

8. HIGH BAR - Korolev did layout 112 in 1/ 2 out or piked depending on Ihe strictness of your definitiOn. 9. HIGH BAR - Nicula, Romania also did the full twisting flyaway over the bar to catch with one arm and a one arm giant.

10. RINGS - Double layout dismount from Tkatchev It . FLOOR - Nikolay, E. Germ. second pass was front step out round off flip flop double twist.

12. FLOOR - Korolev mounls wilh double layout and does full in on the second pass , handspring layout front on the side, and dismounts with double pike. t 3. P-BARS - Tkatchev doing front toss to catch with bent arms and dipswing forward.

14. FLOOR - Bruckner, E. Germ. Full in in pike position , easily landed.

15. POMMEL HORSE - Guczoghy, Hungary did spindle on one pommel. t6. RINGS - Layout half in half out from someone. t 7. RINGS - Two inlocales to double rudi dismount.

18. RINGS - Bruckner, E. Germ. double front dismount. t 9. VAU LT - Korolev, USSR. handspring pike front with half twist.

20. P-BARS - someone doing late drop cast with 1/ 2 turn to glide kip.

21. RINGS - Makuz, USSR. did full in full out dismount 22 . FLOOR - Full twisting butterfly as a side pass.

23 . VAULT - Handspring half back in tuck from Nikolay, E. Germ.

24. P-E!ARS - Bruckner, E. Germ. did double front dismount.

25. HIGH BAR - all the one arm gianls I have seen , none in this meet went over the bar on one arm . All put free hand back on the bar during support.

26. P-BARS - Back uprise straddle cut to dip swing backward and front toss.

27. HIGH BAR - Someone from Norway did a triple flyaway 28. FLOOR - Someone from Norway did a pike arabian I and 3 / 4.

29. VAU LT - Layout Tsuk full from Bruckner 30. HIGH BAR - Someone did a front catch from elgrip.

3 1. VAU LT - The lone gymnast from San Marino did handspring half back tucked .

32. HIGH BAR - Swiss, Zellweger did triple off high bar.

33. HIGH BAR - Hoffman, Easl Germany, did one arm giant and double layout dismount 34 . FLOOR - Triple twist from French gymnast.

35. HIGH BAR - Hoffman, I think, did Endo shoot, did nol go over the top and did pirouette to reverse grip and another immediate Endo shoot.

36. FLOOR - Swiss did piked arabian 1 and 3 / 4 37. FLOOR - French Gymnast did full and a half step out to round off side.

38. FLOOR - Hoffman, E. Germ. middle pass was round off flip flop full, flip flop flip flop double twist.

39. HIGH BAR - Willie May from France did a Tkatchev 40. VAULT - Zellweger, Swiss, did layout Tsuk and layout Tsuk full.

4 f VAU LT - Gienger ended up doing a handspring full on vaulting.

42. HIGH BARS - Bertrand, Spain. did fron t catch and appeared to be triple twiSling flyaway.

43. P-BARS - Petkov, Bulgaria did layout front to catch in upper arms.

44 . RINGS - Hoffman, E. Germ. did barani IN dismount 45. FLOOR - Langley, Britain, did layout pike on floor 46. P-BARS - Donath, Hungary did Kanzaki to handsland. (glide swing pike back and shoot to handstand on backswing) 47 . FLOOR - Jorek, West Germany. round off triple twist.

48. VAULT - Bruckner, E. Germ. handspring half back piked.

49. P-BARS - Korolev, USSR did giant swing with bent legs.

50. FLOOR - Makuz, USSR, Round off flip flop, 1 and a half step out to handspring full twist dive roll.

51. FLOOR - Makuz, USSR did a very stylish tuck open (sort of jack knife) to dive loll.

52 . FLOOR - Guczoghy, Hungary passes; triple twist , double tUCk, full twist dive roll, double twist.

53. VAULT - Guczoghy, Hungary did tuck Tsuk full.

54. FLOOR - Siscar, Spain , did full in, round off side, front through to double twist. and double tuck 55. P-BARS - Tkatchev did straight arm peach handstand.

56. HIGH BAR ~ Roumanian did front catch, Geinger, and double layout flyaway.

57 . P-BARS - Someone did cast support immediale front catch .

58. FLOOR - Hoffm an, E. Germ. did gainer tuck back to splits.

59. P-BARS - Swiss, does mounl; jump to far barfrom side and straddle to Stalder to handstand and pirouette in.

United States Gymnastics Federation

XIV Campionati d'Europa de ginnastica masch ile

AN UNOfF'ICIAL LOOK AT TEAM SCORES

____________ !'![l. ~!!)-I!_ ~~~!<21]! ___ !?~! .t!!I):! _~~!"'2e!!I)_ S~!l!Ip!!?I)!IJ!P! ___ ~~!! ______ URS

ROA

RFA

FRA

HUN

ITA

ROM

BUl

SUI

AYE

AYE 1st 5

58.60 58.30 58.20

58.00 51.85 57.40

57 ,!in 57.25 56.10

51.20 56 . 70 !iii. 70

51.15 57.00 55.80

56.55 56.45 55 . 10

515.35 56.25 55. ~o

56.25 55.95 SS.70

56.95 S!L35 54.85

51.24 56.19 56.2S

57.81 51.42 56.84

COUNTRY

II.AHKEO SCORES

175.10113.25170.85110 . 60 DO.55 168 . 70 168.40 167.90 }67.15 170.28 112 . 07 1 2 3 " 5 Ii 1 8 9

TEAK SCORE RANK

->

___ _________

PALAZZO DELLO SPORT - ROMA 23/ 24 MAGGIO 1981

SCORES

PRESS RELEASE 5,000 people attended the opening of the Championships

TEAM SCORE RANK .>

alII

.lIf 009 T'ACHEII. ALEX 0.. UlaOLf II.

"EN HOO_

r.aR

POL

ESP

FIN

NOR

OEN

BEl

AUT

TOTA L AVE

56.50 55.60 5 4.60

54.95 54.95 54.60

55.30 55.20 53.90

54.95 54.15 54.10

55 . 75 5].60 52 . 55

56.05 52.25 51.60

54,70 52.10 50.95

53 . 50 52 . 15 51.40

52.10 51.15 50 . 95

54.93 53.13 52 . 81

166.70 164.60 164 . 60 164.40 161.90 159.90 158.35 151.65 155 . 40 161.50 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 18

• ____ ._ •• ___~!lf!~!"!_~H!)p~~_:rN~~. ~)'I;I!l!~E~ ... . ___ COUNTRY RA NKE n SCORES

SWE

HaL

POR

SKI!.

LUI

53.95 52.10

5 3 . 05 50.25

50.45 49.25

55.15

50 . 85

HAH SCORE RANK .)

106 .0 5 103.30 19 20

NIlOlA', "IC"AEl

lO&

011 IriICZOGH'.

99.10 22

1981 lIntoln

55.15 23

50.85 24

57.35 56. 60 1981 56.45 Plates 4·6 -- •• -. -------HAH TOTAL 170 .4 0

Fror.l Hell ' s USA Championships

.I~C.S

PO"'L

4 09.750

INDIVIDUAL tESULTS VAULT ,.a&l~ 2

•• 15

TOTal

°

9.900

09.900

SI •• OO 2

SI.1 00

3 sa.2 00

'7 09.050

~

09.750

09.100

2 09.7S0

7 09.1> SO

7 09.700

to 0'.100

5

9 ••00

•

SI.O 00

10 09.400

2 09.800

Z 09.800

9 09.1>50

5

9.1>00

S

~17

0 9. I> 00

1 4 ()9." 00

•

57.1S0

1

57.500

••• 00

3

9. '7 50

.850

C;VOlGY

017 ItCH lUNN. LUTe.

11

17 09.350

6 09.700

11 09. 000

•

5

9.1>00

e

09.300

3

9.100

9

09.10 50

3

~.

2

9.BO

700

2I

9 .350

1l0& ~

09.700

18 09.400

11 09.1>00

•

51.~ 00

10

09.~00

11 09.1000

T 09.700

26 09.500

10

9.

~~O

11

9.500

•

57.250

09.750

20 09.500

14 09.1>00

10

9.'150

15

9.400

10

57.200

_F A

01>1 IOutUD. '''ttEL 10 0 9. ~OO FElE~e.

051 ULLWfGEi, JOSEF

055 "I)"

6

~[U_OPA

IF&

oz. sun,

,

113.40

RANI( -)

RANK __ )

CA"'IO~ATI

09. 'iI 00

043 DONATH,

58.00 51. 80 51.60

TEAH TOTAL

???

Note : Total Average - Average of Scores on that line

09.100

ItD&

• •••••••••• » _. __ ••••••• __ •

52 . 69 50.53

T OD 3

JIM I

OH tauC Ufl. ROLANO

F ro~ ~lll t!~nvh~~~_ ~!t~~!'!~~~~ ips Challlpionships USA

TOTAL AVE

illS 09.800

0.2

______ • __ • __ . ___ ___ __________________ __ __ __ _

TCH

Comparison of Scores from

5,000 people attended the Opening Ceremony and th e first day of competition of the XIV Men 's European Gymnastics Championships.

Among the many present Authorities we have Ihe honour of mentioning the President of the Italian National Olympic Committee, Dr. Franco Carraro, the Councillor for Tourism and Sports of Rome, Dr. Luigi Arata. the Supervisor for the Physical Education of the Public Education Ministry, Dr. Pietro Mistretta , the President of the International Gymnastics Federation, Mr. Juri Tilov, the President of the Italian Gymnastics Federation, Prof. Bruno Grandi , along with the members of the Federal Council and the Men's International Technical Committee.

'''UUSf ICS TEA"

!:IH!!?!:IL!Q:!§_~~!."1;!.!l]g

COUNTRY

RAHK£O

TOTAL

~

10 09.400

12 09.550

10 09.HO

26 09.500

18

9.400

1I

9.500

11

57.000

20 09.300

15 09.500

11 09.1000

14 09.bOO

10

9.550

15

9.400

IZ

S..950

S 09.bOO

18 09.400

42 090150

14 09.1>00

20

9.350

49./100

11

S..700

46 08.900

17 09.450

11 09.1000

3 09.150

5

9.bOO

15

9.400

13

SO.100

17 09.350

19 08.900

09. 800

3 09.150

14

9. 500

27

9 .250

15

5 1>. 5 ~O

2209.250

2109.300

17 09.550

14 09.bOO

14

9.500

24

9.300

110

5 •• 500

220'1.250

1209.550

2Z

0'1.450

1409.1>00

23

9.300

24

9.300

17

SO.450

10 H.400

2 09.800

22 09.450

35 0".450

21

'I. Z50

36

9.000

18

S..lSO

20 09.300

24 09.200

4 09.750

3909.400

38

9.050

10

9.550

19

51>.250

08.950

Z1 09.300

0'1.1>00

21> 09.500

n

9.300

4

9.bOO

19

51>.250

sut

JOEL

Fl&

WillY

FlA

eoT All 10 III • lOCtO

tT&

eo) IAllAl, RUDOLF

TCH

040 ALllfYI. YITTOllO

IT&

aUl 020 NltUlA. EMILI&N

1l0"

0.2

iFA

H JOU~,

EO(,U

050 "EYTEISEN. lOGE l. I .

30 09.200

20 09.350

20 09.500

9 09.1>50

17

9.450

:n

1.950

21

S&.IOO

3809.0S0

1209.550

1709.550

2609.500

29

'1.200

29

9.200

22

50.050

30 09.200

3b 08.950

n

14 09.1>00

29

9.200

15

9.~DO

H

55.800

22 09. ZSO

709.1>50

48 08.950

a

09.500

23

9.300

31

9.IS0

14

55.100

:h 09. UO

24 09.l00

31 09.lS0

15 09.450

20

9.350

21

9.350

26

!lS.1S0

38 09.050

3 I 09.100

.0 () 9. 20 0

~1

3 b 08. 9 ~ 0

n

0 '1.

~ 50

3S 09.4 SO

5

901,00

13

9.~50

17

55.700

IS

~8

08.950

I> 09.700

33

90150

33

9.100

29

55 •• 00

'1 ()9.050

20

9.350

37

'.950

30

!l5.HO

NOR

011 HUTOV, 801lSlAV

!IUL

045 "DICUS.

HUN

LolSOS

023 IO""SIU, OCTAVIAN

021 lU I. S... S TE II

Fill

DOl COlO"80. 'CM UOO

fT& 8UL

025 IUlE K,

11

08. 800

09.450

ONORE J 30 ()9.200

o9.50~

SUI

Un ited States Gymnastics Federation

23

XIV CAMPIONATI D'EJlOPA ,,"USTItS HI."

lit. "f

OlD W01HIAl.

WALOE"A~

"HDRlE I

DH SZAlIU,

liEN

FLOO.

INDIVIDUAL HSUlTS VAULT P.!ARS

POM'L

l l"lGS

43 09.00000

2a 0'1.1500

37 01l.250

14 O'1.bOD

11

'1,..00

42

8.900

31

~S.300

7 0 9 ... 5 00

34 0'1. 0 ~O

7 09. 700

52 09.1 SO

55

8. 500

21

9 . 1 50

32

55 .2 00

TOTH

H. 8 . .

POL POL

014 lOH2IHI, "AU. IIID 004 VINeH.

cu

&AIRY

38 OIl.OSO

31

009.1000

H

OIl.lOD

21> 09.500

42

a.95D

27

9.250

Jl

55.150

17 01l .3 SD

400

Oe.8~O

2201l.HO

4509.350

(3

9.300

50

8 . b">0

34

54.BO

22 09.250

24 DIl.200

2'1 09,"00

2J 09.550

42

'.950

52

'.600

34

~.t5)

47 De.IOD

23009.250

2209.450

III 0'.400

19

•• 000

B

9.050

34

5 ... 950

3001l.200

3b 08.950

40 09.200

14 09.bOO

55

1.500

15

9.400

37

~.'50

22 09.250

49 D'.bOO

H

09.350

.. 8 09.300

33

9.150

33

9.100

31

~.750

22 09.1500

40 08,850

33 0'1.350

23 09.550

36

9.100

52

I . loeD

39

~.100

3S 09.}00

31 09.IDO

.. 2 0'1. nD

23 09.550

.. 7

a.8S0

17

8.950

39

5 ... 700

II 09.500

bO 01.0000

29 0'1.4000

39 1)9.400

29

'1.200

2.

'1.200

39

S4.700

22 09,150

58 01.150

17 009.550

10 009.700

3b

9.100

43

8 •• 50

.2

54 •• 00

51 08.500

.. 2 09.150

26 09.500

...

1."00

37

'.950

41

5).t~0

~

.. 08.7500

.,9 09.400

S"1

OI.I~O

52

1.550

24

9.300

...

Sl.'OO

oa.b~O

5208.750

390'1.400

39

9.000

II

9.1~0

.5

'H.bOO

09.050

2809.150

5101.]50

191)9 •• 00

)9

9.0DO

54

'.550

46

5).500

5501,"00

.508.700

41 09.050

4109.300

....

' ••00

...

1.100

.. 7

5).OS~

.. 90 •• 750

5.08.100

SO 01.900

3909.400

49

8.650

37

'.9!oO

41

52.750

5S oa.4DO

2409.200

29 09.~00

5808.800

.9

'.650

57

•• 250

.9

52.700

3509.100

.001.150

5201.HO

1>201.450

. . . . . .00

!O

1,650

..

52.100

57 08.300

55 DI . BO

"2 09.150

16 09.500

~I

8.450

45

8.'eo

51

52.BO

2209.250

5208.450

0;0 08.'00

~

59

8. 000

~I>

8.750

52

52.150

.901.no

61 07.95D

)7

09.n"

.5 09.3.,0

n

9.150

61

7 •• 5D

53

52.100

52 01.6000

61 07.1000

57 08.500

21> 09.500

U

.. 700

46

1.750

54

51.750

~2

0'.1>00

28 009.150

35 O'.lOO

H

Ot.900

29

9.200

61

.... 50

51

51 •• DO

5908.2500

5108.450

52011.150

5408.900

to2

7.750

41

8.150

57

5:1."50

57 08.300

55 08.350

56 011.550

53 08.9<;0

52

8.550

57

•• 250

n

50.950

61 08,000

50 0'.550

S5 08.1050

.. 5 09.150

52

8.550

100

7.750

S'

50.850

ESI'

01. SOLEa, "IGUEL

SUI 04. aUTUMO, fUNAHOO

o.D LANGLEY, IEIT"

Gil

047 "fHlIl, aeUH SEll

OEH ESP TCH

D4' "'GOAU. JAN

.010 JOIOH!. LI

ND~O"

SIIE

.... 1)8.950

OU DUIO. T 01"5 1 )I

015

~flU.

AMe

02'

~afTIY.

est

LAlitlOO. lON

0'l.0!l0

FIN

S108.b50 )I

019 STfELAIfT.

on

MOL

FlANl

eEL AUT

'HT. LE 0It OL 0

006 STEFFEN. "fYEl

DEN

0)6 JUHIo. OK SA

FIN

012 IJOUI. HEUIAltSSON 001·

410

CWIISTIAN

NOlllN~I.

WfRItfR

.. 01.900

$IijE

AUT Il101

tiEL

on

ULI.

AUT

LIDO

DEN

t51 lONDACQ.

~EHII

POl

Dll "r;ur Al. IU I 005

loo.A.lr. AD

LUI

VANDEN

031 S",""IO. IIfGUEL

HOL 60 01.200

550&.350

bO 01.000

SCI 08.700

55

8.5000

55

'.500

"

50.250

62 07.950

S" 08.400

1>1

bO 08.S00

61

7.800

.. a

1.700

U

~9.l~0

POI

Equipment:

1. Arena was rou nd and the diagram below gives a rough idea of the fl oor plan that was used. Thi s seemed to be a ve ry efficient set up. Alt hough the diagram does not indicate, there was more th an enough room for apparatus and the requirements for dismounts, etc.

2. The apparatus was by FON TI, evidently an Italian company, the mats were all Sarneige.

3. The Sarneige mats were the typ ical variety on all the events but floor exercise. Th e floor exercise mat was approximately two inc hes of Serneige matting only. Th e feeling I got from jumping on it was that it was spongy and allowed penetration. Th ere was no spring mechanics involved. The foam or mat provided the surface and the platform the only flex or spring.

4. The va ulting board was made of wood and looked trad itional, no adaptations in crown height or position of wood parts. It looked to be pretty springy, I did not notice anyone having trouble with it.

5. High bar was traditional with double guying system, one set at th e bar and one about half way up the upright.

6. Parallel Bars were th e lever lock system.

7. Rings were constructed with rou nd pipe uprights and a double guyi ng system .

24

007.900

en

I

I

I ~

D =~ D ,--

~ OJ

8. Horses were cha ined to the floor as per regulation and had two legs that telescoped.

9. Tape was pla ced on top of ring s to orientate them to keep from turning.

United States Gymnastics Federation

JUDGES

FLOOR EX

POMMEL HORSE

RINGS

LONG HORSE VAULT

PARALLEL BARS

HORIZONTAL BARS

JUDGE ARBITRE

MARZOLLA / lta

URVARI / Ungh

SHAKLIN / Urss

JALANTIE / Fin

KATIB / Siria

TSCHOKEIDDR

JUDGE N. 1

DOT / Fra

TIMMER / RFA

WIRDHEIM / Swe

SPACEK ITch

SOLARS / Pol

WALDER / Sui

JUDGE N. 2

LlPPONEN / Fin

TURNER / GBR

MUS / Bel

KERDEMELIDY / Urss RETYH / Hon

BRUNILSEN / Nor

JUDGE N. 3

JORDANOV / Bul

PICO / Esp

KAMINSKY / RDA

VENTURINI / Fra

BAUCH / RDA

SHELLENB ERG / Hol

JUDGE N. 4

JUNGELS / Lux

STOICA / Rom

BORSOSlH on

BONACINA / lta

BOYSENlDen

WIN DER

JUDGE DE LlGNE

MAMLIN / Swe

JUDGE DE LlGNE

VORONIN / Urss

TIME KEEPER

BATOV / Bul VAU LT 001

GYMNASTICS

INDIVIDUAL CLASSIFICATION ON APPARATUS

MEN

TEAM

COMPo EX

OPT. EX

TOTAL

KOROLEV, JURI

URS

9.800

9.850

19.650

BRUCKNER, ROLAND 003 TKACHEV, ALEX

RDA URS

9.750 9.750

9.900 9.800

19.650 19.550

004

RDA

9.700

9.700

19.400

FLOOR EXERCISE 001

HOFFMANN , LUTC

FRA

9.600

9.650

19.250

HUN

9.450

9.700

19.150

002

SZAINA, ANDRZEI

POL

9.450

9.700

19.150

ESP

9.500

9.600

19.100

003

POMMEL HORSE

TEAM

COMP oEX

OPT. EX

TOTAL

HUN

9.900

9.900

19.800

URS

9.750

9.800

19.550

SZILlER, KURT

ROM

9.800

9.750

19.550

BOUTARD, MICHEL

FRA

9.570

9.800

19.550

005 NIKOLAY , MICHAEL

RDA

9.800

9.700

19.500

002 KOROLEV, JURI

006 BRUCKNER, ROLAND

RDA

9.650

9.800

19.450

007 TKACHEV, ALEX

URS

9.650

9.700

19.350

008 GIENGER, EBERHARD

RFA

9.700

9.500

19.200

TEAM

COMP oEX

OPT. EX

TOTAL

URS

9.900

9.900

19.800

ITA

9.800

9.850

19.650

RINGS 001

KOROLEV. JURI

002 AMBONI, ROCCO 003 TKACHEV, ALEX

URS

9.750

9.850

19.600

004 PETKOV, PLAMEN

BUL

9.750

9.800

19.550

005 NIKOLAY, MICHAEL

RDA

9.800

9.700

19.500

006 SZAINA, ANDRZEI

POL

9.700

9.700

19.400

BRUCKNER, ROLAND

RDA

9.700

9.700

19.400

GEIGER, JURGEN

RFA

9.700

9.700

19.400

United States Gymnastics Federation

9.750

ITA

9.750

RDA

9.700

FRA

9.750

TCH

9.700

RDA

9.650

TCH

9.700

AMBONI, ROCCO

BRUCKNER ,

ROLAND

MOY, WILLY FIRST SECOND MIGDAU, JAN FIRST SECOND HOFFMAN, LUTC FIRST SECON D

008 GYORGY

URS

KOROLEV, JURI

FIRST SECOND

007

GUCZOGHAY ,

9.800

FIRST SECOND

006

001

URS

MAKUZ, BOGDAN

OPT. EX TOTAL

FIRST SECOND

005

008 SISCAR, FERNANDO

COM PoEX

FIRST SECOND

004

006 GUCZOGHY, GYORGY

005 SUTY, JOEL

TEAM

MALEK, ONDREJ FIRST SECOND

PARELLEL BARS 001 002 004 005 006 007 008

00 1 003 004 005 006 007 008

9.800 9.800 9.800 9.825 9.800 9.850 9.750 9.700 9.800 9.775 9.800 9.750 9.700 9.700 9.700 9.725 9.700 9.750 9.725 9.700 9.750 8.975 9.050 8.900

TEAM COM Po EX OPT. EX URS URS RFA RDA HUN RDA BUL FRA

HORIZONTAL BAR

TEAM COMPo EX OPT. EX

TKACHEV, ALEX GIENGER, EBERHARD MAKUZ, BOGDAN GUCZOGH Y, GYORGY NIKOLAY, MICHAEL NICULA, EMILIAN BRUCKNER, ROLAND SUTY, JOEL

URS RFA URS HUN RDA ROM RDA FRA

9.800 9.750 9.700 9.700 9.600 9.600 9.600 9.600

9.900 9.700 9.750 9.700 9.700 9.650 9.600 9.500

MAKUZ, BOGDAN TKACHEV, ALEX GIENGER, EBERHARD HOFFMAN, LUTC GUCZOGHY, GYORGY BRUCKN ER, ROLAND JORDANOV , DANTC H O MOY, WILLY

9.900 9.850 9.750 9.600 9.600 9.600 9.600 9.600

9.900 9.950 9.850 9.800 9.700 9.650 9.350 9.000

19.600

19.575

19.500

19475

19.450

19.425

19.375

18.675

TOTAL 19.700 19.450 19.450 19.400 19.300 19.250 19.200 19.100

TOTAL 19.800 19.800 19.600 19.400 19.300 19.250 18.950 18.600

25

Composition of Selected Routines from Finals Men's 1981 European Championships Rome , Italy FLOOR EXERCISE Hoffman, East Germany t . Round off, flip flop, full in 2. Round off, flip flop, full, flip flop, flip flop, double twist 3. Handspring, full twist dive roll.

4. Round off, flip flop, double pike Score 9.70 Szaina , Poland I Round off, flip flop, fu ll in.

2. Round off , flip flop, double twist 3. Handspring, front, handspring 4. Round off, flip flop, double tuck Score 9.70 Tkatchev, USSR 1. Round off , flip flop, double layout 2. Handspring, layout front 3. Round off, flip flop, double twist 4. Round off, fl ip flop, double tuck Score 9.80 Bruckner, East Germany 1. Round off, flip fl op, full in-piked 2. Round off, flip fl op, arabian 1 and 314 Piked 3. Round off, side 4. Round off, flip fl op, double pike.

Score 9.90 Korolev, USSR 1. Round off, flip fl op, double layout 2. Round off, flip fl op, full in 3. Handspring, layout front, headspring 4. Round off, flip fl op, double pike Score 9.85 Suty, France 1 Round off, flip flop, double tuck 2. Round off, flip flop, arabian 1 and 3 / 4 3. Round off, side 4. Round off, flip flop, double twis t Score 9.65 Sisca r, Spain 1 Round off, flip flop, full in.

2. Round off, flip flop, double tuck (down th e side) 3. Round off, arabian , round off , flip flop, double twis t 4. Round off, flip flop, double tuck Score 9.60 Guczoghy, Hungary 1 Round off , flip flop, triple twist 2. Round off, flip flop, double tuck 3. Full twist dive roll 4. Round off, flip flop, double twis t Score 9.70

STILL RINGS Szaina, Poland Pu 'l to inverted hang. Kip to cross. Lower through to hang and inlocate shoulders to piked inverted hang. Cast to in locate . Uprise to handstand. Back giant. Front bail to uprise to straddl e L. Straddle planche press to handstand. Bail and layout tuck dismount.

Score 9.70 Amboni, Italy Pull to inverted hang. Kip to cross. Pullout of cross to L. Hollowback to handstand .

Front Giant. Back giant. Lower to straddle planche. Lower to straddle L cross .

Inlocate. Inlocate. Uprise handstand. Bail to 112 in 112 out.

Score 9.85 Geiger, West Germany Dislocate. Dislocate. Shoot handstand. Front giant. Giant down to whip-it to L cross.

26

Layback and uprise forward to L. Hollowback to handstand. Ba il 112 In 112 out.

Score 9.70 Bruckner, East Germany Dislocate. Shoot handstand. Front giant. Giant down and wh ip- it to c ross. Dislocate.

Front uprise to L. Hollowback press. Bail lorward to doub le front tucked d ismount.

Score 9.70 Nikolay, East Germany Pull to inverted hang. Dislocate. Dislocate. Shoot handstand. Front Giant. Giant down and whip-it to c ross. Dislocate . Front uprise L. Hollowback. Bail 112 in 112 oul Scorew 9.70 Korolev, USSR KIp to L. Stiff Stiff press staraddled to handstand . Lower to inverted . Front giant. Back Giant. Back Giant . Back G iant. Triple Flyaway. (He got in trouble with his grip so he did the extra giant swing.)

Score 9.90 Tka tchev, USSR Pull to inverted hang. Kip to swing to planche. Dislocate. Shoot handstand. Giant down and whip-it, drop forward through forward rolling action to piked inverted hang then kip to L. Stiff Stifl press to handstand. Front giant. Bail to double layout.

Score 9.85 Petkov, Bulgaria Back kip to straddle planche. Drop out and shoot to straddle posit ion with the legs resting on the arms in support. Inlocate. Uprise to handstand. Front giant. Giant dislocate to uprise forward to L. St iff Stiff press. Giant dislocate. Layout pike.

Score 9.80

PARALLEL BARS (I was filming here and missed some of the routines ) Makuz, USSR Peach handstand. Stutz layaway. Front uprise. Front Toss to swing handstand . Back toss. Diamidov. Stutz. Double Pike dismount.

Score 9.90 Geinger, West Germany Cast support. Front toss. Swing handstand. Diamidov . Stutz. Cast 112 turn to upper arms. Front uprise. Swing handstand pirouette. Back Toss. Double tuck dismount.

Score 9.60 was awa rded but the c rowd wen t berserk and the score was evenlually ra ised. (9.75) The routine was excellent.

Guczoghy, Hungary Peach handstand. Diamidov . Back Toss . Stutz. Peac h layaway. Front Uprise. Front toss. Stradd le cut L. Stiff-Stiff press. Double tuck dismount.

Score 9.70

VAULT May , France Handspring fron t with 112 from the near end Handspring front from the near end.

9.70 9.70

Malek, Czechoslovakia Handspring front tuck to sit Handspring full and touched hands

9.05 8.975

Migdau, Czechoslovakia Tuck Tsuk full Handspring fron t

9.70 9.75

Bruckner, East Germany Layout Tsuk Full Handspring Front 1/ 2

9.80 9.75

Korolev, USSR Handspring Pike front with 112 Twist (Stuck) Layou t Tsuk (StUCk)

9.80 9.85

Hoffman, East Germany Cuervo, Piked.

Layout Tsuk Full

9.70 9.75

Makuz, USSR Layout Tsuk Full Handspring front 1/ 2

9.80 9.80

United States Gymnastics Federation

Amboni , Italy Layout Tsuk Full Handspring front

XlII CAKPIONATl ElJROPEI M!\SCHILl - Essen, 18-19/5/79

9.70 9.80

. Note ali vaults listed as Layout Tsuk Full had varying amounts of pike. The best was done by Makuz with very little pike at all.

1981 Men's European Championships Rome, Italy

Clossitica finale

1. Dellchev Sioion. Bul.

9.60

9,40

9.50

9,75

9.50

9.60

51,75

2. Molo.uz Bogdon, URS

9,45

9,45

9.65

9,70

9,70

9.60

51,45

2. Tkochev Alex .• URS

9,55

9.40

9.55

9.60

9,60

9,75

57,45

4. DilioHn Alex .• URS

9.30

9.60

8.65

9,55

9,65

9,70

57,35

~.

Mock Lulz, RDA

9.60

9,30

9,70

9,50

9,40

57,25

6. Kovacs Peter, Hun.

9,55

9,30

9.55 9,45

9,55

9,45

9,65

5$,95

7 B:lerlel Rolph. RDA

9,70

9,10

~35

9,70

9.35

9.60

56,70

R Slilior Kurt, Rom.

9,60

9,40

9,30

9,50

9,60

9,25

56,65

8. Boeria Henry, Fro .

9,35 9,60

9,30

9,10

9,60

9,60

5$.65

6,7~

9.20

9.70 9,55

9,30

9,30

9.55

9,65

9.50

9.20

56,SO

9,10

9,30

56,10 56.10

10

r.1I~n IJN

F.hcrh . RFJ\

11. May W;!ly. Fro.

VAULTS PERFORMED IN PRELIMS Competition 1 - B

The following list depicts the distribution of vaults performed by the competitors at the 1981 Men 's European Championships. A note about the des ign ation layout Tsuk Full, this vau lt was performed well by a couple but most gymnasts had varying degrees of pike throughout the post ·ltight phase of the vault. Since I lack an adequate definition of how much pike differentiates a layout from a pike and the constraints of observing six events at once , operating three cameras, taking notes on the important skills observed and noting scores, I did not make a distinction between the varying amounts of pike observed.

THE VAULTS

ALL GYMNASTS

Name

Percentage of Total

Number

Tuck Tsuk

1.56%

Handspring Front Tuck

19

29.68%

Tuck Tsuk with ful l Twist

9

14.06%

Layout I suk

7

10.93%

Handspring Full

4

6.25%

Cuervo (Handspring 1 12 Back )

4

6.25%

Layout Tsuk Full

6

9.37%

Pike Tsuk

6

9.37%

Cuervo Piked

1.56%

Handspring Front Piked Handspring Front Piked

4

6.25%

wi 1/ 2

1.56%

Handspring Front with 1 / 2

3.12%

............................., ..........................."'."' ..........., ......... "'.ot< ................ tc . . . . . . . . . . . .

GRAPH OF PERCENTAGE REPRESENTATIONS TITLE: VAULTS PERFORI1ED 1981 "EN'S EUROPEAN CHRI1PIONSHIPS .""' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01< • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "' • • • • • "' • • •

---

PERCENT

II

10

ITEM 203m

40

50

60

78

••• •

e8

9111

lee HANDSPR FRT TK TUCK T$UK FULL LAYOUT TSUK

LAYOUT TSUK FULL PIKE TSUK CUERVO HANDSPRI NG FULL HANDSPR FRONT PIKE HANOSPR FRONT 1/2

HOSP FRT PK 112

CUERVO PI KED TUCK TSUK

•••••••••••• *."' ••••••••• + •• * ..............."' •••• .,.,*********.* • .,• .,*.,*.*.*** ...... *****.

9.60

9,85

56,55

12. Rohrwlck Volker, RFA

9,45

9,30

9,45

9.50

12. Checciches lone, Rom ,

9,75

8,60

9.45

9,45

9,35

9,30

14 . Jorek Edgar, RFA

9,50

9.15

9,15

9.60

9.50

9.10

56,00

14. Kromorils Gyorgy, Hun .

9.55

9.00

9,20

9,60

9,35

9,30

56,00

16. Bobiok Rudclf. Tch.

9,00

9.30

9.30

9,55

55,90

9.45

9.00

9.35

9,65

9.30 9,10

9,45

17. Migdou Jon. Tch.

9,25

55,80

18. Holmonn LulZ, RDA

9,30

9.10

8.30

9.40

9,15

9,50

55,75

W. GUc.;.lOylly Gyoorgy, Hun .

9,35

9,45

9,.lQ

9.15

9.20

9,45

55,70

20. Pialti Marco, Sui,

9,35

8.90

9,05

9.50

9.35

9,25

55,40

20. Yordonov Donlcho. Bul.

9,35

9,40

9.00

9,00

9,15

9,SO

55.40

22. Oprescu Nicol ., Rom.

9.50

6,15

9,40

9.15

9,55

9,SO

55.25

23. Boulard Michel. Fro .

9.20

9,40

9,10

8,60

8.95

9,40

54,85

24, Kooechny Josef, Tch.

9,05

9,05

9.00

9,70

8.45

9.35

54,60

24. eertrond Fern., Esp.

9,25

9,00

9.00

9,30

8.75

9.30

54,60

26. DaVIS Jeff, GBR

9.50

6,70

8,60

9,40

8.00

9,15

54,55

27, la.uorlch Oi.go, 1I0lio

e,so

1,25

',70

1,11$'

e,15

e,25

54,SO

26. rod o(Qv Tootcho, Boll.

9,40

8,75

8.60

9,45

8,70

9.60

54,30

26. Petterson lars. NOt.

8,75

9,10

9,15

9,45

8.65

9.00

54.30

30. Wozniak Woldem. , Pol.

9.30

8.40

9.30

8,95

9.35

,8,95

54,25

30. Gjerlsen Flr,n. Nor.

9,40

9,20

8,85

9.60

8,30

8,90

54~5

32 . Giess Ren.:llo. Sui.

9.20

.9,00

9,00

9.60

8,10

9,30

54,20

33, Neale Jon. GBR

9.30

8.40

8,95

9,25

8,75

9,40

54,05

9,55

8.95

8,60

9,60

9.00

8,35

53.95

35, Ambonl Roc..:;o, Itollo

11,15

1,45

9,15

0,40

I ,n

1,70

53,10

35. Potoczek Knys. Pol.

9.20 1,15

8,90

8,55 11,20

9.00 0,1\0

8,9:)

8,0<)

1,35

9,00 1,45

53,60 53,55

34 Calvo

Go~r.j ~,

Esp.

37, Mont..1 Ml1urlzlo, Itollo

OLiMPIADI DI MOSCA -

1980

CLASSIFICA INDIVIDUALE

1. Dityatin A. 2. Andrianov N. 3. Deltchev S 4. Tkachyov A. 5. Bruckner R. 6. Nikolay M. 7. Hoffmann L. 8. Tabak J. 9. Grecu D. 9. Magyar Z. 11. Kovacs P. 12. Denath F. 13. Yorda nov D. 14. Szilier K. t 5. Pethov P t 6. Moy W. 17. Szajna A. 18. Georgescu A. t 9. Suarez S. 20. Boutard M. 21. Babiak R. 22. Arroyo M. 23. Leon R. 24. Boerio H. 25. Zoulik J. 26. Han G. S. 27. Kang G.S. 28 Calvo G. 29. Wozniak W. 30. Winch B. 31 Wi lson 1.

32 De La Casa J. 33. Bertrand F. 34 . Nylund L. 35. Langley K. 36. Kim G. J .

URSS URSS BULGARIA URSS DDR DD R DDR CECOSLOVACCH IA ROMANIA UNGHERIA UNGHERIA UNGHERIA BULGARIA ROMANIA BULGARIA FRANCIA POLONIA ROMAN IA CU BA FRANCIA CECOSLOVACCHIA CUBA CUBA FRANCIA CECOSLOVACCHIA N. COREA N. COREA ESP. POLONIA G.B. G.B. ESP. ESP. AUSTRALIA G.B. N. COREA

p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.

P p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.

11 8 ,650 118,225 118,000 117 ,700 11 7,300 11 6,750 116,025 115,675 115,225 115,225 115,200 114,850 11 4,725 114 ,650 114,400 114 ,275 11 4,225 114 ,075 113,900 113,725 113,550 11 3,525 11 3,375 113,275 113,100 11 2,350 112,300 111 ,625 111 ,575 111 ,125 11 0,375 11 0,300 109 ,825 109,675 109 ,625 54,900

END

United States Gymnastics Federation

27

ALBO D ORO DEI CAMPIONAT I D 'EUROPA DI G INNASTICA AR TI STICA MASCHILE Anno

Sede

Concorso ind iv.

FLOOR EXERCISE

1955

Francoforte

C HAKLINE (U rs)

PROROK (Cec )

RINGS

VAULT

AZARIAN (Urs)

DICKHUT (RFT )

POMMEL HORSE CHAKLINE (Urs )

PARALLEL BARS AZARI AN (Urs) CH A KLINE (Urs )

HORIZONTAL BAR CHAKLINE (Urs )

BA.NTZ (RFT ) GUNTHARD (Svi) BLUME (Spagna )

GUNTHARD (Sv i)

BLUME (Spa)

TITOV (Urss )

TITOV (Urss)

TITO V (Urss )

TITOV (Urss ) TITOV (Urss ) THORESSON (Sve )

MENICH EL LI (I)

CERAR (Yug )

CERAR (Yug) KAPSAZOV (Bul ) TITOV (Urss )

CARMINUCC I (I)

CERAR (Yug )

TITOV (Urss )

CERAR (Yug)

MENICHELLI (I)

CERAR (Yug )

CERAR (Yug ) CHAKLINE (Urs) KAPSAZOV (Bul )

KRBEC (Cecos )

CARMINUCCI (I)

CHAK LIN E (Urs) CERAR (Yug )

Anversa

MENI CHELLI (lIa )

MENICHELLI (I)

Ll SITSKY (Urs)

MENIC HELLI (I) LlSITSKY (Urs)

LlSITSKY (Urs)

CERAR (Yug )

MENICHELLI (I)

1967

Tampere

VO RONINE (Urss )

LA INE (Fin)

VO RONIN E (Urs)

VORON INE (Urs) LlSITSKY (Urs)

LlSITSKY (Urs)

VORON IN E (Urs)

LlSITSKY (Urs )

1969

Varsavia

VORONINE (Urss)

KHR ISTOV (Bu l)

CERAR (Yug) KUBICA (Pol)

VORON INE (Urs)

KLiMENKO (Urs )

VORON IN E (Urs)

Ll SITSKY (Urs ) KLiMENKO (Urs)

197 1

Madrid

KLiMENKO (Urss)

KHRISTOV (B ul )

ANDR IANOV (Urs )

VORONINE (Urs)

ANDR IANOV (Urs)

CARMI NUCCI (I)

KOSTE (RDT)

1973

Grenoble

KLiMENKO (Urss)

ANDR IANOV (Urs)

MAGYAR (Ung)

KLiMENKO (Urs )

ANDR IAN OV (Urs )

KLiMENKO (Urs)

GIENGER (RFT ) KOSTE (RDT)

1975

Berna

ANDRIANOV (Urs)

ANDRI ANOV (U rs ) SZAJNA (Pol )

MAGYAR (Ungh )

GRECU (Rom )

ANDR IANOV (Urs )

ANDRIANOV (Urs)

GIENGER (RFT ) ANDRIANOV (Urs )

1977

Vilnjus

MARKELOV (Urss)

TKATCHEV (Urs)

MAGYAR (Ungh )

MARKELOV (Urs )

TABAK (Cecos ) BERTEL (RD.T.)

TIKHONOV (Urss )

DEL TCHEV (Bul )

1979

Essen

DEL TCHEV (Bulg )

DEL TCHEC (Bul)

DITI AT IN (Urs) GUCZOGHY (Ung )

DITIATIN (U rs)

MAKUTS (Urss)

MAKUTS (Urss )

TKATCHEV (Urs)

1957

Pa rigi

BLUME (Spagna)

THOR ESSON (Sve) BLUME (Spagna )

1959

Copenaghen

TITOV (Urss)

FIVIAN (Sviz)

1961

Lussemburgo CERAR (Yug)

1963

Belgrado

1965

Page II -

3C -

STOLBOV (Urss )

Same voting power prevails.

MINUTES OF THE USGF WOMEN 'S COMMITTEE FORT WORTH, TEXAS -

JUNE 18 & 19, 1981

Pat H olman moved the Minutes be accepted as corrected . Moti on passed by acclamation.

Financial Reporting System Present:

Linda Chencinski , National Chairman Delene Darst, National Technical Director Roe Kreutzer, National Elite Development Director Connie Maloney, National Jun ior Olympic Chairman Re gion Region Region Region Regio n Regio n Region Region

I

-

II III

-

IV V VI VII VIII

-

Liz Holey Pat Holman Mary Ann Mahoney Linda Beran for Connie Roberts on Faye Keller Kathy Feldmann Pat Pyle Wilma Guy

Discussion and directives led by Linda Chencinski, National Chairman.

1.

Al l names and addresses of clubs, etc., requested by Cheryl Grace must be submilled in order to up-date files for Regions.

Cheryl Grace answered questions on the administrative position of Bayly , Martin & Fay as advisors to USGF. Sta rting in September, the memberships w ill be computerized wi th Bayly , Ma rt in & Fay. Information perta in ing to this will be distribu ted by Cheryl Grace.

2.

Cheryl Grace was directed to revise the Women's Committee membersh ip fo rm. Labels wi ll be sent quarterly and if you need more , request them. Labels wi ll include date of expiration.

3.

The Financial Statement will be revised by Pat Pyle.

4.

Checks wil l be sent once a month from the USGF Office

5.

Lists of new athlete Registrat ions will be sen t to Regional Chairman and State Chairman monthly by Bayly, Martin & Fay. Alphabet ical up-date lists will be sent to State Chairman and Regional Chairman on a quarterly bas is.

6.

Checks are to be sent from the USGF office in a separate envelope from the labels.

7.

Any Regional Chairman leav ing the position is re sponsible fo r balancing the books prior to departure.

Guests: J oanne Aschenbrenner, National Judg es Association Chery l Grace, Bayly, Martin & Fay Tile Meeting was called to order by Li nda Chencinski , Chairman at 10:00 am at the Hi lton , Fort Worth, Texas.

Ms. Chencinski introduced Mr. Roger Counsil first on the Agenda.

Mr. Counsil gave a very inform ative presentation.

Corrections to the Minutes from SI. Louis Board Meeting: Page I -

28

2A 2B -

Atl: Nora Burlingham (Financial Reports) Regional Reports to Linda Chencinski every 6 months.

Expense Study Committee Mary Ann Mahon ey

United States Gymnastics Federation

Discussion ensued concerning the expenditures of Reg ional Funds. The following guidelines to be incorporated in the financial policies: t.

Sanctions

Long distance telephone charges.

1.

Mu st have list available for Bayly, Martin & Fay.

a.

2.

Sanction all events - com petitions and workshops for insurance coverage.

Calls paid by USGFWr:; accounts should be directly relat ed to the busi ness of the Region or State.

Junior Olympic Report - Connie Maloney b. Copies of the billing of these calls be presented for review to the Executive Committee of the Region or State.

2.

1.

Entry Fees

Travel by the Regiona l Chairman to USGF events, excluding Congress, Executive Board Meetings, Regional events.

Mary Ann Mahoney moved to eliminate the present method of establish ing entry fees and to replace it with the following:

a. Regional Chairman travel and related expenses to national events should receive adva nced approval of the Regional Executive Board.

Ex ample: Regional Chairman trave ling to USA Championships for the purpose of observing the meet; this should receive adva nced approval of her Board , before expenditures are allowed .

Each State Chairman to decide on the maximum Entry Fee for their State. This to be approved by Regional Chairman.

3. Secretarial and accounting assistance wi th Regional business.

Regional Executive Board to establish maximum Entry Fees lor Regional Meets.

Seconded by Pat Pyle. Motion carried .

a. Contracting for secretarial or accounting services, on a full time basis , must be proposed and receive the approval of the National Chairman .

Each Regional Chairman send Newsletter to Linda Chencinski. Mark anything new for her so she won't have to re-read materia l she has sent you.

b. Contracting service on the " Kelly Girl" basis shou ld be considered a valid expense that does not requir e approval of the National Chairman .

Meeting adjourned until June 19, 1981 Meeting was called to order by Linda Chencinski, National Chairman at 10:00 am on

Constitutionaf Revisions

June 19, 1981 at the Hilton, Fort Worth , Texas.

1.

Pat Holman moved that the Junior Olympic National Chairman be an ex-office member of the Elite Committee and the Elite Development Committee Chairman be an ex-office member of Junior Olympic Committee. Motion was seconded by Mary Ann Mahoney and carried .

2.

Mary Ann Mahoney moved that only the 8 Regional representatives should vote for their respective National Chairman. Seconded by Faye Keller.

Discussion followed. Pat Ho'iman moved to ammend the motion to limit this to Chairman of Elite Development Com mittee, Technical Committee, Age Group Committee, be elected by the 8 regional representatives on those committees.

Seconded by Liz Holey. Motion carried. Therefore, the Executive Board Chairman is still elected by all Regional Cilairmen,. National Tec hnical Chairman, National Junior Olympic Chairman and National Elite Development Chairman.

Cheryl Grace presented membership alternatives. After discussion, Delene Darst moved we accept Cheryl's proposal for the Membership. Connie Maloney seconded and passed. Attachment I. Judges Association

( 3.

Nomination for Women's Committee Chairman shal l be solicited through USGF News. Solicitation of nominees shall include a list of cri teria .

Nominations and approval by the nominees shall be sent to the National Office

by January 1st of the election year.

Election of Women 's Committee Chairman shall take place at the USGF Congress Women 's Committee Executive Meeting. This election shall be conducted by Women's Technical Committee Chairman. Votes are by written bal lot. Absentee ballots shall be accepted if received prior to the Meeting .

Joa nne Aschen brenner reported on NAWGJ .

Elite Division Committee Report Age Group Committee Report -

Roe Kreutzer Connie Maloney Minutes Submitted by Linda Chencinski , Chairman

NOTE: Dates presented at Meeting are under revision. Final confirmation to be at Cong ress.

Answers to Nutrition Quiz Found on p, 13

Chairman dismissed Meeting from 2:00 - 4:00 pm . Reconvened at 4:00 pm.

ANSWERS Medals Discussion on medals, how to cut cost.

Presentation in writing attached by Linda Chencinski . Outline of expenditures by Linda Chencinski for recommendation below: State - One Medal 1 v.;" HR with drape remainder Bronze (Check on 1\I," price).

Regional East/West Nationals -

Gold, Silver and Bronze and

One 2" Class I, II , Elite -

2!/''' Two 3 / 4" Class I plus Elite, Nat ionals

Championship of USA -

3"

The 1982-83 Awards System will be presented at Congress .

Ordering for this year - 1981 -82: Only Medallic Art s Medals may be used. The Regional Chairman , in conjunction wi th the State Chairman, may determine the number needed. New order forms will be made. Medals will not be engraved unless they were left over from a previous order. This is to say, Medallic wi ll not engrave medals that are new.

United States Gymnastics Federation

1. False. Eating large amounts of protein does not improve an athlete 's perlormance. What an athlete eats days and weeks before the event w ill affect energy available to the muscle. Although food eaten the day of the event may give the athlete a psychological boost, it cannot provide a physica l advantage.

2. False. The cells of th e body cannot tell the difference between vitamins derived from so-called natural sources and those that are synthesized . Both function the same in the body. If an athlete maintains ideal weight and eats a variety of foods (meat, mi lk, vegetables, fruits, breads and other starches) vitamin supplements are not needed.

3. Fa lse. The energy used in competition ordinarily comes from food consumed days and weeks prior to the game or contest. Food , in any form , eaten just prior to compe tition will not provide an immediate surge of energy.

4. False. Although some salt (sod ium) is lost in sweat, except in extremely abnormal conditions the diet provides more than enough salt to replace loss. To help prevent fatigue in hot weather, an athlete needs liberal amounts of water before, during, and after the contest or practice.

5. False. In most conditions, thirst is adequate to meet the body's need for water.

However, during strenuous or prolonged exercise and / or hot temperatures , the thirst mechanism often does not allow for the drinking of enough water. An athlete should drink more than thirst demands.

29

USGF Materials Order Form POSTERS Please indicate selection(s) below. We reserve the right to substilutewith al terna tes when a poster IS no longer available Quantity Cost .50 SP I Olga Korbul Painling .75 MP2 Nadia Comaneci Painling .75 MP3 Nadia on Unevens $1 .00 LP4 Russian Gymnastics $1 .00 LP5 1978 Dial-American Cup $1 .00 LP6 Nadia Newsweek Cover $1 .00 LP7 1979 World Gymnaslics Championships $1.00 LP8 Corrig an's 1979 World Gymnastics Championships $3.95 Any four posters lor All eighl poslers lor $5.95 while 8 posler sels last - - - Add. 50 poslage lor mailing lube LP6 33" x 22"

LP833" x 22"

APPAREL Please specl ly quantily and size S, M, L, X-L. Add $1 .00 for poslage and I J JI USGF Athletic Shirt J WS2 USGF Woman's French-Cut T-Shirt J SS3 USGF Swealshirt - red - white - blue - size Adult Child Adult RP4 USGF Rain Poncho Chilo J WC5 USGF Woman 's Cap J H6 USGF Hat J USGF Necktie - light blue - maroon J HB8 USGF Headband J WB9 USGF Wristband I J TS10 USGF Tube Socks - adull - youth

LP7 19" x 38"

Total

handling. $8.95 $5.95 $9.95 $8.95 $6.95 $8.95 4.50 $4 .50 $9.00 $1.50 $1.50 $3.50

ACCESSORIES Please specily quantity and add $1 .00 for postage and handling.

LP4 27:1'4" x 20"

MP2 27'\'," x 20"

MP3 28W' x 20W'

.....

&YMNASTICS LP5 23" x 37"

Color Posters Apparel Accessories Books Modern Rhythmic Gymnastit 19/KH14

~-

~

SP1 23" x 17W'

I J N1 USGF Notebook I J GB2 USGF Garment Bag I J GB3 USGF Gym Bag I J BP4 USGF Back Pack I J FD5 USGF Flying Disc I J P6 USGF Patch - red - blue I J C7 USGF Crest I J -08 USGF Decal I J P-S9 USGF Pin I J P-G9 USGF Pin I J LTiO USGF Luggage Tab I J BB II USGF Belt Buckle I J P1 2 USGF Pen I J RK I 3 USGF Registered Keychain I J BC I 4 USGF Bookcover PRINTED MATERIAL

green - gold

$5.95 $3.95 $14.95 $5.50 $1.00 $1.50 $3.00 .50 $1.55 $1 .50 2/ $3.00 $3.95 $1 .50 $2 .95 .25

Order separately from above materials to get 'book rate postage.

J CPM 1 Code of Points for Men $20.00 J CPW2 Code of Points for Women $20.00 J SWC2 Supplement of the Women 's Code $1.50 J JOCE3 Jr. Olympic Age Group Compulsory Exercises for Men $6.00 $5.00 CRW4 National Compulsory Routines for Women EPW5 USGF Ru les and Policies and Elite Prog ram Book for Women $4.00 $9.00 WECM7 Women 's Elite Compulsory Music (Cassette) $35.00 JBCF7 USGF Jr. Boys Age Group Compulsory Film $2.00 plus Airmail postag e RS11 Reference Set (2 books) $10.00 History of the Development of the USGF ('7 1) Who's Who in Gymnastics ('77) FBI I FIG Bulletin (4 issues/ $25.00) Order in Jan., Feb. or March GC12 Gymnastics Checks 200 for $6.00 $11 .00 400 for $16.00 600 for

I I I I

Book Rate Postage: 1-2 Books $1.25 / 3-5 Books $2.50 / 0ver 6 Books $3.00 Postage Airmail: t -2 Books $3.00 / 3-5 Books $4.00 / 0ver 6 Books add $1 .00 per book to $3.00

" <riP

Total Postage Amount Total Item $ Amount Total Amount Enclosed

Name'___________________________________________________ Address, _________________________________________________

Clty_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State_________________________________ Zlp, _ _ _ _ _ __

Please send check or money order to USGF P,O, Box 7686. Fort Worth. Texas 76111 Prices subject to change without prior notice Allow 4路6 weeks for delivery Prices effective. 19t11 No C.O.D. or bill me orders accepted

-\) -oited Sta tes

The winning team withthe perfect score on benefits.

Join the winning team . Over 125,000 gymnasts and over 700 clubs are members. We offer even more in 1981-82 than before .

Everyone scores perfect with these benefits:

Sports Medicine and National Program Cl inics.

6. College Credit Extension Courses from the University of Utah .

7. Voting Privileges in the USGF Women 's Committee (must be 18 years old to vote).

USGF Club Membership_ By enrolling 100% of the club staff and students as USGF General Members, your club would automat ically receive a million dollars of Comprehensive General Liability.

The intent of this program is to insure that the club and parent or guardian will not be burdened by medical costs not covered by other programs , and that the club and its personnel are adequately covered for their liability exposure . Individual General Members receive $50,000 excess medical coverage. Some of the club benefits include: 1. O,L,&T (Owners, Landlords and Tenants Liability).

2. Hired and Nonowned Auto Liabil ity.

3. Incidental Medical Malpractice.

4. Trampoline Coverage.

5. Personal Injury Liability.

6. Independent Contractors Liabil ity.

7. Premises Medical Payments.

8. Extended Bodily Injury Liabil ity.

USGF General Membership_ Some of the benefits include: $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage and $10,000 Accidental Death and Dismemberment.

USGF Professional Membership_ This membership is designed for the serious gymnastics coach , teacher, judge or program director. It offers professional growth benefits as well as information on the USGF System of Compet ition . Some of the benefits include: 1. USGF Technical Journal (bi-monthly).

2. USGF GYMNASTICS Magazine (bi-monthly).

3. $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage.

4. Twenty-four Hour Accidental Death Benefits .

5. Free Admission to Nationally Sponsored USGF

For more information on any of these memberships, call or write: Cheryl Grace National Director U.S.G.F. Membership Program Bayly, Martin & Fay/San Antonio P.O. Box 17800 San Anton io, Texas 78217 1-800-531-7224 1-800-531-7205 1-800-292-5721 (Texas only)

United States Gymnastics Federation P.o. Box 7686, Fort Worth, Texas 76111

USG F Gold Card Membership_ Some of the benefits of this membership include: USGF GYM NASTICS Magazine (bi-monthly) and Voting Privileges in the USGF Women 's Committee (must be 18 years old to vote).

USGF Athlete Membership_ Athletes will not want to be without these benefits: 1. $50,000 Excess Medical Coverage for USG F Sanctioned Competitions and Events (This does not cover the gymnasts during his/her daily training or travel to and from a USGF sanctioned event).

2. $10,000 Accidental Death and Dismemberment.

3. Athlete Registration Number Required for all USG F Sanctioned Competitive Events.

Non-Profit Organization U.S. Postage

PAID Permit No. 2025 Fort Worth, Texas