ENDNOTES

i Geller, A., Goff, P. A., Lloyd, T., Haviland, A., Obermark, D., & Glaser, J. (2021). Measuring racial disparities in police use of force: methods matter. Journal of quantitative criminology, 37, 10831113.

ii United States Census Bureau QuickFacts (n d ) U S Census Bureau QuickFacts: Hamilton County, Ohio Census Bureau QuickFacts https://www census gov/quickfacts/fact/table/hamiltoncountyohio/RHI125222#RHI125222 iii Wright, J E , & Headley, A M (2020) Police use of force interactions: Is race relevant or gender germane? The American Review of Public Administration, 50(8), 851-864 iv U S Census Bureau (n d -e) Explore Census data v Motley, R., & Joe, S. (2018). Police use of force by ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic class. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 9(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1086/696355 vi U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). Explore Census data. https://data.census.gov/all? q=poverty+in+cleves+2020U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.-b). Explore Census data. https://data.census.gov/all?q=poverty+in+cleves+2021 vii U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.-d). Explore Census data. https://data.census.gov/all? q=poverty+in+lincoln+heights+ohio+2020 U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.-c). Explore Census data. https://data.census.gov/all?q=poverty+in+lincoln+heights+ohio+2021 viii US Census Bureau. (2022). Income and poverty in the United States: 2020. Census.gov. https://www census gov/library/publications/2021/demo/p60-273 html US Census Bureau

(2022b) Poverty in the United States: 2021 Census gov https://www census gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277 html US Census Bureau

(2022c) Poverty rate of children higher than national rate, lower for older populations

Census gov https://www census gov/library/stories/2022/10/poverty-rate-varies-by-agegroups html ix Wright, J E , & Headley, A M (2020) Police use of force interactions: Is race relevant or gender germane?. The American R eview of Public Administration, 50(8), 851-864. x FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program. (2020). Crime in the United States. xi Anderson, Craig & Anderson, Kathryn. (1998). Temperature and Aggression. 10.1016/B978 -012278805-5/50011-0.; Miles-Novelo, A., & Anderson, C. A. (2019). Climate change and psychology: Effects of rapid global warming on violence and aggression. Current Climate Change Reports, 5, 36-46. xii Motley, R., & Joe, S. (2018). Police use of force by ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic class. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 9(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.1086/696355 xiii Kaba, M. (2020). Opinion, Yes, We Mean Literally Abolish the Police, N.Y. TIMES https://www nytimes com/2020/06/12/opinion/sunday/floyd-abolish-defund-police html