Ivan Hewitt_Y4 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

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A NEW INTERFACE WITH THE RIVER THAMES

IVAN HEWITT YEAR 4

UNIT

Y4 IH

EMBANKMENT AS IT COULD BE

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IVAN HEWITT YEAR 4 Y4 IH

ivan.hewitt.19@alumni.ucl.ac.uk @unit14_ucl

E M B A N K M E NT A S IT C O U L D B E A NEW INTERFACE WITH THE RIVER THAMES London, United Kingdom

S

ituated on the Embankment along the Thames (London, United Kingdom), ‘Embankment As It Could Be’, responds to the current urban interface with the River Thames bank and seeks to offer a new public space, unknown to London thus far. The challeng-es posed by the River Thames, make the interface challenging with the tides frequent-ly changing. The site is amongst the most well-known locations in the capital, with Westminster, London Eye & Trafalgar Square all in close proximity, however the site is currently occupied by noise and air pollution from the vehicle traffic that currently runs along the Embankment. The river edge provides great social potentials in cen-tral locations within the city and in continuation of the spirit of Embankment’s creator Bazalgette and other proposals such as ‘London As It Could Be’ by Richard Rogers, the new scheme aims to propose a new social interface along the Embankment and engage with retaining the existing wall and opening up the wall onto the river edge when the tide is low.

To act upon the challenges of the River Thames, the project excavates the Embank-ment and retains the existing wall with a concrete case and steel retaining structure. In response to the changing environments, the kinetic nature is embedded in the building with hydraulic cover hatches positioned on the roof and the wall, in order to open and close the building depending on var ying environmental and program conditions.

structure to integrate the hydraulic openings and key services that would fuel the performance arena and wine bar.

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RIVER THAMES

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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT @A1

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AREA SCHEDULE

SCALE: 1:250 DWG: GA-XX-001

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ZONE A (EXISTING ZONES)

ZONE B (ROOF)

ZONE C (RIVER EDGE)

A.01 Hungerford bridge stairs A.02 Embankment station A.03 Embankment hotel A.04 Victoria Embankment gardens

B.01 Main hydraulic roof B.02, B.03, B.04 Hydraulic roofs B.05,B.06 Entrances B. 07 Public footpath

C.01 Landscape terrace C.02 Embankmentwatertaxi

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Initial research into steel and the development of steel properties, structures and connections uncovered the ability for an advanced steel structural system to be used as a retaining wall structural system, whilst also providing a flexible

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GENERAL SECTION

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PRIMARY RETAINING STRUCTURAL BEAM

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SCALE: 1:100 DWG: GS-SS-002

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A.01 10mm sheet steel A.02 20mm sheet steel stiffner A.03 5mm service pipe A.04,05 10mm sheet steel removable fixing A.06,07 20x20mm bolt A. 08 light A.09 ventilation pipe

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METEORIC IRON

Meteors landing on earth were once of the first natural sources of iron. As it was readily available in its current state it was used for tools such as weapons.

IRON KNOWN TO MANKIND

3000 YEARS

IRON METEORITE

EGYPTIAN BEADS

DAGGER OF TUTANKHAMUN

IRON IN EARTHS CRUST

MOST COMMON IRON-BEARING MINERALS

The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%). In the early stage of earth’s creation, the heaviest material like iron sank to the core. Lighter material remained on top to form a crust.

The most commonly used iron alloys are Hematite and Magnetite due to their iron content of approx. 70%.

CRUST Rock

OUTER CORE Liquid - nickel and iron

Hematite, Fe2O3 (70% Fe)

Magnetite, Fe3O4 (72.4% Fe)

Limonite, 2Fe2O3·3H2O (60% Fe)

Siderite, FeCO3 (48.3% Fe)

INNER CORE Solid - nickel and iron

MANTEL Molten rock

THE INDUSTRIAL BOOM

From the 18th century up to the 20th century continuous developements and technological advancements were made with engines, fuel types and furnaces to help increase the abilities to produce steel, which helped develope infrastructures around the world.

30000 FUEL EVOLUTION

FURNACE EVOLUTION

ENGINE EVOLUTION 25000

20000

15000

CAST IRON (1780 - 1850)

STEEL (1880 - NOW!)

IRON AS A BUILDING MATERIAL 250 YEARS

10000

5000

WROUGHT IRON (1850 - 1900)

1860

1870

1880

1890

STEEL PRODUCTION TRENDS

EARLY RESEARCH IRON ORE Irons original state comes in iron ore and goes under a long process to extract the iron from the ore to make its properties appropriate for working with. The technologies required for the use of iron as a building material has meant that it is a relatively new building material.

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1900

1910

IRON ORE

CAST IRON METALLURGY PROCESS WROUGHT IRON METALLURGY PROCESS

BLAST FURNACE

STEEL METALLURGY PROCESS

PIG IRON

CUPOLA FURNACE

PUDDLING FURNACE

BESSEMER CONVERTER OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE BASIC OXYGEN PROCESS

CAST IRON

WROUGHT IRON

STEEL

CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON, STEEL PROPERTIES:

CAST IRON WROUGHT IRON STEEL

COMPOSITION (based on carbon content)

MELTING POINT (based on degrees celsius)

HARDNESS

Cast-iron 2-4%; wrought-iron 0.08%; steel 0.01-2% carbon

Cast-iron 1200 °C; wrought-iron 1500 °C; steel 1300-1400 °C

Cast-iron: hard, hardened by heating & sudden cooling; wrought-iron cannot be hardened or tempered; steel can be hardened or tempered

STRENGTH (compressive) Cast-iron 6.3-7.1 tonnes/sq cm; wrought-iron 2.0 tonnes/sq cm; steel 4.75-25.2 tonnes/sq cm

STRENGTH (tensile) Cast-iron 1.26-1.57 tonnes/sq cm; wroughtiron 3.15 tonnes/sq cm; steel 5.51-11.02 tonnes/ sq cm

CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON, STEEL CARBON CONTENT: Steel has a varied carbon content, based on how long it is heated will determine the carbon content.

It has great formability and durability, good tensile and yield strength.

Wrought iron has a very low carbon content making it soft and gives it the ability to bend.

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Cast iron has a very high carbon content making it hard and brittle. It will crack before it bends.

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EARLY RESEARCH IRON PROPERTIES The properties of iron as a building material can change drastically depending on the metallurgy process it undergoes. The tensility of the product largely depends on the carbon content and with less carbon content the more tensile it will become. Wrought iron, cast iron and steel all contain very different properties.

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BLAST FURNACE 6TH C. BC First used by the Chinese in 6th c. BC, but more widely used in Europe during the Middle Ages. Melting iron at very high temperatures, resulting in cast iron (2.5-4.5% carbon).

TOOLS

PUDDLING FURNACE 1784 Developed by Henry Cort in 1784.

Transformed cast pig iron into a low-carbon content wrought iron. Stirring the molten iron with oxygen slowly removed carbon.

IRON BRIDGE 1779

BESSEMER PROCESS 1856 Iron heated in the Bessemer Converter whilst oxygen was blown through the molten metal enabled the production of a more pure iron. The draw back was that too much carbon was removed and too much oxygen in final product.

CRYSTAL PALACE 1851

OPEN HEARTH PROCESS 1860s German engineer Karl Wilhelm Siemens produced steel from pig iron in large shallow furnaces, increasingsteel production. The heated brick chamber below the hearth enabled burning off excess carbon & other impurities.

BROOKLYN BRIDGE 1883

FLUX 1876 Welshman Sidney Gilcrhist Thomas found that adding a chemically basic flux, limestone, to the Bessemer process would draw out phosphorus from the pig iron into slag.

1ST STEEL FRAME SKYSCRAPER 1885

ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE 1879 Designed to pass electric current through charged material resulting in exothermic oxidation and temperatures up to 1800 °C. EAFs produce steel from 100% scrap and now account for 33% of global steel production.

EIFFEL TOWER 1889

OXYGEN STEEL MAKING 1960 66% of global steel production is now produced by basic oxygen facilities.

The basic oxygen furnace blows oxygen into large quantities of molten iron & scrap steel and can complete a charge much faster than open hearth methods.

BANK OF CHINA TOWER 1985

MILESTONE PROJECTS

FURNACE DEVELOPMENT

EARLY RESEARCH IRON PRODUCTION TIMELINE

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September 1775 Bridge proposed

March 1776 The Parliamentary Act for a cast iron bridge received royal assent

1777 - 1779 Construction

1 January 1781 Opened to public

385 TONNES OF IRONWORK

1,700 COMPONENTS

01. CRAFTMEN CREATE A TIMBER MOULD

02. BLAST FURNACE IS PREPARED AND IRON IS MELTED DOWN TO A LIQUID STATE

03. TIMBER MOULD IS PLACED IN A CONTAINER

04. FOUNDRY SAND IS PLACED IN AND AROUND THE TIMBER MOULD

05. TIMBER MOULD IS EXTRACTED FROM THE SAND, LEAVING THE FORM OF THE TIMBER MOULD

06. MOLTEN IRON POURED INTO CAST

07. IRON CAST IS LEFT TO COOL

08. CAST IRON COMPONENT IS NOW READY TO BE FIXED TO THE STRUCTURE

REFRACTORINESS

FLOWABILITY

SURFACE FINISH

PERMEABILITY

EXTRACTING COMPONENT With 1,700 components making up the Iron Bridge, the method of mass production was imperative. Through the use of cast iron, it is easily poured into multiple foundry sand moulds. The precise components can then be easily fitted together to create the structure.

COHESIVENESS FOUNDRY SANDS

COLLAPSIBILITY

AVAILABILITY/COST

CHEMICAL INERTNESS

EARLY RESEARCH IRON BRIDGE A milestone reached when the iron bridge was constructed using only cast iron components and spanning 30m across the river.

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THE BLAST FURNACE Hot air reacts with charcoal: C(s) + O2(g) = CO2(g) Carbon dioxide reacts with charcoal: CO2(g) + C(s) = 2CO(g)

CHARGING HOLE Iron ore, coal and flux poured in from top and heated by hot gases blown below.

WATER WHEEL Water powers a wheel to turn and pump large bellows.

Limestone decomposes and slag forms: CaCO3(s) = CaO(s) + CO2(g) CaO (s) + SiO2(s) = CaSiO3(l) Reduction of iron ore: 3CO(g) + Fe2O3(s) = 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)

CAMS

BELLOW The bellows deliver additional air to the fuel, raising the rate of combustion and therefore the heat output.

1200°C - 1300°C

CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION

Hot air in

Slag

MOLTEN IRON The heavier molten iron sinks to the bottom and the lighter slag sits on top, thus they can be seperated naturally.

More efficient than “Bloomery” because it permits continuous productions.

Molten Iron

PIGS OF IRON

PIG IRON Pig iron with high carbon content is heated several times to reduce carbon content.

WATER WHEEL

FINER Finer will work the wrought iron bar to burn the carbon of the pig iron (bloom).

LEVERS Regulate the bellows by adding or subtracting weights in the boxes.

1. BLAST FURNACE Produces pig iron, which consists of approximatley 4% carbon.

CAST IRON MOULD

BELLOW

2. FINERY 1. Finer burns carbon from pig iron producing a bloom, then consolodates using trip hammer (3).

2. Then placed in chaffery hearth where a hammerman reheats bloom and removes molten slag using trip hammer.

3. In chaffery the bar can be shaped into different sizes dependent on use.

HOT AIR Hot air is released by burning coal.

HEARTH

3. TRIP HAMMER

HAMMER Hammer hits the bloom repeatedly to remove slag.

IRON BAR Iron bar is fed through the splitting machine to split the iron bar into multiple rods.

4. SPLITTING MILL

EARLY RESEARCH EARLY FURNACE An exploration diagram into the process of working iron with a blast furnace and the methods used to work the iron to reduce the carbon and slag.

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30 m

THE IRON BRIDGE, COALBROOKDALE, 1779

Made of cast iron from a blast furnace, and designed in large pieces which could be fitted together and hoisted into position relatively easily. The joints in the structure are similar to those used in woodwork, using wedges, chocks and dovetails to give firm connections.

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38 m

38 m

THE HIGH LEVEL BRIDGE, NEWCASTLE, 1849

The bridge was a tied arch (or bow-string) bridge with the main structural elements made of either cast or wrought iron. It had in total six spans each 125ft (38m) in length, the cast iron bows supporting the railway while wrought iron ties supported the road deck below.

518 m

518 m

THE FOURTH BRIDGE, FIFE, 1890

It was the first major structure in Britain to be made of steel and its construction resulted in a continuous East Coast railway route from London to Aberdeen.

01. THURST=ARCH STRESS

02. ABUTMENT TO CREATE COMPRESSION AND RETAIN THURST

03. ARCH BRIDGE

EARLY RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT OF WIDE SPAN BRIDGES With the advancement of iron as a building material came the advancement of wide span bridge structures. The advancment began to use cast iron with wrought iron to take advantage of each products specific properties. Later steels tensile and strength properties enabled a huge leap in the spans bridges could cross.

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01. FOUNDATIONS

Trenches were dug; then the concrete foundation with basket foundations to fit the iron columns into were placed.

02. ERECTING COLUMNS

Workmen began erecting columns and were raising around 200 columns a week.

At the same time, girders were added to support the galleries and the roof.

03. PLACING TRANSEPT ROOF

One of the most difficult parts of the construction was hoisting the main ribs for the transpet roof. All 16 ribs were fixed in one week. The roof was made of laminated timber and was hoisted up soley using human power.

04. ROOF FOR MAIN BUILDING

The roof for the main part of the building was added. Glazing wagons ran in grooves in the gutters. In one week 80 men put in over 18,000 panes of glass.

05. DECORATIVE FACADE

Finally the exterior iron frames and windows were added.

EARLY RESEARCH CRYSTAL PALACE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS The Systemic approach used to build the Crystal Place meant that it was built at high speed using solely workmen other than when erecting the roof trusses, where horse power was used. The construction diagram shows the simple logic and steps in the process of constructing the building.

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MAGNITUDE OF THE CRYSTAL PALACE BUILDING Timber (oak) (13,000 tons)

29 June 1849 Cole meets Albert who proposes a new permanent building for the 1851 exhibition in Leicester Square, which should be international. Albert accepts Leicester Square as too small, then accepts Coles proposed site: Hyde Park.

Cast-iron (3,800 tons) Wrought-iron (700 tons)

30 June 1849 Formal meeting at Buckingham Palace

Glass (400 tons)

564 m 13 March 1850 Building Commitee invites designs, to be submitted by 8 April

124 m

235,544 sqm

13.4 m

31.6 m

GALLERIES The galleries were set up using 2.4m columns and attaching 7.3m girders between each column, thus making a 7.3m2 grid. These gallery space structures used diagonal bracing to increase stability and timber flooring used for the floors.

BARREL VAULT ROOF The barrel vault roof used 9.3m timber beams to create the semi-circular arch. There were 16 units raised enitrely by human effort. These were then covered in glass panes and also used diagonal bracing to increase the strength of the roof.

MAIN ROOF The main roofs were held up by the columns and truss systems.

The glass panes were attatched to the paxton gutters (made from timber) to create coverage of the building. A total of 293,655 panes were used throughout the building as lightweight shelter.

22 June 1850 ‘Committee design’ published in Illustrated London News. Paxton is given the go ahead to persuade contractors to tender and Charles Fox agrees.

Truss and rod connection to column

4 July 1850 Commons debate on exhibition and site; Hyde Park wins approval by 120 votes to 119.

Girder

30 July 1850 Commissioners take possession of the ground. Fox begins work immediately, at own risk (contract not signed 14 November 1850).

26 September 1850 First columns raised.

Vertical diagonal bracing

1 May 1851 Queen Opens Exhibition

Bottom of column

Total construction time 17 weeks Total construction time including setting up exhibits 39 weeks

EARLY RESEARCH CRYSTAL PALACE MAGNITUDE The Crystal Palace was revolutionariy in its time and challenged the speed and magnitude in construction. Britains leading position in the indsutrial sector enabled the construction of the Crystal Palace. The simple construction system meant that workers could easily understand how to assemble to components made out of cast iron, wrought iron and timber.

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WELDED NODE POINTS

US PAVILION, 1967 WORLD EXPOSITION, MONTREAL, BUCKMINSTER FULLER

WEDGED NODE POINTS

AIRCRAFT HANGAR PROJECT 1951, KONRAD WACHSMANN

SCREWED NODE POINTS

CHURCH, OER-ERKENSCHWICK, 1972, JOACHIM SCHURMANN

EARLY RESEARCH

NODE JOINTS Spaceframes used a variety of node joining to develope the joining techniques of steel structures.

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OXYGEN FUEL TANKS

TRIM TAB

AILERON

WING FLAP

LONGERONS STRESSED SKIN FORMERS & STRINGERS

BLADED PROPELLER

KOTOL C/S AIRSCREW

RIBS

SPAR STRINGERS

FUEL TANK

GUN HEATING DUCT

WING-TIP

NB

FLANGE

REAR SPAR

FRONT SPAR

VERTICAL STIFFNER

EARLY RESEARCH

SEMI-MONOCOQUE CASE STUDY: SPITFIRE The spitfires structure maximizes efficiency of the structure by using the frame to store the equipment and engines. Stiffners are also used to strengthen the structure of the wing, whilst allowing services to pass through.

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LASER BEAM WELDING (AL-AL

RESISTANT SPOT WELDING (STEEL-STEEL) RESISTANT SPOT WELDING (ALAL)

FLOW-DRILL SCREWING

FRICTION-ELEMENT WELDING

MAG WELDING (STEEL-STEEL)

ROLLER HEMMING

EARLY RE

AUDI SPAC

Welding and folding advanceme automobiles. Each piece is connec specifi

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L)

BONDING

MIG WELDING (AL-AL)

SEMI-HOLLOW PUNCH-RIVETING

CLINCHING

LASERBEAM WELDING (STEELSTEEL)

GRIP PUNCH-RIVETING

ESEARCH

CE FRAME

ents enabled the development of cted and positioned to carry out a fic role.

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SECTION B TECTONIC INVESTIGATION Research into sheet steel fabrication and current techniques used to fold and weld sheet steel.

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STEEL SHEET STORAGE

MIG WELDING WAREHOUSE

Steel sheets are stored outdoors upon arrival on racks, ready to be taken into the fabircation warehouse to be worked on.

Mig welding warehouse full of multiple different operations. In the photo it shows a long beam, where the workman is currently mig welding stiffners to strengthen the beam.

CNC PLASMA CUTTING MACHINE

DRILLING HOLES

The CNC Plasma cutting machine is used to cut into the sheet steel plates to the required dimensions. This uses electrodes to cut through steel sheets up to 40mm.

Machines used to drill holes into steel plates. This image shows a stack of plates with holes drilled.

MIG WELDER WELDING

MIG WELDING

The mig welder welding a steel beam.

You can see the bright light that comes from the extreme heat from the electrodes in the mig welder.

The welder taking a break from the operation. The smoke is generated from the extreme heat when the welding takes place.

DRILLING MACHINE

STEEL FABRICATION

This machine is used to drill holes into steel. There are also universal beams left on the sides whilst they’re being stored before working on further.

The steel fabrication factory with varying equipment to fabricate the steel for its required use. This particular warehouse housed mig welding, turret punch machine, drilling machine and a CNC plasma cutting machine.

TECTONIC INVESTIGATION STEEL FABRICATOR SITE VISIT A visit to a steel fabricator in Downton, United Kingdom, was made to research the tools used in steel fabrication.

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FOLDING METHODS

STEEL FABRICATION

STEEL GRAIN RESULT WHEN FOLDED

Advanced steel fabrication for folded sheet steel structures consists of precise fabrication techniques using specific equipment and knowledge of how the material works.

Steel must be folded with the grain to avoid cracking.

FOLDING: It is imperative to bend with the grain of the steel otherwise you will crack the steel. The folding can also weaken the sheet steel so should be careful where and when needed to do so and at appropriate angles.

WELDING: Welding uses extreme temperature to melt steel so that when it cools it creates a chemical bounding. Mig welding requires careful technique as it deforms the metal.

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Microcopic steel grains 07

Mig welding

Complete mig weld

Punching machine

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Forces applied to sheet steel to fold

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MIG WELD KEY

WELDING

Mig welding is used for welding the sheet steel into components of site. The heat generated through the electrodes heats the steel to melting point so that when it cools the steel joins together.

Deformation can occur so blending is carried out afterwards to smooth the welding on the surfaces.

01. Solid wire electrode 02. Shielding gas 03. Current conductor 04. Travel 05. Wire guide and contact tube 06. Nozzle 07. Shielding gas 08. Arc

Steel sheet result when bending along the grain

Forces applied to sheet steel to fold

Steel sheet result when bending against the grain

01 STEEL SHEETS

02 PLASMA CUTTING

03 FOLDING

Sheets arrive from electric arc furnace.

CNC plasma cutting machine cuts steels sheet to required dimensions.

Steel sheet is folded using a punching machine

04 MIG WELDING

05 BLENDING

06 COMPONENT

A welder mig welds the sheets together to begin making a sheet steel component.

The welding can involve deformation so the welds are blended to give a clean and smooth finish.

Component ready to be fixed to module and then delivered to site.

TECTONIC INVESTIGATION FABRICATION PROCESS DIAGRAM Diagram of the fabrication of a sheet steel component based on a research visit to a steel fabricator.

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SHEET STEEL FABRICATION The exploded component reveals the elements that form a folded sheet steel beam. A series of flat and folded sheets that have been CNC plasma cut are mig welded together, as well as welding the stiffners within to strengthen the beam. As a void is created within the beam, it can be used to integrated service systems.

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KEY 01. Folded sheet steel 02. Flat sheet steel 03. Stiffner 04. Sevices.

05. Welding point

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CASE STUDY: THE TIDE, NORTH GREENWICH, LONDON The TIDE is a walktop is North Greenwich and uses steel plates welded together to generate columns which mimic trees. The process of using steel sheets and welding to create specific forms is applied in the steel elements I have generated. Photos provided by AKT II.

Inspecting stiffners within the steel shell.

Steel elements produced for easier manouvering of pieces in workshop.

Mig welding steel sheets together.

Mig welding steel sheets together and perspective of overall form of element.

TECTONIC INVESTIGATION SHEET STEEL COMPONENT FABRICATION The sheet steel fabrication of components reflect the same system as the sheet steel fabrication for the project The Tide, North Greenwich. Multiple flat sheets and folded sheets are welded together with stiffners similair to ribs of a plane wing. In the component created, services are also integrated within the beam.

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Mig welding inside the giant sheet steel beam.

TECTONIC INVESTIGATION FOLDED SHEET STEEL FRAGMENT 1.0

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TECTONIC INVESTIGATION FOLDED SHEET STEEL FRAGMENT 2.0

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TECTONIC INVESTIGATION INTEGRATED SERVICES FRAGMENT 1.0

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TECTONIC INV

INTEGRATED SERVI

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VESTIGATION

ICES FRAGMENT 2.0

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TECTONIC INVESTIGATION INTEGRATED SERVICES FRAGMENT 2.1 + 2.2

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SECTION C SITE & BRIEF The proposed scheme is situated on Victoria Embankment and aims to create a new type of urban public interface. A performance arena and wine bar occupies the space to enrich cultural infrastructure in a central nodal location in London.

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HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT Houses of Parliament is a popular tourist location, heavily congested with pedestrians and vehicles. The landmark provides a helpful wayfinding tool for commuters and tourists.

BATTERSEA PARK Battersea has a mud bank popular with mudlarkers (searching for the rivers lost treasures) when the tide is low, making it active at certain times of the day. There is also a large public park.

SOMERSET HOU

Somserset neighbours t River Thames and hosts popular events, especia during the summer mon such as art fairs, outdoo cinemas and fashion shows.

RICHMOND CHELSEA WATERFRONT

Richmonds riverside is charged with pubs, boating activities and buskers making it a lively riverside location especially during the summer months.

Chelsea waterfront consists of a wide footpath with great views of Londo n and heavily populated with trees. The route is also a key road for vehicle traffic in central London.

Kensington & Chelsea

Westminster City

Hammersmith & Fulham Hounslow

Wandsworth PUTNEY Putney is home to several riverside pubs and restaurants, as well as hosting a large rowing community.

SOUTHBANK

Sout

Lambeth

Southbank is possibily the busiest Thames side location with events and activities running all year round. The large open public spaces bring people together, creating a successful public interface.

SITE & BRIEF

TRACING SOCIAL ACTIVITY ALONG RIVER THAMES The River Thames is an iconic feature of London and a highly active corridor that runs through the megacity. The river edge is occupied by a variety of typologies, which this map seeks to trace, which range from pubs to tourist attractions. As a popular path and useful wayfinding route, it is key to occupy the river edge with good public interface.

How should the interface be realised in the future to support increase in urban growth?

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35 major

riverside tourist attractions

9,304,016 population 10,040,000 population

SOCIAL ACTIVITY TYPOLOGIES KEY:

USE

HIGH ACTIVITY AREAS

PUB

GALLERY

MUSIC

PUBLIC SPACE

GARDENS

VIEWS

RESTAURANT

HISTORIC

Areas found along the southern bank of the River Thames seem to offer more vibrant and active public spaces. In the images to the left it shows Southbank, Tate Museum and Richmond, which all offer a variety of activities for people to interact with, thus drawing people in. These activities consist of food and drinks, skateboarding, boating, art, whilst also offering open pedestrian spaces for leisurely walks.

TATE MODERN/ LONDON BRIDGE

the s ally nths or

Tate Modern is an art gallery with a park surrounding the site for the public to enjoy, with views of St Pauls cathedral.

Havering

Newham

Tower Hamlets

r

Bexley Greenwich

NORTH GREENWICH North Greenwich is growing with new kinds of riverside spaces including a walkway and a cable car, allowing tourists and residents new ways to experience spaces neighbouring the Thames.

Lewisham thark SHAD THAMES Shad Thames hosts multiple bars and restaurants. There are also hidden spaces occupied by locals such as the garden barges, enabling the opportunity for gardening in a central nodal location in London.

2020

30 mil tourists 2020

2035

135% increase by 2035

0M

100M

500M

1000M

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EXISITING RIVER EDGE INTERFACE

PROPOSED RIVER EDGE INTERFACE

SITE & BRIEF

INCREASING PUBLIC INTERFACE The current social situation of the River Thames in central London is that the south bank of the river has high social activity opportunties whereas the north bank has low social activity opportunities with busy vehicle traffic and weak public interface.

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TRACING PROPOSALS ON THE VICTORIA EMBANKMENT

BRINING VILLERS ST. BACK TO THE RIVER EDGE Before the Embankment was constructed on the River Thames the river edge lay infront of Villers Street, which is now marked by a watergate monument. The reclaimed land within close proximity to the chosen site is occupied by Victoria Gardens, Embankment underground station, road and footpaths.

Since 1666 proposals have been made on an Embankment on the River Thames. After numerous proposals the Embankment was finally realised by Joseph Bazalgette.

More recently the Embankment has been speculated on by pedestrianising the site and enriching the public interface with the river edge.

Embankment construction

Proposal history

The Embankment reclaimed 36 acres of the River Thames.

The diagram shows:

Watergate monument

Pre Embankment river edge

Proposal of Embankment reuse

Existing Embankment river edge

Embankment 2035

2035

The Embankment is pedestrianed and a new performance arena and wine bar constructed.

2025 “London As It Could Be” As a result of the mass redevelopment in London, Rogers felt great opportunities to improve the capital were being ignored in favour of a piecemeal approach to planning. Rogers proposed, in the spirit of the Embankment’s creator, Bazalgette, that the road along the embankment be sunk in a tunnel, allowing the river-side to become a new linear park.

1874

Victoria Embankment

Super Sewer The current sewer by Bazalgette is outdated and the new London super sewer will be built and completed by 2024.

1986

The first person to suggest a river embankment was Sir Christopher Wren after the fire of London in 1666. Work eventually began in 1864, depsite opposition from commerical interests, notably the wharfingers. It was carried out under the control of the Metropolitna Board of Works’ chief engineer, Sir Joseph Bazalgette (1819-1891). The Embankment was not just to ease traffic congestion and beautify the river, but to house the main sewer. This stopped the other sewers flowing directly into the Thames.

Northumberland Avenue Northumberland Avenue was built as the main approach road to the new embankment. It necessitated the demolition of Northumberland House.

1871

Sir Christopher Wren As a result of the fire of London in 1666, Sir Christopher Wren proposed a new plan for central London which included an Embankment along the River Thames. This proposal was never realised.

John Martin In 1824, solder and aid to George IV, Sir Frederick Trench proposed ‘Trenchs Terrace’, which would create an embankment from Blackfriars to Charing Cross. Trench brought a bill to Parliament, however it was blocked due to river interests.

1865

1858

1834

1824

1666

The Great Stink The smell of untreated human waste and industrial effluent that was present on the banks of the River Thames. The problem had been mounting for some years, with an ageing and inadequate sewer system that emptied directly into the Thames. During 1858 a bill was passed in Parliament to begin works on Embankment, which would also involve the construction of a modern sewer system that would take the waste out of London.

Sir Frederick Trench In 1824, solder and aid to George IV, Sir Frederick Trench proposed ‘Trenchs Terrace’, which would create an embankment from Blackfriars to Charing Cross. Trench brought a bill to Parliament, however it was blocked due to river interests.

SITE & BRIEF EMBANKMENT TIMELINE

31

SITE LOCATION: VICTORIA EMBANKMENT, LONDON, UK WESTMINSTER BOROUGH (CAZ ZONE)

Victoria Embankment is located in a central nodal part of London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. Victoria Embankment neighbours the River Thames, an iconic river that has lots of history associated with it, which makes London for what it is.The challenges of the river edge are a key driver for the site selection.

LONDON

HISTORIC SITE Victoria Embankment is a relatively new space in London, since 1871 when Joseph Bazalgette led the construction which reclaimed 36.5 acres of the River Thames to provide a sewer in response to the poor sewage network and hygeine in London.

UNITED KINGDOM

275 M

KEY SITE LOCATIONS

SOUTHBANK

EMBANKMENT

C

A B

D E

F

0M 10M 20M

SITE & BRIEF SITE SELECTION The site selected for the proposed scehem is Victoria Embankment, London, United Kingdom.

32

50M

100M

A: Jubilee railway bridge B. Hungerford footbridge C. Charing cross train station D. Victoria Embankmnet gardens E. Embankment tube station F. River Thames

GORDONS WINE BAR

WATERGATE

GARDENS

EMBANKMENT STATION

RIVER THAMES

Gordons Wine Bar is thought to be the oldest wine bar in London having been established in 1890.

The watergate in Victoria Gardens marks the original river edge of River Thames.

Designed by Joseph Bazalgette in 1865. To the East of Victoria is Temple Gardens, which was altered in 1895 to incorporate a band stand for weekday lunch hours.

Embankment station is part of the Northern line, District & Circle line and Bakerloo line.

The River Thames is a key atery for passenger traffic and transportation of freight. The tide reaches low tide and high tide twice every 24 hours, up to 7/9metres.

Total recliamed from Thames: 37.25 acres Total garden area 10 acres

0.0m

A

-5.5m B -16.2m C -21.0m CIRCLE & DISTRICT LINE

A

NORTHERN LINE

B

BAKERLOO LINE

C

VICTORIA EMBANKEMNT CHARACTER Victoria Embankment is located in a central nodal location in London and is surrounded by a great variety of activities, however currently they are disconnected from each other, largely due to the road, occupied by large amounts of traffic, which disrupts pedestrian flows to connect with the spaces Embankment has to offer.

GARDENS

TUBE TRANSPORT

BARS & RESTAURANTS

STATUES

A series of gardens are located in the Embankment area with a wide range of flowers and trees.

The tube line is connected to Bakerloo, Northern, District & Circle tube lines.

Bars and restaurants surround the back streets of Embankment and some quiet restaurants are located in boats.

Embankment has a rich history, thus multiple statues are located along the pathways and in the gardens.

PUBLIC FOOTPATH

FERRY TRANSPORT

FOOTBRIDGE

CENTRAL NODAL POINT

There is a wide public footpath located along the river edge, offering great views of London.

Embankment pier is a stop for 5 Thames Clipper routes, as well as offering rib experience at the Embankment pier.

The hungerford footbridge connects pedestrians between Embankment and the Southbank.

Located in a central nodal point in London, which is well connected to multiple highly integrated and active areas.

SITE & BRIEF SITE CONTEXT An exploration into the sites context. The site has a significant historic context, which is marked by a number of monuments such as the watergate monument that marks the original river edge of the River Thames. The site is also a key interchange for river and tube transport . In the section the tube lines are located to avoid disrupting these flows in the construction of the performance arena and wine bar.

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Roads

Buildings

Parks/gardens

Site footprint

PROPOSED SITE INTERFACE

A.04

B.05

A.02

B.02 A.03

B.03

A.01

B.06

B.01 B.04

B.07

C.01

C.02

RIVER THAMES

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

AREA SCHEDULE

SCALE: 1:250 DWG: GA-XX-001

0M

10M

50M

SITE & BRIEF

ZONE A (EXISTING ZONES)

ZONE B (ROOF)

ZONE C (RIVER EDGE)

A.01 Hungerford bridge stairs A.02 Embankment station A.03 Embankment hotel A.04 Victoria Embankment gardens

B.01 Main hydraulic roof B.02, B.03, B.04 Hydraulic roofs B.05,B.06 Entrances B. 07 Public footpath

C.01 Landscape terrace C.02 Embankmentwatertaxi

SITE PLAN Highlighting the site and the proposed changes on the Embankment and the new interface with the River Thames.

34

SCALE 1:4000

N

01

PEDESTRIANISATION Bringing a new culture venue to Londons river edge.

N

W

E

S

02 All diagrams follow the above direction position.

STEPPING FROM GROUND LEVEL WATERFRONT Bringing a new culture venue to Londons river edge.

KEY Pedestrian Ferry transport Freight Freight Freight District & Circle Line Bakerloo Line Northern Line

03

FERRY TRANSPORT Bringing a new culture venue to Londons river edge.

04 -5.5M

04

DISTRICT & CIRCLE LINE District & Circle line lays 5.5M below ground level.

05

BAKERLOO LINE Bakerloo line lays 16.2M below ground level.

05 -16.2M

06

NORTHERN LINE Northern line lays 21M below ground level.

06 -21M

SITE & BRIEF SITE CIRCULATION Circulation and the flows the surround the scheme are important to be aware of. The transport interchange between the tube transport infrastructure and river transport infrastructure are keys flows for getting people to the site. The pedestrianisation also creates a better public interface with the Embankment and a more suitable street circulation option..

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SITE HISTORY

The site is was originally developed between 1865 - 1871. The urgency for London to deal with its waste issues was a catalyst for the original scheme, enabling the construction of a sewer beneath the Embankment. The Embankment continuously developed over coming years with a road to connect the city.

CURRENT SITE CONTEXT

The site currently has a road with high volumes of traffic causing high pollution and noise. This has a severe impact on the circulation of the city and with forecasted urban growth new visions of how the city circulations its high traffic volume must be dealt with. This project aims to pedestrianise the main street by 2035 for the projects due date and instead rely on e-cargo bike and river transport for the circulation of freight.

SOCIAL IMPACT The social impact through pedestrianising Embankment will deliver multiple social benefits and enhance public interface with central nodal locations on the city. The performance arena and wine bar begins a proposed developement to outline the future aims of making London a greener city and reducing traffic and its negative impact.

BENEFITS & METRICS

TRAFFIC & CONGESTION Nearly 70% of worlds population will be living in cities by 2030. This doesn’t bode well with the UK being ranked as 3rd most congested country in Europe.

The average Londoner spends 100 hours every year in traffic.

PUBLIC HEALTH Obesitiy is a growing problem and more than 40% of Londoners do not achieve the recommended 150 mins of activity a week. The air pollution caused by vehicles has also proven to contribrute to deaths.

SAFETY Almost 1/3 of Londoners do no tfeel safe in the captial and road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among people aged between 15-29 years.

PROFIT Walking and other non motorised transport typuically increase retail sales by 30% and Londoners have declared they would increase council tax to pay for pedestrian environments.

HAPPINESS & WELLBEING London has been declared the least happy major city in the UK. By improving walkable environments it can reduce mental health probelsm and improve the wellbeing of commuters.

CURRENT CONDITION The current coondition of the Embankment has a negative impact on the city, with high volumes of traffic and weak public interface in a central routewhich offers great public benefits.

ATTRACTIVENESS 35% of Londoners state the capitals history is their favourite part about living in the city. The new North Terrace of Trafalgar Square had a 300% increase in visitors after pedestrianising.

SITE & BRIEF PEDESTRIANISATION The project proposes that the Embankment is pedestrianised for a wide range of urban social, politcal and economic benefits.

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“YES!”

11

02

“Wouldn’t it be great to have a new performance arena and wine bar here, right on the river egde?”

10

05

04

07

01 06 08

03

EXISTING EMBANKMENT WALL KEY 01. River Thames 02. Made ground 03. Concrete base 04. Granite block wall 05. Stone parapet 06. Masonry

07. Subway 08. Sewer 09. Concrete 10. Pathway 11. Road

SITE & BRIEF EXISTING WALL DETAIL SECTION STUDY

37

04

04

02

03

01

08

03

03

RETHINKING THE RETAINING WALL SYSTEM

06

With new advancements with materials and structures, the retaining wall system will consist of secant pile walls, concrete casing and a folded sheet steel structure.

07

PROPOSED MATERIALS

05

01 Concrete

02 Steel

MATERIALS

01 Granite block

02

Stone parapet

03 Masonry

04 Ground

SITE & BRIEF MATERIAL CONTEXT

38

05 Concrete upper

06 Concrete lower

07

Made ground

08

Water

SPRING TIDES

LONG SECTION STUDIES

- HWL AT HIGHEST, LWL AT LOWEST (TIDAL RANGE GREATEST)

The section shows the Embankment and River Thames with Hungerford Footbridge in the background.

NEAP TIDES

The varying levels of the River Thames creates an opportunity for varying interaction with the water front based on high or low tide.

- EVERY 2 WEEKS, 2/3 DAYS AFTER FULL MOON

- EVERY 2 WEEKS, 2/3 DAYS AFTER MOON IN FIRST AND LAST QUARTERS - HWL AT LOWEST, LWL AT HIGHEST (TIDAL RANGE SMALLEST) CHART DATUM - LEVEL OF WATER ON CHARTS FROM WHICH CHARTERED DEPTH & HEIGHT OF TIDE IS MEASURED. - ADD 2 FIGURES & YOU GET DEPTH OF WATER AT THAT TIME - CD IS LOWEST PREDICTED LEVEL OF LOW WATER AT SPRING TIDES

MHWS MHWN HEIGHT OF TIDE

DEPTH OF WATER

MHWL

NEAP RANGE

SPRING RANGE

MLWN MLWS CHARTERED DEPTHCHART DATUM BELOW CD

0

5

10

8 7 6 5 4 3 MLWL

2 1 0

DEC

NOV

OCT

SEPT

AUG

JULY

JUN

MAY

APR

MAR

FEB

JAN

-1 0

5

10

Highest and lowest tide levels measured at Embankment (2019) OPPOSITE SOUTHEND THE CD IS APPROX. 11M. + 5.7M TO GET THE DEPTH OF WATER AT MHWS AND 4.8M AT MHWN.

EMBANKMENT TIDE LEVELS AT 12.00HRS & 18.00HRS

AT TILBURY THE CD IS APPROX. 9.8M. + 6.4M TO GET THE DEPTH OF WATER AT MHWS AND 5.4M AT MHWN. AT WOOLWICH THE CD IS APPROX. 6.5M. + 7.0M TO GET THE DEPTH OF WATER AT MHWS AND 5.9M AT MHWN. AT EMBANKMENT THE CD IS APPROX. 1.8M. + 7.1M TO GET THE DEPTH OF WATER AT MHWS AND 5.9M AT MHWN. AT WESTMINSTER BRIDGE THE CD IS APPROX. 1.9M. + 6.8M TO GET THE DEPTH OF WATER AT MHWS AND 5.6M AT MHWN.

Month: Jan

Feb

Mar

May

Apr

June

July

Sept

Aug

Oct

Nov

Dec

Time: 12.00hrs +4.1m

+5.9m

+3.9m

+6.0

+6.1m

+5.7m

+5.5m

+4.1m

+2.2m

+1.5m

+1.8m

+1.5m

18.00hrs +2.4m

+1.2m

+2.9m

+1.4m

+1.3m

+1.7m

+1.9m

+3.4m

+5.1m

+5.5m

+5.1m

+5.4m

AT HAMMERSMITH BRIDGE THE CD IS APPROX. 1.4M. + 5.7M TO GET THE DEPTH OF WATER AT MHWS AND 5.9M AT MHWN. AT RICHMOND THE CD IS APPROX. 1.0M. + 4.9M TO GET THE DEPTH OF WATER AT MHWS AND 3.7M AT MHWN.

CHANGING RIVER FORCES ON WALL

(Each months data is taken from the 1st of each month)

MAP OF LONDON BOROUGHS SITUATED ALONG RIVER THAMES

Havering

Kensington & Chelsea Hammersmith & Fulham

Tower Hamlets

Westminster City

(MHWL)

(MLWL)

F

Hounslow Richmond

Newham

Wandsworth

Southark

Greenwich Bexley

Lambeth Lewisham

F Upper Tidal Thames (Fresh water dominated)

Lower Tidal Thames (Salt water dominated)

SITE & BRIEF TIDAL IMPACT The River Thames tide reaches low tide and high tide twice every 24 hours, varying up to 7m in difference between high and low tide.

39

CULTURAL SCENE LONDON

THE LONDON PLAN

The site is located in an area identified as a Core CAZ area. It is an economic powerhouse and international destination, home to global companies, world‐class hotels, 40 theatres, 20 cinemas, 30 museums and, galleries, about 2,500 restaurants, public houses and bars and over 2,000 shops, all showcasing the best London has to offer in terms of retail, culture, leisure and entertainment.

The Mayor of London amplified his vision to rescue the declining cultural scene in London, in his 2015 campaign. It is a growing concern that Londons cultural opportunities for the public are disappearing.

Creative Industries are an important element to the Westminster economy and interdependent with a vibrant cultural sector. The West End, particularly Soho, has the highest concentration of creative businesses in the world. The central part of Westminster has one of the largest clusters of cultural and entertainment uses in the country centred around the West End, including Theatreland, Trafalgar Square and Somerset House.

The new London plan, published at the end of 2017, focuses on Londons growth for the next 20-25 years and highlights Londons heritage and culture, which proposes a specific culture plan for London.

STRATEGIC CULTURAL LOCATION This has been designated a Strategic Cultural Area. Millbank, along the Thames Riverside, is also a Strategic Cultural Area, including Tate Britain and the Chelsea College of Art and Design.

RESCUE PLAN FOR LONDONS MUSIC VENUES The success of Londons music industry depends on flourishing grassroots music venues. These are the places where stars make their names. Londons grassroots venues have always been the places to find new talent.

Every night nearly 14,000 people go to a gig in a grassroots music venue in London, but a fifth of Londons grassroots venues could be forced to close due to business rates increases.

CULTURAL VENUES ON THE DECLINE London has has lost 185 nightclubs and live music venues since 2007 - a decline of almost a third. The map below shows the closure of night club and live music venues through the years.

SUPPORTED BY X 3600 PUBS X 4 UNESCO WORLD HERITGA SITES

X 215 MUSEUMS

X 320 MUSIC VENUES

DECLINING MUSIC VENUES

X 241 THEATRES

X 857GALLERIES

Open music venus Closed music venues

SITE & BRIEF CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE With the rise in the property value in London and the increasing density of the central spaces in London has paved the way for a decline in cultural venues.

40

MAYOR OF LONDON

01

PUBLIC INTERFACE

02

Areas found along the north side of the River Thames appear to have a much poorer public interface than the south side of the river. Acting on enhancing pulbic interface on the Embankment is a key driver.

04

INTERCHANGE

05

HYDRAULIC COVERS

PERFORMANCE ARENA A performance arena for providing cultural infrastructure in a central nodal location, where the increasing urban density has recuced opportunties for cultural venues.

06

Creating a natural stepping from the street level into the arena onto the artifical landscape will provide natural flows for the public to interact with a social space and the river edge.

08

Hydraulic covers create adaptive spaces that respond to site factors such as the tidal change, climate, time of day and event typology.

10

CONNECTING STREET WITH RIVER EDGE

12

WINE BAR Relocating Gordons wine bar on the river edge provides a new social experience for the public to enjoy in conjunction with afternoon/evening events.

RIVER TAXI SERVICES The ferry infrastructure offers water taxis that give direct access to the Embankment underground station, as well as providing access straight onto the landscape to enter the performance arena & wine bar.

Creating an artificial landscape on the river edge provides an outdoor public space close to the river, providing a new social experience and interface with the River Thames.

11

TIDAL ANALYSIS The constant change in the tidal level creates a challenging environment to connect the land and river space for public activity.

09

LANDSCAPE

PEDESTRAINISATION Pedestrianising the Embankment enables better public interface with central streets where high levels of pedestrians currently occupy. It will also reduce noise pollution & air pollution.

The Embankment reclaimed 37 acres of the River Thames and the original edge lays infront of Gordons Wine Bar. Brining the wine bar back to the river edge will reimagine the historic river edge conditions.

Embankment provides a key interchange between the river transport infrastructure and tube transport infrastructure.

07

03

EMBANKMENT

SERVICES The steel retaining structure integrates all of the services in the beams, thus acting as a network to distribute different services accross the building for the required use.

SITE & BRIEF

BUILDING GENESIS The emergence of a new interface is proposed between the Embankment and the River Thames. The Embankment originally recliamed 36.5 acres of the River Thames and now the opportunity to enhance the connection between the land and river takes place and offers a central nodal location for social activity on the north bank of the River Thames.

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PROGRAM KEY

LEVEL 01

PERFORMANCE ARENA

HYDRAULIC OPENING

WINE BAR

CHANGING ROOM

ENTRANCE

SERVICES STORAGE

WC

RESTAURANT

SERVICES STORAGE

LOUNGE

BAR & KITCHEN

LIFT

REHEARSAL

ENTRANCE

MAIN ARENA BAR

WINE STORAGE

LANDSCAPE

RIVER TRANSPORT

TECHNICAL ROOM

BAR MAIN STAGE

HYDRAULIC OPENING 01

HYDRAULIC OPENING 02

HYDRAULIC OPENING 03

ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPE

PUBLIC

FERRY TERMINAL PONTOON

PRIVATE

PUBLIC

The performance arena and wine bar is predominantley a public venue, however uses private workers to operate the building and for the perfomances.

PRIVATE

TECHNICAL

LEVEL -01

SERVICES STORAGE

SERVICES STORAGE

70% 30%

REHEARSAL STUDIOS

REHEARSAL STUDIO

STAIRS CHANGING ROOMS/ WC

EVENTS OFFICE

LIFT

ENTRANCE TO MAIN STAGE TYPICAL DAY OCCUPANCY 06.00 - 08.00 CLEANING (20

)

08.00 - 10.00 STAFF WORKING (60

)

10.00 - 12.00 STAFF WORKING (60

)

TECHNICAL ROOM

12.00 - 14.00 LUNCH EVENTS (200

)

14.00 - 16.00 LUNCH EVENTS (200

)

16.00 - 18.00 AFTER WORK DRINKS (200 18.00 - 20.00 DINNERS (200

)

)

PUBLIC

22.00 - 24.00 DANCE PARTY (400

)

24.00 - 04.00 DANCE PARTY (300

)

04.00 - 06.00 CLEANING (10

)

SITE & BRIEF ORGANISATION The organisation is defined in the two plan diagrams. The programs are spread out across two levels. The lower level is predominantley private space with a private wine tasting lounge. Whereas, the upper floor is a public space for the wine bars and performance arena.

42

WINE CELLAR

)

20.00 - 22.00 MAIN EVENT (300

STAIRS

PRIVATE

TECHNICAL

KEY PROGRAM MASSING SYSTEM The exploded axonometric diagram provides a clear insight into the program layout and structur of spaces that will occupy the new performance arena and wine bar. The building is made up of 2 levels and an interactive roof that sits on street level.

CULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AS A BRIEF

rehearsal studios Performance Arena

Wine Bar

Interchange

changing rooms

Landscape

wc

lounge bar

standing area/circulation

technical storage 01

ENTRANCES

bar

There are two main entrances. One entrance starts from the park along the axis of the watergate monument, which marks the original location of the river edge and the other entrance starts from the west wing, allowing access from Embankment station and high public movement coming from sites such as Parliamnet and Trafalguar Square.

02

stairs lounge bar/kitchen

main seated arena

technical room

bar

stage wine cellar storage

The performance arena and wine bar is predominantley a public venue, however uses private workers to operate the building and for the perfomances.

PERFORMANCE ARENA

lift

private wine tasting lounge

Above shows a diagram of the organisational layout of programs and required spaces.

The performance arena will house much needed cultural space in London in increasing urban density. Performances will range from music to talks varying on time and date.

06 03

HYDRAULIC ROOF Hydraulic roofs will open and close based on climate, time of day and activity.

REHEARSAL STUDIOS Rehearsals will be for performers to use to practice. The private area will also be visible to the public at certain times during the day when the hydraulic roofs are open.

07

KITCHEN & BARS The kitchen and bars are located on the wings in the arena close to the openings making it in close proximity to inside and outside activity. They will also be to the side to avoid interupting the performances in the central space.

04

FERRY TERMINAL The ferry terminal will adapt to the needs of interchange, which give direct acces into Embankment station or access onto the performance arena landscape. Visitors will be able to enjoy performances and then leave by water taxi to get their next destination.

08

WINE STORAGE Wine will be stored underground in cool environments away from light.

09

WINE TASTING LOUNGE A lounge for wine tasting and private parties is also in the basement.

10 05

HYDRAULIC OPENING Hydraulic openings will open onto the River Thames when the tide level falls below the platforms allowing the public to wander onto the landscape for a social experience.

LANDSCAPE The landscape creates places to sit and relax enjoying views on the River Thames; observing activity on the river and enjoy performances.

SITE & BRIEF MASSING DIAGRAM The massing diagram explodes the programmatic spaces within the excavated site. The building is also heavily linked with the urban context which consists of a river, park and pedestrianised street.

43

JULY 2035

LOW TIDE SPACES When the tide is low the opening opens up onto the landscape, where different levels will open up based on height of tide. The flow steps from street to arena to landscape as a result of this condition.

The diagram highlights the spaces that will be occupied by the public during this scenario.

THE LOW TIDE TABLE - EMBANKMENT

M

W

T

F

S

S

Week 27

06.32 18.35

06.37 18.24

06.47 18.13

06.25 18.24

06.47 18.35

06.25 18.46

06.24 18.13

Week 28

06.24 18.24

06.35 18.35

06.00 18.52

06.34 18.35

06.32 18.33

06.12 18.45

06.09 18.54

Week 29

06.32 18.35

06.37 18.24

06.47 18.13

06.25 18.24

06.47 18.35

06.25 18.46

06.24 18.13

Week 30

06.24 18.24

06.35 18.35

06.00 18.52

06.34 18.35

06.32 18.33

06.12 18.45

06.09 18.54

Week 31

06.32 18.35

06.37 18.24

06.47 18.13

06.25 18.24

06.47 18.35

06.25 18.46

06.24 18.13

JULY 2035

HIGH TIDE SPACES When the tide is high the openings close and the flow steps from street level into the arena. The diagram highlights the spaces that will be occupied by the public during this scenario.

T

THE HIGH TIDE TABLE - EMBANKMENT

Week 27

12.56 24.01

12.13 24.03

12.14 24.12

12.35 24.00

12.24 24.45

12.56 24.35

12.56 24.52

Week 28

12.01 24.34

12.04 24.21

12.14 24.26

12.24 24.26

12.04 24.28

12.20 24.09

12.45 24.05

Week 29

12.56 24.01

12.13 24.03

12.14 24.12

12.35 24.00

12.24 24.45

12.56 24.35

12.56 24.52

Week 30

12.01 24.34

12.04 24.21

12.14 24.26

12.24 24.26

12.04 24.28

12.20 24.09

12.45 24.05

Week 31

12.56 24.01

12.13 24.03

12.14 24.12

12.35 24.00

12.24 24.45

12.56 24.35

12.56 24.52

Entrance steps down from street level with gradual steps Kinetic roofs dependent on time of day/climate/ event Steps down in arena to create arean around performance stage and continued steps to the landscape.

Street level public spaces, parks and pedestrianised streets.

Street level pedestrianised and extended out to widen pathway.

Kinetic platform opening when tide is low to create a bridge onto the landscape.

Landscape steps to create different spaces on landscape and different spaces available dependendent on height of tide.

CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS The flow from the street level into the new space varies constantly based on environmental changes. The new urban spaces offers three different social zones as the public flow through. These consist of the park, the arena and the landscape.

The tide changes the opening and closing of spaces.

SITE & BRIEF STEPPING DOWN TO THE RIVER EGDE At certain points in the day the tide is low enough for the hydraulic openings to open out and create a bridge out onto the artifical landscape that sits on the River Thames. The times change slightly every day, but change a lot over the course of a month so its important to use the tide predictor, which is highly accurate to know when the arena opens out onto the River Thames.

44

Median high water level reaches approx 6.5m

Cover hatch retracts to cover the existing wall opening

HIGH TIDE The tide can reach higher than 7m from the point of chart datum which takes the water level close to the top of the wall.

When the tide is high the wall cover hatch is retracted.

Tide reaches high and low tide levels 2x every 24 hours Cover hatch in motion, opening/closing

OPENING/CLOSING HATCH When the tide level is close to going above the opening, the hatch is retracted with hydraulic pistons. The hydraulic pistons will also open the hatch when the tide falls below the opening.

Median low water level reaches approx 1.0m

Fully extended cover hatch, opening the opening within the existing wall

LOW TIDE When the tide is low, the hatch can be fully extended to allow the general public out onto the artifical landscape, which sits on the river edge. It also allows natural ventilation and sunlight into the arena.

SITE & BRIEF HYDRAULIC WALL OPENINGS There are three hydraulic hatch covers that open and close out onto the River Thames based on the tidal level. When the tide level is below the opening the cover opens out using hydraulic pistons. The hatch cover uses the same logic as ship cover hatches and follows the watertight properties of the ship cover hatch.

45

46

SECTION D DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Exploring the the construction and structural systems in the delivery of the proposal.

47

SHEET STEEL ROOF COVER

STEEL STIFFNERS

Sheet used for roof cover. Finishing flooring can be attached on top in required areas.

Stiffners similair to ship cover hatch stiffners used to strengthen roof load from pedestrians and hydraulic covers.

RETAINING STEEL STRUCTURE

Sheet steel retaining structure used to retain hydrostatic pressure against the wall.

SECANT PILE WALLS

Secant pile walls inserted around the site boundary to retain the excavated site.

CONCRETE CASE

Concrete case with openings formed . with rebar within.

Concrete poured to create a watertight base.

WATERTIGHT CONCRETE BASE

Rebars used within the concrete base to strengthen the concrete.

CONCRETE REBAR

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURAL LAYERS The structural layers begin with a concrete secant pile wall casing with watertight concrete as a base. To retain the hydrostatic pressure and integrate key services for the building, a sheet steel structural system made up of folded sheet steel and stiffners. On top of the stiffners is a sheet steel roofing system that connects openings such as they hydraulic openings.

48

STAGE 1: COFFERDAM

The first operation is to construct a cofferdam the width of the concrete landscape and then remove the water within.

STAGE 2: LAY LANDSCAPE

A concrete landscape is then built and the two entrances are excavated for ease of access to the main excavated area later on, such as scaffolding.

Pedestrian flow maintained Operation highlighted River Thames (transport route for waste and equipment)

STAGE 4: EXCAVATION

The site is excavated and the made ground is removed by barge on th e River Thames.

Pedestrian flow maintained Operation highlighted River Thames (transport route for waste and equipment)

Operation highlighted

STAGE 6: OPENINGS

Details to the roof are then applied and openings in the wall are drilled with core cutting machines. The opening cover hatches are then installed.

Pedestrian flow maintained Operation highlighted River Thames (transport route for waste and equipment)

CONSTRUCTION & EXCAVATION STRATEGY

Pedestrian flow maintained River Thames (transport route for waste and equipment)

STAGE 5: RETAINING SYSTEM

Cranes are deployed onto the concrete landscape to begin inserting structural systems into the excavated site. The retaining system is inserted to retain the wall.

Operation highlighted River Thames (transport route for waste and equipment)

STAGE 3: SECANT PILE WALLS

Secant pile walls are inserted with a concrete case as the first layer of retaining the wall.

Pedestrian flow maintained

(A) Secant pile walls are installed and then site excavated. Steel retaining roof will then be inserted to complete the retaining structural system.

Pedestrian flow maintained Operation highlighted River Thames (transport route for waste and equipment)

(B) Landscape used for storing equipment and machines in construction. Cofferdam will stop water entering site during this proccess and will stay in place until all works are complete.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY The construction strategy works with the complications of building on a river edge. To combat the challenges this brings, a cofferdam is constructed to avoid the hydrostatic pressures against the wall whilst it is excavated and retained. Once the concrete landscape is erected, it will be used for storing equipment and machinery. The materials and waste are transported via the River Thames.

49

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY OF RETAINING STRUCTURE

01

Delivered by barge by river

02

Passed to crane on land

The strategy focuses on being as time efficient as possible, thus the structures are split into several modules offsite and inserted straight from the barge into the excavated site. The methods of connecting elements to the secant pile wall and concrete case is both welding and bolting.

Once the secant pile wall is inserted and the site excavated a waterproof concrete base is poured to lay the foundation. Core cutting machines are then used to cut holes in the walls for the openings. After the concrete phase is complete, the steel structure needs to be installed. Firstly, the lower ground steel modules are inserted followed by the ceiling to roof modules which are the primary retaining system. Once the steel structure is fully installed the cofferdam can be removed as the wall will be fully retained, thus the hydrostatic pressure is no longer a concern.

01 04

03

Welded to connecting steel or bolted to concrete

03

Once the secant pile walls are in place for the main structure circul inserted which lays in the middle of the site as a 1m deep wall to sh

Inserted into position

INSTALLATION OF LOWER GROUND STEEL FLOOR - WALL - CEILING

04

INSTALLATION OF RETAINING ROOF STRUCTURE The second retaining roof structure is inserted and bolted to the concrete walls and welded to the steel wall that neighbours the concrete wall.

INSTALLATION OF CENTRAL STEEL MODULE

The central steel module, made up of a floor, wall and ceiling as we bolted into the concrete floor and mig welded to the neighbouring s that sits on the first steel module that was inserted can be fitted, as

The second lower ground floor steel module will be inserted and bolted into the concrete wall and floor. Whilst this is taking place, the steel column and wall that sits on the first steel module that was inserted can be fitted, as well as the concrete slab floors on the arena floors.

06

CONCRETE CASE

07

INSTALLATION OF MAIN HYDRAULIC ROOF STRUCTURE

After both wings of the retaining roof structure are in place, the ma ed with bolts.

DESIGN DEV

INSERTING THE STEEL

The steel retaining system arrives i position within the excavated spac concrete case and floor and welde mod

50

02

lating the boundary of the excavated site, a concrete case will be hare the distance between steel retaining beams.

The first steel module will be inserted on the lower ground floor. The module is bolted in to the concrete wall and floor.

05

ell as the ramp from the stage to the lower ground floor. This is steel modules. Whilst this is taking place, the steel column and wall s well as the concrete slab floors on the arena floors.

ain hydraulic roof structure is inserted between them. It is connect-

INSTALLATION OF LOWER GROUND STEEL FLOOR - WALL - CEILING

INSTALLATION OF STEEL RETAINING ROOF STRUCTURE The first steel retaining roof structure is inserted and bolted to the concrete walls and welded to the steel wall that neighbours the concrete wall. Whilst this is taking place, the concrete floor slab is placed on the stage and flooring on the ramp is also placed.

08

HYDRAULIC ROOFS & FINISHES INSTALLED Now the main structure is in place the hydraulic roofs are installed and finishes such as glass panes are installed.

VELOPMENT

L RETAINING SYSTEM

in modules to then be inserted into ces. The modules are bolted to the ed and bolted to each connecting dule.

51

06

01

07

05

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 01. Primary Beam 02. Secodary Beam 03 .Tirtiary Beams/Stiffners

04

02

04

03

02

05

07

01 03

EXPLODED ISO KEY

01. Bolts 02. Concrete wall 03 .Granite block wall 04. Steel sheet 05. Steel sheet connection 06. Structural beams 07. Structural beams

DETAIL SECTION KEY 01. Bolts 02. Sheet steel beam 03 .Hydraulic cover hatch 04.Stone parapet 05. Steel cap 06. Steel cap 07. Bolts

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT WALL CONNECTION SYSTEM The connections between the existing wall, concrete wall and steel retaining system are made up of bolt fixings and careful positioning to create a watertight wall and retaining system.

52

06

KEY CONNECTIONS

SECTION CUT

Connecting the various elements focuses on high integration of the various elements and follows a similair logic to the structural organisation of a semi-monocoque structure.

The section cut explains in detail how the acoustic panels are fitted within the steel structure and the systems that circulate the steel structure to aid the performance arena experience.

The panels are fitted in with steel caps that are welded to the steel structure.

ACOUSTIC ROOF CONNECTION

KEY

The sheet steel retaining roof structure creates openings to allow the insersion of timber acoustic panels to enhance the acoustic conditions of the performance arena. Artificia lighting is also fitted around the edge of the openings to integrate lighting into the performance arena. The exploded isometric diagram below shows the layers of the structural retaining roof modules which are constructed off site. The structural layers connect steel elements through mig welding, whilst the timber acoustic panels are simply slotted in.

01. Sheet steel retaining beam structure 02. Opening for acoustic panel 03. Acoustic panels fitted in between steel beams 04. Stiffners 05. Sheet steel roof structure 06. Window pane

KEY

04

01. Steel sheets 02. Integrated lighting 03. Steel plate for panel to rest on 04. Acoustic timber panel

03

06

01

05

02

PROCCESS A. Steel sheets are mig wedled B. Steel plates for the acoustic panels to rest on are wedled in the openings C. Integrated lighting attached to plate D. Acoustic panel inserted into opening

SEMI-MONOCOQUE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS (CASE STUDY: SPITFIRE)

04

Interogating the structural systems that construct the spitfire open up opprtuntieis also relevant in architecural structural systems. The spitfire wing is made up of ribs (stiffners) which allow for the planes operating systems to run through. The wing is then wrapped in an aluminion skin. This system makes a high efficient structure and amalgomation of integrated systems, postition strategically to carry out its role.

03

01 02

The same logic is used in the retaining structure for the performance arena and wine bar. Whilst also acting as a retaining structure and roof it also integrates an amalgomation of systems such as air ventilation, sound, and lighting.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT KEY CONNECTIONS The structural logic follows the same logic of the spitfire semi-monocoque structure. Sheet steel structures are used for the ceiling and roof and sandwiched between the sheet steel structures are timber acoustic panels and stiffners.

53

HYDRAULIC OPENINGS

WATERTIGHT

SHIP COVER HATCH DETAIL

The hydraulic openings mimic the same logic of the ship cover hatches, however with only one cover and extending from 90 degrees to 0 degrees. This allows for the cover to open up and create a bridge to allow the public to move out onto the landscape that sits on the River Thames. When the tide is at the height of the platform, the platforms retract.

The ship cover hatches are proven to be watertight and withstanding huge water loads from waves crashing on top of the ships. It is vital they remain watertight to protect cargo. The same security is necessary for keeping the basement arena watertight from the River Thames hydrostatic pressures.

The ship cover hatch design and logic is applied to the wall opening as a proven system used to create an opening that is water tight especially under extreme water load when waves crash onto the roof.

01

02 COVER HATCH BEGINS

COVER HATCH IS CLOSED AT 0 °.

03 COVER HATCH FULLY

TO OPEN OUT AT 45 °.

EXTENDED AT 90 °.

GENERAL SECTION SCALE: 1:100 DWG: GS-SS-002

0M

5M

Ship cover hatch

DETAIL SECTION SCALE 1:50

HYDRAULIC PLATFORM CONNECTION WITH WALL 01. Steal platform 02. Hydraulic pistons 03. Waterproof membrane 04. Hinge 05. Generator 06.Steel box 07. Water tight concrete base 08. Concrete wall 09. Brick wall 10. Granite block wall

11. Bolts 12. Steel column support 13. Steel and glass railing 14. Concrete slab 15. Stiffners 16. Metal composite deck 17. Made ground 18. River Thames 19. Steel cap 20. Selant

13 19 Ship cover hatch taking high water load from waves

12 20

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ANALYSIS

11

19

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity.

01

06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

02

1 0

04 16

15

05 18

03 10 09

08

07

17

10

20

30

40

50

60

HEIGHT OF WATER (M)

PRESSURE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20

9.81 19.6 29.4 39.2 49.1 58.9 68.7 78.5 88.3 98.1 118 137 157 177 196

(kPa)

WALL OPENING DETAIL The detail section of the wall and how it interacts with the hydraulic cover hatch installed within the opening. The opening uses ship cover hatch structural logics and provides a watertight cover against the hydrostatic pressure that the River Thames puts on the wall.

54

80

90

100

(bar)

(atm)

(psi)

0.098 0.196 0.294 0.392 0.491 0.589 0.687 0.785 0.883 0.981 1.18 1.37 1.57 1.77 1.96

0.097 0.194 0.290 0.387 0.484 0.581 0.678 0.775 0.871 0.968 1.16 1.36 1.55 1.74 1.94

1.42 2.85 4.27 5.69 7.11 8.54 10.0 11.4 12.8 14.2 17.1 19.9 22.8 25.6 28.5

(kPa) - kilopascal (bar) - barometer (atm) - atmospheric pressure (psi) - pound per square inch

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

70

Hydrostatic pressure in a liquid can be calculated as p=‐gh (1) where p = pressure in liquid (N/m2, Pa, lbf/ft2, psf) ‐ = density of liquid (kg/m3, slugs/ft3) g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2, 32.17405 ft/s2) h = height of fluid column - or depth in the fluid where pressure is measured (m, ft)

14 01

0

SERVICE INTEGRATION

COLUMN STUDY

The folded sheet steel construction system allows for the concealment of intergral services within the structure. This allows functions of the building to be activated directly through the network of beams and columns.

One method of passing services through different levels is through beams.

This beam fragment sutdy shows how the beam which is made up of steel sheet and stiffners can pass services through horizontally as well as vertically.

The following are key services that will be integrated within the structure:

Ventilation

Lighting

Water 25M

Sound

Water PRIMARY RETAINING STRUCTURAL BEAM

01. Sheet steel beam 02. Services 03. Stiffner 04. Column 05. Services lower floor level 06. Floor slab

02

03 01

02

Power 03

04

A.01

SCALE 1:10

Ventilation

A.01 10mm sheet steel A.02 20mm sheet steel stiffner A.03 5mm service pipe A.04,05 10mm sheet steel removable fixing A.06,07 20x20mm bolt A. 08 light A.09 ventilation pipe

Lighting power cables Power Lighting

A.03 A.09

A.07

A.02

A.06

A.04

01

06

A.05 A.08

05

Primary beam section study

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 01

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 02

01

01

02

02 03 04

03

05

05

04 06

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 01 KEY 01. Acoustic panels 02. Steel sheet structure 03. Integrated systems 04. Stiffners 05. Lighting 06. Steel sheet structure 07. Column 08. Bar area 09. Arena floors 10. Wine storage

07 08

09

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS 02 KEY 01. Sheet steel structure 02. Stiffners 03. Integrated services 04. Integrated lighting 05 Sheet steel structure

10

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT INTEGRATED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM As well as providing a structure that retains the hydrostatic pressures against the wall, the structural system also carries the services throughout the building. The wide network of beams allow for different services to feed through different zones of the building. For example there is a greater emphasis on sound systems on the more central beams and a greater emphasis on water services on the outer beams.

55

INTEGRATED SEATING

WINDOW OPENING

MAIN HYDRAULIC ROOF

On the roof, which connects with the pedestrianised street, the sheet steel lifts up to create seating for the general public. Through folding sheet steel it offers a multitude of structural opportunities, whilst also inventing social opportunties.

A window opening on the roof allows for the general public to look into the perfomance arena, whilst also allowing constant natural light in, without impacting the thermal performance of the arena space.

The main hydraulic roof has one large cover hatch, with 6 smaller sliding cover hatches. The large opening has multiple mirrors attached to reflect the environment and is opened and closed using hydraulic pistons. The smaller sliding cover hatches are also opened and closed with hydraulic pistons, however with sliding mechanims (wheels) to open and close the covers.

6.4M

20.0M

LOCATING THE ROOF

GENERAL SECTION

PRIMARY RETAINING STRUCTURAL BEAM

SCALE: 1:100 DWG: GS-SS-002

A.01

SCALE 1:10 0M

5M

25M

A.01 10mm sheet steel A.02 20mm sheet steel stiffner A.03 5mm service pipe A.04,05 10mm sheet steel removable fixing A.06,07 20x20mm bolt A. 08 light A.09 ventilation pipe

A.03 A.09

A.07 A.04

A.02

A.06

A.05 A.08

DESIGN DEV

ROOF STR

The folded sheet steel roof is key i the hydrostatic pressure of the Ri functions for the performance aren acoustics, light

56

SECONDARY HYDRAULIC ROOFS

SEMI-MONOCOQUE STRUCTURE

The secondary hydraulic roofs open and close with hydraulic pistons on the inside, thus allowing for the surfaces of the cover hatches to be used for seating, projecting etc. There are a total of 3 openings situated accross the building, with varying kinetic opportunties.

The roofs structure is made up of a steel shell with an internal skeleton of stiffners and supports to maintain rigidity and strength when the stresses and loads are applied, both vertically and horizontally.

4.4M

68.0M

STIFFNER SUPPORTS The stiffners are welded to the main structure and the roof plates. They strengthen the roof as a floor to allow for the general public to walk accross, whilst also acting as a roof to the performance arena and wine bar.

INTEGRATED SERVICES

STRUCTURAL CEILING - ROOF

Integrating the services within the structural network allows for the services to be fed through and distribruted to required zones, whilst avoiding interupting other areas of the building.

The acoustic panels are also integrated in the structural system.

The folded sheet structure works as a ceiling and connects to the roof using sheet steel. The structure is fully exposed from both the inside and outside, other than the stiffners which are sandwiched in between the ceiling and roof.

VELOPMENT

RUCTURE

in retaining the exisiting wall from iver Thames, as well as providing na and wine bar programs, such as ting and sound.

57

PROJECTED ADVERTISING

SEATING

WATER SPRAY

OUT DOOR BAR

CINEMA

ACTIVITY/USE Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct

01. DAY TIME REFLECTIONS

02. NIGHT TIME REFLECTIONS

Nov

Depending on the angled of the hydraulic roof will change the reflection.

During the day, events will require calmer environments, thus reflecting the nature help build the appropriate atmosphere.

The night time atmosphere will require a more up beat and lively atmosphere thus the angle of the hydraulic roof will reflect the city lights and skyscrapers.

Dec

Mulled wine bar

Outdoor cinema

TIME

Advertising

WINTER MONTH

06.00 08.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00

03. SEATING

04. WATER FEATURES

When the roof is open, seats can be propted up to offer seating in the entertainment atmosphere.

Water features create a fun atmosphere for children in the summer months to combat hot weather.

24.00 02.00 04.00

Summer bar

Outdoor cinema

TIME

Water feature

SUMMER MONTH

06.00 08.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 02.00 04.00

05. PROJECTED SCREENS

06. OUTDOOR BAR

Reflect cinema onto the surface of the hydraulic roof offers an outdoors entertainment opportunity in the park space. The projections could also project sports matches and advertisements, depending on time of day/year.

Outdoor wine bars are already active at Gordons Wine bar Villers St. and is hugely popular. The outdoor bars would offer social opporuntity mainly in summer months, but also for Christmas markets.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT KINETIC OPPORTUNTIES WITH ROOFS The roofs open and close depending on various conditions such as time of day, climate, event typology. When the roofs are open they can offer a multitude of interactive experiences which are depicted in the diagrams. The building is in a central nodal location in London, thus the all year round impact it should have within the urban proximity is an imperative consideration.

58

Social opportunties the hydraulic roofs can provide in making the street level space more interactive show what the public interface offers in a pedestrainised area.

KEY MATERIAL: MIRROR A number of mirror panes will be connected to the main room to reflect the surroundings.

KEY 01. Steel beam 02. Hydraulic power box 03. Hydraulic hinge 04. Hydraulic piston 05. Steel sheet roof cover hatch 06. Connecting hook 07. Stiffners 08. Mirror 09. Sheet steel beam

06

07

KEY MATERIAL: STEEL Steel will be used for the main structure. Its lightweight qualities make it advantageous for kinetic functions.

05

13

10. Universal beam with rolling pads 11. Sheet steel cover 12. Rolling roof cover 13. Rolling roof wheels 14. Hydraulic piston 15. Slot for rolling roof cover 16. Stiffners 17. Welded connection 18. Bolts

12

01

REFLECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS OUTSIDE To open up the building to the street level.

14

04

15

10

08

03

11

REFLECTIVE ENVIRONMENTS OUTSIDE To open up the building to the street level.

02

HYDRAULIC PISTON MECHANICAL ANALOGY Diagram explains hydraulic piston mechanism.

Force increase with hydraulics F2 = F1 . (A2/A1) F2

F1

01

02 F1

F2

03

KEY: 01. Piston area (A1) 02. Piston area (A2) 03. Pressurized hydraulic fluid

11

16

17

18

09

HYDRAULIC ROOF STRUCTURE EXPLODED To reveal the structural elements that make up the main hydraulic roof I have exploded the structure. This also explains how the roof works and how the kinetic elements are moved. Powered by hydraulic pistons, the structure is made up of sheet steel and stiffners and these elements are connected by bolts and mig welding.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT HYDRAULIC ROOFS To open up the building to the street level hydraulic roofs are used.

Mirrors on the roof reflect the activity within the arena, whilst also making a barrier with seating integrated to the top podium of the roof.

Thus, at certain points in the day people can sit on benches 1.2m in depth to be close to the performance activity or higher up from street level to make a new visual connection with the environment.

59

24

29

25 26 11

27 28

23 08

10

07 09

03

04

21

05

22 06

20

02

19

18 15 16

KEY TO PART NUMBERS

17

01 13

14

01. Piston rod bushing 02. Piston rod - single rod. no cushion 03. Piston rod - single rod. cushion at head end 04 .Piston rod - single rod. cushion at cap end 05. Piston rod - single rod. cushion at both ends 06. Back-up washer (not 25-50mm bore cylinders) 07. Cushion sleeve 08. Piston 09. Cylinder body 10. O-ring - cylinder body 11. Cap 12. Retainer 13. O-ring - bushing head 14. Head 15. Ball - cushion check valve 16. O-ring - needle valve and check valve screws 17. Cushion check valve screw 18. Tie rod 19. Retaining ring for cushion bushing 20. Floating cushion bushing 21. O-ring - needle valve and check valve screws 22. Needle valve, cushion adjustment 23. Tie rod nut 24. O-ring needle screw 25. Back-up washer - needle screw 26. Needle screw 27. O-ring cartridge screw 28. Cartridge screw 29. Needle valve cushion adjustment

12

01. RETRACTED The hydraulic piston is retracted at 0 ° in order to retract a cover hatch.

02. IN MOTION The hydraulic piston is in motion when opening and closing.

01

02

03. EXTENDED Once the the hydraulic is fully extended at 90 °.

07

Return stroke

06

Extension stroke

HYDRAULIC PISTON 03

04 05

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT HYDRAULIC CYLINDER PARTS IDENTIFICATION Exploring the assembly of parts that make up a hydraulic piston and enable its motion. The hydraulic pistons are a key mechanism used to operate the roof covers and wall openings.

60

01. Cap end head 02. Body.

03. Rod end head 04. Piston seals 05. Piston 06. Rod seals 07. Piston rod

ASSOCIATED HYDRAULIC ROOFS

HYDRAULIC ROOFS

A.04

The roof plan below highlights the hydraulic roofs that use the hydraulic pistons from below as described in the detailto the left.

01

To open up the building to the street level hydraulic roofs are used.

Mirrors on the roof reflect the activity within the arena, whilst also making a barrier with seating integrated to the top podium of the roof. Thus, at certain points in the day people can sit on benches 1.2m in depth to be close to the performance activity or higher up from street level to make a new visual connection with the environment.

B.05

The hydraulic pistons lift and close the roof which is also attached to a hinge to allow the movement. A study into the type of piston needed to lift the weight of the roof has been made. The use of light weight sheet steel allows for this to be made possible.

A.02

B.02

02

A.03

B.03

A.01

03

B.06

DETAIL SECTION KEY

SCALE 1:25

01. Fixing connection to hydraulic piston 02. Hydraulic piston extended 03. Fixing connection to locking position 04. Steel box edge 05. Rotating lock beam

06. Hinge 07. Hinge pocket 08. Steel cap 09. Hydraulic piston hinge

06

08

B.01 B.04

07

04

10

05 09

B.07

SECTION KEY 01. Railing 02. Light

C.01

03. Roof cover for seating 04. Hydraulic mechanisms

05. Roof cover hatch locked compo-06. Raised step nent

C.02

01

RIVER T

02

03

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

HYDRAULIC ROOF CLOSED

AREA SCHEDULE

SCALE: 1:250 DWG: GA-XX-001

When the hydraulic roof is closed a railing creates a barrier to the roof0Mto stop people10M walking on it. A light also becomes more visible on the floor to aid navigation on the podium when its dark.

05

50M

04

ZONE A05 (EXISTING ZONES)

ZONE B (ROOF)

ZONE C (RIVER EDGE)

A.01 Hungerford bridge stairs A.02 Embankment station A.03 Embankment hotel A.04 Victoria Embankment gardens

B.01 Main hydraulic roof B.02, B.03, B.04 Hydraulic roofs B.05,B.06 Entrances B. 07 Public footpath

C.01 Landscape terrace C.02 Embankmentwatertaxi

SECTION KEY 01. Seat 02. Light

03. Opening 04. Hydraulic mechanisms

05. Roof cover hatch locked compo-06. Raised step nent

01 05 02

HYDRAULIC ROOF OPEN

04

When the hydraulic roof is open it allows onlookers to look into the arena as well as reflecting the activity for people further away to see the activity within. This also allows people inside to see the views of the city. A seat is also propt up to allow people to sit and

03

01

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT HYDRAULIC ROOF STUDY The smaller hydraulic roof covers are opened with hydraulic pistons from beneath the cover. Various lock mechanisms are installed to lock the roofs into position when closed or erected. The details also explore how seating can be integrated within the roofs when erected and turned into a railing when closed.

61

DESIGN DEV

CUT A WAY I

A cut a way isometric drawing of the exposing the structural layers that activity occupying t

62

VELOPMENT

ISOMETRIC

e performance arena and wine bar, t make up the building, with social the various spaces.

63

64

SECTION E FINAL DRAWINGS

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

SECTION F GA DRAWINGS

75

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

00

01

A.02 A.03 A.01 02

B.06 03

04

05

B

06

00

C.02

07

08

00

01

02

03

04

05

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT @A1 SCALE: 1:250 DWG: GA-XX-001

0M

76

10M

50M

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

A.04

00

B.05

01

B.02 B.03

02

03

B.01 B.04 04

05

B.07

06

C.01

00

07

08

RIVER THAMES

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

AREA SCHEDULE ZONE A (EXISTING ZONES)

ZONE B (ROOF)

ZONE C (RIVER EDGE)

A.01 Hungerford bridge stairs A.02 Embankment station A.03 Embankment hotel A.04 Victoria Embankment gardens

B.01 Main hydraulic roof B.02, B.03, B.04 Hydraulic roofs B.05,B.06 Entrances B. 07 Public footpath

C.01 Landscape terrace C.02 Embankmentwatertaxi

77

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

00

A.03

01

A.01 02

03

B.01

04

GS-SS-001

05

06

00

D.02

07

08

00

01

02

03

04

05

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT @A1 SCALE: 1:250 DWG: GA-XX-002

0M

78

10M

50M

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

00

A.02 01

A.05

A.06

A.04

C.03

C.01

02

C.02 03

B.03 B.02 B.04 04

B.05 05

D.03

D.05

D.04

06

D.01

00

GS-LS-002 07

08

RIVER THAMES

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

AREA SCHEDULE ZONE A (WINE BAR)

ZONE B (PERFORMANCE ARENA)

ZONE C (CIRCULATION)

ZONE C (RIVER EDGE)

A.01, A.02 WC A.03, A.04, Seating lounge A.05 Open ceiling looking into rehearsal studio A.06 Bar & kitchen

B.01, B.02 Bars B.03 Standing area B.04 Seating platforms B.05 Main stage

C.01 Walkway C.02 Lift C.03 Stairs

D.01 Landscape D. 02 Embankment watertaxi D.03, D.04, D.05 Hydraulic opening

79

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

00

01

A.01

02

C.03 03

04

C.06

05

06

00

07

08

00

01

02

03

04

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT @A1 SCALE: 1:250 DWG: GA-XX-003

0M

80

10M

50M

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

00

C.06 A.02 01

B.01

E.07

B.02

B.03

B.05

B.04

B.06

E.02 02

C.05

C.04

E.04

E.01

E.05

E.06 03

C.01

D.01

E.03

04

C.02

D.02

A.02 05

06

00

07

08

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

AREA SCHEDULE ZONE A (REHEARSAL STUDIO)

ZONE B (CHANGING ROOMS)

ZONE C (STORAGE)

ZONE D (WINE LOUNGE)

A.01 MAIN STUDIO A.02 SMALL STUDIO

B.01, B.02 CHANGING ROOM B.03, B.04 WC B.05, B.06 SHOWERS

C.01, C.02 WINE STORAGE C.03, C.04, C.05 TECHNICAL STORAGE C.05 MAIN TECHNICAL ROOM C.06 SERVICES

D. 01 PRIVATE WINE LOUNGE E.01 LIFT D. 02 WINE TASTING BAR E.02 STAIRS E.03 RAMP TO ARENA E.04, E.05, E.06, E.07 LOBBY

ZONE E (CIRCULATION)

81

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

00

01

02

03

04

MHWL

05

MLWL

RIVER THAMES 06

00

01

GENERAL SECTION @A1 SCALE: 1:250 DWG: GS-LS-001

0M

82

10M

50M

1

1

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

83

00

01

02

03

04

05

00

01

02

03

04

05

00

01

02

03

GENERAL SECTION

@A1

SCALE: 1:100 DWG: GS-SS-002

0M

84

5M

25M

5

5

M

06

07

08

09

10

00

01

02

03

06

07

08

PRIMARY RETAINING STRUCTURAL BEAM

09

10

A.01

SCALE 1:10 A.01 10mm sheet steel A.02 20mm sheet steel stiffner A.03 5mm service pipe A.04,05 10mm sheet steel removable fixing A.06,07 20x20mm bolt A. 08 light A.09 ventilation pipe

A.03 A.09

A.07 A.04

A.02

A.06

A.05 A.08

85

86

SECTION G APPENDICES

87

VIEW FROM MAIN ENTRANCE The view from entering the entrance via the park. When all of the hydraulic openings are open the openings provide lots of light, as well as framing the surrounding site context.

VIEW OF APPROACH TO OPENING On approach to the side wall opening with the steel structural system guiding and providing artifical lighting to the arena. The steel structure is infilled with timber panels for better acoustic performance.

VIEW ENTERING ARENA FROM RIVER Entering the arena from the landscapewhich is well lit with the integrated artificial lighting. Sun light also enters from a side hydraulic openings during daylight hours which adds to the overall atmosphere.

VIEW OUT OF MAIN HYDRAULIC ROOF The main hydraulic roof lays above the centre of the performance arena and its size opens up grand views of the London sky. The mirros on the hydraulic opening also reflect the site context from below and the activity of the arena from above.

APPENDICES ARENA TESTS

88

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS Much of the performance strategy focuses on the roof system. The roof shell uses hydraulic pistons to open and close areas of the roof to create kinetic opportunties. The key aims for the roof to achieve are:

KINETIC ROOF OVERVIEW

01. Reflecting environments in mirrors under roof surface 02. Allowing passersby to see into spaces and for people within to see out 03. Enable natural ventilation 04. Allow natural light into the spaces 05. Open up the arena to the river edge

Ship cover hatch using hydraulic pistons

Hydraulic piston

VISUAL CONNECTIONS The openings enable visual connections directly in or via the reflective surfaces that reflect the site context.

SOLAR LIGHT The building is south facing this the roofs are positioned to open up and allow the solar light into the building.

INTERACTIVE ELEMENTS The roofs become interactive with the public, such as providing seating, projected screens etc.

MAX ALLOWED OPENING ANGLE

90

45

0

NATURAL LIGHT Opening up the hydraulic roofs will allow natural light into the arenas, which can enhance the atmosphere of a particular time of day or performance.

AIR FLOW Allowing natural air to flow in and out of the building is key to regulate a comfortable temperature within the arena, which will have large bodily heat produced.

REFLECTIVE The hydraulic roofs have mirrors which reflect the activity within and the surounding context of the site, which is largely to be sky scrapers and trees, as well as the public engaging with the surrounding spaces.

REFLECTIVE As an underground venue, particularly staff who will be working for a long period of time, exposing the building to outside is important for wellbeing.

APPENDICES HYDRAULIC ROOFS OVERVIEW

89

N 01

SOLAR ANALYSIS Daylight varies in London with a max. difference of 8 hours between summer and winter solstice. The projects key aim is to create a place of activity 24/7.

Summer Solstice June 21 16.5 hours of daylight

The activities will adapt to seasons, time and day of the week. The variety of activity will bring constant social opportunties to Embankment.

02

SUNLIGHT ANALYSIS The project is situated underground and design decisions will enable natural light to enter when possible.

W

E

Equinox

S Winter Solstice December 21 7.8 hours of daylight

SUN/CLOUD DATA July has the highest amount of sunny days.

All diagrams follow the above direction position.

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

SUNNY

03

WINDROSE ANALYSIS The excavation opens the possibility for a wind tunnel effect. The prevalent wind from the west should be mitigated.

PRECIPITATION

30

December and January have the highest amount of rainfall.

25

MAY

JUN

JULY

PARTLY CLOUDLY

AUG

SEPT

OCT

OVERCAST

NOV

DEC

PRECIPITATION

20

15

10

5

0 JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

20-50mm

TEMPERATURE 04

AIR POLLUTION Current hotspot of air pollution is created from where the traffic lightd are at the junction. Pedestrianisation should reduce air pollution significantly.

July - August are the hottest months, while December - January are the coldest months.

MAY

JUN

JULY

10-20mm

AUG

SEPT

OCT

5-10

NOV

DEC

<5mm

40

30

20

10

0

-10 JAN

FEB

MAR

MEAN DAILY MAX

05

NOISE POLLUTION

06

Current hotspot of noise pollution arises from the traffic junction and crows. The pedestrianisation of area will create local quiet and busy areas.

GROUND CONDITION The changing ground condition require different excavation methods during the projects construction and also affects the retaining of heat underground.

Superficial deposits & made ground (5m ca.)

London clay formation (30m ca.)

Lambeth group (15m ca.)

Thanet sand formation (10m ca.)

Chalk

APPENDICES ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW

90

APR

MAY HOT DAYS

JUN

JULY

AUG

SEPT

MEAN DAILY MIN

OCT

NOV

DEC

COLD NIGHTS

LIGHTING STRATEGY Due to the building proposal being a basement project it is important to clarify the lighting conditions.

The hydraulic openings will play a key role in the light conditions during the day as well as influencing the atmosphere throughout th enight. Following are four key considerations which impact the lighting condition

01 CLIMATE CONDITION Whether its raining or clear skies will depend on whether the hydraulic roofs can open for light.

03 EVENT TYPOLOGY The artificial light system is key in providing a lively atmosphere for specific events.

02 AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT Amount of light changes all year round, thus impacting level of natural light available.

04 WELL-BEING Accessing natural light can be stimulating for the wellbeing of users when possible.

NATURAL LIGHT: 50,000 - 100,000 LUX ARTIFICAL LIGHT: 50 - 1,000 LUX

(Lux is the level of light that falls on a surface)

NATURAL LIGHTING Earlier during the day when the light from the south west enters the building through the roof openings to light up the interior spaces.

09.00AM JUNE 01 2020

NATURAL LIGHTING In the evening the natural light creates limitted inteior light other than along the central axis.

18.00PM JUNE 01 2020

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING A study describing how artifical lighting can impact the interior space. The artifical lighting is also important in lighting the spaces beneath the arena, which have no openings to allow natural light into.

09.00AM JUNE 01 2020

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING In the evening when less natural lighrt is available the artifical lighting creates a more enrgised and lively atmosphere, which is integrated in the ceiling structure.

18.00PM JUNE 01 2020

APPENDICES LIGHTING

91

ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS

Open spaces

OPEN A.02

Analysis of the different sound sources found around the building and its interaction. The acoustic analysis is based on the hydraulic openings being open to understand the full acoustic possibilities.

The primary zone for high levels of sound will be in the performance arena, thus it is important to note when sound levels should be reduced, the hydraulic roofs should be retracted.

There is also a seperation between sound levels based on public and private functions of the building, where the private zones are focused on being closed interior spaces to enable comfortable environments for staff.

A.03

A.05

A.06

A.04

A.01

C.03

Covered spaces C.01

C.02

B.03

CLOSED

B.02

B.01 B.04

Closed interior spaces

B.05 GS-SS-001

D.03

D.04

02

D.05

01

D.01

03

D.02

01

GS-LS-002

HYDRAULIC ROOFS OPENED

HYDRAULIC ROOFS CLOSED

RIVER THAM

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

AREA SCHEDULE

SCALE: 1:250 DWG: GA-XX-002

0M

10M

50M

Open spaces

Open spaces

Covered spaces

Covered spaces

Closed interior spaces

Closed interior spaces

02 HYDRAULIC ROOFS OPENED

HYDRAULIC ROOFS CLOSED

Open spaces

Open spaces

Covered spaces

Covered spaces

Closed interior spaces

Closed interior spaces

03 HYDRAULIC ROOFS CLOSED

HYDRAULIC ROOFS OPENED

Open spaces

Open spaces

Covered spaces

Covered spaces

Closed interior spaces

Closed interior spaces

APPENDICES ACOUSTICS

92

ZONE A (WINE BAR)

ZONE B (PERFORMANCE ARENA)

ZONE C (CIRCULATION)

ZONE C (RIVER EDGE)

A.01, A.02 WC A.03, A.04, Seating lounge A.05 Open ceiling looking into rehearsal studio A.06 Bar & kitchen

B.01, B.02 Bars B.03 Standing area B.04 Seating platforms B.05 Main stage

C.01 Walkway C.02 Lift C.03 Stairs

D.01 Landscape D. 02 Embankme D.03, D.04, D.05 H opening

ACOUSTIC STRATEGY Acoustics will need to be carefully considered in the process of constructing the project, as well as the noises generated from the project when active so that it does not create any major disturbances or conflicts with the existing activity of the site.

The diagram map below shows the current noise pollution in proximity of the performance and wine bar arena location. The highest noise pollution is caused by motorised vehicles, which is planned to be reduced through proposed pedestrianisation. Second to traffic noise pollution is the noise pollution cause by parks and more dense public zones which lays between 55-75dB. This association with public spaces makes it a suitable area to aim for, thus the noise pollution produced by the performance arena should be kept between 55-75dB. In order to do so, the hydraulic openings can be closed during events with louder sounds, however acoustic considerations within the perfomance arena have been taken to recuce the transfer of sound out of the building.

These considerations are the acoustic panels in the ceiling, which are made of timber panels which absorb sound waves better than the steel structure. The acoustic panels are also nestled in indented surfaces to allow for the sound to bounce of the multiple surfaces.

< 50 - 55dB

55 - 75dB

>75dB

SITE NOISE POLLUTION The map highlights the noise pollution (measured in decebel) that occurs within close proximity to the chosen site. The range of noise found in social spaces appears to range between 55-75dB, thus the project will make considerations to keep in line with this band.

MES

ent watertaxi Hydraulic

01

ACOUSTIC RESEARCH

ACOUSTIC CEILING

Research into acoustic to understand how acoustic travels.

A study into the ceiling and how it intends to deal with acoustics within the performance arena, where the main source of sound pollution will originate.

PLANAR SURFACES

The ceiling naturally creates a jagged surface, thus reducing the transmittance of the sound waves.

Jagged surface ceiling effect

02

CONCAVE SURFACES

03

JAGGED SURFACES

Integrated sound system Sound absorbed 04

CONVESX SURFACES

Sound journey from speaker to ceiling Sound spread in cove

APPENDICES ACOUSTICS

93

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

94

UNIT @unit14_ucl

95

S Y S T E M I C I M PACT

2020

T

he focus of this year’s work is the awareness that architecture can affect at deepest systemic leveland the understanding that architectural proposition is in itself a system of interrelated constituentswhere the findings of interdisciplinary systems theory apply. This knowledge opens a way to a method-driven approach that can materialize in architecture of great performance and considered expression while driving architectural authorship and novelty. We will aspire to reinstate the designer’s engagement with all aspects of the system’s constituents aiming for impactful architecture delivered by the negotiation of the interacting entities that define the unified spatial whole.

Societal, technological, cultural, economic as well as political developments will propel our investigations with a deep understanding of how they interlink.

This will shape our strategies and heuristics, driving synthesis. The observation as well as re-examination of civilizatory developments will enable us to project near-future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. We will find out about how human endeavour, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate while they advance cultural as well as technological means, driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. Supported by competent research we will aim for systemic impact and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation.

Our methodology employs both bottom up and top down strategies in order to build up sophisticated architectural systems and will be tailored to the individual problem. Pivotal to this process and to fight charlatanism is the concept of practical experimentation – and intense exploration through both digital and physical models that aims to assess system performance and its direct application to architectural space. The emphasis on applied research fuels the process of design and allows us to develop highly considered architectural propositions with great momentum.

Thanks to: Zaha Hadid Architects, DKFS Architects, Seth Stein Architects, Orms Designers and Architects, Cundall Engineers, Knippers Helbig, DaeWha Kang Design, AL_A, Innochain, Langstaff Day Architects

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl