Equiol - Sustainability Certification

Sustainability Certification

Sustainability Rating Tool for Social Housing Developed by Equiol Institute of Australia

(Du Preez, 2020)

Social Housing

Preface The University of Melbourne Semester Two, 2021

ABPL90120 Building Sustainability ENEN90014 Sustainable Buildings

Subject Coordinators Prof. Lu Aye Mr. Xavier Cadorel

Senior Tutor

Dr Andrea Pianella

Group Assignment: Sustainability Rating Tool

by Group One

Haochen Li

751193 M. Engineering (Civil)

Unn Areecharoenlert (Poom) 796631 M. Architecture

Lucy Gough

835119 M. Engineering (Civil)

Yifang Chen (Yvonne) 904739 M. Engineering (Civil)

Shengbo Yang

1232843 M. Engineering (Civil)

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Contents Preface

2

Part A

Executive Summary 4 Introduction 8 Certification Process 11 Assessment Stage 16 Building Typology 17 Assessable Criteria 19 Mind Map 24

Part B

Engagement 28 Connection with Nature 29 Connection with Urban 31 Intrabuilding Community Connection 33 Quality of Life 34 Health and Wellbeing 37 Community 39 Equity 41 Input 44 Water Demand 46 Energy Demand 47 Energy Efficiency Measures 49 Output 52 Waste Management 55 Wastewater management 59 Emissions 59 Liveability 60 Indoor Air Quality 63 Acoustic Comfort 64 Thermal Comfort 65 Visual Comfort 66

Bibliography

PART A - Group PART B - Individual Engagement - Bibliography Quality of Life - Bibliography Input - Bibliography: Output - Bibliography Liveability - Bibliography Images References

69 72 72 73 75 76 76 78

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Executive Summary

(Kehmeier, 2020)

Executive Summary

The following report, presented by Equiol Institute of Australia (EIA), details the sustainability rating tool for post-occupancy status of high-density, urban public houses.

Subsidised housing in Australia is typically characterized by a lower socio-economic demographic. Despite providing homes to thousands of disadvantaged people, social housing developments often lack appropriate living standards required to meet the needs of occupants. The purpose of Equiol is to promote a safe, liveable and healthy environment for vulnerable populations. The rating tool specifies standards for social housing to stimulate community engagement, offer equitable opportunities, encourage environmental sustainability and optimise the happiness of all residents.

Equiol is primarily applicable to social housing developments in Melbourne, however the EIA intends to make the tool applicable for the whole of Australia. The rating tool consists of five main criteria, Engagement, Quality of Life, Input, Output and Liveability which contributed approximately 20% each to a total 100-point system to measure the sustainability of the building.

Social housing developments must satisfy the respective hurdle requirements for each criterion in order to achieve a Equiol sustainability rating, The minimum total points required for a project to be classified as an “Equiol” building is 60%. As the points accumulated, the project can be categorized as four different levels sustainable buildings, “Bronze”, “Silver”, “Gold” or “Platinum”.

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Vision

“Our vision of sustainability is ensuring the equitable accessibility of healthy, comfortable and economical places of respite for all and does not compromise our resources of the future.”

(Sumila, 2021)

Mission

“Equiol sustainability rating tool is the means to prompt progressive social housing communities that have dignifying and equitable access to healthy, fulfilling and efficient living environments.”

(Allan, 2020)

Introduction

(u/thrml, 2018)

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the interconnectedness of our systems on a global level, exposing the various avenues of fragilities and inequalities. It is evident that the repercussions will be borne by the most vulnerable and disenfranchised members of society (Nassif-Pires, et al., 2020). So how do we, as a society, ensure that the vulnerable and disenfranchised are not left behind.

Social Housing is one of the mechanisms that supports vulnerable people. ‘Social housing’ refers to rental housing provided and/or managed by government or nongovernment organisations (Family and Community Development Committee, 2010). It is grounded in the need to remedy the existing injustice and inequality within society (National Housing Federation, 2020). The provision of subsidised residences by local authorities and housing associations enable access of affordable places of respite for those who are excluded from the housing market (Reeves, 2005). Historically, social housing has primarily catered towards low-income families, but in recent times, the focus has transitioned to assisting a wide variety of vulnerable populations, including individuals facing trauma, disadvantage, and/or financial insecurity (Groenhart, et al., 2014). The current model of social housing serves a diverse community: people of various ethnic backgrounds, people of all gender identities, disabled people and the elderly (National Housing Federation, 2020). Forms of social housing that exist in Australia include: (1) Public housing, (2) State owned and managed Indigenous Housing, (3) Community Housing and, (4) Indigenous Community Housing (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021).

Despite the establishment of social housing infrastructure throughout Australia, current supply do not meet the demands. The amount of the social housing supply has remained stagnant, but the number of people on waiting lists has risen (The Commonwealth of Australia, 2018). As a result of long waiting times, those with housing needs face a range of implications that exacerbates their vulnerability. For those that are allocated to social housing, the quality of these dwellings are typically subpar. Data from the Productivity Commission’s annual report indicates that 20% of public housing dwellings in Australia do not meet minimum accepted standards (Liu, et al., 2019). The deterioration of quality is a result of aging housing stocks, maintenance backlogs and government disinvestments (Hayward, 1996; Jacobs, et al., 2010; Kenley, et al., 2013; Sharp & Jones, 2012). The existence of this systematic impediment fails to remedy the injustices faced by these vulnerable groups.

Current models of social housing merely cater to the basic need for shelter, but still fail to fulfil this requirement. The Equiol Institute of Australia (EIA) believes that social housing should provide more than just the basic physiological need for shelter, but enable residents to pursue their needs of self-fulfilment. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, self-fulfilment is only attainable once the physiological need for safety and survival have been satisfied (Mathes, 1981). Hence EIA have sought out to create an aspirational standard that bridges the gap between the fundamental needs of shelter with the needs for the residents’ self-fulfilment.

The Equiol Sustainability Standard, hereinafter referred to as ‘Equiol’, is a sustainability assessment tool developed for social housing. Equiol prioritises residents and connects them with building management, and developers of social housing to create and foster sustainable communities. Equiol examines design interventions, operational procedures, and policies implemented in social housing. Developed in tandem with experts across the fields of architecture, engineering, and more, the assessment strategies are supported by extensive quantitative and qualitative research. Equiol aims to build a culture of community and equitability that value social, environmental and economic outcomes.

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Introduction

Equiol Values In order to create true social sustainability, the Equiol Institute of Australia (EIA) believes that these four E’s should underpin all building developments. The four E’s of ‘Engaging’, ‘Equitable’, ‘Education’ and ‘Enjoyment’ has inspired EIA to develop our new sustainability rating tool, Equiol.

Figure 1.1 Equiol’s Four E’s Values

Engaging Buildings enables a stronger and deeper connection between occupants and local environments.

Equitable To serve a vulnerable group of population, the building ensures fair opportunities and experiences are shared among the community to raise confidence, dignity and equally recognize diverse identities.

Education Buildings educate residents on advanced technologies to harvest, preserve and even reuse natural resources to support a positive ecological future.

Enjoyable Occupants of buildings can sustain a stable, safe, comfortable living environment in the building to allow them to free up more availabilities to pursuits other endeavours in life.

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Certification Process

Process of Certification – How to Apply The Equiol Certification is formal process managed by Equiol Institute of Australia (EIA). The process of Equiol certification builds upon other leading sustainability certification, such as WELL, Living Building Challenge and Green Star Australia (Green Building Council Australia, 2021; International Living Future Institute, 2021; International WELL Building Institute, 2020).

The certification process consists of four sequential steps detailed below: Figure 1.2 Process of Certification Flowchart

1. Registration

2. Document Preparation

3. Performance Audit

4. Certification

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Certification Process

Registration

The first step of the Equiol Certification is registration with Equiol Institute of Australia (EIA) via the online portal. The registration requires details such as project size, project age, residential occupancy rate and category of social housing developments ie. new construction, retrofit, or existing social housing precinct. Once online registration is complete, applicants will be able to access our online resources centre regarding criteria requirements, on-demand webinars, as well as access to our support team.

Once the Equiol Team has assessed the registration, EIA will assign an independent third-party Equiol-approved representative to the project. The representative will work closely with the project team to guide applicants through the assessment process and review relevant documents prior to submission of documents for certification assessments. The representative will be the project’s points of contact in the case any queries may arise.

Documentation Preparation

Equiol requires that all submitted documentation be verified through on-site assessments prior to certification in a process known as the Performance Audit. This is to ensure that documentations have not been falsified or altered in any way that may skew results from the actual performance of the project.

As all documents must be audited, the project team must ensure the requirements of each documentation are met. To facilitate the ease of the preparation process, the appointed Equiol Representative will be present to oversee this process.

Performance Audit

This step of the process will authenticate that the social housing developments are in compliance with Equiol and functioning sustainably as intended. This procedure entails site inspections, in which the appointed Equiol representative will coordinate independent testing with two other Equiol-approved third-party auditors. The three auditors will assess the submitted documents as well as conduct tests that evaluate relevant parameters. The audit period shall not take longer than one month.

Upon the completion of the Audit, the auditors will provide an Equiol Report that details the social housing’s compliance with Equiol five criteria. The scores awarded by auditors to each requirement will be averaged in order to ensure the impartiality of the assessment. In the case that criteria requirements are met, the project team will be eligible for Equiol certification. In the case that criteria requirements are not met, the project team will have a period of 6 months to make improvements and rectifications prior to being re-eligible for audit.

Certification

Equiol will be awarded to Social Housing developments by the Equiol Institute of Australia once the project team has presented documented compliance of all Equiol criteria and evidence of passing the Performance Audit. The awarded Social Housing Development will receive a formal letter of acknowledgement, an Equiol certification plaque, relevant documents, and marketing material to promote the achievement of Equiol.

This certification will be valid for a period of 5 years.

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Certification Process

Performance Audit Checklist Table 1.1 Performance Audit Checklist

No. Criteria

Onsite inspection requirements

1

Engagement

Restoration and Preservation of Vegetations on site

2

Engagement

Survey on biodiversity education results

3

Engagement

Accessibility to green space

4

Engagement

Biophilic building design and connection to nature

5

Engagement

Green Infrastructure Installation and Maintenance Measure

6

Engagement

Accessibility to amenities; healthcare, education etc.

7

Engagement

Proximity to transport network & support to private mobility

8

Engagement

Building external appearance maintenance

9

Engagement

Aesthetic cohesion building architecture design funding reservation

10

Engagement

Building Safety measures & contingency plan documentation

11

Engagement

Building Management Survey & Effective Community Engagement Plan Documentation

12

Quality of Life

Assess documentation of Mental Health Protocols Compliance with National Standards for Mental Health Services 2010

13

Quality of Life

Conduct post-occupancy survey to evaluate for residents’ mental health and wellbeing

14

Quality of Life

Conduct post-occupancy survey to evaluate for residents’ physical health and wellbeing

15

Quality of Life

Assess common areas and residential units for Universal Access Compliance with AS 1428.2 Design for Access and Mobility

16

Quality of Life

Assess communal areas; indoor and/or outdoor with Communal Areas Audit Tool (CAAT)

Quality of Life

Conduct randomised interviews with resident about Community Code and satisfaction

17

Quality of Life

Conduct randomised interviews with resident about Community Leaders and satisfaction

18

Quality of Life

Conduct anonymous interview with residents receiving Vulnerable Support

19

Input

Renewable energy adoption proportion

20

Input

Sustainable energy distributed system

21

Input

Energy efficiency of electricity, heat and water supply

22

Input

User behaviours survey

23

Output

Check for isolated storage for hazardous collections

24

Output

Check for advocacy of compostable and reusable products

25

Output

Conduct a waste audit of trash, recyclables etc.

26

Output

Measure wastewater production and compared to the national average (Australian guidelines for sewerage systems, 1997)

27

Output

Removal of pathogens and pollutants complied with the Australian drinking water guidelines

28

Output

Risk management plan based on AS/NZS 1546.3: 2008 & AS/NZS 1547:2000

29

Output

Carbon footprint obtained from converting operational energy by factors provided from Australian Government Department of Industry

30

Liveability

Measure the hygrothermal conditions; air temperature & humidity

31

Liveability

Measure indoor pollutant concentration levels (e.g. CO2, CO, VOC)

32

Liveability

Measure noise level & assess insulation efficacy

33

Liveability

Assess daylight accessibility & measure overall illuminance using LED meter

34

Liveability

Conduct post-occupancy survey to evaluate occupants’ satisfaction with the indoor environment quality, including thermal, acoustic and visual environment

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Certification Process

Weighting Structure Equiol measures the sustainability of social housing, with a total score out of 100 points. As outlined below, these points are allocated across 5 criteria; Engagement (22 pts), Quality of Life (24 pts), Input (18 pts), Output (16 pts) and Liveability (20 pts). These five criteria are the means to bridge the gap between ‘hard measures of performance and financial effectiveness with the softer measures of social progress and wellbeing’ (Jones & Valero-Silva, 2021).

Figure 1.3 The Five Criteria of Equiol

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The weighting of each criterion is split according to their relative contribution towards sustainability, as shown in Figure 1.3 The environmental aspect of sustainability is represented by the Input and Output criteria. These address issues relating to energy efficiency, GHG emissions, waste management and water sensitive urban design. Typically, social houses are densely populated buildings, therefore even small environmental improvements have significant consequences. Nevertheless, the Input and Output criteria have a lower weighting because Equiol places more emphasis on active occupants, rather than passive design.

The sustainability of social housing fundamentally depends on the meeting occupants’ needs.

Although passive design forms the foundation of any green building, it is even more vital to provide a habitable and useable facility for its occupants . Social housing provides shelter to lower socioeconomic families, who would otherwise be denied housing security, essential facilities and equality. Hence, the Engagement, Quality of life and Liveability criteria have a higher weighting because Equiol places more emphasis on social sustainability and resilience.

The effects of the recent pandemic have highlighted the need to establish a safe, liveable, and cohesive community in social housing developments. A sustainable development fundamentally depends on the occupants’ perception of their environment. Although it is important to consider the environmental impacts, Equiol places higher weighting on the individual needs of residents.

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Certification Process

Rating Levels In consideration of the different constraints which may be imposed onto various projects, different minimum points will be required of different types of buildings in Equiol’s evaluation ie. new construction, retrofit and existing building.

An Equiol certified social housing precinct can achieve a rating of either Platinum, Gold, Silver or Bronze. Noted below is the table that outlines the minimum number of points required to attain Equiol’s sustainability rating.

Table 1.2 Minimum number of points required from different Building Typers for Rating Levels

Building Type

Bronze

Silver

Gold

Platinum

New Construction

60+ Points

70+ Points

80+ Points

90+ Points

Retrofit

55+ Points

65+ Points

75+ Points

85+ Points

Existing

50+ Points

60+ Points

70+ Points

80+ Points

Equiol takes a holistic approach towards sustainability. Social houses must reach the minimum hurdle requirements across all five criteria, in order to attain a sustainability rating. At least 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% must be attained in each category to be awarded Bronze, Silver, Gold and Platinum respectively, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1.3 Minimum number of points required in each criteria for New Construction Projects

Criteria Engagement

Total Points (100%) Bronze (60%)

22

13

15

18

20

Quality of Life

24

14

17

19

22

Input

18

11

13

14

16

Output Liveability

16 20

10 12

11 14

13 16

14 18

60

Silver (70%)

70

Gold (80%)

80

Platinum (90%)

90

Theoretically, a social housing precinct could get 60 points or more and still not achieve an Equiol rating, because these points are skewed to certain criteria. Refer to the examples below (Table 2) to further understand the Equiol’s holistic awarding approach.

Table 1.4 Equiol rating tool Example: New Construction Projects

Criteria Engagement Quality of Life Input Output Liveability TOTAL POINTS RATING

Example Project 1

13 14 11 12 10

60 No rating

Example Project 2

15 17 13 13 13

71 Bronze

Example Project 3

16 19 13 15 18

81 Silver

Example Project 4

18 19 17 17 21

92 Gold

Example Project 5

16 19 15 15 19

84 Gold

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Assessment Stage

Post - Occupancy Assessment Equiol focuses on post-occupancy assessment. The adaptive tool aims at social housing developments of different lifespan stages namely: newly constructed, retrofitted, and existing projects.

Post occupancy is the stage where the project has been completed and in operation. As Equiol assesses the sustainability of vulnerable communities in the context of social housing, our preliminary focus is on the residents. The Equiol rating tool prioritises the wellbeing of social housing residents and community over the factors that influence building’s operation such as energy consumption and emissions. Research shows that Post-Occupancy Evaluation provides better insight into the consequences of design, thus leading to better improvement to building performance and occupant satisfaction (Preiser, White & Rabinowitz, 2015). As Equiol emphasises the needs of building occupants, we believe that the Post Occupancy methodology is best suited for the evaluation of sustainability.

As there are various social housing developments of different lifespan stages in Australia, it is imperative that the sustainability rating tool is adaptive enough to be applied accurately across a varied range of housing projects (Lawson, et al., 2018).

New construction - Assessment after 2 years of New Construction In the context of newly constructed social housing, Equiol is utilized as an aspirational guide to encourage sustainability in the operation and maintenance of the project. On average, a period of two years is required to fully gauge the sustainability performance of a social housing project.

This period is to account for the consumption of energy and water alongside the occupants’ experience across all seasonal variations. The final rating provided by Equiol will indicate whether or not the building is sustainably operating as expected. In the case that the building does not operate in accordance to our sustainability criteria, modifications and improvements can be applied in accordance to stakeholders engagement as specified in the Equiol standard.

Retrofit – Assessment after 2 years of Major Renovations in Existing Buildings In the context of major renovations and retrofits of existing social housing, Equiol is utilized as a sustainability progress indicator that indicates improvements after renovations in comparison its original state. The recommended assessment period still remains at least two years after the initial operation. However any minor inconveniences or adverse impacts on residents as a result of the retrofit will be taken into consideration of the Equiol assessment.

Existing - Assessment after 2 years of Minor changes in Existing Buildings As over 50% of social housing developments in Australia have been constructed and in operation for over 10 years, many have not been up to date with modern standards of sustainability (AIHW, 2017). This lack of improvement is not a result of complacency but due to constraints such as finance. In the context of existing social housing with various constraints, Equiol understands that sustainability efforts may not be majorly implemented through structural alterations. Equiol will be utilized as a tool to identify potential sustainability concerns that can be rectified through soft measures of social change to achieve a sustainable and thriving local community.

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Building Typology

Social Housing Typology Background and Statistics Social housing in Australia can trace back its history right after World War II, as a government assistance and strategy to stimulate the economy, to provide secure and affordable accommodation and to help people participate in the workforce (Roger, 2016). It is generally provided and operated by departments of state governments within the framework of Commonwealth-State Housing Agreement. However, in recent years, there is a merging trend to transit some of the social housing towards privatisation, making some social housing, owned and operated by non-government organisation, which raises issues regarding the level of services and maintenance of housing conditions to tenants.

Social housing can be divided into four categories, public housing (PH), state owned and managed Indigenous housing (SOMIH), community housing (CH) and Indigenous community housing (ICH). PH and CH takes up the 73% of the occupancy and the majority of them are locating near urban centre in major cities across Australia. Among the four categories, public housing has 35% of the dwellings falling under apartments/flats/units, and community housing has a 39% for the same type of dwellings. The proportion of these high-density dwelling type is still radically increasing (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021) Equiol is a building sustainability rating tool focuses on measuring the standard of life for occupants in only public housing and community housing categories, specifically to the medium to high-density apartment type of dwelling in urban settings. This is to answer the rising concern of poor condition, maintenance and operation of both newly built and existing high density, apartment type social housing.

Unique Features and Requirements of Social Housing Occupants With the intention to make housing more affordable, the dominant residents of social housing are low income household who falls in the bottom 40% of all population in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021). Among these occupants, the majority are single parents with dependent children or elderly with medium to high dependency on healthcare. Female occupants take up more than 62% of the total occupancy (AIHW, 2021). Although lack in sufficient focus on tenants level of life satisfaction in the research field, it has been pointed out that it is more likely for social housing tenants than occupants in common residential area to suffer chronic disadvantages in physical, mental aspects from instability in labour market engagement, financial and housing situation (Sarah Taylor, 2020) .Surprisingly, in Australia, in average one in four people is currently living in social housing (Emma Baker, 2020) The demand for social housing is high.

The building should provide a safe home to the individual occupants to ensure stability and stimulate prosperity for the total societal welfare.

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Building Typology

Building structure design and operation For the focus of the rating tool, this section only discusses the main characteristics of apartment type community housing and public housing. Despite the new announcement on the building project for 12,000 public and community housing in Victoria, the constant increasing demand for social housing and the poor management system as a result of privatisation of social housing still causes a severe shortage in social housing supply. This supply shortage results in a overcrowding living situation which forces the current or incoming tenants to have a poor IEQ (Indoor Environment Quality) and cramped temporary accommodation and cause the stress about threats to be homelessness (Ali, 2020).

As can be seen in the urban streets in Melbourne, typical apartment type social housings usually are presented in a plain concrete or brick, dirt yellow façade and minimum innovative design or aesthetic thoughts and efforts have been put into it. They do not blend in well into the surrounding landscape aesthetics. Not only does that inhibits the visual and social cohesion in urban environment, it also damages the image of the tenants that is presented to the greater community, hence negatively impacted on the place and personal identity of both the tenants and the building.

As demonstrated in Figure 1.4 below, the number of households newly allocated and exited for the past decade has been shown a high turnover rate of tenants in social housing. This increases the challenge to educate tenants and implement management, maintenance of building. Hence, the building situation of social housing will got worsened at a rate faster than normal building or the any benefits or resources provided by the building would not be utilised effectively and sustainably by the tenants.

Figure 1.4 Number of Entries and Exits of public housing from 2011-2020 (AIHW, 2020)​

30,000

Number

25,000

Households that exited 20,000 Newly allocated households 15,000

10,000

0 2011 - 12

2012 - 13

2013 - 14

2014 - 15

2015 - 16 Year

2016 - 17

2017 - 18

2018 - 19

2019 - 20

It can be concluded that the unique features about social housing are mostly involves the characteristics and behaviours of and expectations from the residents of the building. It is crucial to address the concern in low quality living condition, social dis-cohesion to the urban community and the building management and maintenance.

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Assessable Criteria

Criteria, Credits and Sub Credits Table 1.5 Equiol Criteria, Credits and Sub-Credit Breakdown

Criteria

Credits Connection with Nature

Connection with Urban Community Engagement

Intracommunity Engagement Health and Wellbeing Community

Quality of Life

Equity

Water Demand Energy Demand

Input

Occupants Behaviour Change Wastewater Management Waste Management

Output

Emissions Indoor Air Quality

Acoustic Comfort

Thermal Comfort Liveability

Visual Comfort

Sub Credit Points Total Points Biodiversity 3 Biophilic Design 3 Integration to Urban Green 4 Proximity to Amenities 3 Integration to Urban Aesthetic and Life 3 Safety Measures, Contigency Plans & Risk Management 3 22 Intrabuilding Communication 3 Mental Health 4 Physical Health 4 Community Code 3 Community Leadership 2 Community Area 4 Universal Design 4 Housing Equity 2 24 Vulnerable Support 1 Rainwater Harvesting 2 Renewable Energy Generation 3 High Efficiency Energy Generation 3 Building Design 2 Energy Consumption 3 Energy And Water Saving 2 Education On Appropriate Usage Of Building 18 Facilities 3 Wastewater Collection 2 Wastewater Treatment 3 Waste Storage 2 Waste Reduction 2 Waste Audit 2 16 GHG Emissions 4 CO2 Monitoring 1 Ventilation 2 Indoor pollutant levels 2 Minimisation of Indoor Noise 1 Spatial Design & Indoor Acoustics 2 Noise Insulation 2 Ambient Air Temperature 2 Relative Humidity 1 Perceived Thermal Comfort 2 Illuminance 2 Natural Light 2 20 Glare Level 1

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Assessable Criteria

Engagement Social Housing is one in ten Australians home (Emma Baker, 2020) and they is an increasing trend to locate the buildings closer to the urban centre to avoid physical remoteness to vulnerable groups of populations being distanced from employment and other opportunities centre and therefore being disadvantaged by its geolocation. However, there is still a lot of social segregation or isolation to be found in these urban community or public housing as study shows that in a large scale survey 84% of the respondents suffer from mental and physical health issues, hence low level of tenant satisfaction and sustainment (Sarah Taylor, 2020).

These rising concerns can be addressed and improved by enhancing the connection between the residents and nature, with the urban social environment and a better community engagement system among the building internal neighbourhood. An effective community engagement system can not only guarantee a high level of social cohesion for the broader society, but also impact on individual’s long term health and life perspectives positively.

Engagement as the first criterion of Equiol, encourages and ensures that occupants of social housing have easy and convenient accessibility to urban green space, amenities and essential life activities such as employment and education, breaks down the barriers between social housing and the surrounding urban lifestyle, creates an internal connection to nature and celebrates natural resources to maintain a sustainable, safe and engaging living experiences in social housing.

Engagement is a criterion designed to help the residents of social housing better integrate and settle in an urban life that they are satisfy and find stability in, by urging and directing building management system’s focus onto how to better communicate with residents and therefore better support and maintain the sustainability of lives living in the buildings.

(Yew, 2017)

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Assessable Criteria

Quality of Life The imperative consideration of sustainability does not lie within building’s design optimisations nor the efficiencies of mechanical systems. The true success of sustainable buildings is determined by the people who are using them (Hampton, 2013). Optimising building sustainability entails the optimisation of peoples’ quality of life.

Quality of Life encompasses the multi-dimensional facets of life that consider the ‘individuals’ perception of health, psychosocial status and other aspects of life.’ It is also considered in the ‘context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns (World Health Organisation, 1998).’

This criterion assesses three key considerations that contribute to a good quality of life namely: Health and Wellbeing, Community and Equity. The first consideration is Health and Wellbeing, which focuses on the resident’s individual physical and mental welfare. Equiol believes that good health forms the foundation of a good life. As the saying goes, ‘Health is wealth’. Once physiological and psychological needs are met, the consequent consideration is Community. Humans are hardwired to be social, that is how our species have thrived throughout history. The sense of belonging shapes our identities and fosters a support network for one another. The most important consideration is equity. Residents of social housing are often ‘beset with divisions of culture, economic status or creed’ (Melbourne Social Equity Institute, 2021). This consideration ensures that everyone is entitled to a ‘fair go’ at life regardless of whatever shortcomings that they may have.

Equiol’s Quality of Life Criteria observes sustainability through the metaphysical and holistic lens of uplifting the community. The tool examines the realms of individual wellbeing and community morale by promoting inclusivity and equitability in the living environment for all social housing residents. The tangible measurements of social impact of these developments can demonstrate to residents, management and developers of the true value that social housing services can deliver. This assessment can be further applied to develop measures that improve social enterprise performance and the prioritisation of resources (Moreton, 2014).

Input The input part is mainly analysis the energy from outdoor and how to save more energy. This project will talk about the water demand, energy demand and occupants’ behaviour change, there are included Building orientation, building basic facility, building retrofits for energy saving, Operational energy efficiency and Renewable energy generation.

According to an amount of information and detail, the tool will give a mark to define the social housing of quality. Its purpose is to obtain more energy to provide an amount of population in the social house, the improvement of energy efficiency and the design of the house can also greatly reduce the use of energy and the emission of pollution. For economic considerations, this project will also specify that some simple and efficient facilities can also greatly reduce energy use and pollution emissions.

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Assessable Criteria

Output Output is the criterion that measures the ‘production output’ of social housing operation. This include consideration of waste management, both solids and liquids, as well as the emissions of greenhouse gasses.

Poor waste management results in the exacerbation of adverse impacts of ecological system, visual aesthetics and human health. The mismanagement of waste tend to disproportionately affect vulnerable people such as social housing residents as they are often not considered a priority. This is due to financial constraints or lack of political will. In turn, social housing developments often lack the means to manage waste effectively. Consequently social housing tenants are more likely to suffer lower quality of lives as a result.. Therefore waste management is an imperative component of sustainable and liveable social housing communities.

As Australia is one of the driest countries in the world, the effective use of limited water resources becomes a major concern in sustainability. To distinguish the difference between Input and Output’s consideration of water, Output only considers wastewater and how it is managed. Proper wastewater treatment removes pollutants from wastewater and purifies it to achieve optimised re-use of nonpotable water, thus reducing the demand of potable water which in turn benefits environment.

Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission is the well-known causes of global warming that subsequently lead to detriment of natural environment. As electricity and heat generation is one of the major sources of GHG emission (World Resources Institute, 2017), Output measures the GHG load of operating social housing though converting the total operational energy consumed to GHG emissions.

(Garman, 2018)

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Assessable Criteria

Liveability

`

Australia has one of the highest standards of living in the world, however, over 3 million people live below the poverty line. Access to safe, secure and comfortable housing is a fundamental human right that many Australians are denied. The Australian federal and state governments provide subsidised homes to approximately 40% of the low-income population. Despite providing basic shelter, public houses are often stigmatised for their sub-standard living conditions.

The liveability criterion addresses social housing sustainability by advocating good Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ), which ultimately impacts the physical and mental health of residents (Haddad, et al., 2019) Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, Australians have been subject to numerous lockdowns and forced to stay at home for extended periods of time. In July 2020, more than 3000 residents in Melbourne public housing towers were locked down in an effort to contain the virus. The Victorian government came under harsh criticism for violating the human rights of those affected. Nevertheless, this case study highlighted that human well-being and health is paramount and should be prioritised in social housing (Halleran & Peters, 2020) The liveability of social housing is interrelated with residents’ perceived comfort. A highly liveable environment implies that dwellers are in a state of physiological ease; free from discomfort, pain or stress. Numerous qualitative and quantitative measures contribute to residents’ comfort, including indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, and visual comfort.

(Tatiana, 2020)

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Mind Map

Mind Map Biodiversity Biophilic Design Integration to Urban Green Proximity to Amenities Integration to Urban Aesthetic & Life Safety Measures, Contigency Plans & Risk Management Intrabuilding Communication

Mental Health

Connection with Nature

Connection with Urban Community

Intracommunity Engagement

Engage

Belonging

Physical Health Community Code Community Leadership

Quality of Life Community

Community Area Universal Design Housing Equitability

Equitability

Vulnerability Support

Rainwater Harvesting

Water Demand

Renewable Energy Generation High Efficiency Energy Generation Building Design

Input Energy Demand

Energy Consumption Energy and Water Saving Education on Appropriate Usage of Building Facilities

24 | equiol™

Occupant Behaviour Change

Mind Map

CO2 Monitoring

Indoor Air Quality

Ventilation Limit Indoor Pollutant Minimise Indoor Noise

Acoustic Comfort

Spatial Design & Indoor Acoustics Noise Insulation Ambient Air Temperature

ement

Thermal Comfort

Relative Humidity Perceived Thermal Comfort Illuminance

Visual Comfort

Liveability

Natural Light Glare Level

Waterwater Management

Wastewater Collection Wastewater Treatment

Waste Storage

Output

Waste Management

Waste Recycling Waste Audit

Energy Production and Emissions

GHG Emissions

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Engagement

Section by Yvonne Chen

(Rounce, 2014)

“One of the marvelous things about community is that it enables us to welcome and help people in a way we couldn’t as individuals” – Jean Vanier Canadian Philosopher

Engagement

Engagement Engagement lays the solid foundation for Equiol by ensuring a sustainable bond between occupants, nature, and the surrounding urban environment is established. It examines the level of community engagement managed by the building in all social, physical and biological aspects. Good engagement empowers residents (Louttit, 2012), prevents social isolation and improves urban environment integration (Harries, 2019) with groups from vulnerable or diverse backgrounds.

(Monstera, 2020)

Table 2.1 Engagement Criterion Sub Credits, Requirements Breakdown Overview

Credits

Sub-Credits

Requirements

Vegetation Protection & Restoration Biodiversity Recognition Physical Accessibility to public green space Internal Green Space Connection to Biophillic Design Nature Visual accessibility to greenery & water Building Design Reflection on Nature Integrated Green Infrastructure Design Green Infrastructure Green Infrastructure Maintenance Accessibilities to public transport Private Vehicle Support Proximity to Amenities Education and Youth Support Connection to Health Care Convenience Urban Cultural Inclusiveness on Building Deisgn Integration to urban Building Appearance Maintenance Aesthetic Visual Cohesion to Surrounding Communal Space Provision & Protection Intrabuilding Communication Internal Network & Communication Channel Intrabuilding Building Safety & Contingency Plan Community Documentation Safety Measures, Connection Contingency Plans Building Risk Assessments Annual Review Ongoing Monitoring & Practices Biodiversity

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Hurdle √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

√ √

Requirement Points Percentage 65% 35% 30% 30% 30% 10% 55% 45% 45% 15% 20% 20% 20% 55% 25% 60% 40%

√

30%

√

25% 45%

3

3

4

3

3 3

3

Engagement

Connection with Nature This criterion aims to promote a lifestyle that interconnects social housing occupants with the natural environment (Universtiy of Melbourne, 2016). Studies show that a strong connection to nature positively impacts people’s mood, cognition, health and overall satisfaction in social housing (Colin A. Capaldi, 2014). By actively involving occupants with nature’s lifecycle through plenty of internal and external provision of green space and infrastructure, the building encourages a healthier living standard.

Biodiversity Using the building as a canvas, Equiol pushes the traditional boundary between natural and urban environments to protect and integrate a range of species to inner-city living. It requires preservation, restoration of existing vegetations, education on species to occupants and encourages fostering diverse ecological communities and heritage places (Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government, 2021) by bringing more species.

Table 2.2 Requirements Details for Biodiversity Sub Criterion

Biodiversity (3 points) Requirement

Intent

Evidence & Measurements

Hurdle Percentage

Vegetation Protection & Restoration

To preserve and bring back indigenous plants on site and cultivate a sustainable local ecological system.

Kept and/or replanted 40% of the existing indigenous plants on site

√

Biodiversity Recognition

To celebrate,educate residents about biodiversiy

Reaches 60% in the above measurement Appropriate signage, guidance and pamphlet to education residents about about the diverse specie and how to take care of them Restore at least three species in the building internal green space every year

40% 25%

√

25%

10%

(U-P, 2019)

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Engagement

Biophilic Design The increased rate of global urbanisation is associated with decreased access to natural environments (Yin, et al., 2018). Social housing often contributes to more stress related illnesses due to the disconnect between nature and the built environment. To reinstate the similar points raised by biodiversity, Incorporating biophilic design into social housing contributes to the indoor environment quality (IEQ) and overall sustainability of the community.

Table 2.3 Requirements Details for Biophilic Sub Criterion

Biophilic Design ( 3 points) Requirement

Intent

Evidence & Measurements

Hurdle Percentage

Accessibility to public green space

To celebrate the urban green space and encourage, support residents to utilise them by offering convenience connectivity to them

Small to large size green space within 3 km radius of the project

√

Internal Green space

To ensure sufficient greens in the building to create a connection between residents and nature

≥ 5%

To provide visual comfort and constant connection to nature from residents’ home To incorporates the pattern forms found in nature in the Building Design architectural design reinstating Reflection on Nature the important role nature plays in life

50%

Visual accessibility to greenery & water

Medium to lage size green space within 10 km radius of the project

≥ 15%

80%

of building communal area are covered with plants of windows can easily access greenery & water

20% 10%

√

20% 10%

√

20% 10%

More than three art or science technology integrations of nature pattern forms in the building design and operation

10%

Green Infrastructure To truly integrate building design and operation with the nature to create a sustainable system, green infrastructure is an inevitable component to utilize to harvest natural resources. It comprise nature and artificial networks of ecological systems in urban areas (Konstantinos Tzoulas a, 2007).

This criterion ensures the installation of green infrastructure in social housing, and it sets up a baseline requirement for maintenance, for the post occupancy analysis on sustainability.

Table 2.4 Requirements Details for Green Infrastructure Sub Criterion

Green Infrastructure (4 points) Requirement

Intent

To encourage as much as Integrated Green possible integration of green Infrastructure Design infrastructure in the building

Green Infrastructure Maintenance

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To promote the benefits of smart green infrastructure and to educate residents to maintain the facility

Evidence & Measurements

Hurdle Percentage

At least 1 At least 2

√

main green infrastructure/s attached to the building (eg. Green At least 3 roof, rain garden, green façade/wall) Appropriate signage, pamphlet, workshop, website on related info about related O&M of the facility (eg.

Demonstration of the water usage saving) 24 months cost and benefit analysis on the facilities 24 months residents understanding and acceptance survey

25% 20% 10%

√

15%

15% 15%

Engagement

Connection with Urban As the majority (65-75%) of community housing in Australia are located in major cities (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021), it is important the residents in the buildings are not isolated from the greater urban community (Harries, 2019) in both social and physical sustainability aspects. The convenient accessibility to amenities, essential facilities, employment and education should be guaranteed. The physical appearance of the building design should also be considered as a crucial factor impacted the impression of the occupants.

Proximity to Amenities In addition to convenient public and private transport means, it is also crucial to support education and early childhood care, given the majority of residents are single parents with dependents (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021). This helps to provide peace of mind for the parents and the dependents to integrate with other children in the wider community. Similarly, having nearby health services is beneficial especially for the large populations in social housing who require frequent healthcare (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2021).

Table 2.5 Requirements Details for Proximity To Amenities Sub Criterion

Proximity to Amenities (3 points) Requirement

Intent

Evidence & Measurements

Hurdle Percentage

More than two public transport means within 500m of the building

√

Accessibilities to Public Transport

To support daily commute of residents for essential purposes; to breakdown physical hinders for residents to connect with the urban community.

Private Vehicle Support

To support options with more travel freedom by providing sufficient carparks on site

Education and Youth Support

To emphasis and help to protect the wellbeing of the dependents of residents by providing convenient accessibility to education and other support system

Health Care Convenience

To care for the general wellbeing of the residents considering the increasing need of health care system

More than five public transport means within 1km of the building In average, ratio of number of carpark/ residential units

≥ 60% ≥ 100%

25% 20%

√

10% 5%

Have minimum one Primary, Secondary Institutions within 3km of the building

10%

Have minimum one childcare, one playground within 1km of the building or attached with the building

10%

Have minimum one healthcare centre or hospital within 5km of the building

20%

Integration to Urban Aesthetic To achieve social cohesion between social housing and the wider community, the built form, architectural styles and any other notable features are required to align the characteristics of the local neighbourhood (Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 2018). In addition, the inclusion of artistic form that reflects the values of the residents could help to voice out for them in the greater urban environment to gain a better sense of identity (Williams, 2020)

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Engagement Table 2.6 Requirements Details for Integration to Urban Aesthetic Sub Criterion

Integration to Urban Aesthetic (3 points) Requirement

Intent

Evidence & Measurements

Cultural Inclusiveness on Building Design

To recognise and celebrate the indigenous and minority artistic innovation, to resonate with the residents

Reserve at minimum 10% of the architectural design or improvement funds for integration of local artistic design

Building Appearance Maintenance

To protect the living condition provided by the building and to present a positive, healthy image of the building for the occupants

Visual Cohesion to Surrounding

To provide visual cohesion with the surrounding landscape, building architecture, to protect pride and not to single out the building in the local urban community

Hurdle Percentage 20%

Ensure no graffiti and damage to public assets of the building and provide a maintenance system for the clean-up needs

√

20%

Provide a maintenance system for the cleanliness of the building both internally and externally

√

35%

architectural design or any appearance change after occupancy should align with or reflective of neighbourhood character by the assessment of the local government

25%

(Bates Smart, 2019)

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Engagement

Intrabuilding Community Connection This sub criterion outlines the requirement of internal building communication principles, and proactive collaboration (AVJennings, 2020). A successful engagement system can limit the risks exposed to individual occupants and offer a better sense of belonging and empowerment to residents (Reeves, 2013)

Intrabuilding Communication Communication among occupants can be positively stimulated through sufficient provision of communal areas and shared facilities. A safe, healthy and communicative neighbourhood can strength residents’ mental stability and satisfaction level. Effective engagement between the building administration and the residents contributes to a safer and more sustainable building(switchee, 2021).

Table 2.7 Requirements Details for Intrabuilding Communication Sub Criterion

Intrabuilding Communication (3 points) Requirement Intent

Communal Space Provision & Protection

To provide plenty of communal activity space in the building, a friendly environment for occupants to build rapport in

Internal Network & Communication Channel

To ensure multiple effective deliverable approaches are setup to communicate with residents in a timely, friendly manner

Evidence & Measurement

Hurdle Percentage

Minimum 2m2/person in average √ communal one per floor √ space User friendly and appropriate facilities √ availabilities at communal space Building internal residents’ network establishment, has to include emergency contacts Have at least more than three ways (mails, emails, website, phone, texts) for the building management authority to convey information to the residents

30% 10%

20% 20% 20%

Safety Measures & Contingency Plans Table 2.8 Requirements Details for Intrabuilding Communication Sub Criterion

Safety Measures, Contingency Plans (3 points) Requirement Intent Evidence & Measurement

Building Safe & Contingency Plan Documentation

To ensure a well-rounded safe, healthy living space for all residents regarding all aspects of life

Safe Plan covers

common hazards including fire accidents and electrical outage severe health related accident or outbreak, especially ongoing coping strategy for Covid-19 natural disaster or unpredictable large scale accidents Building Risk To secure a safe, wellAppropriate signage, guidance for using Assessments Review maintained management system appliances in communal area in the building Two 12-month risk assessment reports on building conditions and all facilities, assets status Ongoing Monitoring To complete the circle of safety Annual condition and maintenance report provided for main facilities on site & Practices measures by communicating and practicing safety strategies Evaluation plans and Emergency plans to all occupants communicated with all occupants thoroughly (evidence provided via survey circulated among all occupants) Minimum one annual drill practice completed

Hurdle Percentage

√

10%

√

10%

√

10% 15% 10%

√

15% 15%

15%

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Quality of Life

Section by Unn Areecharoenlert

(Askew, 2018)

“The quality of life is more important than life itself.”

- Alexis Carrel Nobel Prize awarded French Surgeon

Quality of Life

Quality of Life The goal of social housing is to uplift its residents through the improvement of their quality of life. This criteria aims to improve on the metaphysical needs of the residents in the aspects of wellbeing, belonging, empowerment, and equity.

(Meraji, 2019)

Table 3.1 Quality of Life Criteria Breakdown

Credits

Sub-Credits

Mental Health

Health and Wellbeing Physical Health

Hurdle

Mental Health Support System

Prerequisite 25%

Ongoing Support and Monitoring

Prerequisite 25%

Designated Retreat for Mental Health

25%

Mental Health Promotion

25%

Physical Activity Initiatives

Prerequisite 25%

Ongoing Support and Monitoring

Prerequisite 50

Designated areas for Exercise Community Code Community Code

Community

Communal Area

Universal Design

Equity

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Community Code Advocacy and Accessibility Community Code Agreement

Community Leadership

Requirement Points Percentage

Requirements

Community Leaders

4

25% Prerequisite 50% 25%

3

25% Prerequisite 50%

Diverse Representation

50%

Outdoor Communal Areas

50%

Indoor Communal Areas

50%

Physical Accessibility

Prerequisite 50%

Wayfinding

Prerequisite 25%

Safety Measures

Prerequisite 12.5%

Safety Measures

4

2 4

4

12.5%

Housing Equity

Equitable Housing Allocation

Prerequisite 100%

2

Vulnerability Support

Support Mechanisms for Vulnerable People

Prerequisite 100%

1

Quality of Life

Health and Wellbeing “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” – (World Health Organisation, 2006) Throughout the development of our species, humans are innately sensitive to our surrounding environments. We seek for safety and security, but also for physical and psychological comfort (Kreitzner, 2016). As modern humans spend up to 90% of our lives within built environments, we have to consider its impact on our physiological and psychological health (Candido, 2021).

Mental Health Vulnerable populations of social housing developments are 1.5 more times likely to experience mental disorders (Holding, et al., 2019) Vulnerable populations may include (but are not limited to) people who are living in poverty, minority groups, indigenous populations, older people and people of the LGBTQIA+ community. Social inequalities, such as marginalisation and impoverishment, are the root causes of mental disorders (World Health Organisation, 2021). Social housing must have functional and ongoing systems of mental health support to ensure that the vulnerable are not more disproportionately afflicted than they already are.

Table 3.2 Mental Health Sub-credit Breakdown

MENTAL HEALTH - 4 Points

Requirement Weighting 12.5% Weighting Evidence of counselling staff of Subcredit employment in the form of rosters and (Hurdle time sheets.

Requirement) Submission of documentation about 12.5% Weighting care provision protocols. Assessed for of Subcredit compliance with National Standards (Hurdle for Mental Health Services 2010.

Requirement)

Requirement

Intent

Mental Health Support System

Functional systems in compliance with National Standards should be in place to support residents needs (Department of Health, 2010).

Employment of an on-site counselling team that develops a good rapport with residents.

Ongoing Support and Monitoring

Quarterly reports dating 24 months prior to assessment must be submitted There must be continuous support to Equiol. Reports will report on and monitoring to ensure a successful general mental wellbeing and does and sustainable mental health care not breach confidentiality. Graded on program. number of complete reports submitted out of 8 reports.

Mental Health Promotion

Designated Retreat for Mental Health

Measure and Evidence

Reports of mental health promotional activity dating 24 months prior must be submitted. Report should detail what initiative was taken alongside participatory satisfaction. Graded according to resident’s satisfaction level.

Vulnerable people are often in high Provision of protected and private stress environments on a daily basis. space intended for relaxation or There has to be a designated place of consultations. respite that provides a sense of safety, Furnished with soft furnishings and relaxation and calm. vegetation for physical and visual comfort.

The importance of mental health should be made aware to social housing residence. This will normalise seeking treatment and the stigma around mental health.

25% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement)

25% Weighting of Subcredit

12.5% Weighting of Subcredit 12.5% Weighting of Subcredit

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Quality of Life

Physical Health Physical activity encompasses any bodily movement, whether it’s during leisure time, commute, or as part of a person’s job. Physical activity, regardless of intensity, has the capacity to improve general health when done on a regular basis (World Health Organisation; 2018). Improvements to physical wellbeing mitigates risks of health comorbidity which leads to a better quality of life.

Table 3.3 Physical Health Sub-credit Breakdown

PHYSICAL HEALTH - 4 Points Requirement

Physical Activity Initiatives

Ongoing Support and Monitoring

Designated areas for Exercise

Intent

Measure and Evidence

To encourage physical activity, there should be recreational initiatives promotion ie. group sports or recreation that involve movement.

Quarterly reports about initiatives dating 24 months prior must be submitted. Report should detail what activity was promoted alongside attendance and participatory satisfaction. Graded on number of complete reports submitted out of 8 reports.

There must be continuous support Biannual reports dating 24 months and monitoring to ensure a successful prior to assessment must be submitted physical health promotion of social to Equiol. Reports must not breach housing community. resident’s confidentiality. Graded on number of complete reports submitted out of 8 reports.

To promote physical health and fitness, designated areas for exercise should be available within the development. There should be both indoor and outdoor areas: to be protected from harsh weather conditions and to connect with nature, respectively.

Provision of indoor gymnasium and fitness studios. These areas must include fitness equipment such as (but are not limited to) treadmills, stationary bikes and free weights.

Provision of outdoor exercise areas.

The areas should be paved and include weather-resistant exercise equipment.

Requirement Weighting 25% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement)

25% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement)

25% Weighting of Subcredit

25% Weighting of Subcredit

(Adeoye, 2017)

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Quality of Life

Community “Communities are built, like Legos, one brick at a time. There’s no hack.”

- (Anderson, 2020) Social connection and belonging are essential for human development, health, and survival.

Regardless of gender, ethnicity, culture, age, or economic status, ‘humans need others to survive’ (Holt-Lunstad, et al., 2017). Despite the best of intention, if there is a lack of trust and unity, social progress and innovation will be greatly diminished. This sub-credit intends to increase social capital by converting isolation within social housing communities into togetherness and care for the whole (Block,2018).

Community Code Vulnerable people are often exploited, alienated and disenfranchised. Social housing should empower residents by protecting their rights and liberties. This must be encouraged through a set of codes that are agreed upon by everyone to ensure the social cohesion of these communities.

Table 3.4 Community Code Sub-credit Breakdown

COMMUNITY CODE - 3 Points Requirement

Community Code

Community Code Agreement

Community Code Advocacy and Accessibility

Intent There must be a set of rules and protocols to protect the rights and liberties of the residents from discrimination and exclusion.

Measure and Evidence

Submission of the current Community Code document detailing rules and protocols for assessment. Assessed according to rights protection and conflict resolutions protocol.

The Community Code must be agreed Compilation of signatories that demonstrate resident’s agreeance upon by the majority of the social development residents. This ensures of the Community Codes must be that residents understand their own provided. Graded on percentage of rights but also will step in if others’ residents agreement to community rights are infringed upon. code.

In order residents to comply with Submission of all advocacy and the Community Code, there must be promotional documentation dating 24 sufficient advocacy through physical months prior to assessment. Graded and online materials accessible for according promotional effort. residents.

Inclusion of document variations in other ‘lingua franca’ languages ie. Mandarin, Hindi, Spanish, and Arabic. Graded according language accessibility.

Requirement Weighting 50% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement)

25% Weighting of Subcredit

12.5% Weighting of Subcredit

12.5% Weighting of Subcredit

Community Leadership No one is more suited to represent the social housing community than the community’s residents themselves. This sub-credit intends to create community-based leadership that represents, advocates and volunteers for community’s residents behalf, working in conjunction with administration. As social housing consists of residents from diverse backgrounds, the

equiol™ | 39

Quality of Life

Table 3.4 Community Leadership Sub-credit Breakdown

COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP - 2 Points Requirement

Intent

Measure and Evidence

Requirement Weighting

Establishment of a representative team that is elected have been To have leadership and representation democratically elected by the social Community Leaders by the community that lives there. housing residents. Graded according to voter participation through documentation.

50% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement)

This will be assessed according to how many diversity quotas are represented within Community Leadership Board. Quotas should include at least three of the aforementioned diversity types.

(International WELL Building Institute, 2021).

50% Weighting of Subcredit

Diverse Representation

Diversity representation quotas will be allotted to leadership positions.

Diversity quotas includes but are not limited to: Gender (assigned, identity or expression), Sexual Orientation, Race or Ethnicity, Indigenous, Age, Level of Ability, Family Reps and more.

Community Area ‘Physical space is more decisive in creating community than we realise.’ (Block, 2018). Communal spaces are critical in community development by accommodating domestic, social, and retreat activities that can add life to an otherwise lifeless low-cost environment (Aziz, et al., 2017).

Table 3.5 Community Area Sub-credit Breakdown

COMMUNITY AREA - 4 Points Requirement

Intent

Communal outdoors areas supports community building. Provisions of Outdoor Communal these spaces can create a sense of Areas places that fosters a positive social climate and vitality within a communityliving context. (Aziz, et Al,. 2017)

Indoor Communal Areas

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Measure and Evidence Provision of universally accessible outdoor spaces.To be assessed with the Communal Areas Audit Tool (CAAT) (Kleeman, et al., 2020)

Incorporate various spatial categories (ie. seating, scenic, circulation, activity and vague) to allow for flexible mixed use of communal areas (Huang, 2006).

Implementation of urban design elements such as vegetation, intersecting nodes and sufficient circulation (Huang, 2006).

Provision of universally accessible indoor spaces for residents. Assessed with the Communal Areas Audit Tool Indoor communal area are designated (CAAT) (Kleeman, et al., 2020) Incorporate various spatial categories for intra-community gathering where (ie. seating, scenic, circulation, activity exchanges of ideas and social interaction can occur. These spaces and vague) to allow for flexible mixed should be create a sense of place, use of communal areas (Huang, 2006). belonging and safety for residents.

Consideration of design for protection and prospect. Inclusion of intimate seating arrangement for casual contact and open floor plan.

Requirement Weighting 25% Weighting of Subcredit

12.5% Weighting of Subcredit

12.5% Weighting of Subcredit 25% Weighting of Subcredit 12.5% Weighting of Subcredit 12.5% Weighting of Subcredit

Quality of Life

Equity “Justice that is not rooted in equity, in social welfare, and in community is not justice at all.” - (McKesson, 2017) Vulnerable people often lack the means to meet the basic and self-actualising necessities that ensure a good quality of life. The factor that can bridge this gap is ‘equity’. Despite the term used interchangedly with equality, the difference is in nuance. Equality is the rigid provision of equal opportunity but equity is the flexible means that create equivalency while not demanding sameness (McSherry, 2013). This sub-credit intends to ensure the just and equitable access to a place of respite for all disenfranchised people.

Universal Design

There are 4.4 million people in Australia living with disabilities, yet many places are unable to accommodate these needs (Gusheh, et al., 2021). People with disabilities are often denied personal independence, often constricted by inaccessible infrastructure and arrangements (United Nations, 2017). This burdens users with access fatigue (Konrad, 2021). Hence universal design is imperative for independence by promoting accessibilty and usability for all people. The Universal Design requirements must comply with AS1428.1 - 2021 (Standards Australia, 2021) Table 3.6 Universal Design Sub-credit Breakdown

UNIVERSAL DESIGN - 4 Points Requirement

Intent

Physical Accessibility

Physical Accessibility for all people must be considered to allow for equitable access by people of all physical abilities.

Wayfinding

Safety Measures

Assistive Technology

Measure and Evidence

Inclusion of Access strategies ie.

Multiple Access Points, Accessible Parking, Circulation and Amenities (Levine & Steinfield, 2003). Assessed according to AS1428.1 Standard by DDA professional accreditor. (Deshon, 2011) Inclusion of Wayfinding Strategies Wayfinding strategies assists the ie. Information/ Direction signs, building user to access destinations Tactile and Distinguishable Surfaces and orientation. Wayfinding strategies for Visually Impaired Users, Room Identifications. Sufficient Illumination can be implemented through (Levine & Steinfield, 2003) Assessed architectural and information design. according to AS1428.1 Standard by DDA (Levine & Steinfield, 2003) professional accreditor. (Deshon, 2011) Inclusion of protective elements for Safety in an innate human need for a high-danger zones ie. railings and better quality of life. Universal design barriers (Levine & Steinfield, 2003). entails safety measures that mitigates Installation of monitoring systems ie or reduces the risk of harm to users as CCTV and security guards. Assessed well as creating a sense of safety and according to AS1428.1 Standard by DDA protection for residents. professional accreditor. (Deshon, 2011) Inclusion of assistive technology ie. Assisted Listening Systems or With advancements of technology, Telecomunnication Compatibility for buildings should aim to implement auditory impaired users (Levine & assistive elements to assist people Steinfield, 2003). Assessed according with disabilities. to AS1428.1 Standard by DDA professional accreditor. (Deshon, 2011)

Requirement Weighting 50% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement)

25% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement)

12.5% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement)

12.5% Weighting of Subcredit

equiol™ | 41

Quality of Life

Housing Equity Housing expenses constitute a significant percentage of vulnerable people’s income. To ensure that people of all socio-economic levels have equitable to access housing, there must be a mechanism of allocating affordable housing for those who need it the most. (Maqbool, et al., 2007) Table 3.7 Housing Equity Sub-credit Breakdown

HOUSING EQUITY 2 Points Requirement

Intent

Measure and Evidence

Equitable Housing Allocation

Mechanism that ensures people of all socio-economic backgrounds can access affordable housing. A percentage of units will be allocated to residents whose incomes are at or below an income limit that projects selects relative to local median household income (International WELL Building Institute, 2021).

Requirement Weighting

Graded according to percentage of unit allocation to residents that earn 0-80% of Local Median Income (LMI). ie. 85% of residents earning 0-80% of LMI, 85% of subcredit points earned.

Evidence of residents income upon post-occupancy survey.

100% Weighting of Subcredit

Vulnerable Support The leading cause of housing displacement for vulnerable groups is domestic violence (Australian Human Rights Commission, n.d.). The statistic show that every night approximately 1 in 200 Australian find themselves without a safe, secure or affordable place of respite. This support mechanism is to provide care for extra debilitated groups ie. abuse survivors.

Table 3.8 Vulnerable Support Sub-credit Breakdown

VULNERABLE SUPPORT 1 Point Requirement

Intent

Support Mechanism Providing an extra security net for for Vulnerable vulnerable groups ie. domestic abuse People survivors.

Measure and Evidence Submission of documentation regarding emergency care provision, security measures and crisis housing referral protocols.

Provision of emergency resources ie. funding, counselling, protection.

Requirement Weighting

50% Weighting of Subcredit (Hurdle Requirement) 50% Weighting of Subcredit

(Adeoye, 2017)

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Quality of Life

(Brenden, 2021)

equiol™ | 43

Input

Section by Shengbo Yang

(Migaj, 2017)

“Look after the land and it will look after you, destroy the land and it will destroy you.”

- Doris Eaton Aboriginal Elder of the Nyamal people, Pilbara, WA

Input

Input

Table 4.1 Input Criteria, Credits and Sub-Credit Breakdown

Credits

Sub Credit

Water Demand

Rainwater Harvesting Renewable Energy Generation High Efficiency Energy Generation Building Design Energy Consumption Energy And Water Saving Education On Appropriate Usage Of Building Facilities

Energy Demand Occupants Behaviour Change

Points

Total Points

2 3 3 2 3 2 3

18

Water Demand Major cities in Australia usually rely on large reservoirs to provide water resources. Due to urban development and severe drought conditions, urban water supply systems are under high pressure. To ensure the long-term sustainability of urban water supply, water harvesting is pay attention by human. The results highlight that due to the excessive actual occupancy level of the system, the average water saving efficiency (saving tap water) of the RWH system based on large residential buildings was 87% in 8 months. Therefore, similar use of smaller-sized water tanks can achieve performance levels. The estimated cost savings result in the payback periods of the actual extra-large tanks and smaller optimized tanks of 11 years and 6 years(Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system 2012) In addition, the size of the collector and water collection tank is also very important, and the smaller size will directly impress the collection efficiency and maintenance period. However, too large a size will waste materials and land.

Table 4.2 Water Demand

Credit

Sub Credit

Water Demand

Water Harvesting

Requirement

System maintenance Collector size and collection tank

Weighting

50% (Hurdle) 50%

Point 2

(Dungan, 2019)

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Input

Energy Demand Building Design Location

Melbourne is located in Zone 6 of Australia’s mild temperate climate zone. Zone 6 has four main characteristics. The temperature difference between day and night is low near the coast, and the temperature difference between inland is high. Four distinct seasons: summer and winter are beyond the range of human comfort, spring and autumn are ideal choices for human comfort. The winter is mild and cool, with low humidity. Hot to very hot summer, moderately humid ( Australian building codes board 2019).

Building orientation In the social house, the main entrance faces west and the long side faces north. More windows will be installed in the north, because Melbourne is located in the southern hemisphere, and windows are installed in the north, homes can get more sunlight and more energy. In this way, a large amount of heat energy demand can be reduced, thereby reducing energy consumption. As shown in the picture, it is beneficial for the long wall of the house to face north, so as to minimize the sun exposure in summer and maximize the sun in winter. The north-facing walls and windows receive more solar radiation in winter than in summer.

Figure 4.1: Type of Zoom in Melbourne

Figure 4.2: Influence of Building Orientation for Indoor Sunlight

equiol™ | 47

Input

Shutters For the eastern elevation, roller blinds were installed on the windows, as the blinds provided adjustable shading. On the social home, shadows provide better control while allowing manipulation of daylight levels and views. There are two benefits. The first is that when residents need brightness, they can choose to open the blinds instead of the lights. Second, when residents feel that the indoor temperature is low, they can open the blinds instead of the air conditioner, which can save a lot of energy. According to your home, the eaves are correctly designed Usually the easiest and cheapest shading method for the northern highlands. eaves The size can be adjusted to allow sun shading in summer and solar energy in winter. In this way, it can maximize solar energy.

Figure 4.3 shutters in social house

Table 4.3 Rating Criteria and Weighting for Building Design

Credit

Building Designing

48 | equiol™

Sub Credit

Requirement

Whether consider from AS Standard Location The location consideration Regarding the location of Melbourne, the best location for daylighting is in Building Orientation the north Sunlight effective Internal Structure Building Element Shutters

Weighting

50% (Hurdle) 50% 50% (Hurdle) 50% 66.6% (Hurdle) 33.3%

Point 2

2

3

Input

Energy Efficiency Measures HVAC is one of the key aspects of social house energy use. During the isolation period, HVAC efficiency has a particularly large impact on the IEQ, which is very important for the safety and health of the isolation personnel. In Equiol, HVAC performance is independently evaluated, and its value is higher than other civil appliances. Among them, it has two main sub-categories; one focuses on building renovations that reduce cooling or heating loads, while the other emphasizes energy-saving behaviour and maintenance efforts.( Australian building codes board 2019) Consider the overall comfort temperature of the social house. The temperature system can be adjusted automatically and intelligently. When the cooling temperature increases by 1°C or the heating temperature decreases by 1°C, the energy load will decrease by 5-10%. In Victoria, the best indoor air-conditioning temperature is 24°C (cooling) in summer and 20°C (heating) in winter (O’Neill, 2019). According to this method to maintain a constant temperature state, the energy consumption of the air conditioner will drop a lot. Because the temperature adjustment will make the air conditioner need to be warmed up or cold for a period of time, these times are not effective, and it will waste electrical energy during this period of time.

Energy efficiency maintenance: Dust and foreign matter accumulated on the compressor coil may reduce the heat transfer efficiency, thereby increasing the cooling load. Regular maintenance is one of the easiest and most effective ways to maintain a high level of HVAC performance.

Building retrofits for energy saving In order to reduce energy loss, it is also necessary to prevent air leakage from doors and windows and strengthen the protection of solar heating. In addition, alternative air-conditioning methods are particularly important for the isolation value between Equiols. The sub-credit emphasizes the need to prevent the virus from spreading through public channels, rather than the efficiency of centralized HVAC systems.

Table 4.4 Rating Criteria and Weighting for Energy Efficiency Measure

Credit

Sub Credit

Requirement

Weighting

Point

Place signs to encourage guests to set the cooling temperature above 24°C and the heating temperature below 20°C. Make sure 33.3% (Hurdle) that the administrator sets the thermostat in the public area to the best..

Energy Efficiency Measures

Place a sign to remind guests to close the Improve of 33.3% Operational Practice windows when the air conditioner is running.

Place signs to remind guests to turn off the air conditioner when not in use, and improve people’s environmental impact on energy 33.3% use.

Place a sign to remind guests to close the windows when the air conditioner is running.

Regular cleaning and maintenance-Clean Energy Efficiency the compressor regularly (indoor coils are 100% (Hurdle) Maintenance cleaned every 3 to 6 months, and outdoor coils are cleaned every 6 months).

3

2

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Input

Operational energy efficiency: Energy efficiency (EE) is likely to be solved because it can create effective solutions in multiple aspects. It improves indoor comfort and environmental friendliness, and at the same time it has a better effect in terms of energy and economy for a long time. The assessment method of energy efficiency is specific and comprehensive, because different types of building energy have different functional requirements and requirements (Krizmane et al., 2016). The energy sources commonly used in hotels mainly include petroleum, diesel, electricity, petroleum gas (LPG) and renewable energy. Lighting, air conditioning, hot water, cooking circulating water are the main electricity demand activities in social houses, and most of them are driven by electricity.

Lighting: Basic light-emitting diode (LED) lights are widely and quickly attracting traditional lighting and/or colour downlights. This is because the consumption of LED lights is low and therefore more energy efficient 2017).

• Renewable energy power generation: Renewable energy comes from pollution-free and unlimited energy sources. This will not cause any emission of polluting gases and pollutants.

It is the process of converting solar energy into energy or mechanical energy through solar water heating systems and photovoltaic (PV) cells (Melbourne, 2007). On-site power generation can increase power and reduce service interruptions caused by power outages (IIEC, 2015).

Renewable energy sources that can be used for power generation always come from wind energy, solar radiation, hydropower, and in addition to tidal energy. Most of these sources are specific to a specific location or time and cannot be used for services. Therefore, solar energy is only considered for power generation and thermal energy in Equiol,. Net zero is the best choice for social house energy. It is characterized by generally the same amount of power generation and usage, reduced energy, demand, and zero energy cost or headroom output (Wells et al., 2018).

Table 4.5 Type of energy demand

Credit Type of Energy Demand

Sub Credit

Requirement

Weighting

Point

Operational Efficiency

Lighting (LED) Electricity Machine

50% 50% (Hurdle)

2

Renewable Energy Generation

PV

100% (Hurdle)

2

(American Public Power Association, 2017)

50 | equiol™

Input

(Pixabay,2016)

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Output

Section by Haochen Li

(Adams, 2018)

“We should no longer measure our wealth and success in the graph that shows economic growth, but in the curve that shows the emissions of greenhouse gases.”

- Greta Thunberg Swedish Environmental Activist

Output

Output Output in Equiol is responsible for measuring the ‘unwanted production’ that could either damage people’s health or detriment environment without a proper management during its operation. This production is considered in three physical states: solid, liquid and gas that become the three main criteria as waste management, wastewater management and emissions.

Table 5.1 Output Criteria, Credits and Sub-Credit Breakdown

Credits

Sub Credit

Points

Waste Management

Waste Storage

2

Waste Reduction

2

Waste Audit

2

Wastewater Collection

2

Wastewater Treatment

3

GHG Emissions

4

Wastewater Management Emissions

Total Points

16

In Australia, people produce more than 1kg waste in a single day as household waste and $17 billion was spent on waste service (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2020).

The household sector, which generates the majority of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), is one of the most waste-generating sectors in Melbourne. Appropriate waste management is critical for both residents and the local environment, ensuring safe storage and efficient treatment. Additionally, encouraging residents and businesses to generate less waste (waste reduction) is an effective method of increasing sustainability.

Wastewater is the primary source of liquid waste generated throughout the day (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). Unlike solid waste, however, it can be mostly repurposed for non-drinking purposes with proper treatment. Optimum water use through wastewater management is critical for achieving a sustainable building.

Figure 5.1: Waste produced in Melbourne by Sector (Metropolitan Waste and Resource Recovery Group, 2014)

C&D

MSW 24%

44% C&I 32%

The term “emissions” in this section does not refer to the specific amount of GHG gases produced by a building, but to the conversion of a building’s energy consumption to the equivalent GHG gases emitted when that amount of energy is generated.

The output section provides ratings based on solid and liquid waste production and their associated management/treatment. The marking of output can be used as a current and future guideline to identity existing deficiencies in terms of sustainability for improvement.

54 | equiol™

Output

Waste Management Inappropriate waste management has a detrimental effect on the ecological system, aesthetics, and human health, particularly among vulnerable residents. In turn, special occupants in social housing are more likely to generate waste at home. As a result, waste management becomes an increasing priority for social housing.

Waste storage All waste can potentially contaminate the environment if it is not managed and stored appropriately. An effective waste storage not only guarantee the safe transportation and further treatment, but is also the essential step for the waste audit.

Figure 5.2: Labelled Solid Waste Collection Container (Adapted From Romania-Insider.com)

The primary rule of waste storage is complying with the government regulations when dealing with hazardous material, such as: • • •

A label is always required for all containers showing contents; The container should be labelled before it can be added with waste; A lid is always required for all containers when not adding or removing waste as evaporation is an illegal waste disposal practice.

• Other credits are given based on the storage capacity associated with its adaptability in changing waste categories and frequency of waste collection from the storage to a treatment plant. Furthermore, considering the vulnerabilities in the social housing, additional credit will be awarded for the design that allows isolated or effective separation bio-waste storage to prevent secondary containments due to the accidental spread of bio-waste.

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Output

Table 5.2 Rating criteria and weightings for waste storage

Waste Management Sub-credit

Objective

Assessment

Evidence

Percentage

Following federal regulations

AS/NZS 3833: 2007: The storage and handling of mixed classes of dangerous goods, in packages and intermediate bulk containers

25% (Hurdle)

Isolated storage for hazardous collections

Waste storage

Ensuring a safe and effective waste storage to avoid contamination and facilitate further treatment

No spilling of pollutants within storage area Suitable storage area (70%+ use of the area) Allowing minimum 2-days’ storage without collection Employing licensed staff for collection and transportaion of waste Minimising direct contact from people to waste

Site plan of waste storage Report from staffs Functional report of the storage Occupants’ feedback

Points

20% 15% 10% 15%

2

10% 5%

Waste audit Waste audit is the process of determining the quantity and types of waste produced by an organisation with its aims to: • • •

Ensure waste are properly handled, stored, collected, transported and treated; Ensure the previous process of waste management complies with federal regulations; Encourage the recycling and reuse of materials

Waste audits provide a comprehensive understanding of a waste system’s current performance based on specific analysis of waste composition, production rate, and contamination rate in order to assist stakeholders in identifying potential missing controls and system improvements.

Additionally, an efficient waste management system can be maintained only with regular waste audits using up-to-date information.

Table 5.3: Rating criteria and weightings for waste audit

Waste Management Sub-credit

Objective

Assessment

Evidence

Percentage

Waste audit

Measuring performance of current waste system and identifying problems & opportunities for future improvement

Completed waste sorting

Environment Management System (EMS)

35% (Hurdle)

56 | equiol™

Identifying waste compositions Identifying waste production rate Employing trained staff for data analysis

License showing qualification of the waste auditor

At least an annual update on the Regular operation report above information

Points

25% 10% 15% 15%

2

Output

Figure 5.3: A home waste audit example (Granger, 2020)

Waste reduction Credits for waste reduction are based on the 5 R’s hierarchy in waste management including refuse, reduce, reuse, repurpose and recycle (Bell, 2020).

Figure 5.4: The 5 R’s hierarchy (Bell, 2020)

THE 5 R’S REFUSE REDUCE REUSE REPURPOSE RECYCLE

Refuse: Reduce waste production by avoiding products made of non-recyclable materials in favour of those made of less wasteful materials. For instance, rather than drinking from a plastic cup, prepare a glass/ stainless steel/ceramic cup. This may be challenging in practise, but it is effective at reducing waste production.

Reduce: Reducing the use of harmful and non-recyclable materials can not only save economically but is also beneficial to the environment by limiting the waste material ending up in a landfill.

Reuse: Due to the convenience of singleuse plastic, consumers have developed a constant habit of discarding it after use.

Thus, substituting reusable alternatives for single-use plastic products is an efficient way to cut down on plastic consumption and production.

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Output

Repurpose: Repurposed products are those that cannot be rejected, reduced, or reused. Products used in the workplace frequently serve multiple purposes, for example, repurposing coffee mugs as pen containers and repurposing waste paper to create a storing box.

Recycle: Although the 4 R’s can effectively reduce waste production, waste is unavoidable and must be disposed of properly. Recycling is a sustainable practise because it reduces resource consumption and maximises material utilisation.

Although the title is ‘waste reduction’, the main purpose is to achieve optimised and efficient use of present resources by the 5 R’s.

Figure 5.5 Breakdown of household & commercial material entering landfills (MWRRG, 2014)

Table 5.4 Rating criteria and weightings for waste reduction

Waste Management Sub-credit

Objective

Assessment

Evidence

Percentage

Waste reduction

Achieving optimised and efficient use of present resources

Reducing use of non-recyclable products by 50% (e.g., singleuse plastic)

Initial plan with current waste consumption

40%

Report showing reduced waste consumption

20% (Hurdle)

Feedback from occupants and working stuffs

15%

Encouraging use of compostable and reusable products Optimising use of wasted products (e.g., use coffee mugs for pen container)

58 | equiol™

Connected to local waste recycling centre

10%

Reducing at least 40% solid waste sending to landfills

15%

Points

3

Output

Wastewater management As one of the driest countries on Earth, Australia’s effective use of limited water resources becomes critical to sustainability. Proper wastewater treatment removes pollutants from wastewater for reuse, allowing for the most efficient use of non-potable water, lowering local water demand and benefiting the environment.

Wastewater Production The assessment on wastewater production is based on the non-potable water consumption from the normal living process. Excessive production of wastewater burdens the local wastewater treatment system causing more energy and resources requirements to handle it, the likelihood of contaminating the environment is also increased.

Table 5.5 Rating criteria and weightings for wastewater collection

Wastewater management Sub-credit

Objective

Assessment

Evidence

Percentage

Points

Wastewater collection

Reducing wastewater produced by residents and staffs and facilitating further treatment

Average annual wastewater production less than 70,000 litres per resident

Annual wastewater report

50%

2

Wastewater collection system design plan

15%

Separate sewer connection for greywater and blackwater Ensuring the hygiene of the estate

15% (Hurdle)

Ensuring the available drinking water can be reused for irrigation, toilet flushing, and gardening purposes

20%

(Pan , 2018)

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Liveability

Section by Lucy Gough

(Muleba, 2018)

“To deny people their human rights is to challenge their very humanity.”

- Nelson Mandela Former President of South Africa

Liveability

Liveability The purpose of the liveability criterion is to promote occupants’ productivity, satisfaction, health and well-being by establishing a good indoor environment quality (IEQ).

(Subiyanto, 2020)

Australians spends an estimated $12 billion per year in lost productivity and illness due to poor IEQ (Goodman, et al., 2017). Furthermore, reports suggest that humans spend up to 90% of their time indoors (Yin, et al., 2018). The recent pandemic has undoubtedly exacerbated the time that people spend indoors. It is unsustainable to house disadvantaged and vulnerable people in poor indoor environments, thereby subjecting them to potential health issues in the future. The liveability criterion aims to empower social housing residents by ensuring their basic physiological needs are met.

Equiol assesses the indoor environment quality of social housing using 4 sub-credits, as detailed in Table 6.1. The liveability criterion accounts for 20 points of the overall rating tool.

Table 6.1: Summary liveability sub-credits and available points.

Credits

Indoor Air Quality

Acoustic Comfort

Thermal Comfort

Visual Comfort

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Sub Credit

CO2 Monitoring Ventilation Limit Indoor Pollutants Minimise Indoor Noise Spatial Design And Indoor Acoustics Noise Insulation Ambient Air Temperature Relative Humidity Perceived Thermal Comfort Illuminance Natural Light Glare Levels

Points

1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1

Total Points

20

Liveability

Indoor Air Quality To promote occupants’ health, comfort and satisfaction through good indoor air quality.

Indoor Air Quality is arguably the most important factor when evaluating the liveability of social housing. IAQ refers to the quality of air within an enclosed space and the is often measured by the level of indoor air pollutants; chemical and biological. Poor IAQ is a source of respiratory and other health related issues (Loh & Andamon, 2017).

The indoor CO2 concentration, predominantly produced through human respiration, is a telling indicator for indoor air quality. Indoor levels typically range between 500 to 1500ppm, however studies show that cognitive ability diminishes at 1000ppm (Loh & Andamon, 2017). The National Construction Code recommends a CO2 level limit of 850ppm.

The concentration level of CO2 and other indoor pollutants can be regulated through adequate ventilation of fresh air. In Australia, the recommended ventilation rate ≥ 0.35L/s per m2 (AS 1668.2, 2012). Ventilation can be achieved through natural, mechanical, or mixed-mode systems. Failure to comply with these standards could result in sick building syndrome.

Table 6.2: Summary of indoor air quality sub-credits

Indoor Air Quality - 5 Points Intent

Evidence

Requirements

Hurdle %

Social housing has CO2 Monitoring

Hurdle

50%

CO2 concentration: ≤850ppm

Hurdle

10%

Points

CO2 Monitoring Maximise occupant health by preventing excessive exposure to carbon dioxide.

CO2 is shown to impair cognitive and respiratory function.

Monthly CO2 Report

· ≤800ppm

10%

· ≤700ppm

10%

· ≤600ppm

10%

· ≤500ppm

10%

1

Ventilation Natural, mechanical or mixed-mode ventilation reduces CO2 buildup caused by human respiration. It also improves IAQ by reducing the build-up of other airborne contaminants.

Ventilation rate ≥ 0.35L/s per m2

Hurdle

50%

Monthly ventilation report, detailing ventilation type, efficacy and concentration of airborne contaminants

HVAC system effectively filters airborne particles between 0.1-1um

Hurdle

10%

Signage to indicate smoking ban & prohibited products.

Smoking ban indoors Prohibit the use of toxic products indoors (e.g. paint, pesticides & aerosol sprays)

20%

Social housing plan highlights location of signs.

Provide cleaning service to limit dust & mold build-up

20%

Prohibit open wood fires

20%

Exhaust vents/fan in kitchen & bathrooms

10%

Installed ceiling fans

10%

Operable windows

10%

Provide portable air purifiers in case of HVAC system failure.

10%

2

Limit indoor pollutants Maximise occupant health and satisfaction by reducing the level of indoor chemical pollutants

Hurdle

40%

2

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Liveability

Acoustic Comfort To reduce noise disturbance and promote occupants’ productivity, well-being, satisfaction, and communication through effective acoustic design.

The perceived acoustic quality in multistorey residential buildings has a direct impact on occupant satisfaction and indoor environment quality. Social housing needs to be well-designed to ensure the acoustic comfort of all residents, thus creating a liveable environment. Research shows that chronic exposure to unwanted noise can have negative effects on occupants’ health (ZalejskaJonsson, 2019). In addition to direct ear damage, noise pollution can contribute to headaches, sleep disorders, decreased cognitive performance, stress and feelings of annoyance and displeasure.

Social housing apartments are typically characterised by their densely populated, multi-cultural demographic. Noise minimisation does not necessarily contribute to a more positive acoustic environment. Loud noises can trigger different perceptual responses depending on the occupants’ individual traits, culture, and socioeconomic status. Although noise is traditionally described as “unwanted”, some sounds can be “wanted” (Torresin, et al., 2020). It is vital to create an acoustic environment that can be adjusted depending on the occupants’ social and cultural habits. Thus, ensuring occupant productivity, satisfaction, and overall health.

Table 6.3 Summary of acoustic comfort sub-credits

Acoustic Comfort - 5 Points Intent

Evidence

Requirements

Hurdle %

Implement noise curfew after 10pm

Hurdle

25%

Background noise level: ≤70dB

Hurdle

25%

Points

Minimise indoor noise Conduct surveys Promote occupants’ physical to evaluate and mental well-being by occupants’ noise reducing noise disturbances level satisfaction.

· ≤60dB

25%

· ≤40dB

25%

Isolate rooms based on their sensitivity to noise

25%

Minimise sound vibrations by reducing hard surface finishes

25%

Break-up open-plan space

25%

Use of storage walls/wardrobe to minimise noise travel

25%

Window/door seals: reduce exposure to external sounds

25%

Landscaping: absorb noise from surrounding neighbourhood & traffic

25%

Floor insulation: dampen noise between levels

25%

Carpet/Rugs: absorb vibrations from impact noise

25%

1

Spatial design & indoor acoustics Minimise noise disturbances by improving the indoor acoustics & optimising the spatial design.

Floor plan detailing the location of noise sensitive rooms and effectiveness at containing noise.

2

Noise Insulation

Reduce the impact of external noise on occupant satisfaction and productivity.

64 | equiol™

Social housing and landscape plans, detailing insulation methods and material finishes.

2

Liveability

Thermal Comfort To promote occupants’ productivity, well-being and satisfaction through a comfortable thermal environment.

The indoor hygrothermal conditions influence occupant health and perception of the indoor environment (Diaz Lozano Patino, et al., 2018). Maintaining occupants’ thermal comfort is vital for ensuring the liveability and sustainability of social housing. There are several physical, physiological and psychological factors that influence occupants’ thermal comfort levels, such as mean radiant temperature, airspeed, relative humidity, individuals’ metabolic rate and acclimatisation.

Research shows that exposure to extremely high or low temperatures can lead to health problems particularly within vulnerable populations (Daniel, et al., 2019). Residents in social housing may have higher vulnerability due to age and socioeconomic status. While evidence on optimal thermal conditions varies, the World Health Organisation recommends a range of 18 °C–22 °C (WHO, 1987) Within this range, the metabolic expenditure to maintain internal temperature is minimised.

Indoor thermal conditions can be controlled through a variety of manual and automatic methods.

Personalised comfort systems (PCS) such as fans, air diffusers or portable heaters tend to satisfy individual comfort requirements better than HVAC systems, which have uniform temperature settings.

Table 6.4: Summary of thermal comfort sub-credits

Thermal Comfort - 5 Points Intent Evidence Ambient Air Temperature Promote occupants’ productivity, comfort and well-being.

Relative humidity

Promote occupants’ productivity, comfort and well-being.

Perceived thermal comfort Promote occupants’ satisfaction and perceived control over hygrothermal conditions.

Requirements

Hurdle %

Points

Social housing plan detailing both manual and automatic temperature controls.

Seasonal reports detailing ambient temperatures and efficacy of control measures.

Maintain air temperature between 18 °C–22 °C Automatic HVAC System Operable windows and blinds

Hurdle

2

Regular checks to evaluate the efficacy of humidity controls.

Maintain relative humidity between 40%-50% Humidistat to monitor & regulate humidity levels Exhaust vents/fans to remove condensation Operable windows Provide portable humidifier

Hurdle

Occupant satisfaction with thermal environment: ≥60% · ≥70% · ≥80% · ≥90% · 100%

Hurdle

Conduct surveys to measure occupants’ satisfaction.

40% 20% 20%

Provide Personal Comfort Systems (PCS) to satisfy individual comfort requirements

20%

60%

1

10% 10% 10% 10% 60%

2

10% 10% 10% 10%

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Liveability

Visual Comfort To promote occupants’ productivity, health and well-being by creating a visually comfortable environment. Visual comfort is achieved by maximising natural light, minimising glaring and reducing the use of artificial light The quality and quantity of light is fundamental for establishing a liveable environment. Visual discomfort can occur by either excessively high or low levels of light. (Carlucci, et al., 2015).

However, the extent of the occupants’ discomfort depends on a variety of factors; type of light, time of day, the occupants’ age and eye colour (light-coloured eyes tend to be more sensitive).

Research suggests that sufficient exposure to both natural and artificial light can enhance occupants’ mood, cognitive function and overall physical and mental health. However, natural light is usually favoured for several reasons. Artificial light cannot replicate the spectrum or variability of daylight. The full spectrum of natural light enhances occupants’ visibility of all colours. The changing direction, intensity and colour of daylight allows people to connect with their circadian rhythm. Lastly, increasing the use of daylight reduces the electricity consumption for artificial light (Carlucci, et al., 2015). Although social housing is subsidised by the government, occupants are still responsible for paying utility bills. Maximising daylight and minimising electricity costs consequently improves the economic sustainability of social housing. (Zhen, et al., 2019).

Nevertheless, daylight needs to be controlled to minimise glare; a common phenomenon that occupants experience when there is excessive contrast between light and dark light. Not only does it cause discomfort, sun glare has negative implications on both short-term and long-term eye health.

(Shekhovtcova, 2021)

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Liveability

Table 6.5: Summary of visual comfort sub-credits

Visual Comfort - 5 Points Intent

Evidence

Requirements

Hurdle %

Points

LED meter to measure the illuminance from both sunlight and artificial light.

Social housing plan to indicate ability

Manual lighting control

Hurdle

50%

2

Achieve illuminance 300-3000 lux: ≥ 50% of the living space

Hurdle

10%

Illuminance Provide adequate light to enhance occupants’ productivity and cognitive function.

Prevent visual stress and fatigue through uniform light

· ≥60% of the living space

10%

· ≥70% of the living space

10%

Social housing plan to indicate location & orientation of

· ≥80% of the living space

10%

· ≥90% of the living space

10%

Window-to-wall ratio (WWR).

WWR ≥ 50%. ≥4% reduction in electricity bill. ≥50% occupant satisfaction with light quality.

Natural Light Enhance occupants’ mood and health. Reduce the electricity consumption for artificial light.

Hurdle

50%

WWR ≥ 55%. ≥5% reduction in electricity bill. ≥60% occupant satisfaction with light quality.

10%

Energy bills/ reports (assuming lighting accounts of 10% of electricity usage)

WWR ≥ 60%. ≥6% reduction in electricity bill. ≥70% occupant satisfaction with light quality.

10%

WWR ≥ 65%. ≥7% reduction in electricity bill. ≥80% occupant satisfaction with light quality.

10%

Conduct regular surveys to measure occupants’ satisfaction with IEQ.

WWR ≥ 70%. ≥8% reduction in electricity bill. ≥90% occupant satisfaction with light quality.

10%

WWR ≥ 75%. ≥9% reduction in electricity bill. 100% occupant satisfaction with light quality.

10%

Social housing and landscape plans, detailing glare mitigation methods and material finishes/ colour.

Awning/blinds: individual control over light levels

20%

Windows: tinted glass and/or UV film

20%

Landscaping: plant trees to minimise direct sun

20%

Paint colour: avoid bright reflective colours

20%

Material finishes: avoid reflective surfaces to minimise glare

20%

2

Glare levels To prevent visual stress and fatigue caused by excessive contrast between light and dark light.

Ensure that lighting can be adjusted by the occupant

1

equiol™ | 67

Bibliography

(Burrows, 2021)

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ABPL90120 Building Sustainability ENEN90014 Sustainable Buildings Group Assignment by Group One

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