Daniel Avilan_Y4 |Unit 14 | Bartlett School of Architecture

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THE CZECH NATIONAL BREWERY

DANIEL AVILAN YEAR 4

UNIT

Y4 DA

OCCUPY VITKOV

@unit14_ucl

All work produced by Unit 14 Cover design by Maggie Lan www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2018 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.

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DANIEL AVILAN YEAR 4 avilandaniel@gmail.com danielavilan.net @avilan_digital_archive

O C C U P Y V I T KOV The Czech National Brewery Prague, Czech Republic

The urban legend The Knights of Blanik Mountain has it that the large army of Czech knights led by St. Wenceslas sleeps inside the mountain. The knights awaken to help the Czech Republic when it is in great danger.

Vitkov Hill — the current site of The National Monument celebrating Czech Statehood remains an unoccupied and unengaging monument within the city.

Could Vitkov Hill be the site for the people of Prague to occupy and save the Czech Republic from leaving the EU?

A slice of monument is repossessed by the brewery in order to juxtapose the existing monument with the new social space. This dichotomy establishes a democratic space from the authoritarian monument. A tripartite scheme defines the brewery intervention: the louvres, the central node, and the vaulted beer hall.

The brewery is generated through the synthesis of these three systems. Each system gives the monument a new spatial experience; a democratic social space.

The monument is once again repossessed and used to celebrate Czech culture. This conversion of the National Monument into the Czech National Brewery pursues a democratization of the monument.

Y4 DA

Beer has defined Czech Culture for centuries — from František Ondřej Poupě’s writings on brewing beer to leading the world in beer per capita for 23 consecutive years. By creating a social infrastructure within the country, beer can create spaces where democratic social events can occur.

for visitors. This programmatic oversight leads to a missed opportunity to celebrate Czech culture.

A repossession of the National Monument seeks to democratize the monument by creating a National Brewery for the Czech people.

EL +244m

EL +246m

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T

he Czech Republic is under threat of Czexit — a Czech exit of the European Union. Being one of Europe’s highest Eurosceptics, and a President who is in favor of leaving the EU, Czechia is on the verge of detrimental disaster. Can Czech culture save the Czech Republic from making an irreversible mistake?

EL +246m

Line of Beer Hall Below

1 Vaulting Fenestration EL +250m

3 Vaulting Fenestration

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11 Changing Area

2

Emergency Stair from Level -2

Line of Louvres Above

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Brewery Tanks

Restaurant Kitchens

Glass Floor Brewery Service Core

Existing National Monument Plinth

Dining Area

Existing Promenade

EL +252m

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Stair to Level -1

Existing Stai to Level +1 Glass Floor

Beer Spa

EL +250m EL +252m

Existing National Monument Stair

Stair to Level -1

B

Glass Floor

Timber Frame Structure

Toilets

B Existing Lift to All Levels Existing Stair to Level +1

Pub

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Existing National Monument Plinth

New Lifts to Level -2

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Emergency Stair from Level -2

Line of Louvres Above

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Vaulting Fenestration

13 7 EL +246m

Vaulting Fenestration

Line of Beer Hall Below

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The National Monument at Vitkov reflects the bizarre history of the Czech Republic’s last 100 years.

However, shortly after its completion in 1920, Nazi Plunder took its toll on the monument and the country.

Several decades later, the Soviet’s occupied the monument in order to propagate their regime. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the building became a living reminder of the history the people had to endure.

Today, the monument is an awkward and unused infrastructure that is rarely seen or even used by the Czech people. The architecture itself is uninviting — a locked front door creates a distasteful side entrance

Key Section

Ground Level Existing National Monument 0m

50m

100m

New Brewery

1 Beer Hall 2 Stair to Level +1 3 Stair to Level -1 4 Lift to All Levels 5 Brewery 6 Restaurant 7 Stair to Level -2 8 Dining Area

Scale 1:300 @ A2 9 Beer Spa 10 Changing Area 11 Toilets 12 Stair Level +1 13 Lift to Level -2 14 Existing Monument Plinth

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Daniel Avilan Medina

Occupy Vitkov

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Section I — Abstract National Monument at Vitkov

Section II — Carving, Worship and Spectacle Solid and Void Relationships at the City Scale Worship: From Scared Spaces to Statolatry Spectacle: State of Celebration

Section III — Democratize the Monument Czech Culture — A History of Beer Historic Relationship to Beer Slavic Culture Czech Populism: Czexit Scares Beer — A Cultural Symbol Make Beer Great Again Save Water, Drink Beer: Alphonse Mucha The Knights of Blaník Mountain The Monument — Site and Structural Analysis 90 Years of Vitkov Hill Building Tectonics Plan Structural Analysis Sectional Analysis Environmental Conditions Urban Node and Protected View Corridor Promenade Occupy the Hill — The Knights of Vitkov Hill Programme and Brief X-Ray Genesis Brewery Analysis Brewery Intervention

Section IV — Repossession Overview — Structural Systems Development of Brewery Opening the Monument Transfer Structure and Promenade Vaulting Construction — Sequence From Monument to Brewery Tank Suspension Opening the Monument — Jewellery Box The End of Monumentality Operable Louvre System Promenade — The New Beer Hall Extension of the Promenade Transfer Structure Vaulting — Brewery Typology and Structural System Vaulting Analysis Brewery Typology Load Distribution Environmental — A Lightweight Splice Optimization Lighting Strategy Ventilation Strategy Passive Design

Section V — Occupy Vitkov Site Plan Plans Sections Details Interior Visualizations Exterior Visualizations References

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Section I Abstract

The National Monument at Vitkov in Prague was once built to celebrate Czech statehood. However, both the Nazis’ and the Soviet Army took possession of the monument in order to propagate their regime. After the war, the monument was once again taken back by the Czech people and used as a museum. The isolated and unused monument remains an unpleasant reminder of the history the Czech people have faced.

A brewery takes the form of Prague’s unused monument to serve as a polemic against the monument. Upon the plinth, overlooking the city, this new cultural center uses beer a means to bring the Czech people together into one space. Through its scale and porosity, the brewery establishes a new core; extending the old Ceremonial Hall once used for the communist state into a large beer hall.

The new form of celebration is of the tanks and the culture that thrives in the Czech Republic.

Various programmatic elements radiate around the brewery, always in view of the tanks and the beer it creates.

This creates circulation both vertically and horizontally throughout the space. Occupy Vitkov repossesses the hill through a carved public landscape with the heavy monumental plinth in which it sits.

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Shifting History

1928

The monument comes with both political and social significance to the city of Prague. After its completion in 1938, the Nazi regime took possession of the monument and used it as a storage unit. Shortly thereafter, the communist regime took the reins and occupied the monument for propaganda and burial of their soldiers during the war.

When the Cold War had ended, the monument was changed to a museum to celebrate Czech statehood — programmatic oversight. Today the monument is unused and overlooks the city without purpose.

Laying of foundation The National Memorial built by the project of the architect Jan Zázvorka was constructed in honor of the Legionnaires and the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic. It is a constructivist building with the length of 142 m, width of 27.6 m and the main building height of 31.5 m The Monument was built from 1928–1938 in honor of the World War I Czechoslovak legionaries. The Czechoslovak Legion were volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs with a small number of Slovaks fighting together with the Entente powers during World War I.

1938

buildup of concrete skeleton overlooking Prague

Building completion The first symbolic excavation for laying a foundation stone was made by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk on 8 November 1928 and the construction works were initiated in 1929.

The massive granite block paneled building was completed in 1932; the works on the interior decoration continued until 1938.

concrete skeleton of ceremonial hall

1939 Nazi storage unit The works on the nearly completed memorial were interrupted by the German occupation. During the World War II Wehrmacht used the premises as a storage space and they were significantly devastated.

When World War II began, the lower buildings of the museum, now the Institute of Military History, were seized.

The Monument's building escaped the Wehrmacht's attention until November 1942. The administration of the Monument took advantage of this period to secretly remove everything valuable, such as metals for casting sculptures, and works of art. From November 1942 the Monument was occupied by the German administration and until the end of the war.

1938

1939

Building completion

Nazi Storage Unit

weapons, clothes, and other artillery stored within the ceremonial hall

1968 Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia After the Soviet’s began to enter Czechia, they used the monument to celebrate their warriors and other war propaganda.

The Hall of the Soviet Army, which was built additionally in the form of the apse in 1955, is lined with marble; the bronze door with relief decoration is the work of Jan Kavan and Jan Simota. The sarcophagus contains remains of an Unknown Soviet soldier. On the walls there are mosaic murals by Vladimír Sychra together with verses by Vítězslav Nezval beneath.

1990

Programmatic Oversight In 2001 the National Memorial in Vítkov got under the management of the National Museum. From May 2007 to October 2009 the Memorial was closed for reconstruction.

The ceremonial opening was held on 25 October 2009 and the Memorial has been open for public since 29 October 2009.

The museum is very disconnected from the city. Hardly any citizens visit the space even though it holds highly important cultural and historical significance. The site becomes another tourist site.

celebrating the remains of unkown warriors stored at the monument

2009–Present Repossession By converting the space into a brewery, the monument becomes again a space for the people of the Czech Republic. After various repossessions, the space is given back to people.

Repossession

Throughout the past century, the Czech people have seen their society change drastically due to the political climate. The monument is a living reminder of these events that occurred.

By tapping into the Czech pastime of beer drinking, the monument can celebrate statehood through an appropriate programmatic strategy: a brewery. This solid structure can be carved away to reveal and open the monument for rich cultural events and social gatherings.

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1968

2009

Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia

Crossroads of Czech and Czechoslovak Statehood

Section II Carving, Worship and Spectacle

Initial research investigations into aggregation strategies focused on achieving various degrees of porosity. These studies were then used to experiment with solid and void relationships with the building mass in which the project carves away. The plinth — a black monolith in these studies — serves as a base for the carving to allow different circulation and spatial subdivisions.

The latter research attempts to site the project in a location that responds to modern day worship. The first study looks at urban development conditions that revolved around the specific placement of sacred architecture. For example, in European cities, we see a centralized form of cities take shape while in eastern countries, sprawl and other organic forms take place.

By the 1900s, the worship of the state became a global phenomenon. They asserted that the glorification and aggrandizement of ‘State’ or ‘Nation’ is the object of all legitimate human aspiration at the expense of all else, including personal welfare and independent thought.

In todays society, we see a state of celebrating culture. Each cultural node in the world contains a specific form a event of exhibit that defines that specific area. These spectacles are what characterizes a place and represents democratic forms of worship.

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Cube This impossible loop creates mรถbean circulation through the unlimited possibilities of surface that becomes wall, floor, and ceiling. M.C. Escher and Sou Fujimoto use drawing and building to experiment with these varied methods of circulation.

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20 X 20

40 X 40

80 X 80

100% 0%

80% 20%

60% 40%

50% 50%

40% 60%

30% 70%

20% 80%

10% 90%

20Âł A system of porosity is created by dividing a 20x20x20 cube. A series of carvings take place within and around the cube in order to develop a spatial strategy. The cube is divide into 20x20, 40x40, and 80x80 respectively.

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20x20 The first cube in this series successfully creates an interesting spatial strategy. An equal proportion of solid and void balance the artefact.

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40x40 The second model of this series is further explored based on the density and spatial juxtaposition between solid and void.

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80x80 The spatial arrangement of the third artefact in this series creates a grain along the model that creates stairs and areas of intense circulation.

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Borobudur, Indonesia Borobudor is the world’s largest Buddhist temple. Borobudur is built as a single large stupa and, when viewed from above, takes the form of a giant tantric Buddhist mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist cosmology and the nature of mind. The design of Borobudur took the form of a step pyramid.

Situated along the center of the Central Java, Borobudor creates a fan of spiralling jettys along it’s periphery.

Using these precedents, the site in Vitkov sets the monument above the city, a prominent location within the city

Church of Saint George, Ethiopia This church was carved from a type of volcanic tuff. This is the sole architectural material that was used in the structure. It is among the best known and last built of the eleven churches in the Lalibela area, and has been referred to as the “Eighth Wonder of the World”.

The Church of St. George creates a pin wheel around the main structure. Although the original site was much larger than it is today, the city was created as a galaxy to the center sacred node.

Varanasi, India Located on the banks of the holy Ganges, Varanasi is regarded among the holiest of the Hindu cities. Among the estimated 23,000 temples in Varanasi, the temples most popular for worship are: the Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva; the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple; and the Durga Temple. The Kashi Vishwanath Temple complex consists of a series of smaller shrines, located in a small lane called the Vishwanatha Galli, near the river.

Being along side the river, the city ripples away from the banks of the Ganges toward the center of India. The city grows from the bank-side toward the vast land to the west.

Kaaba, Saudi Arabia The Holy Kaaba is a building at the center of Islam’s most sacred mosque. The Kaaba is a cubical stone structure made of granite. The Hajj requires pilgrims to circumambulate seven times around the Kaaba in a counter-clockwise direction.

The Kabba creates an axis along the city of Mecca. The city grows along the major axis while expanding slightly on its minor axis as well.

Ise Grand Shrine, Japan The architectural style of the Ise shrine is known as shinmei-zukuri. The old shrines are dismantled and new ones built on an adjacent site to exacting specifications every 20 years at exorbitant expense, so that the buildings will be forever new and forever ancient and original. The present buildings, dating from 2013, are the 62nd iteration to date and are scheduled for rebuilding in 2033.

The Ise Grand Shrine is located on the city edge. The city is created conically toward the Ise Bay to the North.

The shrine is seen as a separate entity to the city.

St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City St. Peter’s is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and the largest church in the world. The dome of St. Peter’s rises to a total height of 136 metres from the floor of the basilica to the top of the external cross. It is the tallest dome in the world. The design of St. Peter’s Basilica, and in particular its dome, has greatly influenced church architecture in Western Christendom.

Within the city, St. Peter’s and Vatican City situate itself within the center of the city. The city radiates around it.

The church creates a typology for the European city plan.

Canterbury Cathedral, UK Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England. It forms part of a World Heritage Site. The building is also the most prominent in Canterbury. It situates itself in the center of Canterbury. The city radiates around it, creating a typology for the European city.

Worship

Sacred Spaces Transform the Urban Fabric

Trinity Church, USA This church in New York has been significant to the city’s history for over 300 years. In the late 1600s, the Church was built in response to the purchase of lower Manhattan by the Church of England. The city sprawled around it in varying directions. The latter half of Manhattan was then planned much differently through the gridded complex of the metropolis.

Places of worship have had influence on the way cities are planned and built in different religions, cultures, and geographical location.

Sites like Canterbury Cathedral have created a centralized city fabric while sites like Borobudor take form of a spiralling jetty. This way of designing urban master plans was commonplace for places of ritual.

In Prague, the monument acts like a places of worship: a worship of the state. The National Monument sits along a promenade like the Vatican while propped up on the hill, overlooking the city and mirroring its antithetical counterpart the St Vitus Cathedral. The monument, with it’s political history, contains these elements of worship explored in this study.

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Russian Army Theater The huge building, dominating the Suvorov Square and scored to resemble a red Soviet star, was constructed between 1934 and 1940. The theatre has been supposed to have the largest stage in all of Europe. It was large enough to host real tanks, cavalry and big models of ships.

The auditorium has 1,900 seats.

Palace of Culture + Science Construction started in 1952 and lasted until 1955. A gift from the Soviet Union to the people of Poland, the tower was constructed, using Soviet plans, by 3,500 to 5,000 Russian workers and 4,000 Polish workers. As the city’s most visible landmark, the building was controversial from its inception. Many Poles initially hated the building because they considered it to be a symbol of Soviet domination, and at least some of that negative feeling persists today. Regardless of its political connotations, the building destroyed the aesthetic balance of the old city and imposed dissonance with other buildings.

During the monument’s history, the building was used for state run worship. A propaganda machine was developed through this architecture

Rusakov Workers’ Club

National Monument at Vítkov In 1918 an independent Czechoslovak state was declared. The state consistently supported activities aimed at maintaining and developing the tradition of foreign legions.

In 1938 the Monument was prepared to officially become state property, but this was precluded by the events following the Munich Conference. Thus the Monument remained property of the Union and the artwork decorations were not fully completed.

Statolatry

Worship of the State

Many sites in Eastern Europe hold similar circumstances with the remains of monumental structures built under authoritarian rule. For instance, the Palace of Culture and Science was gifted to the Polish people during the Soviet invasion of Eastern Europe. These large scaled structures symbolized a stark political rule that left many in fear and uncertainty.

Many of these sites were used to worship the political state and imperial aggression.

Statolatry asserts that the glorification and aggrandizement of ‘State’ or ‘Nation’ is the object of all legitimate human aspiration at the expense of all else, including personal welfare and independent thought.

The National Monument contains murals, statues, and artefacts that were designed and built by the Soviet Union. These artefacts continue to remind the Czech people of the reign of terror that was instilled upon them with the Soviet regime.

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Konstantin Melnikov’s Club in Moscow shows an intense fascination with dramatic structure, in this case through bold cantilevered seating constructed of reinforced concrete. While the only visible materials used in its construction are concrete, brick, and glass, the reinforced concrete construction was created through the assembly of geometric volumes with sharp angles and diagonal lines that resemble an enormous mechanical gear, further exemplifying the Soviet’s interests in the forces of industrialization.

Project Loon, Google This project by Google uses high speed internet transmitted up to the nearest balloon from a telecommunications hub on the ground, relayed across the balloon network, and then back down to users on the ground. They have demonstrated data transmission between balloons over 100 km apart in the stratosphere and back down to people on the ground with connection speeds of up to 10 Mbps, directly to their LTE phones. The most current test took place after a massive hurricane hit Puerto Rico.

Each region in the world is famous for a certain social event. For the Czech people: it is beer. A brewery best suits the cultural significance of beer in the Czech Republic.

Santa Caterina Market, Barcelona This proposal aimed to incorporate the extreme complexity of the setting itself by creating a commercial market complemented by a residential zone and public spaces that integrated all the activities of the neighbourhood. The proposal superimposes new architecture on old, mixes them, and comes up with a conglomerate, a hybrid that accentuates usefulness and is contemporary. The interior distribution of the market was reorganized; there are fewer stands but the access and service systems are rationalized.

Ultra Music Festival, Miami Production designer Steve Lieberman of SJ Lighting spent a week and a half sketching out the multi-tiered Carl Cox design, which in the end, featured motion-controlled LED screens lined with lighting and positioned above the audience.

“In my 18-year history of working on Ultra and 10+ years as LD for the Carl Cox Mega structure,” says Lieberman, “these were the best stages we’ve ever produced.”

Metropol Parasol, Seville This massive timber structure (which is one of the largest timber structures built in the world) draws residents and visitors back to the city center as its striking aesthetic provides a variety of markets and restaurants bounded by the dynamic shape of the parasols.

The structure consists of six parasols in the form of giant mushrooms, whose design is inspired by the vaults of the Cathedral of Seville and the ficus trees in the nearby Plaza de Cristo de Burgos.

Fremont Street, Las Vegas Fremont Street is a street in Las Vegas, Nevada, and is the second most famous street in the Las Vegas Valley after the Las Vegas Strip. Fremont Street formerly carried several national highways, including U.S. Route 93, US 95, and 466. The section of Fremont Street east of the Fremont East District is currently designated Nevada State Route 582.

The current street is covered by a system of digital canopy that cover the pedestrian mile underneath.

Through this spectacle, visitors enter shops, restaurants and other entertainment along the long massive corridor.

Piccadilly Circus, London The phrase it’s like Piccadilly Circus is commonly used in the UK to refer to a place or situation which is extremely busy with people. It has been said that a person who stays long enough at Piccadilly Circus will eventually bump into everyone they know. Piccadilly Circus was surrounded by illuminated advertising hoardings on buildings, starting in 1908 with a Perrier sign, but only one building now carries them, the one in the Northwest corner between Shaftesbury Avenue and Glasshouse Street.

Crystal Palace, London The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass structure originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1868, the world’s first aeronautical exhibition was held in the Crystal Palace. In 1871, the world’s first cat show, organised by Harrison Weir, was held there. Other shows, such as dog shows, pigeon shows, honey, flower shows, as well as the first national motor show were also held at the Palace. On 30 November 1936 came the building caught fire and within hours the Palace was destroyed.

State of Celebration

Democratic Socialism: Events and Social Spaces Westfield Horton Plaza, San Diego Horton Plaza was the $140 million centerpiece of a downtown redevelopment project run by The Hahn Company, and is the first example of architect Jon Jerde’s so-called “experience architecture”. Its mismatched levels, long one-way ramps, sudden drop off’s, dramatic parapets, shadowy colonnades, cul-de-sacs, and brightly painted façades create an architectural experience in dramatic contrast to the conventional wisdom of mall management. By making the mall an attraction in itself, Jerde stood this model on its head.

Society today prides itself on the cultural events it puts forth. Cities have defined themselves by the cultural infrastructure that define their culture. For instance, Las Vegas is world renowned for it’s gambling and night-life culture. In the Czech Republic, beer culture is bred in the culture from birth.

Most of the events that take place in Czech culture surrounds drinking. By emphasizing this culture, Czech culture can flourish.

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Section III Democratize the Monument

Czech culture is famous for its love of beer. This is evident it the long history the Czech people have with beer: from the beer bible to politician’s using beer to getting elected.

With the rise of populism, the Czech Republic looms as another country who could potentially leave the European Union. Czechia is one of the second lowest countries in the EU to have the highest Euroskepticism. The rise of these fears lead many in the country uncertain of the republic’s future.

By using Czech culture as a tool, a brewery could be established to give the Czech people a space to gain social and political perspective on the complex issues they face as a society. This brewery can help save the Czech Republic from the much feared Czexit that impends.

The monument — with its charged history and presence in the Czech capital — becomes a perfect site for a return to Czech nationalism. The untouched and distant monument is an awkward piece of architecture that reminds the people of a troubled past that they would never want to return to. This gives the opportunity to repossess the monument and make it a monument of the people.

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1880 Czech Beer Bible František Ondřej Poupě wrote what would be the beginning of the Czech’s worship of beer. In the end of the 18th century, The first beer-brewing textbook was written; which instituted the use of thermometers and other measuring instruments in beer brewing.

In a difficult time Countess Marianna Clam-Martinic helped Poupě with an offering him a brewery place in Slaný. Here's where the pump begins to use a thermometer and so-called beer weight .

1940-1990 Socialism: Legal Leisure

“The Art of Brewing Beer Physico-Chemically-Economically Described”

WWI breweries survived, operating in a restricted mode and without much innovation. They grew again in the period between the wars. However, WWII brought restrictions again in the production of beer for all breweries. The protectorate brewery had problems in requiring the raw materials needed for the production of beer.

After the war, the brewery was nationalized and faced a lack of workers. The management solved this problem by employing the first-ever women in the brewery. Kozel delivered the world's first beer in tank trucks and gave rise to the tradition of the tank brasseries.

Under socialism, beer drinking was one of the few legal leisure-time activities there was, and the beer industry was one of the few that the whole nation could be proud of.

1993 Beer per Capita Which country has had the highest beer per capita since 1993? The answer to that question is resounding: the Czech Republic. According to research by the Japanese beverage company Kirin, the country has topped the per capita beer drinking table for 23 consecutive years.

In 2015, the most recent year for which statistics are available, the Czechs drank 142.4 litres per person. That's the equivalent of 250 pints – or one every 35 hours.

There's light-coloured (světlé) beer, which usually comes in ten-degree and twelve-degree varieties, and has more of a bitter flavor. Then there's also dark (tmavé), or black (černé) beer, which is generally sweeter.

2010 Czech Beer Festivals Czech Beer Festival is the biggest beer festival in the Czech Republic, held for 17 days every year in May in Prague. The festival features around 120 different beers, including 70 Czech brands and other foreign brews, including those from the United States or United Kingdom, with up to 10,000 seating capacity and service provide around 200 girls and boys dressed in Czech traditional costumes.

2016

LOWER BEER TAX PLEDGE The surprise comments were made during a television appearance in 2016. Mr. Babiš stated that he wanted to announce “to the entire nation” his plan to lower the VAT rate on draft beer from 21 percent to 10 percent.

This was an unprecedented way in which politics was used to influence electoral campaigns.

This phenomenon created a new way for political leaders to sway elections with something that Czech people find their most important cultural aspect.

Light— beer brewed below 8° Balling and with less than 130 Kj per 100ml Výčepní— "tap" beer, though it can be bottled, brewed between 8°—10° Ležák— "lager" beer, brewed between 11° and 12.99° Speciál— "special" beer, brewed above 13°.

2018 Worship of Beer Czech urban legend has it that drinking beer makes you live longer, because it reduces the aluminum in the body, saving it from the effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Considering that life expectancy in the Czech Republic is among the lowest in Europe, this may be stretching the truth a little.

These legends create a culture of beer worship that creates a fruitful culture for the people of the Czech Republic. By creating a brewery, these people can continue to interact through these spaces.

Slavic Beer Culture

Prague is a democratic good that is available to everyone in the Czech Republic. The average cost of a pint of beer is around £0.80. Since the beer is so cheap, over 90% of the Czech public drinks some form of alcohol.

Throughout Czech history, Czechia has always had a special relationship with beer — from the worlds first book on brewing systems to being the worlds highest beer per capita for 23 consecutive years.

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The EU

Czechia joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004; it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe. It has high income economy and high living standards.

As a central European country, Czechia becomes a central node or distributor for Europe.

Czechia has committed to becoming a European nation. However, with the rise of populism, the Czech Republic fears to follow suit and leave the European Union.

ANO Chief Babiš Ruffles Feathers with lower Beer Tax Pledge The surprise comments were made during a television appearance in January, 2016.

Mr. Babiš stated that he wanted to announce “to the entire nation” his plan to lower the VAT rate on draft beer from 21 percent to 10 percent.

The finance minister again spoke to the press ahead of a parliamentary debate on his flagship scheme for mandatory electronic cash registers (or EET) for all transactions – a proposal for which the ANO leader so far lacks the necessary support. During the press event, Babiš pushed his idea to reduce the price of a half-litre of draft – though not bottled – beer by as much as CZK 3.60. He even held up placards both in support of lower beer VAT and his EET proposals.

Cut the VAT!

Like many countries in the European Union, the Czech Republic has it’s scepticism. In fact, Czechia is the second lowest country to distrust the EU behind Greece. According to Eurobarometer, more than 75% of the Czech people tend not to trust their own government and parliament.

Czech politicians use beer as a way to sway the votes of “ordinary” Czech citizens. With promises of lowering the VAT on beer, Czech politicians win over voters.

In response to the Babis’ attempts at winning over Czech voters with VAT cuts, the brewery is a serious proposal that gives the Czech people a space for recreation and culture diffusion.

Czech President holds up replica gun marked ‘for journalists’ in press conference

Milos Zeman, who has been in office since 2013, prompted particular controversy because his stunt comes just a week after a prominent investigative journalist was killed with a car bomb in Malta.

Mr Zeman has prompted controversy for his remarks about the press in the past and previously referred to journalists as “manure” and “hyenas.”

In May, he joked to Vladimir Putin that some of the journalists at event needed to be “liquidated” in comments which were widely condemned in the Czech Republic.

Mr Zeman’s brandishing of the mock submachine gun which included the “At journalists” inscription come just before the country voted in a populist billionaire. Mr Zeman said he would be naming Andrej Babis, the country’s second-richest man, the country’s Prime Minister on Saturday.

A Czech exit from the EU would be detrimental to the European Union as a whole. In order to stop Czexit, the brewery creates a space for Czech citizens to create social engagement that will lead to trusting the EU once again.

Populism

The Czech Republic has one of the highest levels of Euroskepticism among the EU’s member countries. Only 30 percent of Czechs have a positive image of the EU, according to the Eurobarometer. Due to the re-election of the Czech Prime Minister, a referendum may be in the Czech near future.

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Hospoda je BlĂ­zko The Pub is Near

Long Live Beer

The Monument, an unused and dormant architecture sits upon the hill overlooking the city. It’s lifeless status within the city creates strange memories for the Czech people. Could it be the building to save a Czexit and continue the long tradition of beer culure in the Czech Republic?

Make Beer Great Again

As a critique to Czech politicians exploiting lowering the VAT as a way to get elected, the building acts as a true gift to the Czech people. The new brewery acts a space for democracy and a place to drink beer. A gives the Czech people a new space to await for any scares of a Czech exit from the European Union.

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Hospoda je BlĂ­zko The Pub is Near

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Ušetřit Vodu, Pít Pivo Save Water, Drink Beer

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Uctívání piva?

Worship Beer?

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Czech Urban Legend: Knights of Blanik Mountain

Czech urban legend has it that a large army of Czech knights led by St. Wenceslas sleeps inside the mountain. The knights awaken to help the Czech Republic when it is in great danger. By occupying the Czech mountain, Czech culture is allowed to brew within the mountain and help in case of a referendum to leave the EU.

In order to avoid a detrimental Czexit (Czech Exit from the European Union), a space is needed for the Czech people to save the republic from making a catastrophic mistake. Like the Knights of Blanik Mountain, the new Knights of Vitkov Hill will hide at Vitkov and save the Czech Republic from leaving the European Union.

Ušetřit Vodu, Pít Pivo Save Water, Drink Beer

1898

2018

27

Existing Entry Sequence: Side Door Promenade

The three kilometre long path to monument makes the entry sequence a power journey to the monument. The existing condition does not take advantage of the path while the proposed sequence emphasizes it.

Existing Threshold Condition

The existing wrought iron door on site (below) is permanently closed. The main entrance is currently located on the south side of the monument through a recently added opening.

This entrance is underwhelming and takes away from the grand ceremonial hall that is located adjacent to the main entry.

Proposed Circulation Sequence

The proposed circulation uses the closed iron door as the new entry to the brewery. By carving new openings in the monument, a clear circulation flow is created through the longitudinal axis (below).

These openings also have vista connections with the tanks as one proceeds throughout the monument.

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Urban Context and Protected View Corridors

The long 3 km long promenade is an important path used for soldiers, parades, and other propaganda throughout the monument’s history. It is more than three times longer than Wenceslas square in Prague; which is one of Prague’s most important civic demonstration spaces.

The monument also has protected vistas towards it which created opportunities to connect with the city fabric. These sites views affect the city similar to London’s current urban conditions.

WENCESLAS SQUARE

700 M

VITKOV HILL

By taking advantage of the long promenade that exists on site, the circulation of the National Monument is extended down to the lower ground levels. This new circulation is used in order to access unused spaces within the monument.

3 KM

The protected site views make the monument a prevalent feature within the city. By opening up the structure, the monument has a new relationship to the city fabric. The tanks are now seen from all points along the city; celebrating Czech culture and beer.

29

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Initial environmental analysis of the existing building shows the dense concrete structure and it’s ability to heat itself from it’s thermal mass. The Thick concrete structure is a great tool for heat collecting during the winter, and cooling during the summer months. A strong westward wind comes during the year, creating a harsh winter condition during the later months of the year,

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A strong westward wind strikes the monument during the year. During the summer, the monument can open up to allow for passive cooling and close to protect against the harsh winter winds.

The proposal must also maximize solar gain by creating apertures for lighting as well as circulation in and out of the monument.

During the summer, Prague also receives a bit of rain that can be reused for the brewing system.

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Section III — The Monument

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Openings along the vaults also allow for daylighting. Vertical fins create protection from solar radiation as well as natural ventilation to the monument.

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A strong westward wing is potentially useful for natural ventilation along the large apertures created on the ends of the beer hall.

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Wind Rose Meteoblue.com, 2018 Prague Climate & Temperature Prague.climatemps.com, 2017 CLIMATE: AVERAGE MONTHLY WEATHER IN PRAGUE,CZECH REPUBLIC Weather-and-climate.com, 2017 Prague, Czechia - Sun path diagram Gaisma.com, 2018

Existing Ceremonial Hall Framework Roof Specifications Fluid applied waterproof membrane Rigid Insulation Protection board Root barrier Drainage water retention and filter fabric

Skylight

Presidential Lounge and Mezzanine

Continuous angle support at the head of the skylight Aluminum closure plate by window manufacturer colored and finished to match the window system with no exposed fasteners Continuous head flashing Self-adhesive waterproof membrane at top and external forward sheath

600 mm ddep access floor/service distribution zone Raised floor with suspension posts

Internal Beams Cast in place concrete L beam with vertical reinforcement

External Wall CMU inner wythe with vertical reinforcement Fenestration located on lower ground level Vapor Barrier CMU outer wythe with vertical reinforcement Exterior cladding concrete panels

Exterior Shell — The framework of the structure is solid — Concrete masonry units are used — Reinforced with rebar

Columns and Slab Steel column supporting skylight Steel Baseplate bolted to reinforced conerete slab Contious steel column through to lower ground foundation

Level +1 Slab — Waffle slab structure — Lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab, reducing the extent of foundations — Long span across Ceremonial Hall — The column heads and band beams are the same depth as the ribs

Foundation at Perimeter Wall Site cast concrete strip footing with vertical reinforcements

Upper Ground Level Steel reinforced concrete slab 150 mm thick Steel reinforced concrete joists to accommodate bending moments and deflection 610 mm OC Shear monolithic connection between beam and slab Travertine tiled floorplate Wall access /service distribution zone

Column Foundation Cast in place concrete pad with vertical reinforcement Interior Wall Metal Studs with batt insulation Marble cladding tile

Concrete Frame Structure — Beams are the horizontal load-bearing members of the frame — Main beams: Transmitting floor and secondary beam loads to the columns — Long span across Ceremonial Hall — Heavyweight masonry — Cast on site

Ground Level Slab — Waffle slab structure — Lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab, reducing the extent of foundations — Long span across Ceremonial Hall — The column heads and band beams are the same depth as the ribs — Large foundations at cores — Existing basement with strip footing

column bars

weld plates cast into columns

weld plates cast into beams

column ties

bearing pad

Concrete Plinth Base — Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete — Pre-cast concrete stairs — Delivery ramp on East end of monument

stirrups

Monumental Structure Skeletal Structure Paradox

reinforcement for beams

The National Monument’s most interesting paradox: a monumental building with a skeletal frame structure. Although the building is a massive solid block, it plays with solid and void on the interior, creating large sublime spaces within.

Carving the old building to reveal these spaces will create beer gardens and large public spaces for people to gather and drink.

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Plan Investigation Core Structure — Gravity load transfer to four solid cores on perimeter — Waffle slab allows for long spans and grand ceremonial hall

Areas of Development — Core potential to extend down to lower levels — Masonry walls removal for open floor plan

32

Through an analysis of the monument in plan, one can see the massive scale of the monument: a length of 143 meters and a width of 25 meters.

The plan is quite open on the inside with generous spaces.

+280.0m

3

The monument sits about 250 meters above the city on Vitkov Hill.

The main body of the monument is about two-thirds the size of the monument along the transverse axis. The waffle structure underneath the monument shows the large foundation that exists. The proposal must consider the forces coming from the monument in order to dig underneath the existing monument.

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Transverse Section 1 Ceremonial Hall 2 Exhibition Space

3 Skylight 4 Stair to Ground Level 50 m

0m

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Along the longitudinal axis, the procession from the city is crucial. Due to the main threshold being closed off indefinitely, the side entrance oversight degrades the monumental entry from the West end. Also, the existing skylight gives clues to the treatment of hanging the brewing tanks from the ceiling of the Ceremonial Hall. The existing basement can also extend to connect to the new proposal.

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Longitudinal Section

1929-1932 1932-1938 1950-1990 2007-2009

Section III — The Monument

1 Ceremonial Hall 2 Central Hall/Permanent Exhibition 3 Military Columbarium: Grave of Unknown Soldier 4 Statue of Jan Žižka 5 The Great National Sign 6 Western Vestige 7 Organ: The Largest in the Czech Republic 8 Columbarium: Deposited Agents of the Communist Regime 0m

50 m

9 Lifts and Stairways 10 Presidential Lounge 11 Mourning Site of Soviet Army 12 Hall of Soviet Army 13 The Command, Engine Room, Laboratory and Freezer 14 National Monument Čtverec 15 Stairway 16 Promenade

150 m

33

1.5 Monument: A History of Czech Statehood

90 Years of the National Monument at Vitkov

From left: Stalin in Czech Republic (1946), Military Parade (1950), Soviet Soldiers (1968) www.ctk.eu (Czech News Agency)

1928 Honour the Czech Legionnaires Vitkov Hill

Communist Propaganda

•Initial Visualization — The initial visuals of the monument showed a desire for monumentality and a grand monument on the plinth.

•Czechoslovak Republic — The Czech people are proud of their culture and heritage. This monument was meant to emphasize and celebrate this cultural honor •Site Vista — The site of the to be monument is located above the city, opposite Prague castle and St Vitus Cathedral. This raises the monuments importance to the city fabric.

•Battle of Vitkov — A battle took place on the hill in 1420 in which the Hussite troops led by Jan Žižka defeated the army of crusaders. To commemorate this battle, the hill became known as Žižkov.

After the independence of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the Czech people wanted to create a monument in honor of this historic event. The monument was a response to this charged Czech site.

?

1928 1938 Building Completion

Concrete skeleton of the National Monument, circa 1937 www.mocr.army.cz

Key Elements •Promenade — The designed path to the hill connects the city fabric to the monument on the hill. This connection was made for a greater link to the city as well as military parades to take place •Monumentality — The monument uses heavy concrete elements on the exterior to impose a grand statement to the Czech people •Concrete Skeleton — Paradoxically, the monument is made a of thin concrete skeleton that allows for large spaces within. Many halls in the monument are sublime and spatially generous.

•Entry Sequence— Upon arriving the monument from the promenade, the building extends this further toward a grand entrance along the west end of the monument which leads down to the halls within.

1938 Avilan | Unit 14

34

1968

Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia

•Communist Stronghold — Shortly after the removal of the Nazis from Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union formed and overtook the monument.

•Monument Reparation — The monument was repaired by the Soviets; creating new spaces and programs within.

•Columbarium — The main program of the building during this time was a space for funeral urns to be stored.

•Promenade — As a result of the communist rule, the building was used as a tool for the regime. The promenade was used to celebrate communism and the Soviet Union Officers.

•Propaganda Machine — A lasting effort by the Soviets transformed the entire building. Decoration, tombs, and other architecture was created to emphasize the regimes power on the Czech people.

2009 Museum: Crossroads of Czech and Czechoslovak Statehood Programmatic Oversight •Monument to Museum Reparation— When the Soviet Union collapsed, the Czech people were free to take back the monument. The monument went into the hands of the National Museum Institution. The building was repaired and refitted as a museum.

•Program: Museum — Due to the new program shift of the building, new services and contemporary regulations were required. The building was retrofitted and opened in 2009 to the public.

From left: Restoration of Ceremonial Hall (c. 2007), Exterior door of monument (2017), Ceremonial Hall (2017), South Elevation of monument (2017) www.ctk.eu (Czech News Agency) and author’s own

•Limited Access — Although the museum is a public building, the Czech people rarely use the building. The front gate of the monument is locked as well as the interior doors linking the first and second level.

•Historical Disdain — Because the monument contains an intense and emotional history, it lingers over the city, constantly reminding the Czech people of their horrid past.

1968

2009

1939 Nazi Storage Unit

Nazi occupied monument: Ceremonial Hall, circa 1945 www.vuapraha.cz/

Nazi Plunder •Storage — During the Nazi occupation of the Czech monument, the spaces within were used as storage. The main hall was filled with artillery and other military items.

•Limited Access— As the Nazis occupied this space, there was no access to the public. Only German Soldiers and Nazi Officers were allowed entry.

•Damage— The Nazis were infamous for stealing art and other items during the Third Reich. The monument received some serious damage in the storage areas as a result.

1939

Present Day Avilan | Unit 14

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Project Brief A repossession of Prague’s National Monument ...from temple to brew-house...

Political Climate: The monument (originally built to celebrate Czech statehood) was stripped away from the Czech people by two authoritarian regimes. After 100 years of tension, the monument is untouched and a living reminder of a sensitive history.

Cultural Context: Beer has always been the one aspect of Slavic culture that has remained free to all citizens. Under socialism, it was one of the few leisure activities allowed.

Today, the Czech Republic leads the world in beer per capita and social life stems from beer related festivals.

Political leaders have used lowering the VAT rate on beer in order to get elected.

This phenomenon is a populist move that dangers Czechia from continuing the trajectory of the dismantling of the EU. Repossession: This project seeks to democratize the monument: make the space once hoped to celebrate Czech statehood into a space for Czech cultural nourishment.

Beer is a critical aspect of Czech life. By occupying the monument, the Czech people can once again proclaim rights to their city and unused spaces.

Kde se pivo vaří, tam se dobře daří Where beer is brewed, they have it good -Czech Proverb

36

Brewery

Breweries today are made predominantly of stainless steel, although vessels often have a decorative copper cladding for a nostalgic look.

Three massive copper tanks are hung from the Ceremonial Hall. The programmatic elements radiant around the tanks; always in view of the brewing process. The celebration of the tanks takes brewery typologies from Czech culture and emphasizes it through scale.

National Monument

Slice Connection

Occupy Vitkov Interstitial

The slice connection created draws a clear line between the new and the old. The old monument claims the north and south ends while the new splice takes the east and west axis and extends them toward the city on both sides. The building is now read as a monolith divided by new architectural interstitiality.

37

1. National Monument at Vitkov (circa 2018)

2. Celebrate Czech Culture — A Brewery

An Untapped Temple

Hanging of the Tanks

As it stands, the monument has a presence within the city; a long promenade, and view of the entire city, and contextual significance to the city of Pr.

The first move hangs three large brewing tanks inside the existing Ceremonial Hall of the monument. These tanks are the new form of celebration. In Czech culture, the tanks are exposed to celebrate the rich cultural heritage of beer. Beer plays a key role in the history of the Czech Republic. The tanks create a new environment and experience to the space.

However, the lack of engagement with the city undermines the potential of this memorial. By tapping into Czech culture, the monument can be revitalized and reused for its intended purpose: to celebrate Czech Statehood.

8. Occupy Vitkov

The New National Brewery The proposed brewery reconnects the monument with the Czech people. An unused and charged monument within the city re-engages with the culture of the Czech people in order to act as a democratic and social space for the people.

38

7. Spectacle — Opening Up the Monument

Democratize the Monument

Large cantilever louvres are created along the slice of the monument. As they open up, one can see the tanks from afar- a new spectacle within the city. These louvres act as an extension to the entry sequence. They also juxtapose the existing monument in its lightweight design and movement. This creates a democratic contrast to the stark authoritarian nature of the existing monument.

3. The New Knights of Vitkov HIll

4. Reconnecting the Urban Fabric

Saving the EU from Czexit

A Slice of the Monument

Czech urban legend has it that a large army of Czech knights led by St. Wenceslas sleeps inside the mountain. The knights awaken to help the Czech Republic when it is in great danger.

By occupying the Czech mountain, Czech culture is allowed to brew within the mountain and help in case of a referendum to leave the EU.

Czech urban legend has it that a large army of Czech knights led by St. Wenceslas sleeps inside the mountain. The knights awaken to help the Czech Republic when it is in great danger.

By occupying the Czech mountain, Czech culture is allowed to brew within the mountain and help in case of a referendum to leave the EU.

The Knights of Blanik Mountain from www.blanik.net

6. Vaulting — Topological and Structural Czech Brewery

Vaulting is used in the main beer hall for two main reasons: typology and load distribution.

In Czech beer culture, the vault is seen as a fundamental aspect of the drinking architecture. Secondly, the vaults; being a perfect structure for large loads; assist the transfer structure is distributing the monument above.

5. Extending the Ceremonial Hall

The Relationship Between New and Old

The central atrium of the building is extended in a new underground axis. The circulation decent brings the beer drinkers to the large beer hall underground. The dwellers can then see the new and old building through openings created in the floor plates.

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finished, the whole husks form a filter bed that captures any solids from the liquid.

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WORT COOLER The faster you can cool your wort from boiling to yeast-pitching temperature, the better your beer will turn out. Immersion chillers, plate and counterflow wort chilllers help improve beer clarity and can reduce the chances of off-flavors and contamination.

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Boiling the wort ensures its sterility, helping to prevent contamination with undesirable microbes. During the boil, hops are added, which contribute aroma and flavour compounds to the beer, especially their characteristic bitterness. Along with the heat of the boil, they cause proteins in the wort to coagulate and the pH of the wort to fall, and they inhibit the later growth of certain bacteria. Finally, the vapours produced during the boil volatilize off-flavours, including dimethyl sulfide precursors. The boil must be conducted so that it is even and intense. The boil lasts between 60 and 120 minutes, depending on its intensity, the hop addition schedule, and volume of wort the brewer expects to evaporate.

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Mashing is the process of mixing milled grain with water, and heating it with rests at certain temperatures to allow enzymes in the malt to break down the starches in the grain into sugars, especially maltose.

Lautering is the separation of the extracts won during mashing from the spent grain to create wort. It is achieved in either a lauter tun, a wide vessel with a false bottom, or a mash filter, a plate-and-frame filter designed for this kind of separation. Lautering has two stages: first wort run-off, during which the extract is separated in an undiluted state from the spent grains, and sparging, in which extract that remains with the grains is rinsed off with hot water.

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The most important thing about the bottling and kegging process is to keep the beer from being contaminated by stray yeasts, and to keep oxygen away from the beer. These are the main things that can reduce the shelf-life of beer.

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In these special tanks is the beer cooled down. The beer placed in service tanks is intended for distribution and subsequent consumption. If the restaurant is part of the brewery, it is possible to serve beer directly into jars from serving tanks or from cylindrical-conical tanks.

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DISTRIBUTION Filtering is recommended for extended life of beers. This is meant to remove residual yeast.

This causes a colloidal and biological stabilization of beer. For filtration of beer it is necessary to equip the brewery with special filter devices, which are optional parts of the brewery.

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Before the wort can go on to the next step, all of the solids must be separated from the liquid. The wort is pumped from the kettle, and forced back into the kettle through a jet nozzle. When the wort is drained, the solids stay in the kettle. Next, the wort must be cooled down to the proper temperature for the yeast. This is done in a liquid-to-liquid heat exchanger.

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The fermenting process is started as soon as the wort has reached the correct temperature. The wort is stored in cylindrical conical fermentation tanks, to which the yeast is added.

Further tanks are used for storage of the beer.

FILTERING

dioxide vent tube is capped. Now the vessel is sealed; pressure builds as CO2 continues to be produced. From this point on, the beer will remain under pressure (except for a short time during bottling).

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The brewing process is split into two parts: the hot and cold process. The hot process consists of the material preparation, the lauter tun, the wort cooler and CIP. The temperature fluctuated from about 100°C to 12°C. The cold process consists of fermentation and maturation which leads to the distribution of beer. This process runs from about 12°C to under 0°C. These temperatures While fermentation are critical to producing isthe average beer still happening, and gravity has reached a temperature required (8°C — 13°C). predetermined level, the carbon

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FERMENTATION AND MATURATION Clean-in-place is a method of cleaning the interior surfaces of pipes, vessels, process equipment, filters and associated fittings, without disassembling. The benefit to industries that use CIP is that the cleaning is faster, less labor-intensive and more repeatable, and poses less of a chemical exposure risk to people.

Fermentation begins as soon as yeast is added to the cooled wort.

This is also the point at which the product is first called beer. It is during this stage that fermentable sugars won from the malt are metabolized into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Most breweries today use cylindroconical vessels (CCVs), which have a conical bottom and a cylindrical top. CCVs can handle both fermenting and conditioning in the same tank. At the end of fermentation, the yeast and other solids have fallen to the cone's apex can be simply flushed out through a port at the apex. These vessels have no tops, making it easy to harvest top-fermenting yeasts. After high kräusen, the point at which fermentation is most active and copious foam is produced, a valve known in German as the spundapparat may be put on the tanks to allow the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast to naturally carbonate the beer.

When the sugars in the fermenting beer have been almost completely digested, the fermentation process slows and the yeast cells begin to die and settle at the bottom of the tank. Conditioning can occur in

fermentation tanks with cooling jackets. If the whole fermentation cellar is cooled, conditioning must be done in separate tanks in a separate cellar. An active yeast culture from an ongoing batch may be added to the next boil after a slight chilling in order to produce fresh and highly palatable beer in mass quantity.

Filtering the beer stabilizes flavour and gives it a polished, shiny look.

It is an optional process. Many craft brewers simply remove the coagulated and settled solids and forgo active filtration. In localities where a tax assessment is collected by government pursuant to local laws, any additional filtration may be done using an active filtering system, the filtered product finally passing into a calibrated vessel for measurement just after any cold conditioning and prior to final packaging where the beer is put into the containers for shipment or sale. The container may be a bottle, can, of keg, cask or bulk tank.

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Gravity

The final and original beer gravity create the plethora of beer flavours that exist.

The proposal stacks the brewing system along a vertical axis in the monument in order to properly brew each Czech beer to perfection.

IM

PR

COLD

1.0 Brewhouse 1.1 Brewhouse–Mash Tun (Kettle) 1.2 Brewhouse–Lauter Tun / Whirlpool 1.3 Ice Water Tank 1.4 Hot water Tank (Boiler) 2.0 Fermentation 2.1 Open Fermentation Tanks 2.2 Closed Fermentation Tanks 2.3 Maturation tanks 2.4 Serving Tanks 3.0 Hot Steam Generator 4.0 Cooling 4.1 Glycol Cooling Unit 4.2 Plate Heat Exchanger for Cooling the Wort / Hot Water Production 4.3 Plate Heat Exchanger for Ice Water Cooling 6.0 Sanitation 6.1 Mobile CIP Pump 6.2 CIP Station 7.0 Production of Industrial Gases 7.1 Compressor 7.2 Generator N2 / Bottles With CO2 8.0 Yeast Management 8.1 Yeast Tank 8.2 Propagation Station for Growing Yeast Strains 9.0 Beer Filtration 9.1 Primary and Secondary Filter 10.0 Distribution, Sales of Beer, and Tapping of Beer.

1.

13

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13

1.

13

1.

11

1.

11

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0

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11

General description of microbreweries Czechminibreweries.com, 2012

1.03

1.01

CZECH BEER

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Original Gravity Final Gravity

Beer Gravity

Fruit Lambic Witbier Belgian Pale Ale Bière de Garde Belgian Blond Ale Saison Belgian Golden Strong Ale Trappist Single Belgian Dubbel Belgian Tripel Belgian Dark Strong Ale Gose Kentucky Common Lichtenhainer London Brown Ale Piwo Grodziskie Pre-Prohibition Lager Pre-Prohibition Porter Roggenbier Sahti

American Brown Ale American Porter American Stout Imperial Stout American IPA Belgian IPA Black IPA Brown IPA Red IPA Rye IPA White IPA Double IPA American Strong Ale American Barleywine Wheatwine Berliner Weisse Flanders Red Ale Oud Bruin Lambic Gueuze

British Brown Ale English Porter Scottish Light Scottish Heavy Scottish Export Irish Red Ale Irish Stout Irish Extra Stout Sweet Stout Oatmeal Stout Tropical Stout Foreign Extra Stout British Strong Ale Old Ale Wee Heavy English Barleywine Blonde Ale American Pale Ale American Amber Ale California Common

Dunkles Bock Vienna Lager Altbier Pale Kellerbier Amber Kellerbier Munich Dunkel Schwarzbier Doppelbock Eisbock Baltic Porter Weissbier Dunkles Weissbier Weizenbock Ordinary Bitter Best Bitter Strong Bitter British Golden Ale Australian Sparkling Ale English IPA Dark Mild

Lite American Lager Standard American Lager Cream Ale American Wheat Beer International Pale Lager International Amber Lager International Dark Lager Czech Pale Lager Czech Premium Pale Lager Czech Amber Lager Czech Dark Lager Munich Helles Festbier Helles Bock German Leichtbier Kölsch German Helles Exportbier German Pils Märzen Rauchbier

1.00

Original gravity (OG) measures how much sugar is present in the wort before it is fermented. The final gravity (FG) is how much sugar is left over when fermentation is done. For a beer to fit into a certain style, each of these numbers must be within the specified range as the chart depicts.

A lower final gravity indicates a dry or crisp flavor, while a higher final gravity indicates a sweet or malty flavor.

The size of the gap between OG and FG can be used to calculate how much alcohol the beer contains.

Gravity must be taken under consideration when laying out the brewery system in the proposal.

Three Variant Micro Brewing Systems Closed Fermentation Advantages: •No Contamination — Highly resistant to contamination with unwanted organisms •Preicions — Permanent results of constant quality and sensory characteristics of beer •Top-Fermented Production — Produces mostly top-fermented beers, but could produce all types

Disadvantages: •Maintenance — Can be a nuisance particularly if the unit is not fitted with tri-clamp valves •Bottom-Fermented Production — Can produce low grade bottom-fermented beer

Open Fermentation Advantages: •Tradition — The original way of crafting beer, making the process easier and more appealing •Harvesting — Organic means of applying yeast and reusing of materials needed •Esters — Flavor is enhanced through the process due to organic structure •Offgassing — Allows for sulfur and other nasty compunds to readily escape rather than be re-absorbed back into the beer.

•Bottom-Fermented Production — Produces the most high grade bottom-fermented Czech beer

The Optimal Brewing System

Czech Mini Breweries is a Czech manufacturer of breweries and industrial lines for production of beer, wine and other carbonated beverages. They produce all beverage production equipment based on a traditional and modern Czech conception. This company has worked on brewing systems throughout Europe and the world (above).

The diagram on the right are three types of brewery systems used for modern day breweries. Since the proposal will likely house over 90% of the Prague population, a combination of both a closed and open fermentation system will used. The main difference between the two systems is the flavor of beer and temperature.

The diagram to the top right shows the ideal brewing matrix for the combined open and closed fermentation.

Disadvantages: •Contamination — Although some nasty compounds may be released, some contamination. Sanitation is extremely important •Top-Fermented Production — Cannot produce top-fermented beer

Dual Open/Closed Fermentation Advantages: •Dual production — Produces the most high grade bottom and top-fermented Czech beer •Flexibility — Allows for a combination of both systems, allowing the consumer to have more variety of beer •Maturation — Takes place in larger tanks •Precision — Allows for a high quality product which combines both system simultaneously

Disadvantages: •Contamination — Although some nasty compounds may be released, some contamination. Sanitation is extremely important •Maintenance — Can be a nuisance particularly if the unit is not fitted with tri-clamp valves

Presidential Lounge to Brewing House

The existing Presidential Lounge is a members only cafe area which becomes the new brewing house. The brewing house is now open for the public to see and learn about the brewing process.

The process begins on the upper ground floor and continues downward. The hot process is piped down toward the beer halls underground, where the pubs and kitchens are located.

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Existing Structural Concrete Skeleton

Timber Frame and Transverse Beam

Vaulting

Structural Extension of Monument

The skeletal frame is used to prop up the brewing tanks. Two sections of the structural grid is used to create the underground structure.

The vaults are used to distribute loads. Openings are strategically placed at points in the vaulting systems that would not disrupt the structural integrity.

A series of timber frames are created in order to support the weight of the tanks. These beams are bolted to the concrete skeleton and serve as additional support to the gravity of the tanks.

Columns are erected under existing structural skeleton in order to stay true to the existing structural grid. All loading from proposed development travels directly down from the existing structure.

Structural Systems Overlay

Although these systems juxtapose each other, they are each distinguishable as a different part of the entire system. These primary systems allow for synthesis of the each structural component.

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Egress and Accessibility Existing Monument —Two existing cores shown in light blue —Exit stair located and two end of monument —Existing entry and exit located on south end of monument Proposal —Two cores added to connect to underground beer halls —Front entry opened for easy unobstructed exit path —Two stairs leading to public paths on hill added along north and south ends of underground beer halls —Offset retaining wall on both ends contain emergency stair for the large beer hall underneath

Solar Heating and Daylighting Existing Monument —Skylight above Ceremonial Hall with no other apertures on the upper ground level —Fenestration located on the ground level with little daylighting Proposal —Cuts along the East and West ends of the monument —Lifting of roof and masonry walls along south side for solar gain —Openings along the central axis of the vaulting structure —Angled openings from vaulting structure for southern solar exposure

Fire Safety Existing Monument —Recent renovation of monument in 2009 —Existing gas fire suppression system is used to ensure quick response to fire hazards without causing water damage to existing structure Proposal —Extension of existing fire suppression system used underground —Spray applied fireproofing membrane added to vaulting —Water cisterns enhanced for dual system with brewery and fire suppression system

Stack Effect and Ventilation Existing Monument —Existing skylight —Concrete masonry walls and concrete skeleton allow for thermal heat gain Proposal —Using the existing core, waste will be distributed to the core and brought to ground level for waste to be removed by vehicles —Using existing vehicle ramps, vehicles have easy access to ground level

Acoustics Existing Monument —Recent renovation of monument in 2009 —Existing gas fire suppression system is used to ensure quick response to fire hazards without causing water damage to existing structure Proposal —Vaulting is lined with spray-on acoustic treatments in order to reduce sound at the most sensitive barrier and reduce any reverberations

Water Usage and Storage Proposal — Brewing water affects the beer in three ways: It affects the pH of the beer, which affects how the beer flavors, it provides “seasoning,” and it can cause off-flavors from chlorine or contaminants — Brewing water should be clean and free of any odours, such as chlorine or pond smells. Usually, good brewing water for conducting the mash and creating the wort should be moderately hard and have low-to-moderate alkalinity —Large cisterns located along the east and west ends of the Ceremonial Hall for distribution

Brewing System: Kitchens, Refrigeration, and Beer Process Proposal —With the addition of kitchens, fire safety will be taken into consideration as well as energy consumption —Brewing system uses a large sum of energy based on refrigeration methods and craft technologies —A link between the systems meets at the Ceremonial Hall in order to mitigate the two systems and lessen the impact the system has on the building infrastructure

Refuse and Waste Existing Monument —Vehicle ramp located on the West end of the monument for deliveries to the existing museum —Existing core highlighted in blue Proposal —Using the existing core, waste will be distributed to the core and brought to ground level for waste to be removed by vehicles -Using existing vehicle ramps, vehicles have easy access to ground level

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Section IV Repossession

The monument is repossessed. A slice of the old monument is x-rayed out and made new again. This new splice contains beer halls, pubs, restaurants, and a brewery.

Three systems reposses the monument: a system of opening up the monument again, a vaulted beer hall, and a new transfer structure that links the former systems together in one node of the new and old.

The first system — an operable louvre system — is designed to open up the building. It gives a new balcony that never was, a new entry sequence that allows for greater circulation within the new beer hall, and serves environmental purposes of ventilating the building and daylight to the underground beer hall. This new facade is a democratic spectacle that creates a new language that contrasts with the authoritarian and heavy monument.

The second system — vaults — are both structurally sound for the massive loads of the existing monument while also serving the purpose of celebrating a typology within Czech pubs and beer halls today. The vault become an architectural centerpeice while distributing loads from the structure above.

Transferring the load from the existing monument above is the third system. This system stands out from it’s landscape of columns that transfer the loads from above. A connecting landing within the transfer structure is linked between the new and old. When one looks above, they see the impressive tanks hung from the ceremonial hall.

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Key Element:

Foundation Replacement and Tank Suspension

The Monument Occupation •Transfer Structure Construction— When the occupation begins on the National Monument, the monument will need to be propped up in order to construct the underground beer hall. By tracing the load paths of the monument, a new optimized structure is created in order to take the heavy load of the building. The tanks also carry a heavy load, adding addition timber frame to the New Ceremonial Hall within.

Key Element: Vaulting

A New Vaulting Infrastructure •Compression Structure for Load Distribution— The vaults in this space work in compression. The load from the monument is transferred through the transfer structure and taken on by the vaults. Due to ability to handle load distribution, vaults are the most equipment structural system to handle the monument above.

Secondarily, vaults are a typological system used in breweries, pubs and other drinking spaces around the Czech Republic.

2.6 Vaulting Construction Sequence

Falsework Installation

In order to commence the building process, a formwork must be laid out for the tiles to sit on. Computational tools will aid the contractors, architects, and engineers in forming this structure.

The temporary props will then be built.

Vault Assembly

The architect, as well as surveyors, and contractors will begin to create the shell. Due to the manual process of the building, the construction process must be handled with care.

Falsework Instillation With the help of the Catalan vault construction technique, the free form shell can be built off the formork installed.

Through computation analysis, the formwork can be generated

Vault Assembly The Catalan vault does not require elaborate falsework due to the high efficiency of the model. The construction of the vault can begin once the formwork is complete

Decentering the Vault Falsework The workers must carefully remove the formwork in order to allow the structure to begin working on itself. This is one of the most challenging steps in the process

Decentering

2QH RI WKH PRVW GLIÀFXOW PRPHQWV RI WKH SURFHVV FRPHV IURP removing the formwork, which takes a great deal of precision.

The formwork will be begin to be taken down and the vault will begin to act on itself and work in compression.

Occupation

The post construction of the vault allows for a more planned out layout for kitchens, bathrooms and seating arrangements along the niche.

Armadillo Vault ETH Zurich's Block Research Group from www.armadillovault.com

Key Element:

Section II — Building Construction (Focus)

Avilan | Unit 14

Operable Louvre System

The Jewellery Box •Opening Up the Monument— The monument, both structurally and conceptually, a heavy and uninviting building to approach. Jewel boxes Similarly are minimal heavy structures that contain a richness and depth within them. Using the concept of the jewelry box, the louvers act as the monuments lifting of the heavy chest to reveal the large brewing tanks within 2.9 Louvre Assembly Diagram

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Level +1 (Balcony)

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Louvre Assembly Diagram

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Level +1 Slab Primary Timber Fold Out Balcony Secondary Fold Out Balcony Connections Secondary Fold Out for Balcony Extension Tertiary Fold Out for Balustrade Steel Fold Out Balustrade Steel Hinge for Balustrade Fold Out Steel Folding Hatch Cover Arm for Movement Structural Hinge for Secondary and Tertiary Fold Outs Primary Structural Hinge for Balcony; Bolted to Concrete Slab Steel Structural Hinge Retractable Steel Railing Wire Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support

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Book Page 100

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The jewel box is a mechanism that holds within it precious goods of value and worth. The box is usually mundane and minimal to make the opening a spectacle

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Louvre Assembly Diagram 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

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Existing Ground Level Lightweight Timber Louvers Steel Hinge Joints at Swing Moment Steel Girder with Pulley System Within Steel Pin Pivot at Swing Moments Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton for Pivot Pulley Pneumatic Lift System Pin Pivot Joint Steel Folding Hatch Cover Arm for Movement Steel Plate Welded to Pneumatic Lift System Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support Nut for Hinge Support

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Upon opening the louvres to the monument, one reveals the large brewing tanks within— the new Prague jewel.

Roof Level

Level +2

Louvre Assembly Diagram

Louvre Assembly Diagram Level +2 Slab Lightweight Timber Louvers Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton for Pivot Pulley Hollow Timber Beam with Pulley System Within; CNC Milled Slope for Drainage Existing Concrete Cross Beam Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton and Timber Beam Pulley Horizontal Louvre Stabilizer Pneumatic Lift System Steel Folding Hatch Cover Arm for Movement Steel Plate Welded to Pneumatic Lift System Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support Pin Pivot Joint

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Existing Concrete Skeleton Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton for Pivot Pulley Pulley Track for Pneumatic Lift System Pneumatic Lift System Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton Steel Folding Hatch Cover Arm for Movement Welded Steel Pneumatic Lift System Pin Pivot Joint Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support

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Avilan | Unit 14

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Design Realisation Report | BENVGA08

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Section II — Building Construction (Focus)

Avilan | Unit 14

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1. National Monument Existing Structure

2. Exterior Masonry Deconstruction

3. Installation of Double Retaining Wall

4. Tunnel Formwork

5. Excavation and Installation of Steel Strut

6. Foundation Formwork and Structural Stiffeners

Solid masonry block construction with concrete skeleton.

The underground retaining wall, which is usually a concrete diaphragm wall, is installed before excavation commences. Four point of intersection are reinforced for Peri tunnel formwork.

The soil is excavated to just below the foundation slab level of the underground structure.

Struts are installed to support the retaining walls, which in turn support the soil at the sides.

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Walls and apertures are created for formwork and new entry sequence.

Optimized tunnel formwork used with project-specific formwork and scaffolding planning including site-compliant drawings and parts lists. This system props up the structure and prepares for excavation.

The new foundations are constructed with access openings provided on the slab for works to proceed downwards. The roof slab not only provides a massive support across the excavation, it also acts as a noise barrier.

Structural stiffeners are also added to enhance the structure need to hold up the tank.

7. Construction of Underground Structure and Skylights

8. Construction of Programmatic Niches, Cores, and Stairs

9. Concrete Tiled Framework

10. Tiled Shell Construction

11. Removal of Strut, Supports, and Excess Retaining Wall

12. Backfilling, Reinstatement, and Louvre Installation

Columns under existing structure is created along with openings in existing building. The remaining roof structure is removed for continual skylight build-up.

Thin steel reinforced concrete framework built for casting; along with column attached to vaulting structure.

Top level strut is removed along with excess retaining walls. Peri tunnel formwork is removed. Stairs and skylights are built in order to backfill soil.

Program structures are created for vault supports along with initial stair and ramp construction. New cores are constructed along the East end of the monument.

Vaulting shell cast on site. Thin shell holding up backfilled soil and skylights.

After the underground structure is completed, the soil is backfilled to the original landscaping of the hill. The reinstating of the surface area is also reinstated.

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1. Structural Stiffeners

2. Timber Framed Reinforcement

3. Transverse Structural Beam

4. Tank Installation

Existing columns are reinforced from top down using helical uplift piling technology — driving modular hollow steel sections into the soft rubble cores of the columns until they reach solid masonry foundations.

Large transverse beams with a tank hanging joint on center is hung from the diagrid structure.

5. Pipe Installation

Large timber beams create a frame around the columns used to hold the tanks up. This frame adds support as well as stability to the gravity load the tank will impose on the monument.

Tanks are brought in from the East end of the monument through an opening created along the skeletal structure grid.

Pipe connections begin to integrate the tanks with the rest of the brewing system behind it.

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Opening up the Monument Operable Louvre System

The monument — heavy, opaque, authoritarian — closes itself from both the city and its people. It hides within it a history that lives with the Czech people and their culture for the past century.

By pealing back the layers of the monument, it becomes light and exposed to the city once again. The monument is open to the people to interact and use the monument in a more democratic and inclusive manner. The skeleton of the monument is exposed for the first time since the construction, demonstrating the rebirth of the monument as it was originally intended.

Like a jewelry box, the monument holds within it the three new copper tanks that celebrate a long standing tradition of beer culture within the Czech Republic. As the monument opens up, a spectacle takes place as the city watches the monument celebrates the tanks.

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Case Study: Cargo Ships — Folding Hatch Cover Folding Systems Paired With Pneumatic Lift Systems

Trailing Pair Intermediate Hinge

Cargo ships use hatch door systems in order to load the ship with the plethora of materials that Usually goes on board.

Folded hatch covers specifically take on many sizes, but the general principles remain the same. These systems are hydraulic consisting of two main panels that fold along arms and tracks. This process is driven bu the use of many complex systems working simultaneously to achieve operable doors.

Leading Pair Lifting Wheel for Trailing Pair Bell Crank Longitudinal Stopper

Taking inspiration from these systems, a re-adapted device is created to open and close the massive monument. The idea of opening and closing creates a new environment that never existed at the monument before.

A selection of multi-folding panels can be designed by MacGregor to meet the various need of the doors. Since each ship if specific to certain goods, the doors operate in different manners and at different levels of sophistication.

External Hydraulic Cylinder for Bell Crank Link for End Hinge

“Cargo Handling Book” MacGregor: Designed to perform with the sea

External Hydraulic Cylinder for Lead Pair

Timber Louvre Link for End Hinge

Steel Bell Crank Pneumatic Lift System Hydraulic Cylinder for Bell Crank

Existing Concrete Skeleton

Lifting Wheel for Trailing Pair Steel Cable for Wheel Mechanism

Lifting Wheel for Trailing Pair

Terrace Optimal Turning Radius for Flush Folding

Link for Structural End Hinge

Retractable Balustrade Rod

Retractable Balustrade Steel Bell Crank Welded Steel Girder for Support Hydraulic Cylinder for Bell Crank Pneumatic Lift System

Louvre Cross Section Scale 1:100 @ A3 0

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Restaurant

Restaurant

Beer Hall

Beer Hall

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Case Study: Cargo Ships — Folding Hatch Cover

A single-leaf, two-section closure with hydraulic drive, pivotally connected to the stern coaming hatch Optimal Turning Radius for Flush Closing

Lifting Wheel for Trailing Pair

Steel Girder Support Pneumatic Lift System Bell Crank Link for End Hinge

Pneumatic Lift System Bell Crank Cross Laminated Timber

External Hydraulic Cylinder for Lead Pair

Outside Timber Coating 60 mm Wood Ribre (265 kg/m3) Steel Tee Section Longitudinal Support Steel Pivot Pipe

Lifting Wheel for Trailing Pair

60 mm Wood Ribre (265 kg/m3) 120 mm Wood Ribre (160 kg/m3)

Tongue and Groove Constuction

Cross Laminated Timber

Roof Level

Level +2

Level +1 (Balcony)

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Ground Level (Threshold)

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Three Dimensional Kinetic Diagram

Three Dimensional Kinetic Diagram

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Key Kinetic Components

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Stop Motion Diagrams 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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20 19 Elevational Kinetic Diagram

Elevational Kinetic Diagram

Link for End Hinge Pneumatic Lift System Bell Crank Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton Intermediate Hinge Longitudinal Stopper External Hydraulic Cylinder for Lead Pair Folded Balcony CNC Cross Lamenated Timber Sheet Steel Girder Support Intermediate Hinge External Hydraulic Cylinder for Bell Crank Pneumatic Lift System Bell Crank Leading Pair Intermediate Hinge Lifting Wheel for Trailing Pair Intermediate Hinge CNC Cross Lamenated Timber Sheet Steel Girder Support External Hydraulic Cylinder for Lead Pair Intermediate Hinge

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Level +1 (Balcony)

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Louvre Assembly Diagram

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Level +1 Slab Primary Timber Fold Out Balcony Secondary Fold Out Balcony Connections Secondary Fold Out for Balcony Extension Tertiary Fold Out for Balustrade Steel Fold Out Balustrade Steel Hinge for Balustrade Fold Out Steel Folding Hatch Cover Arm for Movement Structural Hinge for Secondary and Tertiary Fold Outs Primary Structural Hinge for Balcony; Bolted to Concrete Slab Steel Structural Hinge Retractable Steel Railing Wire Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support

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Louvre Assembly Diagram 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

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Existing Ground Level Lightweight Timber Louvers Steel Hinge Joints at Swing Moment Steel Girder with Pulley System Within Steel Pin Pivot at Swing Moments Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton for Pivot Pulley Pneumatic Lift System Pin Pivot Joint Steel Folding Hatch Cover Arm for Movement Steel Plate Welded to Pneumatic Lift System Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support Nut for Hinge Support

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Roof Level

Level +2

Louvre Assembly Diagram

Louvre Assembly Diagram 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Level +2 Slab Lightweight Timber Louvers Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton for Pivot Pulley Hollow Timber Beam with Pulley System Within; CNC Milled Slope for Drainage Existing Concrete Cross Beam Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton and Timber Beam Pulley Horizontal Louvre Stabilizer Pneumatic Lift System Steel Folding Hatch Cover Arm for Movement Steel Plate Welded to Pneumatic Lift System Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support Pin Pivot Joint

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Existing Concrete Skeleton Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton for Pivot Pulley Pulley Track for Pneumatic Lift System Pneumatic Lift System Steel Plate Bolted to Concrete Skeleton Steel Folding Hatch Cover Arm for Movement Welded Steel Pneumatic Lift System Pin Pivot Joint Steel Knife Plate for Pivot Support

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Promenade Transfer Structure

The decent to the beer hall takes the currently unengaged promenade and extends it downward toward the vaulted beer hall below. The promenade was once used to celebrate the state run worship of that time. Grand parades and gatherings took place throughout history along this journey up to the monument above. However, after the large bronze doors were locked, the monument was disconnected from the city.

The transfer structure becomes the node that connects the new and old. Once one descends from the old building, one sees the new beer hall underneath. Upon looking up through the cuts and carvings made to the old building, one sees the shining copper tanks above.

A large timber frame holds the beer tanks above and traces the load from the tanks down toward the amphitheater below.

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Steel cross beam suspension system for tank

Inlaid Timber Frame at Tanks for Additonal Support

Fold out Louvres

New Cast in Place Stair for Viewing Platform of Tanks

Access to Roof Level

Lauter Tun

Glass Door Replacement of Existing Heavy Bronze Door

Tank View Platform

Main Threshold

Pro

me n

ad

Beer Spa

e

MEP Services

Restaurant/ Pub

Beer Hall Toilets Shaft

sf Tran er Str

Toilets

re

uctu

Toilets Set Into Retaining Structure

Amphitheatre

Retaining Wall

Section B-B Longitudinal Section Scale 1:250 @ A2 0

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New Interven 10

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Existing Mon

Custom copper lauter tun brewing tank Restaurant

Brewery

Custom Beer Copper Piping Connection to Brewery and Beer Hall Below

Brewery

Opening a New Back Entrance to the Monument Fold out Balcony

Brewery

Restaurant

Cafe

Glass Floor Addtion for Viewing of Tank, Daylighting, and Ventilation

Entry to Level Below

Dining Area

de

na me

Pro e Promenad

er St

ructur

e

Core To Beer Hall

Core To Beer Hall

Brewery

Tran sf

e

Existing concrete skeleton

Transfer Structure Emergency Staircase

Concrete Slab Replacement and Addition for Circulation to Beer Hall Below

Existing Basement Slab

Pile foundation at transfer structure and vaulted supports

ntion

nument

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New Timber Frame Hanging Tank

Existing Concrete Skeleton

New Brewing Tanks

Restaurant

New Glass Floor Openings

Restaurant Fold Out Balcony

Beer Hall

New Glass Floor Openings

Beer Hall

Entry

Promenade

Beer Hall

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Cut and Cover Construction Methodology Conventional Bottom-Up Construction

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5

Retaining walls installed before construction begins. It can take on any shape or form; depending on the project

The soil is then excavated to the desired depth as each strut is installed. The struts depend on the desired depth required.

As each level is built, a strut is removed to continue building. The process continues through the roof slab.

2

4

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Cut and Cover Construction Adaption Tunnel Formwork

The ground is then excavated to install the first transverse strut.

(1) Retaining Walls and Tunnel Formwork*

(2-4) Excavation, Strut Install, Slab Built

(5) Replacement Foundation and Transfer Structure

(5) Re-soil and Occupation

The reinforced slab is built at the base of the excavation to commence build up.

Soil is then backfilled, followed by a fill of underground structure.

Remaining retaining wall is removed if necessary.

Redrawn and adapted from “Cut and Cover” from: railsystem.net

Tunnel Formwork

“VARIOKIT Tunnel Carriage VTC” www.peri.com

Transfer Structure Load Diagram

By drawing out the moment diagram of the existing skeleton frame structure, a more precise transfer structure is created to take the load of the monument. The structure is then used a major node within the new beer hall, a point of intersection both in structure and circulation.

New Foundation and Transfer Structure

*

With a Cut and Cover building method, tunnel formwork is necessary for propping up the structure. This solution aids monolithic, semi-monolithic and separate casting methods. PERI Group in Germany will supply the sufficient formwork required for transfer structure build-up.

Existing Structural Skeleton Frame

PERI VARIOKIT Systems

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Vaulted Beer Hall Load Distribution and Typology

Vaulting has often been used a beer hall typology for its spatial qualities and generous spaces. Various niches are often created from the vaults in order to create spaces for bars, seating, or event spaces. The new beer hall takes cues from existing Prague pubs to create a contextually referenced hall.

Along with the typological implications of the vault, the structural capacity of this infrastructure assists the transfer structure with the load from the monument by uniformly distributing the load through the supports located throughout the hall.

Inspired by the Catalan vault and Guastavino tile, the beer hall takes cues from the existing ceremonial hall tile in order to create vaults made from the overlay and interlocking of tiles. The relieves that exist in the monument today have various moments of interlocking and shifting that create ridge and shadow lines along the walls in order to emphasize the vertically of the space. The new beer hall tales create ridge and shadow lines to accentuate the vault and emphasize its form.

63

Existing Types of Vaults:

Domes— A masonry dome produces thrusts down and outward. They are thought of in terms of two kinds of forces at right angles from one another.

Barrel Vaults— The vectors of pressure in this vault result in a downward force on the crown while the lower portions of the arches realize a lateral force pushing outwards. As a result, this form of design is subject to failure unless the sides are anchored or buttressed to very heavy building elements or substantial earthwork sidings.

Groin Vault— The construction of a groin vault can be understood most simply by visualizing two barrel vault sections at right angles merging to form a squarish unit. The resulting four ribs convey the stress loading to the four corners, or piers.

Thrust Network

Rib Vault— The intersection of two to three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry.

Deflection

Funicular Form Finding

Deflection in spherical shells (diagram above): shallow dome is completely in compression and (lower diagram) lower portion of hemisphere dome tends to buckle upward and is resisted by hoop tension

Thrust reactions vary inversely with the depth of the arch

Load Distribution Arch are structurally very stable in compression, as loads are relatively evenly balanced through their form.

Load distribution in the left diagram independent arches and a vault on the right The parts of a vault exert lateral thrust that requires a counter resistance. When vaults are built underground, the ground gives all the resistance required.

Parabola vs. Cantenary The catenary hangs under its own weight, while the parabola is carrying the weight of a horizontal deck below.

Parabola

64

Fan Vault— The ribs of a fan vault a equal curvature and rotated at e distances around a vertical forming the conoid shape which rise to the name. In betw sequences of conoids, flat ce spandrels fill the space.

Cantenary

are of equal axis, gives ween entral

Openings— A vault must place openings along the lozenge along the cross of the structural node. This will ensure structural stability and reduce risk of failure

Positive Gaussian curvature, a mechanism, inextensional deformation possible

Increases and decreases of forces are shown as a result of changes in the thrust network.

Creation of convex inner openings and convex open edge arches

Using a funicular form finding tool, analysis of vault construction is used to dissect a methodology for developing underground vaults.

Changing the topology of the form diagram in order to redirect the flow of forces by specifically modifying the force diagram arches

Modifying support conditions by adding new (vertical) supports and changing their vertical position

Redrawn and adapted from “Funicular Shell Design Exploration�

Matthias Rippmann, Philippe Block ETH Zurich

65

Load Distribution

Due to the high reliability of vaulted structures, loads are easily traced through the structural nature of the vault. By tracing the load path, support columns and foundations are placed at the supports. Three main bays of both ends separate the load in three while again dividing along the longitudinal axis in three as well.

A Structure Without Adhesive Falsework Instillation With the help of the Catalan vault construction technique, the free form shell can be built off the formork installed.

Through computation analysis, the formwork can be generated

ETH Zurich Researchers created a series of vaults at the Venice Biennale in 2016. The team pioneered used limestone with no glue in order to show the effectiveness of the vault design. Their funicular form finding tool and Catalan style vaulting construction created a self supporting vault structure.

Vault Assembly The Catalan vault does not require elaborate falsework due to the high efficiency of the model. The construction of the vault can begin once the formwork is complete

Decentering the Vault Falsework The workers must carefully remove the formwork in order to allow the structure to begin working on itself. This is one of the most challenging steps in the process

Armadillo Vault ETH Zurich's Block Research Group from www.armadillovault.com

Falsework Installation

Vault Assembly

Decentering

Occupation

In order to commence the building process, a formwork must be laid out for the tiles to sit on. Computational tools will aid the contractors, architects, and engineers in forming this structure. The temporary props will then be built.

One of the most difficult moments of the process comes from removing the formwork, which takes a great deal of precision. The formwork will be begin to be taken down and the vault will begin to act on itself and work in compression.

66

The architect, as well as surveyors, and contractors will begin to create the shell. Due to the manual process of the building, the construction process must be handled with care.

The post construction of the vault allows for a more planned out layout for kitchens, bathrooms and seating arrangements along the niche.

67

Three Dimensional Interlocking: The Intricate 3D Puzzle

Tile Junction:

An Abstraction of the Existing Monument Relief The tile created takes ques from the relief structure created in the existing ceremonial hall. The new reinterpreted slip form structure interlocks to create a new relief in the vaults. This new feature mimics the features set out by the existing monument.

Two Dimensional Simplification of 3D Puzzle

CMU Ring Beam Insulation Curtain Wall Glazing System

Bronze Plated Mullions

Custom Concrete Tiles

Drinking/Dining Area

Restaur

Reinforced Steel Beam

Sunken Beer Hall

Reinforced Concrete Slab Cast in Place Concrete Stair

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Case Study: Timbrel Vaulting (Catalan Vaulting) Block Research Group

According to Block Research Group, the detail above demonstrates the ability to cast the tile structure within the concrete slab with steel reinforcement. This detail is readapted a a large scale and with larger load for the underground proposal. “Free-form Catalan Thin-tile vault, Zurich, Switzerland� from: block.arch.ethz.ch

CMU Ring Beam at Opening

Re-soiled Ground Condition Offset Retaining Structure for Added Support and Niches Waterproofing Membrane

Niche: Offset Retaining Wall

Bronze Plated Mullion Drainage Pipe

Pile Retaining Wall Concrete Structure Building Services Concrete Tiles Groove into Retaining Structure

Custom Concrete Tiles

Kitchen Exhaust Fans

Wooden Furnished Restaurant Hood Rebar and Wire Mesh Reinforcement

Vault Support

rant

Footing at Vault Supports

Pile Foundation

Pub

Vault Construction Detail Scale 1:100 @ A3 0

1

2

3

5

69

70

71

Key Environmental Strategies: Thermal Mass Using the existing concrete skeleton of the monument, the building itself becomes a heat storage system. During the day, the mass collects heat and stores it. At night, the heat is realeased into the building as the air becomes colder.

Stack Effect With Operable Facade By opening up the monument with operable louvres, the building begins to breath cool and fresh air. The building regulated air temperature through it’s movement as well as lighting during the hot summers and cold winters.

Passive Heating and Cooling As well as heat regulation, the building also takes advantage of the high westward wind in order to naturally ventilate the building. With a strong westward wind, the building opens up to the wind direction, allowing air to circulate throughout the building.

Stack Effect in Ceremonial Hall Boosted by Solar Gain Through Operable Facade

Operable Facade System

Natural Ventilation and Skylight

Environmental Design Strategy

72

Mechanical Air Extraction

MEP Ventilation

New Intervention

Water, Waste, and Electricity Node

Existing Monument

Passive Heating and Cooling

Solar Heat Gain

Semi Enclosed Area: Monument

Cool Air

Primary Enclosed Area: Beer Hall

Warm Air

Temperature Regulators

June 21st

December 21st

Existing Concrete Thermal Mass

Strong Westward Prevailing Winds

73

74

Section V Occupy Vitkov

Post occupancy of the building creates distinct environments within: from the promenade through the new entry and out toward the beer hall.

The new slice through the monument creates a new spectacle in the city. As the building opens up, people from all over come in a experience the monument in a new way. The tanks are seen from afar as a hanging monument within. The tanks are celebrated as a new end to the monuments intense history.

The vaulted beer hall below is a grand space that can house nearly all of Prague. The people can enjoy beer and celebrate culture whilst in the new monument. The old monument becomes a place in which it was originally intended for: to celebrate Czech Statehood.

75

0

76

100

250

500

77

EL +2

EL +246m

EL +246m

EL +250m

6

11 Changing Area

9

14

Existing National Monument Plinth Beer Spa EL +252m

Existing National Monument Stair

B Toilets

8 11

EL +246m

Existing National 0m

78

50m

100m

New Brewery

A

244m

Line of Beer Hall Below

1 Vaulting Fenestration

3 Vaulting Fenestration

2

Emergency Stair from Level -2

Line of Louvres Above

5

Brewery Tanks

Restaurant Kitchens

Glass Floor

Dining Area

Existing Promenade

EL +252m Brewery Service Core

Stair to Level -1

Existing Stai to Level +1 Glass Floor EL +250m Stair to Level -1

B

Glass Floor

Timber Frame Structure

Existing Lift to All Levels Existing Stair to Level +1 Pub

l Monument

Existing National Monument Plinth

New Lifts to Level -2

4

Emergency Stair from Level -2

Line of Louvres Above

12

Vaulting Fenestration

13 7 Vaulting Fenestration

A

Line of Beer Hall Below

Key Section

Ground Level 1 Beer Hall 2 Stair to Level +1 3 Stair to Level -1 4 Lift to All Levels 5 Brewery 6 Restaurant 7 Stair to Level -2 8 Dining Area

Scale 1:300 @ A2 9 Beer Spa 10 Changing Area 11 Toilets 12 Stair Level +1 13 Lift to Level -2 14 Existing Monument Plinth

N

79

5

1

New Stair for Ro

Timber Frame S

Three Copper Lauter Tun Brewing Tanks

Reopening of Main Threshold

Stair to Roof Level

New Stair for Tank Observation

Lift to Roof Level

Glass Floor New Stair for Roof Acc

Toilets

6 7

8 5

0m

80

50m

Key Section

Line of Beer Hall Below

Vaulting Fenestration

Vaulting Fenestration

Reopening of Main Door

1

3 Lauter Tun Tanks Hanging with Large Timber Beam Structural Support

New Fold Out Hatch Balconies Brewery

oof Access

Support Structure Brewery Services and Circulation Core

Fold Out Balconies for Restaurant, Circulation and Opening of the Monument Existing Cafe

Existing Core to All Levels

cess

Brewery Existing Stair to Level +2 Restaurant New Fold Out Hatch Balconies

9

10

4

Existing National Monument Brewery Occupation

N

Scale 1:200 @ A2

Level +1 Restaurant and Tanks

1 Lauter Tun 2 Reopening of Main Door 3 Brewery 4 Restaurant 5 New Balconies

6 Stair to Roof Level 7 Toilets 8 Stair to Ground Level 9 Stair to Level +2 10 Lift to All Levels

81

Timber Frame Support Lauter Tun Tanks

Lift to Roof Level

0m

82

50m

7

4

Key Section

Brewery Axis

Vaulting Fenestration

2 1 Vaulting Fenestration

Lauter Tun Tanks Hanging with Large Timber Beam Structural Support Operable Louvre System Brewing Pipes

Brewery

Brewery Service and Circulation Shaft

Fold Out Louvres Opening Up the Monument Restaurant

Existing Core to All Levels

Existing Stair to Level +2 Operable Louvre System

Vaulting Fenestration

3 6

5

Vaulting Fenestration

Existing National Monument Brewery Occupation

N

Scale 1:200 @ A2

Level +2 Restaurant and Brewery

1 Brewery 2 Louvres Open 3 Restaurant 4 Lauter Tun

5 Lift to All Levels 6 Stair to Level +1 7 Lift to Roof Level

83

EL Bronze Plated Mullions

13 Niche Storage Area for Restaurant

Line of Va

Niche Se

12

Aisle Thre

Pu

Seating Transition Spac

Line of National Monument Above

Toilets

Glass Floor

10 Toilets

Line of National Monument Above

4

Seating Transit

Niche

Ramp to

Nich

E

9

0m

84

25 m

50 m

43 m Aperture

EL -12m

-16m Sunken Beer Hall

Deck Seating

Key Section

Aisle Threshold

ault Above

eating Area Restaurant

EL -10m

11

eshold

14 EL -11.5m

Niche Seating Area

Extension of Existing Basement for New Promenade

ub

2

Stair to Beer Hall Below

ce

Line of National Monument Above New Lift Cores to Ground Level

EL -12m

1

Emergency Stair to Ground Level New Column Grid Extension New Basement Extension Concrete Retaining Structure

EL -6m Existing Stair to Ground Level

Stair to Ground Level EL -3.5m

Beer Hall Mezzanine

Ramp to Beer Hall

Crossing Axis of New and Old

EL -12m

Existing National Monument Basement Emergency Stair to Ground Level

Lift Extension from Existing Core to All Levels

5

Line of National Monument Above

3

New Lift Cores to Ground Level

Pub

tion Space

7

EL -11.5m

Niche Seating Area

EL -10m

6

Large Apertures for Daylighting Optimization and Views to the City

e Seating Area Restaurant

8

o Dining Area

Existing National Monument

he Storage Dining Area for Restaurant

EL -12m

N

Deck Seating

EL -17.5m

Bronze Plated Mullions

45 m Aperture

Scale 1:250 @ A2

Level -1 Promenade to Beer Hall 1 Promenade 2 Stair to Ground Level 3 Lift to all levels above 4 Stair Level -2 5 Stair to Ground Level 6 Beer Hall 7 Seating Niche

8 Restaurant 9 Sunken Beer Hall 10 Toilets 11 Restaurant 12 Seating Niche 13 Sunken Beer Hall 14 Retaining Wall

85

Bronze Plated Mullions

Niche Storage Are for Restaurant

6

Nich

7

5 Seating Transition

Line of National Monument Above

Toilets

Amphitheatre

2

Toilets

Line of National Monument Above

Seating Tr

11

Ram

Nic

12

0m

86

25 m

50 m

43 m Aperture

9 EL -16m

Sunken Beer Hall

Deck Seating

Key Section

ea

Vault Support EL -10m

he Seating Area Restaurant

8

EL -11.5m

Niche Seating Area

Retaining Structure for Toilets, Restaurants, Pubs and Emergency Stai

Pub

Stair to Beer Hall Mezzanine Space

Line of National Monument Above New Lift Cores to Ground Level

EL -12m

4 Emergency Stair to Ground Level EL -14m

1

Emergency Stair to Ground Level

EL -12m

Line of National Monument Above

Large Apertures for Daylighting Optimization and Views to the City

3 Line of National Monument Above New Lift Cores to Ground Level

Pub Niche Seating Area

EL -11.5m

ransition Space

10 EL -10m

Niche Seating Area

Amphitheatre for Large Gatherings and Events

Restaurant

mp to Dining Area

che Storage

N

Deck Seating

Scale 1:250 @ A2

Level -2 Beer Hall

EL -17.5m

Bronze Plated Mullions

45 m Aperture

1 Amphitheatre 2 Toilets 3 Emergency Stair to Ground 4 Lift to Ground Level 5 Stair to Level -1 6 Beer Hall

7 Seating Niche 8 Restaurant 9 Sunken Beer Hall 10 Restaurant 11 Seating Niche 12 Sunken Beer Hall

87

Top of Structure

+27.0m

Extension of existing glass roof structure.

Steel cross beam suspension system for tank

Custom copper lauter tun brewing tank

Brewery and Restaurant

+14.0m

Restaurant

Timber inner frame for tank support

Brewery and Restaurant

Drainge Pipe Fold out balustrade

+9.0m

Fold out Balcony

Restaurant

Existing concrete waffle slab structure Waterproofing membrane and gravel Operable louvre system: glulam timber with steel frame

Ground Level Restauarants and Pubs

Soil from excavation treated and filled

+0.0m

Pub

Stair to beer hall

New replacement foundation

Prome to Bee

rS

sfe

n Tra

Entry to Beer Hall

re

ctu

tru

-6.0m Seating Niche

Beer Hall

Viewing Platform

-12.0m

Pub/Restaurant Niche

Amphitheatre Sunken Beer Hall

Sunken Beer Hall

-16.0m

Section A-A Transverse Section Scale 1:250 @ A2 0 88

New Interven 10

25

50

Existing Mon

Existing glass roof sytem Timber cross beam suspending the tank

Timber inner frame for tank support

Restaurant

Existing concrete skeleton

Connection detail of timber beam and existing concrete skeleton frame Lauter tun

Fold out Balcony

Restaurant

Brewing pipes under raised floor system New glass floor openings

Concrete block ring beam opening Custom limestone tiled compression vault structure

Resoil of earth post-construction

New core design to connect lower ground and levels below Timber inner frame for tank support Pub

Interlocking of tiles

Bronze plated knife connection to existing concrete floor

Core

enade er Hall

Curtain wall with bronze mullions

Emergency Staircase

Seating Niche

Pub/Restaurant Niche

Viewing Platform

Sunken Beer Hall

Pile foundation at transfer structure and vaulted supports

ntion

nument 89

90

91

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Maggie Lan www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2018 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.

92

UNIT @unit14_ucl

93

P I O N E E R I N G S E N T I M E N T

2018

At the centre of Unit 14’s academic exploration lies Buckminster Fuller’s ideal of the ‘The Comprehensive Designer’, a master-builder that follows Renaissance principles and a holistic approach. Fuller referred to this ideal of the designer as somebody who is capable of comprehending the ‘integrateable significance’ of specialised findings and is able to realise and coordinate the commonwealth potentials of these discoveries while not disappearing into a career of expertise.

Like Fuller, we are opportunists in search of new ideas and their benefits via architectural synthesis.

As such Unit 14 is a test bed for exploration and innovation, examining the role of the architect in an environment of continuous change. We are in search of the new, leveraging technologies, workflows and modes of production seen in disciplines outside our own. We test ideas systematically by means of digital as well as physical drawings, models and prototypes. Our work evolves around technological speculation with a research-driven core, generating momentum through astute synthesis.

Our propositions are ultimately made through the design of buildings and through the in-depth consideration of structural formation and tectonic constituents. This, coupled with a strong research ethos, generates new and unprecedented, viable and spectacular proposals. They are beautiful because of their intelligence - extraordinary findings and the artful integration of those into architecture.

This year’s UNIT 14 focus shifts onto examining moments of pioneering sentiment. We find out about how human endeavor, deep desire and visionary thought interrelate and advance cultural as well as technological means while driving civilisation as highly developed organisation. Supported by competent research we search for the depicted pioneering sentiment and amplify found nuclei into imaginative tales with architectural visions fuelled by speculation.

The underlying principle and observation of our investigations is that futurist speculation inspires and ultimately brings about significant change. A prominent thinker is the Californian Syd Mead who envisages and has scripted a holistic vision of the future with his designs and paintings.

As universal as our commitment and thoughts is our testbed and territory for our investigations and proposals. Possible sites are as such global or specific to our visits, as much as the individual investigations suggest and opportunities arrive. Unit 14 is supported by a working relationship with innovators across design. We engage specialists, but remain generalists, synthesising knowledge towards novel ways of thinking, making and communicating architecture.

UNIT 14 @unit14_ucl

All work produced by Unit 14 Unit book design by Maggie Lan www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture Copyright 2018 The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmited in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retreival system without permission in writing from the publisher.