Austen Goodman_Y4 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

-

TRADING LODGE

AUSTEN GOODMAN YEAR 4

UNIT

Y4 AG

OPERATION KLONDIKE

@unit14_ucl

All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

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@unit14_ucl

AUSTEN GOODMAN YEAR 4 Y4 AG

austen.goodman.19@alumni.ucl. @unit14_ucl

O P E R AT I O N K LO N D I K E TRADING LODGE Whitehorse, Canada

T

he basis for my research was developed around the study of the Coast Salish and Haida peoples. These are the indigenous people from my home province of British Columbia (and surrounding areas) where I cultivated most of my research. This led into my research on building techniques and began to form a narrative for my project. While studying this work I came across the bentwood box, which had unique and intricate kerf bends that gave the box its form. I be-gan to do physical kerfing tests from this and work out how to optimize Kerfing for structural use. The next step in the evolution of my project was to push the kerfing further. In my hometown of Vancouver, the University of British Columbia is conducting research on a process called zippering which involves using the process of kerfing to create a reciprocal mate which fills in the slots of the kerf while keeping the new kerf created form.

I was able to the apply this research to my brief which was centered around an advanced timber lodge, using zippering as the primary structure. By far the most exciting and challenging component was finding a way to successfully integrate the zippers in a believable and plausible way.

Using the Canadian lodge typology to define the building’s form, I was then able to further detail specific moments with the zippers. Much like old timber lodges, which used creative applications of timber, I was able to further this typology and develop a prototype which showed intent through performative structural and material based design.

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS Design Realization

SECTION 1

1.00

SECTION 3

3.00

SECTION 4.01 [A]

4.01

Cedar Distribution

04

Historic Prefab

42

Modular Timber

73

The Cedar Canoe

05

Lodge Typologies

43

Operable Zippers

74

Canoe Typologies

06

Programmatic Adjacencies

44

Prefabriacted Cassettes

75

Canoe Fabrication

07

Zippered Floor Plates

45

Zippered Envelope

76

Hull Shaping

08

Design Evolution

46

Zippered Facade [A]

77

Hull Shaping 2.0

09

Circular Economy

47

Zippered Facade [B]

78

Cedar: The Bark

10

Siteplan

48-49

Envelope Buildout

79

Bentwood Box

11

Level 00

50-51

Acoustic Performance

80

Bentwood Kerfing

12

Level 01

52-53

81

Cedar Bending

13

Zippered Pods [A]

Performative Timber

14

Zippered Pods [B]

82

Complex Kerfing

15

Performative Timber 2.0

16

Fractal Kerfing

17

Bentwood Kerfing

18-19

SECTION 5

5.00

Fractal Kerfing

20-21

Structure Based Design

85-86

Zippered Wood

22

Zippered Entry

87-88

Hybrid Beam and Column

23

Zippered Hearth

89-90

Hybrid Beam and Column 2.0

24-25

Zippered Pods

92-92

Beam and Column 3.0

26-27

Zippered Pods

93-95

Hybrid Zippered Surface

28

Birdseye View

95-96

Zippered Beam to Slab

29

DESIGN RESEARCH

SECTION 4

4.00

A-Frame 2.0

56-57

Structural Strategy

58

Structural Strategy

59

DETAIL DESIGN

Zippered Prototypes

60-61

Site Planning

62

Digital Fabrication

63

Prefab Construction

64

Onsite Construction

65

Snow Pack Insulation

66

Close Cavity Facade

67

Design For Sow

68 69

SECTION 2

2.00

Wind and Aerodynamics Modular Hybrid

70

Mobility Timeline

32

Modular Hybrid 2.0

71

Autonomous Network

33

Lodge Network

34

Miles Canyon Site

35

Mass Timber Supply Chain

36-37

Client and Funding

38

Procurement

39

BRIEF

4

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

OBJECT STUDY

FINAL DRAWINGS

5

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

138°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

TLINGIT

48°0’W

NISHGA

48°0’W

48°0’W

GITKSAN

48°0’W

48°0’W

HAIDA HAISA

TSIMSHIAN

48°0’W

BELLA BELLA

48°0’W

HAIHAIS BELLA COOLA

48°0’W

48°0’W

OOWEKEENO

48°0’W

KWAKIUTL

48°0’W

NORTHTHERN COAST SALISH

48°0’W

48°0’W

CENTRAL COAST SALISH

48°0’W

48°0’W

NOOTKANS

SOUTHERN COAST SALISH MAKAH 138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

200 KM

INDIGENOUS TRIBES IN THE PNW

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

48°0’W

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48°0’W

48°0’W

138°0’W

100 MI

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

200 KM

CEDAR TREE RANGE

100 MI

Distribution of Red Cedar on the North West Coast Distribution of Yellow Cedar on the North West Coast

CEDAR DISTRIBUTION WEST COAST CEDAR RANGE THUJA PLICATA

Thuja Plicata, commonly called the Western Red cedar is an evergreen coniferous which is one of the most widespread trees along the Pacific Northwest of North America. Nicknamed the tree of life by the indigenous people of the region. As most indigenous people are Dependant on the cedar tree for living, you can see the remarkable relationship between tree growth and tribe allocation.

4

6

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

138°0’W

CANOES This drawing shows a single canoe extracted from a red cedar, however in some cases 3-4 canoes could be carved from a giant cedar tree.

RED CEDAR Based on its trunk size of 3.5 M - this 3D scanned cedar would be around 300 years old.

CANOE FABRICATION Made of a single log that was hollowed and shaped with simple tools and skilled hands the dugout canoe was central to the way of life in the indigenous tribes of the area.

THE BLACK EAGLE BILL REID

CEDAR TREE CROSS SECTION OUTER BARK

CMT (CULTURALLY MODIFIED

INNER BARK

THUJAPLICIN

HOLLOW CORE (DUE TO ROT)

CAMBIUM CELL LAYER

CMT (CULTURALLY MODIFIED

HEART WOOD

SAPWOOD

SOUTH SIDE (LESS DENSE)

THE DUGOUT CANOE

A SOPHISTICATED ART FORM AND SYMBOL OF CULUTRAL IDENTITY

DUGOUT CANOE CANOE FABRICATION CEDAR CARVING The Cedar trees are remarkably large, ranging from 65 to 70 M with

a 3 to 7 M trunk diameter. Because of this, full dougout canoes could be extracted from a cedar tree, ranging from 2 to 15 M. Furthermore, a series of 3 to 4 dugout canoes could be extracted from a single felled Red Cedar.

5

7

110 FEET 500 YRS WESTERN RED CEDAR (250 FT)

100 FEET OPENING FOR SMOKE HOLE ROOF PLANK

ROOF PLANK

SMOKE VENT

90 FEET

RAFTER

ROOF BEAM

ROOF BEAM POST

80 FEET

SILL WALL PLANKS

70 FEET

50 YRS WESTERN RED CEDAR

SUPPORT POLES

SILL WALL PLANKS HOUSE FRONTAL POLE BARGE BOARD KEY HOLE CORNER POST

60 FEET

50 FEET

HAIDA WAR CANOE

40 FEET

6 FEET

MAKAH CANOE

30 FEET

COAST SALISH CANOE

The shed roof house was designed to be adaptable to the expansion and contraction of the clan. all the while mainting its core 6 post strcuture.

As the clan expanded, so did the shed roof house, more columns and beams were added with each new family unit.

Conet, temperatur rectaecuscil ipsum quossum, que dolupta verferro verum rest latus si beat

Conet, temperatur rectaecuscil ipsum quossum, que dolupta verferro

6 FEET

RIVER CANOE

20 FEET

In the Fraser valley a 600 ft long shed roof house was once recorded, the chiefs quarters being 90ft long and then additional modules acted 10 FEET as apartment style living for the rest of the clan with each family block EMERGENCY CEDAR in a unit. BARK CANOE

The Nothern style house as seen in Haida Gwaii was the most notable structure developed by the PNW indeignious peoples. Houses could measure up to 60 ft long and had gabeled roofs and thick plank walls set vertically to shed water efficently.

300+

6 FEET

HAIDA MAN

0 YEARS

150 YEARS

300+

0 YEARS

COAST SALISH

HAIDA GWAII

SHED ROOF HOUSE

NORTHERN STYLE SIX BEAM HOUSE

CANOE TYPOLOGIES CANOE SIZING AND RED CEDAR CEDAR SPATIAL STUDY

6

8

CEDAR STRUCTURES

THE SHED ROOF HOUSE AND NORTHERN STYLE SIX BEAM HOUSE

The Cedar tree has a natural built in fungicide which limits rot and makes it almost invincible to rot and other animals however the cedar will not produce this fungicide until it is around 50 years old, meaning that most cedar trees have hollow (rotted) interior cores. This fungicide means the timber performs well in the elements and while a tree may live over 500 years old, a canoe can have a lifespan long over 50 years.

150 YEARS

TreE ringed with two chisel cuts, woOd betweEn split out with wedge and maul. ProcesS repeated until treE felL.

Fire Burned through base of a treE, wet clay on trunk above controlLed fire

. . . . Several men push at one end . . . . others use poles to lift the log foreward . . . .

60 PLUS men pulLed on a heavy duty rope, moving the log down an incline towards the sea

THE REDWoOD CEDAR FROM TReE - OBJECT

Canoemaker removed bark from cedar log and chiselLed cut section from each end

MOVING A LOG TO WATERS EDGE

He then split out woOd from betweEn cuts, usings wedges and a hand maul

Using large-bladed aze, canoe marker roughly shaped craft, narRowing both ends

when shaping is complete, men patialLy filLed canoe with fresh water and hot rocks from fire. They then splashed boiling water over hulL interior.

Finished canoe - sanded smoOth with dogfish skin, rubBed welL with dogfish oil for preservation. final step was design painted on exterior. large canoe might also have carved figure each side of bow.

The botTom of the canoe is scorched, hardening the woOd. Cedar sides are softened alLowing the canoemarker to spread the sides of the hulL with split cedar sticks betweEn gunwalLs

CANOE FABRICATION PREPARING A CEDAR TREE FABRICATION STUDY The indigenous tribes of the PNW were incredibly resourceful with their fabrication techniques. In order to fell a tree without access to saw’s and any metal - the indigenous would burn fires through the base of a tree trunk with wet clay over the bark to control the fire.

Once the tree was felled the workers would remove branches and hollow out the log before taking it out of the forest and back to the home village. To skid a log required many men, who would drive a series of log poles under the log to act as a skid and haul the log out of the forest.

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9

2.5’ 2.5’ 2.5’ 2.5’ 2.5’

2.5’

HULL SHAPING

STEAM BENDING AND FABRICATION CANOE FABRICATION In order to create a canoe which travels straight in the water an integral detail of the process is steam bending. In which hot coals are place into the canoe and then sealed up which softens the wood and causes it to bow outwards, this then causes the bottom part of the boat to bow upwards which means that when the canoe is lowered into the water and pushed out it should travel completely straight.

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10

2.5’

Thwarts are secured to the hull of the canoe using cedar withes. Which stop the canoe from bowing inwards once the heat dissipates from the bend.

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

Cedar supports spread between gunwales while the canoe is heated, stretch the canoes hull and give a convex shape to the bottom of the canoe.

02

01

04

03

06

05 INNER LAYER MIDDLE LAYER OUTER LAYER PRIMARY WALL MIDDLE LAMELLA

08

07

HULL SHAPING 2.0

STEAM BENDING AND FABRICATION CANOE FABRICATION By adding heat to the wood, it causes the lignen (05) of the timber to lose its rigidity which is what makes timber so stiff. When the timber is then flexed and bent back into place the absence of heat causes the timber to stiffen and return close to its normal rigid strength.

9

11

CEDAR BARK HAT HAIDA CHIEFTAN’S HAT

Woven out of Cedar bark, these ephemeral architectures were worn by most indigenous people along the coast. Due to their wide brim and watertight design they were incredibly effective in shielding from the somewhat aggressive coastal elements. In this particular instance, the stacks on top of the hat symbolize a chief’s number of Potlatch’s.

CEDAR: THE BARK CEDAR BARK SHELTERS CEDAR APPLICATIONS

Using simple bark shredders, of whalebone or other material, bark could be removed from an old tree without causing any overall damage and allowing the tree to continue to grow. Using a bark shredder the layers of the bark were separated and shredded to a point where they became like a soft fabric and could be woven to make clothing or shelters.

10

12

KERFED BENTWOOD CHEST CARVED AND PAINTED CHEST

Kerfed bentwood boxes would sometimes be inlaid with opercula or painted with a design that would wrap around the cedar. Less ornate boxes may have ornate chisel grooves and tie on lids.

CUMULATIVE KERFING

MACRO-SCALE MANIPULATION OF SLATS

01

02

03

04

Once steam bent the kerfed edges are able to be bent into place to form a continuous wall or box edge.

Two sticks across the top of the box ensure it holds its form after the steam bending is completed

Corner edges are drilled and then sewn together to give the walls of the box stability.

Base and lid are rigged to support the boxes form once relaxed from steam bending.

BENTWOOD BOX KERF BENDING

SIMPLE KERF BEND INTRODUCTION

The Western Red Cedar’s many different parts meant that there was an incredibly diverse use for the tree. The invention of the bent wood box was an incredibly significant social and economic item.

These boxes could be used for simple transport of good, or have specific spiritual meaning. Fashioned out of a few pieces of cedar, the kerfed edges mean that the timber could be bent without needing to split the timber into multiple pieces.

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13

BENTBOX CORNERS METHODS OF JOINERY

All seven types of kerfing are used for both boxes and bowls, below shows the shape of cut and final bent corners. Most corners were smoothed to remove any wood splintered through bending.

CEDAR BENDING BENTWOOD KERFING CANOE KERF BENDING FABRICATION

CEDAR APPLICATIONS SIMPLE KERF BEND INTRODUCTION

The bentwood While the Western box has Red 7, main Cedar decorative had many corner uses kerfs it was which primarily can be used byto applied the the PNW edges indigenous of the boxfor based construction on different as well uses.as Because for single of piece dugout wood’s anisotropic canoes. characteristics, A single Western materials Cedar perpendicular could be to felled the and create main grain direction a canoe that can be could removed span over without 60Moverly in length, compromising with only bowoverall the attachment structural thatcapacity was added of the for timber. ornamentation after the build process.

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14

AMMONIA BENDING FUMED TIMBER WITH AMMONIA SMOKED TIMBER

By adding Ammonia (or urine as used on bent wood boxes). The Ammonia breaks down the hydrogen bond in the timber allowing the wood to bend and flex freely. Once the Ammonia evaporates the hydrogen bond is reproduced and the wood then returns to its original stiffness.

NA TU

D

TU NA

OO LW

RA

RA

LW OO

D

CELLULOSE NANOFIBRE

HYDROGEN BOND

H O

O H

H O

H O

OH

HO

N

O H

N

H H

H

H O O

H

OH

H

N

H

H O

OH

H

O

O H

HO

H

OH

O OH

H

H

OH

O H

O H

N

H

H

H

H O

OH

O

HO

AMMONIA ADDED VIA STEAMING

H H

HO

O

O HO

N

H H

HO

OH

O OH

HO

O

O H

HO

O

O O H

N

H H

H O

H O

OH

HO O

OH

O OH

HO

O

O O H

O H

OH

HO

N

H H

HO

O

O HO

N

H H

HO O

H O

O

HO

O

O

O

O H

H O

OH

HO O

OH

HO

OH

O OH

HO

H O

O O H

HO

O

O

O OH

HO

OH

O OH

HO

O

O

HO

O

O

O OH

HO

H

H O

OH

HO O

O

OH

O OH

O H

AMMONIA BREAKS DOWN HYDROGEN BOND ALLOWING WOOD TO FLEX AND BEND FREELY

CEDAR BENDING CANOE FABRICATION CEDAR APPLICATIONS

While the Western Red Cedar had many uses it was primarily used by the PNW indigenous for construction as well as for single piece dugout canoes. A single Western Cedar could be felled and create a canoe that could span over 60M in length, with only bow attachment that was added for ornamentation after the build process.

13

15

FIBRE DIRECTION

FIBRE DIRECTION

FIBRE DIRECTION

FIBRE DIRECTION

FIBRE DIRECTION

TENSION

TENSION

TENSION

TENSION COMPRESSION

N TA N

COMPRESSION

TAON TA TA N TA ON NG NG NG IN TIO GE TA CTI CT GEN EN EN EN EC NT N NIRGE RE TIADIRTA TIA TIA TIA ID E DI L L D NG LD LD LD TIAIOL AL D NTI AL A C I E A E IRAD L IR IR IR IR AD IRRAD EC D I EC N T I A EC EC EC R R D TIO RE TIO L TIO TIO TIO AL D I C N N N N N IR TIO D EC RA N TIO N TIO

EC

COMPRESSION

IR

TENSION

TENSION

TENSION

TENSION

LD

COMPRESSION

RA

A DI

TENSION

N

TENSION

IO

TENSION COMPRESSION

A

CT

TENSION

DI

RE

COMPRESSION

RA

N

I LD

TENSION

TIO

EC

TENSION

IR

FIBRE DIRECTION

FIBRE DIRECTION LD

COMPRESSION

RA

A DI

OUTER BARK INNER BARK CAMBIUM CELL LAYER SAPWOOD HEART WOOD

ELASTICITY MODULUS

SHEAR MODULUS

E-NORMAL DEFLECTION

LONGITUDINAL

G-SHEAR DEFLECTION

RADIAL (Er)

PERFORMATIVE TIMBER HARNESSING GRAIN DIRECTION SHEAR AND ELASTICITY MODULUS

In order to produce effective kerfs understanding the grain direction of the timber is integral to the end result. But determining the elasticity modulus of the wood and factoring this in with the specific angle and depth of the kerf, favorable bending results can be achieved

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16

TANGENTIAL (Et)

ELASTICITY MODULUS E (in tangential, longitudinal, and radial direction) Et/Er/El= 1/1.7/20 (softwood) Et/Er/El= 1/1.7/13 (hardwood)

SHEAR MODULUS G (in tangential, longitudinal, and radial direction) Glr/Glt= 1/1 (softwood) Glr/Glt= 1.7/1 (hardwood)

a a

θ

a

10°

θ

θ

a

a

10°

30°

a

a=173 θ=176

a=162 θ=167

θ a

50°

50°

30°

a=173 θ=176

a

θ

θ a

30°

10°

a=173 θ=176

θ

θ

θ

50°

a=162 θ=167

a=162 θ=167

a=155 θ=159

a=155 θ=159

a=155 θ=159

CUMULATIVE KERFING

MACRO-SCALE MANIPULATION OF SLATS

Constant kerf depth results in stress concentration at the end of kerfed length, leading to the isolated activation of these regions and consequently produces kinks at these points.

Varying kerf depth gradually in relation to the stress distribution allows for calibrating the bending stiffness with material removal. If the depth variation of parallel kerfs follows a sine curve, the resultant figure avoids stress concentrations or kinks.

COMPLEX KERFING PERFORMATIVE TIMBER HARVARD GSD STUDY1

In 2010 the GSD conducted a research project which investigated wood’s anisotropic characteristics. By varying the depth of the kerf in relation to the stress, the designer can calibrate the bending stiffness with material removed. By using a CNC robotic milling allows precise control to instrumentalize specific kerfs.

15

17

0

R1 R2

L1

L2

QUARTER SAWN CUTTING

THICKNESS SHRINKAGE

RADIAL GRAIN CUTTING

TANGENTIAL SHRINKRADIAL SHRINKAGE

PERFORMATIVE TIMBER I HARNESSING GRAIN DIRECTION DIRECTIONAL KERFING

Using the research from the GSD and my own understand of timber I was able to implement specific kerf tests on my own cedar pieces. The above graphic shows the predicted result of the timber bend based off of the script I developed to make cumulative kerfing.

16

18

3.

6.

5.

4.

1.

2.

DERIVING FRACTALS FOR KERFING

1. Base Curve 2. Fractals inform curve subdivisions using fractal logic 3. Frames at center point of radius 4. Points produced at most severe angles using a fractal equation 5. Kerf cut vectors are projected perpendicular to a source curve and intersect centroids of the circles 6. Oscillating circles are derived from kerf vectors which supply the circle with a centroid point and radius

FRACTAL KERFING DIGITAL FABRICATION DIGITAL APPLICATION I began to develop a grasshopper script which uses fractal logic to optimize kerf bends which can be then applied to a digital model to be used for fabrication. The modification of a base curve then informs the differentiating fractals. I simply have to adjust a live curve in rhino and Grasshopper will sort out the amount of kerfs and their location on the timber to maximize bending strength on the wood.

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19

BENTWOOD KERFING PHYSICAL TESTING DESIGN RESEARCH

My introduction to kerfing came through the discovery of the bent wood box and its intricate kerfed edges. To get a better understanding of kerf behavior I began by carving and drilling out the timber with simple workshop tools before experimenting with digital fabrication and CNC aided kerfing.

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FRACTAL KERFING PHYSICAL TESTING DESIGN PROCESS

Using cedar native to the Pacific North West and Parametric modeling I have experimented with Cedars bending capacities to test the physical limitations of the species and determine the opportunities and scalability of the Cedar for my design project.

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ZIPPERED WOOD ADVANCED KERFING DOUBLE SIDED KERFING

Developed at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, zippered wood is an emerging technique of kerf bent wood.

Computationally modified timbers can be modified in a way that mate two kerfed faces together and thereby zipper creating a rigid beam. By mating these two kerfed members together your single sided kerf gains integrity from both sides.

20

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23

HYBRID BEAM AND COLUMN ZIPPERED WOOD DESIGN RESEARCH

Using the logic of Kerfing I began to develop a hybrid column and beam which could express the structural opportunities to the best of their abilities. Since the zipper usually displays a complex level of twisting, members have been scripted into mated, single curved timber beams which, when composited together meet to form a column and beam hybrid.

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25

HYBRID BEAM AND COLUMN ZIPPERED WOOD DESIGN RESEARCH

Using the logic of Kerfing I began to develop a second hybrid column and beam which could express the structural opportunities of zippered timber. This example displays a scarf joint to knife plate ground connection which is reminiscent of the bow’s of the cedar canoes where I began my research.

24

26

UPRIGHT CANOE ZIPPERED ARTEFACT

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27

HYBRID ZIPPERED SURFACE ZIPPERED WOOD DESIGN RESEARCH

Using dowel laminated GLT I developed a wall to floor timber blend that is comprised of many GLT members dowel laminated together to create one smooth and continuous surface. Pushing this further I deduced that it would be possible to create a column or brace which forms into a floor or roof slab or a numerous host of other typologies (P.29) 28

28

ZIPPERED BEAM TO SLAB ZIPPERED WOOD DESIGN RESEARCH

Amalgamating all my ideas together I synthesized a zippered design in which every piece could be zippered together. The zippered beams fan out to mesh into the zippered floor. The zippered floor then turns into two girders and stair stringers which support the zippered stairs as well as the zippered floor slab creating a purely zippered form.

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BRIEF

SECTION 02 OPERATION KLONDIKE

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31

Air Transport

Marine transport

Dogsled

Rail Transport

Foot Transport

Road Transport

1897

S.A. Andres failed Arctic Balloon Expedition. In a ill fated race to the North Pole.

Italian Norge airship the first aircraft to fly over the polar icecap.

The Klondike Gold Rush transforms the Chilkoot Trail into a primary transportation route.

Satellite Communications

Innovation

1926

1896-99

1920s

1898

RCMP Detachments established in eastern and High-arctic. Dogsled is the main method of land transportation.

Light Gauge railroads built along the White Pass and Yukon route.

1900s

1770-1821

1920’s

Mail trails established as a result of the gold rush. Between Ease Ak and Dawson.

Prospectors begin to use airplanes for gold exploration.

1922

1700s

1900 AMUDSEN’S SHIP

1910

R101 and Hindenburg fatal crash ends airship development

1973

The snowmobile becomes the North’s primary mode of winter land travel.

1950s

1940’s

Experimental satellites ATS-1 and ATS6 launched to test telephone and visual communications in the arctic.

Invention of the internal combustion engine leads to the development of arctic bushplanes

Northwest Staging Route, a Series of Airstrips and airports built between Edmonton and Whitehorse

1960s

Food Mail program delivers perishable foods and essentials at subsidized rates.

1970s

Establishment of Port of Churchill MB links shipments to Arctic Communities

Yellowknife Airport Expanded and runways paved

1942

Alaska Highway is constructed during WWII connecting Alaska and U.S.

1959

Construction begins on ill fated highway between Dawson and Inuvil to support oil industry. (Abandoned 1961).

1950s-60s 1937

Introduction of diesel power tugboats on the Mackenzie River

John Dension and crew construct major ice roads between Yellowknife and various Northern mines

1944

Yellowknife Airport Built

Numerous airports established throughout NT.

1986

1968

Canada Post transports parcels by air to isolated communities

Construction of Yellowknife highway, which crosses Mackenzie river by ferry and ice road.

1979

1959

Canadian Coast Guard initiates Arctic Sealift Program for annual summer resupply

Late 1950s

1944

1980s

Multiple airline introduce newer larger airlines to increase transport capacity.

1954

1930s

The Dempster Highway, Canada’s only all weather road to cross the Arctic Circle officially opens.

1969

U.S. Icebreaker SS Manhattan tests viability of Northwest Passage for shipping oil.

1940

1950

ORIGINAL CAT TRAIN

1982

White pass and Yukon railway decommissioned and revived as a heritage railway

DEW LINE

COLDWAR

WORLD WAR II

First Transit of the Northwest Passage in one Construction of the DEW Line results in development of Arctic shipping capacity season by the RCMP’s St.Roch

1930

1920

COLINS OVERLAND TELEGRAPH

1960s 1930

WORLD WAR I

AMUDSEN SAILS NWP

WHALING PEAK

1800s TRADITIONAL KAYAK

1960 RCMP St.Roch

1970

ORIGINAL BOMBARDIER SNOWMOBILE

1980

1990

MODIFIED BOMBARDIER SNOWMOBILE

40093.18 26728.78

1992

2009

Mid 2000’s

Trans Canada Trail Network initiated

NTCL launches new shipping route from Richmond B.C, to Western Arctic

New Airport terminals constructed in NWT and Major renovation of Yellowknife and Whitehorse airport.

1988-93

Development of Canada’s flagship icebreaker.

CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.

2012

Official opening of Deh Cho Bridge spanning the Mackenzie River in Fort Providence, NT.

2017

New Iqualuit airport terminal.

60807.98 53457.57

2005

2009

Feasibility study of Alaska/Canada rail link to enhance pacific rim market connections.

Moon Humvee rover achieves distance driven on sea ice.

longest

2010’s

72633.91 62942.03

Construction of Dempster highway extension announced to Tuktoyaktuk, NT, announced.

THE AUTONOMOUS REVOLUTION

Integration of autonomous buses to transport both people and resources North and Arctic Circle

1995

1995 CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent

2007

First Transit of the Northwest Passage in one season by the RCMP’s St.Roch

2000

2005

Iqualuit Airport

MOBILITY TIMELINE TRANSPORTATION TYPOLOGIES BRIEF [1500-2020] TIMELINE

Transportation in the Northern region of Canada has proven to be incredibly challenging, with Ice Roads, short thaw seasons and year round permafrost vehicles need to be durable to withstand tough arctic conditions. By introducing autonomous buses a new transport typology emerges which allows for more consistent and frequent travel throughout the year.

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2010’s

Discovery Air innovations in Yellowknife has an agreement with hybrid air vehicles to acquire airship when design and testing has completed.

DEW LINE

NUNAVUT

ARCTIC COUNCIL

Canada and U.S. Sign Open Skies Agreement allowing use of polar routes and causing increased air traffic and infrastructure growth.

2010

2015 MV Camilia Desgagnes Oil Tanker

2020 Thunderbird UAV

COLDWAR ENDS

1600s

KLONDIKE GOLD RUSH

Canadian Pacific’s new ship Princess Louise begins sailing tourist run to Skagway, Ak.

FRANKLIN EXPEDITION (1845)

HUDSON’S EXPEDITION [1610]

FROBISHER EXPEDITION [1576]

1500s

1910

The Alaska Coastal Route, established by the gold rush paves the way for tourism.

Union steamship, Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk Pacific Railways provides service from Vancouver.

Voyages by Samuel Hearne, Alexander Mckenzie, and John Franklin explore Mackenzie Vally and Arctic Coast

FEB

VEHICLE SUMMONING APP

NON URGENT GOODS

16 PERSON TRANSPORT

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

Flights every 1-4 days

Local Airports

Trips every 7 days

UAV (Freight + People)

THAW

Local Lodges

Sealift (Freight) Local Airports

Shipment Arrivals

SHIPPING ENDS

AUTONOMOUS ELECTRIC JAN Airlift (Freight)

2018-20 Driver in trucks

CONSTRAINED PLATOONING OF TRUCKS

2027+ Driverless

FULL AUTONOMY

2022-25 Driver in leading truck

Between 1915 and 1966 busses frequented the Alaska Highway, both as scenic tours and moving troups and passengers from Southern Canada and the US up to Yukon, Alaska and the NWT. During the advent of World War II the US spent a very large sum of money and recourses to develop the road system from Northern US to Alaska, which would move troops by bus to their stations in Alaska. These highways are arguably still in great condition today and a bus route North has been tested and believed to be highly feasible

CONSTRAINED AUTONOMY

REVIVING THE NORTHERN MOTORCOACH

2025-27 Driver for pickup and drop off

THE AUTONOMOUS REVOLUTION The transportation industry is considered ripe for autonomous disruption. The United States already faces a labor shortage of more than 51,000 truck drivers, a number that will only rise, thanks to impending requirements which will result in lower wages.

2 drivers platoon 2 trucks on interstate highway Drivers drive individually on non interstate highway

Platooning only on interstate highway, with single driver in leading vehicle Drivers drive individually on non interstate highway

Autonomous trucks ride on interstate highway without drivers (platooning 2 or more trucks when possible) Drivers drop off trucks at dedicated truck stops

Autonomous trucks drive individually on all highways and in platoons of 2 or more trucks Driver involvement eliminated through out the journey

AUTONOMOUS NETWORK GOODS, SEALIFT AND AUTONOMOUS BRIEF

Northern communities connected to the south by air sea and land are Dependant on deliveries with large scale items by shipping containers and perishables by aircraft- the autonomous bus seals to bridge the gap between these two markets.

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40093.18 26728.78

60807.98 53457.57

72633.91 62942.03

93% Commercial Trucking

45% Diavik Diamond Mine

61%

7%

Hunting

Non-Commercial use

Wildlife Species Harvested along the Ice Road

Moose

Caribou

Wolf

Wolverine

Grouse

Hare INUVIK

98%

DEMPSTER HIGHWAY - YUKON

A traditional dogsled trail is named after RCMP Inspector W.J.D. Dempster.

1958

Canadian Government decides to build a road through the wilderness from Dawson to Inuvik, updating the trail.

YELLOW KNIFE

1911

WHITEHORSE

DEVELOPMENT

SITE

CHURCHILL

P. RUPERT

1959

Oil discoveries in Eagle Plans, YT, require service access, which catalyzes the highway’s development.

SASKATOON

EDMONTON CALGARY

WINNIPEG

REGINA

2013

Construction of the all weather highway extension to Tuktoyaktuk, NT, commences

VANCOUVER

1990

Northwest erects microwave towers along highway to facilitate public safety and communications.

VICTORIA

1979

Highway officially opens.

TORONTO

ROAD ECOLOGY, DEMPSTER HIGHWAY The Dempster Highway route travels through seven distinct ecosystems. Local wildlife species include grizzly bear, caribou, Dall sheep, moose, Arctic hare, beaver, wold and collared pika. Bird species include various owls, waterfowl, ptarmigan, red throated loon, gyrfalcon, golden eagle, long tailed Jaeger, peregrine falcon and arctic tern.

All-Season road

Seasonal Ice Road

1,250 1,000 750 500 250 0 0km

50

North Klondike River

100

150

200

Blackstone Uplands

250

Ogilvie River

LODGE NETWORK

NORTHERN AUTONOMOUS TRAVEL BRIEF

The brief proposes the connection of Northern communities via a series of prototypical lodges placed in Canada’s North which will use UAV buses to transport people and goods from Canada’s resource rich Southern Border. Currently, arctic road use is divided predominantly by commercial trucking and the roads demand a large and robust vehicle to handle the Cold Northern Roads.

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34

300

350

Eagle Plain Plateau

400

450

Richardson Mtns

500 Mackenzie Lowlands

550

600

650

700 Mackenzie Delta

750

800

850

VIEW II

VIEW I

VIEW II

SAINT JOHNS

VIEW I

FREDRICTON

HALIFAX

SAINT JOHN

VIEW I

VIEW I - Looking Towards Miles Canyon

MONTREAL

OTTAWA

QUEBEC CITY

VIEW III

HISTORIC GOLD RUSH CAMP

VIEW II VIEW II - Looking Towards Miles Canyon 4KM to Whitehorse City Centre

N

VIEW III

VIEW III - Looking Towards site

MILES CANYON - SITE OPTIMIZING VIEWS BRIEF

The proposed site for the UAV lodge is 4KM South of Whitehorse located directly off the Klondike highway (part of the predominant highway North). Offering stunning views South, the main views open up to an expansive Northern Canadian landscape with silvers of historic views. Such as a historic Klondike Gold Rush camp, and 1800’s bridge which spans across the stunning basalt canyon.

35

35

2

4.

ROUTE TO DAWSON

2.

SY FOREST CORP.

1

1. SY FOREST CORP.

5KM

MASS TIMBER SUPPLY CHAIN CATALYZING A SUSTAINABLE TIMBER CHAIN BRIEF

Operation Klondike would build on Canada’s growing efforts to embrace mass timber be remaining the supply chain. Harvesting Yukon grown timber, which would be processed in a local Whitehorse Factory. The resulting construction process would be faster, more predictable, less expensive and far more sustainable.

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36

10KM

1. SY FOREST CORP.

3.

EMCO MECH.

4.

5. MILES CANYON

WHITEHORSE ARPT.

3.

IGLOO BLD. GRP.

3.

KILRICH INDS. LTD.

4.

1

ROUTE TO YELLOWKNIFE

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EXTRACTION, TRANSPORT AND FUNDING BRIEF

Canada’s Arctic possesses a wealth of mineral resources. More than 22 major sites across Nunavut, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories have been gearing up for production. These Diamond and gold deposits are incredibly challenging to access.

Eagle Gold Mine, Yk

Diavik Diamond Mine, NWT

CLIENT + FUNDING

To help counteract this, key lodges for UAV travel will offer supplementary routes for miners and residents living in these small communities. With a network of lodge outposts, the UAV’s can take miners through the most part of the journey.

These mines, privately owned, operating on public land would then supplement the funding and upkeep of these lodges along with the Government of Canada who by funding these lodges is helping assist members of the Northern communities by reducing transport costs as well as demand for good’s as the trucks all carry non essential goods North.

REVENUE STREAMS Private/Public Hybrid

Highest Producing Gold + Diamond Mines Yukon, NWT, Nunavut Mines + UAV Routes NWT 14. Chamber of Mines NWT + Nunavut 15. Diavik Mine 16. Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine

Public Funding

Nunavut 17. Medowbank Agnico Eagle Gold Mine 18. Agnico Eagle Meladin Mine 1 2 8 9 10

6

Hybrid Prototype

3 4 7

11

Klondike Trading Lodges

Private Funding

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

2.5’

5

WHITEHORSE

Yukon 1. Clinton Creek Mine 2. Goldbottom Mine LTD. 3. Dawson City Gold Mine 4. Tamarack inc.

5. Brewery Creek Mine 6. Eagle Gold Project 7. Eureka Creek Mine 8. Schnabel Mining 9. Scribner Creek Mine 10. Stowe Creek 11. Coffee Gold Mine Camp 12. Capstone Minto Mine 13. Yukon Gold Mining Alliance

12 YELLOW KNIFE

15 16 17

14

13

P. RUPERT

CHURCHILL

18

MINING ACTIVITY, YUKON

APR

VICTORIA

UAV Travel

JUN

JUL

AUG

Trips every 7 days

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

NOV

DEC

WINNIPEG

REGINA

Workers + Supplies

Fly-In

MAY

SASKATOON

MAR

CALGARY

FEB

VANCOUVER

JAN

EDMONTON

EXTRACTION AND UAV TRANSPORTATION SCHEDULE

Worker Schedule

MINING ACTIVITY, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES EXTRACTION AND UAV TRANSPORTATION SCHEDULE

Ice Road + UAV Travel

Fly-In

FEB

MAR

38

38

MAY

Winter Road Open

Workers + Supplies

Worker Schedule

Mine Operations

APR

Potential whiteout conditions

THAW

JAN

JUN

PROCUREMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT BRIEF

*TRANSFORMING THE SUPPLY CHAIN

CASE STUDY

DESIGN AND BUILD IN CANADA Due to the complex nature of assembly due to zippering, the highest level of control and oversight will be placed on the architect. Who will in turn produce a detailed tender which will insure that the liability is placed on the commentator. By creating a highly detailed design package the architect my assume more responsibility, however it also ensures that they are given drastic oversight into the quality of the build.

Furthermore, by moving a high level of the build into a local offsite factory, quality can be further controlled and monitored to insure that no corners are being cut. Having a complete understanding of the scheme will limit the need for changes during the construction process.

In most situation’s Katerra is the architect, material supplier, manufacturer, general contractor, trade contractor, and project manager.

Katerra takes responsibility for the entire project life cycle and integrating every product and service necessary to design and assemble buildings allows us to optimize for speed and efficiency.

Katerra Customers are usually ones who are looking to repeat building designs in large volumes - such as in the case of the UAV lodge’s which functions as a prototype.

DESIGN-BUILD + KATERRA Under the design-build approach, the owner retains a single entity who is responsible for the design as well as the construction. In this circumstance it is anticipated that there is a joint venture between the architect, general contractor, engineer and supplier - mirroring the Katerra model, however using local suppliers for Mass timber as opposed to utilizing in company timber vendors (See right). The design builder may also subcontract with on-site personnel and design professionals for internal construction.

CONTRACT LINKS - KATERRA 2.0

The Client Architect General Contractor

Design Builder

Engineer Timber M+E

Contractor

Quality Surveyor

Sub Contractor

Consultant

SAINT JOHNS

Suppliers/Vendors

STREAMLINED DESIGN TIMELINE (CONSOLIDATED) 2021 Oct 5 12 19 26

1

Nov 8 15 22 29

Dec 6 13 20 27

Jan 4 11 18 25

1

Feb 8 15 22

1

8 15 22 29

HALIFAX

FREDRICTON

Sep 7 14 21 28

MONTREAL

SAINT JOHN

Jun Jul Aug 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 31

TORONTO

OTTAWA

START UP MEETING PHASE 1 - SCHEMATIC DESIGN Cost Estimate Project Pause Project Coordination Call Client Review Schematic Design Deliverable Production Schematic Design Deliverables Issued Yukon Building Review Process

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 3 10 17 24 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25

QUEBEC CITY

Date

PHASE 2 - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Client Review Design Development Deliverables Issued Construction Document Development 50% Construction Documents Issued Construction Document Development 100% Construction Documents Issued Yukon Building Review Process Tender and Building Permit FPA - FINAL PROJECT APPROVAL START OF CONSTRUCTION

39

39

5 12 19

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 03

OPERATION KLONDIKE

40

40

41

OPENING FOR SMOKE ROOF PLANK

ROOF PLANK

SMOKE VENT

ROOF BEAM

ROOF PURLIN ROOF BEAM LOG COLUMNS

SILL WALL PLANKS HOUSE FRONTAL POLE BARGE BOARD KEY HOLE CORNER POST

SILL WALL PLANKS SUPPORT POLES

DEPRESSION FOR GROUND ENCLOSURE BARGE BOARD KEY HOLE CORNER POST

COAST SALISH

HAIDA GWAII

NORTHERN STYLE HOUSE

As the clan expanded, so did the shed roof house, more columns and beams were added with each new family unit.

O.G.

LONGHOUSE MAP

1100 C.E.

1100

1612

Evidence of long houses date back to 1100 C.E. if not earlier.

North American

1612

John Smith Sketches an interior detail of Chief Powhatan’s longhouse - found in historical map

Ontario, Canada

FIRST LONGHOUSE

In the Fraser valley a 600 ft long shed roof house was once recorded, the chiefs quarters being 90ft long and then additional modules acted as apartment style living for the rest of the clan with each family block in a unit.

1700

The first remains of a full longhouse are excavated in Ozette Washington

1700 Ozette, Washington

LIFESPAN

0 YEARS

HISTORIC PREFAB

ORIGINAL PREFAB TIMBER PROTOTYPE SHED ROOF AND NORTHERN STYLE DWELLINGS

The Coast Salish Shed Roof House, and Hadia Gwaii Longhouse can be distiled to their elements to inform future design principals.

Designed to be stripped down and moved every 150-300 years the envelope and interiors are all removable. Crafted almost exclusively out of cedar, the structures are essentially resistant to rot and have an unprecedented lifespan. The Northern Style house also has a deep depression which enforces circulation around a hearth.

42

42

Hadia Northern Style house was developed to last over 150 years with a central totem pole and space arranged around a central depression

The entire building could be stripped quickly and left to its remaining structure. It was and then rebuilt elsewhere where there were more natural resources.

The Northern style house as seen in Haida Gwaii was the most notable structure developed by the PNW indigenous peoples.

Houses could measure up to 60 ft long and had gabeled roofs and thick plank walls set vertically to shed water efficiently.

1850

Oct 13, 2019

Old man house in Squamish B.C. is one of the largest Longhouses on record (152X12-18M)

BIG HOUSE

The shed roof house was designed to be adaptable to the expansion and contraction of the clan. all the while maintaining its core 6 post structure.

OLD MAN HOUSE

SHED ROOF HOUSE

1850

2019

Squamish, B.C. SHED HOUSE

150 YEARS

First big house completed in over 120 years after decades of saving and funding.

Bella Bella, B.C.

NORTHERN HOUSE

300+

TIMBERLINE LODGE [1870-90] Designed as part of FDR’s new deal the timberline lodge has a logical plan that is defined by its central hearth and atrium. This spatial typology can be reinterpreted in today’s contemporary context

Hudson’s Bay Company post, Cape Dorset, NU, 1929.

Photograph: Library and Archives of Canada

1870 9

10

1890

1910

12

1930

50

105

1950

1970

44

41

Number Of Posts

Large Trading Companies

Enterprises such as Hudson’s Bay Company, Hislop and Nagle, the Northern Trading Company. the Lamson and Hubbard Canadian Company were financed and directed from outside Northwest Territories. All were dissolved in 1939, with most selling out to HBC.

Angulalik’s trading post, NT, 1951.

Photograph: Library and Archives of Canada

1870 3

1890

1910

1930

10

94

3

1950

1970

51

17

Number Of Posts

Local and Independent Traders

Southern traders and trappers were predominant during the 1920’s and 30’s. Most serviced one buyer a season. Northern traders tended to act as middlemen for the larger companies.

TIMBERLINE SECTION

Stone Hearth as circulatory nexus

Warden’s bunkhouse at Government Hay Camp, Slave River NT, 1933.

Photograph: Library and Archives of Canada

1870

1890

1910

1930

1950

1970 12

2 Number Of Posts

Co-operatives and Government Posts

Later in the trade, posts were fostered by the government. Some were basic producer co-ops with some trade in furs.

The Roman Catholic Mission, Pond Inlet, NU, 1951.

Photograph: Library and Archives of Canada

1870

1890

1910 1

1930 1

1950

1970

2

Number Of Posts

Religious Missions

Missions that engaged in the fur trade were mostly operated by the Roman Catholic Church.

GROUND FLOOR PLAN Central Hearth + Wings

LODGE TYPOLOGIES

CANADIAN LODGE AND TRADING POST DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

The Lodge in Western Canada and the US has a long standing heritage and architectural organization which I have broken down and began to study for the development of my brief. Almost all lodges have a central hearth with seating and then are enclosed with wings for lodging or administration. Creating a long and low plan which maximizes daylight and also contains heat which is especially important during cold Canadian winters.

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SUPPLIERS

GUESTS 10 Passengers can be transported per trip

Domestic Producers

Shippers

Brokers

Trading Companies

Regional Markets

Local Cooperatives

Goods sold directly to lodge

BUS ARRIVAL 2X WEEK 40093.18

26728.78

ARCTIC LODGES

60807.98 53457.57

72633.91

Goods and people are dropped off 2X per week at lodge 62942.03

Whitehorse

Yellowknife

Packages and non urgent goods unloaded and redistrubited to community

Guests offloaded

Enter Lobby and main checkin

Dawson City

Inuvuit

Local goods are reloaded onto UAV’s for redistirbution

WC Located off of main checkin

SW WING

NE WING

CENTRAL HEARTH AND SEATING AREA

Trading Post

Circulation

SLEEP PODS

Support Space

Display

Office

Retail

24 HRS Overhead cafe and viewing platform

Sleeping pods oriented in south west wing off of main hearth desk

Culinary L01

Bar Kitchen Seating

VIEW 1

2.5 Bed Sleeper

Living Space

4 Bed Sleeper

Living Space

VIEW 2

2.5 Bed Sleeper

Living Space

L01

SUPPORT

UAV SUPPORT Meeting Room

Mechanical + Electrical

Admin Office

Onsite Generator

UAV hydraulic lowering system

UAV Mechanical Bay

Onsite Energy Supply

Outdoor balcony

WC

Admin Storage

Cleaning Storage

UAV Support Bays 1,2,3

Admin Office L-01

PROGRAMMATIC ADJACENCIES SYSTEM FLOWS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT In an attempt to assist people in the North, the trucks will be carrying goods as well as passengers which can be left and auctioned off at theses lodges/trading posts much like they would have been in historic trading posts. Much like old lodges built around North America, the spatial arrangement is centered around a hearth in a depressed section of the building, overlooking an expansive view. Two programmatic wings converge with this hearth at half levels with smaller quarter floors dispersed between them.

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FINAL FORM

ZIPPERED FLOOR PLATES CENTRAL HEARTH, AUXILIARY WING DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Each variation above has the same principals, a central hearth, long narrow floor, and supporting wings. The final form is an amalgamation of all three baseline schemes. Using the rational behind the lodge typology this massing variation uses two main wings which host lodging for the guests as well as auxiliary support program. All of which, is centered around a central hearth which boasts the most complex structural system within the build.

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45

40093.18 26728.78

60807.98 53457.57

72633.91 62942.03

Lodging

Centralized Entry Hearth R&R

SUPPLIERS

GUESTS 10 Passengers can be transported per trip

Domestic Producers

Shippers

Brokers

Trading Companies

Regional Markets

Local Cooperatives

Goods sold directly to lodge

BUS ARRIVAL

1. Site andARCTIC Circulation LODGES

2X WEEK 40093.18

26728.78

60807.98 53457.57

2. Program

72633.91

Goods and people are dropped off 2X per week at lodge 62942.03

Whitehorse

Yellowknife

Dawson City

Inuvuit

Based just south of Whitehorse, and already mostly cleared of trees, the site requires blasting for the foundation as well as clearing of the mountain side for enlarging the road and entry zone.

40093.18 26728.78

40093.18 26728.78 60807.98 53457.57

40093.18

Following the vernacular of a traditional lodge, the design can be dissected into 3 parts - Hearth (which must be central), Lodging and then rest and living space. These three spaces when arranged on site, when optimized form the above diagram.

26728.78 60807.98 53457.57 72633.91

Packages and non urgent goods unloaded and redistrubited to community

Guests offloaded

Local goods are reloaded onto UAV’s for redistirbution

62942.03

60807.98 53457.57 72633.91 62942.03

Enter Lobby and main checkin

WC Located off of main checkin 72633.91 62942.03

SW WING

NE WING

Centralized Hearth CENTRAL HEARTH AND SEATING AREA

Trading Post

Circulation

SLEEP PODS

Support Space

Display

Office

Retail

UAV Charging

24 HRS Overhead cafe and viewing platform

Sleeping pods oriented in south west wing off of main hearth desk

Culinary L01

Bar Kitchen Seating

VIEW 1

2.5 Bed Sleeper

Living Space

4 Bed Sleeper

Living Space

VIEW 2

2.5 Bed Sleeper

Living Space

SUPPORT

L01

UAV SUPPORT Admin Storage

Admin Office

Onsite Generator

UAV hydraulic lowering system

UAV Mechanical Bay

Onsite Energy Supply

Outdoor balcony

WC

Meeting Room

Mechanical + Electrical

Cleaning Storage

UAV Support Bays 1,2,3

Admin Office L-01

3. Central Hearth and Sunken Floorplate

4. UAV Zone

Because the site is in the far North - it is important to maximize available daylight. To do this, using a narrow floorplate daylight can be maximized and cross ventilation can be easily introduced for passive cooling in the summer.

On the Eastern Side - adjacent to the hearth a second floor is further depressed into the ground as a zone for the UAV’s to park and charge.

Pods

5. Sleep Pods and Lodging

The two wings function off of the main hearth, with the Southern Wing hosting the sleeping pods and the North Eastern Wing acting as a space for UAV support and guest interfacing.

DESIGN EVOLUTION PROGRAM STRATEGY DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Using the principals of the lodge typology to inform the design, the structure of the building was derived around creating an open an inhabitable central hearth. Two long asymmetrical wings support the main hearth and allow the floorplate to stay narrow and allow natural daylight in the space.

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Environmental Performance

6. Optimized Envelope In order to combat the harsh winter winds and severe snow loads, the design has been angled and modified to shrug off the most extreme breezes and be as insulative as possible meeting the 60% solid 40% glazed standards of passive house.

LOCAL FORESTRY

LOCAL FORESTRY FIRE MITIGATION To combat severe flame spread, sustainable forestry practices can be introduced which will reduce severe forest fires and also benefit the community as well as the local economy.

Thinning

Cut Wood

TIMBER PRODUCTS INSULATION Spray

INTERIOR FINISHES Boards

Floors

OSB

Fibre

EXTERIOR ENCLOSURE

OSB

Sheathing OSB

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

Siding

Lumber

Shingles

Boards

Engineered PSL

MSR OSB

OSB

Plywood

Timber

Board

Rigid LVL

Deck

MDF

MPP

ZIP BYPRODUCTS

WOOD FIBRE INSULATION AND LVL ZIPS

ZIP BYPRODUCTS

WOOD FIBRE INSULATION AND LVL ZIPS

WOOD FIBRE INSULATION AND LVL ZIPS

WOOD FIBRE INSULATION AND LVL ZIPS

BUILDING LIFECYCLE

CARBON CAPITAL KIT OF PARTS CAN BE REINSTALLED OR RECYCLED WHEN APPROPRIATE

CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Wood volume total: 3,374 Cubic meters Growth: It takes U.S. and Canada 9 minutes to produce the timber for this project Carbon Sequestered: 3185 Metric Tons of C02

934 PER/YR

467 PER/YR

Equivalent to: 934 cars off the road for a year Equivalent to: Energy to operate 467 homes for a year

CIRCULAR ECONOMY UPCYCLED TIMBER DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

One of the few building materials that is both regenerative and actually holds carbon, engineered timber is fast becoming once of the most demanded structural systems on the planet. The design of the build takes this into consideration and pushes sustainability a step further. With the byproduct saw dust from zippering being turned into insulation, and the panelized modular design the building can be completely recycled, or reused, and form a circular economy.

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A B C D E F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

BB 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

AA

SITEPLAN

General Arrangements

1:350 0M

48

20M

60M

80M

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

8

8

A B C D E F G

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

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A B C D E F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

BB 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

4.

27

5.

28

4.

2.

29 30

1.

31 32 33 34

6.

35

3.

36 37 38

AA

LEVEL 00

General Arrangements

1:350 0M

50

50

20M

60M

80M

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

8

LEVEL 00

General Arrangements WEST WING

EAST WING

1. Entry 2.Checkin Desk 3. Hearth + Fire Place 4. M/W Restroom 5. Full Restroom

6. Admin Office 7. Meeting Space 8. UAV Lift 9. UAV Charge Station 10. Full Restroom 11. UAV parts storage 12. UAV Service Room

A B C

12.

8.

D E

11.

F

7.

9.

10

11

12

13

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15

16

9.

17

18

9.

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G

10.

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A B C D E F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

BB 10

2.

11 12 13

3.

14

1.

15

2.

16 17 18

3.

19 20

1.

21

2.

22 23 24

3.

25 26 27

5.

28 29 30

4.

31 32 33 34 35

6.

36 37 38

AA

LEVEL 01

General Arrangements

1:350 0M

52

52

20M

60M

80M

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

8

LEVEL 01

General Arrangements WEST WING

EAST WING

1. Kitchen Pod 2.Bathroom Pod 3. Hearth + Fire Place

4. Entry 5.Checkin Desk 6. Hearth + Fire Place 7.Secondary Hearth 8.Kitchen 9. Restroom

A B C D

9.

8.

7.

10

7.

11

12

13

14

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19

20

E

9.

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9.

G

21

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53

53

DETAIL DESIGN SECTION 04

OPERATION KLONDIKE

54

54

55

A-FRAME 2.0

ENTRY SEQUENCE - VIEW I DETAIL DESIGN

The spatial conditions created by the original timber lodge were a product of the timber structure, certain limitations or possibilities serendipitously led the creation of different unique spaces, like the loft in an A-Frame or the recessed hearth in a typical Northern Lodge. By using advanced engineered timber - ie LVL and MPP new structural possibilities occur and allow for new spatial conditions derived from the same lexicon of past lodges.

56

56

57

57

AA

BB

CC

AA

CC

BOOMERANG BEAM

ZIPPERED ROOF BEAMS

ADJACENT ZIPPERED TRUSSES

The anchor support for the structural system is a 1500mmX750mm LVL milled boomerang beam and zippered into place to form a rigid structural backing for the cantilevering lvl beams in front.

Zippered LVL beams are cantilevered off the main boomerang beam in the back and then nested into two parallel trusses at the front of the structure.

The remaining system is comprised of zippered LVL trusses which both support the cantilevered front frame, and also support the roof structure for the adjacent wings of the building.

STRUCTURAL STRATEGY ZIPPERED HEARTH DETAIL DESIGN

Perhaps the most important moment in the building, is the entry sequence. By creating a dramatic structure to encase the hearth, the primary roof structure is also the first introduction of zippering within the design. Composed of zippered LVL beams which allow structural twisting whilst still retaining their rigidity- this is the defining moment of the building.

58

58

BB

1.

2.

ZIPPERED CONSTRUCTION HEARTH BUILDUP

2. ZIP TO I-BRACKET

1. Zippered Bracing Due to their nature zippers can be brought onsite as plat timber elements and then bent into place and mated with their adjoining members. This allows for easy transportation in standard truck beds.

Once mated with its adjoining zip, the zippers are remarkably rigid, which means there is very little need for added structural support, and limits the amount of structural piles there are brought on site.

2. Zip to I-Bracket

3. LVL INSERT

Where knife plate connections cannot be used the timber zippers can be anchored to the foundation with and I bracket and then dowel laminated with a specific timber/concrete screw

3. Omni Directional LVL Infill Custom milled Omni directional MDF panels can be slotted into the open parts of the structure to reduce the stress and strain on the activated zippers.

STRUCTURAL STRATEGY ZIPPERED ASSEMBLY DETAIL DESIGN

Part of what makes the zipper so special is its ability to be flatpacked off site and then bent and mated into place once on site.

Limiting the need for over size vehicles and complex machinery.

The individual unmated members, while very fragile also have a very low stiffness which means that it does not require excess forces or presses to bend the zippers once they have reached site.

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59

ZIPPERED PROTOTYPES ZIPPERED JUNCTIONS DETAIL DESIGN

Through the use of physical testing different moments were tested in timber at UCL and then with 3D printing to develop and refine a prototyped rigid connection which could support the primary structural systems. Throughout the entirety of the structure, CNC milled LVL timber is cut to produce zippered connections which are used as connection moments for the primary and secondary structure in the building.

60

60

61

61

MILES CANYON MILES MILES CANYON ROADCANYON ROAD ROAD

YUKONYUKON RIVER RIVERRIVER YUKON MILES CANYON ROAD

YUKON RIVER

VARIABLES AFFECTING PREFAB APPROACH:

RR #25 RR #25 RR #25

RR #25

ACCESS what are the access restraints of each location?

SELBterrain AIRAV the type of terrain will affect the transportation, GNITandCequipment EFFA used to erect the structures BAFERP :HCAORPPA

path type/size the size of path/road will affect what type of transportation is possible on each site during construction

$

SSECCA

user access

what will the user access be to each structures can be occupied? This ca the building and prefab type of each

$ $$

ssecca eht era tahw hcae fo stniartser ?noitacol

TRANSPORTATION what mode of transportation makes the most sense for: - each site condition - prefab scale - cost

LEGEND LEGEND LEGEND LEGEND MILES MILES CANYON CANYON ROAD ROAD MILES CANYON ROAD

ssecca resu

niarret

ecno etis hcae ot eb ssecca resu eht lliw tahw mrofni nac sihT ?deipucco eb nac serutcurts etis hcae fo epyt baferp dna gnidliub eht

,noitatropsnart eht tceffa lliw niarret fo epyt eht serutcurts eht tcere ot desu tnempiuqe dna

$$ $

$$

MARINE MARINE SETBACK SETBACK MARINE SETBACK

CRANE CRANE REACH REACH CRANE REACH FROM FROM LOWER LOWER BENCH BENCH ROAD ROAD FROM LOWER BENCH ROAD CRANE REACH FROM LOWER BENCH ROAD

SECONDARY ACCESS CRANE CRANE REACH REACH CRANE REACH FROM FROM SECONDARY SECONDARY ACCESS ACCESS FROM SECONDARY ACCESS CRANE REACH FROM SECONDARY ACCESS

MARINE SETBACK CRANE CRANE REACH REACH ERECTION CRANE REACH OPPORTUNITIES FROM FROM OCEAN OCEAN BANK BANK FROM OCEAN BANK CRANE REACH $ once the prefab units arrive, what are the BANK 30 m30 FROM m30 m OCEAN erection opportunities

40 m40 m40 m 50 m50 m50 m 40 m 50 m

40 m40 m40 m 50 m50 m50 m 40 m 50 m

ALL CRANE allTERRAIN terrain crane

30 m retpocileh

skcurt etadommocca dnalsI newoB nac kcurt fo ezis tahw -ommocca setuor ssecca tnereffid/etis ruo nac ezis tahw etad ?elbissop noitatropsnart VTA si

CRAWLER CRANE crawler crane

trucks

helicopter

what are the barge restrictions?

what size of truck can Bowen Island accommodate what size can our site/different access routes accommodate is ATV transportation possible?

helpful for light-touch in remote are how large of a helicopter will be req what is the cost?

TOWER CRANE tower crane

NOITATROPSNART noitatropsnart fo edom tahw :rof esnes tsom eht sekam noitidnoc etis hcae elacs baferp tsoc -

$$

- crane/lift size - site restrictions for machinery needed

saera etomer ni hcuot-thgil rof lufpleh ?deriuqer eb lliw retpocileh a fo egral woh ?tsoc eht si tahw

CRANES MOBILE CRANE mobile crane

barge

$

SECONDARY SECONDARY ACCESS ACCESS SECONDARY ACCESS

MILES CANYON ROAD

$ ezis/epyt htap

noitatropsnart fo epyt tahw tceffa lliw daor/htap fo ezis eht noitcurtsnoc gnirud etis hcae no elbissop si

lift

egrab

terrain TERRAIN

what size and type of crane can each site accommodate

LIFTS

BARGE barge CRANE crane CONSTRUCTABILITY

TELESCOPIC HANDLER telescopic handler

roadlegal legal road

EXCAVATOR excavator

NOITCERE SEITINUTROPPO

allterrain terrain all

slope slope

30% 30%

30% 30%

60% 60%

10% 10%

% %

flat flat

foundation FOUNDATION

crane

?snoitcirtser egrab eht era tahw

what size and type of lift can each site accommodate

enarc

ftil

etadommocca etis hcae nac enarc fo epyt dna ezis tahw

etadommocca etis hcae nac ftil fo epyt dna ezis tahw

angled angled

stinu baferp eht ecno eht era tahw ,evirra seitinutroppo noitcere ezis ftil/enarc rof snoitcirtser etis dedeen yrenihcam

YTILIBATCURTSNOC

performance PERFORMANCE

platform platform

height height

prefab capability PREFAB CAPABILITY

weight weight

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62

RR

radius++ radius reach reach

volumes volumes

panels panels

components components

33 22 11

40m 40m

50m 50m

80m 80m

+ +

+ +

80m 80m

+ +

50m 50m

10m 10m

6m 6m

50% 50%

DIGITAL FABRICATION

AR CONSTRUCTED DESIGN: Building with Fologram

AUGMENTED REALITY DETAIL DESIGN

In order to achieve the proper bends and twists required for the zippered timber members to align Augmented reality has been implemented in order to meet the complex challenges of delivery. While the larger more bespoke members must be zippered on site, smaller zippered elements such as the pods, can zippered offsite and then dowel laminated and shipped onsite by lorry.

h site once an inform h site

1.

3

2.

eas quired?

3.

2.

1.

4.

AUGMENTED BUILDOUT 1. AR 4.1

Australian based AR company Fologram is at the forefront of AR in the built environment, a collaboration with them would mean digital models from Rhino and Revit could be brought straight into AR for construction purposes.

2. Robotic Digital Fabrication

For the larger timber members, Kuka robot arms could perform a majority of the zippers

3. Robotic Digital Fabrication + AR

By syncing AR with robotic’s the most accurate zippered tolerances could be met with minimal difficulty as opposed to a more standard 2 dimensional drawing set approach.

4. Factory built, on site delivered

Smaller more standardized units such as the pods could be almost entirely built out off site and shipped onto site to be clipped into place. (4.1) beams are integrated with their hangers to create a rapid onsite assembly.

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PILOT HILL FACTORY - MILLED [1226] ZIPPERS

FACTORY - BUILT COMPONENTS

PILOT HILLPODS ZIPPERED [1226] - Bent onsite using VR

PILOT HILL [1226] COMPONENTS SHIPPED ONSITE

1. FLOOR CASSETTE

2. BATHROOM + KITCHEN PODS

3. WALL PANELS

4. ZIPPERED PODS

5. ROOF PANELS

PREFAB CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCING 1.0 DETAIL DESIGN

Because the build has been designed to be prototypical, it is important to limit the amount of onsite build time. Therefore, over 70% of the componentry can be built offsite and trucked or shipped into place using other alternative transportations. Furthermore, by reducing the build height a tower crane is unnecessary for building, and simple machinery can be used in place.

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64

3. ZIPPERED FACE BEAM

2. FOUNDATION POUR + CONCRETE PANELS

1. BASELINE SITE - ROCK TO BE BLASTED

6. PRIMARY ZIPPERED ROOF

4. ADJACENT TRUSS SUPPORTS

Zippered members can be delivered flat + bent onsite

5. ZIPPERED SECONDARY BEAMS + NODES 8. ENVELOPE (ROOF + CLADDING)

8. FLOOR BUILDOUT + STAIRS

7. FLOOR GIRDERS + BRIDGE BEAMS

ONSITE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCING 2.0 DETAIL DESIGN

The part of the build which occurs onsite,is rather complex due to the high number of zippered connections which all conjoin in the roof structure of the main hearth. It is therefore proposed that AR be implemented to better help workers understand the 3D Spatial Structure. The benefit of Zippered construction is all the componentry can be delivered onsite flat packed and then bent into place once it has been delivered to site.

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65

IGLOO 2.0 Igloo’s were the primary dwelling for Canada’s Inuit people until the late 1900’s. As snow is a common material through the arctic it was used by many, not just the Inuit to insulate dwellings due to pockets which trapped warm air and could act as both short and long term dwellings.

This system can be applied in a modern context by using slow to insulate the exterior surfaces of the building. In the summer months the absence of the snow allows for window apertures to be opened and passive cooling to take place.

Annual Snowfall of 141.8 cm Annual Rainfall 160.9 mm

WINTER EQUINOX INSULATIVE SNOW PACK Dec 21 - 23CM

SEASONAL SNOW PACK SEQUENCING

F

M

15CM A M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

J

F

20CM M

SNOW PACK INSULATION THERMAL PERFORMANCE DETAIL DESIGN

Due to the Yukon’s climate extremes, from its mild to warm summers, and extremely frigid winters the design of the building works to capitalize on these extremes and implement them to optimize thermal performance. Using snow as an insulator, the snow levels coincide as with the temperatures, with more snow falling in colder months increasing the snow pack and insulation surrounding the building.

66

HIGH WINTER

J

WINTER

SPRING/FALL

SUMMER 0-5CM

A M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

J

F

23CM M

A M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

J

F

M

A M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

MIDNIGHT SUN 12:00AM - DEC 21 Using a domelight - simulating 12:00PM on the Winter Solstice, this graphic shows the Lux levels of the interior pod space at that exact moment in time. Occupants can elect to use the operable blind system, or they can choose to watch the sun as it hovers above the horizon.

ARCTIC DAYLIGHTING

OPTIMIZING ILLUMINATION IN A SUBARCTIC REGION

High daylight transmission and total glare protection: Tv : 0.04 blind down - 0.63 blind up

High solar protection by automated blind control system: g : 0.06 blind down - 0.44 blind up

High direct sound insulation: Rw 46 [dB]

JUNE 21 12:00 AM

DEC 21 12:00 PM BLINDS OPEN FOR LOW WINTER LIGHT

High thermal insulation of fully glazed façade: UCL : 0.9 blind down - 1.2 blind up [W/m2K]

JUNE 21 12:00 PM

The Climate in Canada’s Arctic Varies incredibly across its vast territory, however Whitehorse is no stranger to intense Arctic Conditions. Daylight is no exception - in the Summer months on June and July Whitehorse will get up to 20 hours of daylight meaning that there is an entire month of Midnight Sun. In the Winter Months of Dec and Jan the opposite occurs with a total of 5 hours of Daylight and an incredibly low sun. Therefore, the build has been developed in a way which takes into account visual comfort at an hour of the day.

BLINDS UP FOR HIGH SUMMER LIGHT O

U

D

BLINDS DOWN FOR MIDNIGHT SUN O

U

D

O

U

D

CLOSED CAVITY FACADE MFREE-SCCF

DETAIL DESIGN

In areas where there is glazing - mfree-s acts as a controlled lighting solution to either block or enhance lighting conditions depending on the time of year. Fully operable this facade configuration also adds to the overall acoustic, thermal daylight transmission performance of the building.

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67

Canada’s North is well known for its frigid temperatures and windy weather. Therefore the design must be aerodynamic to shed snow loads and brace wind loading. Highly circulated zones also require further sheltering from wind and snow due to the high speed winds that circulate the Whitehorse corridor.

Airspeed highest near the building

Entry recessed from drift accumulation

LEEWAR

D DRIF

T 10X HE

IGHT

Packed snow, less dense

Packed snow, more dense

LEEWARD DRIFT ZONE WINDWARD DRIFT ZONE HT

IG

IN

W

D AR DW

DR

I

FT

1X

HE

SNOW DRIFT FACTORS

ORIENTING TO PROTECT FROM THE ARCTIC ELEMENTS

DESIGNING FOR SNOW

WIND FREQ. 1956-2006

ANNUAL WIND FREQ. 1956-2006

OPTIMIZING WITH SCOUR ZONES

An integrated roof/wall system has been implemented along the East and West corridors of the building to create sheltered zones in which the UAV buses can park and recharge without and severe win buffeting. Furthermore, the buildings man facade is oriented south towards the wind with a slanted roof which sheds severe windloads and allows the buildings form to cut through the wind.

N

N

59%

44%

40% Annual

REDUCED TURBULENCE

LIMITING SNOW BUILDUP FOR OPTIMAL ACCESS

64%

Following specific Arctic design build principles, the buildings entrance is placed in the least exposed area of the building, with doors placed where the wind scours. Wind Scour occurs where wind accelerates at the base of a building parallel to prevailing wind which provides snow free zones at the buildings entrance.

40% Summer

51%

58%

41%

IT WH

Using this principle, both the entry and the bus drop off zone have been optimized for this sequencing. As the windward side (Southface) accumulates densely packed snow which can buildup and become problematic, the buildings south facade projects over a mild slope which discourages snow from accumulating against the front face of the building.

50%

OR

EH

SITE

Wind Energy - Frequency roses of winds aloft in Whitehorse. Winds at 2400m are arranged in four main directions in respect to the valley. The valley being oriented north-northwest to south-southeast.

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68

47%

58%

Y LLE VA SE

GEOSTROPHIC WIND–VALLEY WIND RELATIONSHIPS

Winter

Fig. A

DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE FROM THE ELEMENTS

Aerial Study 2.0

Aerial Study 1.0

UAV Shelter

WIND AND AERODYNAMICS

PILOT HILL [1226]

UPPER - AIR

[2500, 9]

Because of its proximity to the Northern pole wind speeds become increasingly intense on site. In order to combat this, the build has been situated into a hill amongst the trees in order to protect from strong Arctic winds. By orienting the building’s front face towards the South against the strong southern wind, the back of the building is sheltered from the harshest elements. This means that the key entry points and UAV docking station is protected from extreme gusts. Furthermore, as seen above - not only does the roofs shape contribute in sheltering from the wind, but it also has been formed to limit points of weakness where it could be ripped off by prevailing breezes.

31% NURSERY [674,3.5]

[1900, 7.5]

VALLEY WINDS

20%

FORCING MECHANISMS OF WHITEHORSE VALLEY

[1700, 7.3] Fig. A illustrates the forcing mechanisms which occur due to the valley orientation of Whitehorse, with respect to the winds. The valley that is parallel to the winds has extreme forced channeling of wind which carries a downwards Momentum. This leftward flow is caused by high pressure from the Eastern Mountains creating an effect known as a pressure driven channel. The site, sits in the middle right in the middle of this pressure channel, and therefore the building had to be shaped in order to respond to the extreme wind speeds that funnel through the valley.

50% 22% [1400, 7.1]

WHITEHORSE UPPER

N

WHITEHORSE A [703, 4.6]

E

W

S

Wind-Rose Whitehorse, YT

C 28.9< 28.53 28.16 27.79 27.42 27.05 26.68 26.31 25.94 25.57

39% [1200, 7.3]

29%

36%

50%

MT FISH [1175, 4.1]

[714, 2.5]

27%

37% MT SIMA [1130, 5.1]

35%

1 Jan 1:00 - 31 Dec 24:00 Hourly Data: Dry Bulb Temperature (C) Calm for 0.00% of the time = 0 hours

60°43”N, 135°03” W

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69

CONSTRUCTING A KIT OF PARTS

TOTAL PIECE COUNT:

STANDARDIZED FACTORY BUILT COMPONENTRY FOR REMOTE BUILD SITES Due to the remote nature of future sites, this prototype has been designed with the maximum number of factory assembled components as possible in order to make onsite delivery as seamless and affordable as possible.

Wall Panels

20

Floor Panels Roof Panels Bathroom Pods Kitchen Pods Sleep Pods

20 20 6 6 6

KITCHEN PODS

6 PODS FULLY ASSEMBLED

PRIMARY ROOF SYSTEM

ELECTRIC FIREPLACE

20 PANELS FULLY ASSEMBLED MPP ROOF SYSTEM

3 PRE ASSEMBLED OBJECTS

BATHROOM PODS

6 PODS FULLY ASSEMBLED

SECONDARY ROOF SYSTEM

20 PANELS FULLY ASSEMBLED MPP ROOF SYSTEM

FLOOR BUILDOUT

20 PANELS, FULLY ASSEMBLED MPP PANEL SYSTEM

2

WALL BUILDOUT

20 PANELS, PARTIALLY ASSEMBLED MPP PANEL SYSTEM

BATHROOM PODS

17 ZIPPERED TIMBER MEMBERS - 34 PER POD SET. 4 ON SITE ASSEMBLED MULLIONS + GLAZING

4

6

DESIGNING TO A GRID DETAIL DESIGN

By designing using a specific 3.095MX3.095M bay size, all non zippered elements have been designed to fit spec timber bay sizes for LVL and MPP. Meaning that components do not require specialized fabrication and have already been tested logistically for factory assembly and transportation. This adds to the many reasons of why a Mass Timber building can have remarkably faster completion time.

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70

Modular Timber Hybrid built

70%

OFFSITE

EAST WING

MODULAR HYBRID

DELIVERING A KIT OF PARTS

TOTAL TRUCK COUNT: *Envelope Only

The lodge’s factory-based mass timber components can be completed 35 percent faster than traditional concrete construction — including basic structural assembly as well as the installation of all finishes, the connection of all electromechanical equipment, and the execution of all tests.

19

SECONDARY ROOF SYSTEM

6 TRUCKS, FULLY ASSEMBLED MPP ROOF SYSTEM

PRIMARY ROOF SYSTEM

6 TRUCKS, FULLY ASSEMBLED MPP ROOF SYSTEM

FLOOR BUILDOUT (EW) 2 TRUCKS, PARTIALLY ASSEMBLED MPP PANEL SYSTEM

WALL PANELS

2 TRUCKS, PARTIALLY ASSEMBLED MPP PANEL SYSTEM

FLOOR BUILDOUT (SE) 2 TRUCKS, PARTIALLY ASSEMBLED MPP PANEL SYSTEM

RAPID PROTOTYPING DETAIL DESIGN

In order to make the build successful and implementable across Northern Canada, construction must be cheap, fast and safe. By limiting the amount of custom components to just 30% the rest of the building can be installed and fully operational in 35% less time than a typical build would usually take. By designing so each component can fit on a flat bed truck and reducing the oversized componentry to 0 parts the build does not require any extra oversight.

Buildings completed

35%

FULL BUILD

MODULAR HYBRID (ENVELOPE) Mass timber

faster than traditional buildings

71

KIT OF PARTS/O

SECTIO

OPERATION

72

OBJECT STUDY

ON 04 (A)

N KLONDIKE

73

MODULAR TIMBER DESIGN MONOMATERIAL PROTOTYPE DETAIL DESIGN

Because the building is designed to be a prototype that can be easily replicated and implemented throughout many Canadian Provinces it is important to keep everything as standard as possible. Therefore 70% of the building was designed on a 3.050mx3.050m grid with all panel sizes designed to fit on a truck bed and be assembled with ease.

7.

1.

2.

3.

6.

4.

5.

12.

8.

14

15

8.

9.

10.

16.

13

17.

21.

22.

18.

23.

19.

20.

TIMBER KIT OF PARTS Roof Beam

Wall Panel [A+B]

Floor Cassette

1. Pine tar coated cedar roof cladding 2. Vapor Barrier 3. 400mm wood fibre insulation 5. 3 ply MPP panel 6. Surface finish timber Veneer 7.Edge Beam

8. MPP panel 3 ply 9. LT vapor tape 10. Wood fibre insulation 11. Furring Strips 12. Vapor Tape 13. Pine Tar Coated Shingles

16. 3 ply MPP Panel 17. 400mm Wood Fibre Insulation 18. Vapor tape 19. Insulate Slab 20. Thermally Broken Footing

14. LVL truss 15. LVL Zippered Pod

74

21. MPP Vapor Cap 22. Zippered Face Beam 23. Pine tar coated timber cap

9.

10.

11.

13

OPERABLE ZIPPERS ZIPPER DOOR DETAIL DESIGN

Due to the timbers dynamic nature and bendability this can be applied on many different scales, not just structurally. The zippered door is a prime example of this experimentation where it is held in place by a series of pulleys and tensed into place to initiate the closing sequence.

ZIPPERED SERIES Roof Beam 1. Static zippered roof mate 2. Operable zippered lower 3. Custom shaped MPP panel 4. Pulley system 5. Operable handle 6. Twisted zippered handle Beam

4.

5.

1.

6.

2.

3.

90°

90°

OPERABLE ZIPPER DOOR Tensioned Zipper system

4.

3.

2.

1.

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PREFABRICATED CASSETTES KIT OF PARTS DETAIL DESIGN 6.

The one area where it makes complete sense to implement a standardized approach is with the floor slabs. Built to sit on a 4.5Mx3.0M grid they require almost no further assemble once they have reached site and mean that installation od the floor slabs can be one of the quickest processes of the build.

CASSETTE SERIES

7.

5.

1.

L 01

L 00

1. Pine tar coated timber cap 2. LVL Ring Beam 3. MPP Vapor Cap 4. Zippered Mullion Cap 5. Floor Finish 6. 6mm acoustic underlayment 7. 2-12M FRC Panel 8. 3 ply 102mm MPP 9. Wood Fibre Insulation 10. 50mm Comfortboard 11. Radiant Ceiling Panel 12. Fireproof Plaster 12. Timber Ceiling Cladding

1. Floor Finish 2. 6mm acoustic underlayment 3. 2-12M FRC Panel 4. 3 ply 102mm MPP 5. Wood Fibre Insulation 6. Vapor Tape

8.

4.

3.

2.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13

1.

2.

3.

3.0M

4.5M

4.

3.0 M

4.5 M 5.

4.5M

4.5 M

L 01

L 00

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ZIPPERED ENVELOPE CLADDING WITH ZIPPERED TIMBER

FACADE ELEMENT

Zippering as a practice is not limited by scale or location, and because of such it has been applied to the exterior facade in a way that is full integrated with the exterior and the structural system, without using any fake mullion caps or cheap facade accessories

1. LVL Ring Beam 2. Accoya waterproof ceiling finish 3. Zippered Pine Tar Cladding 4. Zippered mullion + beam

5. Unidirectional MDF Insert 6. Pine Tar Coated Mullion Cap 7. Zippered mullion + beam 8. L00 LVL Ceiling Truss

1.

9. 8. L01 LVL Ceiling Truss 10. Zippered Services Channel 11. Wood Fibre Services insulation

2.

9.

10.

11.

