Iago Ferreira_Y5 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

-

CARBON COMPOSITE

IAGO FERREIRA YEAR 5

UNIT

Y5 IF

JUTAI EXPLORER 3

@unit14_ucl

All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

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@unit14_ucl

IAGO FERREIRA YEAR 5 Y5 IF

iago.ferreira.18@alumni.ucl.ac.uk @unit14_ucl

J U TA I E X P LO R E R 3 CARBON COMPOSITE Amazon Rainforest, Brazil

J

YXEʧ )\TPSVIV MW E GEVFSR ƼFIV VIMRJSVGIH plastic research centre hung from the canopy layer of the Amazon rainforest. The project reacts to the current political atmosphere in Brazil and the future of its rainforest. The design intends to give researchers access to unexplored areas by innovating lightweight architecture focusing on form, material and integration.

The majority of the Amazon rainforest and its biodiversity are still not very well understood by science members today. This is caused by the lack of accessibility to the rainforest itself and also the canopy layer of forest. More than 90% of the rainforest biomass sits at 30 to 40 meters above the forest ground level called the canopy layer. Unfortunately, all methods used today to explore this layer are short term based and unable researchers to fully understand its biomass. .YXEM )\TPSVIV YWIW GEVFSR ƼFIV XIGLRSPSK] XS EHHVIWW XLMW EGGIWWMFMPMX] MWWYI 'EVFSR ƼFIV enables the structure to be lightweight and therefore hang between the trees at the canopy layer of the rainforest. In order to reduce the weight even further a monocoque structural frame is used integrating all services and architectural components. This method increase space saving but it also enables components such as furniture and external components to be as lightweight as possible.

3

JUTAI EXPLORER 3 4

Content: Jutai Explorer 3

Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Amazon Rainforest Accessibility Layers Within the Rainforest Existing Methods of Access Amazon Rainforest Tree Types

Material Research 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

CFRP Composition & Performance CFRP History & Production Summary Splicing Innovations in Formula 1 Boeing 747 Carbon Fiber Spatial Optimization The Berkeley Hotel - RSHP Carbon Fiber Beam Prototype Carbon Fiber Continuous Double-Sided Surface Carbon Fiber Continuous Double-Sided Surface 2 Current CFRP Manufacturing Processes Available Spatial Requirements

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Spatial Requirements Tree Structure Typology Global Shape of Each Specimen (Section) Structural and Spatial Development Access + Attaching Parasite Walkway Conditions + Typologies Specimen Arrangement + Access Explorer One - Spatial Synthesis

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10

Dragonfly Integrated Structural System Three Hanging Structure Morphology Structural Specimen Table Tensegrity Principles Structural Morphology Summary Science Lab Specimen Structural Principles Cavity Description Integration Mechanism/System Specimen Access Cavity Inhabitation

Explorer Two - Structural Resolution 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10

Reserva Extrativista do Rio Jutai - Site Plan Specimen Typology + Allocation Hanging Methods + Stability Global Shape of Each Specimen Hanging + Structural Strategy Specimens’ Allocation and Form Finding Primary Optimization CFRP and Timber Composite Prototype Structural Layering Hierarchy Interior Integration

Assembly 6.1 6.2 6.3

Assembly Steps Specimen in Context Access Walkway Explorer Three - Design Resolution

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20

Specimen’s Evolution Specimen’s Layering Hierarchy Primary Structure Secondary Structure Specimen Organ Allocation Specimens’ Organ Details External Skin Structural Unification - Monocoque Organ Allocation Skin Assembly Overall Weight Spatial Arrangement Section Cut Specimen’s Gills Aerial View + Elevation Specimen’s Underbelly Research Lab + Office Entry Level Plan Basement Level Plan Section

Appendix 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10

Optimized Material Potential Carbon Fiber Layering Optimization One Surface Architectural Forms Surface Analysis/ Material Reduction Surface Analysis/ Material Reduction 2 Specimens Interior + Materiality CFRP Components Breakdown Spatial Integration CFRP Chasis Assembly Spatial Arrangement-Large Specimen

5

INTRODUCTION Section One

SECTION ONE

6

Boa Vista Mitu Belem

Santarem Manaus Iquitos Itaituba

Tabatinga

Maraba

Porto Velho Rio Branco Manaus

0km

1,200km

2,400km

3,600km

4,800km

6,000km

Amazon Rainforest Boundary Brazilian Territory Protected Biodiverse Areas Other South American Countries Cities of Access to Rainforest

Amazon Rainforest Accessibility Looking at the scale of the rainforest it becomes clear that accessibility in the rainforest is an issue. The main cities highlighted are known to be checkpoints in which researchers and visitors have to go to before explores the edges of the forrest. for this reason, some parts of the Amazon rainforest are still not explored, and there are still some species to be observed and understood.

The main issue for researchers in the Amazon rainforest today is accessibility. This is because protected areas in which most species are intact are located far from checkpoint cities. This causes researchers to never be able to stay inside the forest for long period of times. Making some of the Amazon rainforest still unresearched, but also it enables crinal activitiesd to happen.

Amazon Rainforest Accessibility

7

2% 60m

Emergents

Harpy Eagle Bats Snakes Butterflies Insects Spider Monkeys Hummingbird Sloth Under Canopy GiantTarantula Macaw Parrot Other Birds Various Fruits

40m

90%

Canopy

Squirrel Monkeys Toucans Tree Frogs Ants Howeler Monkey Emerald Boa Green Iguana Toco Tucan Bromeliad Cecropia Leaf Orangutan Caterpillars Moths Unau

5% 20m

Under Canopy

Jaguars Leopards Lizards Bees Bullet Ants Geckos Salamanders Ocelots Tiger Cassowaries Gorillas Armadillos Warthogs Wild Boars

3% 0m

Shrub Layer

Looking at the division of layers within the rainforest it shows why so many spcies are not very well understood. 90% of the animals in the rainforest are located within the canopy of the forest, standing 40 meters high . This makes it extremly difficult for researchers to Stay in those areas for long periods of time.

8

Layers Within the Rainforest

Blimp Emergent Net Blimps are used as a method of transport to carry nets and lay them of the emergent layer above the trees. This enables researcheers to look at the canopy layer from above, this is a useful method as researcheers can stay for many days. However, this does not provide any of the researchers with the heavy lab equiptment to do test on site. The distance from the canopy layer is also an issue for researchers.

Hot Air Balloon It is common for researchers to use a idividual hot air balloon to reach the canopy layer. This is a great method as researchers can get very close to the layer. However this can only be done for a short period of time, and also it is limited by wind direction.

LIEBHERR

Netted Walkway in Canopy Level

Crane Cage at Canopy Level

This method is very useful as its permanent and allows multiple ressearched to be located on site. Over time the biomass within the area gets familiar with the structure and carry out acting normally. However this makes the structure difficult to move around in needed and also does not allow researchers to do tests on site.

This method enables researches to move up and down throuhgout the canopy layer.

However due to the small size of the cage researches can only stay there for a few hours, and also the crane can only be located near places with easy accessibility.

Suspended Tent at Canopy Level

Helicopter Drop off

This enables researches to be lcoated anywhere within the canopy layer for many days. This is a good method as as researches can set this up anywhere the forrest as the equipment is minimum and lightweight. Again the problem with this method is that no scientific examination can be taken palce of site.

This allows researchers to pick areas in the forrest to come down. However this is limited by the number of researchers allowed to participate and also is limited to places in which te helicopter can fly over. The loud noise of the helicopter also disrupts the biomass of the area.

All methods of access used today are extremely uneficient. All of them allow researchers to stay on site for a maximum amout of a few days. They also not allow researchers to do experiements on site, this makes it very difficult for the amazon rainforest to be undertood and protected.

Existing Methods of Access

9

Family Tree Species Average Height 0 Carpotroche Hydnocarpus Lindackeria Mayna 38.3m

39.2m

38.8m

Fusispermum

122.5Tons 175Tons

Before Ocilation

1.065m

1.014m

1.111m

1.097m Clavija

1.017m

Paradrypetes

1.121m

Geissospermum

Type 1

Bonellia

40.7m

Cornutia

39.3m

37.5m

37.9m

38.6m 1.089m

1.133m

Brachychiton

Simaba

174Tons 185Tons

1.153m Ayenia

1.176m

Geissospermum

40.4m

39.9m

41.4m

41.1m 1.112m

Cyrilla

Before Ocilation

Before Failure

Bernardinia Connarus Pseudoconnarus Rourea

1.169m Geissanthus

Type 2

Morisonia

Euphronia

1.202m

1.198m

Geissospermum

1.207m Pamphilia

42.4m

41.9m

Agarista Diogenesia Disterigma Ericoides Gaultheria Notopora Orthaea Pernettya Satyria Thibaudia Vaccinium

41.6m

Curatella Davilla Doliocarpus

42.3m

Dichapetalum Stephanopodium Tapura

1.236m Peritassa

Urera

Allamanda

143.5Tons 205Tons

Before Ocilation

Duckesia Endopleura Humiria Humiriastrum Hylocarpa

1.197m

1.252m Annona

Bernardinia

43.4m

43.1m

41.7m 1.245m

42.2m

Before Failure Gyrocarpus Hernandia Sparattanthelium

1.286m Calanthea

Type 3

Mammea

Hydrangea

43.6m

45.1m

45.4m

1.296m Hylocarpa

1.399m

1.387m

Acanthocladus Caamembeca Diclidanthera Monnina Moutabea Polygala

45.2m

44.1m 47.3m

Vismia

171.5Tons 245Tons

1.434m

1.699m

1.474m

1.691m

1.684m Castilla

Blastemanthus

Type 5

Strychnos

49.1m

Apeiba

47.6m

Guarea

45.7m

47.2m

46.9m 1.476m

Phytolacca

48.5m

1.496m

1.645m Ficus

Acanthocladus

182Tons 260Tons

Before Ocilation

1.698m

1.611m

1.624m Moutabea

Phytolacca

1.711m

1.601m Cespedesia

1.699m Agonandra

48.1m

Before Failure

1.798m Clavija

Type 6

Trichostigma

1.753m Morus

Helicostylis

Polylepis Prunus

199.5Tons 285Tons

Before Ocilation

1.782m

1.774m Tyleria

1.767m Calanthea

50.7m

Picrasma Picrolemma Quassia Simaba Simarouba

51.4m

Before Failure 49.9m

Amorphospermum Chromolucuma Chrysophyllum Diploon Ecclinusa Elaeoluma Mimusops Planchonella

Before Ocilation

Before Failure

Euplassa Oreocallis Panopsis Roupala

Cassipourea Paradrypetes Rhizophora Sterigmapetalum

1.469m Lozania

49.2m

Amanoa Antidesma Astrocasia Chonocentrum Croizatia Didymocistus Discocarpus Hieronyma Jablonskia Kaluhaburunghos Margaritaria Phyllanthus

Type 4

Ericoides

1.417m Rusbyi

Cyrillopsis Blastemanthus Camptouratea Campylospermum Cercouratea Cespedesia Elvasia Froesia Godoya Krukoviella Lacunaria Ouratea Perissocarpa Philacra Poecilandra Polyouratea Quiina Rhytidanthera Touroulia Tyleria Wallacea

1.296m Orthaea

46.1m

Cabralea Carapa Cedrela Guarea Ruagea Swietenia Toona Trichilia

1.277m Endopleura

Before Ocilation

46.3m

1.240m

44.7m

43.9m Antonia Bonyunia Spigelia Strychnos

225Tons Before Failure

51.1m

Ardisia Bonellia Clavija Ctenardisia Cybianthus Geissanthus Gentlea

157.5Tons

50.4m

Gallesia Phytolacca Seguieria Trichostigma

Dichapetalum

Lacistema Lozania

48.1m

Agonandra

1.320m

Stephanopodium

50.1m

Antiaris Bagassa Batocarpus Brosimum Castilla Clarisia Ficus Helianthostylis Helicostylis Maclura Maquira Morus

1.299m Davilla

45.9m

Abutilon Aguiaria Apeiba Ayenia Bastardiopsis Berrya Brachychiton

1.259m Doliocarpus

46.2m

Aegiphila Callicarpa Cantinoa Cornutia Hyptidendron Orthosiphon

1.330m

48.7m

Cyrillopsis Ochthocosmus

Pozuzoensis Ramuliflora Reichardtiana Rusbyi Sandwithii Schultesii Sessilifolia Sprucei Steyermarkii

44.9m

Vismia

1.742m Mimusops

Type 7

Geissanthus

1.943m

Bulnesia OpenIzozogia

1.932m Bulnesia

1.979m Planchonella

227.5Tons

Gordonia

325Tons

Before Ocilation

1.813m

1.979m Oreocallis

Amazon Rainforest Tree Types

Acanthocladus

1.990m

53.5m

Before Failure

52.9m

Amphirrhox Corynostylis Fusispermum Gloeospermum Hekkingia Hybanthus Leonia Noisettia Paypayrola Rinorea Rinoreocarpus

1.977m

Chromolucuma

52.1m

Aloysia

Cecropia Coussapoa Myriocarpa Phenax Pourouma Pouzolzia Urera

52.7m

Pamphilia Styrax

Gordonia

51.9m

Discophora

52.5m

Euscaphis Staphylea Turpinia

Looking at the 1400 species of trees in the amazon only 240 of them are the most common. Analysis those species I was able to break down these trees into 8 types, all with average trunk size and height. These tree types are going to be used to inform my design.

10

1.084m Picrasma

Before Failure

Noisettia Anisocapparis Belencita Calanthea Capparicordis Capparidastrum Capparis Crateva Cynophalla Morisonia Neocalyptrocalyx Preslianthus Quadrella Steriphoma

1.013m Clusiella

39.7m

Cheiloclinium Elachyptera Elaeodendron Goniodiscus Gymnosporia Haydenia Maytenus Peritassa Plenckia Pristimera

1.026m

Hydnocarpus

40.1m

Calophyllum Caraipa Clusiella Haploclathra Kielmeyera Mahurea Mammea

Auxemma Bourreria Cordia Gerascanthus Heliotropium Lepidocordia Montjolya Tournefortia Varronia

1.077m

39.2m

Adenocalymma Crescentia Cuspidaria Cybistax Delostoma Digomphia Godmania

Allamanda Ambelania Aspidosperma Bonafousia Condylocarpon Couma Geissospermum Hancornia Himatanthus

37.7m

Saurauia Anaxagorea Annona Asimina Bocageopsis Cardiopetalum Cremastosperma Cymbopetalum

48.9m

Acanthaceae Achariaceae Achatocarpaceae Actinidiaceae Adoxaceae Alzateaceae Anacardiaceae Anisophylleaceae Annonaceae Apocynaceae Aquifoliaceae Araliaceae Arecaceae Asteraceae Bignoniaceae Bixaceae Bonnetiaceae Boraginaceae Burseraceae Buxaceae Cactaceae Calophyllaceae Canellaceae Cannabaceae Capparaceae Cardiopteridaceae Caricaceae Caryocaraceae Celastraceae Chloranthaceae Chrysobalanaceae Clethraceae Clusiaceae Columelliaceae Combretaceae Connaraceae Convolvulaceae Cornaceae Cunoniaceae Cyrillaceae Dichapetalaceae Dichapetaleae Dilleniaceae Dioscoreae Dipentodontaceae Dipterocarpaceae Droseraceae Ebenaceae Elaeocarpaceae Ericaceae Erythroxylaceae Euphroniaceae Fabaceae Gelsemiaceae Gentianaceae Gesneriaceae Goupiaceae Haemodoraceae Halorageae Hernandiaceae Hederaceae Heliotropieae Hernandiaceae Hippocrateaceae Humiriaceae Hydrocharideae Hydroleaceae Hymenophylleae Hypericaque Hypoxideae Icacineae Humiriaceae Hydrangeaceae Hypericaceae Icacinaceae Ixonanthaceae Lacistemataceae Lamiaceae Lauraceae Lecythidaceae Lepidobotryaceae Linaceae Loganiaceae Loranthaceae Lythraceae Magnoliaceae Malpighiaceae Malvaceae Marcgraviaceae Melastomataceae Meliaceae Menispermaceae Metteniusaceae Monimiaceae Moraceae Moringaceae Muntingiaceae Myricaceae Myristicaceae Myrtaceae Nothofagaceae Nyctaginaceae Ochnaceae Olacineae Oleaceae Onagraceae Ophioglosseae Orchidaceae Osmundaceae Oxalideae Papaveraceae Passifloraceae Pentaphylacaceae Peridiscaceae Phyllanthaceae Phytolaccaceae Picramniaceae Picrodendraceae Piperaceae Podocarpaceae Polygalaceae Polygonaceae Plumbagineae Podostemaceae Polygaleae Polygonaceae Polypodiaceae Pontederiaceae Portulacaceae Potamogetonaceae Primulaceae Proteaceae Putranjivaceae Rhabdodendraceae Rhamnaceae Rhizophoraceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Sabiaceae Salicaceae Santalaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Schlegeliaceae Schoepfiaceae Scrophulariaceae Simaroubaceae Siparunaceae Solanaceae Staphyleaceae Stemonuraceae Styracaceae Symplocaceae Tapisciaceae Tetrameristaceae Theaceae Thymelaeaceae Trigoniaceae Ulmaceae Urticaceae Verbenaceae Violaceae Vochysiaceae Winteraceae Ximeniaceae Zannichelliaceae Zingiberaceae Zygophyllaceae

49.6m

20

50.9m

40

53.4m

60

53.1m

80

1.968m Noisettia

Elaeoluma

Type 8

227

From the 16,000 tree species in the Amazon, (only 1.4% of these species) make up 56% of the estimated 400 billion tress that live there.

MATERIAL RESEARCH Section Two

SECTION TWO 11

1 Technical Ceramics

SIN

BC SIC AIO AIN

WC

Carbon Fiber

Silica glass Soda glass

Nontechnical Ceramics

AI alloys

Stone

Specific Modulus (GPa/(kg/m3))

Composites

Silicon

10 -1

Brick

Steels Mg alloys TI alloys

Concrete

10

-2

Cast Irons Wood

Metals

GFRP Zinc Alloys CU Alloys PA Lead alloys

10

PAMMA PC

-3

Polymers

Epoxies PS PP PE

Foams

Ionomers PTFE Leather

Rigid Polymer foam

10 -4

Cork

EVA Polyurethane

Elastomers

Silicones

10 -5 10 -4

10 -3

10 -2

10 -1

1

3

Specific Strenght (MPa/(kg/m ))

Planar (2D)

n N Knit

Woven

Pan - Polyacrylonitrile

Braided

Aligned Rovings

Biaxial Carbon Fiber Fillament on a Human Hair

Triaxial

Biaxial

Weft

Warp Bi-directional Fabric

Carbon Fiber Fillaments and Fabrication Carbon Fiber fillaments are crystalised carbon molecules put together through a heating process.

These fillaments are then joint together with organic polymers to form a carbon fiber thread.

Triaxial

Continuous

Linear

Discontinuous

Carbon fiber play a huge role in the manufacturing industry because it can be controlled from a molecular level. This enables carbon fiber parts to be optmized from a very early stage to peforme structurally.

12

CRP Composition & Performance

Pseudo-Unidirectional Fabric

Price Per Kg (£)

CRP Foot Bridge The first CFRP bridge to be built n Michigan, US. It replaces traditional black steel reinforcement with a combination of stainless steel and carbon fiber materials.

1958

High-Performance Carbon Fibers Roger Bacon created high-performance carbon fibers at the Union Carbide Parma Technical Center located outside of Cleveland, Ohio.

Manufacturing cost/energy

20% Carbon

Carbon

2003

1880

75

150

125

100

0

50

25

Lewis Latimer developed a reliable carbon wire filament for the incandescent light bulb, heated by electricity.

2008

Consumption (Mkg)

Light Bulb Filaments

Recession Technical problems and global recession slowed plans for expanding manufacturing of carbon fibre.

55%

Dr. Akio Shindo at Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Japan, using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a raw material.

2017

1960

Polyacrylonitrile Fiber

Boeing’s 777X In order to fabricate the largest Carbon Fiber coponent ever created by men, Boeing developed their own Auto-Clave in the US.

2019

1961

99% Carbon High Carbon Content Richard Millington of H.I. Thompson Fiberglas Co. developed a process (US Patent No. 3,294,489) for producing a high carbon content (99%) fiber using rayon as a precursor.

The company has inversted £50 million poounds to research the reduction of cost of carbon fiber.

1963

Rolls-Royce took advantage of the new material's properties to break into the American market with its RB-211 aero-engine with carbon-fiber compressor blades.

Carbon Fiber

Steel 1903

1958

403–221 BC

1971

Aluminium

High-Performance Tensile Carbon Fibers

3.5 3.0 Market Value (Bn)

T400 from Toray with a tensile strength of 4,000 MPa and M40, a modulus of 400 GPa.

2.5

The Market value of carbon fiber is only increasing.

Similarly to steel this increase in market value will allow more resources into research, leading to the decrease of manufacturing cost.

2.0 1.5 1.0

McLarenMP4/1 represented a major step forward in F1 car design. first raced in 1981, pioneered the use of carbon fibre for chassis construction.

Lance Armstrong first Tour de France victory in 1999 was on a carbon fiber Trek 5500, a carbon fiber framed bike.

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027

CRP Road Car The McLaren F1 is a sports car designed and manufactured by McLaren Cars and was the first road car to have a carbon fiber chasis.

2000

Trek 5500 Tour of France

0.5

1981

F1 Monocoque Chasis

1992

Manufacturing cost/energy

Jet Engine Fans

MCLaren Research Centre

Other Industry

Polyester Composites

USA + Mexico

Aerospace + Defense

Thermoplastic Composites

Rest of the World

Sports

Epoxy Composites

India

Marine

Vinyl Ester Composites

South Korea

Transportation

Phenolic Composites

Taiwan

Other Thermoset Composites

China Japan Turkey Hungary UK France Germany

In the early 2000’s Carbon fiber cost went under its production line. According to research CRP technology will become cheaper and more accessible allowing it to be used more in the architectural industry.

CRP History & Production Summary

13

Reinforced Bolted Connection This method is only used for some of the skin componets of the car. And it sandwiches a think aluminium mesh in the bolting hole areas in order to spread the stress throughout the component.

Bolted Connection Skin Component Alluminim Mesh

Monocoque Chasis

Steel Plate Connection

Component 1 Connection Point Steel plate

Carbon rbon Ceramic Break eak Disk Three hree times lighter than Stainless inless Steel break disks, ks, carbon ceramic combines mbines the best of both th worlds. The ceramic colting ting on the carbon fiber er disk, allows the disk to reach temperatures as highh as 1000C without deforming. orming.

Component 1

Segment Flange Connection Segment flange connections are reinforced folds within the Carbon Fiber monocoque skin which allows bolts to hold parts together without creating concetrated stress points.

Component 2 Internal Bolt

Component 1

Component 2 External Bolt

Formula one cars are made 85% of carbon fiber, this caused engineers to innovate in many aspects when designing parts for races. Therefore some of these innovations can be taken forwards to contribute into future CRP Design.

14

Splicing Innovations in Formula 1

Carbon Fiber Componet 300C

Carbon Ceramic Componet 1000C

During the production of the carbon fober component steel plates are added together with the mold, this merges the steel with the pre-stress carbon fiber, allowing this part to be connected from the steel end.

Spatial Arrangement

Carbon Fiber

Due to weight constrictions, airplanes are extremely optimized Spatially. And in many cases those spaces are doing more than one thing. This is similar to the dragonfly wing concept in which the veins become the structural element. .

Carbon Fiber + Aluminium Mesh Aluminium Mesh Or Stainless Steel

Boeings Carbon Fiber fusilage enables the pressure inside the cabin to be higher than normal airplanes, enabling users to suffer less jetlag.

Boeing 747 Carbon Fiber Spatial Optimization

15

CFRP Monocoque Beam Intro This project argues the use and transfer of existing material technologies from the automotive and aviation industry and implementation thereof in a prototypic trial assembly for structural static, dynamic and architectural validation. The prototype is a beam component part of a proposal for an assembly of an entry structure of a high specification development in the UK. The composite carbon fibre beam component provides all necessary milled stainless steel connection fittings within its carcass for further component interfaces like façade and column connections, resulting in a highly integral solution. Structurally it is classified as a monocoque that supports loads via its external stressed skin, as opposed to a frame or truss which carries shear through the section itself.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Digital Workflow

1

2

The aim was to sculpture the morphology of the component to reflect connection requirements as well as defection and stress analysis, resulting in a differentiated sectional composite beam geometry. Along its section the geometry responds to in plane forces and mitigates against secondary forces caused by flexural deformation. This leads to a form that legibly reflects the forces it carries and responds in a highly material efficient way.

At the same time all connection fittings were to be embedded within the actual carcass to achieve the highest degree of structural and functional integration.

3

5 4 6

7

7 8

Berkeley Hotel in Knightsbridge - London uses carbon fiber in order to achieve biggest spam with minimum structural components. The component does not work as a beam but instead it works as a monocoque structure.

16

The Berkeley Hotel - RSHP Carbon Fibre Beam Prototype

8

This exercises chanleges the forms in which carbon fiber can be achieved depending on the process it is manufactured. Ideally This form will show the capability of each manufacturing process due to its form.

Carbon Fiber Continuous Double-Sided Surface

17

Similar to the first test, this form intends to chalange the manufacturing process of carbon fiber. Due to the surface going back on itself and also weaving both edges, will enable me to understand the moulding process to create complex forms.

18

Carbon Fiber Continuous Double-Sided Surface 2

Operating Valve (Hot Air) Safety Valve Pressure Gauge

Door

Air Suction Chamber

Perfurated Shelf

Operating Valve (Hot Air)

1

Digital Model

2

Mould (Foam, 3D Print, Fiber Glass)

3

Prepeg Carbon Fiber Layering

4

Vacum Auto-clave

5

Mould Realease with Hot Water

6

One Continious Double Curved Model

1

Digital Model

2

Mould (Foam, 3D Print, Fiber Glass)

3

Carbon Fiber Layering + Gel Coat

Hot Air Air Vacuumed

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES ES

-Remove all air bubbles due to the pressured chamber.

-Ensures an even distribution of heat through the process.

-Creates the strongest form of carbon fiber component as we know today.

-Avoids human interaction with epoxy resin.

-Enables doouble curves and continous shapes.

-Limited by the size and availability off an auto-clave.

-Takes much longer than other methods of CRP production.

-Requires Knowledge on how to use the auto-clave, limiting its uses to trained workers.

Autoclave -Pressure Cooking Process uses a pressure cooker to infuse the resin and maintain its shape.

Vacuum Pump

Selant Tape

Resin Distribution Mesh

Vacum Bag

Preform Stack

Mould Tool Resin

Epoxy Resin

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

-Can be done to any size as it heats up using a chemical reaction.

-Does not require existing technologies in order to build components.

-It is the cheapest method to produce CRP parts.

-The hardening process is resonably quickly.

-It is difficult to spread the heating equally through mould.

-It is also unlikely to avoid all bubbles as it needs to be places manually.

-Exposes people working with it to o Epoxy resin.

-Does not allow continuety with material.

Vacum Plastic Bag Plastic Mesh Carbon Fiber Layer

Resin Infusion - Chemical Reaction in Vacum Uses a chemical reaction to heat up the resin and harden the carbon fiber.

Laser Source

4

Resin Infusion

5

Mould Realease

6

Two Carbon Fiber Componets to be Joint

1

Digital Model

2

Robotic CRP Layer+Laser+Resin Placing On Mold

3

One Continious Carbon Fiber Component

1

Digital Model

2

Robotic CRP Layer+Laser+Resin Placing without Mold

3

One Continious Carbon Fiber Component

Resin Distributor

UV Sensor

Resin Tank

Epoxy Resin Hardening Laser

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

-Allows layering process to be done without a mould.

-Dries the Part almost instantly as laser dries as robots arms layers.

-Enables complex shapes to be made and be continuous.

-Allows big structures to be built.

-It is almost imposible to create an even surface.

-It is the weakest method to create CRP components.

-Known to be most expensive method to create carbon fiber parts.

Robotic Layering - Laser Hardening Resin Uses directed laser to harden the resin as the Carbon Fiber is being layered.

Looking at the current available manufacturing process of CRP it is clear that in the architectural industry resin infusion is the best method of fabrication. As small bubbles does not affect architectural performance compared to the aviation industry and others. It also enables components to be fabricated anywhere.

Current CRP Manufacturing Processes Available

19

SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS Section Three

SECTION THREE

20

11

Gorvermental Representatives

x20

Cultural Representatives

11

x10

x40

Security

x50

Tourists

11

x350

Scientists

12

1

39 Tons

Total - 470 members Average Weight of a Brazilian Male - 83kg 3

11

Science Department

Protection

- Access Core 3

19

- Policia Federal Office

2

- Ornithologist Lab

20

- View Point

3

- Arboriculturist Department

21

- Drone Station

4

- Entomology Department

22

- Ibama Research Facility

5

- Naturopathic Lab

6

- Conference Room

7

- Control Room

8

- Electricity Plant

9

- Water Treatment Plant

2

1

23

5 4

25

Cultural Representatives

26

23 24

27

10

- Stuff WC

11

- Canopy Platforms

19

6

12

- View Point

13

- Stuff Accomodation

14

- Cantine

21 22

9

16

- HeliPad

17

- Conference Room

18

- Govermental Office

20

- Govermental Accomodation

- Public WC - Indigineous Findings Display

26

- Board Room

27

- Access Core 1

Tourists

Govermental Representatives 15

- Indigineous Protection Representatives

25

28

- Tourist Accomodation

29

- Cantine

30

- View Point

31

- Access Core 2

17

10

8

313Kg 7 11

1m

1m

18

Total -

1790 Tons

24 16

13 15

28 14

11 31 29

74,600

1,400

Rural properties registered in the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR).

162,000 Public Circulation

People benefited from sustainable productive activities.

Staff Circulation

687 Environmental inspection missions carried out.

Govermental Department

65%

Cultural Department

Of the Amazonian indigenous lands’ area supported.

Protection Department

1,200 Million Dollars Donated

View Point

1,000 800 600 400 200 0

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

190 Protected areas supported

US$ 1.3 Billion

Tourism Department 30

465 Scientific or informative publications produced.

Science Department 11

Acess From Ground

338 Institutions supported directly and through partners

Donations Received in Total.

93.8% Norway

5.7% Germany

0.5% Petrobras

Looking at existing research centers in the Amazon I developed a room list that would furfill the requirement for all the areas of which the amazon fund goes to.

Spatial Requirement

21

Suspended from branches + Stabilised by trunk.

Supported on a beam between trunks.

Bridging betwee trees, supported by two tree trunks.

Supported only by the trunk.

Supported by tension cables attached to two trees.

Diagnal bridge supported by two tree trunks.

Around the trunk + Branch supports.

Supported by multiple tension cables attached to multiple tree trunks.

Tension cables attached to two tree trunks in different heights.

Around the trunk, supported only by the trunk.

Supported by two trunks + support from the ground of the forrest.

Beams attached to two tree trunks.

Deconstructed platforms with enclosed inhabitations.

Tension cables holding bridge shape inbetween trees.

Around the trunk, diving the load with tension cables supported by other tree trunks.

Depending on the tree size and type there are muliple methods to place a structure. Hangning seems to be the prefered method to be used by researches as it affects the existing biomass the least.

22

Tree Structure Typology

Dead Load of Structure on Tree

Science Lab Specimen 1

Science Lab Specimen 2

Science Lab Specimen 3

Science Lab Specimen 4

-Fresh water tanks sit at the top in order to use gravity to pump water around the pod.

- Brown water tanks and chemical waster tanks hang bellow.

-The tanks are exposed to the outside as they do not need to be in the interior spaces.

-The core also hangs in the center of the structure.

-The toilets would also hang from the core as it would be easier as there is where the structure would be the strongest.

-Use the spaces between the floors to not just run the services but to also hide the furniture which are not being used.

Access Platform + Power Plant Specimen 1

Access Platform + Power Plant Specimen 2

Access Platform + Power Plant Specimen 3

Access Platform + Power Plant Specimen 4

-Due to the weight of the helicopter, the platform will only have the space to deliver goods and supplies.

-The platform will also hold a hot air balloon in case of an emergency.

-In order to distribute the weight equally, The fuel tanks and the generator room will be shared evenly underneath the platform.

-This also provides a better distribution and allows only the tanks that need access to be hanging in strategic points.

This minimize the amount of tanks as some of them can be combined together. This makes it easier to organise and arrange them together.

Living Quarters + Lounging Specimen 1

Living Quarters + Lounging Specimen 2

Living Quarters + Lounging Specimen 3

Living Quarters + Lounging Specimen 4

-This options explores storage spaces integrated with the sealing and floor, similar to an airplane. This will help the space to stay open and pleasant for users.

-This option moves the tanks to the outside of the pod enables the space to open even more.

-In order to preserve the view of the floor below the tanks shifted down. This is also helpful as the it enables to gravity to do all the work as the tanks are going to be places under the windows.

-The storage spaces under and above the lounge can also be used to store the furnitures, allowing the overall space to be smaller but adapt when more people are using it.

Private Quarters Specimen 1

Private Quarters Specimen 2

Private Quarters Specimen 3

Private Quarters Specimen 4

-This is a smallest specimen and therefore is the lightest one. Its constitutes of a sleeping cabin above followed by a small private living area bellow.

-This option integrates an AC system together with a water tank and a waste tank as well. It also has a support cable.

-In this option the support cable was removed as the weight of this specimen would allow it to hang from a tree by itself.

-In this option the direction of the spaces change as the access to this specimen would be from the opposite side from its hanging one.

Medical Bay + Workshop Specimen 1

Medical Bay + Workshop Specimen 2

Medical Bay + Workshop Specimen 3

Medical Bay + Workshop Specimen 4

-Due to the uses of this pod most of the spaces are storage oriented. There is a separation between workshop and medical bay through both floor to keep the spaces sterile.

-By pushing the tanks down this design was able to gain more lateral space and also preserve the view from the floor bellow.

-This option takes advantage of the space between the tanks and use it as storage unit.

-By adding an angle to the wall this design is able to achieve enough head space in the circulation areas and minimise the space in the overall shape.

Hydroponics + Resources Platform Specimen 1

Hydroponics + Resources Platform Specimen 2

Hydroponics + Resources Platform Specimen 3

Hydroponics + Resources Platform Specimen 4

This page explores in section the spatial qualities and arrangement of each specimen. This is explroed by the optimizing the tank arrangement together with the usable spaces.

Global Shape of Each Specimen (Sections)

23

5

3

8 2

1

10

6

11

12

9

4

7

14

1

Primary Structure

2

Research Area

3

Meeting Room

4

Tension Cables

5

Fresh Water Tanks

6

WC Pods

7

Waste Tanks

5

3

8

1 2

11

13

6

4

10 12

9

7

14

8

Sleeping Pods

9

Science Lab

10

Animal Storage

11

Cold Lab Storage

12

Micro Lab

13

AC System

14

Control Platform

5

8

2 3

13 4

1

10

11

6 9

12

7

14

In order to integrate all the spaces with the structure, the design intends to create spaces carved into the structure in order to maximise the use of all spaces.

24

Structural and Spatial Development

PARASITE ONE Parasite one is an existing method of tree attachment used to hang tents and smaller objects. It uses a ratchet strap to press rubber plates against.

PARASITE TWO Parasite two releases some of the stress caused by the previous deigns. This specimen focus on the parts of the tree supporting the tension load.

PARASITE THREE This parasite attempts to spread the tension load between multiple trees in order to maximise how much weight it can hold.

1

1

2

PARASITE FOUR In order to integrate access to clamping methods, this design also attaches itself to the bottom of the tree. This will provide stability and access to the structure.

PARASITE FIVE This parasite develops an opening within the support cables which enables a walkway structure to be placed above the existing connection.

2

3

PARASITE SIX To maximise support and spread the load between the tree another clamping attachment will be added to the tree to create the netting + structural support.

3 This page explores the integration of access to the canopy layer together with the specimen's attachment. This integration enables the tension cables used to hold up the pod to also serve as a pathway.

Access + Attaching Parasite

25

This are the circulation typologies within the canopy layer of the rainforest. Using a carbon fiber component which holds the tension cables together in place.

26

Walkway Conditions + Typologies

Spicimen Arrangement + Access

27

EXPLORER ONE - SPATIAL SYNTHESIS Section Four

SECTION FOUR

28

Ernst Haeckel Ernst drawings illustrate some of the structural principles used in nature. His drawings highlight symmetry and structural logic.

Corals/Silicoflagellates Looking at the structural system of silicoflagellates (a marine algae) and corals can be useful due to the way its formed. Both skeletal systems are formed by the slow acceleration of minerals building up and therefore are distributed for maximum effect.

Dragonfly wing Structural Integration The wings of a dragon fly is a super optimized system. The light weight wing structure uses the vaine and the support for the wing skin.

This makes the entire wing multi-purpose, this can be transferred into architecture for spatial arrangements.

Material saving and structural integration are architectural aspects which can be understood by looking at examples in nature. Ernst Haeckel drawings where he explores some of nature forms and structures.

Dragonfly Integrated Structural System

29

Plan

Plan

Elevation

Elevation

Plan n

an Plan

Elevation

Elevation

Plan

Plan

Elevation

Elevation

Plan

Plan

Elevation

Elevation

Plan

Plan

Elevation

Elevation

Plan

Plan

Elevation

Elevation

Through the deformation of a box shape being hung from certain directions I developed a shape of which responded to that deformation which then was analysed through stress lines.

30

Tree Hanging Structure Morphology

SPECIMEN ONE

SPECIMEN TWO

Specimen one is a personal structure used by individual researchers. Mostly used as a private living pod.

Specimen two uses a 3 point support and is a large living pod. The height of this pod does not allow individuals to stand up, however its a large living pod.

SPECIMEN THREE

SPECIMEN FOUR

Specimen three enables user to stand in the middle of the pod. This pod could be used as a combination of living and working lab.

Specimen four enables used to stand around the whole structure, however it is the smallest of the ones you can stand on.

SPECIMEN FIVE

SPECIMEN SIX

Specimen five is one of the heavy weights of the specimens it can be used for medium size labs and can also be combined with living spaces.

Specimen six is the largest specimen, it is efficient to use this specimen for large labs as its force divisions enables it to carry a lot of weight.

STRUCTURAL SPECIMENS TABLE

31

1.X Module

Variation Changing Cable Length Plan

2-3 Square Prism

Variation Changing Cable Length Plan

3. Square Prism

Variation Changing Cable Length Plan

4. Pentagonal Prism

Variation Changing Cable Length Plan

5. Hexagonal Prism

Variation Changing Cable Length Plan

In order to minimise material use, the design uses tensegrity principles in order to direct forces acting upon each component to focus on the strength of each material.

32

Tensegrity Principles

1

Hanging

Tensegrity

Hybrid

Using the length of the cables and hanging from it. Cable would be continuous the whole way through.

Using timber mber columns to open up thee spaces in-between the tension cables.

The cables would compress the timber columns.

Similar to the tensegrity method, this would use timber columns in compression. However they would be compressed by CFRP.

Uses two main cables and 4 others holding a smaller percentage of the load and stability.

8

Wood is pressed together to form fo the ground floor level and central core.

2

Uses similar ration to the first one, directs the cables in a however it dire similar direction.

9

Vertical elements start to create lower elements for lower floo floor to hang from from.

3

Same method as the one before, angles lateral cables to however it angl gain more stability.

10

By angling the timber column a more define internal spaces were achieved.

Platform

Monocoque

This method would use a platform which would be stretched by the tension cables. Other elements would be hang from the platform.

Would be a solely be mate from CFRP elements. The CFRP would be stretched by the tension cables.

4

The main platform created a bone bo structure around itt in order to support other elements.

11

Th bl supports hold the two The cable floor plates in order to create the one body.

5

becomes the entire The platform becom floor area, are seem to be a very inefficient way of doing it.

12

Structure spreads in order to distribute the load load, but also to create the internal spaces.

6

Structure also als forms the shapes of internal create the intern ernal wallss in order to cre internal ernal spaces.

13

Opening on the floor enables structure to fit all the tanks and wet areas in the core.

7

without the strucSlightly structure wit ture above in order to reduce weight.

14

Floor plan changes and it only happens where heavy equipment would be places.

This page shows all the structural attempts before the final method. This used a logical method of selection considering integration and architectural form.

Structural Morphology Summary.

15

Uses CFRP to press the timber components together in compression .

16

Minimises the wooden elements, however this requires bigger elements & therefore less efficient.

17

This changes the ratio of CFRP and trying to achieve the best combination.

18

Similar to a chasi this attempts to use the external skin as the frame for the internal spaces.

19

This is the most integrated method and therefore overall I believe it would use less material.

33

2

5

4

1

3

6 7

1

Primary Structure

2

Semi-Enclosed Spaces

3

Enclosed Spaces

4

Tension Cables

5

Fresh Water Tanks

6

WC Pods

7

Waste Tanks

Tension Forces Compression Forces This page shows how the masts inside of the structure act up in compression pushing the tensile forces apart creating internal spaces.

34

Science Lab Specimen Structural Principles

CFRP Monocoque The monocoque distributes be loads through the structure and the central core. Similarly to a car chasis it also open cavities for inhabitable spaces.

Pipe System The pipe system also hide behind the monocoque and integrates itself within the floor cavity between the floors.

Ballast + Waste Tank

Fresh Water Tank

The waste tanks have a minimum limit to be used as an active ballast. Similarly to a boat, the waste water would be used to balance the specimen.

The water tanks are places directly above the bathroom pods in order to allow gravity to push water into the floor below freely.

External Fiber Glass Storage

AC System

The external storages combines into the frame holding the window and door, the roof of the bedroom and also as a desk space.

The AC system is located in an open area of the monocoque structure in order to allow the device to collect and release air without over heating the interior.

This page separate each element inside the specimen cavity, showing how each components is used and how it sits within the monocoque.

Cavity Description

35

2

4 1

3

1

2

5

3

4

6

5

6 This shows some of the systems and mechanisms used to adapt the spaces depending on the uses and times of the day.

36

Integration Mechanisms/Systems

This shows a view of how the scientist would approach the specimen. this highlights how the supporting cables would also be used as a walking path.

Specimen Access

37

This page shows the inhabitation of the speci levels, and how each piece of furniture is us and can colapse.

38

Cavity Inhabitatio

0 1 2

5

10

0 1 2

5

10

men within the tree sed in a certain way

on

39

EXPLORER TWO - STRUCTURAL RESOLUTION Section Five

SECTION FIVE

40

Tree Type One Tree Type Two Tree Type Tree Tree Type Four Tree Type Five Tree Type Six Tree Type Seven

1000m

Tree Type Eight **Reference Tree Typology Table**

This is a very famous nature reserve in Brazil due to its remote location and also the animal trafficking happening in the area.

Due to its location its difficult for authorities to keep track and protect the area.

Reserva Extrativista do Rio Jutai - Site Plan

41

Science Lab Specimen

9 3 5

Overnight Bunks

1

Research Office

2

Observation Deck

3

Meeting Room

4

Fresh Water Tanks

5

Reference Library

6

Open Office

7

Micro Biology Lab

8

Animal storages

9

8

11 4

7

2 1

12

6 10

Sample Storage 10 Waste Tanks 11 Central Core 12 Heavy Specimen

Access Platform + Power Plant Specimen Heliport

1

Hot Air Balloon Storage

2

Fuel Storage

3

Generator

4

Radio Room

5

Photovoltaic Film

6

Central Core

7

Waste Disposal

8

1

3 2

5 7

8 4

6

Medium Weight Specimen

Living Quarters + Lounging Specimen

4

4

8

Dinning Area

1

Kitchen Area

2

Food Storage

3

Lounging Area

4

Water Tanks

5

Cold Storage

6

Central Core

7

Drinking Water Filters

8

5 2

3

1

6

7

Light Specimen

Private Quarters Specimen Private Bedroom Pods

1

Private Lounging Area

2

Water Tank

3

Waste Tank

4

4 1

2 3

Ultra Light Specimen

Medical Bay + Workshop Specimen

5

Central Core

1

Vaccine Storage

2

Cold Medical Storage

3

Workshop

4

Medical Office

5

2 3 1

4

Medium Weight Specimen

Hydroponics + Resources Platform Specimen

1

3

6

Hydroponic Farm

1

Central Core

2

Storage

3

Water Distribution System

4

Compost Tank

5

Cold Storage

6

Seed Storage

7

2 5 1

7

1 1 4

Heavy Specimen

This page explores the spatial requirements of each pod and its characteristics in terms of weight and size. This enables me to predict where these specimens need to hang.

42

Specimen Typology + Allocation

Hanging From Two Points The issue with this method is that it is extremely unstable. As The pod is able to swing from side to side.

Hanging From Four Points This is more stable than the 2 point support however it is still unable to control some of the lateral forces.

Hanging From 3/1 Points This causes a lot of instability as on side of the pod is extremely stable and the other is not.

Hanging From 2/2 Points This enables a more even stabilizing method however it still not very effective with the lateral stabilization.

Hanging From 3/3 Points This secures the pod from all angles. And overall it is a good way to stabilise the specimen.

Hanging From Eight Points This is the most stable method, however a hierarchy of cables must be considered in order to take this approach.

This page explores the most efficient method to hang the pods and also the most stable method to hang. This can be seen in the diagrams above.

Hanging Methods + Stability

43

Science Lab Specimen

Access Platform + Power Plant Specimen

Living Quarters + Lounging Specimen

Private Quarters Specimen

Medical Bay + Workshop Specimen

Hydroponics + Resources Platform Specimen

This page shows the best methods to hang each speciment to the trees on site. This is evaluated by its programme and weight.

44

Global Shape of Each Specimen (Plans)

T3

T3 T2

T2

T3

T2

T1

T1

T1 y

T1 y T1 x

T2

Mg

D

D

-16 Degrees provides the optimum distribution of load between compression and tension. But also to keep the design within the canopy layer and also to reach most of the trees average.

-In order to avoid the tree from coming off its roots, the cable can be distributed between various trees creating a network of cables similar to a spider web.

T3

T2

T1

T3

T2

Mg D

-This tensegrity method removes the pressure from that one element and spread it through the structure.

-This would also the most efficient method to create the spaces as the tensile cables would form the interior spaces.

-However this is very limiting in terms of architecture as all the spaces would have to be created around the cables in order to maintain a light weight design.

T3

T3

T2

T1

T2

Mg D

-A hybrid between a tensegrity structure and a monocoque would work best and even though it would work slight less efficiently structurally, however it would integrate the internal spaces as well, and therefore making it more efficient as the structure would create the internal spaces.

-Instead of cables the carbon fiber frame would form the overall shape and distribute the tensile forces through the structure. The timber would help the structure to stay open by supporting all its compression loads.

Case Load - 98N (10 tonnes)

Vertical Load - 49N

Vertical Load - 49N Tension Load - 170.9N

Tension Load - 134.6N

Tension Load - 277.9N

T1 x

10

0

10

T1 y

0

T1 x

T__ 1x Cos(20) T1 =

T__ 1y Sin(20)

T1 x = 134.6N

T1 x = T1 Cos(20)

1

T y + T1 y = Mg T1 y = 49N T__ 1y Sin(10) T =

T__ 1x Cos(10) T1 =

Hanging

0

16

T__ 1y Sin(10)

T1 x = 277.9N

T1 =

T1 y

0

T1 x

T1 x = T1 Cos(10)

1

98N

T 1 = 143.3N

Static Equilibrium

T1 16

T1 x

T1 y + T1 y = Mg T1 y = 49N T__ 1y Sin(20) T = T1 =

T1

T1 y

T y + T1 y = Mg T1 y = 49N T__ 1y Sin(16) T =

T__ 1x Cos(16) T1 =

T__ 1y Sin(16)

T1 x = 170.9N

T1 x = T1 Cos(16)

51m

T1 x

10m Canopy

T1

T1 y

Average Height Between Large Trees

T1 T1 y

0

T1 x

1.6m

Case Load - 98N (10 tonnes)

Vertical Load - 49N

T1

T1 x

D

Case Load - 98N (10 tonnes)

20

T1 y T1 x

Mg

1

T3

T2

T1

T1 y

T1 x

-Creating a space around the tensegrity structure would allow the architecture to expand and would also maintain the structural performance of the primary structure.

-However this create two separated structures which are not working together this is bad because integration affects material allocation and the weight of the structure.

98N

T1

T1 y T1 x

0

T1 x

D

T1 y

20

T1 y T1 x

Mg

T1

T3

T2

T1

T1 y

T1 x

-This is the simplest form of hanging the structure, as the extended platform decreases the distance of the cable creating less tension on the tree.

-This platform structure would enable spaces to hang from it or stand above it.

-However the stretched platform would go under a huge amount of force due to the cables pulling it and also the other spaces hanging from it. Therefore it would need to be very large in order to handle all of these loads.

T1

T1

T1 y T1 x

Ty

T1 x

Mg

T1

T2

T1 y T1 x

T1 y

T3

T1

T1 y

T1 x

-This enables a lot of spatial freedom, form hanging is able to take any shape.

-Unexpectedly the higher the angle does not necessarily have a correlation on the decrease of the tension forces and increase of the compression forces on the tree. However this angle would pass the average height of the tress not allowing the cables to maximise its hanging distribution.

-The 20 degree angle applies the same compression forces on the tree but less tension forces.

T3

T3

T2 T1

1

98N

T 1 = 282.2N

Platform

T1 =

T 1 = 177.8N

Tensegrity

10m 50m Average Distance Between Large Trees

Monocoque

Through understanding the angle of hanging limitation this page explores the best structure for the specimen. According to this study a semi monocoque would work best.

Hanging + Structural Strategy

45

A optimal location for each pod was found according to the tree location and their size. By using Kangoroo a mesh was attached to those points to start exploring their form.

46

Specimens' Allocaiton and Form Finding

By analysing the forces running through the each member the angle of each component was adapt to act at its best performance through a evolutionary tool called Galapagos.

Primary Optimization

47

This shows the spatial arrangement inside the largest specimen within the family of pods. It distributes its heavy weight over 18 trees in order to maintain stability.

48

CFRP and Timber Composite Prototype

1

2

6

4

5

3

1

Layer 1 - External Details

2

Layer 2 - External Skin

3

Layer 3 - Primary Structure

4

Layer 4 - Services

5

Layer 5 - Internal Skin

6

Layer 6 - Internal Details

This page shows how each layer work individually and as a whole to form the entire monocoque structure.

Structural Layering Hierarchy

49

To maximise internal spaces most of the furnitures are integrated with the architecture. As shown above the table hides seamless under the floor and is able to slide up when needed.

50

Interior Integration

ASSEMBLY Section Six

SECTION SIX 51

1

3

4

2

A barge would take the primary structure with the primary inner skin and services already attached weighting approximately 7 tons to the closest point to the site by the river.

A Helicopter would then pick it up and hold it in place by the canopy layer where cables would already be positioned on the trees.

Mountaineers would be on site to attach the structure to the trees followed by the rest of the structure, including the external skin and internal details.

5

The helicopter would keep bringing all the other components.

Once all components were brought in place the structure will be left on the canopy layer and would be accessed from the trees.

This page shows how the model is strategically separated to allow a helicopter with a payload of 8-10 tons.

52

Assembly Steps

Specimen in Context

53

54

Access Walkaway

EXPLORER THREE - DESIGN RESOLUTION Section Seven

SECTION SEVEN 55

1

2

3

4

5

Specimen One Specimen had a functional set of organs however its spatial arrangement was not integrated enough and therefore it was not as light as it could be.

Specimen Two The scale of this specimen did not work. Its over sized edges wasted space and did not match the integration and lightweight principles followed.

Specimen Three This specimen addressed scale however it did not integrate with the primary structure having to expand at points.

Specimen Four The scale of this specimen was correct, however organs and spatial arrangement did not follow the premises of its primary structure and therefore would need to undergo a diet.

Specimen Five All layers of this specimen are coherent, supporting each other and having a small tolerance between all elements.

This pages shows how the specimen evolve to achieve a better spatial and structural arrangement.

56

Specimen's Evolution

1

2

3

Primary Structure The prestressed structure uses a wooden core to resist the high compression forces going through the middle of the structure. The rest of the carbon fibre frame is in high tension.

Secondary Structure The secondary frame is infused to the primary in order to maintain its continuity. All other parts of the specimen are then attached to this secondary frame.

Organs The organ system of the specimen composes all the services of the structure including the bladders, fresh water tanks and the lungs of the specimen.

57

1

2

58

3

Primary Structure The prestressed structure uses a wooden core to resist the high compression forces going through the middle of the structure. The rest of the carbon fibre frame is in high tension.

Secondary Structure The secondary frame is infused to the primary in order to maintain its continuity. All other parts of the specimen are then attached to this secondary frame.

Organs The organ system of the specimen composes all the services of the structure including the bladders, fresh water tanks and the lungs of the specimen.

1

Primary Structure

Primary Structure The prestressed structure uses a wooden core to resist the high compression forces going through the middle of the structure. The rest of the carbon fibre frame is in high tension.

59

2

60

Secondary Structure

Secondary Structure The secondary frame is infused to the primary in order to maintain its continuity. All other parts of the specimen are then attached to this secondary frame.

3

Organs The organ system of the specimen composes all the services of the structure including the bladders, fresh water tanks and the lungs of the specimen.

Specimen's Organ Allocation

61

Steel Cable Steel Plate Clamp Connection

CFRP Primary Structure

Electrical Cables Fresh Water Inlet

Fresh Water Tank

Secondary Structure

Aluminium Connection

Fresh Water Pipe

Teak Floor

Fibre Glass Floor

Bladders Inlet Electrical Cables

Secondary Structure

Bladders Aluminium Connection

CFRP Primary Structure

This pages shows the relationship between the layers of the specimen. Exploring the connection between each of them and their relationship to the inside and outside

62

Specimen's Organ Details

1

2

4

External Specimens The External skin protects the entire specimen from external variables and also work structurally. The layering of this skin enables it to work structurally with the secondary and primary.

3

4

5

6

7

8

External Skin

63

Primary Monocoque Structure This primary is a combination of the previous primary and secondary and it also includes the floors and the roof. This enables skin panels to be added with minimum weight as they don’t need to be structural.

In order to optimize the previous structural system, this method combine both methods into a unified system creating a more efficient overall form.

64

Structural Unification - Monocoque

Lungs (AC System) Bladders (WasteTanks) Water Tanks

Organ Allocation

65

This page shows how the now lighter skin is placed on the monocoque frame. This system enables these panels to be lighter as they do not need to be structural.

66

Skin Assembly

42

42kg/m3

66

66kg/m3

By comparing the square meters I was able to identify the weight to usable space efficiency of this specimen.

Overall Weight

67

1

1 2 3 4 5

Lungs (AC Systems) WC - Toilet Work Space/ Research Office Fresh Water Tanks Sleeping Pods

Spatial Arr 68

5

4 3 2

rangement 69

Sectio 70

on Cut 71

Specime 72

en's Gills 73

Aerial View 74

+ Elevation 75

Specimen's 76

Underbelly 77

Research La 78

ab + Office 79

Entry Level Plan 0

80

1

2

4

81

Entry Level Plan 0

82

1

2

4

83

Entry Level Plan 0

84

1

2

4

85

APPENDIX Section Eight

SECTION EIGHT

86

Material Propreties Optimization Through form analysis lapella chair is able to reduce material used and also keep the object as light weight as possible whilst maintaining its structural propreties. Informing how the strenght of carbon fiber can be maximized when combined with another material.

4mm Uniform Outer Layer

4-8mm Variable Layer

Layer of Typology Aligned Carbon Fiber

Layers of a single Carbon Fiber Surface

Layer of Typology Aligned Carbon Fiber Arccording to Force Flows

Low

Tension Forces

High

Compression Forces with Foot Restrain

Force Density Diagram

Structual Analysis for Material Reduction During fabrication carbon fiber was used to reinforced the marble whislt it was being CNC to stop the material from cracking even when its being cut to such small thicknesses such as 4mm.

Compression & Tension Areas

Primary Lines

Stress Map

Structural Use Map

Stress

In the lapella chair design strucutral analysis is used to optmize the the strenghts of carbon fiber and marble.

The production of the chair itself was wastefull, but the idea behind it could be used in the manufacturing of carbon fiber componets

Optimized Material Potential

87

Structural Layering In order to minimize weight and maximise strenght, carbon fiber frames are layered in a specific way. An ikea like map is developed by engeneers in order to inform the builders on how to layer the carbon fiber onto the mold. This could be applied in a bigger scale to improve current carbon fiber contrcution methods.

1 Stainless Steel Frame

26 B10

T43B8 B15

T42 T46 T43 T51 B27 T42 B51 B26 T63

B61

T56T71

B27 T55 B26

T57

T71

T51 T63

T57T54

B2 5

B36

T33 B31B46 B38

B43 B31 B46 B38

T67 B51

T56

B41

T72

T78 T67 T87

T56

B13 B32

B32 B41 B36

T72

B61

T79

T71

T71 T81 T31

T87 T79

B43

T31

T78 Frame Layering Arrangement T54

B2 5

T33

B1

T81

2 Carbon Fiber Layered in Order

2

B22

T52

B1 T11 B13

T7

T52

T9 T56

T46 B10

B15

B3 T55 B14

In order to minimize weight and maximise strenght, carbon fiber frames are layered in a specific way. An ikea like map is developed by engeneers in order to inform the builders on how to layer the carbon fiber onto the mold. This could be applied in a bigger scale to improve current carbon fiber contrcution methods.

T76

26

B14

B8 B22 B4

Structural Layering

T11

T32

T7 2

T9 20

B3

B4

T76

20

T32

Frame Layering Arrangement

3 After Pressure Cooked Mold is Removed The making of carbon fiber road bike frames uses the minimum amount of layers in order to achieve the most structural components. This is useful for weight and cost savings.

88

Carbon Fiber Layering Optimization

1

6

2

7

3

8

4

9

5

10 Through the exploration of architectural forms which tackle different structural propreties, I intend to test these shapes with carbon fiber and understand how the material reach to each of these propreties.

One Surface Architectural Forms

89

90

91

This page explores the interior of the pod trying to understand the atmosphere and the spatial qualities provided by the CFRP Structure.

92

Specimen Interior + Materiality

3

1

3 2

2

4

8

8 5

7

9

2

6

6

3

7

9

10

4 14

6

14 13

9

13

7 5

12

8

12 11

13

16 14

15

16

18

18 17

17

19 17

18

24

23

21 22

24

23

21 20

24

22

22

Bolts for Metal Plate Connections

Wires for Water Collection and Electricity

Zipped Fabric for Waterproofing

Water Collection Bag

Zipped Net

For this individual Pod, The structure was broken down into smaller pieces so it can be carried by people. The small and light weight components allows researchers to carry and assemble the pod.

CFRP Components Breakdown

93

Air Extractor The Air extracting system is placed in the middle beam in order to remove all the heat rising in the center of the structure.

Bathroom Mirror The mirror in the bathroom is integrated with the monocoque Carbon Fiber Structure.

Fiber Glass Sink The sink panel is integrated with a storage compartment underneath it.

Toilet seat The toilet seat is integrated with the walls in order to provide the users with more space, similarly to the ones used in airplanes.

Bathroom Storage

Steel Plate Joint

Between the bathroom walls the space left will be used as storage.

A Steel plate connection is going to be used to connect the fiber glass beds with the monocoque structure.

Transparent Tedlar Tedlar is an extremely strong and light weight fabric used in the aero industry.

It can be made as a transparent fabric, making it ideal for the light weight build.

AC System Pipes

Private Storage

These pipes are the outlet of cold air, they are part of an AC system which is located Behind the pod.

Each bed has a private storage room for each individual researcher to keep their belongings.

Light Weight Bedding The bed is shaped in a triangular form in order to save space.

General Storage + Equipment This bigger storage space is directed to equipment and researchers personal belongings.

Electric Wiring All the electric wiring are going to run inside the monocoque structure.

Sewer Storage In order to keep all the sewer disposal contained, a storage and treatment facility will be place in each pod.

Sewer Pipe This pipe is used for the removal of sewer excess when the system is full.

Office + Research Bedroom Compartment 3

Bedroom Compartment

Kitchen

Bathroom

Bedroom Compartment 2

Bedroom Compartment 4

Services

This page explores the division of space and some of the spatial qualities of living in a highly integrated space. At the same time still preserving the comfort of the users and privacy.

94

Spatial Integration

3

Empty Chassis

6

1

9

All Services + Wiring Intro

13

10 11

2

8

4

5

All Pre Cast Fiber Glass Internals Added

7

12

1

AC System

2

Transparent Tedlar

3

Non-Transparent Tedlar

4

Bed Component

5

Storage Component

6 7

Water Tank Sewer Storage

8

Sewer Treatment System

9

Air Extraction

Finishes + Fabric Enclosure Added

10 Electric wiring 11 Mattress 12 Bedroom Storage 13 Sink

CFRP Chassis Looking at the i8 carbon fiber chassis designed

by BMW it becomes clear that it is a more integrated form of structure saving in weight and space.

This page explores the composition of the CFRP monocoque structure and its relationship with the living spaces. Providing the researches with living spaces but also work facilities all integrated in one.

CFRP Chassis Assembly

95

1

3 3

6

7

2

5 2 4 8

5

7

6

3 3

1

1

Overnight Bunks

2

Research Office

3

Observation Deck

4

Meeting Room

5

Fresh Water Tanks

6

Reference Library

7

Open Office

8

Micro Biology Lab

13

12

14 10 9

11

11

10

12

11

9

10

10

11

12

15

15

14

14

12 14

9

Equipment Storage

10

WC

11

Cold Store Freezer

12

Lab Benches

13

Animal Storage

14

Individual Work Pods

15

Hydroponics Plant.

13

19

19

16

18

17

15

16

Chem Waste Tank

17

Grey Water Tank

18

Gas Cylinders

19

AC Units Inlet

20

AC Units Outlet

16 18

20

20

This shows the spatial arrangement inside the largest specimen within the family of pods. It distributes its heavy weight over 18 trees in order to maintain stability.

96

Spatial Arrangement-Large Specimen

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

97

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98

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All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

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