Jack Lettice_Y4 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

-

LONDON VICTORIA AIRPORT

JACK LETTICE YEAR 4

UNIT

Y4 JL

A NEW AIRPORT FOR LONDON

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All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

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@unit14_ucl

JACK LETTICE YEAR 4 Y4 JL

jack.lettice.19@alumni.ucl.ac.uk @unit14_ucl

A N E W A I R P O RT F O R LO N D O N LONDON VICTORIA AIRPORT London, United Kingdom

F

or as long as it has existed, the plane has been excluded from the city. It is smelly, noisy, dangerous, and demands a vast amount of space to operate. As a result, airports are poorly integrated into population centres, their size and noise leaving them stranded well outside the urban core, poorly connected to wider networks.

Years of uncontrolled expansion and changing demand leaves behind a palimpsest of terminals and runways, shaped by the dimensions and movements of aircraft.

effort. Work can be shared between us both formally and informally, but studio culture cannot be perfectly recreated in the current context.

But if the aircraft of tomorrow are silent and clean, landing and taking off vertically, the airport typology could become something very different.

Technological advances in aeronautics and beyond will allow a compact intermodal hub, integrated into the fabric of the city.

London Victoria offers a perfect opportunity to test such a model, as part of a broader distributed network of urban air terminals. Throughout this portfolio, I will analyse the technologies which make this possible, and explore the composition and nature of the building itself.

The current situation has had obvious impacts.

We have lost access to dedicated workspace, to workshops and print rooms, and to IT facilities.

Our means of means of design development and expression have been tangibly constrained.

Perhaps most importantly, remote working has reduced the connection to my peers, hampering the exchange of ideas and the incidental discussion of our work. Where those connections had already been established, such as within the studio unit, they can be maintained with some

3

A

RESEARCH AND BRIEF

4

Airport name Annual Passengers (Of which domestic) Port name Annual Passengers Rail line (225-300 km/h) Rail line (201 km/h) Rail line (177 km/h) HS2 (362 km/h) Major urban area

Aberdeen 3,056,000 (1,750,000)

Edinburgh 14,292,000 (5,372,000)

Glasgow 9,653,000 (4,236,000)

Newcastle 5,332,000 (1,174,000)

Belfast Int. 6,269,000 (3,919,000)

Belfast City 2,510,000 (2,375,000)

Leeds Bradford 4,038,000 (351,000)

Holyhead 1,914,000

Liverpool 5,042,000 (981,000)

Manchester 28,255,000 (2,551,000)

Doncaster 1,222,000 (59,000)

E. Midlands Int. 4,874,000 (401,000)

Birmingham 12,455,000 (1,355,000)

Luton 16,767,000 (1,197,000) London City

Cardiff 1,579,000 (259,000)

Bristol 8,697,000 (1,352,000)

Southhampton 1,648,000

A-1

Heathrow 80,100,000 (4,793,000)

4,820,000 (1,092,000)

Southhampton 1,991,000 (1,196,000) Portsmouth 1,848,000

Stansted 27,995,000 (1,945,000) Southend 1,480,000 (125,000)

Gatwick 46,081,000 (3,729,000)

Dover 11,783,000

UK Transport Infrastructure

A-2

Research and Brief

5

Boeing 787

80

u

rb

Ai

3 sA

Bo

ein

g7 07

2009

19 57

05

g ein Bo

Bo ein g

77

7

20

7 72

Empty Weight 119,950 kg Max Weight 227,930 kg

19 94

63 19

Unit Cost 135,500,000 GBP Materials 50% Composite 20% Aluminium 15% Titanium 10% Steel 5% Other

Range 13620 km

1990

MD-11

1967

Boeing 737

Cruise Speed 903 km/h

Fuel Capacity 126,206 L

19 87

Passengers (typical) 242

us

rb

Ai

CO2 Emissions (per passenger-km) 69.8 g

20

A3

Flight Crew 2 Cabin Crew 8-9

197 2

Boeing 787-8

69

19

1970

Ai

rb

us

A3

00

47 g7

ein

Passengers

Bo DC-10

2,000,000,000 1,900,000,000 1,800,000,000 1,700,000,000 1,600,000,000 1,500,000,000 1,400,000,000 1,300,000,000 1,200,000,000 1,100,000,000 1,000,000,000 900,000,000

Sea Travel Rail Travel Air Travel

800,000,000 700,000,000

0

600,000,000 500,000,000 400,000,000 300,000,000 200,000,000 100,000,000 0 1950

A-2

Current Aviation Research and Brief

6

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Main Terminal

Satellite C

Satellite B

Departures spaces Mixed spaces

Scale 1:5000

A-3

Vertical circulation

Arrivals spaces

Rail transport

Secure processes

Heathrow Express

Sanitary spaces

Piccadily Line

Retail spaces

Road links

Catering spaces

Exclusive spaces

Other service spaces

Building footprint

Non-public spaces

Heathrow Case Study B

A-4

Research and Brief

7

Scale 1:7500

A-4

Heathrow Case Study A Research and Brief

8

Departure passenger flow Arrival passenger flow Departure functions Arrival functions Key transport buildings Heathrow Express Piccadily Line Passenger service Airport service

9

Landside

Airside

Check-in

Security

Satellites

Gates Retail

EDI Edinburgh

Reclaim

Arrivals

Reclaim

Passports

Gates

Check-in

Security

Retail

Gates

Gates

LHR London Heathrow (T5)

Other terminals

Reclaim

Security + passports

Arrivals Reclaim

Passports

Gates

Check-in

Gates

Security

Gates

CDG Retail

Paris Charles de Gaulle (T1)

Arrivals

Reclaim

Passports

Check-in

Passports

Retail

Gates

Security

SIN Other terminals

Singapore Changi (T1)

Gates Arrivals

Reclaim

Passports

Check-in

Security

Retail

Gates

Gates

Gates

STN Reclaim

Stansted

Arrivals

Reclaim

Passports

Gates

Check-in

Security

Retail

Gates

Arrivals

Reclaim

BHD Belfast George Best

A-5

Airport System Flows Research and Brief

10

Gates

Check-in method Percent (%)

60

Desk

50

Kiosk

40

Online

‘Portal’ Scanning 2019 -

30

Other 20 10

Numerous competing products Fits into current terminals Threats can be identified by AI Reduced or no queueing Increased capacity and throughput

0 2015

Current

2016

2017

Landside

Airside

Check-in

Security

2018

Retail LHR

London Heathrow

London Heathrow

(T5)

(T5) Reclaim

Passports

Airside

Gates

Gates

LHR

Arrivals

Landside

Future

Retail

Gates

Gates

Airportr Baggage Service 2012 -

Uses current terminal infrastructure Bags taken directly from home Requires airline participation Launched and expanding in UK

ObjectTech Gateless Border 2012 -

A-6

Terminal Technologies

Built around facial recognition allows ‘no-contact’ border crossing Requires security staffing Planned deployment in Dubai

A-7

Research and Brief

11

Gate spacing (A380/A320)

95m

Examples: LHR, STN

Stacked circulation

Advantages: - Passenger flows fully seperated - Allows free floor plan 51m

- Smaller footprint requirement Disadvantages: - Significant vertical circulation - Arr./Dep. balance less flexible

51m

51m

Examples: CDG, SIN

Enclosed circulation

Advantages: - Passenger flows fully seperated - Easy to combine flows elsewhere - Allows distributed security

51m

Disadvantages: - Constrains floor plan - At-gate waiting area limited

51m

95m

Examples: AMS, MAD Advantages: - No duplication of services - Allows free floor plan - Good for domestic flights Disadvantages: - Later flow seperation harder - Circulation can become blocked

A-7

Airport Gates Research and Brief

12

Free circulation

Kamov KA-26/126/226 1965 - present - Interchangeble mission pod - Passenger modules available - Pods form part of fuselage - Pod exchange is time consuming - Developed to production stage

Airbus detachable fuselage patent 2016 - Requires new airframe design - Requires new terminal infrastructure - Pods form part of fuselage - Pods can be exchanged quickly - Passengers loaded into pod - Developed to concept stage

Airbus Transpose concept 2017

Premium pod

-

Utilises existing freighter airframe Allows flexible internal layout Pods sit within fuselage Windows replaced by screens Various functional options Pods can be exchanged quickly Passengers loaded seperately Developed to full scale prototype

Bunk pod

Bar pod

A330-200F

A-9

Modular Aviation Research and Brief

13

Cruising speed VTOL engines on

Stall speed

Stall speed Main engine on

Descent start VTOL engines off

Control S Deformab

Main engine off Multimodal engines at half tilt

Multimodal engines at half tilt VTOL engines run for 1 minute

VTOL engines run for 2 minutes

Landing

Takeoff

Multimodal Engines Rolls Royce E-Trent 300 Primary Engine Rolls Royce Olympus 2-1000

CO2 Emissions (per passenger-km) 55.8 g

Empty Weight 189,200 kg Max Weight 403,500 kg

Battery Capacity 2,760 MWh

Cruise configuration

Aircraft Fuel Efficiency Metric Scale (1968=100) Single aisle aircraft Small twin-aisle aircraft

120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1960

A-8

Future Aviation Trends Research and Brief

14

1965

1970

1975

198

Aircraft Noise Annoyance EPNdb Certified aircraft arrival noise

Surfaces ble FlexFoil

80

Certified aircraft departure noise

25 20

Regulatory limit

15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25

Range 24,450 km

-30 1960

Battery Specific Energy W-h/kg

Unit Cost 275,750,000 GBP (Inflation adjusted)

Exsisting battery types

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

700

600

Potential future battery types 500

400

300

200

100

0 1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

Materials 90% Composite 5% Titanium 5% Other

Canards Deformable FlexFoil

Fuel Capacity 230,000 L

Cruise Speed 1,800 km/h

VTOL Engines Rolls Royce E-Trent 200-A

Boeing 1787 Passengers (typical) 410 Flight Crew 0 Cabin Crew 14-16 Control Autonomous

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

15

8

Linear

Parallel

Perpendicular

3

8

3

10

5

6

2 4

4

A-10

Passenger Module Design Research and Brief

16

2

7

5

4

1 - Titanium alloy longerons 2 - Composite fuselage panels 3 - Twist-lock attachment points 4 - Composite interior panels 5 - Composite overhead storage bins 6 - ‘Window’ screen 7 - Overheade aisle screen 8 - Demountable seats 9 - Floor panels over aluminium structure 10 - Aluminium secondary structure 11 - ‘Pocket’ sliding doors 12 - Baggage compartment door 13 - Service connections 14 - Pressure seal

1

3

6

10

9

13 2 9

1

11

14

12

2

17

Regional

3200m 3200m

Airbus A220 116 standard seats

3100m 3100m

3000m 3000m

Avro RJ100 100 standard seats

2900m 2900m

Bombardier CRJ700 78 standard seats

2800m 2800m

2700m 2700m

Embraer E170 78 standard seats

2600m 2600m

2500m 2500m

VTOL-2 2 standard modules - 120 seats 2 WC modules

2400m 2400m

2300m 2300m

Short-Haul

2200m 2200m

Boeing 737-700 78 standard seats

2100m 2100m

2000m

Airbus A320 164 standard seats

2000m

1900m 1900m

1800m 1800m

VTOL-3 3 standard modules - 180 seats 2 WC modules 1 service module

1700m 1700m

1600m 1600m

1500m

Mid/Long-Haul

1500m

Airbus A300 201 standard seats 46 premium seats

1400m 1400m

1300m 1300m

1200m 1200m

Boeing 787-8 218 standard seats 24 premium seats

1100m 1100m

1000m 1000m

900m 900m

800m 800m

VTOL-7 6 standard modules - 360 seats 1 premium module - 30 seats 4 WC modules 3 service modules

700m 700m

600m 600m

500m 500m

Long-Haul/‘Jumbo’ Airbus A380-800 437 standard seats 96 premium seats 22 luxury seats

400m 400m

300m 300m

200m 200m

100m

H H

H H

H H

H H

100m

Runway length Boeing 747-8 356 standard seats 87 premium seats 24 luxury seats

Typical seating 100 100 200 200 300 300 400 400

VTOL-11 6 standard modules - 360 seats 3 premium modules - 90 seats 2 luxury modules - 40 seats 5 WC modules 6 service modules

A-11

Modular Aircraft Capabilities Research and Brief

18

500 500 600 600

A220

RJ100

CRJ700

E170

B737

A320

A300

B787

A380

B747

VTOL-2

VTOL-3

VTOL-7

VTOL-11

A220

RJ100

CRJ700

E170

B737

A320

A300

B787

A380

B747

VTOL-2

VTOL-3

VTOL-7

VTOL-11

1 - Mid-deck jetbridge 2 - Upper-deck jetbridge 3 - Ground tug 4 - Catering truck 5 - Upper-deck catering truck 6 - Cleaning truck 7 - Fuel Truck 8 - Lower-deck cargo lift 9 - ULD cargo tractor/trailer 10 - Bulk cargo tractor/trailer 11 - AC service unit 12 - Potable water vehicle 13 - Lavatory vehicle 14 - Ground power unit 15 - Conveyor belt 16 - Air start unit 17 - De-icing truck 18 - Ladder fire truck 19 - Standard fire truck 20 - Foam cannon fire truck 21 - Fire command/crew vehicle

Safety Zone

10 15

4 13

9 8

4

12

7

7

17

11

5 4

2 9

8 6

20 1

16

19

18

21

14

3

1 - Service connection points 2 - Fuel Lines 3 - Power lines 4 - Module loading vehicle 5 - Passenger module 6 - Service modules 7 - Alternative aircraft positions 8 - De-ice/foam cannon drone 9 - Fire crew response VTOL

Safety Zone 1

2

7

3

4 6

4

5 8

5 1

1 4 1 2

2

9

1

A-12

Comparison of Aircraft Servicing Research and Brief

19

Airbus A320 Turnaround time: 44 minutes

Activity Prepositioning Loading event

Aircraft ready

In-Block

Critical path

Aircraft parked Deplaning/Boarding Security Checks Catering Cleaning Cargo Bulk/baggage Fueling Waste water Potable water

0:00

5:00

10:00

15:00

20:00

25:00

30:00

35:00

40:00

45:00

50:00

55:00

60:00

65:00

70:00

75:00

80:00

85:00

90:00

95:00

35:00

40:00

45:00

50:00

55:00

60:00

65:00

70:00

75:00

80:00

85:00

90:00

95:00

VTOL-3 Turnaround time: 16.5 minutes Aircraft ready

In-Block Aircraft parked Module loading Deplaning/boarding Security Checks Catering Cleaning Cargo Bulk/baggage Fueling Waste water Potable water

0:00

5:00

10:00

15:00

20:00

25:00

30:00

Airbus A380 Turnaround time: 90 minutes Aircraft ready

In-Block Aircraft parked Deplaning/Boarding Security Checks Catering Cleaning Cargo Bulk/baggage Fueling Waste water Potable water

0:00

5:00

10:00

15:00

20:00

25:00

30:00

35:00

40:00

45:00

50:00

55:00

60:00

65:00

70:00

75:00

80:00

85:00

90:00

95:00

50:00

55:00

60:00

65:00

70:00

75:00

80:00

85:00

90:00

95:00

VTOL-11 Turnaround time: 31.5 minutes Aircraft ready

In-Block Aircraft parked Module loading Deplaning/boarding Security Checks Catering Cleaning Cargo Bulk/baggage Fueling Waste water Potable water

0:00

A-13

5:00

15:00

20:00

Comparison of Aircraft Turnaround Research and Brief

20

10:00

25:00

30:00

35:00

40:00

45:00

B

SITING AND DEVELOPMENT

21

Wo rk

ntain

Mai ply

Cu

ltu

Distant

up

s Re

re

AT C

s ht Sig

Reachable

e Hom

Car go

Close

On-site

Re t

il Ra

ail

e Tub

Foo d

Roof space

Bu

ls te

s

Heathrow Advantages: Established airport Height risk: LOW Air: 80.10M Rail: 6.20M Tube: 14.63M

Ho

Taxi

Fun

Key

London City Advantages: Established airport Height risk: MEDIUM Air: 4.82M DLR: 4.53M

* *

Victoria Advantages: Rail terminus, shopping centre Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 75.00M/6.13M Tube: 79.36M

Clapham Junction Advantages: Rail interchange, *near heliport Height risk: LOW Rail: 29.44M/29.60M

Euston Advantages: Rail terminus, future HS2 site Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 44.75M/4.07M Tube: 43.07M

* *

B-1

Waterloo Advantages: Rail terminus, major attractions Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 94.35M/5.86M Tube: 91.27M

Canary Wharf Advantages: Finance hub, *near current airport Height risk: VERY HIGH DLR: 19.36M Tube: 50.91M

Stratford Advantages: International rail, shopping centre Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 40.07M/4.56M DLR: 19.70M Tube: 61.99M

Blackfriars Advantages: Major attractions, river access Height risk: MEDIUM Rail: 10.80M/0.92M Tube: 14.83M

London Bridge Advantages: Rail interchange, major attractions Height risk: HIGH Rail: 48.45M/7.39M Tube: 69.05M

Liverpool Street Advantages: Rail terminus, finance hub Height risk: HIGH Rail: 66.97M/3.79M Tube: 67.74M

Comparative Site Analysis Siting and Development

22

10

London’s airports

11

3

2

4

5

1

Euston Marylebone 12 Paddington 6

Charing X.

Victoria

7

LHR Heathrow

Clapham Jct.

8

9 120,000,000 110,000,000 100,000,000

London Heathrow London City London Central

90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0

B-2

1:2000

N

1 - Landing pad 2 - Grosvenor Hotel 3 - Terminal Place entrance 4 - Eastern Archway entrance 5 - Eastern Station concourse 6 - Victoria Place shopping centre 7 - Planned OSD 8 - Victoria Coach Station 9 - Former Empire Air Terminal 10 - Victoria Tube Station 11 - Victoria Bus Station 12 - Flightpaths 2015 2016 2017

3

2018

2

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

9

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

TheB-3 Urban Airport Site and Network Context Siting and Development Siting and Development

23

203

London’s airports

Marylebone

Paddington

LHR Heathrow

Claph

120,000,000 110,000,000 100,000,000

London Heathrow London City London Central

90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 2015

B-2

2016

The Urban Airport Network Siting and Development

24

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2

Stratford Kings X. St Pancras Euston

LON

Liverpool St.

Blackfriars

Cannon St.

Charing X.

Fenchurch St.

LCY City

London Bridge Waterloo

Victoria

ham Jct.

2032

2033

2034

2035

2036

2037

2038

2039

2040

2041

2042

2043

2044

2045

2046

2047

2048

2049

2050

25

4 - Global massing

1 - Concourse flows Current

Retail

Rationalised

Circulation

Retail

Relax

Circulation

5 - Establishing grid

2 - Program stacking Key floor alignement

Defining zones

A

B Landing Boarding Airport functions

Boarding near ground - concourse compromised

Boarding near pad - concourse preserved

6 - Circulation elements

3 - Global massing

Spatial value: High Low

A

B

C

D

E

B-4

Building Form Genesis Siting and Development

26

F

7 - Refining flows Fit to grid

Redefine islands

8 - Environmental exposure Exposure: High Low

B A

Exposure

9 - Plan refinement

Super-grid

Grid

A

Sub-grid

B

10.5m

3.5m

3.5m

3.5m

1.75m

1.75m

C

10 - Stack Refinement Enclosed program

Refined massing

A B B C A - Dis/embarkation B - Lounge and retail C - Operational

27

=20

Precedent

Precedent

Pan Am Building

Thames Airport

(Emery Roth, Pietro Belluschi, Walter Gropius)

Structural demand

Precedent Charing Cross Heliport

Required height: 60m

(Aslan and Freeman)

Context Key metrics: Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability

B-5

Structural Brief Siting and Development

28

A

Iteration ‘Archway’

Pad Truss

Boarding deck

Main column Arch

Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability

Ticket hall

A.1

A.2

A.3 Arch iteration

B-6

Precedent

Precedent

National Museum of Scotland

Paddington Station

Strategy Iteration A

Precedent St Pancras Station

B-7

Siting and Development

29

B

Pad

Iteration ‘Diagrid’ Spaceframe

Boarding deck

Concourse

Anchor

Expression Efficiency Contextuality

Iteration 1

Useability Buildability

Iteration 2

B.1

Iteration 3 B.2

Iteration 4

Iteration 5

Level 1

Level 2 Precedent

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

B-7

Strategy Iteration B Siting and Development

30

Slovak National Radio Building

D Iteration

‘Bundles’

Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability

D.1 D.2

Branching column

B-9

Cruciform arrangement

45 degree adjustment

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

J

L

M

N

O

P

Strategy Iteration D Siting and Development

31

C

Pad

Iteration ‘Megastructure’

Boarding deck

Concourse

Anchor

3

2 4

5

1 - Primary column 2 - Primary beam 3 - Secondary beam 4 - Tertiary beam 5 - Tensile member 6 - Water cooling 7 - Service channels 8 - Air supply 9 - HV cabling 10 - LED lighting Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability 6 8 Precedent Plug In City (Archigram)

7 9 2

10

1

B-8

Strategy Iteration C Siting and Development

32

E

Pad

Final proposal Boarding deck

Expression Efficiency Contextuality Useability Buildability

Anchor

Concourse

Column and beam iterations

A

B

C

D

E

Compression Tension

Tolerance

Tolerance

Deflection

Initial grid

B-10

Deflection

Lower utilsation Low spatial usability

Optimised grid

High utilsation Higher spatial usability

Final Structural Strategy Siting and Development

33

4

See page B-12 9

1 7

3

3

8

10

1 - West Wing 2 - North Wing 3 - Passenger modules 4 - Landing positions 5 - Landing pad 6 - Station concourse 7 - Boarding deck 8 - Central atrium 9 - Observation gallery 10 - Entrance lobby

B-11

Building Section B Siting and Development

34

6

4

5

7 9

2

35

Lightwell Counterweight

Airside Scanner

Landside

Sensor Emitter New Glazing

Lift Car

B-12

Circulation Systems Siting and Development

36

Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:

6 MEDIUM LOW Yes

Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:

6 LOW LOW Yes

Loadi

1 - Pas 2 - Ra 3 - ‘Co 4 - Ro 5 - Ex 6 - At 7 - Ele 8 - Hy

Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:

6 HIGH MEDIUM Yes

Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:

1 HIGH HIGH No

System iterations

B-13

Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:

6 HIGH MEDIUM Yes

Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:

6 MEDIUM MEDIUM Yes

Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:

1 MEDIUM HIGH No

Openings Spatial Demand: Rail Complexity: Transfer Vehicles:

1 LOW MEDIUM No

Embarkation Systems Siting and Development

37

1

6

5

4

7 8

Loading system 1 - Passenger module 2 - Rail system 3 - ‘Collar’ mount 4 - Rotating frame 5 - Extensible arms 6 - Attachment point 7 - Electric motor 8 - Hydraulic system

7

3

2

In aircraft

System operation

In building

38

C

DETAILED EXPLORATION

39

C-8

B-12

11

C-8

C-12

9

C-11

1a Primary steel frame (main column) 1b Primary steel frame (beam) 1c Primary steel frame (bridge truss) 1d Primary steel frame (stair stringer) 2 Triple glazing unit 3 20mm Reinforced glass balu 4a Precast reinforced concrete (solid)

10

C-1

Sectional Exploration Detailed Exploration

40

ustrade e cell

7

6 C-9 100kN/m

-100kN/m

8

C-2

4a 4b

5

2

C-7

3

1c

1c

1a

C-4 4b Precast reinforced concrete cell (ventilated hollowcore) 5 In-situ concrete floor 6 Passenger pod 7 pod handling system 8 Pod rails 9 Passenger scanner 10 Lift car 11 Lift counterweight 12 Hotel west wing 13 Anchor points 14 Lateral beams

C-3

Column bending moment diagram

41

8

7

15

12

13 9

8

11

10 7 5 6

2

14

1 Primary steel frame 2 Steel joint plate 3 M50 bolt 4 M25 bolt 5 20mm reinforced glass balustrade 6 Steel balustrade mount 7 Precast reinforced concrete cell 8 In-situ reinforced concrete floor 9 Anodised alumnium extrusion 10 Anodised alumnium handrail 11 Steel handrail bracket 12 Anodised aluminium panel 13 Extruded service channel 14 Extruded lighting channel 15 Service and drainage ducts

C-2

Construction System Detail Detailed Exploration

42

4

1

3

Precedent Piling at Nova East

Adjacent to site 79m piles required (deepest in London)

Sand/gravel (low stability)

London Clay (high stability) 24 piles 79m depth

5 1 3 1 Primary steel column 2 Cast steel node 3 M50 bolt 4 Steel step edge 5 Extruded aluminium inlay 6 In-situ concrete floor 7 Compacted substrate 8 1800mm concrete pile 9 Earth (sand/gravel)

2 5

8

5

4

6 7 9

C-3

Foundation Exploration Detailed Exploration

43

1.9

2.8

1.4

3.3

2.6

2.7 2.5 2.4

3.4 2.2

2.4 3.3

2.1 2.3

2.4

2.3

2.2 2.3

1.8

2.3

1.7

2.2 3.4

1.4 1.6

2.1

1.4

3.2

1.3 3.1

1.2

1.4

1.5

1.1

1.3

C-4

Column Fragment Detailed Exploration

44

2

5

3

1 - Column 2 - Landing pad sprinkler feed (foaming) 3 - Interior sprinkler feed (non-foaming) 4 - Potable water feed 5 - Roof drainage downpipe 6 - Roof drainage trunk 7 - Sewage pipe (generated in-building) 8 - Sewage pipe (extracted from pods) 9 - Digitally controlled booster pump 10 - Aviation critical power and data feed A 11 - In-building power and data feed A 12 - Aviation critical power and data feed B 13 - In-building power and data feed B (duplicate power and data lines provide redundancy for critical systems)

11

10

12

1 1 11 2

13

12

5 13 3 10

10 4

3

2

7

Water supply and drainage route

C-5

8

6

11

13

12

9

HV and data supply route

Column Service Integration Detailed Exploration

45

13:00 21/03

13:00 21/06

13:00 21/12

07:00 21/06

15:00 21/06

Concourse shading

1

2

1 - Column 2 - LED lighting strip 3 - No lighting below 3m (prevents eye level glare)

2

2

12am

Winter Summer 2

Operation in darkness

3

12pm

C-6

Natural and Artificial Lighting Detailed Exploration

46

Operating hours

1 7a

8 4

1

7b

C-7

2

3

1 Primary steel frame 2 In-situ tread to precast concrete stair 3 Steel risers to precast concrete stair 4 20mm reinforced glass balustrade 5 Precast reinforced concrete cell 6 In-situ concrete floor 7a Anodised alumnium extrusion 7b Flush anodised aluminium inlay 8 Steel handrail bracket

Circulation/Interface Exploration Detailed Exploration

47

A

See page C-9

1 Primary steel frame 2 Steel joint plate 3 M50 bolt 4 Triple glazing unit 5 Extruded aluminium plate 6 Rigid insulation panel 7 Flashing to gutter 8 Precast concrete cell 9 High strength insulation 10 In-situ concrete floor 11 Secondary steel structure

B

1

4

4

10

1

1

3

A

B

4 1

11 4

5 6 7 9

10

10

11 11

8

2

1

6 1

6

1

1

5 1

1

2 3 4 4

C-8

Envelope Details Detailed Exploration

48

Al

Aluminium

+ Ti

Titanium

1 Primary steel frame 2 HV and data cabling 3 Precast reinforced concrete cells 4 High-strength insulation board 5 In-situ reinforced concrete slab 6 Elastometric isolator 7 Isolator mount 8 Secondary steel structure 9 Sprinkler system pipework 10 Inset guttering 11 Replaceable panels 12 Non-slip surface

HMS Queen Elizabeth landing surface

12

11

‘AM2’ modular landing surface 9 10

3 ‘Pop-up’ sprinkler system

6

8

7

5

Landing gear positioning

4

3

2

1

Loading analysis

C-9

Landing Pad Detail Detailed Exploration

49

1 Aircraft position 2 Landing pad surface 3 Inner boarding level 4 Outer boarding level 5 Pod handling mechanism 6 Pods recieving HV charging (during embarkation/disembarkation) 7 Charged pods awaiting loading (during embarkation/disembarkation) 8 Charged pods loaded into aircraft (departing passengers onboard) 9 Uncharged pods unloaded from aircraft (arriving passengers onboard) 10a HV charging circuit 10b HV charge supplied to pods

11a Waste water circuit 11b Waste water extracted from pods 12a Fresh water circuit 12b Fresh water supplied to pods 13 Primary landing pad gutter 14 Secondary landing pad gutter 15 Drainage downpipe in column 16 Air handling unit position 17 Pod rail system

1

1 16

8 14

13

15

10a

10b

16

7

17

12a 11

C-10

Landing Pad Performance Detailed Exploration

50

9

16

1

5

7

6

6

12b

11b

1a

Acoustic deflection on landing pad

51

17

5

12

16

1b

14 6

4

15

2b

9 8c 14

6

10 14

1c

1c 7

3

C-12

Existing Structure Junction B Detailed Exploration

52

3

8a

9

14

8b

11

1b 7

13

8c

13

2a

1a Primary steel frame (main column) 1b Primary steel frame (beam) 1c Primary steel frame (bridge truss) 2a Steel joint plate (bridge truss) 2a Steel joint plate (beam connection) 3 M50 bolt 4 M25 bolt 5 Triple glazing unit 6 20mm reinforced glass balustrade 7 Steel balustrade mount 8a Precast reinforced concrete cell (solid)

8b Precast reinforced concrete cell (ventilated hollowcore) 8c Precast reinforced concrete cell (with services channel) 9 In-situ concrete floor 10 Service connection 11 Rigid insulation panel 12 High strength insulation 13 Anodised alumnium extrusion 14 Anodised aluminium panel 15 Steel handrail bracket 16 Existing brickwork 17 Existing stone detailing

1a

53

Grosvenor Hotel west wing

12

11

Hotel at opening

9

8

4

11

Hotel lobby 9 1 Primary steel frame (bridge truss) 2a Steel joint plate (bridge truss) 2b Steel joint plate (beam connection) 3 M50 bolt 4 20mm reinforced glass balustrade 5 Precast reinforced concrete cell (with services channel) 6 In-situ concrete floor 7 Service connection 8 Anodised alumnium extrusion 9 Anodised aluminium panel 10 Steel handrail bracket 11 Existing brickwork 12 Existing stone detailing 13 Anchor points 14 Lateral beams 15 Floor slab 16 Foundation

14

3

2a

14

2b

15 13 16 12

9

C-11

Existing Structure Junction A Detailed Exploration

54

6

5

7

D

17

5

12

FINAL IMAGES

16

8a

9

14

1b

14 6

4

15

2b

9 8c 14

6

10 14

1c

1c 7

3

C-12

3

Existing Structure Junction B Detailed Exploration

55

D-1

Bridge Perspective Final Images

56

London Victoria.

You won’t have to wait for your flight, but you’ll want to.

D-2

Atrium Perspective Final Images

57

D-3

Concourse Perspective Final Images

58

59

D-4

Sectional Perspective Final Images

60

61

E

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

62

63

1

1:200

N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs

10

9

9

9

9

E-1

GA Plan - 5 General Arrangement

64

A

1

2

8

9

9

9

9

2

A

65

1

1:200

N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs

10

11

E-2

GA Plan - 4 General Arrangement

66

A

1

2

11

2

A

67

1

1:200

N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs

10

10

7

E-3

GA Plan - 3 General Arrangement

68

A

1

2

5

5

2

A

69

1

1:200

N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs

6

10

E-4

GA Plan - 2 General Arrangement

70

A

1

2

2

A

71

1

1:200

N 1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs

4

10

E-5

GA Plan - 1 General Arrangement

72

A

1

3

2

2

A

73

1:200

1 - Grosvenor West Wing 2 - Grosvenor North Wing 3 - Main passenger link bridge 4 - Service and goods link bridge 5 - Secondary passenger link bridge 6 - Operational/admin space 7 - Airport Bar 8 - Boarding level 9 - Passengers pods 10 - Access lift 11 - WCs

1

8

6

3

2

E-6

GA Section AA General Arrangement

74

9

9

7

75

F

APPENDICES

76

HMT

HMT issues gilts to raise capital

H.M. Treasury

Local Authority borrows via Central Government, accessing highly competitive rates

HMG

H.M. Government

Network Rail

GLA

PWLB

Public Works Loan Board

Greater London Authority

Airport revenue services public debt

owner of Victoria Station

HMG 30%

GLA 30%

ue

n ve Re

nd

La

ital

LDN CENTRAL LTD

Ownership stake relative to capital/assets invested Ensures public sector has overall controlling share, while balancing national and local considerations

Cap

Private 40%

Airlines

GLH

Fees paid for aviation services

owner of Grosvenor Hotel

See page 4-1

Retailers

Consortium

Rent paid on retail units and concessions

Entity representing private investment

See page 4-3

Operators rent space on a short-medium term basis Ownership of/investment in airport assets is unattractive to airlines and retailers, as it reduces their flexibility and viability

F-1

Asset/capital focussed businesses which take a long-term view best placed as investment partners

Private Equity

Funding and Revenue Structure Appendices

77

Super-oversized steel Volume: MEDIUM

5 1

Site boundary

1

Site yard (positioned in existing carpark above platform level)

2

Road access to site

3

Rail access to site (closure of platform 8, materials lifted to yard level through opening in car park deck)

4

Subterranean hazard (tube station entrance)

5

Personnel Volume: MEDIUM Site cranes Volume: MEDIUM

Demolition waste Volume: VERY HIGH

Site plant 2

Excavated earth

Volume: MEDIUM

Volume: HIGH

Aluminium sheet Volume: MEDIUM

Precast concrete Volume: HIGH

Aluminium extrusions Volume: LOW

Cement/aggregate Volume: VERY HIGH

Glazing Volume: MEDIUM

Steel Volume: HIGH 3

Fixings

4

Volume: LOW Oversize steel Volume: MEDIUM

1

2

Establish site access Begin roof removal

4

Construction Process Appendices

78

Build cranes 1 +2 Divert passenger flows

5

Close hotel west wing

F-2

3

Build cranes 3 + 4

6

Fully close concourse Close hotel north wing

Remove site cranes Insert super-oversize steel Reopen station

RIBA Stage 0 Inception

LDN Central Ltd formed

Public consultation

Feasibility design work RIBA Stage 1 Precedent Design

Precedent

Heathrow Third Runway

HS2 Ltd

Initial policy document produced by HM Treasury

Policy

Statuatory corporation formed to promote and develop the scheme

Construction RIBA Stage 2 Planning design

Design competition

Commons vote on NPS Precedent

Boost for Johnson as commons approves

Heathrow Third Runway Airports National Policy Statement presented to parliament

NLA proposals

First phase of london airport scheme passes

parliament

MPs back controversial airport plans

Passes with a majority of 296 Planning submission

Planning inquiry begins

Developed design RIBA Stage 3 Precedent

Activists lose London airport fight

Heathrow Terminal 5

Airport approved: planning inquiry returns

BA stock soars as LDN Central given planning

final verdict

consent

Contractors selected

UK’s longest planning inquiry returns verdict after 525 days of sittings Permission granted two years later

Contract bidding process

Precedent

Traditional Contract

Heathrow Terminal 5 Bespoke ‘T5 Agreement‘ contract, where client assumes risk, chosen after year-long analysis of UK construction contract case studies

Planning permission granted

Design + Build Contract

Cost-Plus Contract

Enabling works begin (including offsite works)

NLA Agreement signed

Construction begins

Detailed design RIBA Stage 4

Construction design RIBA Stage 5 Precedent Heathrow Terminal 5 Unique construction process developed to respond to site-specific constraints

Design team supervision

Design production ends

Precedent Crossrail After contruction, extensive in-place testing of all signalling and train systems prior to line opening

RIBA Stage 6 Snagging and handover

Construction ends

F-3

Testing and regulatory approval

Analysis RIBA Stage 7

Soft opening

Evaluation

Opening!

Planning and Procurement Timeline Appendices

79

Wind and flightpaths Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Existing sound pollution 55.0 dB - 59.9 dB 60.0 dB - 64.9 dB 65.0 dB - 69.9 dB 70.0 dB - 74.9 dB 75.0 dB +

Aircraft noise Affected zones Modest additional noise pollution, with limited areas impacted

Traditional aircraft

F-4

Acoustic Environment Appendices

80

large acoustic footprint

VTOL aircraft

small acoustic footprint

4

6

5

1

Precedent Aircraft evacuation slides

2

Evacuation route

Lower passenger numbers Tighter weight/size limits Lower evacuation height

1 - Packed slide 2 - Slide being deployed 3 - Deployed slide 4 - High pressure air line 5 - Balustrade folds down 6 - Supervising marshalls

Primer Intumescent paint Coating (grey)

3

Precedent

Protective coating 120 minute fire rating

Maritime evacuation slides Comparable passenger numbers Comparable weight/size limits Comparable evacuation height

Evacuation slide 1200 passengers per hour 12 deployable slides All passengers (~6000) evacuated in 25 minutes

6

Internal fire

Sprinklers Mains water supply

Resevoir below concourse

Small aircraft fire

(burst) Foaming agent mixing process

Large aircraft fire

F-5

River Thames

Landing pad sprinklers

Offsite pump

Fire and Evacuation Strategy Appendices

81

Titanium/aluminium landing surface Carbon cost: Maintainance burden: Incedental replacement: Designed lifespan:

MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM 10yrs

Glazing and balustrades Carbon cost:

MEDIUM

Maintainance burden:

MEDIUM

Incedental replacement:

LOW

Designed lifespan:

25yrs

Reinforced precast concrete Carbon cost:

HIGH (MEDIUM) (Reduced using GGBS)

Maintainance burden:

VERY LOW

Incedental replacement:

NONE

Designed lifespan:

100yrs

Aluminium panels and inlays Carbon cost:

HIGH (MEDIUM) (Reduced by recycling aluminium)

Maintainance burden:

LOW

Incedental replacement:

LOW

Designed lifespan:

50yrs

Steel structure and fixings Carbon cost:

VERY HIGH (HIGH) (Reduced by recycling steel)

Maintainance burden:

VERY LOW

Incedental replacement:

NONE

Designed lifespan:

100yrs

Reinforced in-situ concrete Carbon cost:

VERY HIGH (HIGH) (Reduced using GGBS)

Maintainance burden:

LOW

Incedental replacement:

NONE

Designed lifespan:

100yrs

Mechanical systems Carbon cost: Maintainance burden: Building lifespan (Infrastructure standard = 100yrs)

Incedental replacement: Designed lifespan:

MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM Varied

Landing surface replacement Glazing and balustrade replacement Lifespan extended?

Station in use since 1860

Demolition

Construction

Aluminium panel and inlay replacement

2025

F-6

2035

2040

Building Lifecycle Analysis Appendices

82

2030

2045

2050

2055

2060

2065

2070

2075

2080

2085

2090

2095

2100

2105

2110

2115

2120

2125

Key passenger groups for London Central

International long-haul tourists

Business travellers and commuters

Advantages:

Advantages:

Close to attractions Nearby hotels Attractive for layovers

Close to workplaces Easy onward connections Fast airport experience

Key legacy airlines

British Airways

Lufthansa

KLM

LoganAir

HOPAir (formed 2026)

BA CityFlyer

Key regional airlines

F-7

Aviation Consumers and Operators Appendices

83

1

2

3

LET’S FLY AWAY

5

4

Airport Bar signature cocktail: 6

Victoria Gin Fizz

1 - C 61 M 11 Y 19 K 0 2 - C 74 M 27 Y 13 K 0 3 - C 83 M 55 Y 15 K 0 4 - Gin, lemon juice, champagne 5 - Shatterproof polymer martini glass 6 - Lemon twist

Precedent Snohetta Integrated Design Practice

Aerospace Engineers

Structural and Services Engineers

Architects and Interior Architects

Graphic and Product Designers Mixologists

External consultants

F-8

Integrated Design Team Appendices

84

Practice team

IPassport Digital passport system Working alongside biometric data and facial recognition systems, this mandatory app replaces the paper passport and removes the need for a physical border.

Of course, it’s blue.

Impact on building: No border infrastructure needed

ETICKET Digital boarding passes Already commonly used, mobile ticketing will become obligatory for all passengers.

Rather than presenting the screen, the phone will be detected when passengers are in the building.

Impact on building: No ticket checks or barriers needed

TFL Airlink Mass transit ticketing and information Through ticketing when transferring from one London Central terminal to another.

Impact on building: Enables distributed terminal model

National Rail Rail ticketing and information Combined air and rail ticketing, discounts for intermodal passengers and coordinated and dynamic timetabling.

Impact on building: Promotes interchange and onward travel BagRadar Luggage tracking FlightTrackr Global flight information Users can view live location and other data from aircraft in the air. Allows passengers to recieve alerts and updates, and non-travellers to engage with the airport and aviation generally.

As passengers bags will travel seperately to the destination, this constantly updated tracking app allows travellers to maintain a connection to their luggage, and adjust drop-off or collection.

Impact on building: No baggage handling needed

Impact on building: Passenger and community engagement Autocase Remote luggage control Global Shopping

With the advent of self-mobile baggage, users can directly control their cases, switch between various autonomous modes, and view live video and sensor feeds for security and tracking.

Pre-flight and mid-flight retail Passengers can browse and pre-purchase for collection on arrival, with numerous participating retailers across a wide range of sectors.

Impact on building: No baggage handling needed

Impact on building: Enables dense and efficient retail offering

Seat Jackal Last minute deals for locals This app offers spare seats at drop down prices to users based on how close they live to the airport, and how fast they can get to it. Being in the flightpath isn’t such a bad thing anymore.

Impact on building:

Cloud Concierge

Rewards local residents

Layover itinerary planner With London occupying a position as a prime layover hub, this app uses machine learning to produce plans of activities and refreshment stops that fit perfectly to your layover time.

Impact on building: Stimulates spending in the local economy

Final Call Airport information service This app removes the need for courtesy announcements, sending users personal alerts instead.

Impact on building: Improves passenger acoustic experience

F-9

Diner Dash Mass transit ticketing and information Ever had to leave a restauruant in a hurry to catch a flight, and spent an age waiting for the bill to arrive? Well, now you can pay when you get sat down on the plane.

Impact on building: Stimulates spending in local restaurants

Digital Building Interface Appendices

85

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

86

UNIT @unit14_ucl

87

S Y S T E M I C I M PACT

2020

T

he focus of this year’s work is the awareness that architecture can affect at deepest systemic leveland the understanding that architectural proposition is in itself a system of interrelated constituents where the findings of interdisciplinary systems theory apply. This knowledge opens a way to a method-driven approach that can materialize in architecture of great performance and considered expression while driving architectural authorship and novelty. We will aspire to reinstate the designer’s engagement with all aspects of the system’s constituents aiming for impactful architecture delivered by the negotiation of the interacting entities that define the unified spatial whole.

Societal, technological, cultural, economic as well as political developments will propel our investigations with a deep understanding of how they interlink.

This will shape our strategies and heuristics, driving synthesis. The observation as well as re-examination of civilizatory developments will enable us to project near-future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. We will find out about how human endeavour, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate while they advance cultural as well as technological means, driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. Supported by competent research we will aim for systemic impact and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation.

Our methodology employs both bottom up and top down strategies in order to build up sophisticated architectural systems and will be tailored to the individual problem. Pivotal to this process and to fight charlatanism is the concept of practical experimentation – and intense exploration through both digital and physical models that aims to assess system performance and its direct application to architectural space. The emphasis on applied research fuels the process of design and allows us to develop highly considered architectural propositions with great momentum.

Thanks to: Zaha Hadid Architects, DKFS Architects, Seth Stein Architects, Orms Designers and Architects, Cundall Engineers, Knippers Helbig, DaeWha Kang Design, AL_A, Innochain, Langstaff Day Architects

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl