Mass Timber: Wood Rediscovered for the 21st Century

W O O D R E D I S C O V E R E D F O R T H E 2 1 ST C E N T U R Y

“If the 19th century was the century of steel, and the 20th the century of concrete, then the 21st CENTURY is about MASS TIMBER.”

- Alex de Rijke, Director of dRMM

Hammel, Green and Abrahamson A m y D o u m a , J i m M o o r e , To n y S t a e g e r , A l e x Te r z i c h

University of Minnesota: School of Architecture Andrea Johnson, Elliot Olney

SPRING 2015

research at HGA

M U LT I - S E M E S T E R : E X P L O R AT I O N I N M AT E R I A L I T Y A N D FA B R I C AT I O N

I N C R E A S E T H E M AT E R I A L A N D P R O D U C T O P T I O N S W I T H I N T H E “ M A I N S T R E A M ” T O O L K I T E N H A N C E A R C H I T E C T S ’ U N D E R S TA N D I N G O F FA B R I C AT I O N P R O C E S S E S E S TA B L I S H A S U C C E S S F U L F O R M AT F O R A R C H I T E C T / FA B R I C AT O R R E S E A R C H A N D D E V E L O P M E N T PA R T N E R S H I P S E X P L O R E T H E F U T U R E O F A R C H I T E C T U R A L “ M AT E R I A L I T Y ” A N D I T S I M PA C T

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

3

research at HGA

FALL 2014: FRINGE FAB

by Christina Stark

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

4

research objective

A S S E S S M A S S T I M B E R A S I T S TA N D S A C C R O S S T H E I N D U S T R Y

I N V E S T I G AT E M A S S T I M B E R A S A P R I M A R Y S T R U C T U R A L S O L U T I O N FOR MID-RISE CONSTRUCTION

A P P LY K N O W L E D G E T H R O U G H E X I S T I N G P R O J E C T S A N D E VA L U AT E T H E C H A L L E N G E S A N D O P P O R T U N I T I E S

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

5

why wood?

2째 C mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

6

why wood? “The application of wooden visual surfaces indoors is one way to reduce stress and promote health in building occupants.�

C O 2 I M P A C T E N E R G Y I M P A C T W E I G H T L B S

R E L E A S E D / S E Q U E S T E R E D

E M B O D I E D E N E R G Y C U B I C F O O T

P E R 1 0 0 0 L B S O F M A T E R I A L R E L A T E D T O W O O D

C O N C R E T E 1 0 2 L B S 5 X 1 5 0 L B / F T 3 W O O D 1 6 4 0 L B S 1 X 3 5 L B / F T 3 4 G A L . G A S

100LBS

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

7

what is mass timber?

“Mass Timber is defined as solid panels of wood engineered for strength through laminations of different layers.�

- The Case for Tall Wood Buildings

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

8

what is mass timber?

GLULAM

LV L

G L U E - L A M I N AT E D T I M B E R

L A M I N AT E D V E N E E R L U M B E R

GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER HAS ALMOST THE SAME LOAD BEARING CAPACITY AS STEEL, BUT A FAR LOWER WEIGHT AND EXCELLENT FIRE RESISTANCE DUE TO ITS CHARRING CHARACTERISTICS. WHEN USED IN HEAVY TIMBER CONSTRUCTION, GLULAM ENSURES HIGH EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE AND EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSIVE SUBSTANCES.

LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) BEAMS AND COLUMNS ARE MADE OF LAYERS FROM ‘PEELER LOGS’ GLUED TOGETHER, AND ARE VERY SIMILAR TO PLYWOOD - EXCEPT THERE ARE NO CROSS-LAYERS, ALL LAYERS ARE ORIENTED WITH GRAIN IN THE SAME DIRECTION. THIS GIVES LVL ELEMENTS A VERY HIGH STRENGTH IN THEIR SPANNING DIRECTION.

MATERIAL: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR & MANY MORE LUMBER WIDTH: 16” WIDE LUMBER DEPTH: 6.5’ DEEP

MATERIAL: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR LUMBER WIDTH: 1.75”-5.25” WIDE LUMBER DEPTH: 4’ DEEP

LSL

PSL

L A M I N AT E D S T R A N D L U M B E R

PA R A L L E L S T R A N D L U M B E R

LSL BEAMS AND COLUMNS ARE MADE BY SHREDDING WOOD FROM FAST-GROWING, LOW-VALUE HARDWOOD LOGS, SUCH AS ASPEN, BIRCH AND POPLAR INTO THIN STRANDS. THESE ARE ORIENTED FOR MAXIMUM STRENGTH AND GLUED TOGETHER INTO 8 FOOT BY 64 FOOT “BILLETS” USING A STEAM-INJECTION PROCESS.

PARALLAM PSL (PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER) USES A PROCESS PATENTED BY WEYERHAEUSER TO BOND TOGETHER THIN STRANDS OF WOOD TYPICALLY 4-8 FEET LONG. PSL MANUFACTURING INVOLVES LITTLE WASTE, AS ALMOST ALL PARTS OF A LOG ARE USED IN THE PRODUCT.

MATERIAL: ASPEN, BIRCH AND POPLAR LUMBER WIDTH: 1.75”-4” WIDE LUMBER DEPTH: 7’-10” DEEP

MATERIAL: SOUTHERN PINE, YELLOW POPLAR LUMBER WIDTH: 3.5”-7” WIDE LUMBER DEPTH: 9.5”-18” DEEP

M AT E R I A L I N F O R M AT I O N F R O M S T R U C T U R E C R A F T. C O M

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

9

what is mass timber?

C LT

N LT

C R O S S - L A M I N AT E D T I M B E R

N A I L - L A M I N AT E D T I M B E R

CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER PANELS ARE FORMED BY STACKING AND GLUING TOGETHER SUCCESSIVE PERPENDICULAR LAYERS OF WOOD. THE LAYERED STACKS ARE THEN PRESSED IN LARGE HYDRAULIC OR VACUUM PRESSES TO FORM AN INTERLOCKED PANEL.

NLT IS CREATED FROM DIMENSIONAL LUMBER STACKED ON EDGE 2X4, 2X6, 2X8, 2X10, OR 2X12 AT 1-1/2” ON CENTER - AND FASTENED TOGETHER WITH NAILS. PLYWOOD SHEATHING IS OFTEN ADDED TO ONE TOP SIDE TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGM.

MATERIAL: PANEL DIMENSIONS: PANEL THICKNESS: FINISHES:

MATERIAL: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR ALASKA YELLOW CEDAR PANEL DIMENSIONS: MAX 12’ X 100’ PANEL THICKNESS: 3.5” - 12” FINISHES: PLANED, SANDED OR SEALED

SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR MAX 8’ X 60’ 3” - 12” PLANED, SANDED OR SEALED

G LT G L U E - L A M I N AT E D T I M B E R GLT IS CREATED FROM DIMENSIONAL LUMBER STACKED ON EDGE 2X4, 2X6, 2X8, 2X10, OR 2X12 AT 1-1/2” ON CENTER - AND FASTENED TOGETHER WITH NAILS. PLYWOOD SHEATHING IS OFTEN ADDED TO ONE TOP SIDE TO PROVIDE A STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGM. PLYWOOD SHEATHING ALSO ALLOWS THE PRODUCT TO BE USED AS A WALL PANEL ELEMENT. MATERIAL: PANEL DIMENSIONS: PANEL THICKNESS: FINISHES:

SPRUCE-PINE-FIR, DOUGLAS FIR MAX 2’ X 40’ 1.75” - 13” PLANED, SANDED OR WIRE BRUSHED

M AT E R I A L I N F O R M AT I O N F R O M S T R U C T U R E C R A F T. C O M

LV L V E R T I C A L LY L A M I N AT E D V E N E E R LUMBER VERTICALLY LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) PANELS ARE MADE FROM “PEELER LOGS” IN THE SAME PRODUCTION LINES AS LVL BEAMS. ENGINEERED TO PRECISE DESIGN VALUES AND WITH A VERY HIGH STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO, LVL PANELS ARE SUITABLE FOR STRUCTURAL WALL, FLOOR AND ROOF APPLICATIONS. MATERIAL: PANEL DIMENSIONS: PANEL THICKNESS: FINISHES:

mass timber |

DOUGLAS FIR MAX 4’ X 60’-3” 3-1/8” - 11-1/2” PLANED, SANDED OR FACTORY FINISHED

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

10

typology of exposed structural mass timber

ALL WOOD

WOOD STRUCTURE NON-COMBUSTIBLE CORE

WOOD STRUCTURE NON-COMBUSTIBLE PODIUM

WOOD BEARING WALL NON-COMBUSTIBLE FLOOR SYSTEM

D I A G R A M S F R O M J O S E P H M AY O : S O L I D W O O D

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

11

global mid-rise mass timber examples

FORTE A PA R T M E N T S

GRAPHITE A PA R T M E N T S

BIRDPORT HOUSE

LIMNOLOGEN

H8 A PA R T M E N T S

TA M E D I A HEADQUARTERS

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

WHITMORE ROAD

|

spring

2015

|

12

global mid-rise mass timber examples

F O R T E 1 0 S T O R I E S A U S T R A L I A R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 1 2

G R A P H I T E A P A R T M E N T S 9 S T O R I E S E N G L A N D R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 0 9

B I R D P O R T H O U S E 8 S T O R I E S E N G L A N D R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 1 1

L I M N O L O G E N 8 S T O R I E S S W E D E N R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 0 9

H 8 8 S T O R I E S G E R M A N Y R E S I D E N T I A L 2 0 1 1

T A M E D I A H E A D Q U A R T E R S 7 S T O R I E S A U S T R I A C O M M E R C I A L 2 0 1 3

W H I T M O R E R O A D 6 S T O R I E S E N G L A N D M I X E D U S E 2 0 1 2

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

13

north american mid-rise mass timber examples W O O D I N N O VAT I O N A N D D E S I G N C E N T E R

By MICHAEL GREEN ARCHITECTURE

BULLITT CENTER

By MILLER HULL

PRINCE GEORGE, BRITISH COLUMBIA

S E AT L E , WA S H I N G T O N , U S A

6 STORY WOOD ENGINEERING SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN B.C.

4 STORY WOOD STRUCTURE 2 STORY CONCRETE PODIUM

ALL WOOD STRUCTURE ABOVE GRADE 51,000 SQUARE FEET

WOOD & STEEL HYBRID SYSTEM 50,000 SQUARE FEET

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

14

minneapolis mid-rise mass timber proposal T 3 : T I M B E R , T R A N S I T, T E C H N O L O G Y

By MICHAEL GREEN ARCHITECTURE M I N N E A P O L I S , M I N N E S O TA - N O R T H L O O P 7 STORY OFFICE BUILDING G R O U N D L E V E L R E TA I L 210,00 SQUARE FEET BREAKING GROUND SPRING 2015

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

15

current industry research T H E C A S E F O R TA L L W O O D

By Michael Green COMPLETED: 2012

“This study illustrates how Mass Timber products, when used in combination with new structural approaches are significantly different from light wood-frame approaches in their ability to build mid-rise (6-12 stories) and tall buildings (+/- 30 stories). The study details how Mass Timber structures can meet relevant structural design criteria and fire and life safety needs, and do so within cost competitive marketplace conditions. We have framed the many preconceptions that exist for consumers, building code authorities, private developers and the construction industry and have addressed how those preconceptions can be answered with science, engineering, design and reference information and testing.

Finally we speak to the steps necessary to expand on this research with greater detail, testing and ultimately prototype buildings that will help introduce Tall Wood buildings to urban environments around BC, Canada and elsewhere in the world.� - Michael Green

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

16

current industry research

TIMBER TOWER RESEARCH

BY SOM

COMPLETED: 2013 40+ STORIES WOOD + STEEL HYBRID SYSTEM

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

17

project introduction

EXPOSED WOOD STRUCTURAL FRAME USING EXISTING HGA PROJECTS FOR “DIRECT WOOD REPLACEMENT” IN THREE UNIQUE PROGRAM TYPES H O S P I TA L , P E R F O R M I N G A R T S C E N T E R , A N D O F F I C E B U I L D I N G

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

18

code analysis C O N S T R U C T I O N T Y P E - TA B L E 5 0 3 - F U L LY S P R I N K L E D I-A

I-B

II-A

II-B

III-A

III-B

IV

V-A

V-B

FIRE RESISTIVE NON-COMBUSTIBLE

FIRE RESISTIVE NON-COMBUSTIBLE

PROTECTED NON-COMBUSTIBLE

UNPROTECTED NON-COMBUSTIBLE

PROTECTED COMBUSTIBLE

UNPROTECTED COMBUSTIBLE

H E AV Y T I M B E R

PROTECTED WOOD FRAME

UNPROTECTED WOOD FRAME

MAX 85’

MAX 75’

O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E : B OFFICE BUILDING 12

MAX 180’

Un

lim

ite

Un d

AL

lim

ST

OR

IE

S

11 ite

L

d

2,

50

6

ST

OR

IE

SF

ST

S 69

0

4

SF

,0

MAX 85’ OR

IE

ST

OR

S 85

00

6

SF

,5

00

MAX 75’ IE

4

ST

S 57

SF

,0

00

MAX 85’ OR

IE

6

ST

OR

S 10

SF

8,

00

MAX 70’ IE

ST

S 54

0

4

,0

SF

MAX 60’ OR

IE

3

S 27

00

SF

,0

00

ST

OR

IE

S

SF

O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E : A - 2 P E R F O R M A N C E S PA C E 12

MAX 180’

Un

lim

ite

Un d

AL

lim

ST

OR

IE

S

MAX 85’

4

46 ite

L

d

,5

00

SF

ST

MAX 75’ OR

IE

3

MAX 85’ ST

S 28

,5

SF

00

OR

IE

4

ST

S 42

SF

,0

00

MAX 75’ OR

IE

3

S 28

SF

.5

00

ST

MAX 85’ OR

IE

4

ST

S 45

SF

,0

00

MAX 70’ OR

IE

MAX 60’

3

ST

S 34

SF

,5

00

OR

IE

2

S 18

SF

,0

00

ST

OR

IE

S

SF

O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E : I - 2 H O S P I TA L MAX 180’

Un

lim

ite

Un d

AL

L

5

lim

ST

MAX 85’ OR

IE

3

S 45

ite

d

SF

,0

00

MAX 75’ ST

OR

IE

MAX 85’ 1

S 44

SF

,0

00

ST

OR

MAX 75’ 1

Y 48

SF

,0

00

ST

OR

MAX 70’ 1

Y No

SF

MAX 85’

t A llo w

48 ed

,0

00

ST

OR

MAX 60’ 1

Y

SF

38

,0

ST

OR

Y No

00

SF

t A llo

we

d

A L L S Q U A R E F O O TA G E P E R S T O R Y

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

19

office MINNEAPOLIS OFFICE BUILDING

B:

H E I G H T: 1 1 6 ’

STORIES ABOVE GRADE: 8

O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E EXISTING

CONSTRUCTION TYPE: I-B STRUCTURE: CONCRETE S Q U A R E F O O TA G E : 30,000 PER STORY

PROPOSED WOOD

CONSTRUCTION TYPE: IV STRUCTURE: STORIES 1-2 CONCRETE PODIUM STORIES 3-8 POST/BEAM TIMBER

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

20

enter text here

TYPICAL BAY

CORE

CORE

O F F I C E F LO O R P LA N mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

21

office

14’-0”

45’ -0 ”

3 0 ’-0 ”

10’-0”

45’-0”

30’-0”

1’-10” 8’-0” 8. 5” 8”

30’-0” 2’- 7. 5”

45’ -0 ”

3 0 ’-0 ”

45’-0”

C ONCRE T E: E X IS T I N G mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

22

office

14’-0” 7’-7.5”

45’ -0 ”

3 0 ’-0 ”

45’-0”

30’-0”

1’-10” 8’-0” 7. 5”

30’-0”

3’- 1. 5”

2’- 7. 5”

45’ -0 ”

3 0 ’-0 ”

45’-0”

WOOD: F L OOR TO F LO O R M AT C H mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

23

office

16’-6” 10’-0”

45’ -0”

3 0 ’-0 ”

45’-0”

3 0’ - 0 ”

WOOD: CL EA R SPA CE M AT C H

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

24

office

16’-6” 10’-0”

10’-0”

7’-7.5”

30’-0 ”

CO NCRET E: E X IS T I N G

30’-0”

WO O D : FL OOR TO FL OOR M ATC H

30’-0”

WOOD : C L EAR SPAC E MATCH

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

25

hospital U OFM C H I L D R E N ’ S H O S P I TA L

I-2:

H E I G H T: 1 1 7 ’

STORIES ABOVE GRADE: 7

O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E EXISTING

CONSTRUCTION TYPE: I-A STRUCTURE: CONCRETE S Q U A R E F O O TA G E : 30,000 PER STORY

PROPOSED WOOD

CONSTRUCTION TYPE: IV STRUCTURE: POST/BEAM TIMBER O N LY O N E S T O R Y ALLOWED BY CODE

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

26

hospital

CO RE

TYPICAL BAY

CORE

CORE

CORE

CORE

H O S P I TA L F LO O R P LA N mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

27

hospital

1’-8”

1’-8”

14’-0”

31’-6 ”

3 3 ’-0 ”

31’-6”

30’-0”

2’-8” 4’-0” 5” 14”

30’-0”

31’-6 ”

3 3 ’-0 ”

31’-6”

C ONCRE T E: E X IS T I N G mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

28

hospital

14’-0”

31’ -6”

3 3 ’-0 ”

1’-0”

31’-6”

1’-0”

30’-0”

30’-0”

31’ -6”

3 3 ’-0 ”

31’-6”

WOOD: F L OOR TO F LO O R M AT C H mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

29

hospital

16’-0”

31’ -6”

3 3 ’-0 ”

1’-0”

1’-0”

30’-0”

31’-6”

WO OD: CL EA R SPA C E M AT C H

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

30

hospital

16’-0”

12 ’ -8 .2 5 ”

10’- 0”

8 ’ -0 ”

3 0’ - 0 ”

C O N C R E TE : E X I S T I N G

3 0 ’ -0 ”

3 0 ’ -0 ”

W O O D : F L O O R TO F L O O R M AT C H

W O O D : C L E A R S PA C E M AT C H

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

31

performing arts N A PA VA L L E Y C O L L E G E

A-2:

H E I G H T: 7 2 ’ - 8 ”

STORIES ABOVE GRADE: 2

O C C U PA N C Y T Y P E

CONSTRUCTION TYPE: II-A STRUCTURE: CONCRETE

W H AT C A N B E D O N E I N H E AV Y T I M B E R ?

mass timber |

UMN + HGA

|

spring

2015

|

32

WOOD INNOVATION AND DESIGN CENTER