The PASH Data: A Link to the Past, A Model for the Future

By Laura Bossio

Prior to this century, northern Albania had never been the site of an intensive and systematic archaeological survey. With the recent publication of a two-volume work on the Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH), Michael L. Galaty, curator and director of UMMAA, has changed that. He and his co-authors have significantly added to the knowledge of Albania’s archaeology and provided a template for linking archaeological publications to accessible project data.

PASH was directed by Galaty and his co-investigator, Lorenc Bejko, professor of archaeology and cultural resource management at the University of Tirana, Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies. In 2010, they launched their project: a systematic and intensive regional survey of northern Albania and selective test excavations of targeted hillforts and tumuli.

Their primary interests were the Bronze and Iron Ages. During these periods, people started living in hillforts, which were sometimes fortified; they also started burying their dead in mounds. These changes in lifeways caused archaeologists to suspect that people from outside northern Albania must have moved in and brought these lifeways with them. However, as PASH discovered, hillforts were first occupied in the Late Neolithic, circa 5000 BC, well before the Bronze Age, and mound burial appears to have been adopted by local people; it was not introduced. Another research incentive for Galaty was the investigation of social hierarchies and inequality. Burial mounds are typically thought to mark changes in social structure and hierarchy, and because the PASH investigations are diachronic, use through time can be assessed. The work conducted by PASH is foundational in understanding these cultural changes, and thus changes in social structure.

When it came time to publish their project research, Galaty and Bejko decided they wanted to do more than produce a book. They wanted to give scholars and readers access to all of their data. To that end, when Archaeological Investigations in a Northern Albanian Province: Results of the Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH), Volumes 1 and 2, was published as a print book and an e-book, the associated dataset was made available online via the Fulcrum platform of the University of Michigan Press and the U-M’s Deep Blue Data Repository. This was an enormous undertaking. Galaty explains that publishing the volumes and the dataset simultaneously “was a complex and complicated project with many people involved. It took a lot of people and a lot of organization.”

Central to this undertaking were Charles Watkinson, director of the University of Michigan Press, and Rachel Woodbrook, data curation specialist for U-M’s data storage, the Deep Blue Repository.

Charles Watkinson, an archaeologist himself, met Galaty a few decades ago. They began a conversation on the relationship between narrative publications and the underlying data. They wondered whether that interface could be made explorable and interactive. In 2015, the Fulcrum platform was born.

“As I was thinking about the structure and architecture of that digital publishing platform, I was very informed by the problems of archaeology,” says Watkinson. “The Fulcrum platform that is used for the PASH project is very influenced by that question: how do we publish data-rich multi-modal monographs?”

Data curation specialists at the Deep Blue Data Repository were also critical in making this project successful—among them Rachel Woodbrook. Woodbrook describes the PASH data project with Deep Blue as a “really interesting and interdepartmental effort” that included many moving pieces. There is a seamless link between the publications and data, she says.

“[It] really adds a lot of value and richness to the experience of how people can follow the thread of that research and that work.”

She believes this collaboration between researchers, the data depository, and publishers is very exciting, and she hopes to be a part of similar work again.

“It does take a big investment of time and of labor, but it adds so much to create those connections for people,” she explains.

In publishing PASH, existing systems of both Fulcrum and Deep Blue Data Repository were used—but they had never been used together in that way, while also being linked to specific chapters in a book. With the publication of PASH, the UMMAA Press now has a template to use for publishing more books linked to online, open-access data.

Watkinson commends the Museum press. “It’s about the willingness of UMMAA to collaborate with publishing experts, data curation experts, and librarians on campus— it’s just being really open to those opportunities of collaboration that’s been really important,” he says.

Galaty sees many more such projects in the future. “I think we are fast approaching technologically a time where there won’t be much excuse not to figure out how to do this for archaeologists,” he says. “But it is still difficult, and still takes a lot of time.”

His advice for archaeologists who want to do something similar with their data and publications: think about data management early and take the endeavor seriously. Talk to the librarians and data curation specialists available at your institution before embarking on the project. Being prepared before starting to collect data in the field will make things easier when it comes time to create an accessible dataset.

Find PASH on Fulcrum (free to read until March 2024): https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/vm40xt799

Dig into PASH data at the Deep Blue Data Repository: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/data/concern/collections/ st74cr005

Read more about PASH, buy the book, and search other UMMAA Press publications at https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ archaeology-books/