EDITION 41
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From The Editor Thank you for taking the time to read our latest editon of Universal: History. 2020 will be known as a year filled with devastation, loss, growth and appreciation for the things we took for granted. The irony of this edition, is that we are all currently living through a moment in time which will be remembered as the COVID 19 pandemic and no doubt, the period when people realised what truly matters most to them. Most, if not all of who are reading this have never really experienced or been a part of history which has changed our lives like this. While we live through history every day, we have never lived through a war like WW1 or WW2, a Natural Disaster like the eruption of Mt Vesuvius or witnessing Henry Viii and his 6 wives. However in our lifetime, we have been part of history through the introduction of GST, the Sydney 2000 Olympics, Kevin Rudd’s apology to the Stolen Generation, 9/11 and collapse of the Twin Towers in NYC, the death of celebrities which have had an impact on our childhoods like Heath Ledger, Peter Brock, Don Bradman, Michael Jackson and more recently Kobe Bryant, the 2008 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Australia and most recently the COVID 19 pandemic. These are moments in history which we will remember.
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Everything in this edition has been created by young people. The graphics, articles, layout and designs have been carefully created to ensure a great read. So, get a cuppa, sit down and enjoy a moment to reminisce about history and be grateful for your current surroundings.
The Universal Team
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EDITION 41
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In this edition of Universal, we have put together an incredible edition which explores moments in history like War, Ancient times, Medieval times and even how humanity has been shaped.
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Cover Design by Bernie Lacognata Kingston Youth Services and the Universal team acknowledge the support of the Victorian Government
Contents
4
Comfort Space
6
Illustration Lila Ni
10
Safe Space Jack Crowe
Illustration Lila Ni
15
Open Spaces
Illustration Angharad Neal-Williams
12
The Martian Illustration Kelly Zheng
16
Race to the moon Jayden O’Halloran Design Sammar Bassal
20
Alien Evidence
Writing / Design Jack Crowe
8
Space
Memorable Spaces
Design Kelly Zheng
Writing / Design Sammar Bassal
13
Living Spaces Illustration Simone Jones
18
Space Dream Zheirally Bondad Illustration Lila Ni
22
Space Ocean
Illustration Sammar Bassal
14
Motherland
Writing / Design Jack Crowe
19
Moon Landing Anniversary Illustration Simone Jones
Historical Warrior Women
LAGERTHA LOTHBROK
(est. late 700s - mid 800s)
Lagertha Lothbrok was legendary Viking shield-maiden whose prowess in battle is recounted in the works of famous Danish historian, Saxo Grammaticus. Although born into nobility, Lagertha is defined as a warrior, “a skilled amazon, who, though a maiden, had the courage of a man, and fought in the front among the bravest with hair loose over her shoulders. All marvelled at her matchless deeds, for her locks flying down her hair betrayed that she was a woman.” Lagertha’s husband, Viking king Ragnar Lothbrok, accredited Lagertha as being the reason for his victory in the battle against the Swedish King, Frø, who had slain his grandfather, King Siward, in an attempt to take control of Norway.
CHING SHIH (1775 - 1844)
Ching Shih is renowned for being the formidable captain of the Red Flag Fleet, the largest pirate fleet in history made up of over 70,000 outlaws and 600 ships. She was known as the ‘Terror of South China’, looting and taxing villages between the years of 1801-1809. Known to be undefeated by anyone who opposed her, Ching Shih was granted amnesty by the Chinese government who were intimidated by her power and eager to have her retire. Ching Shih died peacefully in 1844 and is known as the most successful pirate in history. Illustations and article by Molly Fairley
SAMMAR BASSAL
The Japanese wizard: Abe no Seimei Vocabulary Onmyoji: A term used to refer to practitioners of Onmyodo1. Onmyoji were responsible for tasks such as warding off evil spirits, giving advice on matters and keeping track/ making calendars1. Onmyodo: Translates to “The Way of Yin and Yang”1. The practice combines occultism with natural sciences and uses the Chinese philosophy elements (Wu Xing) as a base1. The art also involves magic, divination and exorcism2.
Abe no Seimei was a figure I discovered through pop culture instead of history books. My curiosity about him grew when he wasn’t just appearing in stories, but also games and other media. When I decided to investigate him, I then discovered he was not just a figure of legend but a living person.
Abe no Seimei was constantly associated with magic not only because of the rumours around his parents but also because of his occupation as an Onmyoji where he was assumed to be constantly dealing with supernatural affairs as well as courtly tasks. Additionally, he never suffered any major or deadly illnesses1.
Abe no Seimei was born on February 19 in the year 921 AD in what is now the location of the Abemonju-in Temple in Sakurai, Nara, Japan3. Not much was known about his birth which resulted in rumours that Seimei was not entirely human. One of the more prominent rumours was that his mother a kitsune (fox demon3).
The people of the Heian period were incredibly superstitious, so anything that could not be explained was thought to be the work of demons4. Since dealing with the supernatural was one of the assumed specialities of an Onmyoji, emperors would always seek their advice when making decisions for the people. Seimei lived to serve six emperors as an Onmyoji1.
Some of the responsibilities of Abe no Seimei as an Onmyoji included keeping track of the calendar, mystical duties such as divination and protecting the capital from evil spirits2 , conducting exorcisms, interpreting and analysing strange phenomenon, and performing geomancy rituals1. Seimei became famous for his accurate predictions of astrological events, predicting the sex of foetuses and finding lost objects2. Abe no Seimei lived to the age of 84, he passed away on October 31, 10051. After the Onmyoji’s death the emperor of the time, Emperor Ichijou constructed a shrine in his honour5. The shrine was placed in his hometown in 1007CE. While the shrine still exists, it was once destroyed during the war in the fifteenth century and then rebuilt5.
Various myths and stories popped up after Abe no Seimei’ s death that were like the ones concerning King Arthur’s wizard, Merlin3. Most of the legends came about through the Konjaku Monogatarishu, a collection of over a thousand tales written during the late Heian period6 and is one of the main reasons Abe no Seimei is dubbed the wizard of japan. By the end of the 10th Century, Abe no Seimei’ s reputation had grown to the point where his clan were given control over the government system of Onmyodo known as onmyoryo2.
Bibliography
1. http://yabai.com/p/3219 2. https://japanesemythology.wordpress. com/2012/09/23/onmyodo-and-onmyojilegendary-magicians-and-diviners-ofthe-heian-period/ 3. https://www.yokaistreet.com/abe-noseimei-the-japanese-merlin/ 4. kansai-odyssey.com/onmyo-ji-abe-noseimei/ 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_no_ Seimei 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konjaku_ Monogatarishū
History, History, Culture Culture && Architecture Architecture خيراتلا رادم ىلع، ةيوفشلا صصقلا ريغتت بتكلا ةباتك ةداعإ متت ام ًاريثكو، ءيش كانه نكلو ةيرامعملا ةسدنهلا ةسرامم وه نمزلا رابتخا مامأ دمص دحاو. اهيف اوينب يتلا ةينمزلا تارتفلا يه ام، ثيح ةضايرلاو نيدلا لثم ةيمويلا ةايحلا نم ةمهم ءازجأ لثمت ناكملا تازيمو ضرغ يف ةسايسلاو، لوقت ثيح ريثك ناكم يف ليصافتلا صقن وأ ليصافتلا. ةفلتخم نادلب نم يتأت نأ لبق ةينامثلا ملاعملا هذه خيراتلا رادم ىلع ةينمز تارتفو، صصقلا ريغتت بتكلا ةباتك ةداعإ متت ام ًاريثكو ةيوفشلا، نكلو ةسدنهلا ةسرامم وه نمزلا رابتخا مامأ دمص دحاو ءيش كانه ةيرامعملا. خيراتلا رادم ىلع ام، صصقلا ريغتت
Pyramids of Giza Country: Egypt Built: 2465 BCE
पूरे इतिहास में, मौखिक कहानियां बदल जाती हैं और किताबें अक्सर लिखी जाती हैं, लेकिन एक बात जो समय की कसौटी पर खरी उतरी है, वह है वास्तुकला का अभ्यास। 4 साल पहले या 4000 साल पहले भी पूरी हुईं हमें एक जगह के बारे में बहुत कुछ बताती हैं। किस समय में वे बनाए गए थे जैसे कि। रोजमर्रा के जीवन के प्रमुख हिस्से जैसे धर्म, खेल और राजनीति का उद्देश्य एक जगह के उद्देश्य और विशेषताओं में दर्शाया गया है। किसी स्थान पर विस्तार या विस्तार की कमी बहुत कुछ कहती है। विभिन्न देशों और अलग-अलग समय अवधि से आने से पहले ये 8 स्मारक हैं। आप कितने को पहचान सकते हैं? आपके लिए कितने नए हैं? पूरे इतिहास में, मौखिक कहानियां बदल जाती हैं और किताबें अक्सर लिखी जाती हैं, लेकिन एक बात जो समय की कसौटी पर खरी उतरी है, वह है वास्तुकला का अभ्यास। 4 साल पहले या 4000 साल पहले भी पूरी हुईं हमें एक जगह के बारे में बहुत कुछ बताती हैं। किस समय में वे बनाए गए थे जैसे कि। रोजमर्रा के जीवन के प्रमुख हिस्से जैसे धर्म, खेल और राजनीति का उद्देश्य एक जगह के उद्देश्य
Taj Mahal
Country: India Built: 1653
Per historia, libris oris et fabulis saepe mutare revocetur: sed unam rem, quae usu stetit explorasse, tempus est de IV annorum vel completed architecture.Buildings (IV) annos dic tantum date nobis de place.They fortis indicator de quo tempore fuerunt, quibus in imperio fabricatae sunt in partibus like.Important in vitam cotidianam ut religionis, id quoque repraesentantur in rei publicae ludo et features a proposito et place.The detail an desunt nobis in detail loco dicit multum. Haec monumenta VIII coram venisti tunc ex
The Colosseum Country: Rome Built: 80 AD
Throughout history, oral stories change and books are often rewritten, but one thing that has stood the test of time is the practice of architecture. Buildings completed 4 years or even 4000 years ago tell us much about a place. They give us a strong indicator of what the time periods in which they were built in were like. Important parts of everyday life such as religion, sport and politics are represented in the purpose and features of a place. The detail or lack of detail in a place says a lot. These 8 monuments before you come from different countries and different time periods. How many can you recognise? How many are new to you?Throughout history, oral stories
St Paul’s Cathedral Country: England Built: 1711
На протяжении всей истории устные рассказы меняются, и книги часто переписываются, но одна вещь, которая выдержала испытание временем, - это практика архитектуры. Здания, построенные 4 года или даже 4000 лет назад, много говорят нам о месте. Они дают нам сильный показатель На что были похожи те периоды времени, в которые они были построены Важные части повседневной жизни, такие как религия, спорт и политика, представлены в цели и особенностях места. Детали или отсутствие деталей в месте говорят о многом. Эти 8 памятников, прежде чем вы приехали из разных стран и разных периодов времени. Сколько вы можете
St Basil’s Cathedral Country: Russia Built: 1156
Throughout history, oral stories change and books are often rewritten, but one thing that has stood the test of time is the practice of architecture. Buildings completed 4 years or even 4000 years ago tell us much about a place. They give us a strong indicator of what the time periods in which they were built in were like. laborep tatium solut ommodip sandis expe aut il inienisto omnist poresto
Sydney Opera House Country: Australia Built: 1973
歴史を通して、 口頭での物語の変化や本はしばし ば書き直されますが、 時の試練に耐えてきたものの 1つは建築の実践です.4年前または4000年前に 完成した建物は、場所について多くを教えてくれま す。宗教、 スポーツ、政治などの日常生活の重要な 部分は、場所の目的と特徴で表されます。場所の詳 細または詳細の欠如は、多くのことを言います。 あ なたがさまざまな国や時代から来る前のこれらの 8つの記念碑。どれくらい新しいですか？ 歴史を通 して、 口頭での物語の変化や本はしばしば書き直さ れますが、時の試練に耐えてきたものの1つは建築 の実践です.4年前または4000年前に完成した建 物は、場所について多くを教えてくれます。宗教、 ス ポーツ、政治などの日常生活の重要な部分は、場所 の目的と特徴で表されます。場所の詳細または詳 細の欠如は、多くのことを言います。 あなたがさまざ まな国や時代から来る前のこれらの8つの記念碑。 どれくらい新しいですか？ 歴史を通して、口頭での 物語の 変化や本はしばしば書き直されますが、時
Himeji Castle Country: Japan Built: 1609
Tarix boyu şifahi hekayələr dəyişir və kitablar tez-tez yenidən yazılır, lakin zamanın sınağından keçmiş bir şey memarlıq təcrübəsidir. 4 il və ya hətta 4000 il əvvəl tamamlanan tikinti işləri bir yer haqqında çox şey söyləyir. Onların qurulduğu dövrlər nə kimi idi. Din, idman və siyasət kimi gündəlik həyatın vacib yerləri bir məkanın məqsədi və xüsusiyyətlərində təmsil olunur. Bir yerdə təfər-
Heydar Aliyev Centre Country: Azerbaijan Built: 2013
Written by James Milnes | Illustrated by Lila Ni
Shaping Humanity Ancient Greece (Greece), Rome (now Italy), Gokturks and Ottomans (now Turkey) have played a huge part in shaping modern humanity. But what if I told you that there was something before that. Now I don’t mean cavemen banging rocks together. I mean around 12,000 years ago. The first settlement in History. This settlement not only introduced a whole new humanity, but shaped Ancient Greece, Rome, and the Ottomans themselves! Let’s learn about how these people shaped humanity, as I take you into what is now known as eastern Turkey, 12,000 years ago. Around 10,000 BC; in the vast east of Turkey. There stands the oldest temple known to man. It stands atop a hill. This is called Gobekli Tepe, which directly translates to hill with a tummy. It is the oldest temple known to man and is said to be the birthplace of religion. In the temple there are huge stones with creatures engraved on the stones. All of the pillars were in T shapes representing humans. German archaeology teams foundnd signs of cattle, pigs, goat, and sheep, being domesticated for food production. Which still is carried out to this day! Gobekli Tepe was the first man made structure, birthplace of religion, and animal domestication of animals you see in most farms today. But it was not a community.
The fertile crescent, otherwise known as the ‘Golden Triangle’ was the first place to embrace the ways of agriculture. The fertile crescent is located in the Middle E and covers: South East Turkey (Gobekli Tepe), Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, and Western Iran. So now we turn our focus toward an ancient farming community. A few thousand years after Gobekli Tepe was built, the first community was established in the ‘Golden Triangle’ and they were not only the first community, but also had the first farms in the world. Around 8,000 years ago it was the Mesopotamian society. They started farms and since they couldn’t carry their farms away with them to hunt for food, they introduced the animals I talked about earlier, that were domesticated in Gobekli Tepe, to help with the farming, and also provide meat. Since they didn’t need to move around anymore, they decided to build houses. The farmers weren’t keen on giving away their crops for free, nor the carpenters making houses, so then money was invented and the impact of that really changed the world. As more people moved in, there was more money being tossed around, so they needed more people to keep track of sales, and more people to make more things for all the people. Then rules were laid out, also known as laws. And as technology advanced there were more people and more people meant more houses, more farms, more money, more business, more laws. And soon… more societies.
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Historical Vampires
SAMMAR BASSAL
Vampires are typically thought of as something from Myths, Legends and Fantasy. The creatures of legend are typically attributed with fangs, pale skin and an uncontrollable thirst for blood, and are naturally of the undead. However, here are some examples of humans receiving the title of Vampire. Mercy Brown
Vlad the Impaler Vlad the Impaler, also known as Vlad Dracula or Vlad III, was born in Transylvania, Romania3. He ruled Wallachia , Romania between the years 1426-14562. During his rule, Vlad managed to accrue an estimate of 40,000-100,000 deaths at his hands3 and many more indirectly. While the numbers are quite large, it wasn’t uncommon for other 19th century European leaders3 to be responsible for so many deaths. So, then what made Vlad stand out as a vampire? Vlad was rumoured to enjoy dining amongst his impaled victims and dipping bread in their blood1. Many believe Vlad’s stories inspired the creation of Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula, published in 18971, because of their shared place of birth and association with drinking blood.
1. https://www.history.com/topics/folklore/vampire-history 2. https://www.britannica.com/place/Walachia 3. www.mysticfiles.com/5-historical-vampires/ 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Báthory 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Brown_vampire_incident
Mercy Brown was born in Exeter, Rhode Island, USA5. While the above mentioned ‘vampires’ gained their titles through a strong connection to blood and mass murder, Mercy was called a vampire for different reasons. For starters she hadn’t done anything, she was already dead. Mercy, like many of her family members had passed away due to Tuberculosis5. Since no one understood anything about diseases, the community had the superstitious belief that it had spread from one of the dead5. This resulted in many grave diggings, with permission of course. Mercy’s body, when dug up, showed almost no signs of decay. So, everyone classified her as a vampire, took her heart and grinded it to make a cure5.
Elizabeth Bathory Countess Elizabeth Bathory de Ecsed was born in Nyirbator, Kingdom of Hungary (now separated into Hungary, Slovakia and Romania)4. Elizabeth gained the nickname ‘The Blood Countess’ after the alleged fact that she bathed in the blood of young women. Her belief was that it would keep her young3 and this resulted in the murder of over 800 young girls. The countess passed away four years later, in house arrest.
Have you heard of Eddie Mabo?
SAMMAR BASSAL
I would like to acknowledge that we are on the land of the Wurundjeri people of the Koolan nation and I extend my respects to the elder’s past, present and emerging. Although many don’t think of Australia’s history as being as rich as the rest of the worlds, it is one with many layers that is usually neglected to be explored. In primary school we were taught about the British settlers discovering Australia during the 1700s1. The settlers gave Australia the name terra Nullius1 during the time, roughly meaning ‘no man’s land as if there was nothing else there. Now we acknowledge that the Terra Nullius was incorrectly given to the land. Prior to the British occupation, the land mothered nations of the indigenous people who were discounted when the term was officiated. A group of Men lead by Eddie Mabo in 19822 took to challenge this concept of No Man’s land, because in the long run, those words would result in indigenous communities having no rights on the land that was originally occupied by them. Eddie Koike Mabo was born in 1936 on the island of Mer (Murray Island) in the Torres Strait between mainland Queensland and Papua New Guinea2. He was an Indigenous community leader and human rights activities2.
the court2. The case was in court for over 10 years. On 3 June 1992, the High Court announced the decision to recognise traditional land rights3. By doing so Australia’s legal system acknowledged and overturned the idea that the indigenous nation didn’t have right over the land before British occupation. Sadly, enough Mabo did not live to see the decision made, five months before the decision he passed away due to cancer at the age of 553. A docudrama, directed by Rachel Perkins, retells the story. Afterward The intention of this piece was to serve as a reminder that there is a history to Australia prior to your birth, prior to your family’s coming to Australia and prior to the people before your family’s coming to Australia. The history of the indigenous people of Australia shouldn’t be discounted as it was before. There is still a long way to go before they get their full rights, but the least we can do is know and respect who were here before us Bibiliography 1. https://www.ducksters.com/geography/country/ australia_history_timeline.php https://web.archive.org/web/20160728074453/ http://www.racismnoway.com.au/teachingresources/factsheets/54.html 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Mabo
In 1981, Mabo made a speech at a conference held at James Cook University about the land ownership and Inheritance system in his home island2. A lawyer at the conference inspired Mabo and a group or other men from his community to begin their claim for land ownership after suggesting it was possible through
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabo_(film)
Jess Baranov
Photographing romance throughout history This photograph is of Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas. They had a love affair in the late 1800s, sending love letters to each other. They met through Douglas’ cousin in 1891.
V-J Day In Times Square, Alfred Eisenstaedt, 1945 This image was taken at the celebrations in New York City after japan surrendered and WW2 was declared over
This image was taken by Elliott Erwitt of an older couple dancing in the street in New York City in 1972.
Robert Doisneau 1950 Though this image is claimed to be staged, Doisneau claims he only hires the actors but doesn’t instruct them on what to do, allowing the viewer to feel as thought love shown is real.
I fell in love the way you fall asleep; slowly and then all at once —John Green “The fault in our stars”
Taken in one of the first photo booths ever in the early 1900s, this image is said to be one of the first “selfie” of a lesbian couple. Photo-booths were a place for couples and friends to take private pictures just for themselves, this meant that same-sex couples were able to just be themselves and get a picture displaying their love with out the judgment of others for the small cost of 25c.