Douglas Yang_Y5 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

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FOREST CITY: CHINESE CULTURAL COMPLEX

DOUGLAS QIMING YANG YEAR 5

UNIT

Y5 DQY

RE-IMAGINE CHINESE TIMBER FRAME

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DOUGLAS QIMING YANG YEAR 5 Y5 DQY

douglas.yang.18@alumni.ucl.ac.uk @unit14_ucl

R E-I M AG I N E C H I N E S E T I M B E R F R A M E FOREST CITY: CHINESE CULTURAL COMPLEX Forest City, China

C

ontext/ Brief: The One Belt One Road Initiative has resulted in numerous China invested infrastructural and cul-tural projects globally. During contextual research, it is found that Malaysia and Singapore have large Chinese descendant population, and they are the countries received most Chinese investment.

Forest City (Fig. 2), situated in-between Malaysia and Singapore is among one of those. It is criticised this mega residential project is mainly di-rected to Chinese buyers, instead of focusing on the local’s interests. To respond, this building project proposes a Chinese cultural complex on the fourth island, serving as a hub for all people with Chinese roots or cultural inter-ests to experience and celebrate the Chinese heritage.

Research Topic: The early research focuses on the history and the design of traditional Chinese timber frame. Dou-gong (brackets and blocks), is recognized as the most important structural component in Chinese architecture.Its structural and constructional principles are examined in depths and three principles are concluded: 1, Dougong performs efficiently as a structural component, providing earthquake proof function; 2, all component in Dougong and Chinese timber frame are highly standardized and can be calculated from one base unit; and 3.

Chinese timber frame can be parametric.

of standardized cross laminated components.

All components are prefabricated in China then shipped on site to assemble.

Situated in the site context, this project brings the traditional Chinese architectural language into a foreign tropical environment. Environmental strategies are examined closely to adapt the original Chinese architecture form into a new system that can deal with the local climate in the most efficient way. With China’s ambition to amplify their global influence, it is inevitable that more Chinese funded infrastructure in foreign land will appear. As a result, this project offers a new colonial architecture typology that is elegant, efficient, and can be appreciated. This project also aims to offer an architectural solution to ease the tension between the locals and the Chinese investors by delivering a project that is made in China and beneficial to the everyone.

Design Objectives: The three principles are further tested in digital tools to generate tectonic fragments. It is this project ambition to translate and re-interpret Chinese timber frame into a new timber structural system that can be implemented on large-scale infrastructure.

The proposed system is constructed from a set

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RE-IMAGING CHINESE TIMBER FRAME FOREST CITY: CHINESE CULTURAL COMPLEX

Douglas QM Yang Unit 14 YR5 March Design Portfolio Bartlett School of Architecture 2019/20

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RE-IMAGING CHINESE TIMBER FRAME FABRICATING A CHINESE FOREST CITY

Portfolio Structure

Section 1: Research Topic- Chinese Timber Frame 1.1 Tenon & Mortise Joinery 1.2 Chinese Architecture Overview 1.3 Dougong (Brackets & Blocks) 1.4 Chinese Architecture Standards (Song Construction Manual) 1.5 Generative Chinese Architecture 1.6 Tectonic Studies

Section 2: Context/ Brief- A New Colonial Architecture Typology 2.1 Chinese One Belt One Road 2.2 Chinese Investment in Southeast Asia 2.3 Colonial Architecture 2.4 Site - Forest City, Malaysia 2.5 Malaysian Chinese Cultural Scene 2.5 Brief - Chinese Cultural Complex

Section 3: Design Development: Reimagine Chinese Timber Frame 3.1 Translating Dougong 3.2 Structure Prototype 3.3 Cluster Development 3.5 Masterplan Development 3.4 Spatial Typologies 3.5 Detail Development

Section 4: Design Proposal: Chinese Cultural Complex 4.1 Landscape Interface Series 4.2 Long Section 4.3 External Views 4.4 Internal Views 4.5 360 Views

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SECTION 1 RESEARCH TOPIC CHINESE TIMBER FRAME

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7

Straight Tenon 直榫

Cogged-scarf Tenon 楔釘榫

Modern Tenon 現代榫 T-shaped Circular Joint 圓材丁形接合

Modern Tenon 現代榫 T-shaped Block Joint 方材丁形接合

Modern Tenon 現代榫 T-shaped Three Block Joint 方材丁形接合

Modern Tenon 現代榫

Swastika Joint 欑接卍字

Joint of Round Timber 圓材角接合

Zongzi Angle Tenon 粽角榫

Pipestem-shaped Tenon 挖煙袋鍋 Overlord Pillar 霸王棖

Cross-shaped Joint 十字棖 Mortise-bearing Frame Member 抹頭

Cross of Three Timber 三材接合 Leg-encircling Joint 裹腿棖

Silver-ingot Tenon 銀錠榫

Legs through the Panels 腳足貫穿面

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Swallow-tail Tenon 燕尾榫

Inserted Shoulder Tenon 插肩榫

CHINESE WOOD JOINT MORTISE & TENON 榫卯 2

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Cogged-scarf Tenon 楔釘榫

T-shaped Circular Joint 圓材丁形接合

T-shaped Block Joint 方材丁形接合

T-shaped Three Block Joint 方材丁形接合

Swastika Joint 欑接卍字

Zongzi Angle Tenon 粽角榫

Overlord Pillar 霸王棖

Mortise-bearing Frame Member 抹頭

Leg-encircling Joint 裹腿棖

Legs through the Panels 腳足貫穿面

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Inserted Shoulder Tenon 插肩榫

CHINESE WOOD JOINT MORTISE & TENON 榫卯 3

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-1000

-500

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

辽 LIAO 金 JIN 五代 Five Dynasties 北魏 North WEI 十国 Ten K.doms

十六国 Sixteen Kingdoms 西晋 Western JIN

秦 QIN 周 ZHOU

新 XIN

殷商 SHANG

春秋战国 Spring/ Autumn Period

南宋 Southern SONG 东晋 Eastern JIN

东汉 Eastern HAN

宋齐梁陈 South Kindoms

隋 SUI

唐 TANG

北宋 Northern SONG

元 YUAN

明 MING

清 QING

三国 Three Kindoms

西汉 Western HAN

Temple of Heavan, Beijing, A.D 1406-1420 Library, Huayen Temple, Shanxi. A.D 1038

Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, A.D 1697

YangHe Lou, Zhengding, Hebei A.D 1260

Chuzu An, Shaolin Temple, Henan A.D 1125 Nanchan Temple, Mount Wutai, Shanxi. A.D 782

Rear Audience Hall, Forbidden City, Beijing, A.D 1420

The Mountain Resort, Chengde, Beijing, A.D 1708

Main Hall, Beiyue Temple, Hebei A.D 1270

Front Hall, ShanHua Temple, Shanxi A.D 1118-1148

Main Hall, FoGuang Temple, Mount Wutai, Shanxi. A.D 857

Sacrificial Hall, Tomb of Empror Yongle, Beijing, A.D 1420

60

75

90

105

120

135

Gate of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, A.D 1894

150

60

60

45

45

30

30

15

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HISTORY & GEO-LOCATION OF CHINESE TIMBER FRAMES 0

0

60

10

4

75

90

105

120

135

150

0m

Main Hall, Foguang Temple A.D 857

50m

Main Hall, Shanhua Temple A.D 1040

Library, Huayen Temple A.D 1038

Song Standard A.D 1103

Chuzu An, Shaolin Temple A.D 1125

Front Hall, Shanhua Temple A.D 1118-43

Main Hall, Jintu Temple A.D 1124

Main Hall, Beiyue Temple A.D 1270

Yanghe Lou, Zhengding A.D 1260

Sacrificial Hall, tomb of the Emporor A.D 1415-26

Rear Audience Hall, Forbidden City A.D 1615

Supreme Harmony Hall, Forbidden City A.D 1697

Supreme Harmony Gate, Forbidden City A.D 1894

EVOLUTION OF CHINESE TIMBER FRAME 歷代木構演變

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1. Columns (Internal, Main, and Secondary) are defined on the plinth.

2. Primary Dougong are constructed on top of each column.

3. Beams are placed on top of the brackets supported by the Dougong beneath.

4. Timber frames are placed on top of the beams to shape out the roof.

5. Secondary Dougong are placed on top of the beams, inbeween the primaries.

6. Roof structures are secured on top of the load bearing beams.

Dougong (Brackets and Blocks)

CHINESE TIMBER-FRAMED ARCHITECTURE 中式大木構

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6

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11 12 22 13 21

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14

Dougong

15 19

16

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1. Flying Rafter 2. Roof Tiles 3. Eave-Rafter 4. Jixin Dou (Central Bracket) 5. San Dou (Side Bracket) 6. Eave-Purlin 7. Rafter Hiding Board 8. Luohan Fang, Outer Beam 9. Zhutou Fang, Top of Column Beam 10. Jinkou Fang, Inner Beam 11. Shuatou, End of Beam 12.Transfer Bracket 13. Ang 14. Huatouzi, Tip of the Beam 15. Transfer Bracket 16. Hua Gong, First Tier Cross Block 17. Base Bracket 18. Nidao Gong, First Tier Parallel Block 19.Guangzi Gong, Second Tier Outer Block 20, Man Gong, Second Tier Block 21. Beam 22. Qifu Gong, Beam Top Block 23. Column 24. Qin, Top of the Base 25. Column Base 26. Plinth

Column 24 25

Column Base

26 Plinth

DOUGONG (BRACKET&BLOCK) THE CHINESE ORDER 斗拱與柱式 7

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唐 TANG A.D 857

PURPOSE I: SUPPORTING EXTENDED ROOF STRUCTUR

遼 LIAO A.D 984

These set of inclined blocks act a system. The roof weight landed o internal end of the block would c supporting force for the extende roof structure.

宋 SONG A.D 1008

PURPOS

金 JIN A.D 1143

Each bracke block comp various dire

Each set of Dougong collects load from th beam, then transfer into the columns

元 YUAN A.D 1250

明 MING A.D 1504

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清 QING A.D 1776

EVOLUTION OF DOUGONG

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8

歷代斗拱演變

PURPOSE I: SUPPORTING EXTENDED ROOF STRUCTURE

PURPOSE II: INCREASING INTER-COLUMN DISTANCE

By adding on tiers of ‘dougong’, the distance between the side of each set of ‘dougong’ would be shortened. Therefore, large inter-column distance could be achieved by creating large dougong set.

These set of inclined blocks act as a lever system. The roof weight landed on the internal end of the block would create supporting force for the extended out roof structure.

PURPOSE III: EARTHQUAKE-PROOF

Each bracket acts as a bearing in-between each block component, allowing free movement to various directions during earthquakes.

1. Columns are fixed on the base

2. All Dougongs create a ‘flexible layer’ between the roof and the columns.

3. Each set acts as a non-fixed bearing

4. each brackets also creates fiction to cancel-out the earthquake force

Roof load is transferred down the slope Each set of Dougong collects load from the beam, then transferred into the columns

Columns pass down all the load into the base

DOUGONG STRUCTURE STUDY 斗拱結構 9

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CORNER

INTERVAL

COLUMN

INTERVAL

INTERVAL FAMILY 平身科

COLUMN TOP FAMILY 柱頭科

CORNER FAMILY 角科

CONNECTED FAMILY 溜金科

CANTILEVERING FAMILY 平座科

DOUGONG CLASSIFICATION 斗拱分類

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COLUMN

WOOD PLANAR: It is used to smooth the wood surface.

CHISEL: Wooden mortise is chiselled out using these set of tools

WOOD SHOVEL: there are flat and round mouthed Shovels with different sizes. they are used to create shaped edges

SAW: Tensioned thread is fixed on one side, and steel blade on the other side.

MAKING OF DOUGONG COMPONENTS 木作工具 11

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DOU (Brackets) 斗

LING GONG (Side Block) 令拱

HUA GONG (Cantilever Block) 華拱

GUAZI GONG (Base Block) 瓜子拱

MAN GONG (Upper Block) 慢拱

DOUGONG COMPONENTS 斗拱構件

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ANG (Inclined Block) 昂

SHUATOU (Head) 刷頭

INCLINED BLOCK 昂 (ANG)

Interval/Column Top Use

HEAD 耍頭 (SHUATOU)

External Head

Corner Use

Internal Head

Corner Use with Extension Block Internal Head(corner)

UPPER BLOCK 慢拱 (MANGONG) SIDE BLOCK 令拱 (LINGONG) Internal Use

External Use

Bottom Use CANTILEVERING BLOCK 華拱 (HUAGONG) BASE BLOCK 瓜子拱 (GUAZI GONG)

Bottom Use

Internal Use Corner Use

External Use

With Head

Bottom Use

Cross Bracket

Central Bracket

Corner Base (Square)

Column Base(Square)

Corner Base (Circular)

Column Base(Circular)

COLUMN 柱 (ZHU) Inclined Bracket

Side Bracket

BRACKETS 斗 (DOU)

BASE BRACKETS 櫨斗 (DOU)

COMPONENT STANDARDIZATION 構件 All components used in a Dougong set are highly standardized and regulated in the ‘Song Manual’-the first official construction document in Chinese history published in year 1103.

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GRADE I

11 BAY PRIMARY HALL

GRADE II

9 BAY PRIMARY HALL

7 BAY PRIMARY HALL

GRADE III

5 BAY PRIMARY HALL

7 BAY SECONDARY HALL

GRADE IV

5 BAY PRIMARY HALL

5 BAY SECONDARY HALL

GRADE V

3 BAY LARGE SECONDARY HALL

GRADE VI

3 BAY PRIMARY HALL

3 BAY SMALL PRIMARY HALL

3 BAY SMALL SECONDARY HALL

GRADE VII

GRADE VIII

3 BAY SMALL HALL

SMALL OCTANGULAR PAVILION

OCTANGULAR PAVILION

RECTANGULAR PAVILION

SMALL RECTANGULAR PAVILION

MATERIAL GRADING & CHINESE ARCHITECTURE HIERARCHY

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建築等級 In ‘Song Manual’, it is regulated different grade of materials shall be chosen for architectures serving different purposes. The size difference in each ‘grade’ is used as the base unit to control the scale of the whole architecture

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE STANDARD 建築標準

Two standards (Song & Qing) were published in Chinese history, both following the principle that all components’ dimension can be derived from the base unit, the ‘grade’ of material.

4 Parts

6 Parts

Carve 栔

15 Parts

Material 材

10 Parts

1 inch=3.12cm

0.6 Inch

0.55 Inch

33 Parts BASE BLOCK

8 Parts

6 Parts 9 Parts

0.4 Inch

0.35 Inch

1/9 H 1/3 H 1/9 H

6 Parts

10 Parts 4 Parts

4 Parts

72 Parts 8 Parts

UPPER BLOCK 10 Parts

Carve Material

6 Parts 3 Parts 9 Parts

6 Parts

4 Parts

9 Parts

23 Parts

3 Parts

Inclined Block

1 Parts 92 Parts

4 Parts

1/9 H

Carve Material Carve Material

9 Parts

8 Parts

8 Parts

0.3 Inch

3 Parts

10 Parts

20 Parts

0.44 Inch

4 Parts

62 Parts 8 Parts

SIDE BLOCK

0.48 Inch

30 Parts 30 Parts 30 Parts 30 Parts 30 Parts 25 Parts 23 Parts Back Inclined Head Block

3 Parts

10 Parts

33 Parts

0.5 Inch

Carve Material

1/3 H

12 Parts

Building Centre Line

Top of Roof

SONG STANDARD 宋 營造法式

1/3 H

1/10 H 8/1000D

One Interval Dougong is Set In-between Columns

H=2/3 D

1/20 H Two Interval Dougong is Set In-between Central Bay

1/40 H

Column Centre Line Rear Purlin

D=Distance from top of roof to Rear Purlin Each column is raised gradually from the centre towards the corner

SONG Roof Inclination Calculation Rule

W=1 GAP

H=2 GAP GRADE V

There are 11 grades in QING dynasty and however, they had only built from Grade IV

GRADE VI

GRADE VII

GRADE VIII

GRADE IV

GRADE III

GRADE XI

GRADE X

GRADE IX

11 Gap

11 Gap

GRADE II

1 Gap

GRADE I

1.24 Gap

1 Gap 0.8 Gap 0.4 0.8

2 Gap

1 Gap

0.4 0.8 0.4

1.4

2 Gap 2 Gap 1

0.4 Gap 6.2

2 Gap

2

2 Gap

1.2

1.2 Gap 2

0.4 Gap 3 Gap

3 Gap

2 Gap

1

0.6 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap 3 Gap

7.2

Centre Line 1 2

3 Gap

19.2 Gap 19.2 Gap

9.2

19.2 Gap

24 Gap

9/10

8/10

QING STANDARD 清 工程做法則例 Four Interval Dougong is Set In-between Columns

6-8 Interval Dougong is Set In-between Central Bay-columns

7/10 21 Gap 5/10

Four Interval Dougong is Set In-between Side Bay-columns

Side Bay

Central bay

QING Roof Inclination Calculation Rule

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Second Bay = Main-1 Foot 次閒

Main Bay ≤ 18 Feet 心閒

Hall Way Depth= 2 x Beam Depth

1 Song Foot=31.2 cm

Beam Depth≤6 Feet

Third Bay=Second Bay 梢閒

Internal Depth= No.Beam x Beam Depth

Side Bay=Hall Way 盡閒

Hall Way 側廊

BEAM REG 造梁法

PLAN VIEW 平面圖

Centre Line 中綫

Veritical Ridge 垂脊

Inclined Ridge 戧脊

Horizontal Ridge 圍脊 Inclined Ridge 戧脊

One interval Dougong is installed inbetween each Column top Dougong

Gable 山墻

Base 明臺

Height of Base= 5x C material grade heigh

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FRONT ELEVATION 正立面

LONG SECTION 縱剖面

Song Standard 營造法式

After researching into the standards of building from the Song dynasty, this drawing is produced to conclude all the architectural principles that I find useful. According to the standards, the dimension of the Dougong components, Dougong, the height of the column, the dimension of the building can all be calculated from a single base unit. Therefore, Chinese timber frame could be parametric.

TIMBER ROOF STRUCTURE TYPOLOGY 木構架類型

NO HALL WAY 無廊歇山式

FOUR JUMP SEVEN TIERS 四跳七舖做 ROOF DETAIL 屋面局部

TWO JUMP FIVE TIERS 兩跳五舖做

Top Column 瓜柱 Top Beam 平梁 Fourth Beam 四槫栿

Eave Rafter 檐椽

Hump 駝峰

6 Parts

Sixth Beam 六槫栿

15 Parts 12 Parts

Circular Beam 槫

30 Parts

25 Parts

30 Parts

25 Parts

Circular Beam Base 槫墊板

GULATION

Chosen ht

WITH HALL WAY 有廊歇山式

25 Parts 28 Parts 4 Parts COLUMN TOP 柱頭收分

42 Parts

1/9 H 10 Parts Each 1/9 H

10 Parts Each

Top Beam 平梁

10 Parts Each 42 Parts

Circular Beam 槫

Fourth Beam 四槫栿 42 Parts

Eave Purlin 60 Parts

Roof Overhang (External)= 0.6x Overhang(Internal)

Bottom Beam 乳栿

Roof Overhang (Internal)= 9x Rafter D

Hall Way Column 檐柱

Tenth Beam 十槫栿

COLUMN BASE 柱底側脚

Eave-Rafter 椽

Column Centre

Roof Overhang 飛椽 Each column base is moved from its head towards external side 0.008 H, and towards corner of the building 0.01 H.

Raised height of Roof=1/3 Distance from Purlin to end Beam

D H=1/3 D

Rafter Diametre 6 parts

Sixth Beam 六槫栿 Eighth Beam 八槫栿

Column Head Support 托脚

Bottom Beam 乳栿

Architrave 闌額

External Wall Column 殿身檐柱

Internal Column 殿身内柱

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FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION

RAMMED EARTH FOUNDATION PROCESS

地基處理

First layer of pure soil added with depth of 5 inch (15.6 cm)

After pestling the depth should reduce to 3 inch (9.4 cm)

A layer of soil and crock mixture is added with depth of 3 inch (9.4 cm)

After pestling this layer should reduce to 1.5 inch (4.7 cm)

The foundation is excavated 5 feet to 10 feet (1 feet = 31.2cm) below ground level depending on soil condition Column

Pestling Soil

Stone Slabs Column Base

Rammed Earth Foundation

Column Foundation

Base

Pure Soil Layer

Ground Level Foundation

Soil Crock Mixture Layer

New soil would be filled into the excavated space. Each square feet requires two ‘loads’ of soil (prox. 120kg). Each layers of soil filled requires to be rammed three times, pestling 6 times, 4 times, and two times respectively.

Pure Soil Layer

BASE CONSTRUCTION

台明砌築 The part above ground is called the base. Most of Chinese timber architectures are built on an elevated masonry base to prevent corrosion.

CORNER STONE 角石

Corner Stone 角石

Base Piece 土襯石

Side Piece 陡板石

Edge Piece 階條石

Back Bricks Column Foundation Soil Wall 階條石 磉墩 攔土墻

COLUMN BASE

Filled Soil 填土

Column Base 柱頂石

Four Types of Column Base

柱頂石 A typical column base stone The width and the depth of the base block is twice the diameter of the column’s.

The depth is half of the width. The height of the column plate is 1/10 of the height of the base block.

Flip Plate 覆盆式

Flip Block 覆斗式

Drum 鼓式

Square Block 基座式

Column 柱

Column Plate 覆盆

Base Block 方石

CHINESE TIMBER FRAME FOUNDATION 地基處理

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One Tier

Two Tiers

Three Tiers

Four Tiers

Origin One Tier

Tier

Dougong

Origin Pt

Output

One Tier Two Tier Three Tier Four Tier Five Tier Six Tier Seven Tier

Five Tiers

Six Tiers

Seven Tiers

Grasshopper Generated Dougong 參數化斗拱

Grasshopper is used to script and generate different tiers of dougong according to the Song standard.

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PROTOTYPE #1

DOUGONG ABSTRACTION

原型測試

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PROTOTYPE #2 ROOF ABSTRACTION

原型測試 21

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Spatial Opportunity #1: Three Tiers

Spatial Opportunity #1: Five Tiers

TECTONIC STUDY TIERS

Abstracting from the dougong’s concept of standardized component, a spatial opportunity could be achieved. Structural columns are slotted into each other to form a earthquake proof structure whereas the spatial configuration remains flexible.

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TECTONIC STUDY LINEAR

Using the previously developed tier system, arranged in a linear form, an interesting spatial tectonic was achieved. Oblique surfaces and stepped balcony can provide certain spatial opportunities.

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TECTONIC STUDY CRUCIFORM

When arrange the structures in a cruciform system, a pod is developed. the central atrium and the overhang roofs are emphasized.

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Oblique Facade Overhang Roof Connecting Bridge

Core

Drive Way

Garden Space Arriving Platform

Foundation

SPATIAL OPPORTUNITIES Tectonic moments were tested to explore the potential spatial opportunities that could be achieved by implementing the stacked timber structure. With the tapered structure it is able to minimize the building footprint while maximise the usable floor area.

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Overhang Roof

Layering Floor

Stacking Structure

Foundation

Overhang Roof

Open Terrace

Core

Drive Way

Stepping Terrace

Elevated Walkway

TECTONIC

TH

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A tectonic fragment was constructed t that could be created using the st

Overhang Roof

Garden Space

Oblique Facade

Connecting Bridge

Core

Oblique Facade

Open Terrace

Stepping Terrace

Core

Connecting Bridge

Arriving Platform

C FRAGMENT

HE STRIP

to examine the potential spatial opportunities tacking and layering structural principles.

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TECTONIC THE

The idea of the pod were tested in c individual pods to

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C FRAGMENT CLUSTER

clusters. Floors are connected in-between o create various spaces.

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SECTION 2 CONTEXT/ BRIEF A NEW COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE TYPOLOGY

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THE ONE BELT ONE ROAD INITIATIVE China’s Global Influence

The map shows the Chinese vision of establishing the one belt one road trading system, expanding their global power. Among all sectors of this initiative, southeast Asia holds great importance in both rail networking and maritime routes. China has heavily invested in Singapore and Malaysia in infrastructure and cultural sectors for the past years.

HELSINKI TALLIN

ST. PETERSBURG KIROV

RIGA

NOVOSIBIRSK

MOSCOW WARSAW ROTTERDAM

KASAN

MINSK

DUISBURG PRAGUE

HARBIN

ULAANBAATAR

BUDAPEST VENICE

CHANGCHUN

TASHKENT

VLADIVOSTOK

URUMQI ATHENS

ISTANBUL

BEIJING TIANJIN XI’AN

DALIAN

ZHENGZHOU

TEHERAN

BUSAN CHONGQING

SUEZ

YIWU

SHANGHAI

CHANGSHA

KUNMING

KARACHI DHAKA

HONGKONG

VIENTIANE CHIANGMAI

XIAMEN

NANNING

HANOI

Pan-Asia Railway Vision

BANKOK

DJIBOUTI

PHNOM PENH HO CHI MINH

COLOMBO

KELANG

MALDIVES

KAULA LUMPAR SINGAPORE

MOMBASA

SEYCHELLES

BELT & ROAD - RAIL CORRIDOR BELT & ROAD- RAIL CORRIDOR (PROPOSED) BELT & ROAD - SEA CORRIDOR

JAKARTA

Melaka Straitthe Maritime crossroad

BELT & ROAD CITIES

China’s investment in countries 2014-2018. $ billion

COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN BELT & ROAD INITIATIVE

China Countries Involved

38

32 32

138

30

COUNTRIES

ORGANISATIONS

SINGARPORE

24.3

MALAYSIA

14.1

RUSSIA

10.4

INDONESIA

9.4

SOUTH KOREA

8.1

ISRAEL

7.9

PAKISTAN

7.6

Lorem ipsum

4.4 Billion

35 %

31 %

62 %

COMBINED POPULATION OF ALL CONTRIES INVOLVED

GLOBAL TRADE

GLOBAL GDP

WORLD POLUATION AFFECTED

$3 Trillion COMBINED GDP OF ALL COUTRIES INVOLVED

$26 Trillion ESTIMATED COAST OF INFRASTRUCTURE

$1 Trillion CHINA HAS PLEGED TO SPEND

PAN-ASIA RAILWAY NETWORK Connecting Beijing to Singapore

A rail network vision China proposed as part of the One Belt One road Initiative.

China has agreed on investing and constructing part of the rail works. One major part of this net work is the High Speed Rail linking Malaysia’s capital Kuala Lumpur to Singapore.

INDIA

TO DELHI TO BEIJING

KUNMING

BANGLADESH

DALI

TO BEIJING

NANNING

CHINA

TO HONGKONG

XISHUANGBANNA

TO DHAKA

VIETNAM

MANDALAY

BOTEN

HANOI

MYANMAR

Halong

LAOS NAYPYITAW CHIANGMAI

VIENTIANE TAN AP

THAILAND

BAGO

YANGON KHON KAEN

PHITSANULOK PATHEIN

SAVANNAKHET

MUKDAHAN

DONG HA

THATON

BUA YAI

NAKHON RAT.

AYUTTHAYA KANCHANABURI

4000 ISLANDS

SISOPHON DAWEI

CAMBODIA

BANGKOK NAKHON PATHOM

SNUOL

PAN-ASIA RAILWAY NETWORK asean PHNOM PENH HO CHI MINH CITY

Key to Lines Central Line

Connecting: China, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore

Western Line

Connecting: China, Myanmar, Thailand

SURAT THANI

Easter Line

Connecting: China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand

India Myanmar Line

PHUKET

NAKNOM SI THAMMARAT

CA MAU

KHAO CHUMTHONG

Connecting: Delhi, India to Yangon, Myanmar

China Bangladesh Line

Connecting: Kunming, China to Dhaka, Bangladesh

SONGKLA

China Myanmar Line

Connecting: Kunming, China to Yangong, Myanmar

Myanmar Vietnam Line

Connecting: Yangong, Myanmar to Dong Ha, Vietnam

Asean Intercity Line

PADANG BESAR

TUMPAT

Connecting: Myanmar, Thailand, Combodia, Vietnam

China Thailand Line

Connecting: Kunming, China to Bangkok, Thailand

Bangkok-Malaysia Line

Connecting: Bangkok, Thailand to Penang Butterworth, Malaysia

BUTTERWORTH

MAYLAYSIA

Thailand-Laos Line

Connecting: Bangkok, Thailand to Vientian, Laos

Northern Line

Connecting: Thailand, Laos, Vietnam

Laos Intercity Line

Connecting: Major cities in Laos

MENTAKAB

Thailand Vietnam Line

Connecting: Bangkok, Thailand to Dong Ha, Vietnam

Laos Vietnam Line

Connecting: Vientian, Laos to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

KUALA LUMPUR

GEMAS

Northeast Cambodia Line

Connecting: 4000 Island, Laos to Phnom Pehn, Cambodia

JOHOR BAHRU

Central Malaysia Line

Connecting: Southern Thailand to Southern Malaysia

Malaysia Intercity Line

SINGAPORE

Connecting: North Malaysia to Singapore

Malaysia Eastcoast Line

Connecting: KL, Malaysia to Malaysia Eastcoast Cities

INDONESIA

MAP NOT TO SCALE

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39

CHINESE SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Chinese Culture Heritage

There are a significant amount of Chinese communities living in Southeast Asia today. They migrated from China over to different part of Southeast Asia in the past 200 years, brought over Chinese culture. Among which, Singapore and Malaysia has the highest percentage of Chinese descent in the total population.

However, they are often mistreated in those countries as minorities.

XIAMEN

NANNING HONGKONG

HANOI

YANGON

MANILA DA NANG BANGKOK

HO CHI MINH CITY

KOTA KINABALU

KUALA LUMPUR

SIBU SINGAPORE

JAMBI

BANJARMASIN SOUTHEAST ASIA COUNTRIES WITH MOST CHINESE MIGRATION POPULATION TODAY SHARE OF POPULATION

75%

PALEMBANG

SHARE OF GDP

75%

Singapore

JAKARTA

30%

50%

4%

70%

3%

70%

SEMARANG

Malaysia

Indonesia

CHINESE MIGRATION ROUTE IN HISTORY

Philiphines

3%

40

34

Thailand

60%

REGION WITH DENSE CHINESE SETTLEMENT 34

Penang Undersea Tunnel - Contractor (partnership): China Railway Construction Corporation - Cost: RM 3.7 Billion (£ 0.7b)

Penang Second Bridge Kuantan Port Extension

- Contractor: China Harbour adn Engineering Corporation - Cost: RM 4.5 Billion (£ 0.84 b)

- Contractor (Partnership): Guangxi Beibu Gulf International Port Goup - Investment: RM 8 Billion (£ 1.5 b)

Green Technology Park - Contractor: China Nuclear Huaxing Construction Co. - Investment: RM 2 Billion (£ 0.4 b)

KL-SIN HSR Terminal - Contractor (partnership): China Railway Engineering Corporation - Cost: Estimate RM 140 Billion (£ 26 b)

KL Signature Tower - Contractor: China State Construction Engineering Corporation - Gross Development Value: RM 3.5 Billion (£ 0.65 b)

East Coast Railway - Contractor: China Communications Construction Company - Cost: RM 55 Billion (£ 10.2 b) - Currently postponed

KL-SIN HSR East Coast Railway

Xiamen Uni. Malaysia - Contractor: SinoHydro - Investment: RM 1.3 Billion (£ 0.24 b)

Kuala Linggi International Port - Contractor: China Railway Engineering Corporation - Investment: RM 12 Billion (£ 2.2 b)

Malacca Gateway - Contractor: PowerChina International - Investment: RM 15 Billion (£ 2.8 b)

Forest City - Developer: Country Garden - Gross Development Value: RM 105 Billion (£ 19.5 b)

Robotic Future City - Developer: Siasun China - Investment: RM 14.5 Billion (£ 2.7 b)

CHINA’S INVESTMENTS IN WEST MALAYSIA Malaysia is one of the countries that received the most investment from China in the past few years.

However it has caused controversial conversations about whether those investment are for the newly arrived Chinese opportunists, or for the benefits of the locals. One project, the Forest City, situated in-between Malaysia and Singapore created high tensions.

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41

MALAYSIA’S MAY 13 RACIAL RIOT 13 MAY

1 9 69

Malays

- The riot occurred as one aftermath of the 1969 Malaysian general election. An estimation of 600 death with most of the victims Chinese was reported by Western media. the event resulted in a change in government policy that would favour Malays by the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP)

74%

Chinese

People living in poverty were Malays in 1970s

Indians

49.3%

Poverty rate in 1970s

3.8%

Poverty rate in 2010s

Wealth Distribution

1971

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)

1970s

- As a result of the riot, the Malaysian government implemented the NEP in 1971, protecting Bumiputera (Malays and indigenous people) rights over other ethnicities. This policy is intended to reduce poverty and restructure wealth distribution.

2010s

Bumiputera Malaysian Other Malaysian Foreigner

29 MAY

197 4

CHINA AND MALAYSIA ESTABLISH RELATION - Malaysia former Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein met China’s former leader Mao Zedong for the first time in Beijing. After the meeting, Malaysia became the first Asean country to establish diplomatic ties with communist China.

NEP ( A rt .

153)

Federal Public Service Positions

Generally, safeguard the special position of Bumiputera

Federal Scholarships etc.

Specifically, establish quotas for Bumiputera in:

Federal Trade or Business Licences Tertiary Education Enrolment

MALAYSIA ETHNICITY DISTRIBUTION

NOV

2009

The start of construction of Penang Second Bridge.

Percent of Malays <20% 20-50%

- China Harbour Engineering co. was the main contractor, and the bridge was built with a large loan from China to maintain the economic relation between the two nations.

50-80% >80%

Percent of Other Indigenous <5% 5-20% 20-50%

NAJIB TUN RAZAK VISIT TO BEIJING 03 JUN

20 0 9

>50%

- Malaysian former Prime Minister Najib Razak paid his first official visit to Beijing to celebrate 25th anniversary of the establishment of China-Malaysia diplomatic ties. The trip further strengthened ties in-between the two nations, and started the golden era of Chinese investment in Malaysia.

Percent of Chinese <10% 20-30% 30-50% >50%

Percent of Indians <1% 1-10% 10-20% >20%

50.1 % Malays

SEP

2009

China One Belt Economies One Road Economies

ANNOUNCEMENT OF ONE BELT ONE ROAD INITIATIVE -The initiative was unveiled by Chinese leader Xi Jinping, intended to construct a unified large market, including both road routes and sea routes. Malaysia and Singapore, for their strategic geographical location, become the significant nations in the sea route.

Bumiputera

11.8 %

Non-Malays Bumiputera

22.6 %

Chinese Malaysians

6.7 %

Indian Malaysians

Rail Route Road Route Sea Route

8.8 % Others

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36

Non-Bumiputera

MALAYSIAN CHINESE

Inequalities in Malaysia

ANNOUNCEMENT OF MALAYSIA SINGAPORE HSR

SEP

20 1 0

OCT

2012

- Malaysia former prime minister announced the proposal to construct a high speed rail line between the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur to Singapore. The railway’s KL terminus, Bandar Malaysia was later announced to be backed and constructed by China railway Engineering Co.

Malaysian Chinese, refers to those who has ancestors migrated from China a few generations ago, and currently living in Malaysia, has always been treated as the minority. Certain policies in Malaysia favours the Malay communities over the Chinese and Indian communities, causing heightened tension today.

All incoming Chinese investments can be an opportunity for all Malaysian Chinese to be treated as the majority.

ESTABLISHMENT OF XIAMEN UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA - Xiamen University is the first oversea campus set by a Chinese University. The suggestion was initially made during Najib Razak’s trip to Beijing in 2011.

AUG

20 13

FOREST CITY, PLANNED TO CREATE A SMART CITY ON RECLAIMED LAND - China based real estate developer Country Garden bought over an area in the Johor Strait to reclaim four artificial island and develop residential and business projects on top.

Construction began for East coast rail link AUG

20 1 7

- This rail network linking the east and west coast of Malaysia Peninsular is a Chinese backed project, acting as part of the One Belt One Road Initiative. China Communication Construction Company was appointed as the main contractor and the construction work began in 2017, but was later on suspended.

09 MAY

20 1 8

Mahathir announced the project might be scrapped because of high cost

MAY

2 0 18

2018

Mahathir announced the project is merely postponed and cost and design were put through revision

JAN

Expected operational date

JUN

2031

MAR

20 19

SEP

20 19

MAHATHIR MOHAMAD WON THE MALAYSIAN GENERAL ELECTION - Mahathir become the Prime Minister of Malaysia for the second time.

As a critic towards China’s investment, a majority of China backed projects in Malaysia were suspended shortly after he took over the government.

CHINESE INVESTMENT IN MALAYSIA UP 4 FOLD IN 5 YEARS - A total of RM 4.4 billion (1.05 USD) was invested from China into Malaysia in the first three months in 2019, making China the second biggest foreign direct investor in Malaysia, after US. China has also become Malaysia’s biggest trading partner.

U.S. INVESTMENT IN MALAYSIA UP SHARPLY AS TRADE ROW WITH CHINA GOES ON - US increased investment value in Malaysia dramatically from $113 million in 2018 to $5.62 billion in the first half of 2019

“We are not going to give visas for people to come and live here, they ( Forest City ) are not built for Malaysians” - Mahathir Mohamad Forest city is expected to house 700,000 people .

2050

2019

MAHATHIR SAYS HE’D PREFER TO SIDE WITH CHINA RATHER THAN US “ China is close to us, and it is a huge market, we want to benefit from China’s growing wealth” “Currently the U.S is very unpredictable as the things they do” - Mahathir Mohamad

JUL

Construction was suspended by Mahathir for East coast rail link.

2 0 18 APR

Suspension was lifted after cost revision and share holding restructure.

2 0 19

TRADE WAR

US$ 43.8 BILLION

US$ 57.4 BILLION

The amount of Chinese capital that invested in Malaysia over the past 10 years.

Malaysia China bilateral trade value in the first half of 2019. Record high.

422

73,000

The amount of project Chinese companies have invested in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia

Jobs were created by the Chinese investment in Malaysia

¥ 1.05 Billion USD in Q1 2019

2.75 Billion USD in Q1 2019

$

INVESTMENT

Lorem ipsum

37

43

Paoay Church 1710 St Dominic’s Church 1587

Spanish-Philiphino Architecture

Portuguese-Sino Architecture

Colonial earthquake baroque in design

Facade is Baroque Style Roof is made with Chinese style tiling and doors are made with Chinese teak.

Using European baroque as the base with adaptations to deal with local frequant earthquakes by the use of enormous buttresses.

Ho Chi Minh City Courthouse

Georgetown Townhouse

French-Vietnam Architecture

Portuguese-Malaysian Architecture

Frech Facade with Vietnamese roof adaptation to deal with the tropical climate.

Portuguese facade element with added covered front walkway and louvre window to deal with tropical weather.

COLONIAL ARC

44

38

Colonial architecture refers to an architect incorporated into the buildings in a distan situated in Asia were studied to understand architectural element with

Toko Merah 1730 Dutch-Indonesian Architecture Facade includes Dutch high sash windows and gable roofs with extended edge to deal with tropical climate.

Morgan House 1930s British-Indian Architecture Victorian architecture elements with local landscape interface.

CHITECTURE IN ASIA

ture style from the mother country that has been nt location. A Selection of colonial architecture d the relationsihip between the ‘mother countries’ h the local architectural element.

39

45

Central Axis Establish Hierachy

Functions Seperating formal and informal spaces

Access Entrance at different location for differen users

Inner City Inner/outer planning ensure security & privacy

Section Cut The section cut of the Forbbiden city shows the height differences among all buildings on the central axis. The height creates the hierachy in the city and provides security measures.

THE FORBIDDEN CITY MASTER PLANNING The master planning of the Forbidden City was studied as a base for my building project. A few principle has been found to be used as reference for later designs.

46

40

Court Yard Each building group forms into a courtyard

亭 (Ting)

台 (Tai)

A singular building without enclosure.

Usually small scale, providing an open space for users to enjoy the view.

An open platform that is raised from the ground level, providing an opportunity for views from above.

Pavilion

Platform

0

50

100

200 m

樓 (Lou)

閣 (Ge)

Usually a heavy massing structure featuring multiple levels. With its height, this is usually the most dominant typology in Chinese masterplanning.

A secondary structure in Chinese master planning. Usually with a shorter height but a larger ground area.

Tower

0 50 Building

軒 (Xuan)

100

200 m

榭 (Xie)

Semi-opened Pavilion

Water Pavilion

Usually placed next to a featuring view in the Masterplan. The semi-opened deisgn provides both internal and external experience.

A small scale structure that is placed next to a water view and usually situates in the south side of the master-plan looking towards north.

0

50

100

200 m

0

50

100

200 m

廊 (Lang)

舫 (Fang)

A long zigzag path covered with roof structure. Usually used to connect multiple buildings.

Building structure that is placed on a platform that is made as a fake boat. The platform has three sides facing water and one side connects to the ground..

Corridor

Faux-Boat

CHINESE BUILDING TYPOLOGIES 建築類型

In traditional Chinese master planning, there are eight main typologies of architecture. All of them use the similar structure principals but are different in terms of their functionalities and spatial arrangement. They also create hierarchy in a master plan. Those typologies would be translated into my building project.

41

47

Ventilated roof space helps to cool the internal space Low thermal capacity roofing provides good insulation

Overhang roof provides shading for sunlight and rain fall

Open interior spaces with minimal partitions offers good natural ventilation

Fully openable window allow natural ventilation

Stilted house catches winds of higher velocity

SOUTHEAST ASIA VERNACULAR HOUSING TYPOLOGY Southeast Asia vernacular housing is studied to understand the environmental strategies implemented traditionally to deal with the hot and humid climate. This building project aims to combine traditional Chinese timber structure with tropical housing strategies, to develop a neo-colonial architecture typology.

48

42

Atrium Roof Structure

Louvre Windows Shopfront

Backyard

Atrium Pond

Covered Walkway Rain water drain

Shophouse Front

SINGAPORE SHOPHOUSE A HYBRID ARCHITECTURE

When the Chinese settled in Singapore, they slowly developed a new architecture typology, combining the traditional southern China courtyard design with modifications on the facade to deal with the tropical weather.

43

49

BRIEF

Forest City Island IV: Chinese Cultural Complex The currently development of Forest City proposes mainly recidential units targeting towards mainland Chinese buyers, created tension between the new comming Chinese and the locals.

GA P

SIN

MA L

AY SIA

O

RE

As an architectural response, my building project proposes a Chinese Cultural Complex situated on Island IV in the Forest City, serving as a Cultural hub. This project aims to develop a new architecture typology that offers the opportunity for all people with Chinese roots and interests to experience and celebrated the Chiense heritage.

CAUSWAY BORDER CONTROL

RE

A

I YS LA

PO

A

M

A G

N

SI

N

-

SI

SR

H

TU

AS

BO

RD

ER

CO

NT

RO

L

KL

SITE SIN GA PO LAY RE SIA

MA

FOREST CITY DEVELOPMENT

KL - SIN HSR

0

44

Current Forest City Proposal

50

44

0.5

1

2

km

se Cultural Complex

st City proposes mainly recidential units targeting towards tension between the new comming Chinese and the locals.

uilding project proposes a Chinese Cultural Complex City, serving as a Cultural hub. This project aims to develop fers the opportunity for all people with Chinese roots and ated the Chiense heritage.

SITE - FOREST CITY ISLAND IV Interstitial Space

The Cultural Complex will be sited on the fourth island in the Forest City development, connecting Malaysia and Singapore by road, rail and sail.

Masterplanning development will be studied on the isalnd, while a prototipical timber framed cluster will be designed and resolved in detail.

Ca

us

0 20

ew

ay

Bo

rd

er

Cr

os

sin

g

m

Ma

lay

sia

Sin

ga

po

re

1

N

KL

-

SI

SR

H

SIN GA PO LAY RE SIA

MA

FOREST CITY DEVELOPMENT

0

44

0.5

1

2

km

45 45

51

SHOP HOUSES

FOOD MARKETS

CHINESE EDUCATION INSTITUDES

DAILY LIFES

MALAYSIAN CULTURAL SCENE In the current Malaysia culture, Chinese heritage has a significant presence. From shop house, to food, to education systems and festive celebrations. However the heritage is preserved from a society level, but not protected by the government. This building project will serve as a Chinese government commissioned project as a give back to the local community, further appreciate those Chinese heritages.

52

46

TO MALAYSIA

MANGROVE BEACH TIER 4: STAYING (FOUR CLUSTERS) Clusters for visitors to stay on the island for a longer period of time.

They can get a full experience of different cultural programs provided on the island by staying for a few days.

RESTAURANT

HOTEL

CAFETERIA

STAFF ACCOMMODATION BEACH

STAFF AMENITY

CLUB HOUSE

SERVICE

OUTDOOR SPACE

PLANT ROOM

TIER 3: LEARNING (FIVE CLUSTERS) Clusters for visitors dedicated a longer stay on the island. They have the opportunities to learn certain Chinese related skills or experience a spiritual ceremony.

MEDITATION ROOM

TEA HOUSE

LECTURE ROOM

CLASSROOM

LIBRARY

SPIRITUAL SPACE

WOODWORK WORKSHOP SILK WORKSHOP

MEETING SPACE

OPEN SPACE

GARDEN

COOKERY WORKSHOP

PAINTING ROOM

MUSIC ROOM

TIER 2: EXPERIENCING (FOUR CLUSTERS) Clusters for visitors staying on the island up to a day. They have the chance to experience the cultural food market, visit Chinese heritage museum, or enjoy a Chinese opera show.

FOOD CENTRE

SERVICE

MARKET

BAR

OFFICE

MUSEUM

STAFF ROOM EXHIBITION EVENT SPACE VENUE CAFETERIA

THEATRE

STAFF ROOM

TIER 1: SHOPPING (TWO CLUSTERS) Clusters for the passengers staying on the island under two hours. They can have a taste of the cultural scene through shop-front and scenic walks.

CAFE ADMIN TRANSPORT

SHOPPING CENTRE SECURITY

STAFF

INFO CENTRE CONTROL ROOM

VISITOR TICKET HALL TO MALAYSIA

DEPOT SCENIC WALK

TIER 4

TIER 3

ARRIVAL HALL

TIER 2

TIER 1

TO ISLAND 1-3

TO SINGAPORE

Arrival Point TO SINGAPORE TO ISLAND 1-3

PROGRAM MAPPING The master plan is designed to offer different levels of experience for visitors. Depends on the distance to the arrival point on the island, four levels of experience are planned on the island.

47

53

54

48

SECTION 3 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT RE-IMAGINE CHINESE TIMBER FRAME

49

55

Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum - Kengo Kuma & Associates

Hanoi Museum - GMP Architekten

Cantilevering block extends out a fixed distance on every tier

All blocks perpendicular reamins the same on each tier

TRANSLATING DOUGONG The original Dougong structure is abstracted into a stacking system.

This stacking system has been modernized precedentally in different architecutre projects.

56

50

Dougong Scale

236.25cm

56.61cm 39.38cm 56.16cm

Building Scale

3 metres

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Two scales of the stacking system are analyse in Karamba, one in Dougong scale, one in building scale. It is concluded that when scaled up, the corner of the stacked column experience large force; the cantilevered blocks receives most force and a clear path of the loads transferring through each corner on the cantilevered direction can be observed.

51

57

TYPOLOGY #1

TYPOLOGY #2

TYPOLOGY #3

TYPOLOGY #4

Straight Columns

Straight Columns (Fillet)

Tapered Columns

Tapered Columns (Fillet)

DIAGRAM

BASE STRUCTURE

AXIAL STRESS Compression

Tension

DEFORMATION

Max. Deformation: 0.52

Max. Deformation: 0.41

Max. Deformation: 0.39

Max. Deformation: 0.35

Max. Deformation: 8.93

Max. Deformation: 8.02

Max. Deformation: 7.05

Max. Deformation: 6.96

LAYERED

AXIAL STRESS Compression

Tension

DEFORMATION

STEPPED-COLUMN STRUCTURE TEST The principle of the Dougong, stepping cantilever is tested in Karamba. As a result, the inclined stepping column will perform more efficiently than the original straight columns.

58

52

Loads

Structural Test Set Up Supports

Compression Force Analysis

Tension

Stress Lines

Fragment

PRIMARY STRUCTURE As it was concluded before that the cantilevered blocks experience the most force, these structures are made primary in the prototype and they would be the focus of this test. The tensile and compressive forces could be visualized through the test.

53

59

Brackets ensure stability

Bundling Primary Column

STRUCTURAL FRAGMENT A prototypical column structure set is developed based on principles learnt from previous tests The spatial quality and the materiality of this tectonic moment is examined

60

54

ASSEMBLY FROM STANDARDIZED COMPONENTS Each prototypical primary structural system will be assembled by using a set of standardized components. Components could be categorized into roof, columns, beams, joint nodes, foundation, and pre-cast concrete floor slabs.

55

61

A: Stucture Base Joint

B: Column Top Bracket Joint

C: Corner Joint

D: Roof Bracket Joint

E: Double Column Joint

F: Crossing Beam Joint

F

D

E

B A

JOINT TYPOLOGIES Joint components that are used in a typical set are studied. Tenon and mortise joinery principle were implemented in making those joints.

62

56

C

Flexible Joint with Integrated Steel Plate Bearing

Rigid Joint with Integrated Steel Dowels

Cross Lamination is implemented in making components to handle cross directional forces

JOINT DEVELOPMENT Two types of joints are developed, a fixed joint that is reinforced with steel dowels, and a semi-rigid joint that integrates steel plate bearings to transfer vertical loads and allow extra movements.

57

63

Roof Louvre Panels

Roof Purlins

Roof Rafters

Columns & Roof Beams

Floor Beams

ROOF DEVELOPMENT

64

58

The roof is developed based on the traditional Chinese timber roof structure. The shape of the roof is designed to harvest rain water. Rain water would then be drained through the columns into the pond located beneath each pod.

1. Clearing site, excavating central ponds, laying foundations

2. Installing primary structures on first level

3. Installing floor beams on the first level

4. Installing pre-cast concrete floor slabs on the first level

5. Installing secondary columns

6. Installing structures and floor slabs on upper levels

7. Installing Roof Panels

CONSTRUCTION SEQUANCE All standardized components will be fabricated in China then shipped over on site to be assembled. As all components are standardized, all clusters can be assembled within a tight schedule.

59

65

MASSING STUDIES 66

60

MASSING STUDIES 61

67

Seven Pods Typology

Three Pods Typology

CLUSTER TYPOLOGIES 68

62

Roof Level

Top Level

Fifth Level

Fourth Level

Third Level

Second Level

First Level

Ground Level

Public Stairs Public Lifts Service Lift Service Stairs

CIRCULATION STRATEGY The above diagram illustrates the circulation strategies for a typical cluster. As the primary structures are external, all circulations will be non-structural hence would be places around the cluster to create various route options for using the building.

63

69

Arrival Platform

Public Lift

Pond

Ground Level

Pier

First Level

GA Typical Cluster

N 0

5

10

20

m

GA Typical Cluster

N 0

5

10

20

m

TYPICAL CLUSTER PLAN STUDY 70

64

Atrium

Enclosed Space

Third Level

Roof

Fifth Level

Top Level

65

71

MASTERPLAN ITERATIONS

72

66

Sketches showing planning strategies in merging artificial and natural elements together on the island. By placing different size clusters, hierarchy can be established and natural spaces are formed among clusters.

Road Rail Ferry Arrival Point

Proposed Infrastructure

Water Sceneries

Forest Mangrove Coast Beach

Landscape Interface

Walkway Connections

Main Axis

Level 1: Shopping

Public Accessible

Level 2: Experiencing

Staff Quarter

Level 3: Learning Level 4: Staying

Programme Allocation

Public & BoH

PLANNING STRATEGY Principals learnt from Chinese traditional masterplanning is implemented in this island masterplan. Accessibility, courtyard, level of privacy are emphasised through different elements.

67

73

68

74

68

75

Arrival Pier

69

76

Coastal Walkway

shops

Cafe

Information Centre

Atrium

Rain Water Pond

Reception

Shops

Balcony

Forest Walkway

Train Station

Bar

Kitchen

Gallery

Food Court

0

2.5

5

10

GA Section AA m 1:200 @ A0

77

Canal and water bodies carries wind around the island

Prevailing Wind Direction

N

Landscape is designed to bring wind around clusters

Master Plan Scale: the island is planned more opened in the Southeast side to introduce the prevailing wind. Terrains are lower along the coast while in the centre of the island are higher, to allow wind to reach all clusters.

Building Scale: Each cluster is designed with environmental strategies learnt from vernacular tropical housing typologies. All pods are elvated from the ground level with a central atrium situated in the middle to bring natural ventilation to all enclosed space.

Atrium to introduce light and natural ventilation

Rain water are collected on tapered roof and transported through the columns

Large overhang to create shade

Push-out window allow maximum natural ventilation

Elevated ground level allow wind movements

Pond to store rain water while introduce breeze

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES Environmental strategies were studied and illustrated as above. Strategies are implemented on both master-plan scale and building scale.

78

70

Suspended Louvre Ceiling

Mechanical Fans

Push-out Louvre Windows

0

2.5

5

10

GA Section AA m 1:200 @ A0

MECHANICAL VENTILATION DETAIL

71

79

OPEN SPACE Food Centre Playground Open Air Theatre

ENCLOSED SPACE WITH BALCONY Exhibition Shops Tea House

FULLY ENCLOSED SPACE Working Space Hotel Reception

SPATIAL T

80

72

Different spatial typologies are developed fo ing the same structural principle, and can be

SPLIT LEVEL Classroom Office Bar

BRIDGE Connecting Multiple Pods in a Cluster

ROOF TOP Cafe Roof Garden Event Space

TYPOLOGIES

or different purposes. All space is designed followe flexibly configuration to suit different programs.

73

81

Foundation

Rain Water Collection Pond

TYPICAL ENTRANCE FRAGMENT

82

74

Lift Rail

Primary Structure Lift Cart

LIFT FRAGMENT

75

83

CLASSROOM FRAGMENT

84

76

ROOF TOP CAFE FRAGMENT 77

85

FOOD CENT

86

78

TRE FRAGMENT 79

87

Nature under the Roof

Enclosure Extended into Nature

Spatial Conditions

BLURRING THRESHOLD BE

The building is designed to merge within the natura both natural and artificial elements are designed to ditions are created and the threshold be

88

80

semi-opened Balcony

Cantilevering over Nature

Nature under the Roof

Blurred Thresholds

Balcony

Enclosure

Central Atrium

ETWEEN NATURE & ARTIFICIAL

al landscape. As the whole island is artifitially reclaimed, o work with one another. Therefore interesting spatial conetween the building and the nature is blurred.

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SECTION 4 DESIGN PROPOSAL CHINESE CULTURAL COMPLEX

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LANDSCAPE INTERFACE: LILY POND

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KEY DIAGRAM

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LANDSCAPE INTERFACE: ARRIVAL CREEK

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KEY DIAGRAM

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LANDSCAPE INTERFACE: BAMBOO CANAL

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KEY DIAGRAM

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LONG SECTION : MAIN STRIP

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Singapore

Malaysia

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99

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AERIAL VIEW

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100

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INTERNAL VIEW 91

101

FRONT ELEVATION

90 90

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360 VIEW An immersive 360 view is created to visualised the surrounding environment of the proposal, and to examined the relationship between the nature and the artificial

CLICK LINK TO VIEW: https://vrto.me/?k=bvpm

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Bibliography

Abergel, T., Dean, B., Dulac, J., (2017). Global Status Report 2017. International Energy Agency, United Nations Environment Programme.

Brown, D. (2009). Maison Hermes, Tokyo: Building on the past – the ‘stepping column’ system. The Arup Journal, 44 (2), pp. 42-22 Chen, Z., Lu, W., Zhu, E., Pan, J. (2012). Structural Performance of Dougong Brackets of Yingxian Wood Pagoda under Vertical Load – Refined Finite Element Modelling.

Science Technology and Engineering, 12 (4), pp. 819-824 Fang, D., Iwasaki, S., Yu, Q., Miyamoto, Y., and Hikosaka, H. (2001). Ancient Chinese Timber Architecture. I: Experimental Study. Journal of Structural Engineering, 127 (11), pp. 1348-1357 Gao, D. (2007). A Research on the Structure and Their Seismic Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Timber Buildings. Doctorate Thesis. XI’an University of Architecture and Technology. Available at: http://kreader.cnki.net/ (Accessed: 29 March 2020) Gmp Architekten. (2012). Hanoi Museum. ArchDaily. Available at https://www.archdaily.com/251694/hanoi-museum-gmp-architekten/ (Accessed: 16 April 2020) Hu, W., Han, G., Yu, H. (2011). The analysis about node stiffness of mortise and tenon in ancient building. Sichuan Building Science, 37 (6), pp. 44-47 Kengo Kuma & Associates. (2012). Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum. Archidaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/199906/yusuhara-wooden-bridge-museum-kengo-kuma-associates/ (Accessed 14 April 2020) King, W., Yen, J., Yen Y. (1996). Joint characteristics of traditional Chinese wooden frames. Engineering Structures, 18 (8), pp. 635-644 Liang, S. (2011). 中國建築史 (A history of Chinese Architecture). Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company (Originally published 1944) Li, H. (2008). Seismic Analysis of Tou-Kung in Ancient Wooden Building. M. A. Thesis. XI’an University of Architecture and Technology. Available at: http://kreader.cnki.net/ (Accessed: 28 March 2020) Li, J. (2018). 營造法式 (Song Construction Manual). Chongqin: 重慶出版社 (Originally published 1103) Pan, Y., Wang, C., Ji, C., Zhao, S. (2012). Investigation and Analysis of Seismic Damage for Chinese Ancient Timber Buildings in Wenchuan Earthquake. Building Science, 28 (7), pp. 103-106 Sui, Y., Zhao, H., Xue, J., Gong, H., and Huang, H. (2008). Experiment study on lateral stiffness of an ancient wooden Dougong. World Earthquake Engineering, 25 (1), pp.

145-147 Tian, Y. (2013). 精解中國仿古建築構造 (Dissecting Chinese traditional timber frame). Beijing: 化學工業出版社 Wang, T. (1992). 中国古代大木作静力初探 (Analysis of static force in tradtional Chinese timber frame). Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House Wang, W. (2019). 大工业时代下榫卯结构艺术的发展与传承 (Development of Tenon and Mortise in the era of mass production). 藝海, 10, pp. 112-114 Wang, Xi. (2017). Generating one kind of the Palace Style Structural Carpentry System based on Algorithmic Language. M.A. Thesis. Hebei University of Engineering.

Available at: http://kreader.cnki.net/ (Accessed: 15 Feb 2020) Yang, G., Yan, C. (2011). Technology of Chinese ancient foundation. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 33 (2), pp. 450-453 Ye, M. (2015). Rethink about Wood-Joint. Time+Architecture, (6), pp. 52-55 Yuan, J., Chen W., Wang J., Shi, Y. (2011). Experimental research on bracket set models of Yingxian Timber Pagoda. Journal of Building Structures, 32 (7), pp. 66-72 Zhang, Peng., Zhao, H., Xue, J., Gao, D. (2003). Experiment research on structural performance of Dougong. World Earthquake Engineering, 19 (1), pp. 102-106 Zhang, T., (2018). 明史·舆服志四 (History of Ming). (Originally published 1739). Available at: https://zh.wikisource.org/. (Accessed: 09 March 2020) Zhao, G. (2018). 不止中國木建築 (Not only Chinese timber frame). Beijing: 中華書局 Zhou, Q., Yan, W., Guan, H., Ji, J. (2014). Research advances in Tou-kung’s Mechanical Performances of Chinese ancient Wood Buildings. Journal of Water Resources and

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UNIT @unit14_ucl

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S Y S T E M I C I M PACT

2020

T

he focus of this year’s work is the awareness that architecture can affect at deepest systemic leveland the understanding that architectural proposition is in itself a system of interrelated constituentswhere the findings of interdisciplinary systems theory apply. This knowledge opens a way to a method-driven approach that can materialize in architecture of great performance and considered expression while driving architectural authorship and novelty. We will aspire to reinstate the designer’s engagement with all aspects of the system’s constituents aiming for impactful architecture delivered by the negotiation of the interacting entities that define the unified spatial whole.

Societal, technological, cultural, economic as well as political developments will propel our investigations with a deep understanding of how they interlink.

This will shape our strategies and heuristics, driving synthesis. The observation as well as re-examination of civilizatory developments will enable us to project near-future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. We will find out about how human endeavour, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate while they advance cultural as well as technological means, driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. Supported by competent research we will aim for systemic impact and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation.

Our methodology employs both bottom up and top down strategies in order to build up sophisticated architectural systems and will be tailored to the individual problem. Pivotal to this process and to fight charlatanism is the concept of practical experimentation – and intense exploration through both digital and physical models that aims to assess system performance and its direct application to architectural space. The emphasis on applied research fuels the process of design and allows us to develop highly considered architectural propositions with great momentum.

Thanks to: Zaha Hadid Architects, DKFS Architects, Seth Stein Architects, Orms Designers and Architects, Cundall Engineers, Knippers Helbig, DaeWha Kang Design, AL_A, Innochain, Langstaff Day Architects

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl