Lever Systems, Examples of their use in Activity and the Mechanical Advantage Questions

Q1.

Which one of these shows how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever?

A

Effort arm × weight (resistance) arm

B

Effort arm ÷ weight (resistance) arm

C

Effort arm + weight (resistance) arm

D

Effort arm − weight (resistance) arm (Total 1 mark)

Q2.

Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘adduction’ at a ball and socket joint?

A

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

B

The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

C

The movement of a limb in a complete circle

D

The movement of a limb which increases the angle of a joint (Total 1 mark)

Q3.

The diagram shows a basketball player jumping to execute a shot.

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Draw the lever system which operates at the ankle joint in the space below. Label the fulcrum, effort and load.

(Total 1 mark)

Q4.

The diagram shows a person kicking a football.

Complete the table to show the joint action occurring at the knee from position A to position B and the agonist muscle group that causes this action.

Joint action

Agonist muscle group

(Total 2 marks)

Q5.

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Name the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint.

(Total 2 marks)

Q6.

The image below shows a rugby player throwing the ball during a lineout.

Using the image, name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the elbow during the movement from Position A to Position B. (Total 3 marks)

Q7.

Using an example from a sport of your choice, identify the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint.

(Total 4 marks)

Q8. (a)

The diagram shows a trampolinist performing a seat drop.

Identify the type of movement that has taken place at the hip from Position A to Position B and the agonist muscle which has caused the movement.

(2)

(b)

Evaluate the importance of muscular endurance to a trampoline performer when performing a routine.

(4)

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(Total 6 marks)

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Mark schemes Q1.

[AO1 = 1] B [1]

Q2.

The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body [1]

Q3.

[AO1 = 1] Award one mark for labelling the effort, load / resistance and fulcrum in the correct order.

[1]

Q4.

[AO2 = 2] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

Joint action

Agonist muscle group

Extension (1)

Quadriceps (1) [2]

Q5.

[AO1 = 2] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks •

Flexion or bending or decreasing the angle (between the bones) (1)

•

Extension or straightening or increasing the angle (between the bones) (1) [2]

Q6.

[AO1 = 2

AO2 = 1]

Accept one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.

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AO2 • First (class lever system) (1) AO1 • Fulcrum / pivot positioned in the middle (positioning of resistance / load and effort / force can be either side) (1) • Correct labelling of lever system, i.e. resistance / load, fulcrum / pivot and effort / force (1)

Accept the lever system being drawn the other way round. Fulcrum must be in the middle.

Max 3 marks

[3]

Q7.

[AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2] AO1 • Flexion (1) • Extension (1) 2

AO2 Answers must contain the movement and a relevant sporting example.

• (Flexion) lifting a hockey stick in preparation to strike the ball (1) • (Extension) movement of the stick downwards to strike the ball (1) Accept any suitable sporting example to identify movement. Answers must be relevant to either flexion or extension at a hinge joint.

2

[4]

Q8.

[AO2 = 2] (a)

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

• •

Type of movement – Flexion (1) Agonist muscle – Hip flexor (1) Max 2 marks

[AO1 = 1 (b)

AO2 = 1

AO3 = 2]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.

AO1 • (Muscular endurance is the) ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions avoiding fatigue (1) AO2 • Body is constantly moving / uses arms and legs throughout (1) Page 6 of 8

• •

Often 10 bounces (1) Specific moves may be repeated, e.g. bounces (1)

AO3 • Marks could be lost in a competitive routine if muscles fatigue and cause loss of technique (1) • Routine is not that long and not particularly enduring (1) • Argument that other components are more important (strength, power, balance, flexibility) (1) • E.g. power needs to be generated off of the bed to gain the height required (1) Accept any other suitable evaluative point about the importance of muscular endurance to a trampoline performer. Answers must be linked to performance in a routine.

Max 4 marks

[6]

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Examiner reports Q2.

Many students got confused between 'adduction' and 'abduction' and the majority of incorrect answers were as a result of this.

Q5.

Many students answered this question well using the correct terms of flexion and extension. Other answers such as bending and straightening, or decreasing and increasing the angle at a joint were also accepted, but only a small number of students used these. If students did not gain full marks the vast majority scored zero. A large proportion of incorrect responses referred to abduction, adduction and rotation. Some students tried to explain the movement at a hinge joint using sporting examples, but quite often these were not specific enough to gain any credit.

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