3.

4.

L 01 5.

6.

7.

8.

L 00

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3.

1.

4.

2.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13

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ZIPPERED FACADE [A] ZIPPERED CLADDING DETAIL DESIGN

Zippering as a practice is not limited by scale or location, and because of such it has been applied to the exterior facade in a way that is full integrated with the exterior and the structural system, without using any fake mullion caps or cheap facade accessories

MPP OPEN JOINT ENCLOSURE CLADDING DESIGN

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Roof Panel

Facade

Structure

Envelope - Ground Connection

1. Pine tar coated timber cap 2. LVL Ring Beam 3. Vapor Barrier 4. Wood Fibre Insulation 5. Vapor Tape 6. 3 ply 102mm MPP 7. Accoya Ceiling finish

8. Pine Tar coated timber cladding 9. Wall buildup - see S04.04 10. Wall buildup - see S04.04

11. L00 Roof Truss 12. Zippered Mullion + Integrated Beam 13. Omni directional MDF insert 14. Zippered Mullion + Integrated Beam Lower 21. Floor Buildup

14. Pine tar coated timber cap 15. LVL Ring Beam 16. MPP Vapor Cap 18. Metal Plate 19. Concrete Foundation 20. Rebar

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L 01 14 15 16.

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ZIPPERED CLADDING DETAIL DESIGN

Zippering as a practice is not limited by scale or location, and because of such it has been applied to the exterior facade in a way that is full integrated with the exterior and the structural system, without using any fake mullion caps or cheap facade accessories

MPP OPEN JOINT ENCLOSURE CLADDING DESIGN

AA. ZIPPERED CLADDING

ZIPPERED FACADE [B]

**Cladding is only zippered at twisting moments - seen here is to simply illustrate the precedent.**

Roof Panel

Facade

Structure

Envelope - Ground Connection

1. Pine tar coated timber cap 2. LVL Ring Beam 3. Vapor Barrier 4. Wood Fibre Insulation 5. Vapor Tape 6. 3 ply 102mm MPP 7. Accoya Ceiling finish

8. Pine Tar coated timber cladding 9. Wall buildup - see S04.04 10. Wall buildup - see S04.04

11. Roof Truss 12. Wall buildup - see S04.04

14. Pine tar coated timber cap 15. LVL Ring Beam 16. MPP Vapor Cap 18. Metal Plate 19. Concrete Foundation 20. Rebar

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ENVELOPE BUILDOUT WATER STRATEGY DETAIL DESIGN

Drainage and drying strategies in an Arctic environment must be robust and able to combat extreme conditions.

The cladding system shows primary cedar cladding and secondary drainage planes which are provided in addition to ventilation behind the cladding

MPP OPEN JOINT ENCLOSURE WATER TREATMENT STRATEGY

Pine Tar Coated Cedar Roof Cap Vapor Barrier Vapor Barrier Accoya Edge Beam Wood Fibre Insulation (200mm) MPP Panel Accoya Sheathing Roof Rake MPP Clip

Pine Tar Coated Cedar - Zippered Open Joint Cladding IT Vapor Tape Furring Strips Woof Fibre Insulation Vapor Barrier MPP Panel

Zippered Capillary Break Pine Tar Coated Cedar - Beam Cap Accoya Edge Beam MPP Floor Panel Flashing Vapor Barrier Metal Plate

Wood Temperature ~ 24°C Effusivity of Birch LVL = 512 Jm-2 K-1 s-1/2 Contact Temperature ~30°C Skin Temperature ~ 32°C

Effusivity of Skin = 1120 Jm-2 K-1 s-1/2

Interior Effusivity

Floor Finish (10mm) Acoustic Underlayment (6mm) 2 (13mm) FRC Panel MPP Floor Panel Wood Fibre Insulation (600mm) LVL floor Beam Knife Plate Beam Support Reinforced Concrete Slab Triple Layer Hard Foam Insulation 2 (2x6) Timber Blocking Vapor Barrier Concrete Footing (Thermally Rebar Substructure 6” Ø Drainage Pipe Crushed Rock Infill

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ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE SOUND MITIGATION DETAIL DESIGN

1.

In an mass timber building, sound can present a serious challenge as Mass Timber Surfaces such as MPP and lvl are known for their poor absorption qualities. That being said, thick timber wall’s do a sound job of keeping sound contained to single rooms, it is just a matter of controlling the refracted sound within the space.

Due to the nature of the build the only area which requires serious acoustic control is the pods where occupants will be sleeping. To combat this a sort of timber absorption panel has been put into place to mitigate this sound.

By using the interior surfaces of the zippers, these surfaces can be inset into the timber frame and act as said absorption panel to create an almost completely sound proof space

1.

Floor Composition

2.

Floor Composition

LVL (Zip Srf) 200mm Wood fibre Insulation 6mm Acoustic underlayment LVL floor buildup

X.

Baseline Composition

3ply 102mm MPP

3.

Floor Composition

Airborne (STC) dB <53

Airborne (STC) dB

<39

Airborne (STC) dB

<64

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Impact (IIC) dB <49

Impact (IIC) dB

<22

Impact (IIC) dB

<59

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10mm Floor Finish 6mm acoustic underlayment 2-13mm FRG Panel 3ply 102mm MPP

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Impact (IIC) dB

2.

LVL floor buildup

Airborne (STC) dB

SLEEP POD W ABSORPTION PANEL

Reverberation and Absorption SOUND MITIGATION 2.0

The Canadian Arctic posses a wealth of mineral resources and despite the many geographical Reverberation time defined as the time required for the sound to decay in a closed space.

The reverberation time of a room is typically defined as the time it would take for the sound to fade away by 60 decibels. For example, in the pods if it took 10 seconds for the sound to decay from 100 decibels to 40 decibels the reverberation time would be 10 seconds.

Each pod is approximately 75m3, and since it is comprised of one surface, articulated in two different ways as well as 2 glazing surfaces, the math would be as follows:

RT=0.05V / ESa LVL LVL (Zip Srf ) Glazing

55m2 60m2 12m2

u=0.21(500hz) u=0.35(500hz) u=0.04(500hz)

0.05 x 75 / (55 x 0.21) + (60 x 0.35) + (12 x 0.04) = 0.11s The typical suggested reverberation time for a room varys from .03-.04s, however by adding the zippered surface, the sleep pods are able to become sound proof boxes in an already quiet and peaceful environment. Therefore the .11s reverberation time is more than ideal.

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ZIPPERED PODS [A] ZIPPERED STRUCTURE DETAIL DESIGN

Roof Panel

Structure

Auxiliary

Above illustrates the all timber, zippered pod which is suspended from the primary zippered structure and dowel laminated together with cedar dowels to give the pods further rigidity.

1. Pine tar coated timber 2. Vapor Barrier 3. Wood Fibre Insulation 4. Vapor Tape 5. 3 ply 102mm MPP

6. LVL Beam 7. MTC Beam Hanger 8. Timber Screws 9. Zippered Beams

10. Insulated Services 11. Acoustically Buffered Pods 12.Dowel Lamination 13. Furniture Buildout 14. Mullion

LVL PRIMARY FRAME Laminated Ash infill zippers

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ZIPPERED PODS [B] ZIPPERED STRUCTURE DETAIL DESIGN

Structure

Above illustrates the all timber, zippered pod which is suspended from the primary zippered structure and fastened with large timber screws and washers - then dowel laminated together with cedar dowels to give the pods further rigidity.

1. 3 ply 102mm MPP 2. Timber Screw 3. MTC Beam Hanger 4. LVL Beam 5. MTC Beam Hanger

Auxiliary 6. Dowel Lamination 11. Timber Screw 12. Washer for Timber Screw

7. Mullion 8. Zippered Lights 9. Zippered Shelf 10. Zippered Chair

LVL PRIMARY FRAME Laminated Ash infill zippers

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FINAL DRAWINGS SECTION 05

OPERATION KLONDIKE

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STRUCTURE BASED DESIGN SECTION AA DETAIL DESIGN

Much like an old time lodge, the building forms a processional entry before opening up to the expansive Yukon landscape. In keeping with the lodge typology, upon entry the occupant is first ushered into the building through a large zippered timber A-Frame and then guided down underneath a compressed bridge which then creates a dramatic opening effect towards a expansive Yukon landscape.

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ZIPPERED ENTRY ENTRY SEQUENCE - VIEW II FINAL DRAWINGS

The above view shows the LVL boomerang beam and adjoining bracing members which form the primary A-frame structure and roof support for the hearth. Guests are ushered in from the UAV buses where they then ascend a flight of stairs and check in over a zippered desk before walking into the main hearth/view point.

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ZIPPERED HEARTH

ENTRY SEQUENCE - VIEW III INTERIOR FINAL DRAWINGS

The above view places the occupant below the zippered bridge - a moment of compression before stepping into the central hearth area where the expansive view of Miles Canyon unfolds before the occupants.

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ZIPPERED PODS VIEW IV - Interior

FINAL DRAWINGS - SECTION BB

The above view displays a section cut between one of the sleeping pods and the main living space for the occupants. By embracing new technologies the lodge also seeks to reinterpret how we live, by creating a more communal living space and adopting an all timber palette - a material which was scientifically proven to have a calming affect on occupants.

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HTTPS://VRTO.ME/?K=5EIY&C=1

ZIPPERED PODS VIEW V - Interior FINAL DRAWINGS

Ash/LVL timber pods are hung off the primary structure and zippered into place with rigid dowels to create a single structural element which can host 2 residents. These fully timber pods are accessed through a timber trap door and have small proportions in order to maximize heat retention within the space.

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BIRDSEYE VIEW VIEW VI - Aerial FINAL DRAWINGS

Looking South West, this view captures the essence of miles canyon and the spacecraft like qualities of the timber building which has been detailed to give the perception of hovering gently above the canyons surface.

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All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

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UNIT @unit14_ucl

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S Y S T E M I C I M PACT

2020

T

he focus of this year’s work is the awareness that architecture can affect at deepest systemic leveland the understanding that architectural proposition is in itself a system of interrelated constituentswhere the findings of interdisciplinary systems theory apply. This knowledge opens a way to a method-driven approach that can materialize in architecture of great performance and considered expression while driving architectural authorship and novelty. We will aspire to reinstate the designer’s engagement with all aspects of the system’s constituents aiming for impactful architecture delivered by the negotiation of the interacting entities that define the unified spatial whole.

Societal, technological, cultural, economic as well as political developments will propel our investigations with a deep understanding of how they interlink.

This will shape our strategies and heuristics, driving synthesis. The observation as well as re-examination of civilizatory developments will enable us to project near-future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. We will find out about how human endeavour, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate while they advance cultural as well as technological means, driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. Supported by competent research we will aim for systemic impact and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation.

Our methodology employs both bottom up and top down strategies in order to build up sophisticated architectural systems and will be tailored to the individual problem. Pivotal to this process and to fight charlatanism is the concept of practical experimentation – and intense exploration through both digital and physical models that aims to assess system performance and its direct application to architectural space. The emphasis on applied research fuels the process of design and allows us to develop highly considered architectural propositions with great momentum.

Thanks to: Zaha Hadid Architects, DKFS Architects, Seth Stein Architects, Orms Designers and Architects, Cundall Engineers, Knippers Helbig, DaeWha Kang Design, AL_A, Innochain, Langstaff Day Architects

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl