Dimitar Stoynev_Y4 |Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

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EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS & EUROSTAR STATION

DIMITAR STOYNEV YEAR 4

UNIT

Y4 DS

EURO PLACE

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DIMITAR STOYNEV YEAR 4 d.stoynev@hotmail.com @unit14_ucl

EURO PLACE European Court of Human Rights & Eurostar Station City of London, UK

1 Public entrance

2 Forum discussion space

court level

3 Toilet facilities

4 Main courtroom

5 Custody, bailiff and court staff area

6 Small courtroom

7 Deliberate room

8 Shared atrium

9 Meeting area

10 Kitchen area

11 Restricted entrance

12 Judge quarter 13 Court office: consulting

14 Lawyer quarter

16 Court office: investigation

15 Court office: processing

17 Court office

18 Breakout area

1:500

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In order to link City of London to Europe together with the European Court of Human Rights an Eurostar Station will also be integrated in the city fabric. The transport programme is dictating the site selection. The site is the old broad street station which was located right next to Liverpool street station. With its high connectivity to the main railway network- with UK(TFL) and with London(Underground, Overground and Crossrail), the site creates the opportunity for establishment of a new transport hub, a gate to Square Mile.

Further speculations were made that with the unique ties of City of London with UK and EU the city will attract even greater influx of banking force.

With currently fully occupied office area the city will

try to claim every plot of land to accommodate for the new financial force coming to it. This endangers the already scarce amount of public spaces in City of London. That is why the project will incorporate a plaza, a new bigger public space, which reclaims the land and creates one of the last public spaces in the City and positions it as centre of all social activity within the New City of London. The plaza will extend naturally into the Eurostar station, which will be openly connected to Liverpool Street station, while the European Court of Human Rights sits above as a symbol and reminder of the power of unity of all. As a court of Human Rights the building is widely open to the public and the whole judicial process is made transparent through the building circulation, allowing vistas into restricted areas, and courtrooms.

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Y4 DS

C

ity of London is known as the banking district of UK, holding the biggest cross border banking sector in the world. After Brexit ,however, the picture will dramatically change, most of the foreign banks are considering moving to different European cities. Although, no one can predict the outcome of the events of Brexit, it is speculated that the damage to the financial sector, and thus UK economy will be tremendous.

Economists , however, suggest another alternative: a petition, published in Financial times for City of London to leave UK , reached nearly 1 million supporters only in 2 days before it was taken down from the website. That is how a speculative postBrexit scenario raised, where in order to keep the financial force within its borders, City of London will claim its independence and will remain in the EU, maintaining political ties with UK. This union will be marked with the establishment of a new bigger base for the European Court of Human Rights, which will serve as a celebration of the bond with EU and will maintain EU influence and interest in City of London.

CITY OF LONDON

NARRATIVE AND RESEARCH

4

First night of the blitz 7th of October 1940

Bombing7th of October 1940 - 6th of June 1941

Bombing 7-14th of October 1940

Over 25 000 bombs on London Cultural

Residential

Around 1 million buildings damaged

136 000 building destroyed beyon repair

30 000 dead

Commercial & Industrial

1.2 million Londoners left homeless

Buildings lost in the Blitz

Map of buildings destroyed beyond repair

Blitz Aftermath

Map of destroyed residential buildings

Map of destroyed cultural buildings

LOST IN HISTORY “Everybody called it an opportunity,” says . “That’s a difficult word if you suffered from bombing, were made homeless and saw people killed, but it was an opportunity for many.”. The WW2 leaves London in ruins allowing for a massive urban scale redevelopment of the city. As a result of the Blitz nearly 136000 buildings were destroyed, most of which were residential buildings, leaving 1.2 million Londoners Homeless. A great deal of commercial and cultural buildings were also grounded by the horror. Most significant damage sustained the City of London, where the most drastic post-war changes emerged.

5

The County of London Plan, 1943: Social and Functional Analysis

Population density before the Blitz

Population density shortly after the Blitz

Population density Today

Period of rebuild 1945-1955 1955-1964 1965-1970 1980-2010

Lost residential buildings in the Blitz and the period of their rebuilding

LACK OF HOMES As a direct result from the Blitz million people are left homeless and certain London areas became vastly depopulated. Forshaw and Abercrombie saw an opportunity to create a new plan for the city. Their tone is bureaucratic, almost technocratic as they saw the city as an agglomeration of zones with varying functions which had hitherto been inadequately separated or insensitively connected. In particular, they identified a highly organised and inter-related system of communities. The proposal is to emphasise the identity of the existing communities, to increase their degree of segregation, and where necessary to reorganise them as separate and definite entities. The aim would be to provide each community with its own schools, public buildings, shops, open spaces, etc.

6

Map overlay of Barbican and the urban plan before the Blitz

Rebuilding the Urban plan “Housing and cultere, hand in hand”

Concentration of housing after the Blitz

Cultural centres after the Blitz

BARBICAN AS AN INTEREST This “second generation” blitz development has even taken place at one of London’s most successful postwar buildings. The Barbican was built over a scene of utter devastation: on 29 December 1940, the entire ward of Cripplegate was razed in firestorms. “How can anyone reconstruct a town from its cellars?”St Giles-without-Cripplegate church is one of the few remaining pre-war structures that give any indication of the previous composition of the Cripplegate area. The totality of the destruction is illustrated by the grim fact that by 1951 only 48 people were recorded as living in this central London ward. The bold, futuristic Brutalist style of the residential estates, built between 1965 and 1976 by the architecture firm Chamberlin, Powell and Bon. With the close proximity to the City and the perks of an on-site theatre, cinema, music hall and art gallery all under the Barbican Centre’s roof now make the Barbican one of London’s most desirable, and expensive, places to live.

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Railway system

Underground car parking

Rerouting of street network

Barbican centre

Guildhall School of Music and Drama & St. Giles Cripplegate

Tower blocks

Residential blocks type A

Residential blocks type B

School for girls and Museum of London

Water fountains

Green areas

Barbican complex

LAYERS OF BARIBICAN In 1965 construction began on the Barbican, which eradicated the old street plan, cellars and all. Completed in 1983, the initially controversial estate is now widely regarded as an example of postwar architectural ideals put into successful practice as much of other postwar development has already been replaced. Perhaps a key for the success of Barbican is the multilayers at which the centre operates. The Barbican is higly connected to the city through a railway and a network of streets, while maintaining a secluded public space. The complex provides different options for residential living, while also being established as one of London’s best cultural centres.

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Use of public spaces by Visitors of Barbican in 1985

3000

Use of public spaces by Visitors of Barbican in 2017

2858

2500 Commercial Music

2000 0.72 million visitors Education

2858

1500

1,2 million visitors

Exhibitions

1000

Cinema

Number of events

500 0

463 280

262 143

Cinema

Theatre

Theatre

332

Concert Hall

23 Commercial events

6 4 Galleries

Year Year 2016 1985

Event in Barbican centre

Annual Attendees

% of income based on Cultural sectors

Barbican as a link

BARBICAN’S CULTURAL CENTRE Barbican is one of the most attractive cultural centres in London, attracting around 1.2 million visitors each year. The complex has a lot to offer Theatre, Music, Cinema, Exhibitions and recently a lot of commercial events and educational programmes. The Barbican has 3 major venues Milton Court with capacity of 608 people, Barbican Hall with capacity of 1943 people, the Cinema -280 and the conservatory - 150. Since its opening in 1983 the Barbican remains a popular choice for Londoners. The amount of events and shows has almost doubled in all sectors. The main cultural event still remains the Music Concerts.

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Barbican as a link

2000000

1500000

1000000

2014 flats

500000

0

Migrants

Average selling price

3258 Residents

Studio

1 Bed Flat

2 Bed Flat

3 Bed Flat

4 Bed Flat

Student Unemployed

5000

Educated to degree level

Retired

4000

3000

1000

0

Average rental price

2000

Studio

1 Bed Flat

2 Bed Flat

3 Bed Flat

4 Bed Flat

Price range for different types of flats

Barbican residents demographics

Golden Lane

7000 Residents Barbican

Smithfield Bishopsgate

Middlesex Street City West

Temples

Carter Lane Mansell Street Estate

Minories Queenhithe

Number of Households

BARBICAN AS A HOME Out of the 7000 residents of the London City, Barbican is home to 3258 of them. Being the biggest housing estate in central London shapes the atmosphere of Barbican. During weekdays the ‘Streets’ and the public spaces are rather empty as agreateer % of the residents are working , but during the weekend the place becomes , a lot more crowded. Serprisingly the big chunk of the people are local residents enjoying the private gardens, the public square or hte Barbican Kitchen. Proving that Barbican still remains a welcomed and tranquill environment for the local residents.

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City section through Barbican

Old railway track

New railway track

Antivibration floating floor arrangment

Rerouting of railway

INTEGRATED WITHIN THE CITY Barbican was at the time the largest reconstruction site in Europe. The scale of the project even required the rerouting of the existing Underground railway through new concrete tunnels. Unique features of the railway included requirement that it should be capable of carrying an armoured train and that the passage of trains should be as silent as possible. This led ARUP to design a suspension system for the track and the use of antivibration flooring floor arangments. The inclusion of the railway in the Barbican complex gave it the possibility to be even more integrated in the city systems.

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Footbridge to Barbican Station Beech St Tunnel

Access from Fann St

Access from Fore St Access to carparks

MAIN ENTRANCE

Entrance to School of Music

Beech St Tunnel

Stairs from Silk St

Entrances to Baribican Complex

Entrances to Baribican Complex

Barbican Fortress ‘ the walls’

Public and private spaces

ENCLOSED BY THE BARBACANS The principal meaning of “barbican” given by the Oxford English Dictionary (2nd Edition) is an outer fortification or defence to a city or castle, especially a double tower erected over a gate or bridge. It is also suggested that Barbican perhaps came from combining two Persian words barbar khanah to mean “house on the wall”. Whatever the origin of name really is it was chosen correctly. Even though Barbican is integrated with the city systems the complex is built in such way that the residential buildings serve as walls providing shelter to the public spaces and gardens. In fact the complex is so secluded that there are only a few ways to enter. In that way Barbican becomes an figurative fortress, guarding its public spaces from the busy city life. “The fundamental purpose of the Scheme was the protection of the public, the saving of human life, the removal of traffic congestion”.

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Barbican

Different layers of the Podium

THE PODIUM One of the reasons that the Barbican is so successful is due to the fact that the complex utilises what is called by the architects a ‘ podium’. The fundamental purpose of the scheme was the protection of the public, the saving of human life, the removal of traffic congestion. One of the most modern concepts ind the design was the idea of elevated walkways. The podium covers so much of the estate that, once you are inside, it is effectively ground level. This new pedestrian level, which is generally 6 meters above street level, extends over 4.8 hectares of the site, in the form of terraces, linked by narrower high walks. Thus creating a pleasant space for both occupants and pedestrians.

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professional, scientific and technical activities mining and quarrying

wholsale and retail trade

800 000 administrative and support service activities

agriculture, forestry & mining 700 000

600 000 health and social work activities

electricity, gas, steam & air conditioning supply 500 000

400 000

300 000

water supply, sewerage & waste managment

information and communication

200 000

100 000 0 education

activities of households as employers

accommodation and food service activities

manufacturing

financial and insurence activities

real estate activities

other service activities

transport and storage

arts, entertainment & recreation

1900 1960 2000 2010 2016

construction public administration and defence; social security

Historic overview of London Sectoral Employment

technology-media-telecommunications banking and finance administrative insurance

other education health and social work activities construction

2.5

arts, entertainment & recreation financial and insurence activities wholsale and retail trade

2.0 accommodation and food service activities

1.5 information and communication

1.0

0.5

business administration & support

professional, scientific and technical activities

Jobs in City of London by sector (2016)

million sq ft year

2000

2005

2010

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW Throughout the year the main force of labour has shifted sectors. From a heavy industrial perspective it has shifted towards public service sector. The finance industry and more specifically : banking , insurance, stock exchange and accounting, have gained a bigger percentage of the employment rates. Specifically in city of London more than half of the offices spaces are used by the Financial sector with over half a million employees.

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2016

Take up by sector in City of London

OCCUPATION SHIFT There is a significant shift in the interest and occupation of UK people in the past century. Where in the past people were intrigued to invent and the majority of the population was somehow involved in a creative process that drove the society forward, nowadays the majority of the jobs are connected with finance.

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1.UK 4.6 3.USA 2.8

2. Japan 3.6

Potential location for new EU banking centre

Italy

Spain

Greece

Portugal

Austria

Germany

Denmark

France

Sweden

Ireland

Finland

Sweden

Portugal

Czech Rep.

Romenia

Employees in the financial sector

London financial employees

FINANCE MARKET POST BREXIT The UK may not be at the lead of the inventions and ideas table , but it has one of the biggest banking sectors in the world coming in 3rd with 10.7 trillion US dollars, just after Japan and USA. In EU the UK has the largest % of cross-border banking as share of the GDP - 161%. And of course as a result employs 1.2 million people. After Brexit however, the picture will dramatically change, most of the foreign banks are considering moving to a different European city to establish a ne financial capital for EU- Frankfurt, Paris, Dublin, Warsaw. The transfer of employees has already began with exception that only 2 years after Brexit 40k people will be relocated.

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200 moves already made

9700 confirmed moves before brexit

40000

estimated moves 2 year after brexit

Austria

Belgium

Switzerland

Netherlands

Spain

Cross-border banking as a share of G.D.P.

Poland

Switzerland

Belgium total finance sector employment

362000

Italy

France

Britain

Netherlands

Germany

Britain

Biggest cross-border banking sectors(figures in trillion $)

STATE-CITY And since the firm dedication from the politicians to leave the union, many economist suggested the best solution for this situation is for London to remain in the EU. Only 2 days after the proposed brexit legislation e petition published by Financial time to declare London independent from uk reached nearly 2 hundred thousand supporters.

As the city of London is already a separate city and county to Greater London, and since the all the businesses could vote a speculative scenario raised that the square mile will become a city-state, remaining in the EU and maintaining the political ties with UK.

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SQUARE MILE’S INDEPENDENCE

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initial steps 23/01/2013

14/04/2015

DAVID CAMERON IN FAVOUR OF AN IN-OUT REFERENDUM

REAL CHANGE IN OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

26/05/2015 FIRST STEP IN THE NEGOTIATION

In a speech at Bloomberg, Prime Minister David Cameron discusses the future of the European Union and declares he is in favour of an in-out referendum in the future on the basis of a new settlement for the UK in the EU.

Launch of the Conservative Party Manifesto for the 2015 General Election. This pledges “Real change in our relationship with the European Union” and commits to “hold an in-out referendum on our membership of the EU before the end of 2017.”

Meeting of the European Council. The first step in the negotiation process and the European Council agrees to return to the issue in December.

ongoing procedure 24/06/2016

23/06/2016

19/10/2015

PRIME MINISTER DAVID CAMERON ANNOUNCES HIS INTENTION TO RESIGN.

MAJORITY OF VOTERS CHOOSING TO LEAVE THE EU

THE PRIME MINISTER SETS OUT THE FOUR GOALS

UK holds referendum on its membership of the EU, with the majority of voters choosing to leave the EU (51.9% of the vote versus 48.1% voting to remain).

The Prime Minister sets out the four things he needs to achieve for the UK’s renegotiation package in the areas of economic governance, competitiveness, sovereignty and social benefits and free movement.

13/07/2016

13-18/10/2016

03/11/2016

THERESA MAY BECOMES THE NEW UK PRIME MINISTER.

THE HIGH COURT HEARS THE GINA MILLER CASE

HIGH COURT N FAVOUR OF GINA MILLER V SECRETARY OF STATE

The High Court hears the Gina Miller case: judicial review proceedings challenging the legality of the UK Government’s proposed use of prerogative powers to give notice of intention to leave

The High Court gives its judgment in Gina Miller v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. The Court finds in favour of the claimants and rules the Government cannot, according to the UK’s constitutional law, use prerogative powers to give the notice required by Article 50 TEU to withdraw from the European Union.

the EU under Article 50.

19/11/2017

24/01/2017

19/06/2017

“...AN EXIT THAT WILL WORK FOR ALL OF US”

THE SUPREME COURT REJECTS THE GOVERNMENT’S APPEAL

FIRST ROUND OF UK-EU EXIT NEGOTIATIONS BEGIN.

The Prime Minister writes in her plans for the whole of the UK to benefit post-Brexit: “I want an exit that will work for all of us” Writing in The Sun, Theresa May explains how the Government’s plan for exiting the EU fits into her wider plan for a better Britain: “We will create a fairer society”.

The Supreme Court rejects the Government’s appeal against the November 2016 High Court ruling and states that Ministers “require the authority of primary legislation” in order to give the Article 50 notice. On the devolution questions raised, the Court unanimously holds that the UK Parliament is not legally required to seek consent from the devolved legislatures.

29/03/2017

31/03/2017

PRIME MINISTER TRIGGERS ARTICLE 50

PETITION TO DECLARE LONDON INDEPENDENT FROM UK REACHED NEARLY 200000 SUPPORTERS

Prime Minister triggers Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union.

08/06/2017

After the Article 50 was triggered a petition published by Financial time to declare London independent from UK reached nearly 200000 supporters in just 2 days, before it was taken down from the website.

BREXIT COULD BE CATASTROPHIC FOR THE FINANCIAL SECTOR Bloomberg issues a statement that Brexit could be catastrophic for the financial sector and endorces the idea for City of London to remain in EU.

speculative scenario

26/06/2018

31/03/2018

15/02/2018

CHOOSING TO LEAVE THE UK AND REMAIN IN EU

CITY OF LONDON COUNCIL ACCEPTS THE APPEAL

BUSINESSES APPEAL TO THE CITY OF LONDON FOR A REFERENDUM

City of London council accepts the appeal of the business owners and sets a date for the referendum on the 26th of June 2018.

As businesses in City of London have the rights of a voter, they appeal to the City of London council to carry out a referendum for the independence of the Square mile asking whether the it remain in UK.

08-09/2018

10-11/2018

11-12/2018

CITY OF LONDON MAINTAIN LINKS WITH BOTH UK AND EU

REQUEST FOR EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT CONSENT

WITHDRAWAL AGREEMENT VOTING

The City of London holds negotiations with both UK and EU to maintain links with both parties and serve as a link between them.

Agreement in principle in the European Council and request for European Parliament consent.

European Parliament votes on the Withdrawal agreement and the remaining of City of London within the EU BORDERS.

City of London holds referendum with the majority of voters choosing to leave the UK and remain in EU.

07/2019

29/03/2019

01/01/2019

EU TO ESTABLISH AN OUTPOST IN CITY OF LONDON

THE UK IS EXPECTED TO LEAVE THE EU.

CITY OF LONDON GAINS ITS INDEPENDENCE AND BECOMES A STATE CITY.

EU states it will establish an outpost of European Union body of governance in City of London to strengthen EU influence in the newly formed state city and support it.

initial steps

ongoing procedure

speculative scenario

PROJECT TIMELINE

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EURO PLACE

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

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x1 judge from each state x3 attorneys from each state

investigation

processing

consulting

i

ii

iii iv

v

aprox. 10 judges in each section

47 Contracting states to the European Convention on Human Rights

european court of human rights

application

nongovernmental organisation or group

single judge

ruling

rr a fe Re ruling

fe

rr a

l

committee of 3 judges

Re

judgment

consulting with court office

l

any individual

processing of application

carrying further investigation

group of individuals

judgment public hearing

ruling

judgment

Brexit voting division-Leave(gray), Remain(yellow)

grand chamber of 17 judges

relinquishment

judgment on the admissibility and the merits

relinquishment

Re

fe

rr a

l

Chamber of 7 judges

inadmissibility decision

Regional division in support of Theresa May’s idea to leave ECHR

Although many supported the Brexit idea few stand behind Theresa May in her rampage to leave European convention on human rights. Since its establishment the ECHR was the driver for change within UK promoting and defending human rights, undoubtedly, it could be seen what huge impact it has done for UK citizens. With recent years the court is receiving more and more applications with the number of pending application rising to 119,300 in 2016. The court has issued a statement to EU that it would need more recourses and an additional outpost. Currently an undergoing redevelopment of the structure of work is also in place That is why I propose that the Court of Human Rights is relocated in to a bigger base in City of London. It will serve as a way to maintain the EU influence on the newly formed state-city and will prevent the UK which has completely rejected ECHR on affecting the legal system in the square mile. Understanding the process of the court – application and judgments , will help develop a better spatial organisation of the court.

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Right to life 2016

Protection of property

2015

Right of a fair trial

2014 2013 2012

Right to an effective remedy

2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

Other violations

2004 2003 2002 2001

Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment

2000 1999 1959-1998

2000

1500

1000

500

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

0

80000

Right to liberty and security

Cases received by ECHR and Judgments delivered by the Court

Subject-matter of the Court’s violation judgments in 2016

European Court of human rights

Main assembly space

Small hearing room and seminar room

Courtroom

Library and press room

Meeting rooms

Offices

Judge quarters

Circulation

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS The European Court of Human rights is located in Strasbourg and since its establishment has reviewed nearly 1.2 million cases. With recent years the court is receiving more and more applications with the number of pending application rising to 119,300 in 2016. The court has issued a statement to EU that it would need more recourses and an additional outpost. Currently an undergoing redevelopment of the structure of work is also in place.

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EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS NEW CITY OF LONDON

ACCESSIBILITY

JUSTICE

PROTECTION

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Amsterdam

London

Ebbsfleet

Rotterdam

Ashford

Calais Brussels

Lille

Paris Marne-la-Vallée

Strasbourg

Eurostar route Eurostar tunnel Future Eurostar route

Geneva Bourg-SaintMaurice

Lyon

Aime-La Pla-

Moûtiers

Avignon Aix-en-provance Marseille Eurostar routes

Brussels

Amsterdam

2:01

3:15

Ebbsfleet

Calais

Marne-la-Vallée

0:14

0:55

2:40

Geneva 4:38

Avignon

Marseille

5:49

6:27

Aime-La Plagne 7:30

London

0:29

1:22

Ashford

Lille

4:41

2:16

Rotterdam

Paris

6:15

7:12

7:51

Moûtiers

Bourg-SaintMaurice

Lyon Aix-en-provance

2:58 4:12

Strasbourg Eurostar journey time

British Rail Class 374 British Rail Class 373 British Rail Class e375

200 m eters

380km ph

320 m eters

300km ph 400 m eters

320 km ph

CITY OF LONDON FOR WHOLE EUROPE In the next few years the various new routes to the Eurostar will be added, making it easier for City of London to connect to the other European capitals. With a average time of travel to work at the moment being 1hour and 10 minutes from within London boundaries. It is much easier to see the possibilities of people from all around Europe to travel daily to City of London, with current times being 2:16 form Paris, which is believed to drop down to 1:38 with the new e375 train.

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St Pancras International King’s Cross

Farringdon

Euston

City Thameslink

route star Euro

Railway and underground network Current Eurostar route Proposed Eurostar route Railway stations Eurostar stations

Blackfriars Cannon Street station

Fenchurch Street

Liverpool Street station

In order to maintain the link with the other EU capitals the new found state city of London will have to tap into the existing transport network. The link of UK to Europe is made with Eurostar train. Currently there are 2 operational trains British Rail Class 373 and 374 which run on the route. A new faster train British Rail Class e375 is being developed , which will be significantly shorter and would be ideal to operate on the new route to City of London. In the next few years the various new routes to the Eurostar will be added, making it easier for City of London to connect to the other European capitals. With a average time of travel to work at the moment being 1hour and 10 minutes from within London boundaries. It is much easier to see the possibilities of people from all around Europe to travel daily to City of London, with current times being 2:16 form Paris, which is believed to drop down to 1:38 with the new e375 train. City of London remains well connected in UK transport network, thus providing good opportunity for various sites.

However, Liverpool street seems to be the most connected, thus providing a best location for the position of the new station and court. It maintains the links with London Underground and the new Crossrail , moreover, the current route of Eurostar ending at St. Pancras can be easily diverged to Liverpool Street.

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Broadgate street station

BROADGATE STREET STATION After the complete redevelopment of the city was constructed Broad street station, which was the main link to the North, however the station was demolished and reconstructed into Broadgate estate by Britishland. The location of the old Broadstreet station proves to be ideal location for the new new Eurostar station would be the old Broad Street station. Although, it was demolished and the tracks were completely removed the urban planning logic still remains, and the new platforms could be linked with those from Liverpool Street.

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Site Main vehicular to site from London Underground access from London via Underground, Overground and Crossrail Liverpool station main enrance to site and state city from North via TFL

4 3

1

2

Access to site via Crossrail, main link to England banking district (Canary Wharf) Pedestrian approach

1

2

3

State city border Road hierarchy Rail network Approach to site

4

CONNECTIVITY

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post-independence development

The above diagram shows the buildings that will be demolished as part of the redevelopment of the newly formed state city. The buildings will be demolished in order to create opportunity for creating high-rises , which could be inhabited by the massive influx of banking force. As a result in this vastly changing urban fabric the Broadstreet estate creates the opportunity to be used as a site for the new EU institution and Eurostar station.

city of london border

The site is with direct contact to the north border between London and city of London, which is one of the main pedestrian access from the north. As a result this will provide challenges to create an enclosure through landscape.

judicial

main gate to square mile

road network

public spaces

the plaza

views

wind and light

Because of the close proximity of Liverpool street station, the underground and crossrail the Broadstreet estate becomes main gate to City of London and as a result the building should integrate with the existing station and create an adequate transport hub.

The above diagram existing public space within close proximity, which might potentially be claimed back for building sites.

As the EU civic building will be a symbol of the Unidon’s presents and partnership with square miles the visibility of the building is a key. The above diagram shows some key views from different approaches to the site highlighting the mostly visible part of the site.

After the independence the existing road network will be mainly pedestrianised, however to the north border of the site remains the main vehicular access point , which dictates where the servicing of the building will be positioned.

With the demolition of Broadgate circle, which is considered to be one of the most successful public space in square mile , comes the opportunity to create a new public space, a plaza for the civic building that will extend through the building and link with Liverpool street station and the existing transport hubs.

The building should respond to the site condition , capturing as much daylight as possible without disturbing the internal process. With regards to the wind the site is exposed to great South-West winds, which will intensify with the replacement of buildings with high-rise, creating a difficult challenge for creating pleasant environment within the plaza, but also creating opportunity for passive ventilation.

SITE STRATEGY

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Public spaces Current office buildings Buildings to be affected by redevelopment State-city border

Foreign banks in City of London

Influx of banking force

LAND USE Currently there are over 40 foreign banks in London. After the independence of square mile this number is expected to rise with more foreign banks coming to the city, because of its unique position and the ties to EU, UK and worldwide. However, the city is not prepared for this influx of banking force. With currently fully occupied office area the city will have to grow vertically to accommodate for the new financial force coming to it. After the city’s independence I speculate that there will be segregation of main zones: the main financial core , the secondary , residential quarter, main transport link (Liverpool street station) and the riverside. The initial growth will extent in the primary and secondary financial cores and the reset will follow gradually with the riverside not being update due to the high water levels. With Liverpool street remaining a gate to the state-city. This event will multiply the problematic conditions in the city and intensifying the disharmony in the city fabric with Le Corbusier’s idea of e healthy city, combining work/living/ cultivating mind and body and circulating.

29

Current condition in City of London

Zones in City of London State

LAND ZONING

30

City of London growth

City of London vertical growth

CITY OF LONDON VERTICAL GROWTH 31

ENDANGERED PUBLIC SPACES

32

new civic building

European Court of Human Rights new public space

exsting transport links

City of London square

Liverpool street station

seating

commercial spaces

link to Europe

performance stage

restaurants and leisure

Eurostar station

site programme strategy

Processing

Investigation

Consulting

Court office

Restricted Entrance

Judge Quarters

Court Delibarate rooms

Custody

Courtrooms

Hearing rooms

Meeting Rooms

Private Seminar Rooms

Library

Press Room

Public

Public area and services

Court office

Lawyers

Eurostar train station

Non-court service staff

Main etrance

Judiciary Custody Court Servise Staff Public Lawyers

private

building organisation

New City of London square

public shared space serving

court office judge chambers

judiciary

processing

judge chambers

investigation consulting

public custody

he ro arin om g s

he ro arin om g s

waiting area

de l ro ibar om at s e

de l ro ibar om at s e

de l ro ibar om at s e

ro om al de

lawyer quarters

main courtroom

lawyer quarters

dy sto cu

waiting area

e at ar s lib m de roo

lawyer quarters

waiting area

main courtroom

g in ar s he oom r

main public space

waiting area

g in ar s he oom r

Liverpool street square

e at ar s lib m de roo

e at ar s lib m de roo

main courtroom court atrium & press room

wc

wc

wc

wc

court service staff

restricted entrance

non-court service staff

ticket hall eurostar concourse

security

eurostar train platforms

staff room

Liverpool Street station

PROGRAMME

33

1 joining the existing transport network

The main driver for the site location was the infrastructure in place. The new platforms for the Eurostar trains will be adjutant to Liverpool street station for closer integration within the city transport network.

2 joining liverpool street station

The next step of the building genesis is joining the Liverpool street station platforms and establishing a connection between the plaza and both stations

3 integrating the public space with the stations

4 a building as a roof

The plaza will naturally flow and integrate with both stations, through series of access platforms and underground routes.

The European court of Human rights will sit above the station elevated from the ground level, in order to keep the visual and physical extension of the plaza into both stations. That way the building will serve as roof canopy for the Eurostar station

5 waffle mega-structure

6 concrete roof

In order to achieve the concept ideas structurally the main body of the building will be formed of concrete waffle mega-structure.

7 bringing the public up

A series of concrete stairs blend into the public space, bringing the public up to experience the new civic building.

The building’s roof will be formed of anticlastic surfaces with large openings facing the plaza.

8 environmental response

The building responds to the environmental conditions on site. through orientation and utilisation of fresh air and solar light.

BUILDING GENESIS AND MASSING

34

1

2 3 4 5

6

1 custody

7

2 small courtrooms

8

3 main atrium

9

4 kitchen and staff area 5 lawyer quarters

10

6 main courtroom

11

7 judge quarters 8 breakout space 9 forum discussion space 10 press room 11 toilet facilities

1 public vs private

2 structural response

4 main courtrooms

5 main atria

1 public vs private

The building is split into two main segments court level( yellow) and public level (blue) . As the main concept driving the scheme is the integration of the public in this new civic building and its processes, the main route to the public level passes through the court areas.

2 structural response

The court level inhabits the waffle mega-structure and thus the spaces inside are heavily defined by the structural grid formed.

3 environmental response

All office spaces are located at the edge of the waffle structure to gather maximum daylight, while spaces , like deliberate rooms and custody are located in the deeper part of the building.

3 environmental response

PROGRAMME SYNTAX

35

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

1 translator and press balcony 2 public atria 3 shared atria( judge / lawyers/ court staff and custody) 4 restricted area- judge quarters 5 shared atria- all building occupants 6 restricted entrance 7 lifts in mega-columns 8 entrance from plaza(fire escape) 9 access to platform level( Eurostar and Liverpool street stattion) 10 main entrance from Liverpool street square

CIRCULATION SYNTAX The circulation is integral for the project. The involvement of the public into the court process happens through the junctions of circulation. The public in restricted in some areas (like judge quarter) but vistas in these areas are allowed through the shared atria. Furthermore the fluid integration of the plaza into both the Eurostar station and Liverpool-station is also expressed through the clarity of the circulation.

36

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 concrete roof structure

The roof structure is formed using precast concrete elements, assembled on site and in-situ concrete for the main part of the shell structure. The shell structure is layer with insulation and sealed with GRC panels.

Within the roof structure there are a number of structural openings with double glazed units, to allow light in the public level. The shell structure over the atria has integrated tension cables in the beams of the structure which attach to the support points in the arches.

2 concrete arch support

The concrete arches on the public level attach to the main cores and are cast on site. They are the main support for the roof structure. Taking loads from the roof of the courtrooms and serving as an anchor point for the tension cables in the shell structure over the atria.

3 waffle mega-structure

6 mega columns

The concrete mega columns rise from platform level up to the public level. They take the shear weight of the entire building to ground and are connected to the bore piles. The mega columns also act as lift and service cores for the building.

7 concrete staircase

All staircases leading up to the building are formed of in-situ concrete. The edge staircase help with he lateral stability of the whole structure.

8 plaza

The plaza is also formed of in-situ concrete, it integrates an underground level which will be occupied by commercial programme.

9 Platforms

The waffle mega structure is constructed using in-situ concrete and post tension cables. The megastructure is formed of concrete waffle slabs and structural walls, which all work as one extended waffle system.

Once completed the waffle is coated with insulation layer and GRC panels.

The platforms are formed form in-situ concrete they have integrated cavities for services running down from the cores.

4 waffle edge

10 pile foundation

The perimeter of the top layer of the waffle has an extend structural cavity, which serves as support point for the shell structure, integrates services and has a gully which takes all rainwater down to the tank via pipework integrated in the columns.

A series of piles are dropped into the clay and soil forming a solid foundation for the building and platforms.

5 facade system

The facade of the court level of the building is formed by structural concrete walls covered with insulation layer and GRC panel and glazed structural opening in the mega structure. The building uses rotating brass screens behind the double glaze panels for solar control.

STRUCTURAL STRATEGY

37

38

5

4 3

2

1

1 mega columns

The concrete mega columns rise from platform level up to the public level.

They take the shear weight of the entire building to ground and are connected to the bore piles. The mega columns also act as lift and service cores for the building.

2 base waffle slab

As the whole mega-structure, the base waffle slab is formed of in-situ concrete and cast on site with integrated post-tension cables. This type of form structure was chosen due to the capability of span over larger areas.

1 2 3

3 structural walls

The walls located on the court level act as an extension of the waffle slab and create an integrated waffle form for the whole building, creating a dense shell of floor plates and structural walls.

4 courtrooms

The courtrooms are also part of the structural integrity of the waffle megastructure,however they also absorb some of the transferred loads by the arches holding the roof structure, through chains integrated in the perimeter wall.

4 5 6

5 top waffle slab

The top waffle slab caps the mega-structure. A similar in-situ cast technique is used as the base slab, however due to the integration of the structural walls the ribs are now less deeper.

inhabitation of concrete mega-structure 1 Public waiting area

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Lawyer quarters Custody Main courtroom Judge quarters Judge quarters

2 3 7

1

8

Hearing room Deliberate room

6

Shared atrium

2 7 9

8 6

CONCRETE MEGA-STRUCTURE

39

1

A

2

B

A

1

B

3

4

C

C

5

B

B

6

C

2

C

7

B

B

8

9

D

3

D

structural hierarchy in waffle

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3 2

post-tension cable layout

Front cantilever (waffle ribs rise to upper level) Edge cantilever (waffle ribs thin out) Perimeter beam Shared atrium slab (waffle ribs are 700mm deep) Courtroom slab (waffle ribs are thicker) Primary beam Mega column Secondary beam Rear cantilever (waffle ribs are thinner)

1 2 3

Cables through sunken slab

A B C D

Front cantilever

Cables through flat slab Long span cables

Courtroom slab Atrium slab Rear cantilever

3 2

6

7 8

CONCRETE WAFFLE STRUCTURAL LOGIC Through the use of post tension cables in the waffle mega-structure the rigidity of the structure is highly increased. The cables create a high tension in the concrete , which is acting in compression and thus, allowing for greater cantilever sizes and less columns in the structure. The cables can run in both directions, but due to the great length of the building longitudinally they will have to be split into segments. They will follow the segment of the process of casting the waffle base slab as shown in the diagram ( yellow A, B, C, D).Due to the complexity of the structure it will not be possible to use prefabricated elements in the construction of the mega-structure.

40

10 11 12

13 14 15

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

typical mould for waffle slab

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Structural opening

11 Large service pipes

Underfloor heating

12 Electrical services tray

Steel reinforcement

13 Diffused lighting panel

Screed surface

14 Steel L profile

Thermal insulation

15 GRC panel with insulation(sealing services)

Tile floor finish

16 Upper lid to create lattice slab through upper opening

Breathable membrane

17 Closed window for edge solutions

Post tension cables

18 Casting mould piece with insertion rails

Concrete waffle slab

19 Window to communicate casting mould

16

17

18

19

10 Small service pipes

CONCRETE WAFFLE TYPICAL BASE SLAB

41

9 11 12

13 14 15

16

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

etched glass build up

10 17

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Concrete waffle slab

10 Protective frame lining

Breathable membrane

11 Fire rated glass

Thermal insulation

12 Tension cable

Underfloor heating

13 Structural opening for electrical services

Screed surface

14 Electrical services cable tray

Steel reinforcement

15 GRC panel

Pressure bar

16 Diffused lighting panel

7

Tile floor finish

17 Etched glass sheets

11

Walking surface glass

18 Structural joist

18

17 17 17

1

CONCRETE WAFFLE TYPICAL TOP SLAB

42

1 arranging the framework

The first step of the construction of the waffle slab is the arrangement of the framework the positioning of the connectors. For the construction of the building this will be a rather costly process due to the great height from platform level to court level a really rigid supporting structure must be built .

3 arranging casting mould pieces to create structural openings

The casting mould pieces are placed strategically to provide structural openings for services. Where no openings are need a closed window is placed

5 positioning post tension cables

Once the steel reinforcement is in place the post tension cables are placed and stressing bolts and bolt anchors are fitted.

7 removing moulds and supports

Once concrete has set framework, supports and moulds are removed.

2 placing pods

After the framework is arranged the casting mould pieces with insertion rails are fixed to the connectors.

4 placing steel reinforcement

After the moulds are fixed and arranged the steel reinforcement is placed around them

6 pouring concrete and stressing post tension cables

Concrete is poured and left to cure , until it reaches around 2000 PSI when the post tension cables will be stressed.

8 interweaving services

After the waffle slab is completed services are interweaved and casting of the rest of the waffle mega-structure continues.

WAFFLE SLAB METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

43

44

1 court roof

2 atria roof type 1 3 atrium roof type 2 4 atrium roof type 3

roof elements

roof elements 5 GRC panels 6 insulation layer

5

7 in-situ concrete shell 8 prefabricated concrete panels - passive formwork 9 primary concrete beams

6

10 in-situ concrete arch (main support) 11 concrete waffle edge (secondary support) atria roof type 1 forces

court roof forces

7

8 9 11 10

rcp of prefabricated beams

CONCRETE SHELL ROOF The roof over the courtroom is formed of two anticlastic surfaces which are mirrored, forming a symmetrical shell structure. All surfaces rest on 4 arches which act as main support for them , secondary support is the concert waffle edge. The identical surfaces rest on each other, through a series of short concrete beams , allowing for glazing strip in between. The roof over the atria is also an anticlastic shell structure, however instead of siting on the arches it is hung from them. Tension cables are anchored to the arches and integrated in the buildup of the concrete shell.

45

Square grid

Diagrid

Triangular grid

Hybrid

ROOF PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS GENESIS The anticlastic surfaces were run true structural analysis software Karamba to understand better the forces and the displacement in the shell structure. Furthermore, an investigation in the concrete prefabricated beams was carried out to find the optimum pattern, considering size of beams and sizes of possible structural openings.

After the analysis the triangular grid proved to be the most suitable selection due to the balance between smaller beam sizes and the opportunity for larger overall openings. The square grid was also a possibility for the hung structures, however, for the court roof the beams get much thicker and openings get smaller.

As it is preferred to have an overall structural system the triangular grid was performing better for both surfaces.

46

Principal supports

Displacement in shell

Map of principle stress lines

Force flow

ROOF STRUCTURAL FORMATION The main supports of the court roof are the 4 concrete arches along the perimeter of the surfaces, the arches also serve as anchor points for the atrium roof, which is “hung� from them. The shell structure was then run in further analysis to identify, where the concrete cast over the prefabricated elements should get thicker. The most problematic area for both surfaces seems to be the connection to the concrete waffle edge, and that is why these areas will have greater overall thickens and reinforcement.

47

6 10

1 11

2 12 13

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Frame for GRC panel Prefabricated concrete beams,assembled on site Single layer membrane (waterproofing)

8

Thermal insulation Double glazed unit Suspension cable GRC rainscreen panel In-situ concrete structure with steel reinforcement

6 8

GRC panel to accommodate opening

10 Steel reinforcement in prefabricate elements(joint on site)

10

11 Fire rated glass 12 Acoustic insulation 13 Perforated GRC panel

2

TYPICAL ROOF STRUCTURE

48

1

2

3

4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12

13 14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Prefabricate concrete, acting as permanent formwork Perforated GRC panel with acoustic insulation Concrete arch support for roof structure (in-situ) Glazing frame

15 16

17

18 19

20

21

22 23

24

Steel support for GRC balustrade Double glazing unit( for acrostic separation) GRC panels for balustrade (chosen because of light weight) Thermal insulation , screed and underfloor heating Hidden glazing frame

10 Concrete floor( in-situ cast with arch structure) 11 Sprayed concrete layer (for smoother finish) 12 Mechanical rotation mechanism 13 Double glazing unit( for acrostic separation) 14 Stainless steel rotating screens 15 Hidden glazing frame 16 Steel reinforcement connection to suspended roof structure 17 Steel reinforcement in concrete arch 18 Suspension cables 19 Cavity (regulation of suspension cables) 20 Thermal insulation 21 GRC rainscreen panels 22 Steel reinforcement connection to standard roof structure 23 Interface between prefabricated element and in-situ elemnts 24 Prefabricated concrete beams

KEY JUNCTION MAIN ROOF SUPPORT

49

1 2 3 4 5

6

7 8 9 10 11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

GRC external cladding panel Thermal insulation Primary concrete beam Inset glazing frame in concrete beam GRP louver fins Double glazing panel Fixing bracket for louver support Primary steel structure, insulated and clad Primary concrete beam

10 Spotlight fixture 11 GRC cladding 12 Water gully

8

13 Thermal insulation with waterproofing membrane 14 Glazing frame 15 Steel baseplate 16 Steel anchor into concrete structure 17 Steel bracket to hold GRC panel

7 12

13 14

15 16 17 10 17 11

roof skylights

KEY JUNCTION SKYLIGHT

50

1 casting primary support stucture

2 assembly of formwork

The construction process of the roof begins after the primary support structureconcrete arches are cast , they sit on the mega columns and will transfer the dead load of the roof through them to the pile foundations.

A rigid formwork is constructed to as a base for the construction of the roof.

3 assembly of prefabricate concrete elements

4 preparation for casting

Prefabricated concrete panels are brought to the site and are gradually laid on the formwork and joint together. After completion of the construction process these precast beams will act as permanent formwork for the roof .

Once the prefabricated elements are assembled together the steel reinforcement mesh is put on top and the top layer of formwork is placed

5 pouring concrete

6 assembly of glazing elements and removal of formwork

The top layer of concrete is cast resting on the prefabricate concrete elements.

7 grc cladding assembly

While the formwork is being removed all glazing elements and internal lining are also assembled

8 Ready for use

Waterproofing membrane is placed onto the surface followed by an insulation layer and protective membrane. Then the GRC panels are assembled and the cladding is complete.

ROOF METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

51

1 demolition of existing buildings The construction process begins with the demolition of the existing structures on site. The demolition of 2 of the buildings has already began, so the process will be easier.

4 casting cores After the foundations are on site the structural cores (mega columns) are gradually cast on site till they reach the base layer of the waffle.

7 casting structural walls

2 excavation The platform level and the sunken plaza levels are excavated and prepared for construction.

5 construction of plaza While the structural cores are being casted the prices of constructing the sunken spaces in the plaza and the plaza begins.

8 casting second layer of mega-structure

6 casting first layer of mega-structure The casting of the waffle base layer begins once the concrete columns reach the appropriate level. The slab is constructed using pods and is build in segments in order to stress post longitudinal tension cables integrated in the floor system.

9 casting concrete arches

Structural walls are cast after the completion of the base layer as an extension to the concrete structure.

The second layer of the mega-structure is constructed , which forms a roof and public floor for the courtroom.

Once the mega-structure is completed the concrete arches are cast on the structural cores.

10 assembly of prefabricated concrete elements

11 casting second layer of roof structure

12 cladding

The roof construction begins with assembly of the prefabricated concrete elements and layering of the steel reinforcement.

prepared.

The second layer of the roof is cast on site once the framwork is

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

52

3 foundations and platforms After the ground is prepared base layer of foundation is cast including pile foundations for cores (with sunken pit in the concrete cap).

The final phase makes the building watertight with glazing and cladding integrated. Internally the building has a final fit-out.

1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8

1 glass reinforced plastic

Glass-reinforced plastic is used for the louveres at the top of the courtroom. The material was chosen due to its light weight and the stuctural properties

5 etched walking surface glass

Some modules of the concrete slab on the public level have integrated glass openings, to allow natural light in the court level hallway. The structural glass is formed of several layers of etched glass joined together, that way the light penetration is greater than if it was frosted, but it also restricts the views to the upper level.

2 perforated acoustic panels

For acoustic properties of the building the internal cladding of the roof has integrated perforated GRC panel with Acoustic insulation behind. GRC was chosen for continuity of architectural qualities

6 marble cladding

For aesthetic reasons to create a place of power an authority for the interior of the courtroom is used a thin layer of gray marble, sourced from France.

3 glass reinforced concrete

GRC cladding is used for the major part of the building: roof, structural walls and edge detail of waffle structure as well as the caps of the waffle slab. This cladding material was used due to its high performance ,minimal weight, durability and visual connection with the main structural material- in-situ concrete.

7 in-situ concrete

In-situ concrete is used for all major structural elements due to its high stress and post tensioning capability to form the waffle mega-structure. In-situ concrete is also chosen because of its durability and low maintenance.

Furthermore, the finished material is generally considered fireproof and withstands very high heat exposure, making structures safer from collapse in emergencies; due to the slow heat transfer walls act as fire shield between spaces. Lastly, concrete has a very high thermal mass , meaning that once warmed. it retains hear for longer period of time.

4 double glazing

All glazing in the building incorporat double glazed-units. Despite its greater weight it is beter solution than ETFE sheet due to its high performance and the low need for maintenance.

8 brass louvers

The second feature of the facade is routating brass louvers , offset from the main glazing panels, they provide better solar and privacy control for the users and serve as contrast element to the monolithic concrete structure. The material was chosen due to its accessibility and ease of manufacturing perforated patterns in these sheet.

OVERALL MATERIAL STRATEGY 53

54

15

1 16

2

17

3 4 5 6

18 19 20

7 8 9

10 11

21 22

12

13

23

14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Closed louvers for maximum privacy and solar control.

Integrated drainage gully GRC panels attached to structural wall Thermal insulation with waterproofing layer Steel bracket to support edge GRC panels Service void Rotating louver mechanism Double glazing units Glazing frame Solid brass louvers

Louvers rotate at 45 degrees, allowing full natural light, but restricting views from public.

10 GRC cladding panel (wall mounted) 11 GRC cladding steel frame 12 Perforated brass screen 13 GRC edge cladding with drip detail 14 Steel bracket holding GRC cladding 15 Double glazed panel 16 Roof build up 17 Walkable etched glass 18 In-situ waffle slab 19 Concrete perimeter edge

Louvers rotate at 90 degrees, filtering light and allowing view from public into the building.

20 Return air duct 21 Structural wall 22 Supply air duct 23 Thermal insulation with waterproofing layer wraps around

KEY ELEMENT FACADE DETAIL The proposal aims to deal with the skin of the building with three outline principles, which in turn determine its nature and function. The proposal’s varied programmatic spaces result in the need for different amounts of visibility within the building, varying from more private judge quarters to more, to more open communal spaces. A user controlled facade provides for this.The facade is responds to the environmental requirements of thermal comfort and provide solar shading for the users. The facade is responds to the environmental requirements of thermal comfort and provide solar shading for the users.The design drivers of the building concept is to allow public to experience the court and its process to varying degrees, though a series of experiences of the space. The facade therefore, plays a key role in the concept of exposing the process.

55

1

2

3

4

5

4 thermal mass

1 waffle slab

The depth of the waffle slab allows for the integration of services. The base slab is mainly used for hosting the services due to its grater thickness.

2 waffle perimeter edge

The waffle perimeter edge hosts a number of services-air ducts for the ventilation of the public spaces, water distribution pipes and extraction system for the level bellow.

As the whole building is constructed using concrete its properties as thermal mass could be utilised for the building systems.

5 solar control

Rotating brass screens, on the facade of the building help the users achieve wanted daylight control. Majority of the louvers are perforated , filtering light entering the spaces.

3 ventilation

The building is ventilated using displacement system. Air is dispersed underfloor for offices and from the concrete edge perimeter for the upper level.

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY AND BUILDING SYSTEMS

56

57

2

6

5

4 1

9

1 Main courtroom 2 Translators 3 Press 4 Meeting space 5 Judges quarter 6 Waiting area 7 Lawyer quarters 8 Custody 9 Platforms 1:100 58

3

6

8

7

9

59

3

3

6

6

10

12

1

8

5

4

1

11

13

1 Main courtroom 2 Pressroom 3 Press 4 Deliberate room 5 Shared atrium 6 Waiting area 7 Forum, discussion space 8 Custody 9 Main entrance

10 Restricted entrance 11 Concourse 12 Ticket hall 13 Platforms

60 1:250

3

2

6

7 8

5

4

1

9

11

12

61

10

9

4 8

3

11

6

7

4

5

9

platform level 1 Main entrance to the court 2 Liverpool street station 3 Plaza 4 Underground commercial units and restaurants integrated in plaza 5 Eurostar platform level 6 Plaza extension into station 7 Direct underground link to Liverpool street station 8 Court entrance from plaza 9 Concourse level 10 Restricted entrance 11 Outdoor amphitheater

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1:500

1

2

10

10 11

3

3

13

16

4

13

16 5 9 6

7 12

8

14

7 6 9 5 12

15

4

12

15 5 9 6 7 8

12

14

7

6 9

5

12

17 4

18

court level 1 Public entrance 2 Forum discussion space 3 Toilet facilities

3

3

4 Main courtroom

1

5 Custody, bailiff and court staff area 6 Small courtroom

2

2

7 Deliberate room 8 Shared atrium 9 Meeting area 10 Kitchen area 11 Restricted entrance 12 Judge quarter 13 Court office: consulting 14 Lawyer quarter 15 Court office: processing 16 Court office: investigation 17 Court office 18 Breakout area

1:500

63

2

3

1

3

4

3

1

3

4

3

1

2

public level 1 Main courtroom 2 Pressroom 3 Waiting area 4 Shared atrium

64

1:500

2

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

APPENDIX

INITIAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION

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ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION With this first attempt on the tectonic artifact I explored the integration of various architectural shapes in the landforms. The process starts with the investigation of individual models and playing with the negative spaces created by the excavation of regular and irregular forms and the addition of certain elements. These tests were then taken further with the composition of the artifact, where a typical approach to urban design was compared to the nonlinear approach of integrating the forms within the natural landforms.

79

NATURAL EROSION Taking the investigation further, I explored how nature creates such negative spaces. Simulating a natural erosion process, where heavy rain will fall creating small ponds, which with time will start to gradually erode the rock surface. This process was repeated numerous times in order to investigate the spaces that are created at each stage. The land-form will be transformed to a self created web structure which will remain standing following it’s own structural logic. Creating the possibility for this spaces to be inhabited and developed further.

80

BORROWED FROM NATURE Zooming in these series of diagrams explore the possibility of integrating architectural solutions within these eroded spaces. The first set is looking at the creation of spaces at a stag , where the natural structural system created by the erosion is still maintained and could be fully utilised by the users to create their own structures. Investigating further the structural logic of the natural web will give idea how it could be maintained even after the complete collapse of the natural forms , when full erosion is reached. The last set investigates this scenario, when the natural land forms are gone, but the architectural space created is still carry their logic, thus mimicking nature.

81

FIRST STAGE OF ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION

82

LAST STAGE OF NATURAL COLLAPSE

83

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Maggie Lan www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2018 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

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UNIT @unit14_ucl

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P I O N E E R I N G S E N T I M E N T

2018

At the centre of Unit 14’s academic exploration lies Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’, a master-builder that follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal of the designer as somebody who is capable of comprehending the ‘integrateable significance’ of specialised findings and is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of these discoveries while not disappearing into a career of expertise.

Like Fuller, we are opportunists in search of new ideas and their benefits via architectural synthesis.

As such Unit 14 is a test bed for exploration and innovation, examining the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. We are in search of the new, leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital as well as physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation with a research-driven core, generating momentum through astute synthesis.

Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and through the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new and unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals. They are beautiful because of their intelligence - extraordinary findings and the artful integration of those into architecture.

This year’s UNIT 14 focus shifts onto examining moments of pioneering sentiment. We find out about how human endeavor, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate and advance cultural as well as technological means while driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Supported by competent research we search for the depicted pioneering sentiment and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation.

The underlying principle and observation of our investigations is that futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. A prominent thinker is the Californian Syd Mead who envisages and has scripted a holistic vision of the future with his designs and paintings.

As universal as our commitment and thoughts is our testbed and territory for our investigations and proposals. Possible sites are as such global or specific to our visits, as much as the individual investigations suggest and opportunities arrive. Unit 14 is supported by a working relationship with innovators across design. We engage specialists, but remain generalists, synthesising knowledge towards novel ways of thinking, making and communicating architecture.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Maggie Lan www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2018 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

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