Andre Hoelzle De Moraes_Y4 | Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

-

NATIVE BRAZILIAN TIMBER

ANDRE HOELZLE DE MORAES YEAR 4

UNIT

Y4AHM

MANAUS TIMBER MARKET

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ANDRE HOELZLE DE MORAES YEAR 4 Y4 AHM

andrehoelzle@gmail.com @unit14_ucl

MANAUS TIMBER MARKET REVIVING THE VALUE OF NATIVE BRAZILIAN TIMBER SPECIES IN MANAUS Manaus, Brazil

T

he Manaus timber market proposes to be situated in Manaus, Brazil the capital city of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. It is a timber market both in the sense trading highly sought after tropical hardwoods and also promoting the use of engineered timber in Brazil.

The project responds to issues Brazil has been dealing with for many years regarding deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest, although not new this topic became much more of an interna-tional issue since 2019 with the change of presidency.

As the biggest exporters of beef and soya in the world perhaps it is no surprises that 80% of all deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is for cattle ranching.The new Manaus Timber Market aims tackle these issues through its programmes and choice of construction material. The building will hold exclusive auctions of some of the most highly sought after hardwoods native to Brazil such as and Brazil Rosewood (Dalbergia Nigra) currently banned from exporting but very dominant in the illegal timber industry. An agreement will allow these species to be sold at a much higher rate due to their exclusiveness therefore allowing resources to be used to give back to the forest.

The concrete plinth and elements not only serve a structural purpose but relates to the Brazilian modernism movement.

As a long goal the project aims to help to reeducate and shift a culture which traditionally only uses hardwoods for small country houses predominantly in roof structures to buildings within the cities using engineered timber such as LVL, CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) and Glulam, therefore increasing the demand for timber, increasing forestry funds and shifting some of the atten-tion away from the beef industry.

Situated close to the port of Manaus means tree trunks can arrive via the waters of the Rio Negro river and its connection with the urban fabric is key for the proposals social aspect within the city.

In order to create space for handling of the large trunks and a connection between the city and the river on the ground floor the proposal uses a three dimensional timber truss sys-tem made from LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) connection nodes and Glulam (Glue Laminated Timber) columns and beams, the truss lands on four concrete elements.

3

MANAUS TIM 4

EXCLUSIVE BRAZIL

MBER MARKET

LIAN HARDWOODS

5

CULTURAL/POLITICAL CONTEXT

THE FIRST WAVE OF DEFORESTATION

19 70

19 78

Brazil's military regime sees profit deep in the Amazon and constructs the trans-amazonian high way

Between 1978-1988 an average of 20 000 km2 of forest were cut down every year.

Plots were offered and the government paid people to start occupying plots by the high way

19 90's

20 03

Under Lulas government Brazil started tackling deforestation by adding land under protected status where business activities were strictly banned

20 12

Beef and Soya moratorium together with financial support from countries like Norway, Germany deforestation number went to an all time low and the economy continued rising as land owners became more responsible

20 18

Deforestation number soar to an all time high mainly caused by illegal forest fires.

20 20

With need for Soybean to feed livestock, Brazil boosted the economy with soy farms.

Land was given to sustainable forestry industry and to the indigenous

Right wing Jair Bolsonaro was elected president of Brazil

An everlasting battle: The initial inspiration for this project was driven by one of the biggest issues Brazil has been tackling for a very long time, issues which became of extreme international concern in 2019 with the power of exposure of the internet and social media.

The time line above summarises deforestation in Brazil from its beginnings in the 1970's when the country was under a dictatorship until today.

Under the government of right wing president Jair Bolsonaro Brazil is once again losing the battle of deforestation as the power sector responsible for protecting the rain forest is shifted from the environmentalist to the agricultural department.

6

20 19

Deforestation in Brazil continues torrid pace into 2020

Most lands were turned into pasture where they raised cows to sell as beef

20 00

20 12

20 19

Unprecedented rates of deforestation driven by a booming agriculture economy

Almost half of the Amazon was put under some sort of protection

Forest code service transferred from the environmental ministry to the Agriculture Ministry

202,768,562 Total Population of Brazil (2017)

896,900

Indigenous population (2010) More than the population of Liverpool

0.5%

Of the total population

13.8%

Percentage of total land that belong to the indigenous

Rural Urban

379.500

517.400

In cities or rural areas

In indigenous territory

Xingu national park created in 1961 after a campaign by the VillasBoas brothers (Almost the size of Belgium)

Indigenous population analysis since 1500

Indigenous population in Brazil 130.494 North

75.945

Current Tensions

The indigenous charge tolls for anybody passing through the roads built on their land, those that fail to do so can be met with violence

305.873

North-east Midwest

97.960

South-east

208.691

South

North Region

In-land Coastal

BRAZILIAN INDIGENOUS TERRITORY Land, history and tensions

7

09. iyura 01. ijorap

10. matawi

02. okytã

11. matawi a’ywpy aphykap

01

05 03. okytã akanga mama nap

04. matawi

apy’y’ta

02

12. moti’a’yta

06

05. eikwaryp 14. ‘ai apotsia 06. hoka apotsia

07. ‘amyj

03

07

08. ipopewyt

04

16. ‘ewikwara kutukap

08

CASA XINGUANA 8

House of the KAMAYURÁ people, XIngu Indigenous Park

Back door (Generally used by women)

Service area: Women

Fire

Pans

Fire

Fire Jirau (For cooking fish)

Hammocks Private section

Private section Hammocks

Casava Water

Fire

Social area for men, greeting and dances

Fire

Fire

Front door (Used by men)

CASA XINGUANA House of the KAMAYURÁ people, XIngu Indigenous Park

9

The fruit of the Jatobá are used before rituals of meditation to give mental balance.

Rich in iron it is recommended to those suffering from anemia Its resin was used by the indigenous on their arrows to set fire to enemies territories Recommended to help regenerate areas as it attracts birds and mammals

Very dense and hard wood typically with interlocked grains, reddish finish, natural luster and rated very durable in regards to rot resistance Nearly twice as hard as oak on the janka hardness test Flooring, furniture, cabinetry, tool handles, shipbuilding, railroad ties, turned objects, and other small specialty items.

THE SACRED CANOE OF THE YAWALAPITI The oldest canoe produced by the Yawalapiti people is made using the bark of the Jatobá tree (Hymenaea courbaril) considered mythical by the indigenous people for its additional nutritional and medicinal uses, also in risk of extinction due to its sought after tropical hardwood characteristics.

10

Aditibusant. Ihitatis escia dolut et vellaut et lignis eumenimus di qui si inctae estrum laborup tatur?

Brazil Nut wood is extremely dense and can be used for a variety of projects from furniture, boxes, instruments to flooring and more!

It is moderately smooth grained and can take a smooth natural polish. Interlocked grain produces ribbon figure on rift and quarter sawn boards. The wood is called anything from exotic Almond to Brazil Nut wood.

THE SACRED CANOE OF THE YAWALAPITI The Yawalapiti people have also adapted other methods in more recent years. With the Brazil nut tree they are able to heat up and stretch the original log into the required shape 11

Chiefs House 32m

17m

16m

15m

12m

10m Aldeia Yawalapiti house measurements

JOINING METHODS / HIERARCHY 12

Vines are used for the knots used in construction

1

2

3

0 5

10

30

Aldeia Yawalapiti - July1978

01-Men’s House 02-Grave (Sepultura) 03-Hawk cage (Gaiola de gaviao) 04- ‘Jiraus’ for drying cassava ‘Mandioca’ 05-Family houses around the perimeter

3 1

0

2

4

50

Ipatse Village - (1982-present) 01-Men’s House (Kuakutu) 02-Grave (Sepultura) 03-Log bench 04- Village Center (Hugogo)

CASA XINGUANA Circular villages typically found in the Alto-Xingu region

13

1985

2 01 7 Cattle fields Agriculture Natural not forest

Drivers of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

2%

Other

9%

7%

Crops

Fire

6%

Selective logging

12%

65% Cattle ranching

Small scale Agriculture

World Resources Institute using Hansen (2019) “Other” includes infrastructure, mining, natural disturbances etc.

Annual deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (sq km)

Monthly deforestation 15-19 (sq km)

80 %

Up to 80% of all logging in Brazil is estimated to be illegal

Since 2004 annual forest loss in the country that contains nearly two-thirds of the Amazon’s forest cover has declined by roughly eighty percent. The drop has been fueled by a number of factors, including increased law enforcement, satellite monitoring, pressure from environmentalists, private and public sector initiatives, new protected areas, and macroeconomic trends.

However Brazil’s success in curbing deforestation has stalled since 2012. And in July 2019, deforestation soared to levels not seen since the mid-2000s

Aug 1-Jul 31 1988-2018

Aug 1-Jul 31 1988-2018

DEFORESTATION

14

Since 1978 over 750,000 square kilometers (289,000 square miles) of Amazon rainforest have been destroyed across Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, and French Guiana.

Ca ttle

PA Chic k e n

1

M a to Gros s o

MT

2 9 , 7 m il

GO

G o iá s

MG

2 2 , 8 m il

S oya

MS

M in as Ger ais

21,9 M a to Gros s o do S u l

Cor n

2 1 , 5 m il P a rá

2 0 , 6 m il

P ork

P ro d uc t i o n Cattle count in the five major states per state

E x po r ts

Brazil’s global production and export rank

Cattle growth Brazil 1985-2016 Per unit (Million)

The Biggest Exports of Beef in the World Volume of beef and veal in 2017/2019 (million metric tons)

World’s Top Soy Producers (million metric tons)

Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP by sector2016)

18.5%

Industry

5.5%

Agriculture

76%

Services

Top Global Meat Processing Corporations (Million metric tons)

Brazil’s Top Meat Processing Corporations

US$ 10.8 billion

US$ 51.5 billion

US$ 12.7 billion

Revenue

BRAZIL’S INDUSTRIAL FOOD MARKET Brazil is one of the leading countries of the world for production and export of a variety of agricultural products. The Brazilian JBS S.A. is the largest (by sales) meat processing company in the world, producing factory processed beef, chicken and pork, and also selling by-products from the processing of these meats.

15

Weight/ Height/ Density / Use

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora

CONSERVATION STATUS VULNERABLE

NAMES: SCIENTIFIC, PORTUGUESE ENGLISH

Average Dried Weight (910 kg/m3)

Tree height 30-40 meters Trunk Diameter 0.6-1.2m

Hymenaea courbaril Jatoba Brazil Cherry

Janka Hardness 11,950 N Flooring, furniture, cabinetry, tool handles, shipbuilding, railroad ties, turned objects, and other small specialty items.

LEAST CONCERN

Average Dried Weight (835 kg/m3)

Tree height 30-40 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.2m

Libidibia ferrea Pau Ferro Brazilian ironwood

Janka Hardness 8,710 N Veneer, musical instruments, cabinetry, flooring, interior trim, turning, and other small specialty wood objects.

LEAST CONCERN

Average Dried Weight (905 kg/m3)

Tree height 30-50 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.5m

Peltogyne Roxinho Purpleheart

Janka Hardness 11,190 N Inlays/accent pieces, flooring, furniture, boat building, heavy construction, and a variety of specialty wood items.

VULNERABLE

Average Dried Weight (865 kg/m3)

Tree height 30-40 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.5

Dalbergia Nigra Jacarandá-da-baía Brazilian Rosewood

Janka Hardness 12,410 N Banned from international shipments of any form since 1992 and only with a permit

Fine furniture, cabinetry, flooring, musical instruments (acoustic guitars, piano cases, etc.), and other wooden specialty items.

VULNERABLE

Average Dried Weight (590 kg/m3)

Tree height 40-60 meters Trunk Diameter 1-2m

Swietenia macrophylla Mogno Brasileiro Brazilian Mahogany

Janka Hardness 4,020 N Furniture, cabinetry, turned objects, veneers, musical instruments, boat building, and carving.

ENDANGERED

Average Dried Weight (980 kg/m3)

Tree height 9-15 meters Trunk Diameter 0.6-1m

Paubrasilia echinata Pau Brasil Brazilwood

Janka Hardness 12,540 N Stringed instrument bows (violin, viola, cello, etc.), veneers, inlay, carvings, and turned objects.

ENDANGERED

Average Dried Weight (430 kg/m3)

Tree height 20-30 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.5m

Cedrela fissilis Cedro-Rosa Brazilian Cedar

Janka Hardness - 2 670N Veneer, plywood, cabinetry, musical instruments, humidors, and boat building.

IDENTIFIED SPECIES LISTED UNDER CONSERVATION STATUS

14% 60,065 Tree Species In the World

2.113 In Danger of Extinction

16.000 in the Amazon

Of all species found in the world

8.715 in Brazil

200

109

Dominant Species

Native Species with financial value

TROPICAL HARDWOODS: BRAZILIAN NATIVE SPECIES 16

Identified native species all under conservation status, rated from 'least concern' to threatened.

NOT LISTED

Average Dried Weight (1,100 kg/m3) Tree height 30-40 meters Trunk Diameter 0.6-1.2m

Handroanthus Ipê

Janka Hardness 15,620 N

Brazilian Walnut

Ipê is a hard and resilient wood, often used in coastal environments. Its wood is also known for its resistance to attack by both fungi and insects, and holds a Class A fire rating—the same rating given to concrete and steel.

NOT LISTED

Average Dried Weight (1,080 kg/m3) Tree height 30-50 meters Trunk Diameter 1-1.2m

Manilkara bidentata Massaranduba

Janka Hardness 13,920 N

Brazilian Bulletwood

Heavy construction (within its natural range), decking, flooring, boat building, bent parts, and turned objects.

NOT LISTED

Average Dried Weight (1,200 kg/m3) Tree height 10-20 meters Trunk Diameter 0.6m

Dalbergia cearensis Pau-Violeta

Janka Hardness 17,240 N

Brazilian Kingwood

Inlays, veneers, tool handles, and other small turned and/or specialty items.

NOT LISTED

Average Dried Weight (800 kg/m3) Tree height 20-35 meters

Balfourodendron riedelianum

Trunk Diameter 1m

Pau Marfim Ivorywood

Janka Hardness 7,750 N For flooring, Pau Marfim is considered superior to either Maple or Birch , Its toughness has seen it used in many outdoor applications, including canoes and oars

IDENTIFIED SPECIES NOT LISTED UNDER CONSERVATION STATUS

12% Moisture Content

Species Name

Modulus of Rupture (kPa)

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

Work to maximum load (kJ/m3)

Compression parallel to grain (kPa)

Shear parallel to grain

14,200

Side hardness (N)

(kPa)

Ipê / Brazilian Walnut

175,100

21,600

152

89,700

Bulletwood

188,200

23, 800

197

80,300

17,200

14,200 8,300

16,400

Purpleheart

132,400

15,700

121

71,200

15,300

Brazilian Rosewood

131,000

13,000

-

66,200

14,500

12,100

Brazilian Mahogany

79,300

10.300

52

46,700

8,500

3,600

9,900

65

42,800

7,600

2,700

Brazilian Cedar

79,300

STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF IDENTIFIED SPECIES

TROPICAL HARDWOODS: BRAZILIAN NATIVE SPECIES Identified native species NOT under conservation status but very sought after.

17

Dalbergia Nigra / Brazilian Rosewood / Jacarandá-da-baía

Considered superior in both looks and tone to alternatives such as Indian and Madagascar Rosewood.

Used as an alternative to Brazilian Rosewood, Pau ferro’s warm tone is tempered by its snappy attack, creating a crisp, clear sound ideal for fingerboards. Has a nice dark aesthetic.

BRAZILIAN TIMBER IN THE MUSIC INDUSTRY 18

Brazilian woods have been highly sought after by the music industry for along time by manufacturers such as Fender.

Stevie Ray Vaughan Stratocaster

CITES Appendix 1 Banned in 1992 prohibiting any international trade although continues to be exported illegally 2009 249 Sheets of Brazilian Rosewood were seized in Rotterdam

Libidibia ferrea / Pau Ferro / Brazilian ironwood

Paubrasilia echinata Pau Brasil Brazilwood

BRAZILIAN TIMBER IN THE MUSIC INDUSTRY 19

SELECTION PROCESS

FELLING

RE-PLANTING

TRIMMING

STORING

Careful selection and an extensive permitting process to select precious tree to be cut down

The selected mature tree from either natural or planted forests is cut down.

Saplings are planted in order to maintain the forest.

Trees are cut on-site into more manageable pieces for transport

Smaller pieces are stored to allow time for extra water in the wood to evaporate, decreasing total weight/cost of transport

Permit

TRANSPORTING The trunk is brought to the Timber Market for processing via rivers, a sustainable alternative to lorries

Public Transparency

Marketing

Scheduled Felling

SCANNING

In order to stop illegal logging the process of the trunk will be carefully regularized and very publicized, aiming for complete transparency

The logs are scanned using to check for quality and imperfections before going into auction.

AUCTION / UPSELLING PROJECT AMBITIONS

Am extremely well publicised and marketed auction takes place for high end manufacture items.

GIVING BACK

EDUCATE Educate the community on deforestation, cattle industry and the value/potential of timber

%

A percentage is added in order to support the forest re-plantation and landowners where appropriate as an incentive to look after the forest

PROCESSING De-barking, cutting, planning, drying, grading Logs are processed as required before packaged and delivered

SKILLS

PROJECT AMBITIONS

New skills are developed by the community

VALUE DEMAND JOBS New jobs become available with new facilities and skills developed

DISTRIBUTION Items are distributed internationally to high end manufacturers such as Fender Musical Instruments Corporation.

TIMBER CITIES

ALTERNATIVE

Urban buildings begin to build more with timber

Alternatives to cattle ranching become available

PROGRAM: THE TIMBER MARKET 20

Exhibit the potential of engineered timber construction and bringing back value to native species increasing the demand for timber.

According to interpool, the illegal timber trade is worth US$50 billion to $150 billion annually

1

2

THE TIMBER MARKET OF MANAUS

THE TIMBER MARKET OF MANAUS

3

4

1

An agreement is made between Brazilian authorities and The Timber Market of Manaus to allow the auctioning and exporting of selected hardwoods currently banned from being exported, this will be done at a much higher price which will enable money to be put back re-planting and maintaining the forest.

2

Trees are carefully selected and felled through a very transparent and public procedure, the trunk is identified and sold at auction in the Timber Market the special aspect of the timber means they will be sold at very high values.

3

Well known, high end international musical companies are then able to produce special edition instruments using the carefully monitored timber.

4

Resources are returned to the forest, in particular to the Indigenous community whom suffer tremendously due to cattle ranching. They will be able to re-plant and carefully monitor the trees in a sustainable manner.

PROGRAM FINANCIAL AMBITIONS 21

SANTA CATERINA MARKET, BARCELONA

MARCHÉ CENTRAL, ROYAN

2

1

1

2

Total Area - 7300 m2

1

Market Space- 4500 m2

TSUKIJI FISH MARKET, TOKYO

Total Area - 2500 m2

MERCADO CENTRAL, BELO HORITZONTE

1

2

6

3

5 4 9 7 8

1

1

Total Area - 220 000 m2

1

Farm products section - 38 500 m2

2

Shops and Restaurants - 23 300 m2

3

Fresh Fish Wholesale Area - 5750 m2

4

Wholesalers Offices - 8900 m2

5

Intermediate Wholesalers Shops - 32 800 m2

6

Loading Area- 3000 m2

7

Live Fish Wholesale Area- 5200 m2

8

Tuna Wholesale Area - 7100 m2

9

Salted and Dried Fish Wholesale Area - 6700 m2

Total Area - 13300 m2

SMITHFIELD MARKET, LONDON

Service Corridor

North Covered Way

Service Corridor

1

BUYERS WALK WEST MARKET

2

GRAND AVENUE

POUTRY MARKET

EAST POUTRY AVE

Service Ways

BUYERS WALK EAST MARKET

3

Service Ways South Covered Way

22

1

Poutry Market - 4250 m2

2

West Market - 6600 m2

3

East Market - 6600 m2

Service Corridor

PRECEDENT SCALE STUDIES

Service Corridor

Alsmeer flower market auction room

Horses showcased for auction at the world famous GOFF's auction House

THE SPECTACLE Program requirements of showcasing and bidding

23

Manaus Belém São Luis Fortaleza Natal Recife Maceió

Brasília Cuiabá

Salvador

Goiânia Belo Horizonte

São Paulo Rio de Janeiro

Curitiba Total Population of Brazil

Porto Alegre

(2019 IBGE)

202,768,562

World Cities

Brazilian Cities São Paulo

12.2 m

Rio de Janeiro

6.7m

Brasília

3.0m

Salvador

2.9m

Fortaleza

2.6m

Belo Horizonte

2.5m

Manaus

2.1m

Curitiba

1.9m

Recife

1.6m

Goiânia

1.5m

Belém

1.5m

Porto Alegre

1.5m

São Luís

1.1m

Maceió

1.0m

Natal

0.9m

Tokyo

37.4 m

Delhi

29.4m

Shanghai

26.3m

São Paulo

21.9m

Mexico City

21.7m

(Including metropolitan area)

BRAZILIAN CITIES 24

Population of the largest cities in Brazil

0

20km

MANAUS The capital of the Amazon rainforest

25

AMAZON ARENA STADIUM

RIO NEGRO BRIDGE

AMAZON OPERA HOUSE

METROPOLITAN CATHEDRAL

ADOLPHO LISBOA MARKET

0

MEETING OF WATERS

1km

MANAUS 26

Site Context

10 20

40

80 SITE PLAN 1:1000

MANAUS Site

27

1

OPERATIONS|SERVICES 1.1- Loading|Lorry 1.2- Loading Platform 1.3- Transhipment|River 1.4- External Loading Platform 1.5- Trunk Arrival 1.6- Waste Management 1.7- Wharf Storage 1.8- MEP

750m2 175m2 750m2 250m2 600m2 400m2 175m2 650m2

1.9- Lift|Goods 1.10- Office-Admin 1.11- Office-associations 1.12- Dock Management Office 1.13- Meeting Rooms 1.14- WC's 1.15- Staff Room 1.16- Cleaning|Cleaning Storage

36m2 36m2 36m2 36m2 76m2 120m2 30m2 30m2

1.5

1.1

1.8

1.3 1.9 1.12 1.10 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.14

1.14 1.14

1.4 1.2 1.7

1.6

1.13

1.15 1.16

Total: 4 200 m2

2

PROCESSING| 2.1- Log Scanner 2.2- Debarking| Sawing 2.3- Adjustment and Sorting 2.4- Kiln Drying 2.5- Wrapping and Packing

600m2 600m2 600m2 600m2 600m2

2.1

2.4

2.2 2.3

2.5 Total: 3 600 m2

3

TRADING| 3.1- Wholesales 3.2- Main Auction Hall|Arena 3.3- Secondary Auction Rooms 3.4- Trading Floor

4000m2 2000m2 300m2 1500m2

3.2

3.1

Total: 7 800 m2

3.3 3.3

3.4

4

SOCIAL| 4.1- Main Entrance|Lobby 4.2- Reception 4.3- Exhibition 4.4- Seating 4.5- Stairs 4.6- Main Market 4.7- Retail 4.8- Food Court 4.9- Restaurant 4.10- Cafe 4.11- Bar 4.12- Travelator

5

500m2 30m2 1000m2 3000m2 150m2 4500m2 4500m2 120m2 1500m2 50m2 50m2 200m2

4.6

4.3 4.7 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.5

Total: 15 600 m2

1000m2 1000m2 2000m2 1000m2

5.3

Total: 5 000 m2

5.4

5.2

5.1

Overall Total: 32, 000m2 Including Public Realm: 37, 000m2

28

4.12

4.8

PUBLIC REALM| 5.1- Main Entry|Plaza 5.2- Gardens 5.3- River Promenade 5.4- City Promenade

4.4

PROGRAM

4.9

4.10

4.11

4.2

01

01

02

02

03

03

04

04

05

05

MASSING SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

29

FRAGMENT TESTING 30

Inspired by the knots and joints the natives use to construct their homes the initial fragments begin to explore the potential connecting of pre-fabricated timber elements.

FRAGMENT TESTING Due to heavy loads of the program the connection to a concrete plinth also begins to be explored

31

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TESTING 32

Testing building form through structural systems possibilities

0

5

10

20

40 m

0

5

10

20

40 m

SECTION B.5

SECTIO

1/500 A3

1/500 A3

Concrete Elements Concrete elements on the ground floor creates a space with minimum columns and allows a physical and visual connection between the city and the river. The introduction of truss elements allows for an integration of the structure and circulation however the variety of systems within the building creates inadequate structural efficiency

0

5

10

20

Expression Efficiency Contextuality Usability

40 m

SECTION Trusses and Arch B.5 Continuing the truss system throughout the building allows for the integration of circulation and the ground floor can be kept column free in an efficient way. The truss is an efficient structural solution however the arch expression creates a 1/500 A3 high obstruction on the ground floor level

Expression Efficiency Contextuality Usability

SECTIO

1/500 A3

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TESTING Testing building form through structural systems possibilities

33

SECTION B.5 1/500 A3 Columns The initial and traditional approach of the columns did not enable the spatial and expression required for the ground floor and an integrated enough system

0

5

10

20

40 m

Branching Columns and Arch This allows for fewer columns as loads are picked up by branching elements and transferred down to a single point The creation of an arch allows for a wide span over the auction hall auditorium loads can be efficiently transferred.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TESTING 34

Expression Efficiency Contextuality Usability

Testing building form through structural systems possibilities

Expression Efficiency Contextuality Usability

SECTION B.5 1/500 A3

0

5

10

20

40 m

Plinth Integration Section and exploded axonometric explore the relationship between the concrete plinth and timber structure

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TESTING Testing building form through structural systems possibilities

35

Perspective Section Manaus Timber Market Section explores the relationship between the concrete plinth and timber structure, the connection with the river and programs situated in the wings off the central auditorium hall.

36

37

TYPICAL BAY FRAGMENT The Timber Market of Manaus

38

Development of a typical 15m bay from the structural grid, timber facade panels create different levels of exposure to respond to program such as more private meeting rooms on the second floor.

Overhang provides shade from the harsh high sun and balconies give view to the Rio Negro river.

39

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

06

07

A

B

C

D

E

F

1

G

2

H

I

J

K

MERCADO DE MADEIRA MANAUS GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @A2

0

40

01

5

10

20

02

03

40 m

04

05

08

09

11

10

12

13

14

15

A

B

7

C

D

E

F

3

4

6

G

H

5

I

J

08

09

10

11

12

13

1

TREE TRUNK ARRIVAL

6

AUCTION TRADERS SEATING

2

OPENING TO LOWER TRUNK FOR PROCESSING

7

PUBLIC GARDENS

3

AUCTION HALL

4

PROCESSED TIMBER RISING

5

DELIVERY LOADING BAY

14

K

15

41

01

02

03

04

05

07

06

08

A

B

C

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D

1 E

1

13 F

8

10

5

G

9

12

8

H

1 11 I

11

15

1

J

K

MERCADO DE MADEIRA MANAUS FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @A2

42

01

0

5

10

20

02

03

40 m

04

05

06

07

08

8

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

A

1

B

C

2 D

3

17 E

16

4 F

8

9

5

G

8

H

16 6

I

7

15

8

6

J

09

10

1

MAIN ELONGATED URBAN ENTRANCE

6

EXHIBITION/GALLERY SPACE

11

SPECIAL PIECES TRADING ZONE

16

STANDING VIEWING BRIDGE

2

SITTING STEPS

7

STAIRS TO RIVER FRONT

12

CAFE

17

8

AUCTION HALL MEETING AND LOUNGE BOX

13

BUYERS LOBBY

PUBLIC GARDEN AND URBAN VIEW BALCONIES

3

MAIN ENTRANCE

4

LOBBY

9

AUCTION HALL

14

BUYERS ENTRANCE

5

NATIVE TREES DISPLAY ATRIUM

10

AUCTION HALL SITTING BALCONIES

15

RIVER VIEW BALCONIES

11

12

13

14

K

15

43

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

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B

C

D

E

7

F

13

G

9

5

12

H

11 7 I

1

J

K

MERCADO DE MADEIRA MANAUS SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @A2

0

44

01

5

10

20

02

03

40 m

04

05

06

07

08

8

9

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

A

B

C

D

E

2 1

F

8

7

3

G

5

10

4

H

6 2 I

13

8

J

09

10

1

PUBLIC ARTISANS MARKET

6

FOOD COURT

11

RESTAURANT

16

STANDING VIEWING BRIDGE

2

BOH

7

MEETING ROOMS

12

BAR

17

PUBLIC GARDEN AND URBAN VIEW BALCONIES

3

TEACHING ROOMS

8

AUCTION HALL BOX

13

RIVER VIEW BALCONIES

4

COMPUTER ROOMS

9

AUCTION HALL

14

URBAN VIEW BALCONY

5

NATIVE TREES DISPLAY ATRIUM

10

AUCTION HALL STANDING PLATFORM

15

11

12

13

14

K

15

45

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

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MERCADO DE MADEIRA MANAUS ROOF PLAN 1:500 @A2

46

0

5

10

20

40 m

8

8

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

47

01

02

03

04

05

0

01

02

03

04

05

0

MERCADO DE MADEIRA MANAUS GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:500 @A3

0

48

5

10

20

40 m

06

07

08

09

10

11

06

07

08

09

10

11

49

MERCADO DE MADEIRAS MANAUS

Perspective Section Timber Market of Manaus This long section cuts through the building from the north west to south west facing the Rio Negro river. The trunk arrival and delivery occur on the open ground floor achieved by the truss system. The trading and social activities are situated in the wings which both feature open courtyards exhibiting native species such as the iconic yellow Ipê (Handroanthus, Brazilian Walnut). At the centre of the building is the Auction hall, the trunks are lifted from the basement.

50

51

COMPLETE PRIMARY GLULAM STRUCTURAL SYSTEM INCLUDING LVL NODES, OVERHANG AND BALCONIES STRUCTURE

52

Longitudinal Truss System diagonal elements are connected by beams structurally acting like the top and lower chord elements of a truss.

Latitudinal truss system provides lateral bracing to the three dimensional truss system.

Additional grid beams gives required support to the large structural grid.

Cantilever beams form the overhang elements the protecting the building from the high sun and hot temperatures all year around and provides shade for ground floor activities. 1.75 deep glulam beams span 30 meters over the auction hall.

BREAKDOWN OF TRUSS SYSTEM

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

Structural system shown on site supported by concrete elements, on urban front the elements become rising landscapes to emphasize the entrance experiences.

53

Laminated veneer lumber primary connection node

Welded steel shoe assembly Concrete elements with steel connection allowing library to 'float' above the ground floor

Machine bolts Steel bearing plate

Anchor bolts Re-enforced concrete column element

Construction method of enormous concrete columns for Palazzo del Lavoro

GROUND CONNECTION

54

Key connection of timber node from the truss system to concrete column element which allow unobstructed space of the ground level

'Upper chord' Beam

Assembled LVL Node

Latitudinal Diagonal Web Member

'Upper chord' Beam

Longitudinal Diagonal Web Member

SECOND FLOOR UPPER CHORD NODE Node at roof level connecting longitudinal and latitudinal truss bracing elements. Primary beams from the structural grid are also connected by this node. Quite a complex node dealing with 90 degree angles of loads and 30 degree angle of truss system.

Exploded components showing layering of the interlocking node.

CONNECTION NODES The LVL connection nodes have been designed to work with the buildings truss structural system principle. The complexity of the three dimensional truss system means some of these key connection nodes are required to transfer loads from various axis and different angles.

55

'Lower chord' Primary Floor Beam

Latitudinal Diagonal Web Member Latitudinal Diagonal Web Member

'Lower chord' Primary Floor Beam

X BRACING CONNECTION NODE Node at floor slab level connecting longitudinal truss bracing elements and primary beams forming the structural grid. Splicing on the beams and node ensure the centre point of the node is solid material to be able to deal with the forces.

Exploded components showing layering of node. Splicing ensures node is strong enough at the centre point.

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS - CONNECTION NODES

56

The LVL connection nodes have been designed to work with the buildings truss structural system principle. The complexity of the three dimensional truss system means some of these key connection nodes are required to transfer loads from various axis and different angles.

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

8

7 17 6 5 4

18

3 19

2

20 1

1

TIME BRANCH SCREEN

6

HARDWOOD FLOORING

11

WATERPROOF MEMBER

16

GLULAM EDGE BEAM

2

GLASS PANEL

7

LVL TOP NODE

12

WOOL PET INSULATION

17

TIMBER BRANCH SCREEN

3

CLT SLAB PANEL

8

GLULAM BEAMS

13

CLT PANEL

18

WOOD DECKING

4

PRIMARY LOAD LVL NODE

9

TIMBER LARCH ROOF

14

HARDWOOD SOFFIT

19

GLASS BALUSTRADE

5

SOFTWOOD TIMBER BATTENS

10

SOFTWOOD TIMBER BATTENS

15

GLULAM OVERHANG BEAM

20

GLULAM EDGE BEAM

TYPICAL BAY ASSEMBLY STUDY

57

MERCADO DE MADEIRAS MANAUS

58

59

MERCADO DE MADEIRAS MANAUS

60

THE AUCT

TION HALL

61

MERCADO DE MADEIRAS MANAUS

62

63

APPENDIX

64

65

66

67

68

69

SECTION A

SECTION B

1/500 A3

1/500 A3

0

10

20

40 m

0

5

SECTION A.1

SECTION B

1/500 A3

1/500 A3

0

70

5

5

10

20

40 m

0

5

SECTION BA.2 SECTION

SECTION SECTION CB

1/500 1/500A3 A3

1/500 1/500A3 A3

00

55

1010

2020

4040mm

FLOOR PLATE MASSING 00

55

10

20

40 m

10

20

40 m

1010

2020

4040mm

SECTION C

SECTION D

1/500 A3

1/500 A3

0

5

10

20

40 m

0

5

10

20

40 m

10

20

40 m

SECTION B 1/500 A3

0

5

SECTION D 1/500 A3

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TESTING 0

5

10

20

40 m

71

72

73

SECTION C 1/500 A3

SECTION B.5 1/500 A3

0

74

0

5

5

10

10

20

20

40 m

40 m

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TESTING

Church of Saint Francis, Belo Horizonte 1943

Palacio da Alvorada, Brasília 1958

Brazilian Bank, Porto Alegre MMM Brothers 1969

Administrative Center Exhibition, Salvador João Filgueiras Lima 1974

National Congress building, Brasília 1960

Itamaraty Palace, Brasília 1970

Metropolitan Cathedral, Rio de Janeiro Edgar Fornesca 1979

Tropical Hotel, Tambaú Sérgio Bernardes 1966

Cathedral of Brasília, Brasília 1970

Sesc Pompei , São Paulo Lina Bo Bardi 1986

São Cristóvão Pavilion , Rio de Janeiro Sérgio Bernardes 1957

Museum of Art, São Paulo Lina Bo Bardi 1968

Planetary, Brasília Sérgio Bernardes 1970

Niterói Contemporary Art Museum, Rio de Janeiro 1996

Gymnasium, São Paulo Paulo Mendes Da Rocha 1957

Military Headquarters , Brasília 1968

Bus Terminal, Fortaleza Marcos Aragão 1973

Novo Museo, Curitiba 2002

CAMG, Belo Horizonte 2010

Luis Carlos Memorial, Porto Alegre 2013

Glass House, Sao Paulo Bo Bardi 1950

Pavilion Volta Redonda, São Paulo Sérgio Bernardes 1954

SECTION D 1/500 A3

CONCRETE JUNGLE Modernism, Brutalism in Brazil 0

5

10

20

40 m

Nisimus, nonseque que molese exerrov idebitatur audi debis nit verum il ipiet, corepudipsam quia volorro berem simusan tusanistis earibust latem dolor as voluptur apis aut quiaspe rsperum quid ut esto magnimus del ipienda dolectem vero esti quia nienem hillupta que et maxim repudi dolorru mquiand elitium fuga. Apediame dolupti alitibe

75

1

3

Tropical Hotel, Tambaú Sérgio Bernardes 1966

Planetary, Brasília Sérgio Bernardes 1970

2

4

Brazilian Bank, Porto Alegre MMM Brothers 1969

Pavilion Volta Redonda, São Paulo Sérgio Bernardes 1954

2

2

2 1 3 Administrative Center Exhibition, Salvador João Filgueiras Lima 1974

2

4

5

1

São Cristóvão Pavilion , Rio de Janeiro Sérgio Bernardes 1957

2

Bus Terminal, Fortaleza Marrocos Aragão 1973

5

Gymnasium, São Paulo Paulo Mendes Da Rocha 1957

Metropolitan Cathedral, Rio de Janeiro Edgar Fornesca 1979

CONCRETE HISTORY BRAZILIAN BRUTALISM Wood is one of the most sustainable means of construction and Mass Timber building systems can offer an efficient solution for large-scale, tall buildings.

CLT, LVL, and LSL panels can take advantage of lower grade lumber that otherwise would 76

1

Rigid erection splices Metal plate let into slits and dowelled

1

Beam-column junctions On timber spacer block

2

Rigid erection splices Notched, with bonded-in threaded bars

Column base details

2 Pinned in x-direction, partially restrained in y-di-

3

Arch base detail With end plate and hinge pin

4

Beam-column junctions On steel angles

3

Column base details On pinned base

4

Column base details On pinned base

rection, with sliding fixing

Thin Metal Canopy/ Glue Laminated Eucalyptus Roof Structure

Compressed Earth Bricks

Glue Laminated Eucalyptus Columns

Children Village,Canuanã RIBA Internacional Prize Winners 2017

TIMBER USE IN BRAZIL Iquae cor sequatiberi ipsunt, sequi tem ulparch illendi ventus eost doluptatet venia sum aut et volla accus volorehendis ut quiasi temquiat plandae nonsenimus rempos a nones enienis escipsant ipsant occust, quae cus eatur, untium alibus, sitas etur? Quiae eat quae

77

R=2’-7 1/2’

Bow in the Weak Axis

R=

15

1

The First Lamination Laminate bent boards into a Single Bow-Beam

2

4

Slice Longitudinally Beam is sliced into 12 pieces, this creates strong thin laminates that can be bent in the weak axis for the second lamination

3

The Second Lamination Bent in the weak axis and laminated into a double-bowed (curved) beam

The Structural Beam-Unit

Fiberglass Panels Membrane

Shingled Lap Joints

Glue-laminated Wood Structure

Studio Gang Glulam & Fiberglass pavilion 2017

COMPLEX GLULAM FORM Iquae cor sequatiberi ipsunt, sequi tem ulparch illendi ventus eost doluptatet venia sum aut et volla accus volorehendis ut quiasi temquiat plandae nonsenimus rempos a nones enienis escipsant ipsant occust, quae cus eatur, untium alibus, sitas etur? Quiae eat quae

78

’- 3

16 Hyperboloid Columns

20m

Top Ring

Third Shell (Compression)

60m

Middle Ring

60m Diameter

Roof Slab Ceiling Slab 40m

Bottom Ring (Compression)

Compression Ring

Tension Ring 195m

National Congress of Brazil Oscar Niemeyer 1960

Cathedral of Brasilia Oscar Niemeyer 1958-1970

The First Lamination Laminate bent boards into a Single Bow-Beam

Maracanã Stadium Compression, tension rings diagram

Tension Compression

CONCRETE LANDMARKS Iquae cor sequatiberi ipsunt, sequi tem ulparch illendi ventus eost doluptatet venia sum aut et volla accus volorehendis ut quiasi temquiat plandae nonsenimus rempos a nones enienis escipsant ipsant occust, quae cus eatur, untium alibus, sitas etur? Quiae eat quae

79

Conical Shell

Hyper-Curved Column Shells

Three-Pointed Hyper-Curved Shells

Horizontal Tesselation

The direct primary bending forces are directed through the surfaces, in along multiple axes, transferring the forces from the horizontal spanning hyper-surfaces to the vertical faces of the column

Palazzo del Lavoro Pier Luigi Nervi, Turin 1961

Oriente Station Calatrava, Lisbon 1993-1998

COLUMN SHELL EVOLUTION Iquae cor sequatiberi ipsunt, sequi tem ulparch illendi ventus eost doluptatet venia sum aut et volla accus volorehendis ut quiasi temquiat plandae nonsenimus rempos a nones enienis escipsant ipsant occust, quae cus eatur, untium alibus, sitas etur? Quiae eat quae 80

Curved Tesselation

81

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

82

UNIT @unit14_ucl

83

S Y S T E M I C I M PACT

2020

T

he focus of this year’s work is the awareness that architecture can affect at deepest systemic leveland the understanding that architectural proposition is in itself a system of interrelated constituentswhere the findings of interdisciplinary systems theory apply. This knowledge opens a way to a method-driven approach that can materialize in architecture of great performance and considered expression while driving architectural authorship and novelty. We will aspire to reinstate the designer’s engagement with all aspects of the system’s constituents aiming for impactful architecture delivered by the negotiation of the interacting entities that define the unified spatial whole.

Societal, technological, cultural, economic as well as political developments will propel our investigations with a deep understanding of how they interlink.

This will shape our strategies and heuristics, driving synthesis. The observation as well as re-examination of civilizatory developments will enable us to project near-future scenarios and position ourselves as avant-garde in the process of designing a comprehensive vision for the forthcoming. We will find out about how human endeavour, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate while they advance cultural as well as technological means, driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. Supported by competent research we will aim for systemic impact and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation.

Our methodology employs both bottom up and top down strategies in order to build up sophisticated architectural systems and will be tailored to the individual problem. Pivotal to this process and to fight charlatanism is the concept of practical experimentation – and intense exploration through both digital and physical models that aims to assess system performance and its direct application to architectural space. The emphasis on applied research fuels the process of design and allows us to develop highly considered architectural propositions with great momentum.

Thanks to: Zaha Hadid Architects, DKFS Architects, Seth Stein Architects, Orms Designers and Architects, Cundall Engineers, Knippers Helbig, DaeWha Kang Design, AL_A, Innochain, Langstaff Day Architects

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Charlie Harris www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2020 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl