UP15_22

UNIVERSITY FAU’S FINEST NEWS SOURCE APRIL 8, 2014 | VOL. 15 # 22

PRESS

Science Special Issue Take a look at FAU’s thriving scientific community, which includes an electric hypercar and antiaging research.

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SPECIAL ISSUE EDITOR

TUESDAY

April 8, 2014

Andrew Fraieli

SPECIAL ISSUE DESIGNER Brendon Lies

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF - Lulu Ramadan MANAGING EDITOR - Michelle Friswell ASSOCIATE EDITOR - Chris Hamann ASSISTANT CREATIVE DIRECTOR - Laura May Jockers BUSINESS MANAGER - Ryan Murphy COPY DESK CHIEF - Carissa Giard ASSISTANT COPY DESK CHIEF - Cristina Solorzano Photo courtesy of Allan Phipps

FEATURES EDITOR - Jamie Vaughn

NEWS EDITOR - Miranda Schumes SOCIAL MEDIA COORDINATOR - Cealia Brannan SENIOR EDITORS - Emily Bloch, Austen Erblat COPY EDITOR - Lynette Perez CONTRIBUTORS - Sabrina Martinez, Melissa Landolfa DISTRIBUTION MANAGER - Jake Stuart ADVISERS Dan Sweeney Michael Koretzky

6 --

FAU’s collaboration with two research institutions provides research and internship opportunities to students.

Photo by Max Jackson

PHOTO EDITORS - Max Jackson, Kiki Baxter

Photo by Max Jackson

REVIEWS EDITOR - Maddy Mesa SPORTS EDITOR - Wesley Wright

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Check out the undergraduate research at FAU — ranging from psychology to biology.

24 Undergraduate students are working with FAU High School students to build an electric super car right here on the Boca campus.

COVER - Illustration by Brendon Lies.

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How the Hubble telescope has allowed An FAU professor on humanity to look at the campus has researched sky in a new light. the key to stop human aging.

Learn about how memory works and how an FAU professor is working to identify the characteristics of it.

PUBLISHER FAU Student Government The opinions expressed by the UP are not necessarily those of the student body, Student Government or FAU.

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Science is AWESOME

... and you will believe me by the end of this issue.

By Andrew Fraieli Science Editor

B

efore I came to the University Press, we never had a science section. We hardly even published any science articles. And since 33 percent of the students here at FAU are studying science-related majors, you would think there would be more. This is probably why the newspaper bins outside of the science and engineering buildings are usually full. People don’t know the different incredible research that’s being done right here at FAU. I started the science section so that I can change this. I am a freshman physics major with a love for science, so being able to create a whole section in the school magazine about it is amazing.

We have connections with high-profile research facilities on our Jupiter campus, our professors

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are doing original research in fields ranging from psychology to medicine and even our undergraduate students are getting started in scientific research early on in their college careers.

I’ve written articles about topics like how to time travel, how black holes work and what gravity is. But I haven’t written much about actual research going on on campus ­ — until now. I wrote an entire issue of the UP to cover scientific questions, topics and research going on at FAU. I want everyone to know about the research going on at FAU. Oh, and by the way, in all my articles published in previous issues of the UP, you’ll find a little cartoon character with long hair and cargo shorts. That’s me.

Photo by Max Jackson

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FAU is More of a Science

Two science research institutes on FAU’s Jupiter campus help encourage undergraduate research.

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AU isn’t recongnized as a research university, despite the growing undergraduate and graduate research going on across our campuses. FAU’s campus in Jupiter has two research facilities on its campus.

Terry Gearing, director of university relations in Jupiter, explained the cooperation between two local research facilities — Scripps and Max Planck institute.

FAU took $12 million in loans to fund the building of research facilities near the Jupiter campus for these two instutions in hopes that FAU students could benefit from the labratories and research equipment.

The Scripps institute, which primarily researches pharmaceutical drugs, is extremely useful because it offers a combined M.D. and Ph.D. program to students at FAU. This program offers a medical degree to these students and eliminates an entire year of studies, allowing them to begin their graduate research earlier.

The Max Planck institute is more than just another research lab on campus — it’s the only Planck research institute in the western hemisphere. They decided to base their facility at FAU because of their relationship with Scripps.

Much collaboration and communication happens between the two research facilities and FAU students also see the benefits. They work with the Honors College on research projects by providing equiptment and information access.

Photo by Max Jackson

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THINK

University Than You May The institutes also offer extremely competitive internships to students at FAU. The internships at these institutions provide students with real life experience in the field, according to Gearing. A few students have earned full-time jobs at the Scripps and Max Planck facilities because of these internships.

The collaboration with Scripps resulted in a $1.5 million research grant in 2011 to study the inhibitors for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The project was undertaken by Scripps researchers and FAU faculty.

According to the FAU College of Medicine, the collaboration between Scripps and FAU played a big part in getting a medical school at FAU in 2011 as well. FAU now has a joint degree program which caters to students who want to be involved in research or policy planning, although only a few dozen students have applied since 2011, according to the Sun Sentinel.

One of the advantages that FAU has for bringing Scripps on campus is that they’ve upgraded the schools laboratories with more effective technology to enhance modern research on campus. This is only one of the many advantages that FAU and its students have gained from having Scripps on campus.

FAU has become much more credible because of Scripps and the Planck institute, giving more legitimacy through experience to the students receiveing degrees at FAU.

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What The @#%$ Is Fire?

Taking all that complicated chemistry and putting it into simple terms.

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AM! Lightning hits a tree and a branch catches fire and falls down. What do you do? Well if you’re a caveman, you poke it, and you scream in pain. But what if someone dropped something like food in there and then grabbed it and ate it? Well if your caveman-self did that, you just invented cooking. Fire is mankind’s greatest discovery, and it seems simple, but it is pretty interesting. Get some wood and a spark and POOF, you get some bright, orange stuff that’s extremely

hypnotizing and fun to play with and stare at and and … what, just me?

It’s so simple and common, but how does it really work? If you really think about fire, it’s confusing. It’s orange and sometimes blue, there’s charcoal leftover when there’s no more fire, and forget about why the wood slowly disappears.

These are all interesting and common questions and here are the answers to some of them.

Why is fire hot?

Fire is hot for the same reason that fire emits light: it’s a byproduct of a chemical reaction. As the wood reaches a certain temperature, it releases energy stored in the wood or other substances in a chemical reaction. This causes the fire. This heat is actually infrared light, we humans see light with our eyes, but we have nerve endings in our skin sensitive to infrared light, which is how we feel heat.

Why are there tongues of fire?

Fire moves and licks the air the way it does because of gravity.

Earth’s gravity makes hot air rise because hot air is less dense than cool air, and this makes an air current around the flame, drawing it upwards. Fire in zero-gravity actually burns in a sphere.

Why is fire orange and red?

Normally the chemical reaction that causes fire makes the fuel burn a light blue, but it’s different with a wood fire or candle. Wood doesn’t burn completely, that’s why there is charcoal when all the wood is gone. Wood and candles do not burn as pure as gas, for example. Soot and other particles released from the wood is the smoke. These particles burn so hot that they give off light, they burn red hot. These particles burning is what we see as the flames, the colors come from them, not the wood.

Fire is an interesting topic and is not as simple as it may seem, though to cavemen, I think everything would be much more complicated than it may seem. Thinking about how fire works and how cool it is just shows how even the most simple things in life can be made more complicated, but much more interesting when seen through the viewpoint of science.

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UNDERGRADUATES Making New Discoveries On Campus

Undergraduates present their research to the public in a recent undergraduate research symposium.

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pologies, spy software, gender stereotypes and marijuanna ­— those are just a few of the topics undergraduates are researching in their time at FAU. On March 28, FAU held a research symposium where undergraduates presented projects they were working on.

In an effort to encourage undergraduate research at FAU, the Office of Undergraduate Research and Inquiry is offering grants

to students who present independent research or collaborative research with faculty. The next deadline to apply for this research is Oct. 15. Among the research presented in the spring symposium, the UP spoke with a few undergraduates about the topics they’re researching.

For more infomraion about research grants, visit the the website for the FAU Office of Undergraduate Research and Inquiry.

Photos by Max Jackson

The Power of Regret Chad Miller, a senior and political science major, is researching the power of the apology. He is studying apologies and their effect on international government-issued policies. The basis of his research is the effect an apology could have on current and future conflicts. He found that if a government demanded an apology and one wasn’t given, that future conflicts were more likely; but if an apology was given in the same situation, future conflicts were less likely. Interesting points of his research included how easily apologizing could stop conflict. Miller explained an example about a political riot that was happening in Nepal simply because a speech was not given in the official language. Seven days of rioting ensued and then stopped the moment an apology was given and the rioting ceased.

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Continued on Page 16

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Gender Rules Conner Dooley, a senior political science major, is researching how gender stereotypes can affect political candidates. The research was done by having 367 people look at different scenarios where political candidates of both genders were crying because of family issues or political issues. Both men and women in these situations were showing anger towards an opposing candidate.

Dooley learned that women are stereotyped as being “too emotional� for a political job and they found out that male stereotyping was evident in these situations as males were favored over female candidates. This research shows more than political problems, it can be looked at in the general concept of gender stereotypes and how much they really affect our daily lives.

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Malware Masters Paul Lewis and Sanjah Singh are both seniors and computer science majors who are researching a malware program that can be described as a super advanced spy tool that can track and record every single keystroke, screen action and anything you do or say if you have a mic and a camera on your computer.

The researchers are uncovering a misuse pattern for this malware called “flame.” It is an extremely complicated and sophisticated software that poses as a windows update and infects your computer when you accept it.

The sole purpose of the software is to gather information. It was originally targeted for the Middle East, but it has quickly spread farther than that. One of the worst parts of this malware is that it can delete itself from your computer so that you don’t even know it was there, when it could have been watching you the whole time.

Lewis and Singh have identified the properties of the software to identify it’s patterns and exact effects.

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High on Knowledge Thomas Lee is another undergraduate who is researching cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome ­— that has to do with marijuana. He researched how smoking marijuana excessively for a long period of time can cause nausea and sickness. The only relief found is taking long, hot showers. If the person were to stop abusing marijuana, the effects would go away after about two

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weeks. Lee discussed his brother who exhibited this sickness, yet no doctor knew what was causing it, even after identifying that he was using excessive amounts of marijuana. This is because marijuana is supposed to stop these kind of symptoms, so the doctors would say to continue its use, according to Lee.

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How We Started With A BANG And Not A We have a bus-sized telescope orbiting Earth that captures images of deep space.

Photo courtesy of Nasa.gov

W

e learn in science early on that the Big Bang is how the universe was created. You may ask, how did it happen? The theory so far is that the universe started out as a super dense ball of energy and suddenly exploded into the infinite-sized universe we now know in less than a second.

There is a telescope orbiting Earth called the Hubble telescope, named after Edwin Hubble, an astrophysicist who is well known for figuring out that the universe is expanding. This telescope is incredibly powerful, and since it is in space, it can focus on much more than the normal earthbound telescope.

The air from our atmosphere can distort any images we may take of the night sky from a telescope on Earth. So a bus-sized hunk of metal flying around the earth at 7.5 kilometers per second (that’s about 17,000 mph) may not seem that important, but it is. It’s supposed to tell us how the universe came to be, and so far, it’s been doing a good job.

A discovery that was made using the telescope explains that the galaxies around us are moving away from us. This doesn’t mean that the Earth is the center of the universe; it means the universe is expanding. Imagine, for example, what would happen if you drew the galaxies and stars on a balloon and blew the balloon up. Everything would get farther apart. This is what evidence for the Big Bang looks like so far, implying that the

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universe expanded rather quickly at the beginning. Continuing with this idea, the universe should still be expanding today and that is indeed what is happening.

The Hubble is also taking deep-field pictures in space. Scientists pointed the telescope at the blackest, darkest spot they could find, devoid of anything in the sky, and took a picture. It is so powerful and sensitive to light that it actually captured more than just empty space. Looking at the picture reveals the universe as it was billions of years ago. This is because light travels at a measurable speed and therefore would take a definite amount of time to get to us. The farther an object is from us the longer it takes for the light to get to us.

With the knowledge that the sky we are looking at is billions of light-years away, we can correctly assume that the light we are seeing is billions of years old, meaning we see an image of the universe from that long ago.

In that picture, there was still a black background behind the galaxies. This time the black is not just more of the universe we can’t see, it is the edge of the universe. We are going off our previous idea that the universe did not exist past that point (since we are seeing light from billions of years ago still and the universe is about 13.7 billion years old). This telescope is so powerful that we can use it not only to see far away in space, but actually see backwards in time.

POOF

How to Live

Forever

FAU research could reveal how to stop aging.

T Photo courtesy of Dr. Kailiang Jia

hroughout history this question has come up more than enough times: How do you live forever?

It’s usually asked as a philosophical question, but the answer is rooted in science — and we’re studying it at FAU. It may not be possible to live forever, but you can at least live longer than you would naturally. FAU has been trying to make its own fountain of youth through research happening on campus about the effects of aging.

Dr. Kailiang Jia is a biology professor at FAU currently doing original research on aging. Aging is much more complicated than just having a midlife crisis and buying a motorcycle. According to Jia, aging is “deterioration, a progressive change of the body over time which increases the probability of disease and death.” Aging is defined by more factors than just the wrinkles on your face.

It has to do with the way that your body’s genetics function and change over time and Jia studies these factors on the Boca campus.

Not only does Jia research the characterisitcs of aging, but he’s currently working on how to “suppress” and “counteract” the characterisitcs. He’s basically trying to stop aging. Chemicals have been discovered that cause the signs of aging to go

away and even reverse them.

The basis of the research is finding the specific parts of your brain that control aging and attempt to hinder them.

Jia is testing this on bacteria in his lab and if he is successful, he will adapt these techniques to mammals and, eventually, to human beings.

Aging happens in many forms. Skin starts to sag on your body as wrinkles develop and white hair starts to grow.

But these are just the physical effects of age. The more interesting effects — and basis of FAU’s research on aging — are the genetics and how the human body is designed to age.

Aging is a case-tocase basis but in the human body, aging actually helps us live longer. It does so because our cells are programmed to die after they finish their job. By dying, these cells kill any possible mutations that could have happened in our DNA. (This is pretty much our cells stopping cancer before it spreads beyond more than a cell.)

FAU isn’t working on a literal fountain of youth, but this research is close. With this kind of research, it will only be a matter of time until we live for a hundred years and still look like we are in our 20s. Once it gets to that point we will have to start answering those ethical questions about how to live forever, that’s when things are going to start getting difficult.

∞

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God Particle? In A particle was recently discovered in physics, and we explain what lets you exist.

S

mash two particles together at near light speed and you get the god particle. That’s the name for an important particle in physics called the Higgs boson. This particle is important because it is what gives matter mass, otherwise you would not be able to exist.

It was recently discovered at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (also known as CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland.

The UP interviewed Ritu Linhart, a researcher who was working at CERN at the time of the discovery.

So, what exactly is this mysterious Higgs boson and field and why is it so important?

According to Linhart, imagine a cocktail party where everyone is walking around and just mingling. Now suddenly Madonna walks in, what happens? Everyone is going to head right towards her. Madonna would

PHYSICS?

be an example of the Higgs field, similar to a magnetic field attracting things. This was proven to exist because of the discovery of the Higgs boson, and this is why discovering this particle was so important.

Madonna’s field brings everyone together just like the Higgs field gives matter mass.

The CERN scientists discovered the Higgs boson by using a machine called the Large Hadron Collider. The LHC takes one tiny piece of mass, called a particle, and smashes it together with another particle almost at the speed of light, which is about 300 million meters per second or about 671 million mph. Just for comparison, that’s about how fast you would have to go to run around the Earth seven times in a single second.

Photo courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory

Meet Your Maker The speed of light is exactly 299,792,458 meters per second. This is considered to be the speed limit of the universe, but nothing can actually reach this speed. The only thing that can go this fast is light itself. One would think you just get a ship going almost the speed of light and then run in the same direction the ship is going and you will go faster than the speed of light, right? No. This is because as you approach the speed of light the slower time goes for you from someone else’s perspective.

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The significance of the Higgs boson is that it will help physicists figure out the origin of matter. This in turn will help explain how the universe formed. Further research into this will help us figure out how other things in theoretical physics work, like other particles, and will probably help reveal other secrets of the universe.

All of science is summed up in the fact that we are trying to be able to accurately predict the universe and what it does and eventually getting to the point of being able to control these cosmological powers. We have the power of manipulating electricity for our own needs and we can use nuclear force at our whim as well.

If science can figure out enough about this Higgs boson and how it works, eventually we may be able to use this to create matter itself.

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Electric Super Car Being Made On FAU Campus

FAU High School, along with FAU undergraduates, are making an electric car capable of directly challenging normal gas-powered cars in both and

speed

Y

ou think gas cars are more powerful than electric cars, don’t you? That’s because most electric cars are these little cubes that seem like they barely have enough power to move themselves, but the kids at FAU High School and a few undergraduate students at FAU are making a car that is capable of much more than that. They are building an environmentally friendly car to not only help show what electric cars are capable of, but also to try to help raise awareness for more green technology.

About a year ago, the project was started with the shell of a racecar and the internal parts of a Toyota MR-2. Since then, they have been diligently working and getting many donations along the way. Their car has become powerful enough that they

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power.

are entering it in the EV Summit Race Competition in North Carolina.

Most of the research they are doing with the car is testing different uses in varying circumstances to see what works best. They have found out that the speed capabilities of the car depend on the batteries. They have learned through testing that the electric motors have much higher torque than similar gas engines of its type at low rpms (it can get to 800 rpms and 270 ft/lbs of torque), which just means you can speed up faster. This is of course dependent on the kind of batteries and the software used as well. They are continuing to test things like the speed capabilities (its top speed is 150 mph), the acceleration, the range it can go on one charge and how long it takes to charge.

Vroom.

Top: A close look at what allows this mighty vehicle to run.

Bottom: A side view of the project itself

A couple hindrances of electric cars taking over the market is that the price of this electric car would be a bit more expensive than your average gas engine car to buy and own. The batteries for this powerful car add a lot to the cost.

The students working on the research of this car are doing more than just building an electric car powerful enough to challenge a normal combustion engine car. They are also trying to raise awareness about green technology and to get people

to recognize to its benefits — how it can be equal to what we now have and eventually better. With their research, we will be able to charge our cars at home and not have to worry about gas stations in the future.

Top: The shell of the racecar is fitted with efficient but ecologicallyfriendly modifications.

Left: Liam Francis (11th grade) welding while Caleb Bernstein (6th grade) watches.

Photos courtesy of Allan Phipps

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On-campus research that may eventually make cramming for exams easier.

I

t’s finals week and you have two exams tomorrow, neither of which you have studied for. It’s currently 10 p.m. and they’re both worth 40 percent of your grade.

You’ll be cramming for these exams all night long. Deep down you know you will not remember any of it, but FAU Professor of Neuroscience Dr. Robert Stackman and his lab are studying the mechanisms of long-term memory, how it works and how it is stored in your brain.

With this research, he is trying to figure out how to increase memory capabilities and improve memory recollection, possibly making it easier for you to procrastinate and cram the night before finals.

Memory, according to Stackman, is “the persistent change in behavior because of change in experience.” In terms of what is happening physically in your brain, memory is “changing strengths or neural connections between synapses.” Basically as you gain more memories, the cells in your brain make different connections with each other: The stronger they are with each other, the more vivid the memory, and the weaker the bond, the weaker the memory. That’s why we forget some things: the less we use the bond, the weaker it grows.

The specific experiments that Stackman is doing use mice and mazes. They test the mice’s ability to navigate a maze and remember landmarks to get to the goal. As the brains of mice are very similar to humans in terms of memory, they are the perfect test subjects.

Stackman’s lab has discovered a channel in mouse brains that, when blocked, causes the mice to learn better. The same channel exists in our brains. Blocking this potassium channel is not necessarily good, though. The channel allows the cells in your brain to rest between firing. Seizures are the lack of these resting periods in your brain. See the problem? The solution would be to simply have a happy medium between completely blocking it and leaving it the way it is.

This research can do more than help procrastinating college students cram for exams though. It can also help people suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder by blocking the potassium channels in the brain more than usual. This can weaken the bonds for memories and possibly help stop the intense memory recollections that are the basis of PTSD. Many people can benefit from this memory research.

?

Photo by Mohammed F. Emran

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Going To Remember This?

How Is Your Brain

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