Unique Times March 2024

NBFCs: Building a More Inclusive Future

Shri V.P. Nandakumar, MD & CEO, Manappuram Finance Ltd

Devendra Fadnavis: Maharashtra’s Own Game Changer Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra

Chief Mentor

Director & CEO

Mr. V.P. Nandakumar

Jebitha Ajit

Editor Ajit Ravi

Legal Advisor

Latha Anand

B.S.Krishnan Associates

bskrishnanassociates@gmail.com

Sub-Editor Anusha Varghese

Associate Editor Ravi Saini

Athulya Pradip

Correspondents Dr. Thomas Nechupadam

Vivek Venugopal- Quarter Mile

Ranjit L Morris

Creative Design PEGASUS

Photography PEGASUS

Marketing USA

725, burning tree lane, punta gorda Florida-33982

Mob: +1 (863) 558-5234

UAE

Jolly

Tel: +971 50 307 1125

Shaji N Palakkal

415, Building 23, Al Khail Gate, Al Quoz-2, Dubai, UAE

Tel: +9714 4511075

Maharashtra

Maharashtra State Co-ordinator

Mr Anil Nair Thampi

Jayasankar M

a/101, New Prathamesh Niwas, OPP. Laxmi Park, Thakurli East, Dombivli post, Thane District, 421201

Mob: +91 9820708662

Tamil Nadu

Sheelan Thangavelu

Tamilnadu Director

Mob: +91 7825-077770

Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, L&T- bypass, Chinniyapalayam, Coimbatore-62

Karnataka, Telangana, Andhrapradesh

PEGASUS

Ph: 09288800999

Sunilkumar NN

Vice President Ambalika Saikia, Ambalika_saikia@yahoo.com

"Once all struggle is grasped, miracles are possible." - Mao Zedong

The path to greatness is often paved with challenges and obstacles, demanding not just talent, but an unyielding resolve and determination to overcome them. It's a journey marked by relentless effort, where only those with the fortitude to persevere, despite the odds, emerge victorious. Such is the tale of tenacity that leads us to the cover story of this edition, featuring Devendra Fadnavis, the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra. His narrative is not just a political saga but a powerful illustration of struggle and steadfast determination, showcasing how unwavering commitment can shape destinies and inspire a generation. Join us as we unfold the inspiring journey of Devendra Fadnavis, a man who has become a beacon of resilience and leadership in the face of adversity.

In this issue, V P Nandakumar, who serves as the Managing Director and CEO of Manappuram Finance Limited, offers his insights on "NBFCs: Building a More Inclusive Future."

Moreover, beyond the articles previously highlighted, this edition features our usual segments, which encompass travel, automotive evaluations, beauty tips, as well as reviews of films and books. It also includes articles designed to motivate and provide guidance on business matters.

"Some books are so familiar that reading them is like being home again." – Louisa May Alcott

Enjoy Reading!

India Increases Authorised Capital of FCI from Rs 10,000 Crore to Rs 21,000 Crore

The government has raised the authorized capital of the Food Corporation of India (FCI) from Rs 10,000 crore to Rs 21,000 crore to bolster its operational abilities and meet its objectives more effectively, as stated by the Food Ministry. FCI, serving as the primary agency for food grain procurement at minimum support prices (MSP) to safeguard farmers’ interests, also manages strategic stocks and allocates grains for various welfare programs. The ministry emphasized that the increase in authorized capital is a significant move aimed at strengthening FCI’s operational capabilities. This enhancement is expected to alleviate the reliance on short-term loans and other financial instruments, thereby reducing interest expenses and positively impacting government subsidies. In addition to capital infusion, the FCI is urged to modernize its storage facilities, enhance transportation networks, and embrace advanced technologies to minimize post-harvest losses and ensure efficient distribution of food grains.

PM Modi Lays Foundation Stone for 300 MW Solar Plant in Rajasthan

“It’s very easy to be different but very difficult to be better.”

Jonathan Ive

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the construction of NLC India Ltd's 300 MW solar power project in Barsingsar, Rajasthan, on February 16. This initiative, part of MNRE's CPSU Scheme and awarded by IREDA in October 2021, aims to enhance India's renewable energy capacity and promote sustainable growth. The project is expected to cost around Rs1,756 crore and is scheduled to be operational by September 2024. Prime Minister Modi, addressing via video conference, highlighted India's rapid progress in solar energy generation. He emphasized the significance of these projects in Rajasthan, not only for providing clean and affordable energy but also for creating employment opportunities, particularly for the youth. Located near the existing Barsingsar Thermal Power Station, NLC's solar power plant benefits from easy power evacuation and shared infrastructure.

Ola Mobility Expands to Chennai Airport, Marking Presence at 22 Airports Nationwide

Ola Mobility, India’s leading ride-hailing platform, has expanded its services to Chennai International Airport, as part of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Airports Authority of India (AAI). The newly established Ola Zone at Chennai International Airport will provide pickups for travellers and offer booking assistance, aiming to enhance service efficiency and reduce wait times. Hemant Bakshi, CEO of Ola Mobility, expressed excitement about this expansion, stating, “In alignment with our vision to enhance the airport ride experience, we are thrilled to introduce our services at Chennai International Airport. Since our presence in 6 airports until 2022, we are now operational in 22 leading airports across the country.” In addition to facilitating smoother transactions for travellers, Ola has introduced a cashless checkout system at Chennai International Airport, benefiting drivers by eliminating payment at entry/ exits and optimizing the overall experience.

JSW Group Aims to Manufacture 3 Lakh Electric Cars in Odisha per Year

“The secret of business is to know something that nobody else knows.”

Aristotle

JSW Group's Chairman, Sajjan Jindal, unveiled plans in Odisha to establish a significant electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing plant, capable of producing 1 lakh commercial electric vehicles and 3 lakh electric cars annually. This ambitious project encompasses the construction of a 50 GWh EV battery plant, a lithium refinery, a copper smelter, and related component manufacturing units. The objective is to create a comprehensive EV supply chain within the integrated facility. JSW Group has forged a Memorandum of Understanding with the Odisha government, committing approximately Rs 40,000 crore in investment for this venture. Pending regulatory approvals, construction is slated to commence by year-end, with expectations to operationalize the facility within 2-3 years. Jindal stressed the necessity of affordable energy storage solutions, competitive pricing for electric vehicles, and reducing reliance on China for the supply chain. The planned facility will also house an R&D center, reflecting JSW Group's commitment to innovation and technological advancement in the EV sector.

Walmart Sets Sights on India as a Key Export Hub With $10 Billion Annual Target by 2027

Walmart, the leading global retailer, is strategically positioning India as a crucial export center to leverage its economic potential. With $30 billion in cumulative exports over the past two decades and a target of $10 billion annually by 2027, Walmart aims to expedite this growth. Jason Fremstad, Walmart's Senior Vice-President of Supplier Development & Sourcing, highlights the importance of Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes and government infrastructure investments in accelerating export growth. Fremstad emphasizes that PLI schemes encourage domestic production and enhance the competitiveness of Indian products globally. Walmart, which holds a 77% stake in Flipkart, recognizes the significance of robust infrastructure for its operations in India, particularly for last-mile connectivity crucial for e-commerce. Improved infrastructure benefits not only Walmart and Flipkart but also their vast network of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) suppliers, enhancing supply chain efficiency. Recent infrastructure developments have led to a notable reduction in logistics costs, according to Flipkart CEO Kalyan Krishnamurthy.

Mankind Pharma Wants to Export Niche Products

“Always give your best effort even when the odds are against you.”

Arnold Palmer

Mankind Pharma, an Indian pharmaceutical company, is considering venturing into the export market for specialized products while maintaining its primary focus on the domestic market. The Vice Chairman, Rajeev Juneja, expressed uncertainty about the sustainability of the current pace of export growth. Despite recent robust export revenue, mainly fueled by one-off opportunities in the US, Mankind Pharma remains predominantly focused on its domestic operations, which constitute over 90% of its business. Juneja highlighted the company's intention to explore export opportunities for niche products, emphasizing complexity, difficulty in manufacturing, and entry barriers as key criteria for selection. The company's export revenue has shown consistent growth, notably increasing by 154% in the nine months ending December 2023 compared to the previous fiscal year. Regarding domestic operations, Mankind Pharma reported strong growth, particularly in chronic therapies and anti-infectives, with a 20% year-on-year increase during the third quarter.

Kamila Valieva: Russian Figure Skater Given Four-Year Ban for Doping

Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva has received a four-year ban for doping, following an appeal by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) that was upheld by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). Valieva had initially been cleared by a Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) investigation, which found no fault on her part for a failed test before the 2022 Winter Olympics, where she won team gold at the age of 15. The ban, backdated to December 25, 2021, the date of the failed test, includes the disqualification of all competitive results achieved from that date. CAS clarified that the decision on whether to strip Russia of the gold medal would be examined by the relevant sports organizations, not within the scope of the arbitration procedure.

Putin Critic Alexei Navalny Dies in Arctic Circle Jail, Says Russia

Alexei Navalny, the prominent opposition figure in Russia, has tragically passed away in a jail located in the Arctic Circle, according to the prison service. Navalny, who had been a vocal critic of President Vladimir Putin, was serving a 19-year sentence on charges of extremism that many believed to be politically motivated. His death has sparked outrage and accusations of foul play from his allies and supporters. Navalny's wife, Yulia, has called on the international community to hold the Russian regime accountable for his death. His close ally, Ivan Zhdanov, has suggested that Navalny may have been murdered, a sentiment echoed by many who oppose Putin's government. Navalny's sudden decline in health occurred shortly after a walk, according to the prison service. Despite efforts to resuscitate him, Navalny could not be revived. In response to Navalny's death, there have been calls for protests in Russia, although authorities have warned against participating in such demonstrations.

Greece Legalises Same-Sex Marriage

Greece has recently made headlines by becoming the first Christian Orthodox-majority nation to legalize same-sex marriage and allow same-sex couples to adopt children. The decision, which followed a parliamentary vote of 17676, marks a significant milestone in the nation's history. However, the move has not been without controversy, as it has sparked division within the country, particularly with opposition led by the Orthodox Church. The Church views the measure as a threat to social cohesion and has been vocal in its resistance against the legalization of same-sex marriage. Despite the opposition, Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis championed the bill, emphasizing its importance in abolishing inequality. Mitsotakis secured the necessary support from opposition parties to pass the bill, highlighting the collaborative effort required to enact this historic legislation. The decision to legalize same-sex marriage and allow same-sex couples to adopt children has been celebrated by LGBTQ organizations in Greece as a significant step towards equality and inclusivity.

Putin Says He Prefers Joe Biden Over Donald Trump in the White House

Russian President Vladimir Putin has expressed a preference for a Joe Biden presidency over Donald Trump ahead of the US election, citing Biden's experience and predictability. Putin's comments mark a departure from his previous praise of Trump before his first run for president in 2016. Despite Biden's criticism of Putin, the Russian president believes Biden's leadership would be better for Russia due to his political background. Putin dismissed concerns about Biden's age and mental health, stating that he did not notice any issues during their last meeting in 2021. However, he criticized Biden's condemnation of the war in Ukraine as "extremely harmful and erroneous." Despite his preference, Putin emphasized that Russia would work with any US president who gains the trust of the American public. These remarks contrast with Trump's previous statements suggesting a strong rapport with Putin, although Trump's recent remarks about encouraging Russia to attack NATO members have drawn criticism from NATO officials.

For more info: europetimes.co

Devendra Fadnavis: Maharashtra’s Own Game Changer

The immortal bard of English literature William Shakespeare once wrote “Some are born great, some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon them.” It goes without saying that Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis belongs to that rare breed of men who achieve greatness with their own merit. His journey from being the youngest mayor of Nagpur to becoming the Deputy CM is truly inspiring in every sense. He is a leader who can be truly called the man of the masses whose political journey is a narrative in resilience, reform and visionary governance.

With several accomplishments up his sleeve, this man for all seasons was born on July 22, 1970, in Nagpur, the famed ‘Orange City’ of Maharashtra. He assumed office as the 18th Chief Minister of the state on October 31, 2014, serving until November 12, 2019. Additionally, he held the position of Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly from 2019 to 2022, and previously served as the President of the BJP state unit from 2013 to 2015.

Notably, he became Chief Minister at the age of 44, making him the second-youngest to hold the position in Maharashtra's history, after Sharad Pawar. His tenure as Chief Minister also included a brief second term during the 2019 political crisis, spanning five days before his resignation on November 28. As a prominent member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Rashtriya

Swayamsevak Sangh, his contributions have not only shaped the contours of Maharashtra's politics but also its developmental trajectory.

Early Life and Formative Years

The foundation of Fadnavis's political insights and values was laid early in his life. Born into a Marathi Brahmin family, with a lineage of political and social involvement, his upbringing was steeped in the ethos of public service. His father, Gangadhar Fadnavis, was a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council from Nagpur, and his mother, Sarita Fadnavis, is a descendant of the distinguished Kaloti family of Amravati. Both of them played pivotal roles in his formative years. The incarceration of his father during the Emergency instilled in young Fadnavis a profound sense of justice and resilience, shaping his ideological moorings and future political engagements.

Educational Pursuits and Early Political Forays

Fadnavis's educational journey, encompassing a graduate degree in law, a post-graduate degree in business management, and a diploma in Methods and Techniques of Project Management equipped him with the analytical and strategic acumen that would later define his political career. His early foray into politics through the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) marked the beginning of a journey that would see him ascend to significant political heights. At the age of 27, he became the youngest mayor of Nagpur

Municipal Corporation, setting the stage for a career characterized by youthful energy and innovative governance.

The Mantle of Chief Ministership

Appointed as the Chief Minister of Maharashtra on October 31, 2014, Fadnavis assumed leadership as the head of the largest party in the state assembly. Following his appointment, his government secured a vote of confidence by voice vote on November 12, 2014, affirming its mandate to govern.

His tenure as the Chief Minister from 2014 to 2019 was marked by ambitious projects and transformative initiatives. Under his leadership, Maharashtra saw the launch of the 'Mumbai Next' initiative, aimed at transforming the metropolis into a global financial and entertainment hub. His government's commitment to digitization and transparency was evident in the inauguration of the Maharashtra Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) in Nagpur, making Maharashtra the first state in India to digitize its police force comprehensively.

Flagship Projects and Developmental Initiatives

One of Fadnavis's most ambitious projects was the Samruddhi Expressway, which enhanced connectivity and fostered economic development between Mumbai and Nagpur. This initiative not only promised to reduce travel time but also aimed at bridging the urbanrural divide, thereby catalysing socio-economic growth. Additionally,

his administration was marked by significant strides in digital governance, agricultural development, and social welfare, including the pioneering 1% reservation for orphans in government jobs and educational institutions.

Notably, in 2015, he introduced the Chief Minister Fellowship programme, offering graduates and postgraduates an 11-month stint with the Maharashtra government to gain administrative experience. Designed to nurture youth talent, the initiative included stipends and other benefits, with the eligibility criteria focused on age, education, and language proficiency.

Additionally, Fadnavis spearheaded the 'Magel Tyala Shettale' scheme in 2016 to tackle drought and promote sustainable agriculture. This initiative surpassed its targets, benefiting farmers by making farms

available for sustainable agricultural production and enhancing irrigation through watershed management and water conservation efforts.

In 2017, under his leadership, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Krushi Sanman Yojana was announced, providing a substantial Rs 34,022 Crore loan waiver to 89 lakh farmers. This scheme alleviated financial burdens for crop and medium-term borrowers, contributing to agricultural stability.

Furthermore, in 2019, Fadnavis initiated a Rs 4,293 Crore water grid project in the hard-hit Marathwada region to combat drought. The project aimed to transport water from the Konkan region to the Godavari basin, fundamentally transforming Marathwada's water landscape and reducing its vulnerability to drought.

His visionary leadership also paved the way for the launch of Automated Weather Stations (AWS) in 2016. They were instrumental in providing accurate weather data to farmers, helping mitigate losses caused by untimely rains and hailstorms. With plans for over 2,000 AWS, this initiative aimed to enhance farming practices and resilience in the face of climatic challenges.

Beginning of a New Chapter

Following political upheavals, Fadnavis assumed the role of Deputy Chief Minister in 2022, continuing his influence on the state's governance and development. His partnership with Ajit Pawar marked a new chapter in the state’s political landscape, with a renewed focus on infrastructure development, social welfare, and economic growth.

A man whose gaze is always on the horizon, Fadnavis unveiled the Mumbai Metropolis Metaverse on February 19, with a vision to transform the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) into a global city of dreams by 2025. This immersive virtual representa-

tion of Mumbai offers a glimpse into the future, showcasing ongoing projects and planned developments that will reshape the cityscape.

Through the metaverse, the government aims to provide residents with a preview of forthcoming amenities and infrastructure enhancements, fostering a sense of anticipation and excitement for the city's evolution in the years ahead. Fadnavis highlighted 12 key projects within the metaverse that will contribute to the transformation of the metropolis, ushering in a new era of growth and development.

No Full Stops to Accolades

Fadnavis's leadership and contributions have been recognized both nationally and internationally. Notable accolades include the Best Parliamentarian Award by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (2002–03) and being honoured as a Lee Kuan Yew Exchange Fellow by the prestigious Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore, where he delivered a speech on 'Infrastructure-led Growth: Maharashtra – India's Engine of Development.' Fadnavis's delegation also signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, showcasing partnerships for infrastructure development projects in Maharashtra.

In 2017, under his leadership, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Krushi Sanman Yojana was announced, providing a substantial Rs 34,022 Crore loan waiver to 89 lakh farmers. This scheme alleviated financial burdens for crop and medium-term borrowers, contributing to agricultural stability.

Furthermore, the Deputy CM also received an Honorary Doctorate from Osaka City University, Japan, for his contribution to the socio-economic development of Maharashtra, becoming the first Indian to receive this prestigious recognition. His outstanding leadership was recognized with the Outstanding Leadership in Development Award from Georgetown University, USA.

Fadnavis's diplomatic endeavours extended to Mauritius, where he inaugurated a statue of the Maratha warrior king, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, and signed an MOU between the Economic Development Board (Mauritius) and Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation to enhance investment opportunities. His visit marked a significant milestone in diplomatic relations between India and the Indian Ocean island nation.

Additionally, Fadnavis embarked on an official tour to Japan, aiming to strengthen bilateral cooperation

and business relations between Maharashtra and Japan. Meetings with key dignitaries and representatives from government organizations and top companies highlighted the potential for foreign investment in critical projects such as the Mumbai Flood Mitigation Project and Versova-Virar Sea Link. His efforts exemplify his commitment to fostering international collaboration and advancing Maharashtra's development agenda on the global stage.

Life Beyond Politics

Beyond his political identity, Fadnavis is deeply committed to his family comprising his wife, Amruta, and daughter, Divija. His marriage to Amruta, a banker, actress, singer and social activist, underscores a partnership grounded in mutual respect and shared values, reflecting their collective commitment to societal welfare. The presence of their daughter further enriches their lives, symbolizing the hope and future they strive to improve through

their public and private endeavours. Fadnavis’s ability to balance the demands of his political career with his family responsibilities showcases his dedication not just to the public but also to the personal realms of love, commitment, and family wellbeing.

The fact remains that his tenure is marked by transformative developmental initiatives, a pioneering push towards digital governance, and inclusive social policies aimed at uplifting the marginalized. Fadnavis's strategic focus on leveraging technology to streamline governance processes, coupled with his efforts to bolster infrastructure, exemplifies his approach to fostering a progressive, connected, and economically vibrant Maharashtra. Despite facing controversies, his resilience and unwavering dedication to the state's development have solidified his reputation as a reformist leader with a clear vision for Maharashtra's future

Devendra Fadnavis with his wife Amruta Fadnavis (left) and daughter Divija Fadnavis (centre)

Shri V.P.Nandakumar MD & CEO Manappuram Finance Ltd

The way forward for financial inclusion lies in seizing the digital moment and figuring out ways to take it forward at an accelerated pace

NBFCs: Building a More Inclusive Future

Bringing the multitudes of unbanked population in rural India to the formal credit market remains a major policy challenge but the task of financial inclusion has been made easier by the accelerated pace of digitalisation

Providing last mile credit to consumers has been a shared concern of policy makers and financial intermediaries for long. In the current tightening cycle, this singular issue has been at the centre of attention of not just the central banks but the fiscal policy makers. This was amplified by the RBI Governor’s last monetary policy public statement in the current fiscal where he flagged the need for enhancing the last mile credit connectivity to perk up consumer spending to ensure durable growth above the threshold 7% mark while continuing to battle the increase in general price levels to align the headline inflation below the 4% mark.

NBFCs have played a seminal

role in this process. These institutions have supplemented and complemented banks in more ways than one by serving the credit needs of the last mile through endevaours like micro finance and now we have specialised NBFCs in this segment. To put things in perspective, total credit extended by NBFCs in India as on December 2023 is approximately Rs 34 lakh crore, constituting 20% of bank credit. Credit by NBFCs grew at a CAGR of 12% in the past 5-year period outpacing bank credit growth of 10.5%. NBFCs have also done well in financial and profitable metrics, making the business a winwin for customers and lenders.

At Manappuram, we were one of the first in the country to leverage technology and pioneer online gold

loans. We also undertake doorstep gold loans. Technology will further democratise lending and bring down cost of financial intermediation which could get passed on to customers by way of lower lending rates. New business models involving loan aggregators and loan service providers are becoming more entrenched which helps create a credit history for the excluded, entitling them to avail credit from financial institutions.

We lay a big emphasis in fostering financial inclusion. While we have branches in far-flung areas spread across the country, our online gold loan channel continues to gain in popularity. Our dedicated microfinance subsidiary, Asirvad, has assets under management of more

than Rs 11,500 crore now and at the same time this has turned out to be a profitable venture for us. As per Q3FY 24 figures, Asirvad has as many as 3.8 million customers.

Besides this, we have created several dedicated non-gold verticals to disburse small ticket loans in various segments like small traders, hotels and restaurants, women entrepreneurs, small-scale industries, teachers, etc. As the Indian economy grows, we are sure that these segments will greatly benefit from timely credit provided by nonbanking financial institutions like Manappuram.

Bringing the multitudes of unbanked population in rural India to the formal credit market still remains a major policy challenge. However, the task of financial inclusion has been made much easier and simpler by the accelerated pace of digitalisation. There is no contesting the fact that cash economy or to be precise, cash-in-circulation (CIC) still remains high but the digital footprint has been expanding, aided by UPI apart from legacy digital payment modes and platforms like internet banking or debit/credit cards. Going by the latest RBI data, the incidence of CIC remains high at approximately 12% of the size of the economy. The digital footprint

for the past three to four years has been growing at a steady pace of 45% and above (CAGR).

Yes, cash will continue to remain the dominant mode of transaction for a while and to say that printed notes no longer matter in the wake of digitalisation is foolhardy. However, a nuanced reading of the incoming economic data, as mentioned above, shows that the way forward for financial inclusion lies in seizing the digital moment and figuring out ways to take it forward at an accelerated pace.

Since a third of Indian households own either a smartphone or an internet connection, switching to digital mode at an accelerated pace will help financial intermediaries to push inclusion at a granular level at a faster clip. The cost of financial intermediation will also come down which might enable lenders to lower the interest rates charged to borrowers. Moreover, digitally on-boarding households to meet their financial requirement using tools such as e-KYC will help the institutions save significant costs. Switching to digital payback modes also save the financial intermediaries loan servicing cost in a big way. It will also go a long way in improving their asset quality by flagging potential slippages well

in advance besides improving the credit risk assessment of customers. This is important since RBI is planning to introduce the concept of expected credit loss.

Digitalisation could also put an end to the practice of availing loans by individuals from multiple institutions for the same purpose. Moreover, the concept of loan service providers and account aggregator models will ensure a credit history for the unbanked. The I-Spirit (Indian Software Product Industry Roundtable) has already done pioneering work in this regard. In my view, such practices lie at the heart of the waves of household financial distress that sweeps rural India especially in the wake of extreme climate events leading to crop failures.

By passing on lower costs of intermediation to the consumer, financial institutions will be able to expand their loan book and balance sheets. Along with robust risk assessment practices and deft margin management, the institutions could also drive up the profitability as well while addressing the last mile credit needs of households in earnest. To sum up, digitalisation is the way forward for the financial intermediaries to expand the footprint of financial inclusion

Rajesh Nair Partner, Ernst & Young LLP

AI's best use cases hinge on its ability to process and analyze data at a scale and speed beyond human capacity—transforming industries and improving lives.

Understanding Artificial Intelligence as a Professional…

Over the last two decades, we have seen a lot of technological disruptions. While every change had a flavour and shelf life of their own, some faded away, some stayed on. This one – the advent of AI – Artificial Intelligence seems real. The best use cases of AI are found in domains where they augment human capabilities and automate tasks that would otherwise be impossible, or highly resource intensive. This essay provides a panoramic view of the most adept applications of AI, showcasing its transformative potential across various industries. Here are some sectors where we have interesting use cases.

Healthcare

In the realm of medicine and healthcare, AI's diagnostic capabilities have reached extraordinary acuity. By analyzing vast datasets of medical imaging,

AI can identify patterns invisible to the human eye. For example, algorithms have been developed to detect early signs of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart conditions much more rapidly and accurately than traditional methods. Moreover, AI-powered robotics are assisting surgeons with precision and control beyond human limitations. Personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual genetic profiles, is another frontier AI is rapidly enabling, making healthcare more effective and efficient.

Finance

The financial sector has seen AI's significant impact on fraud detection and risk management. With the ability to scour through colossal amounts of transaction data, AI systems can pick up suspicious activities and raise red flags, offering a proactive stance against fraud. In investment

banking, AI algorithms - known as robo-advisors - can analyze market data, stock movements, and intrinsic patterns to make stock predictions and automate trading, which has democratized access to investment strategies that were once the preserve of expert traders.

Automotive Industry

Autonomous vehicles are set to revolutionize transport, with AI at their core. Through deep learning - a technique that uses neural networks to discern complex patterns in data - selfdriving cars can understand and navigate the world around them. This technology not only paves the way for safer and more efficient roads but has also sparked the conceptualization of smart cities, where traffic flow is optimized, significantly reducing congestion and pollution.

Customer Service

AI's contribution to customer

service has been significant, particularly through chatbots and virtual assistants. By simulating human interaction, AI can handle customer inquiries and provide support round-the-clock, leading to increased customer satisfaction. Moreover, speech and language processing abilities enable AI to personalize interactions, making engagements more natural and effective.

Manufacturing

Smart manufacturing, also known as Industry 4.0, is another sphere where AI's influence is burgeoning. AI systems

monitor and adjust production processes in real-time, reducing waste, streamlining operations, and maintaining quality control. Predictive maintenance, where AI anticipates equipment failure before it occurs, can avoid costly downtime and prolong the life of machinery.

Agriculture

In agriculture, AI is reshaping how food is grown. Through precision farming, AI analyzes data from satellite images, ground sensors, and drones to make informed decisions on planting, watering, and harvesting. This

optimization not only increases yield but also conserves resources, a crucial consideration in the context of climate change and a growing global population.

Entertainment

The entertainment industry is another beneficiary of AI's advancement. Through data analysis, AI algorithms can predict viewer preferences, driving content creation and recommendation engines on platforms like Netflix, Prime, and a lot of our Indian platforms, thereby significantly enhancing user experience.

AI's best use cases hinge on its ability to process and analyze data at a scale and speed beyond human capacity—transforming industries and improving lives. As we peer into the future, AI's continued integration promises a smarter, more efficient world. However, it also necessitates a thoughtful approach to AI governance, ad-

dressing ethical considerations to ensure that this powerful technology benefits all of society equitably and sustainably.

For a professional interested in learning AI and its implications on her work, a structured approach towards understanding and integrating AI is crucial. Here's a step-by-step guide to kickstart this

journey:

1. Identify the Impact: Begin by identifying how AI is currently influencing or has the potential to impact your industry and specific role. Research case studies and industry reports for insights.

2. Educational Foundation: Build a solid foundation by learn-

ing the basics of AI. There are myriad online courses from platforms like Coursera, edX, and Udacity that offer introductory courses on AI, Machine Learning (ML), and Data Science.

3. Understand Data: AI is predominantly data-driven. Grasp the basics of data analysis, statistics, and how AI utilizes data to generate

The field of AI is constantly evolving. Keep abreast of the latest trends, breakthroughs, and best practices through journals, news outlets, and continuous learning.

insights. Knowledge of data management tools and software can also be beneficial.

4. Programming Knowledge: Although not mandatory for all, a basic understanding of programming languages such as Python or R is helpful, as they are frequently used in AI development.

5. Specialized Learning: Depending on the relevance to your field, delve into specialized areas of AI such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), computer vision, or robotics. Specialized online courses can provide this advanced knowledge.

6. Implementation Knowledge: Understand the principles behind implementing AI solutions, such as model training, testing, and deployment. Awareness of the lifecycle of AI project management is critical.

7. Ethical Considerations: Learn about the ethical implications of AI, including bias, privacy, and transparency. These are crucial when integrating AI into any business process.

8. Hands-On Practice: Apply the knowledge gained by working on personal or open-source projects. Platforms like GitHub offer numerous AI projects where one can observe, participate, and learn.

9. Networking: Join AI communities both online (like Stack

Overflow, Data Science Central, or LinkedIn groups) and offline. Attending webinars, workshops, and conferences helps you stay updated and make valuable connections in the AI field.

10. Business Strategy: Combine your AI knowledge with business acumen. Learning how to leverage AI to solve business problems or create new opportunities can be pivotal.

11. Stay Current: The field of AI is constantly evolving. Keep abreast of the latest trends, breakthroughs, and best practices through journals, news outlets, and continuous learning.

12. Professional Development: Seek out professional certifications or degree programs if intensive knowledge or career transition is desired.

13. Consult Experts: Don't hesitate to consult with AI experts or hire consultants to help understand the direct applications of AI in your specific work situation.

14. Implement AI Solutions: Start small with AI-powered tools relevant to your work to increase productivity or gain better insights. Measure their impact and iteratively improve your approach.

By following these steps, a professional can effectively commence their AI learning journey and understand its implications for enhancing and potentially transforming their work

Dr Arun Oommen

MBBS, MS (Gen Surg), MCh (Neurosurgery), MRCSEd,MBA Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon

VPS Lakeshore Hospital

NH-47, Bypass, Maradu, Nettoor PO, Kochi 682040, India.

Kerala definitely has the potential to become a leading Health Hub, thanks to a multitude of Ultramodern Superspeciality hospitals and other health care facilities cropping up in different parts of Kerala which are capable of catering to any sort of health care problems on earth.

With Proper Planning Kerala will Become a Global Health Hub

What Are the Health Prospects in Kerala?

We should be very proud of the fact that Kerala is one of the few regions in the developing world, which has achieved substantial progress in the realm of education and health. The demographic, morbidity, mortality, epidemiological and health transitions have been substantial and follow a pattern similar to many advanced countries. Kerala has become a model Indian state viewed in terms of low birth and death rates, and infant and maternal mortality rates, high life expectancy at birth, favorable sex ratio and achievements in public health surveillance. The Human Development Index of Kerala is the highest among the states of India. It's because it has the highest literacy rate, highest life expectancy and the lowest sex ratio(male:female).

Kerala as a Health Hub?

Kerala definitely has the potential to become a leading Health Hub, thanks to a multitude of Ultramodern Superspeciality hospitals and other health care facilities cropping up in different parts of Kerala which are capable of catering to any sort of health care problems on earth. Moreover Kerala is blessed with highly renowned Doctors and well-trained health care personnels well versed in all ultramodern modalities of health care. Kerala might be one of the largest producers and supplier of staff nurses around the globe. Thanks to the exponential growth of health care institutes in Kerala there is a noticeable increase in the number of Malayali doctors and other health personnels who had been serving abroad to return to their homeland, which is really an encouraging sign.

Can Kerala Be a Promising Health Care Destination to the People from Outside Kerala?

Kerala has emerged to be a health care destination to access low-priced medical procedures with world-class standards and state-ofthe-art treatment facilities. We are now in a position to provide any advanced surgical and health care treatments in a cost-effective way. Many hospitals in Kerala offer the best possible treatment facilities and with the availability of highly renowned doctors and well-trained health personnels the results produced are at par with developed nations. Globalization and economic liberalization have given a boost to the medical service sector, in Kerala.

What are the Advantages of Kerala as a Health Hub?

Kerala is now capable of han-

dling any sort of health care problems thanks to the spurting of so many ultra-modern hospitals. The results produced are also at par with the best in the world.

-One remarkable thing is that the expense is much less compared to Western and European countries. For eg, a liver transplant surgery that costs around $,2,50,000 in the US can be done here at 1/6th cost producing similar results. Similarly, a major brain tumour surgery which can cost around $50,000 can be done here at just 1/10th cost with similar results if not better. A bone marrow transplant costs around $3,00,000 in the US but here it's done in 1/10th cost. An open heart surgery done at $50,000

can be done here in 1/10th cost. A Knee replacement surgery costing $20,000 can be done in 1/4th cost.

- There is an extensive network of medical care institutions practicing homeopathy, unani, ayurveda spa, acupuncture, naturopathy, holistic care and yoga therapy. The indigenous medical systems particularly Ayurveda have been dominant and contributed significantly to public health and overall health transition in Kerala. Kerala is one of the very few areas in the world practicing Ayurveda. Many foreigners are aware of the health potential of Ayurveda and are seeking treatment in large numbers.

- Kerala is well connected

to different parts of the world. There are 3 international airports and 2 more are in different stages of construction. There is a wellconnected rail, road and water transport system.

-As we all know Kerala is a unique destination for all types of tourists visiting this beautifully blessed state.

-Health insurance companies are beginning to play a major role in promoting Kerala's health care.

- Keralites are well versed in the International language English, hence foreigners may not find any language problems. Also, there are a multitude of professional language translators in Arabic, French, German, Italian, etc., in Kerala whose services can

be availed easily.

-Kerala has a moderate weather throughout the year.

-Kerala also maintains a high standard of hygiene.

-Kerala NRIs are spread all over the world and can function as goodwill ambassadors.

So all these factors truly favours Kerala as a prominent health Hub.

Even though the treatment expense is low, it is still considered high compared with the economic standards

of Kerala people. What can be done to help the people of Kerala with low socioeconomic status to avail such top-class treatment?

It's unfortunate that in spite of such cheap treatment options with world-class standards, many Keralites still can't afford quality care. One way to solve this problem is the implementation of a compulsory Government Health care insurance system for all Citizens so that the citizens are not denied their

right to get quality health care. The amount collected from each citizen can be based on their income. Also, atleast 10% of the GDP should be allotted for health care. The present 3-4 % is too low. Medical Cess also can be introduced but should be corruption-free and very transparent. These have been implemented in many developed countries as the government there gives top priority to health care. In our part of the world health care is not the top priority which has to change

Adv Sherry Samuel Oommen: This article is authored by Adv Sherry Samuel Oommen. Adv Oommen, who specializes in constitution, tax and corporate laws has also cleared the final exams of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, the Institute of Cost Accountants of India and the Institute of Company Secretaries of India. He has also completed his Masters Degree in Commerce, apart from obtaining a Post Graduate Diploma in Business and Corporate Laws from Symbiosis Pune. The views expressly are personal and should not be construed as a legal opinion.sherryoommen@nashcp.com.

DemocracyHas It Been Strengthened?

The recent judgment of the Constitution Bench of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Association for Democratic Reforms Vs Union of India MANU/ SC/0112/2024 has been a topic of discussion amongst the intelligentsia. In this landmark judgment, the

Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the Electoral Bonds Scheme introduced by the Government was unconstitutional.

While some would argue that the judgment is a necessary fillip to democracy, others would argue that this would recreate the deleterious culture of using cash as a means of

political funding. There is a section of folks who believe that the judgment was perhaps a tad late especially since the ruling dispensation was able to raise funds to the tune of nearly INR 6,600 crores, thereby creating a non-level playing field. Keeping the debate aside, in this article, I intend to pen a short brief on

the said judgment.

In the said judgment running to nearly 240 pages, the Hon’ble Supreme Court had considered the following issues which weave its thread across various legislations including The Companies Act, 2013 (“Cos Act”), The Representation of the Peoples Act, 1951 (“RPA”) and the Income-tax Act, 1961 (“IT Act”):

i. Whether unlimited corporate funding to political parties, as envisaged by the amendment to Section 182(1) of the Companies Act, 2013 infringes the principle of free and fair elections and violates Article 14 of the Constitution? and

ii. Whether the non-disclosure of information on voluntary contributions to political parties under the Electoral Bond Scheme and the amendments to Section 29C of the RPA, Section 182(3) of the Cos Act and Section 13A(b) of the IT Act are violative of the right to information of citizens under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.

In the judgment, the Hon’ble Supreme Court upheld certain key principles in law, which merit consideration. These principles would now be a guiding light in the interpretation of the constitutional provisions.

a. The presumption of constitutionality of a provision gets rebutted once a prima-facie case of a constitutional violation is made out. At this stage, a heavy burden lies on the State in justifying the law. In this regard, it would be profitable to refer to the following passage from the judgment in the case of Dharam Dutt Vs Union of India AIR 2004 SC 1295:

“49. In spite of there being a general presumption in favour of the constitutionality of the legislation, in a challenge laid to the validity of any legislation allegedly violating any right or freedom guaranteed by

In the judgment, the Hon’ble Supreme Court upheld certain key principles in law, which merit consideration. These principles would now be a guiding light in the interpretation of the constitutional provisions.

The Court noted that the anonymity of the contributor is intrinsic to the Electoral Bond Scheme. In view of the same, the Court held that the Electoral Bond Scheme, 2018 is unconstitutional.

clause (1) of Article 19 of the Constitution, on a prima facie case of such violation having been made out, the onus would shift upon the respondent State to show that the legislation comes within the permissible limits of the most relevant out of clauses (2) to (6) of Article 19 of the Constitution, and that the restriction is reasonable. The Constitutional Court would expect the State to place before it sufficient material justifying the restriction and its reasonability. On the State succeeding in bringing the restriction within the scope of any of the permissible restrictions, such as, the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order, decency or morality etc. the onus of showing that restriction is unreasonable would shift back to the petitioner. Where the restriction on its face appears to be unreasonable, nothing more would be required to substantiate the plea of unreasonability. Thus the onus of proof in such like cases is an ongoing shifting process to be consciously observed by the Court called upon to decide the constitutional validity of a legislation by reference to Article 19 of the Constitution.”

b. The judgment recognizes the strong influence of money in politics. Notably, the availability of large funds allows a candidate or a political party significantly greater

opportunity for the propagation of its program in comparison to their political rivals. This political disparity results in “serious discrimination between one political party or individual and another on the basis of money power and that in turn would mean that “some voters are denied an “equal” voice and some candidates are denied an ‘equal chance”. I am now reminded of an interesting passage from the judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Common Cause (A Registered Society) Vs Union of India (1996) 2 SCC 752:

“18. [The General Elections] is an enormous exercise and a mammoth venture in terms of money spent. Hundreds and thousands of vehicles of various kinds are pressed on to the roads in 543 parliamentary constituencies on behalf of thousands of aspirants to power, many days before the general elections are actually held. Millions of leaflets and many million posters are printed and distributed or pasted all over the country. Banners by the lakhs are hoisted. Flags go up, walls are painted, and hundreds of thousands of loudspeakers play out the loud exhortations and extravagant promises. VIPs and VVIPs come and go, some of them in helicopters and air-taxis. The political parties in their quest for power spend

more than one thousand crore of rupees on the General Election (Parliament alone), yet nobody accounts for the bulk of money so spent and there is no accountability anywhere. Nobody discloses the source of the money. There are no proper accounts and no audit. From where does the money come from nobody knows. In a democracy where rule of law prevails this naked display of black money, by violating the mandatory provisions of law, cannot be permitted.”

c. The Court held that information about funding to a political party is essential for a voter to exercise their freedom to vote in an effective manner. The Court also noted that Electoral bonds provide economically resourced contributors who already have a seat at the table selective anonymity vis-à-vis the public and not the political party. Thus, the Court held that The Electoral Bond Scheme and the impugned provisions to the extent that they infringe upon the right to information of the voter by anonymizing contributions through electoral bonds are violative of Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.

d. The Court noted that the anonymity of the contributor is intrinsic to the Electoral Bond Scheme. In view of the same, the Court held that the Electoral Bond Scheme, 2018 is unconstitutional.

e. The Court held that the amendment effected to Section 182 of the Companies Act, 2013 is manifestly arbitrary for (a) treating political contributions by companies and individuals alike; (b) permitting the unregulated influence of companies in the governance and political process violating the principle of free and fair elections; and (c) treating contributions made by profit-making and loss-making companies to political parties alike.

The Hon’ble Court apart from striking down the provisions stated above has issued a slew of directions, which are captured below:

•The issuing bank shall herewith stop the issuance of Electoral Bonds;

•SBI shall submit details of the Electoral Bonds purchased. The details shall include the date of pur-

chase of each Electoral Bond, the name of the purchaser of the bond and the denomination of the Electoral Bond purchased.

•SBI shall submit the details of political parties which have received contributions through Electoral Bonds since the interim order of this Court dated 12 April 2019 till date to the ECI. SBI must disclose details of each Electoral Bond encashed by political parties which shall include the date of encashment and the denomination of the Electoral Bond.

•SBI shall submit the above information to the ECI within three weeks from the date of this judgment, that is, by 6 March 2024

•The ECI shall publish the information shared by the SBI on its official website within one week of the receipt of the information, that

is, by 13 March 2024; and

•Electoral Bonds which are within the validity period of fifteen days but that which have not been encashed by the political party yet shall be returned by the political party or the purchaser depending on who is in possession of the bond to the issuing bank. The issuing bank, upon the return of the valid bond, shall refund the amount to the purchaser’s account.

The judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court is a clear a step towards cleansing the electoral process. The true cleansing of the system would be possible only if there is a true transformation within the system itself. It would be interesting to see how the directions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court are indeed implemented both in letter and spirit

Rajiv Ambat Lifestyle Disorders Coach & Founder - SOLVEMyHealth & NuvoVivo

Rajiv Ambat is a well-known speaker and author of the best-selling book - 'The Midriff Crisis' and a lifestyle expert. Under the guidance of Mr Rajiv, his team at SOLVEMyHealth help their clients manage sleep disorders, apart from dealing with male sexual health conditions. At NuvoVivo, his team specialises in managing various lifestyle disorders of their clients through structured and scientific diet and exercise protocols customised for each individual.

Sleep: The Missing Piece in Your Health Puzzle

In a world that seems to be always on the move, where deadlines loom large and schedules overflow, it's easy to overlook one of the most essential aspects of our lives - ‘SLEEP’. Yet, as we commemorate the World Sleep Day on March 15th, it's crucial to pause and recognize the profound significance of this often underrated pillar of health. Did you know that India ranks as the second most sleep-deprived country in the world, following closely behind Japan? ‘Insomnia’

characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing non-restorative sleep, is fast becoming a serious health concern that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life.

Beyond just a daily necessity, sleep is a fundamental biological process that rejuvenates both body and mind, playing a pivotal role in our overall well-being. From enhancing cognitive function to bolstering physical health and fostering emotional resilience, the benefits of a

good night's sleep are far-reaching and undeniable.

Quality sleep is the cornerstone of both physical and mental wellbeing. It facilitates the repair and maintenance of the body, regulates hormones crucial for metabolism and immune function, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases like obesity and heart disease. Moreover, sleep plays a vital role in cognitive function, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation. Adequate sleep enhances concentration, prob-

Beyond just a daily necessity, sleep is a fundamental biological process that rejuvenates both body and mind, playing a pivotal role in our overall well-being.

lem-solving abilities, and creativity while fostering a positive mood and resilience to stress. Ultimately, prioritizing quality sleep leads to increased productivity, improved performance, and a higher overall quality of life.

Understanding Sleep

Sleep is a fundamental aspect of human life, but it's often not fully understood. At its core, sleep is a naturally occurring state of rest characterized by altered consciousness and reduced sensory responsiveness. Basically, sleep is when your body and mind take a

break, and you become less aware of your surroundings. This nightly phenomenon is not merely a passive state of just lying there; it is an active process controlled by our body.

Sleep is a dynamic process regulated by both physiological and neurological mechanisms. It is like a reset button for the body and mind, allowing for repair, restoration, and consolidation of memories. As we drift into sleep, our brain waves slow down, and our muscles relax, giving our body a chance to repair itself and process memories.

Sleep Stages & Circadian Rhythms

Sleep isn't the same all night; it happens in different stages. There's REM sleep & non-REM sleep. In REM sleep, our eyes move rapidly, whereas non-REM sleep is characterised by different brain wave patterns. The sleep cycle progresses through these two stages in a rhythmic fashion, guided by our body's internal clock known as the circadian rhythm. This internal timing system synchronizes with external cues and factors such as light and darkness, to regulate

Polysomnography study can provide comprehensive data about multiple physiological parameters during sleep, allowing healthcare providers to assess sleep quality, diagnose sleep disorders, and develop targeted treatment and lifestyle plans to improve sleep and overall well-being.

the timing of our sleep and wakefulness.

For a healthy individual, a typical night's sleep consists of multiple cycles of alternating REM and nonREM stages. This cyclical pattern is crucial for achieving restorative sleep. Disruptions to this pattern, due to frequent awakenings or insufficient REM sleep, can lead to fatigue and unrest upon awakening.

Various factors influence the quality and duration of sleep. Age, genetics, lifestyle habits, and environmental conditions all play significant roles in shaping our sleep patterns. For example, infants spend a considerable amount of time in REM sleep, which is essential for brain development, while older adults may experience changes in sleep architecture due to age-related factors. Additionally, lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise, and stress can impact sleep quality. In short, sleep is highly interconnected with overall health and well-being.

Assessing Sleep - Sleep Study

In cases where the cause of sleep disturbances is unclear, a sleep study, also known as polysomnography, may be recommended by the doctor. During a sleep study, various physiological parameters such as brain activity, breathing patterns, heart rate, and muscle activity are monitored overnight to assess sleep quality and identify any underlying sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea or periodic limb movement disorder. A well-detailed polysomnography study can evaluate and record

many important parameters during our sleep including brain waves and brain activity, eye movements, muscle activity (to track conditions like periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) or REM sleep behavior disorder), heart rate & rhythms, breathing patterns, oxygen saturation, snoring, etc.

Overall, polysomnography study can provide comprehensive data about multiple physiological parameters during sleep, allowing healthcare providers to assess sleep quality, diagnose sleep disorders, and develop targeted treatment and lifestyle plans to improve sleep and overall well-being. With the advent of technology, sleep study is now widely available across India. At SOLVEMyHealth, we offer such home-based sleep studies for our clients.

Tackling Insomnia

Before delving into strategies for tackling sleep disorders like insomnia, it's crucial to comprehend the underlying reasons behind the lack of sleep. Sleep disorders can stem from a multitude of factors, including psychological, psychiatric, respiratory, neurological conditions, as well as nutritional deficiencies and various lifestyle factors.

While occasional bouts of insomnia are common and often linked to temporary stressors or lifestyle factors, chronic insomnia can be more complex and may require intervention to address underlying issues. Here are some common reasons for insomnia -

Stress and Anxiety: Stress and anxiety are frequently identified as

primary catalysts for insomnia. Our body's response to stress is characterized by increased cortisol secretion and heightened sympathetic nervous system activity (fight or flight). This can disrupt the normal process of falling and staying asleep. This heightened physiological arousal manifests as racing thoughts, persistent worries, and an inability to achieve a relaxed state conducive to sleep onset. Chronic exposure to stressors, whether related to work pressures, interpersonal conflicts,

or financial instability, can further exacerbate insomnia symptoms and lead to many health complications including cardiovascular diseases.

Medications and Substances: Some medications, particularly those that affect the central nervous system, can disrupt sleep patterns and contribute to insomnia. Stimulants like caffeine or nicotine, especially when consumed close to bedtime, can also interfere with sleep onset and lead to nighttime awakenings.

Environmental Factors: En-

vironmental factors such as noise, light, temperature, and uncomfortable sleep surfaces can all impact sleep quality. Excessive noise from traffic or neighbors, bright lights from electronic devices, and an uncomfortable mattress or pillow can make it challenging to achieve restful sleep.

Shift Work and Jet Lag: Irregular work schedules, particularly those involving night shifts or rotating shifts, can disrupt the body's circadian rhythm and lead to insomnia

Whether it's establishing a consistent sleep schedule, practicing stress management techniques, or seeking professional guidance for sleep disorders, there are steps we can take to prioritize restful sleep.

symptoms. Similarly, traveling across multiple time zones can result in jet lag, causing temporary sleep disturbances until the body adjusts to the new time zone.

Poor Sleep Hygiene: Poor sleep habits can significantly disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to difficulties in falling asleep and staying asleep. Irregular sleep schedules and inconsistent bedtime routines can confuse the body's internal clock, making it harder to establish a consistent sleep pattern. Excessive screen time before bed, particularly with electronic devices emitting blue light, can interfere with the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. This disruption can delay the onset of sleep and reduce its quality. Engaging in stimulating activities such as watching TV or using mobile phones in bed can hinder our body's ability to wind down and prepare for sleep. The exposure to bright screens and mentally engaging content can increase alertness and arousal, making it more challenging to transition into a relaxed state conducive to sleep.

Sleep Apnea: Respiratory conditions can significantly impact sleep quality and duration due to their effects on breathing patterns and overall respiratory function. One common respiratory condition that can interfere with sleep is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in which, the airway becomes partially or completely blocked during sleep,

leading to pauses in breathing and disruptions in airflow. These interruptions in breathing can occur multiple times throughout the night, leading to fragmented sleep and frequent awakenings.

Individuals with OSA often experience symptoms such as loud snoring, gasping or choking sounds during sleep, and daytime fatigue. The repeated episodes of breathing cessation not only disrupt sleep but also lead to drops in blood oxygen levels, putting additional strain on the cardiovascular system. Over time, untreated OSA can increase the risk of developing hypertension, heart disease, and other serious health complications. Managing Sleep Apnea may involve a combination of medication management, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for OSA. CPAP therapy involves wearing a mask connected to a machine that delivers a continuous flow of air to keep the airway open and prevent breathing disturbances. CPAP therapy can significantly improve sleep quality, reduce daytime sleepiness, and lower the risk of associated health complications. Weight loss and lifestyle modifications are other important aspects to manage sleep apnea.

Other respiratory conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also can impact sleep. Asthma may cause nighttime coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, making it difficult to achieve restful sleep. COPD,

characterized by airflow limitation and difficulty breathing, can lead to nocturnal symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and increased respiratory effort, further disrupting sleep continuity.

In addition to the direct effects of these respiratory conditions on sleep, the associated symptoms and discomfort can also contribute to insomnia and poor sleep quality. Individuals with respiratory conditions may experience anxiety or stress related to their breathing difficulties, further exacerbating sleep disturbances. Furthermore, the use of medications to manage respiratory symptoms may have side effects that impact sleep, such as increased awakenings or daytime drowsiness.

Psychological Factors: Underlying psychological issues, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or bipolar disorder, can contribute to insomnia symptoms. Psychological stressors, unresolved trauma, or emotional upheavals can manifest as sleep disturbances and require targeted interventions to address. Often, these factors and insomnia are bidirectional, meaning that insomnia can contribute to the development or worsening of depressive symptoms, and vice versa. This cyclical relationship can create a vicious cycle where sleep disturbances worsen depression, and depression exacerbates sleep problems.

Managing sleep disorders related to psychological issues often involves

a comprehensive approach that addresses both the underlying psychological condition and the associated sleep disturbances. It may involve a combination of medications and therapy such as Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I).

CBT-I is a structured, evidencebased therapy designed to address sleep disturbances. CBT-I helps individuals identify and change negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to sleep problems. It includes techniques such as stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, and cognitive restructuring. Therapy for the underlying psychological condition, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression or trauma-focused therapy for PTSD, can also help alleviate symptoms and improve sleep quality.

Nutritional Deficiencies:

Nutritional deficiencies can play a significant role in the development and exacerbation of insomnia. Certain vitamins, minerals, and nutrients are essential for the proper regulation of the sleep-wake cycles and promoting relaxation. For example, deficiencies in nutrients such as magnesium, calcium, vitamin D, and B vitamins have been linked to sleep disturbances. Magnesium, known for its role in muscle relaxation and stress reduction, plays a crucial role in promoting deep, restorative sleep. Magnesium deficiency is hence often associated with insomnia and mood disorders. Vitamin D is believed to regulate serotonin levels, which inturn influences our sleep patterns. Serotonin is also a precursor to the sleep hormone - Melatonin. The B-vitamins, including B6 and B12, are involved in neurotransmit-

ter synthesis and can impact sleep quality and duration. Additionally, deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids (particularly EPA and DHA), found in fatty fish, have been associated with sleep problems. Addressing nutritional deficiencies through dietary changes or supplementation may help improve sleep quality and overall well-being.

By understanding the nuances of sleep and implementing evidence-based strategies, we can reclaim our nights and awaken refreshed each morning. Whether it's establishing a consistent sleep schedule, practicing stress management techniques, or seeking professional guidance for sleep disorders, there are steps we can take to prioritize restful sleep. As we commemorate World Sleep Day, let's seize this opportunity to pause, reflect, and prioritize our sleep health

India's pursuit of economic independence has been a transformative journey, and the progress made thus far is commendable. Through comprehensive economic policies, investments in key sectors, and a focus on human capital development, India has reduced its dependence on external resources.

Economic Independence of India Through Self-Reliance

India, a country with a rich history and diverse culture, has actively strived for economic independence since gaining its freedom from colonial rule. Economic independence is defined as a nation's ability to stand on its own, free from excessive dependence on foreign aid, resources, and expertise. Over the years, India has made significant strides in various sectors to establish itself as a self-reliant nation, catalysing economic growth, innovation, and national development.

Historical Background:

After decades of colonial exploitation, India gained independence in 1947, laying the foundation for a transformative journey towards self-reliance. The initial years were focused on rebuilding the nation's economy, enhancing agricultural productivity, and industrialization. Significant efforts were made to reduce dependence on foreign imports, promote domestic industries,

and strengthen the rural economy. The implementation of Five-Year Plans and economic policies aimed at achieving self-sufficiency were instrumental in India's development agenda.

Key Pillars of Economic Independence:

1. Industrial Growth and Manufacturing:

India's focus on expanding its manufacturing sector has been critical in achieving economic independence. Initiatives such as the "Make in India" campaign have been launched to attract investments, encourage domestic production, and enhance competitiveness. The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) has facilitated a favourable business environment and increased exports, reducing the country's reliance on imported goods.

2. Agriculture and Food Security:

Agriculture, being the backbone

of the Indian economy, has played a significant role in attaining selfreliance. The Green Revolution in the 1960s and subsequent technology-driven initiatives improved agricultural infrastructure, enhanced crop productivity, and ensured food security for the growing population. By prioritizing modern farming techniques, organic farming, and rural development programs, India has successfully reduced its dependence on foreign agricultural imports.

3. Energy Independence:

India's efforts towards energy independence have gained momentum in recent years. The government's focus on renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power has aided in diversifying the energy mix, reducing fossil fuel dependency, and promoting sustainability. Initiatives like the International Solar Alliance have further accelerated the shift towards clean energy, empowering India to meet its energy demands

Ravi Saini

domestically.

4. Technology and Innovation:

The rapid growth of India's information technology sector has been instrumental in achieving economic independence. The country's skilled workforce, entrepreneurial spirit, and technological advancements have led to a thriving IT industry. Leveraging this competitive advantage, India has positioned itself as a global technology hub, reducing the reliance on foreign expertise and driving economic growth through software development, IT services, and innovation-driven startups.

Challenges and the Road Ahead:

While India has made significant strides towards economic independence, challenges persist. Issues such as poverty, unemployment, regional disparities, and a disproportionate emphasis on certain sectors pose hurdles that need to be addressed. Furthermore, ensuring inclusive growth, improving healthcare and education systems, and undertaking

reforms to enhance ease of doing business will be crucial for sustained economic independence.

It's advised to the current leadership to provide a hand-holding support of Rs. 50,000,000 (Rupees fifty million) as a collateral-free loan for any start-up registered with MSME/NSIC for creating Military Training Academies for the age groups of 8 to 18 subject to having all the faculties and support staff are ex-servicemen/women of all defence forces of India. The trained human resources will go on to serve the armed forces through the selections & further training at NDA/IMA etc. We must pick the abundantly available human resources as early as 8 years and keep under the observations of the coaches so that they can be assisted in picking career growth prospects according to the advice received from the coaches and experts. All the schools across the country could be the resource centres to pick the youngsters for the academies.

Conclusion:

India's pursuit of economic independence has been a transformative journey, and the progress made thus far is commendable. Through comprehensive economic policies, investments in key sectors, and a focus on human capital development, India has reduced its dependence on external resources. The nation has embraced innovation, manufacturing, agriculture, and renewable energy to enable self-reliance. However, sustaining and strengthening these efforts remain essential to achieving complete economic independence and enhancing the overall prosperity and well-being of the Indian population.

All the State Governments are required to create business-friendly tax and other incentives that attract private investments for setting up Integrated Industrial Parks to create local jobs and global business avenues. Military Academies would provide the right human resources for such Industrial Parks

Dolly Maria is founder of THE IGNIST, a training company born out of a noble cause and spirit. She holds a decade long experience being a passionate mentor and entrepreneur.

Emotional Intelligence is one of the crucial skills for you to develop when you are overseeing a team. Emotional Intelligence is the ability to understand self in the most productive of ways, also to perceive others' emotions in the right sense, to regulate one's emotions to the best of efficiency.

Dolly Maria

None of Us Is as Smart as All of Us…

There are many a task you cannot do alone. Most of the time, the more brains involved in the project, the better the output is going to be. When many people from different backgrounds come together to perform similar tasks for a common goal, this can be tricky. Managing a team effectively helps you control the process, and march successfully to the vision and goal. Team management and leadership have different responsibilities to perform. Let's have a look at the different management styles, the advantages of it, the skills you need, and how effectively you can do it.

To manage a team effectively, you need to possess some vital skills and key characteristics. Emotional Intelligence is one of the crucial skills for you to develop when you are overseeing a team. Emotional Intelligence is the ability to understand self in the most productive of ways, also to perceive others' emotions in the right sense, to regulate one's emotions to the best of efficiency. It is to basically understand your own and the emotions of other people around you. All of the most successful managers and leaders you find around comes with a high level of emotional intelligence, which helps them work under high pressure, communicate effectively, manage conflicts, empathise with their co-workers and bring our maximum results with desired business engagements. It cascades down from the top, as the top leaders set the tone of the entire organizational hierarchy. A person with high emotional intelligence can always motivate and guide their fellow peers to faster growth and also influence others in a very positive way.

Delegating your work properly and carefully is another significant trait you'd need to possess inorder to manage a team successfully. To find the right person who is able to do the task, and to guide them to perfection is important. To trust another person to be able to fulfil a responsibility can

When you have a clear vision and are diligently striving towards achieving the same in a constructive manner, you are setting an example for others to follow an optimistic course.

be dicey, however, a good manager should be able to fittingly assign tasks to accountable team members. Sometimes it can be tedious to explain the task to someone else than to complete it on your own, especially when you are a perfectionist. However, know that you cannot do it all. From a management perspective, delegation not only occurs to manage time; it is also to develop team members' skill sets. This will catalyse their career prospects inside the organisation. You are therefore helping the team members to grow professionally when you delegate effectively. Not everyone can do all tasks – hence before you decide to dump the work on someone else, make sure he or she is equipped with the necessary talents to do the job. Define precisely what's expected out of them. Leave no room for confusion or ambiguity. Help them with the right resources, tools or authority to finish the given task. Make sure

you establish a clear communication channel between you two so that the entire process goes smoothly. Even when the other makes a mistake or goofs up, allow them to fail and to learn from their failures, try again, to succeed eventually. Your approach should adhere empowerment which should boost the employee's morale and confidence. The more they experiment, the more they will be familiar with the process and closer to fruitful completion. Do not forget to applaud, congratulate and appraise whenever n wherever it is due.

Feedback is extremely important when it comes to fetching desired results. You should be able to take constructive criticism and also should coach your team to do the same. Collaborating at your best is the key here. The communication should be transparent. Any feedback given should be without any prejudiced pre-conceived notions regarding the situation or the person. Most of the time your mental programming and conditioning can also be a huge block in understanding the other person as they really are. It is important to lead by example when it comes to successful team management. When you are a team manager, you are a leader, who is responsible for showing your fellow team members

how unbiased you can be when it comes to fulfilling a task creatively. Emotional, personal or professional burnout can happen amidst a highpressured work atmosphere. Use your capacity of authority, tools, skills, resources and innovation to glide through these hurdles. It is important to enjoy your work inorder to excel in it. When everyone knows that the entire process works for their mutual benefit, everyone will be more open to contributing. The work should be directly connected to the team's goals. Goals should be clearly explained and roles defined. It will help avoid stress and anxiety. More clarity will definitely bring in more productivity.

Team management is the ability to communicate effectively to organise and direct complex tasks, streamline the project goals and ensure the deliverable is assured as an end-result. Encouraging and motivating your team members on a daily basis is important. To reach a central goal, you'll need to be result-oriented, the situation would demand the ability to think analytically, consider different alternatives or solutions to a common problem, demonstrating your leadership capability, thinking prudently before implementing decisions, lining up strategies to achieve

objectives, achieving it at reduced costs – there comes hundreds of levels for you to perfect it, one step at a time. It is imperative here to take yourself through the right level of training so that you are adept at the intuitive nuances the role asks you of. Training yourself helps you to transform and to adapt yourself to the change that is asked of you. Adaptability will also help you to execute the needed flexibility within diverse taxing environments. The entire resolution is to get your team happily working together towards the successful completion of a desired goal.

With effective team management, you can very well shape an industrious culture inside the organisation. This will inturn ripple out into the social structure creating a new wave of positivity and growth. When you have a clear vision and are diligently striving towards achieving the same in a constructive manner, you are setting an example for others to follow an optimistic course. Your actions should inspire others to do more, dream more, and be more. It builds trust, it builds people, builds organisations, builds lives and generations. With an optimistically confident team, you can achieve almost anything!

From Sneezes to Breezes: Transform Your Life with Natural Allergy Remedies!

Allergies, a prevalent condition affecting numerous individuals, manifest in various forms and can strike at any moment. From seasonal triggers to specific circumstances, allergies are a universal concern. Among them, dust allergies stand out as particularly widespread. Fortunately, there are practical steps one can take within the comfort of their home to mitigate these reactions. Let's delve into effective strategies for combating dust allergies and creating a healthier living environment.

Turmeric and Honey Milk: The Dynamic Duo

One highly effective remedy for dust allergy found commonly in most of our homes is turmeric powder. Mix turmeric powder with warm milk and add a pinch of black pepper. Once cooled down, you can add honey to it. Consume this mixture twice a day for quick relief and to gain its benefits rapidly. Turmeric, enriched with antibacterial proper-

ties, helps in combating dust allergies.

Apple Cider Vinegar Drink: The Tart Tactician

Apple cider vinegar is a highly effective remedy for treating dust allergies. It contains natural properties that help to remove phlegm and clear congestion. To prepare this remedy, mix two to three tablespoons of apple cider vinegar in a glass of lukewarm water. Add one tablespoon of honey for taste and consume this mixture two to three times a day. This concoction can provide relief and aid in combating dust allergies effectively. Apple cider vinegar acts as an antihistamine and contains antimicrobial properties. It is equivalent to purchasing medicine from a pharmacy. Apple cider vinegar is highly beneficial in preventing allergies from worsening.

Ghee and Sugar Mix: The Comforting Companion

Mix half a tablespoon of ghee and jaggery and consume it. This

combination helps in treating uncontrolled sneezing. Ghee helps to prevent congestion, and it provides relief from continuous sneezing and assures comfort in the persistent irritation.

Raw Honey: The Sweet Scout

The best natural remedy for dust allergies is honey. Consuming raw honey (two spoons) twice a day is essential. When you regularly consume honey, your body gradually becomes accustomed to it. This helps in reducing the possibility of developing allergies within a specific timeframe.

Citrus Fruits: The Vitamin C Vanguard

Citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and limes are rich sources of vitamin C. They are known for their high antioxidant content, making them excellent in combating dust allergy symptoms and other related conditions. Consuming any fruit or vegetable rich in vitamin C

Green tea is considered a magical remedy for treating various ailments, including allergies. It is particularly beneficial in combating dust allergies.

is advisable. These foods not only provide ample amounts of vitamin C but also ensure safe consumption. Alternatively, vitamin C supplements ranging from 500 milligrams to 1000 milligrams per day can be taken. Vitamin C supplements aid in preventing the release of histamine in the body and also help to boost the immune system.

Green Tea: The Antioxidant Avenger

Green tea is considered a magical remedy for treating various ailments, including allergies. It is particularly beneficial in combating dust allergies. To prepare this remedy, simply steep a tea bag in hot

water for a few minutes, then add honey and enjoy the tea. It is recommended to drink this tea three to four times a day for optimal results. Green tea is rich in epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which contains antioxidant properties that help alleviate allergy symptoms.

Mint Tea: The Breath of Fresh Air

Last but not least, mint tea, the breath of fresh air, brings its menthol magic to the fray. It's like having a personal healer, soothing your breath, clearing phlegm, and refreshing your senses. This herbal hero stands with you, offering relief and a minty shield against allergies.

As we wrap up our journey, you're now equipped with natural remedies to fend off dust allergies, from turmeric's glow to honey's sweetness and green tea's calm. This adventure has empowered you to protect your health with nature's wisdom. Take these discoveries into your daily battles against allergies, transforming challenges into victories. Your exploration may have ended, but your journey towards a healthier, allergy-free life is just beginning. Here's to your continued health and the adventures that await. Farewell, and stay resilient!

Rs. 30,499 (approximately)

 Android v14

 6.78 inches (17.22 cm) Display

 50 MP + 8 MP +

2 MP Primary Cameras

 16 MP Front Camera

 12 GB RAM

 256 GB Internal Memory

 5500 mAh Battery Capacity

Rs. 66,390 (approximately)

 Android v14

 6.8 inches (17.27 cm) Display

 50 MP + 50 MP +

180 MP Primary Cameras

 50 MP Front Camera

 12 GB RAM

 256 GB Internal Memory

 5600 mAh Battery Capacity

Rs. 14,999 (approximately)

 Android v14

 6.78 inches (17.22 cm) Display

 108 MP + 0.08 MP Primary Cameras

 32 MP Front Camera

 8 GB RAM

 256 GB Internal Memory

 5000 mAh Battery Capacity

Rs. 21,790 (approximately)

 Android v13

 6.7 inches (17.02 cm) Display

 50 MP + 8 MP + 2 MP Primary Cameras

 16 MP Front Camera

 8 GB RAM

 256 GB Internal Memory

Beyond Beauty: Niacinamide's Multifaceted Skin Benefits Revealed

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide, is a versatile form of vitamin B3 found in various foods and renowned for its skin-transforming benefits. This essential nutrient not only plays a critical role in the body's metabolism of fats and sugars and the maintenance of healthy cells but also stands out in skincare for supporting the skin’s barrier, reducing blemishes, and promoting an even complexion. Its ability to minimize signs of aging, coupled with anti-inflammatory properties, makes it ideal for a range of skin types. Additionally, its compatibility with other skincare ingredients enhances its value in any beauty regimen, bridging the gap between internal nourishment and external skin health. Niacinamide embodies a holistic approach to wellness, underscoring the intrinsic link between diet, skin health, and overall well-being. This feature delves into the myriad benefits of niacinamide, spotlighting household products that

harness its power and offering expert tips for integrating it into your daily skincare regimen.

Niacinamide: A Multifaceted Marvel for the Skin

Niacinamide's acclaim in the beauty sphere is well-deserved, thanks to its comprehensive range of benefits that cater to various skin types and concerns. Here's why it's considered a skincare hero:

Strengthening the Skin's Defense

Niacinamide fortifies the skin's barrier, enhancing its resilience against environmental aggressors. It boosts the production of ceramides, vital lipids that lock in moisture and protect against irritants, resulting in a healthier, more hydrated complexion.

Balancing Act for Oily Skin

For those battling oily skin, niacinamide offers a solution by regulating sebum production. This not only minimizes shine but also refines pore appearance, paving the way for a smoother, more balanced complexion.

Calming and Soothing

Its anti-inflammatory properties make niacinamide a godsend for soothing irritated or inflamed skin, offering relief to those with sensitive skin conditions.

Brightening and Evening Out Skin Tone

Niacinamide is a potent ally against hyperpigmentation, effectively fading dark spots and evening out skin tone by inhibiting melanin transfer to the skin's surface.

Anti-Aging Effects

By stimulating collagen production, niacinamide helps to diminish fine lines and wrinkles, promoting a firmer, more youthful skin texture.

Niacinamide-Infused

Household Heroes

A plethora of skincare products now boast niacinamide as a key ingredient, making it easier than ever to incorporate into your beauty routine. From serums and moisturizers to toners and sunscreens, niacinamide can be found enhancing formulations designed for daily use. When selecting a niacinamide product, prioritize formulations where it's listed among the top ingredients to ensure efficacy.

Incorporating Niacinamide into Your Skincare Routine

Incorporating niacinamide into your skincare routine is seamless and straightforward. Here are some expert tips to maximize its benefits:

Introduce Gradually: Start

with a lower concentration of niacinamide and gradually increase usage to allow your skin to acclimate.

Layer Intelligently: Apply niacinamide products post-cleansing and toning but before heavier creams and oils to ensure optimal absorption.

Pair Wisely: Niacinamide is compatible with a broad array of skincare ingredients, including retinol, peptides, and antioxidants, making it a versatile addition to your regimen.

Stay Consistent: Consistency is key to reaping niacinamide's full benefits. Incorporate it into both your morning and evening routines for best results.

Niacinamide's ascension to skincare stardom is no fluke. Its broadspectrum benefits, coupled with its compatibility with various skin types, make it an indispensable ally in the quest for radiant, healthy skin. By selecting the right niacinamideinfused products and incorporating them thoughtfully into your skincare routine, you can unlock the full potential of this powerhouse ingredient. Embrace niacinamide and witness a skincare revolution that promises to elevate your beauty regimen to new heights

Adorned with ancient landmarks and significant historical sites, Plovdiv promises an enriching experience for travelers exploring Europe.

Plovdiv: Traversing Bulgaria's Timeless Gem

Plovdiv, Bulgaria's secondlargest city, proudly holds the title of being Europe's oldest continuously inhabited city. Adorned with ancient landmarks and significant historical sites, Plovdiv promises an enriching experience for travelers exploring Europe. The city seamlessly integrates its ancient heritage with

modern elements, offering a diverse range of experiences to visitors.

Ancient Roman stadiums and amphitheaters coexist harmoniously alongside exquisite Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques. The city's archaeological museum boasts an unparalleled collection of Thracian and Roman artifacts, serving as a treasure trove for his-

tory aficionados. Meanwhile, Tsar Simeon's splendid garden provides a serene escape, transporting visitors to another era.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to experience the allure of Plovdiv is during the spring and autumn months when the weather is mild, and the city is adorned with blooming flowers or

As you explore its cobblestone streets, marvel at its architectural wonders, and immerse yourself in its colorful neighborhoods, you'll find yourself enchanted by Plovdiv's undeniable charm.

colorful foliage. From April to June and September to October, visitors can enjoy comfortable temperatures perfect for exploring the city's outdoor attractions without the summer crowds. Additionally, during these seasons, Plovdiv hosts various cultural events, including festivals, concerts, and art exhibitions, adding an extra layer of excitement to your visit.

Language Spoken

While Bulgarian is the official language of Plovdiv, English is widely spoken, especially in tourist areas, hotels, and restaurants. Visitors will find that locals are friendly and accommodating, making it easy to navigate the city and engage in conversations. However, learning a few basic phrases in Bulgarian, such as "Здравейте" (Hello) and "Благодаря" (Thank you), can go a long way in enhancing your experience and building rapport with the locals.

Currency

The official currency of Bulgaria is the Bulgarian Lev (BGN). It's advisable to exchange currency at banks or authorized exchange offices to ensure fair rates. Credit cards are widely accepted in Plovdiv, particularly in major establishments and tourist attractions. However, it's always a good idea to carry some cash for smaller purchases and transactions in local markets or cafes.

Best Places to Visit in Plovdiv

Here is a list of the best places to visit in Plovdiv that will give you a heart-warming experience. Take a look!

Ancient Theatre Of Philippopolis

Sitting proudly atop the southern slopes of the Three Hills within Plovdiv's historic core, the Ancient Theatre of Philippopolis stands as a remarkable testament to Roman architectural prowess. Dating back to the 1st century AD, this meticulously preserved amphitheater is renowned worldwide and serves as a striking symbol of the city's ancient heritage. With its impressive seating capacity of 7,000, the theatre once hosted significant events ranging from governmental assemblies to gladiatorial contests. Today, following meticulous restoration efforts, this ancient marvel has been revived as a captivating venue for musical concerts and opera performances during the summer months. Undoubtedly, occupying the pinnacle of Plovdiv's must-visit destinations, this historical gem offers visitors an immer-

sive journey through time, coupled with breathtaking panoramas of the cityscape.

Plovdiv Roman Stadium

In its heyday, this ancient Roman stadium boasted an impressive capacity for 30,000 spectators and played host to a variety of events, from sporting competitions to music and art contests. Today, this magnificent relic competes for attention amidst a bustling pedestrian mall, captivating visitors with its timeless grandeur. Erected in the 2nd century AD during the reign of Hadrian, this architectural marvel invites

tourists to marvel at its splendor at their own pace. With the addition of a 3D film providing immersive insights into its illustrious history, the stadium stands as one of the largest and most impeccably preserved ancient Roman structures in the Balkans, cementing its status as a premier destination for exploration in Plovdiv.

Kapana Creative District

Venturing beyond the surface of a city often reveals its true essence and unveils its hidden treasures. Kapana Art District epitomizes this sentiment, offering visitors a window

into the artistic soul of Plovdiv. Nestled just a stone's throw away from the bustling Main Street, Kapana beckons with its eclectic blend of street art, winding pedestrian alleys, and distinctive atmosphere. Translating to "the trap" in Bulgarian, this district's labyrinthine layout adds to its allure, guiding explorers through a maze of creative expression. Here, amidst vibrant murals and charming cobblestone streets, Kapana unfolds as Plovdiv's vibrant cultural nucleus. Art galleries, cozy cafes, artisanal beer bars, and quaint boutiques await, inviting visitors to immerse

In the heart of Bulgaria, Plovdiv stands as a testament to the country's rich heritage and timeless beauty. From its ancient ruins to its vibrant arts scene, this city offers a captivating blend of history, culture, and modernity.

themselves in the authentic essence of Plovdiv.

Balabanov’s House

This charming mansion located in Plovdiv's old town is a must-visit for anyone interested in Bulgarian revival-era architecture and art. It doubles as a venue for cultural events and exhibitions, featuring a permanent display of contemporary Bulgarian art on the ground floor. Upstairs, visitors can admire the beautiful wood-carved ceilings, precious antiques, and elegant furniture, showcasing Plovdiv's rich heritage.

The Ethnographic Museum

This iconic Old Town house is a gem transformed into a captivating museum, offering a vivid portrayal of life in Plovdiv and its surrounding areas during the Bulgarian National Revival period in the 19th century. From art and clothing to everyday life, tools, and music, the museum paints a comprehensive picture of that era. It's an essential stop on any walking tour of Plovdiv's city center, providing visitors with invaluable insights into the region's rich cultural heritage.

The Singing Fountains

Situated in Central Park, Plovdiv's main city park at the heart of the center, lies one of its iconic symbols. Central Park's focal point is its picturesque lake, adorned with the enchanting Singing Fountains. As dusk descends during the warmer months, the park comes alive with melodious tunes, and the water performs a captivating dance illuminated in vibrant hues. This idyllic setting provides the perfect backdrop for relaxation and enjoying the mesmerizing display of the fountains. For those seeking a more indulgent experience, Morado, a cafe-restaurant nestled along the lake's shore, offers the opportunity to savor the fountain spectacle over cocktails or dinner with friends.

Plovdiv: Where Time Stands Still

In the heart of Bulgaria, Plovdiv stands as a testament to the country's rich heritage and timeless beauty. From its ancient ruins to its vibrant arts scene, this city offers a captivating blend of history, culture, and modernity. As you explore its cobblestone streets, marvel at its architectural wonders, and immerse yourself in its colorful neighborhoods, you'll find yourself enchanted by Plovdiv's undeniable charm. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an art aficionado, or simply a curious traveler seeking new experiences, Plovdiv promises an adventure like no other. So come, embark on a journey through time, and let Plovdiv leave an indelible mark on your heart and soul

Vivek Venugopal is one of India’s top automotive writers with over a decade’s experience in road-testing and reviewing cars. He is currently the Editor of Quarter Mile magazine and a columnist in several leading magazines and newspapers. He is also a highly sought after consulting engineer and market analyst for many automobile manufacturers.

Tata Punch EV

Now it may look like a regular Punch with its engine and powertrain swapped but there is more to the Punch EV than that. Unlike the Tiago, Tigor and Nexon, this is built on the new Acti.ev chassis. It has a new floor pan with better battery and motor integration and this is the architecture that will underpin all future EVs from Tata Motors.

The floor is 20 mm higher and it has a new flatter battery pack underneath. Unlike the earlier Tata EVs which had to make do with whatever space that was left under the rear

seat and transmission tunnel area after the fuel tank and exhaust were yanked out, this one allows for better packaging. The Punch in its long range model is 340kilos heavier than the petrol version but has better chassis rigidity and stiffness thanks to the battery pack being a stressed member. The suspension is a bit more raised with a total of 190mm ground clearance. The brakes are beefier and the rear now has disc brakes for better stopping power.

Styling-wise, the Punch EV gets a new front end, similar to the updated Nexon and Harrier, to distin-

The Punch EV gets 25kWh and 35kWh battery packs for the medium range and long range variants for which Tata Motors claims 315km and 421km range respectively.

guish itself from the regular variant. There is a new full-width light bar which acts as a DRL, and compact headlamps underneath on the bumper. The charging port is in the middle and opens electrically. The rear styling isn't much different save for the badge and you have a different alloy wheel design.

The interiors are also massively improved from the standard Punch. The materials and colour choices lift the cabin ambiance drastically. The front seats are part leather and fab-

ric with ventilation built in. They are supremely comfortable with good support and cushioning. The rear seat has generous squab and an upright seating position which makes up for the taller floor, but legroom and headroom are limited. The boot is 366 litres and you also get a small storage under the bonnet for smaller items.

There are two new 10.25-inch displays - one for the infotainment and the other for the driver information. You get the full Arcade.ev suite

with various apps for OTT streaming, Amazon Music, games, etc in addition to the full suite of Android Auto, Apple Car Play, 360-degree camera, Alexa assistant, voice commands, etc.

The Punch EV gets 25kWh and 35kWh battery packs for the medium range and long range variants for which Tata Motors claims 315km and 421km range respectively. As for fast charging, Tata claims it can charge from 10 to 80 percent in 56 minutes which if you do that math is

The Punch EV gets a new front end, similar to the updated Nexon and Harrier, to distinguish itself from the regular variant. There is a new full-width light bar which acts as a DRL, and compact headlamps underneath on the bumper.

only around 30kW. You get a 3.3kW charger with the car and a 7.2kW one if you pay more.

The medium range model has 82bhp and the long range has 122bhp. We drove the latter. Tata has dialed down the instant kick that you normally get in EVs, and it picks up speed rather progressively. It takes 9.6 seconds to do 0-100kmph and the top speed is limited to 140kmph. There are different driving modes Eco, City and Sport and each one has been tuned for a different driving style. In Sport, performance is addictive and the Punch EV is deceptively quick. There was a hint of motor vibration through the chassis of the car we tested and couple of quick runs later we could hear the cool-

ing system come on. But you'll love the refinement and ease of driving the Punch EV every day. Regeneration is also effective with three modes with the most powerful one allowing almost one pedal driving.

Handling is where the Punch always impressed, but the lower centre of gravity and the stiffer chassis with recalibrated suspension in the EV takes it to a whole new level. You get good levels of grip and now with stronger brakes you enjoy driving it fast. Steering is light and lacks some communication. The ride quality is also improved with softer dampers that cushion out most road bumps. There is a hint of stiffness and you do feel the sharp bumps at low speeds, but that’s like a muted

thud like in a much more expensive SUV.

The Punch EV is thus the most evolved EV from Tata Motors yet. In terms of size and positioning, it sits between the Tiago and the Nexon, but if you take the engineering, it surpasses both. The updates to the interiors and additional tech have taken it several notches from the standard Punch. The pricing also has gone up several notches higher and top end one retails for about Rs.17 lakhs which on paper may seem like a lot of money for a car that basically started out as an entry-level sub-compact SUV - the Punch. Still, for the performance on offer and also the way it rides and handles, the Punch EV certainly deserves your attention

Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya Bhakshak

"Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya" is a delightful fusion of science fiction and romantic comedy, starring Shahid Kapoor and Kriti Sanon in roles that sparkle with chemistry and charm. This innovative tale of Aryan, a robotics engineer, and Sifra, a remarkably humanlike robot, is a refreshing take on love in the age of technology. The film balances humor, heartbreak, and the complexities of human-robot relationships with a deft touch, making it a standout in its genre. Kapoor and Sanon deliver performances that are both heartfelt and convincing, anchoring the film's more fantastical elements in genuine emotion. The movie's exploration of what it means to love and be loved, amidst technological advancements, is both thought-provoking and entertaining. A must-watch for fans of unique storytelling and high-concept romance.

"Bhakshak" emerges as a powerful and compelling crime thriller that grips the audience from start to finish. Directed by Pulkit, this film, starring Bhumi Pednekar, Sanjay Mishra, Sai Tamhankar, and Aditya Srivastava, delves into the harrowing depths of a shelter home's dark secrets through the eyes of a determined journalist, Vaishali. The narrative is beautifully crafted, weaving together elements of suspense, emotion, and a relentless quest for justice. Pednekar delivers a riveting performance, supported brilliantly by the rest of the cast. The film skillfully highlights the importance of standing up against injustice, making it a must-watch for those who cherish cinema that not only entertains but also enlightens and inspires. "Bhakshak" is a testament to the power of storytelling in shedding light on pressing social issues.

Mirg

"Mirg," directed by the visionary Tarun Sharma, is a mesmerizing cinematic journey that masterfully intertwines revenge, mysticism, and the struggle against societal norms. Set against the lush backdrop of the Himachal jungles, the film follows Anil, a young man whose life is profoundly transformed by an encounter with the mythical mountain leopard, Mirg. This encounter challenges his preconceived notions and thrusts him into a world where myth and reality blur. Sharma's direction is both evocative and bold, exploring deep themes of identity, tradition, and liberation with a delicate touch. The narrative is enriched by stunning visuals and a hauntingly beautiful score, making "Mirg" an unforgettable exploration of the human spirit. A true masterpiece, "Mirg" is not just a film but an experience that captivates and enlightens.

Lal Salaam

"Lal Salaam," directed by Aishwarya Rajinikanth, is a gripping Tamillanguage sports action film that not only entertains but also delivers a powerful message about unity and harmony. Starring the legendary Rajinikanth, alongside Vishnu Vishal and Vikranth, the film masterfully depicts the story of Thirunavukarasu "Thiru" and Shamsuddin, two brilliant cricket players from Murarbad, a village emblematic of religious coexistence. The narrative skillfully navigates through themes of friendship, rivalry, and reconciliation against the backdrop of communal tensions fueled by political machinations. Rajinikanth's commanding presence, combined with compelling performances by the ensemble cast, brings depth to this story of overcoming adversity and hatred. "Lal Salaam" is a triumphant celebration of sport and community spirit, leaving audiences both inspired and moved by its heartfelt message.

Author : Kristin Hannah

Price : `2,184 (Hardcover)

The Women

"The Women" by Kristin Hannah is a riveting piece of historical fiction that brilliantly captures the tumultuous era of the Vietnam War through the eyes of Frankie McGrath, a daring nursing student who ventures into the heart of conflict. Kristin Hannah, known for her deep emotional insights and rich storytelling, does not disappoint, delivering a narrative that is both immersive and poignant. The novel explores themes of courage, resilience, and the harsh realities of war with a sensitivity that is both enlightening and moving. While it takes a moment to fully connect with Frankie, the journey is profoundly rewarding, offering a narrative that is not just about the struggle for a happily-ever-after but a deeper reflection on the scars of war and the strength of the human spirit. A must-read for fans of historical fiction and those looking to understand the complexities of the Vietnam War era.

End of Story

Author : A. J. Finn

Price : `424 (Paperback)

"End of Story" by A.J. Finn is a masterfully crafted thriller that grips you from the first page. The story of Nicky Hunter, who delves into the enigmatic life of the reclusive writer Sebastian Trapp, is both intriguing and chilling. Finn's writing is sharp, drawing readers into a complex web of mystery and suspense surrounding the decades-old disappearance of Sebastian's family. The narrative is a perfect blend of psychological depth and twisty plot, making you question every character's motives. Finn's ability to maintain suspense while exploring the darker facets of human nature is exceptional. This book is a compelling read for anyone who loves a good mystery, filled with unexpected turns and a haunting atmosphere. A true page-turner!

The Fox Wife

Author : Yangsze Choo

Price : `1,832 (Hardcover)

"The Fox Wife" by Yangsze Choo is a mesmerizing tale that weaves together the mystical allure of fox spirits with the rich tapestry of Chinese mythology. Set against the backdrop of early 20th-century China and Japan, the story follows Snow, a vengeful fox spirit, and Bao, a determined detective, as their paths cross in a beautifully crafted narrative of mystery and magic. Choo's skillful storytelling and vivid descriptions transport readers into an enchanting world where myth and reality intertwine seamlessly. Although the pace may be deliberate, it allows for a deeper immersion into the cultural and spiritual themes that make this book so unique. "The Fox Wife" is a captivating read for those who appreciate magical realism and tales steeped in folklore, offering a richly textured story that lingers long after the final page.

The Teacher

Author : Freida McFadden

Price : `1,382 (Paperback)

"The Teacher" by Freida McFadden is a gripping psychological thriller that masterfully explores the complexities of truth, perception, and power within the hallowed halls of Caseman High School. Through the intertwining lives of Eve, a dedicated math teacher, and Addie, a student with a troubled past and a knack for keeping secrets, McFadden crafts a narrative that is both compelling and thought-provoking. The story delves deep into the dynamics of a scandal-ridden school, challenging readers to question the nature of truth and the consequences of secrets. McFadden's writing is sharp, creating a suspenseful atmosphere that keeps you turning the pages. "The Teacher" is an enthralling read for anyone fascinated by psychological drama and the moral dilemmas that shape our lives.